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Andrea Gabrieli (1532/1533 – August 30, 1585) was an Italian composer and organist of the late Renaissance. The uncle of the somewhat more famous Giovanni Gabrieli, he was the first internationally renowned member of the Venetian School of composers, and was extremely influential in spreading the Venetian style in Italy as well as in Germany. Details on Gabrieli's early life are uncertain. He was probably a native of Venice, most likely the parish of S. Geremia. He may have been a pupil of Adrian Willaert at St. Mark's in Venice at an early age. There is some evidence that he spent time in Verona in the early 1550s, due to a connection with Vincenzo Ruffo, who worked there as maestro di cappella – Ruffo published one of Gabrieli's madrigals in 1554, and Gabrieli also wrote some music for a Veronese academy. Gabrieli is known to have been organist in Cannaregio between 1555 and 1557, at which time he competed unsuccessfully for the post of organist at St. Mark's. In 1562 he went to Germany, where he visited Frankfurt am Main and Munich; while there he met and became friends with Orlande de Lassus, one of the most wide-ranging composers of the entire Renaissance, who wrote secular songs in French, Italian, and German, as well as abundant Latin sacred music. This musical relationship proved immensely fruitful for both composers: while Lassus certainly learned from the Venetian, Gabrieli took back to Venice numerous ideas he learned while visiting Lassus in Bavaria, and within a short time was composing in most of the current idioms, including one which Lassus entirely avoided: purely instrumental music. In 1566 Gabrieli was chosen for the post of organist at St. Mark's, one of the most prestigious musical posts in northern Italy; he retained this position for the rest of his life. Around this time he acquired, and maintained, a reputation as one of the finest current composers. Working in the unique acoustical space of St. Mark's, he was able to develop his unique, grand ceremonial style, which was enormously influential in the development of the polychoral style and the concertato idiom, which partially defined the beginning of the Baroque era in music. His duties at St. Mark's clearly included composition, for he wrote a great deal of music for ceremonial affairs, some of considerable historical interest. He provided the music for the festivities accompanying the celebration of the victory over the Turks in the Battle of Lepanto (1571); he also composed music for the visit of several princes from Japan (1585). Late in his career he also became famous as a teacher. Prominent among his students were his nephew Giovanni Gabrieli; the music theorist Lodovico Zacconi; Hans Leo Hassler, who carried the concertato style to Germany; and many others. The date and circumstances of his death were not known until the 1980s, when the register containing his death date was found. Dated August 30, 1585, it includes the notation that he was "about 52 years old"; his approximate birth date has been inferred from this. His position at St. Mark's was not filled until the end of 1586, and a large amount of his music was published posthumously in 1587. Gabrieli was a prolific and versatile composer, and wrote a large amount of music, including sacred and secular vocal music, music for mixed groups of voices and instruments, and purely instrumental music, much of it for the huge, resonant space of St. Mark's. His works include over a hundred motets and madrigals, as well as a smaller number of instrumental works. His early style is indebted to Cipriano de Rore, and his madrigals are representative of mid-century trends. Even in his earliest music, however, he had a liking for homophonic textures at climaxes, foreshadowing the grand style of his later years. After his meeting with Lassus in 1562, his style changed considerably, and the Netherlander became the strongest influence on him. Once Gabrieli was working at St. Mark's, he began to turn away from the Franco-Flemish contrapuntal style which had dominated the music of the 16th century, instead exploiting the sonorous grandeur of mixed instrumental and vocal groups playing antiphonally in the great basilica. His music of this time uses repetition of phrases with different combinations of voices at different pitch levels; although instrumentation is not specifically indicated, it can be inferred; he carefully contrasts texture and sonority to shape sections of music in a way which was unique, and which defined the Venetian style for the next generation. Not everything Gabrieli wrote was for St. Mark's, though. He provided the music for one of the earliest revivals of an ancient Greek drama in Italian translation: Oedipus tyrannus, by Sophocles, for which he wrote the music for the choruses, setting separate lines for different groupings of voices. It was produced at Vicenza in 1585. Evidently Andrea Gabrieli was reluctant to publish much of his own music, and his nephew Giovanni Gabrieli published much of it after his uncle's death. - David Bryant: "Andrea Gabrieli", Grove Music Online, ed. L. Macy (Accessed July 15, 2007), (subscription access) - Denis Arnold, "Andrea Gabrieli," in The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, ed. Stanley Sadie. 20 vol. London, Macmillan Publishers Ltd., 1980. ISBN 1-56159-174-2 - Gustave Reese, Music in the Renaissance. New York, W.W. Norton & Co., 1954. ISBN 0-393-09530-4 - Denis Arnold, Giovanni Gabrieli and the Music of the Venetian High Renaissance. London, Oxford University Press, 1979. ISBN 0-19-315232-0 - Giuseppe Clericetti, "Le composizioni per strumenti a tastiera di Andrea Gabrieli. Catalogo, bibliografia, varianti" in "L'Organo" XXV-XXVI (1987-1988), 9-62. - Giuseppe Clericetti, "Martin menoit son pourceau au marché: due intavolature di Andrea Gabrieli" in "Musicus Perfectus. Studi in onore di Luigi Ferdinando Tagliavini nella ricorrenza del LXV. compleanno", Bologna 1995, Pàtron, 147-183. - Giuseppe Clericetti, "Una terra di nessuno: le tre Messe per organo di Andrea Gabrieli" in "Fiori Musicologici. Studi in onore di Luigi Ferdinando Tagliavini nella ricorrenza del suo LXX. compleanno", Bologna 2001, Pàtron, 139-170. - Sacrae Cantiones, Venezia, Angelo Gardano 1565, modern edition Verlag C. Hofius, Ammerbuch (Germany) 2013, ISMN 979-0-50248-001-1 - Il Primo Libro di Madrigali a cinque voci, Venezia, Angelo Gardano 1566, modern edition Ricordi, Milano 2008 - Il Secondo Libro di Madrigali a cinque voci, Venezia, Angelo Gardano 1570, modern edition Ricordi, Milano 1996 - Primus Liber Missarum, Venezia, Angelo Gardano 1572, modern edition Verlag C. Hofius, Ammerbuch 2014, ISMN 979-0-50248-000-4. - Libro Primo de Madrigali a tre voci, modern edition Ricordi, Milano 1999 - Ecclesiasticum Cantionum quatuor vocum omnibus sanctorum solemnitatibus deservientium. Liber primus, Venezia, Angelo Gardano 1576, modern edition Ricordi, Milano 2001 - Opere edite in vita: Psalmi Davidici, qui poenitentiales nuncupantur, tum omnis generis instrumentorum, Venezia, Angelo Gardano 1583, modern edition Ricordi, Milano 1988 - Opera postume. Concerti di Andrea et di Gio. Gabrieli, Venezia, Angelo Gardano 1587, modern edition Ricordi, Milano 1989 - Chori in musica composti sopra li chori della tragedia di Edippo Tiranno: recitati in Vicenza l'anno MDLXXXV, Venezia, Angelo Gardano 1588, modern edition Ricordi, Milano 1995 - Il terzo Libro de Madrigali a cinque voci, con alcuni di Giovanni Gabrieli, Venezia, Angelo Gardano 1589, modern edition Ricordi, Milano 2012 - Madrigali et ricecari a quattro voci, Venezia, Angelo Gardano 1589/90, modern edition Ricordi, Milano 2012 - Le composizioni vocali di Andrea Gabrieli in intavolature per tastiera e liuto, modern edition Ricordi, Milano 1993/1999 - Complete Keyboard Works (edited by Giuseppe Clericetti), 6 Vol. + Critical Report, Wien 1997-99, Doblinger (Diletto Musicale 1141-46, 09671). - Bryant, Grove online - Arnold, Giovanni Gabrieli and the Music of the Venetian High Renaissance, p. 4. Note: while this book is mainly on Giovanni, Andrea's nephew, the initial chapter discusses in detail several of the other Venetian School composers, including Andrea. - Arnold, Grove online

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Dvorak layouts are an excellent method to boost your typing speed and efficiency if you’re looking for a way to do so. Dr. August Dvorak and his brother-in-law, Dr. William Dealey, created the Dvorak layout in the 1930s. It is designed to help improve typing speed and accuracy. There are several different Dvorak keyboard layouts, so choose the one that works best for you. This blog post will discuss the different Dvorak keyboard layouts and how to switch to Dvorak on your computer. - What is the Dvorak keyboard? - History of Dvorak Keyboard - Difference between Qwerty and Dvorak Keyboard - Is Dvorak Faster than QWERTY? - Dvorak Keyboard Variations - Switching to Dvorak - Pitfalls of Switching - Benefits of using the Dvorak layout - Qwerty VS. Dvorak VS. Colemak - The Colemak keyboard What is the Dvorak keyboard? It is an ergonomic alternative to the “Qwerty layouts” found on typewriters and computers. The Qwerty keyboard was created in the 1870s to meet the sluggish mechanical movement of early typewriters. Touch typing had not even been invented at the time it was made! It’s not a good design for today’s purposes. The Dvorak (not to be confused with the Czech composer) keyboard, on the other hand, was created with typist comfort, high productivity, and simplicity of learning in mind — it’s considerably easier to understand. History of Dvorak Keyboard The keyboard was created by August Dvorak (1870-1956) and his brother-in-law, William Dealy (1872-1959), both professors at the University of Washington. They noticed problems with the conventional QWERTY keyboard, so they analyzed letter frequencies in English and the human hand’s physiology to determine the best arrangement of characters, as previously said. In 1933, Dvorak held typing competitions for typists trained on the Dvorak keyboard. QWERTY typists were concerned by the rapid tapping of Dvorak typists and requested their own seating. In that same decade, a school district in Washington investigated whether to provide Dvorak typing lessons after conducting experiments with 2,700 high school pupils. It was discovered that students learned the Dvorak keyboard in one-third of the time it took to learn the QWERTY keyboard when Dvorak layout classes utilizing a Dvorak layout ceased. The Dvorak keyboard gained in popularity throughout the 1950s. Many businesses and government agencies felt typists should be retrained on the keyboard. However, the General Services Administration carried out an experiment that failed to reveal any advantage of the Dvorak keyboard layout for typing or training speed. Interest in the keyboard waned as a result of this research became public. The Dvorak keyboard has seen many changes in the first 50 years, including left-handed and right-handed versions for individuals with only one hand. Still, it now follows a standard layout established by the American National Standards Institute in 1982. This brought Dvorak to the forefront of professional typists’ and keyboard makers’ attention. In 1984, the Apple IIc was introduced with a keyboard that included a manual switch to alternate between Dvorak and QWERTY input methods. Difference between Qwerty and Dvorak Keyboard On the other hand, Dvorak places most letters on the right side of the keyboard. Since QWERTY necessitates that most typing be done with one hand, Dvorak promotes excellent agility and efficiency by requiring that most characters be performed with the opposite hand. Whereas QWERTY was designed to prevent keyboards from jamming, Dvorak was created by removing elements from QWERTY and attempting to create a faster and more efficient layout. Is Dvorak Faster than QWERTY? So, is Dvorak a superior keyboard layout? It is all in how you choose to perceive it. Although Dvorak isn’t faster than QWERTY by any means, many more people have trained on QWERTY their entire lives than Dvorak. Perhaps if more people utilized Dvorak, they would be able to type as fast as the fastest QWERTY typist. Even though QWERTY has a higher peak speed, most top typists believe that Dvorak can reach that speed and thus should not deter you from switching layouts. Even if Dvorak is not found to be faster than QWERTY, it is unquestionably better for ergonomics. While typing, your fingers move only 62 percent as much with Dvorak as they do with QWERTY. Adopting Dvorak might reduce the strain on your hands and wrists if you have chronic pain or order frequently. The home row of Dvorak is considerably more centered in the heat maps shown above. Dvorak Keyboard Variations Apart from from the version that was established in 1982, there are a few additional variations: Dvorak created a left-handed and right-handed touch-typing layout with one hand. These layouts were created in response to Col. Robert Allen losing an arm in battle. Dvorak’s goal was to reduce hand movement from side to side and overall finger motion. Each layout (left and right) allows the hand to rest in the keyboard’s middle rather than on one side. Users who like having one hand free while typing can benefit from these layouts because they allow for more single-handed access. The left-handed and right-handed layouts are almost identical, except for some punctuation keys, letters that aren’t frequently used, and wide keys like the enter and shift key. The Programmer Dvorak was created by Rolan Kaufmann in the early 2000s and is intended for writing code such as C, Java, Pascal, Lisp, HTML, and XML. It was produced by studying the most frequent constructs in these languages and rules established by Dvorak during his research. Thousands of source code lines were then scanned to confirm that a suitable match was found. The keyboard layout has been altered, with the letters in the same spots. But all symbols and numbers have been relocated. The top row of content brackets and other characters must be struck with the shift key to input digits. Numbers are positioned according to their odds under the left hand and their chances under the right hand. Linux includes a preinstalled Programmer Dvorak layout, while installers for macOS and Windows are available. Switching to Dvorak It’s worth a try if you never learned to touch-type, have typing-related finger discomfort, or find certain QWERTY letter combinations difficult. If you’ve decided to switch, we recommend doing the Base Dvorak course lessons here. Make careful and thorough for one to two weeks, stressing accuracy over speed. It’s time to switch over after you’ve completed the lessons. The majority of current operating systems include out-of-the-box support for Dvorak. It should be straightforward to find with a simple Google search. Pitfalls of Switching Finding a Dvorak keyboard layout is scarce outside of your home or office. If you need to use a computer for work different from your own, it can be challenging to use the Dvorak layout. We haven’t forgotten how to type on a QWERTY keyboard. Using it to class on my phone probably helped a lot. But if you find yourself typing on a computer without Dvorak support, it might take a few minutes to get back to your old speed. However, I’ve found this to be less noticeable over time. We can now type quickly on QWERTY keyboards, but not as soon as we can on Dvorak keyboards. If you must switch between keyboard layouts regularly, recalling typical key binds is challenging. Shortly after changing to Dvorak, we became unable to use Vim. That muscle memory had been well established, but we found the standard Vim key bindings tough to perform on a Dvorak layout. You can do a few things if you’re experiencing difficulties using the Vim keys. You might relearn Dvorak layouts or look for methods to remap them. But keep in mind that depending on these shortcuts may be hazardous. Additionally, many people have difficulty retaining the ability to swiftly cut, duplicate, and paste the text. This is because C and V are typed with the right hand, which is the mouse hand. Benefits of using the Dvorak layout - Due to less finger movement, workers are more efficient. - Typists who are new to the profession, on the other hand, will find it easier and faster to learn. - Unique word patterns are considerably easier to type on a conventional QWERTY keyboard than on a standard QWERTY layout. Qwerty VS. Dvorak VS. Colemak After debuting as part of the Remington No. 2 typewriter in 1878, the QWERTY keyboard layout became widespread. Christopher Sholes devised this layout, but many stories surround its origin. Some claim that he created the QWERTY keyboard to differentiate frequent letter combinations and prevent typewriter keys from jamming. Researchers say there is no evidence of this allegation, especially because E and R are neighbors. They makeup one of the most common letter combinations in English. Unlike a standard QWERTY keyboard, the Dvorak keyboard has the most-used letters of the Latin alphabet in the middle row. The efficacy and ergonomics of Dvorak vs. QWERTY, on the other hand, have been subject to considerable debate. Barbara Blackburn, the holder of the Guinness World Records title for quickest typist, is said to have reached her peak speed using a Dvorak keyboard; however, subsequent record-holders have surpassed her performance with a QWERTY keyboard. In addition, some studies suggest that a typist’s finger movement on a Dvorak keyboard is around two-thirds of that on a QWERTY. Some researchers have also shown that the frequency of “hurdling” over other keys while typing was less frequent with the Dvorak, suggesting more petite wrist and finger strain than with the QWERTY. The majority of users, however, have reported only minor ergonomic advantages for the Dvorak in real-world situations. In the long run, the Dvorak layout is ideal for individuals who want to type faster but are willing to learn something new. The Colemak keyboard The Colemak keyboard, created in 2006 by Shai Coleman and the third most popular English layout, is another option. This configuration was built on top of the QWERTY layout, changing the position of 17 total keys while retaining QWERTY key positions and keyboard shortcuts. The goal of the Colemak scheme is to make it simpler to learn than the Dvorak scheme for people already familiar with QWERTY. The Dvorak keyboard layout is worth considering if you want to type more quickly and more naturally. It might take some practice to learn, but once you do, you’ll be ordering faster and with less strain on your hands and shoulders. There are numerous Dvorak keyboard layouts to select from, so it’s critical to discover one that feels natural for you. Try out a few different ones before making your decision. Don’t worry if Dvorak isn’t for you; there are many other keyboard layouts to choose from!

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Table of Contents Freshwater is one of the most precious resources on which our life depends on without which we are only able to live for a few days. In fact our human body is made up of 70 percent water. Freshwater is so important in our lives and has helped countries to develop faster; in fact the most developed countries in the world are the most watered with fresh water. This essay will discuss the world's fresh water supply. Fresh water is defined as the water that is fit for people to drink or use for their animals and crops. Virtually all human uses for water require fresh water for use, and water resources all those that are useful for such human uses like in agriculture, industrial, household and recreation. Although about 97 percent of the water is found in oceans, it is saline and unfit for human use and thus only 3 percent is fit for human use. Of the available fresh water, only 0.9 percent is available in lakes, rivers and streams where most of the water we use is at ad this represent only 0.007 percent of the total water available and the rest is locked up in glaciers and ice caps (68.7 percent) and another 30.1 percent as ground water. A vast majority of fresh water supply, about 70 percent, is used for agricultural purposes while industrial use accounts for about 22 percent and the domestic and municipal use consumes about 8 percent. Water usage also varies per nation; for example, in the US the average daily per capita of fresh water usage is 151 gallons while in Ethiopia it is about only 3 gallons. The US is water rich and uses about 7 billion gallons of water daily for landscaping while Ethiopia is water stressed although it boarders got the Blue Nile. Uses of fresh water Fresh water is used for different purposes some of which include: in agricultural activities especially in irrigation, manufacturing of pharmaceuticals like the hormones, antibiotics, tranquilizers, painkillers, chemotherapy drugs and anti-seizure drugs, use of fresh water in industries is very common and this is expected to continue and at increased rates, home and municipal use of water, fresh water is also used as a source of energy for creation of hydro-electric power. (Caso, Frank and Wolf, A. pg.6-12) Sources of fresh water Fresh water can come from different sources on earth and these include; 1. Surface water - surface water is the rain water that has not yet soaked into the ground or onto the sea/lake. Sources are those from rivers, lakes or swamps. This water is replenished by precipitation and sometimes gets lost through discharge into oceans or through evaporation and seepage into the surface. 2. Groundwater is that water stored in spaces in some rocks of the earth's crust. Ground water is the largest source of fresh water on the planet 3. Fresh water from lakes and rivers. This is the rain water that has collected in fresh lakes/ seas and or flowing in streams and rivers. 4. Ice: much of the fresh water is preserved as ice water and although it is difficult to use this source as consumable, it is possible. 5. Rain: this is one of the important sources of fresh water. Rainwater is precipitation of the earth's atmosphere which has been evaporated. This rain water is then harvested especially the water used in rural homes. (Moreschi, Robert). Importance of fresh water We are all dependent on fresh water to survive no matter who we are or where we come from. We need this water in several ways like to stay healthy, grow our food, transportation, irrigation, electricity, and in industries. But it is amazing how we take this water for granted. Billions of fresh water is wasted through pollution and used inefficiently. It is also amazing that the per capita of fresh water is declining at an alarming rate all over the world. Statistics show that if the current consumption patterns continue, two thirds of people will live in water stressed conditions by the year 2025. An example is in India where the per capita average annual fresh water availability has reduced from 5,177 cubic meters to 1,869 cubic meters in a span of only 150 years, from 1869 to 2001. This is further estimated to reduce to 1,140 by the year 2050. - 1.1 billion: number of people who lack access to save drinking water. This is approximately a sixth of the world's population and a further 2.4 billion lack safe sanitation. - 6,000: number of children who die daily from water related diseases and with consuming unsafe and unhygienic water around the world. - 2.2 million: number of people who die yearly from water related diseases and sanitation. - 90 %: percentage of untreated water that is discharged in developing countries. - 50%: percentage of loss of safe water for drinking that is lost through illegal hook-ups and wastes in developing countries. - 50%: the percentage of the world's wetland that has been lost and 20% is the known water species that has been extinct (Fresh Water Resources). Threats to world's fresh water supply Many problems are associated to the supply of fresh water and these problems revolve around two issues; availability of fresh water and fitness of the freshwater to drink. Although with plenty of water, the earth's water has only 3 percent as fresh water supply. And of this 3 percent, 75 percent is locked up in polar ice caps while the rest can be collected in ground water sources with 0.5 percent on the surface of the earth in rivers, lakes, streams and the atmosphere. The availability of fresh water in the world is not always uniform as some areas have limited adequate supplies or access of freshwater. Some people have to travel long distances in search of freshwater from communal wells, oases and/or riverbeds. This happens usually due to seasonal delivery through precipitation, droughts also decrease the amount of freshwater supply (Sebastian, Eisla). Save up to We offer 10% more words per page than other websites, so actually you got 1 FREE page with every 10 ordered pages. Together with 15% first order discount you get 25% OFF! Lack of or enough of freshwater has drastic effects not only on the people but also the economy of countries. Example is like in Ethiopia which had staggering effects for an extended period without freshwater supply and the country went from a fertile and productive country to a dry area plagued by famine and diseases. Agricultural activities also impact on the amount of freshwater supply available for human use. Conflict with water use arise when people with different water interests clash and try to get the largest share of this scarce commodity as much as possible. This kind of conflict is also seen as in the US's southwest where access to the water in the Colorado River is under siege from different quarters. Here farmers, ranchers, recreationists, conservationists, homeowners, industries all compete for this precious scarce commodity (Sebastian, Eisla). Currently, the use of freshwater supply is stretched and as the world's population increases, the demand for freshwater will only but increase. Estimations for freshwater demand is put at 1.7 trillion gallons a year for every 8 million people that are added to the earth's population. Another issue that impacts on fresh water supply is its fitness to drink. Many factors have a great impact on the suitability of freshwater's drinkability (Sebastian, Eisla). Get an order prepared by Top 30 writers 10.95 USD VIP Support 9.99 USD Get an order Proofread by editor 4.33 USD SMS notifications 3.00 USD Get a full PDF plagiarism report 5.99 USD VIP SERVICES PACKAGE WITH 20% DISCOUNT 29.01 USD Pollution is one such major issue that makes freshwater unfit for drinking. Pollution degrades many water sources' fitness to drinking. Raw sewage systems , trash dumping, sedimentation, chemical wastes from factories to water sources like rivers and lakes, and petroleum pollution impact severely on the fitness of the water source to be used as drinking water and even for agricultural use. Another factor that can impact on the use of freshwater is overuse of the water itself. This is because as the water level reduces, salinity of the water and its nutrients concentrate and makes it less fit for human consumption. An example is the Aral Sea's mineral content that has increased by a whopping 300 percent due to irrigation and making its water unfit for use (USGS Georgia Water Science Center). When it comes to fresh water, cooperation is needed among not only nations but also people and states to protect this precious resource. Laws and treaties designed to protect water sources and resources should be encouraged. To preserve water, the following is to be adopted; Top 30 writers Get the highly skilled writer in the chosen discipline for $10.95 only! Conservation this is the best strategy to help counter the global water crisis. Water conservation ways can be seen from different perspectives. This can be seen from the efficient management of rain water through efficient storage and allocation, it can also be assessed from water supply and distribution with very minimal losses and trying to prevent wastage by all means. Improvements in the efficiency of water use especially in irrigation systems that often waste water (Caso, Frank and Wolf, A. T. Pg.16). The earth has a population of about 6 billion people who uses about 30 percent of the world's total fresh water. Statistics show that the use this water may reach a high of 70 percent by the year 2025. Water scarcity is emerging as a major problem these days and this is coupled by the fact that fresh water is dwindling these days. This is basically caused by a fast increasing population especially in Africa and Asia which face acute water shortage (World Freshwater Resources). VIP support services: special attention is assured! $9.99 only! Water reclamation projects Due to the fact that most of the earth is covered by non-potable salt water, desalination can work to reclaim this precious commodity. This can be through reverse osmosis or through distillation (Caso, Frank and Wolf, A. T, pg.16-17). We have discussed the importance of fresh water without which humans cannot survive but this precious commodity is in very small amounts compared to total amount of water available on earth. To worsen matters, about of quarter of this fresh water is locked in icecaps thus making fresh water available for use at a very small percent of about 0.07 percent from streams and lakes. Fresh water is literally used for all mans activities from agriculture, domestic use, industries, generate electricity and manufacture of drugs. Fresh water is under threat and therefore should be used carefully to avoid unnecessary loses but encourage conservation methods which have been discussed earlier.

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Is It A Cat Fact or Fiction? Sometimes cats are hard to read. A cat’s demeanor often doesn’t disclose much, therefore knowing what your cat is feeling or thinking is hard to decipher. This makes a cat’s needs or wants very hard to figure out for us humans, not to mention a big challenge for cat owners alike. Since cats remain so mysterious, they come with their own slew of myths. Don’t worry though, we are here to help unravel all the misinformation out there. Is what you have been told to believe, a true cat fact, or is it indeed fiction? You are about to find out! Fact or Fiction: Cats Always Land on Their Feet Although cats are very agile and this can be sometimes true they do not land on their feet 100% of the time. If they land the wrong way they too are susceptible to serious injury. In contrast to what many people believe, cats are more prone to injury from low heights as opposed to high ones since they have less response time to alter their position accordingly. In order to keep your cat safe, it is important to be mindful of the window screens in your home and routinely check them for holes and other damages. Additionally, keep your countertops and shelves in locations that don’t tempt your cat to pine for their viewpoint advantage. Fact or Fiction: It’s Better for Female Felines to Give Birth, then Be Sprayed Quite to the contrary, it is better to spray your cat before they are mothers. Spraying your cat, in general, is a big decision but doing so after they have already become a mother since there are extreme cases of the overpopulation of cats, especially in the US. Doing this beforehand helps prevent the neglect of cats and puts fewer animals at risk. Fact or Fiction: It Is Impossible to Train Your Cat When you think of training your pets, it is safe to say that there are many other animals that come to mind before cats, but your cats can indeed be trained. Your cat can be trained to do certain tasks or tricks and this can even improve your cat and owner's relationship with them. When attempting to train your cat it is essential to introduce positive reinforcement as well as to not force your cat to do something they don’t want to do as it could have opposite effects. If you are not sure how to go about this, your veterinarian usually has some great tips so it can be an excellent place to start. Fact or Fiction: Your Cat Can Eat Chocolate on Occasion Under no circumstances should you give your cat chocolate! Just like for dogs, chocolate can be extremely toxic for your cat. Chemicals such as theobromine, which is considered an alkaloid, an organic base that contains nitrogen, can make your furry friend extremely sick. Dark chocolate contains even more of this type of base making it the deadliest kind of chocolate of them all. Additionally, dairy is very unhealthy for your cat and can create digestive problems. The best food for your cat to eat is meat. Meat provides the protein that your cat needs to maintain strong vision, and a healthy heart and reproductive system. Fact or Fiction: Cat Staying Indoors Prevents Diseases Even if your cat loves staying indoors they are still just as susceptible to diseases as much as cats that love to roam around outside. Cat’s are just as prone to diseases no matter if they are indoors or outdoors. Cats indoors are just as likely to be exposed to gems, especially since their owners can track the gems they have collected from the outside as it sticks to your clothes. Cats can get just as sick from insects that carry disease. In order to minimize the risk of diseases for your cat, it is recommended to leave your shoes at the door once you have returned home. Fact or Fiction: Stealing Your Baby’s Breathe Is your baby really at risk from your cat? The short answer is no. This belief is undoubtedly a popular myth although some precautions may be needed to ensure the safety of both your baby and your cat. Many cats enjoy snuggling and pressing up against you, so for this reason and their tendency to curl up around your neck it is crucial for your baby’s safety to not fall asleep with your family’s cat until your child is slightly older to prevent accidents. If you’re not sure what age is right for your children to sleep with their cat it is recommended to consult a professional such as your veterinarian. Fact or Fiction: There is No Need to Brush Your Cat’s Teeth It is essential to maintain regular hygiene maintenance for your cat, this includes brushing their teeth routinely. This practice minimizes oral diseases that can affect your cat’s health not to mention maintains freshness and comfort for all who are around your cat. Fact or Fiction: Cat’s Have Nine Lives Sadly no, your cat does not have nine lives. This is why it is important to make sure your cat stays happy and healthy during the life they currently lead. Maintaining a strong relationship with your veterinarian is one of many ways to make sure your cat lives their best life. Your cat relies on you to maintain their routine checkups, their vaccinations, and undergo oral examinations. Contrary to what you may have heard cats need to be vaccinated regularly and can carry rabies so your cat’s checkups are what have the ability to keep your cat from contracting infections. Fact or Fiction: Table Scraps Are Good For Your Cat Table scraps are not ideal for your cat, like humans they need a balanced and consistent diet. Cats thrive on carefully calculated nutrition which needs to correspond and evolve in accordance with their exact needs and stages of life. If you are giving your cat extra food from under the table this can have the opposite effect on your cat's help. For this reason, it is important to be mindful of your cats eating habits and stay consistent. Fact or Fiction: Tail Flicking Is a Sign of a Happy Cat Determining how happy your cat is will always remain a little bit of a mystery. Normally cats move their tails to indicate deep thought or if they are agitated but it is never an exact indication. A cat’s body language is extremely nuanced like humans so it is important to evaluate not only their body language but all contexts of the situation as well as their tones. Being aware of these subtle markers will help you understand your cat better as time goes on. Fact or Fiction: Your Cat Doesn’t Need Exercise Exercise is always beneficial, and your cat is no exception. Cat’s thrive on both mental and physical stimulation. Although it is recommended to keep your cat indoors, it doesn’t mean that you can’t offer them regular exercise to keep them active. There are countless toys and gadgets to buy which promote a healthy active lifestyle despite being indoors. Your local pet store is sure to have lots of items for you to choose from and your cat will without a doubt appreciate you for it. Fact or Fiction: Pregnant Woman Should Avoid Cats People have said that pregnant women should avoid cat interactions in order to minimize risk of diseases and infections such as Toxoplasmosis, a type of parasite, but this is a misconception among many. This type of parasite can spread via your cat’s litter box so as long as the pregnant woman avoids such contact then there is no risk at all. Fact or Fiction: If a Cat has No Whiskers, They Lose Balance This myth is a funny one since whiskers are used as sensory feelers to interact with their environment but do not have anything to do with a cat’s balance. A cat’s whiskers can be a strong tell regarding their mood if you pay attention to where they are positioned. A cat’s whiskers are deeply embedded in their skin so removing them is extremely painful because of the abundance of nerve endings located there. This being the case your should not under any circumstances cut or pull them, this could anger your cat severely as well as be harmful. Fact or Fiction: Cat’s Love Milk Like for most animals, milk can be quite horrible for your cat. Milk can lead to severe digestion problems as well as diarrhea so it is best to avoid it in your cat’s diet. It is important to maintain a diet that is tailored to the needs of your cat. Fact or Fiction: A Cat Easting Grass Indicates Sickness This theory has yet to be proven by professionals and therefore it is not exact. Although many studies show that it could be a high possibly some just simply enjoy eating grass. If you do suspect a health issue it is best to talk to a professional right away instead of trying to figure it out on your own. Fact or Fiction: Putting Garlic in Cat Food Helps Avoid Worms Many people enjoy garlic in their food, but this is not the case for your cat. Putting garlic in cat food is extremely harmful to your cat as it can cause severe side effects such as damaging your cat’s red blood cells, causing anemia. It is best to avoid such additions in your cat’s food as it ultimately poisons your cat. Now that you can differentiate between fact and fiction, you are on your way to becoming an even better and more responsible cat owner. No matter what it is essential to ask for help when you need it and listen to your cat’s needs by observing and maintaining your cat’s routine. ldquoWhen I was a child, I talked like a child, I thought like a child, I reasoned like a child. When I became a man, I put the ways of childhood behind me.rdquo (1 Corinthians 13:11 NIV) We can all r Cat Owner Hacks If you are a cat owner you are quite special, there is a unique bond between you and your feline friend. Cats, despite being viewed as distant, do indeed form deep emotional bonds with their owners. I

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Estimates put the origin of V(D)J recombination at ∼450 million years ago (for reviews, see references 1, 2). It has been speculated that it all started with a chance occurrence, the integration of a mobile element into a gene encoding an Ig domain 3. The acquisition of the V(D)J recombination system represented a major advance in the biological arms race between vertebrates and their pathogens, as the diversity created by the necessity of piecing antigen receptor genes back together again endowed the host with a new way to counter the onslaught of constantly mutating microbes. It appears that the V(D)J recombination system has, subsequent to its installation in the genome, played an integral and demonstrable role in reshaping Ig and TCR loci. Genetic repercussions in fact may continue even today. As recently as only a few years ago, any real information bearing on the actual genesis of the V(D)J recombination system seemed to be irretrievably lost. However, as more was learned about the molecular genetic and biochemical properties of the V(D)J recombination proteins, termed recombination activating gene (RAG)-1 and RAG-2, tantalizing suggestions of a transposon origin began to emerge. These clues included the following: first, the fact that the genes encoding RAG-1 and RAG-2, which are unrelated in sequence, are tightly linked, and as such share this property with genes that are known to undergo horizontal transfer 4. Second, the chemical mechanism of the recombination reaction, where DNA strand breakage and rejoining is accomplished through one step transesterification reactions, was like that of several well-described mobile elements 5. Finally, a surprising finding further indicated that RAG-1 and RAG-2 might have once been part of a transposon when two groups independently demonstrated that purified RAG-1 and RAG-2 proteins have a latent ability to carry out the transposition of DNA 6,7. Why this latter observation was so important is that there was no a priori expectation that a protein that can perform V(D)J recombination through site-specific recognition of recombination signal sequences (RSS) should also be able to transpose RSS-terminated DNA fragments. A quick description of both types of rearrangement is needed to appreciate this point, and will also come to bear later in this commentary. As diagrammed in Fig. 1, the transpositional excision and reintegration of DNA (Fig. 1 B) is a fairly different transaction from the creation of site-specific connections in V(D)J recombination (Fig. 1 A). One difference is in the number and specificity of double strand DNA breaks; transposition not only entails the introduction of breaks at each of two RSS, as in V(D)J recombination, but also requires the generation of a third, non–sequence-specific cut at an undetermined integration site. The signature features of a transposition product versus those arising from site-specific V(D)J recombination are also quite distinct. After transposition, a transposed DNA fragment terminated by the RSS, is flanked by a five-nucleotide repeat created by a staggered cut at the target integration site (6,7; Fig. 1 B, wavy lines). In contrast, after V(D)J recombination, a signal joint and a coding joint are created. Signal joints are formed from exact RSS fusions, and coding joints from fusions of the associated coding segments. The latter characteristically contain small, irregular nucleotide deletions and insertions, reflecting various processing operations performed on the coding end intermediates as they undergo joining (Fig. 1 A). Thus, the unusual in vitro ability of RAG-1 and RAG-2 to do two quite different things, and in particular to transpose DNA, provided strong support for the original speculation that the V(D)J recombination system used to be a transposable element 3. The fact that the once portable genome now serves a different and highly utilitarian role in its new context suggests that the V(D)J recombination system stands as a prime example of the rehabilitation of “selfish DNA” (for a review, see reference 8). Ig and TCR loci come in an extraordinary variety of shapes and sizes. The many variations boil down to differences in the arrangement and multiplicity of RSS-containing units (for reviews, see 1, 2). Because movement of RSS-containing units is emblematic of RAG-mediated events, germline RAG activation is suspected of creating at least some of the differences in antigen receptor loci. Ultimately, each Ig or TCR locus is designed to conform to the same canon; namely, coding segments become joined by site-specific recombination of their attached RSS. The RSS are simple sequence motifs comprised of CACAGTG, a 12- or 23-bp unspecified spacer, and ACAAAAACC. Coding segments with 12-spacer RSS are joined to those with 23-spacer RSS. Beyond these common characteristics, almost anything goes, and different features include (a) the multiplicity of gene segments (one to several hundred); (b) the orientation of the gene segments (so that though joining is usually deletional, at some loci it occurs by inversion); (c) the presence or absence of D segments; (d) the type of gene segment (V, D, and J) associated with each type of RSS (12- or 23-spacer); (e) the overall arrangement of the locus (whether gene segments occur in an extended array with multiple Vs followed by Ds and/or Js followed by a single-copy C region, or as repeated units of a functional cluster comprised of a V, zero to two Ds, a J, and a C); and (f) the presence of prejoined germline genes 1,2. The first hard evidence that germline V(D)J recombination was probably responsible for some of these differences surfaced with analyses of cartilaginous fish. In the horned shark and little skate, IgH genes occur as grouped (V-D1-D2-J and C) clusters (Fig. 2B iii), and it was observed that a significant fraction of these miniloci were partially or fully assembled (as V DD-J//C, VDJ//C, or V D1-D2J//C; 2). Unjoined (V-D-D-J//C) clusters were also present in the germline. These and other observations indicated that an RSS-directed rearrangement had altered the Ig loci in Chondrichthyes, and when first described in 1988, the most parsimonious evolutionary scheme appeared to be one in which joined clusters were derived from unjoined clusters rather than vice versa (for a review, see reference 2). At the time, there was no evidence that a joined VDJ exon might be split by integration of an RSS-terminated DNA segment; the supposition that a joined sequence might be altered through RSS integration seemed both ad hoc and unprecedented. One aspect of an early comparative study added further to the puzzle. As sketched in Fig. 2 B iii, two V-D-D-J-C clusters were seen to be related to one another by inversion of the RSS -terminated intervening sequence between the D1 and D2 gene segments 9. The outcome of the putative germline recombination event was not a typical coding joint (or signal joint) product. However, it is now well established that the V(D)J recombination system will in fact create a variant type of “hybrid joint” in somatic cells that exactly predicts the observed inversion (Fig. 1 A ii and Fig. 2 B iii; for a review, see reference 10). Therefore, in this one case it is almost certain that RAG-1 and RAG-2 acted as a site-specific recombinase, and not a transposase in the inversion of the interstitial region between D segments of the variant cluster. The significance of this, as has been discussed previously 11, is that it provided one simple mechanism whereby the “swapping” of 12- and 23-spacer RSS could have taken place during evolution, thus accounting for one type of organizational variation (see the list above) observed in Ig and TCR loci today. In this issue, a study by Lee et al. 12 further investigates whether joined genes—later interrupted by a transposon insertion—or unjoined genes—subsequently connected by site-specific recombination—came first in the evolution of the Ig light chain locus in the nurse shark. There is increased interest in this issue, not only because it reveals the ways in which RAG-mediated events have reorganized Ig and TCR loci, but also because RAG-mediated transposition, though demonstrated in a purified in vitro system, has not yet been observed in any in vivo setting. Lee et al. took advantage of the fact that certain Ig light chain genes in two shark species were apparent orthologs. Whereas all of the type III L chain genes in the horned shark were unjoined, the corresponding NS4 genes in the nurse shark occurred in both joined and unjoined form. A key feature of the analysis was that the NS4 genes in the nurse shark were highly homologous to one another, allowing evolutionary relationships to be established with some confidence. In combination, these circumstances enabled the authors to do two things: construct a phylogenetic tree of the NS4 family sequences, and provide through DNA sequence analysis a means to distinguish between the transposon integration and site-specific recombination scenarios. As mentioned above, a sequence that has been interrupted by RAG-mediated transposition is expected to exhibit (relative to the uninterrupted form) a 5-bp target site duplication (or more rarely a 4- or 3-bp duplication; Fig. 1 B, wavy lines) on either side of an RSS-bordered insertion 6,7. A gene that has instead been joined through site-specific recombination is expected to exhibit (relative to the unjoined form) a loss of a small, unfixed number of bp from the ends of the joined coding sequences, along with the acquisition of junctional insertions (of two classes: one random in sequence, and termed an N insertion, another occurring only at ends that escaped trimming, and bearing a palindromic relationship to the cut end, termed a P insert; for a review, see reference 10). The two approaches taken by Lee et al. 12 returned the same answer: the joined NS4 genes arose through site-specific V(D)J recombination and not through germline RAG-mediated transposition. Their phylogenetic analyses indicated that germline joining occurred more than once, and in every case the unjoined form lacked any evidence of the DNA sequence duplications predicted for transposition. Instead joined genes exhibited junctions that appeared to reflect processing accompanying V(D)J recombination: trimming and P nucleotide addition. A very intriguing aspect of the report of Lee et al. 12 is that it raises the possibility that germline RAG recombination is ongoing. The most recent of V(D)J recombination events to have taken place in the NS4 loci happened perhaps no more than 7 million years ago. The fact that no polymorphisms in terms of joined and unjoined light chain loci were discovered among the sampled nurse sharks (which were not close relatives judging from their MHC haplotypes) allowed the authors to surmise that such germline recombination events are probably infrequent. Nevertheless, site-specific V(D)J recombination did alter the nurse shark genome, and the variant, recombinant clusters have apparently become widespread in the shark population. The possibility that germline V(D)J recombination has contributed in a positive way to the evolution of the Ig and TCR loci in many species seems quite likely. The mechanics of how RAG-mediated site-specific rearrangement might have created some of the quirks in Ig and TCR locus organization are shown in Fig. 2. In addition to the generation of joined gene clusters (Fig. 2B i), germline V(D)J recombination activity might more generally account for the generation of D segments. There is evidence that D segments are a derived feature and have arisen multiple times in evolution 2. Although one possibility is that for each instance, D segments were created by a pair of closely juxtaposed transposon insertions 6, it seems at least as likely that intercluster recombination could have generated D segments as shown in Fig. 2B ii. As mentioned above, another significant difference between loci is the variant disposition of 12- and 23-spacer RSS (Fig. 2B iii): there is a documented case of germline hybrid joint formation where V(D)J recombination apparently exchanged one type of RSS for another 9. Obviously, if RAG-generated germline modifications are of evolutionary significance, they must be imagined to sometimes confer an advantage to the organism. Some such benefits are fairly easy to envision. The “invention” of D segments may have primarily been selected as an advantageous way to increase junctional diversity 2. RSS swapping could have aided in the evolutionary diversification of different loci 9. However, the advantages of possessing preassembled germline genes, which effectively limits diversity, is perhaps less immediately evident. One possibility is that the germline-joined genes in various cartilaginous fish provide one way to ensure the production of antigen receptors with predetermined specificities in early fetal and/or neonatal life. In every type of animal for which the early and adult repertoires have been compared, the early repertoire is less complex. Xenopus is a classic example, where the tadpole repertoire contains only a subset of the antibodies found in the mature adult repertoire. The strict link between repertoire diversity and development was established by preventing metamorphosis. The antibody repertoire in these treated tadpoles retained tadpole characteristics in spite of their increase in size (to that of an adult frog) and their age when compared with their metamorphosed siblings 13. A second example is the mouse, where the molecular mechanism underlying the restriction is somewhat better understood. Here, the lack of terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase activity in the fetus limits the insertion of N regions in H chain genes, with the result that a simpler set of CDR3 regions is created. Additional predetermination of the mouse fetal repertoire is achieved through preferential usage of particular VH gene segments early in mouse development. The reason for a restricted early repertoire is thought to be to help protect against pathogens in the neonatal period. In the mouse, this possibility was tested experimentally by causing terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase activity to be abnormally expressed during fetal development. The affected mice failed to generate certain Ig H and L chain genes and were highly susceptible to Streptococcus pneumoniae 14. In an analogous way, the presence of fused genes may represent a shark-specific solution to the same problem. As Lee et al. report, the prejoined Igλ genes are expressed in pups, but not in adult sharks 12. A final, more overarching benefit to germline V(D)J recombination is that of evolutionary experimentation. As suggested by Lee et al., perhaps this activity has allowed for the generation of Ig-like genes encoding proteins with novel functions 12. One specific possibility is that VpreB, which is linked to the λ locus in mice 15, might represent one such example. The interesting possibility of the relationship between VpreB and split Ig genes has also been presented in reverse, that VpreB is an uninterrupted descendent from the original Ig domain 2. Whichever is correct (and, optimistically, we may one day be able to distinguish between these possibilities), the fact remains that RAG-mediated germline remodeling has clearly been an innovative evolutionary force. It remains to be pointed out that some of the most extensive changes that have occurred during the evolution of Ig and TCR loci cannot be explained by some combination of the operations shown in Fig. 2. The conversion of “cluster” type loci to the “extended” form is not easily understood, nor is the huge variation in multiplicity of gene segments at different loci, or the manner in which, for some loci, gene segments were first flipped into an opposite transcriptional orientation. While some or all of these modifications may be due to more conventional types of rearrangement, and need not be at all related to any RAG-mediated event, there is still the possibility that they are manifestations of a transpositional type of RAG function. To date, the relationship between V(D)J recombination and a mobile element has been discussed largely in terms of familiar retroviruses and of transposons such as Mu and Tn10 5,6,7,16, but another chapter to the story will unfold when/if we can discover more about the exact sort of mobile element the “RAG transposon” actually was. Perhaps it was designed to mobilize or rapidly generate flocks of genes rather than singular units, or perhaps at some point in its evolution, the RAG transposon was a conglomerate generated in a pile-up of more than one type of mobile element (e.g., reference 17). Meanwhile, sharks, as animals in which such RAG-mediated experimentation is still apparently ongoing, are likely to prove a particularly fruitful system in which to further explore such questions.

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Capital Expenditure vs Operating Expenses Discover how these two different types of business expenditure affect your balance sheet, income tax and cash flow. Plus, which is right for your business? Every business incurs costs or expenses – from general and administrative expenses such as purchasing office equipment or paying property taxes, to strategic investments such as new machinery or the purchase of land. These different ways in which a business spends money usually fall into one of two different categories: ‘Capex‘ which refers to ‘Capital Expenditure‘, or ‘Opex‘ which refers to ‘Operating Expenses’. It’s important for business owners to understand the difference between Capex and Opex because they are treated differently when it comes to income tax and the balance sheet for the current accounting period. While many business costs will automatically fall into either Capex or Opex – for other costs, a business owner will have the choice as to how the costs are incurred. What is Capital Expenditure (Capex)? Capex refers to Capital Expenditure. It is when a business makes a capital investment to secure physical assets, significantly upgrade an existing asset, or invest in intellectual property. Capital investments are typically major purchases with significant upfront costs. Capital investments would be expected to deliver significant future benefits to the business well beyond the current tax year. Examples of a capital expense include both tangible assets and intangible assets. Capex Tangible Assets Tangible assets are physical assets (or fixed assets). Tangible assets include: - New machinery - Office Space (purchased, not rented) - Vehicles (purchased, not rented) - Software upgrades - IT upgrades Capex Intangible Assets Intangible assets are non-physical assets or investments which still come at a significant cost. Intangible assets include: - Intellectual property costs (such as applying for a patent) - Licenses (such as a trading license) What are Operating Expenses (Opex)? Operating expenses are a form of revenue expenditure – short term expenses incurred as part of the day-to-day operations of a business. Operating expenditures are significantly lower costs than capital expenditures, and may even take the form of a small monthly payment. Unlike capital expenditures, operating expenditures are not costs which deliver significant future benefit for the business. Rather each individual cost represents a financial obligation that a business spends as part of their day-to-day expenses and must meet in order to continue operating. Examples of general and administrative expenses Day to day expenses on which a business spends money (cash expense) commonly include items such as: - Office Rent - Vehicle Rent - Property Taxes - Paying employee wages - Utilities (water and electricity) - COGS (‘Cost of Goods Sold’ – including the purchase of raw materials and any costs incurred as part of the production process) Capex vs Opex in Financial Accounting The key difference between capital expenditures and operating expenses is they way in which each type of cost is treated in financial accounting. Capital Expenditure in Accounting Capex purchases are for assets which are expected to have a useful life beyond the current tax year or accounting period (for example, a new piece of machinery would be expected to deliver benefits for a business over multiple years). As a result, capital expenditures are not fully deducted in the accounting period in which they are incurred. Instead, Capex costs are spread over a longer period of time. Tangible assets are depreciated – which means that the asset costs is spread over the course of its useful life. Amortization is the name given to the equivalent process for intangible assets. Since they are not fully deducted, capital expenditures do not appear in full on a business income statement. However, they are listed both on the balance sheet and under the ‘Investing’ section of the cash flow statement. Operating Expenses in Accounting Unlike capital expenditures, operational expenses are fully deducted within the tax year in which the cost is incurred. Operating expenses do appear on the income statement. This is because Opex purchases simply enable the day-to-day operations of a business. The useful life of an operational expense will not extend beyond a year. For example, money spent on office rent or utilities has a useful life of 1-3 months, whereas money spent on COGS (cost of goods sold) simply enables manufacturing to continue as normal. Capex and Opex Key Considerations The differences between Capex and Opex are not just restricted to how they are accounted for. Capex and Opex have different attributes which make them suitable for certain businesses and the procurement of certain assets, but less suitable for others. - Capital expenditure is not tax deductible and is recorded on the balance sheet as opposed to the income statement. - Capital expenses have a high upfront cost – not all businesses have the available capital to pay up-front for fixed assets. - However if capital is available, Capex spending may lower asset costs in the long run (e.g. owning a piece of machinery with an expected useful life of 5 years may be cheaper than paying 5 years worth of monthly rental). - When purchasing fixed assets as capital expenses, a business needs to be confident in the long-term benefits of that asset. If an asset becomes redundant or no longer provides value to the business, the business has already paid for it regardless. - Capital expenses are practically unavoidable for certain industries such as construction, energy and large scale manufacturing. - Operating expenses are a type of revenue expenditure. They are tax deductible and appear in full on a business income statement. - Operating expenses are typically smaller costs. Compared to capital expenses, the costs of operating expenses are much easier to meet for smaller businesses or businesses with lower free cash flow. - Operating expenses give businesses a greater level of flexibility. A business can rent or lease an asset for the period of time it is needed, then simply end the rental when the asset is no longer needed. - Similarly, Opex expenses allow small businesses to scale with ease. Obtaining more assets (for example leasing another vehicle, or renting another laptop) is as simple as agreeing a new short-term rental. Can a business choose between Capex and Opex? Some costs incurred by a business can only ever be categorised as an operating expense. For example, paying employee wages will always be an operating expense because employees are paid either every month or every week. However, for some types of costs, a business has a choice as to whether to use a capex model or opex model to meet the cost. By leasing or renting new assets, a business can expand the equipment that can be accounted for as general and administrative expenses (or goods sold expenses). For example, if a business requires the use of a new van, the business owner could choose to purchase a van outright (a capital expense) or lease a van on a monthly basis (an operating expense). Other assets that could be accounted for as either an operating expense or a capital expense include office space, a data center, or small-scale IT upgrades. Capex or Opex – Which is right for your business? As with so many business considerations, it is not as straightforward as ‘Capex is better’ or ‘Opex is better’. Which one is right for an individual business depends on a number of factors: 1. Available Capital and Cash Flow There is no escaping that capital expenses are high cost. For many businesses, the reality is that they don’t have the necessary capital to purchase assets as capital expenses. Even for those businesses with capital available, Opex can still be preferable to Capex. Capital expenditure reduces free cash flow because the high up-front cost of the asset is depreciated or amoratized over the course of an asset’s expected useful life. Many businesses prefer not to tie-up their capital in the long-term asset commitments that define Capex, instead choosing Opex and renting or leasing equipment in exchange for smaller regular payments. 2. Capex and Opex for Tax Purposes Operating expenses are fully deductible in the accounting year that they are made, whereas capital expenses are not. This means that operating expenditure has a direct impact on net income. Businesses are able to deduct any expenses which fall under operational expenditure, which may lessen the income tax that a business is required to pay. To this end, operational expenditure is often attractive to businesses for tax benefits purposes. 3. Expected Growth We have noted already that a capital expense represents a long term commitment by a business to an asset which they believe will provide long term value. This should include whether the asset will provide value to a business at the scale required. For example, a business might use capex to purchase IT equipment/capabilities for 1,000 UK based employees. However, if the business experiences rapid employee growth, it may be difficult to significantly increase the level of IT capacity. 4. Asset Specific Considerations Even if a business has plenty of capital available for capital expenditures, it is still important to evaluate each asset individually to understand whether it is better suited to Capex vs Opex. Considerations should include: - The likely useful life of an asset (e.g. Will your business still use this asset in 2-5 years time?) - The cost of renting or leasing the asset during that time vs the cost of purchasing it outright (e.g. A company car or van would need to be rented for a significant amount of time before the rental cost exceeded the cost of purchasing it outright) - How likely is the asset to become obsolete? (e.g. Phones, tablets and laptop operating systems may become slow and less secure over a longer period of time) Common Questions About Capex and Opex Why do companies prefer Opex over Capex? It is not true that all business prefer Opex over Capex – rather it depends on the individual business and the asset they require (as detailed above). However many businesses are attracted to Opex due to the flexibility, scalability and the ability to deduct expenses. With Opex there is also no long term commitment to an asset – a business has no further financial obligation beyond (e.g.) the subscription cost, rental or cost or cost of paying the bill. Capex generally takes multiple years to ‘pay off’. Is building maintenance considered Capex or Opex? The maintenance and up-keep of commercial buildings and existing facilities are generally considered to be operating expenses. However, any significant upgrades to an existing asset which will increase the useful life of that asset could be considered Capex. Should IT spending be Capex or Opex? Some IT assets will naturally fall into either Capex or Opex. However, for others, a business owner may be able to choose how to assign the cost. Common examples of capital expenditure in IT include purchasing bespoke software, investing in significant levels of physical infrastructure, or purchasing buildings for use as data centers. Common examples of operating expenditure in IT include software subscriptions, cloud computing services and the leasing of physical equipment. As always, determining which is best for your business should involve carefully considering your requirements. For a smaller business with basic IT needs, both software and hardware requirements could easily be met by subscribing to software products and leasing physical equipment. However, for larger businesses which have complex business processes or a large amount of employees, a Capex investment in a bespoke solution may be beneficial. It is worth noting that IT equipment is more susceptible than other assets (such as vehicles and machinery) to becoming obsolete as technology evolves. For many businesses, prudent financial management may involve incurring costs via both Capex and Opex. Small businesses and start-ups which have yet to build up capital may find Capex to be unobtainable in practise. However, the high flexibility and low commitment nature of using Opex to account for assets is likely better suited to those businesses anyway. In fact, businesses of all sizes would be wise to consider procuring assets as operational expenses, not least due to the potential of reducing the income tax they will pay. For larger businesses, capex can accelerate growth by enabling the purchase of fixed assets that can significantly increase capacity, capability or reduce costs. What’s more, routine maintenance and up-keep of those assets can be accounted for as deductible operating expenses However, capital expenditures are high cost and carry significant levels of risk. Due diligence (in the form of a Capex forecast) should be done to ensure that the asset really will deliver the expected benefits over the course of an extended period of time. Get expert help with financial management, accounting and business growth In comparing Capex and Opex, we have seen how choosing the right method for your business is dependent on considerations such as available capital, the assets required, and projected growth. To help you make the right decision for your business when it comes to business costs, Rated Near Me contains a directory of highly rated accountants, business consultants and financial advisers who are ready to guide you.

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What you eat is quite possibly the most important strategy for optimizing your metabolic health and reducing your risk of diseases like Type 2 diabetes. However, the order in which you eat your food also matters, such that you can consume the same foods — same calories, same total carbs, same nutrients — and have drastically different metabolic effects depending on what you eat first. In the video above, Dr. Jason Fung, a nephrologist (kidney specialist) and author of several books, including “The Diabetes Code: Prevent and Reverse Type 2 Diabetes Naturally,” explains how you can get a more beneficial response, including reducing insulin and glucose, by frontloading protein and fats in your meal and leaving the carbs for later.1 Eat Carbs Last for Better Health It has previously been found that consuming whey protein prior to a meal reduces postmeal glucose levels.2 Building on this, a pilot study by researchers with Weill Cornell Medical College in New York City revealed that food order also has a significant impact on postprandial (or post-meal) glucose and insulin levels.3 The study included 11 overweight or obese adults with Type 2 diabetes, who fasted for 12 hours overnight and then consumed the same meal on two separate days, one week apart. All that differed was the order of the meal. On the first day, the subjects ate carbohydrates, consisting of ciabatta bread and orange juice, first. Fifteen minutes later, they consumed the protein component (skinless grilled chicken breast) and vegetables (a salad with Italian vinaigrette dressing and steamed broccoli with butter). A week later, the food order was reversed, with the vegetables and protein eaten first, followed by the carbohydrates last. Better outcomes were achieved when the carbs were consumed last. Specifically, postmeal glucose levels decreased by 28.6%, 36.7% and 16.8% after 30, 60 and 120 minutes, respectively, when vegetables and protein comprised the first part of the meal. Postprandial insulin levels were also significantly lower in this scenario. The beneficial effects of food order on glucose levels were so powerful that the researchers deemed them “comparable to that observed with pharmacological agents that preferentially target postprandial glucose.”4 “Moreover, the reduced insulin excursions observed in this experimental setting suggest that this meal pattern may improve insulin sensitivity,” they suggested, adding: “In contrast to conventional nutritional counseling in diabetes, which is largely restrictive and focuses on “how much” and “what not to eat,” this pilot study suggests that improvement in glycemia may be achieved by optimal timing of carbohydrate ingestion during a meal. “ Food Order Matters in Prediabetes Worldwide, 463 million adults have Type 2 diabetes, a number that’s expected to increase to 700 million by 2045 and doesn’t account for the many others who have prediabetes, which increases the risk of developing Type 2 diabetes, heart disease and stroke.5 Approximately 1 in 3 US adults, or 96 million, have prediabetes, more than 80% of whom don’t know they have it.6 Changing food order “presents a novel, simple behavioral strategy to reduce glycemic excursions in prediabetes,” according to a study published in the journal Diabetes, Obesity & Metabolism.7 The study involved 15 participants with prediabetes who consumed the same meal on three days in random order: - Carbohydrate first, followed 10 minutes later by protein and vegetables (CF) - Protein and vegetables first, followed 10 minutes later by carbohydrate (PVF) - Vegetables first followed by protein and carbohydrate (VF) Total glucose was decreased by 38% following the PVF meal compared with CF, while incremental glucose peaks were attenuated by more than 40% in the PVF and VF meals, compared with CF. “The CF meal pattern demonstrated marked glycemic variability whereas glucose levels were stable in the PVF and VF meal conditions,” the researchers noted,8 explaining that simply by altering food order to consume carbohydrates last it could help to mitigate the metabolic effects of carbohydrates.9 Consuming Carbs Last Benefits Type 1 Diabetes Even among children with Type 1 diabetes, consuming carbohydrates at the end of the meal was beneficial. Twenty patients with Type 1 diabetes aged 7 to 17 years were included in the study.10 They consumed two meals in random order. For the first meal, the protein and fat components were consumed first, followed 15 minutes later by the carbohydrates. In the other meal, protein, fat and carbohydrates were consumed together, the way they would be in a typical meal. Mean glucose levels were 1 mmol/L lower when carbs were consumed last compared to the typical meal. Fung explained:11 “This might mean a lot of things, including you need less insulin, which might lead to less weight gain overall because we know that those high glucose levels, those high insulin levels, are going to drive weight gain. This actually has massive implications for the way we need to structure our meals. If eating the exact same number of calories, eating the exact same food, but simply switching the order means that we can face 40% less glucose, that means we may be able to prevent the onset of Type 2 diabetes. We might be able to take less medications. We may be able to lose weight, because again that lower level of insulin is going to cause less weight gain. And what it means is that you really have to frontload your meals so that you’re taking your protein, and your fat and your vegetables right upfront and leaving the carbohydrates to the end.” For best results, he says, wait about 10 minutes after consuming the protein and fats before you eat the carbs, similar to the way you might eat an appetizer before your next course. The Timing of Your Meals Also Matters As science is increasingly showing, what you eat is not the only factor in how food affects your health. Along with food order, the timing of your meals is another important factor. Fung is a big proponent of fasting, or what I like to refer to as time-restricted eating (TRE). The answer for Type 2 diabetes, he believes, is to stop feeding your body sugar and burn off the sugar already in your cells, and the most effective way to do this is TRE. In our past interviewhe explained that metabolic treatments such as TRE are the only way to resolve diabetes: “It really gets to the point that you cannot follow this old paradigm [of drug treatment] because you’re going to fail … Remember, the glucose goes into the cell, and insulin resistance is when the glucose doesn’t go out of the cell. So, for years we’ve used this paradigm of lock and key. That is, the cell is sort of gated off. Outside the cell there is blood, and when insulin comes around it turns the key, opens the gate and glucose goes in. So, if insulin is there, why is the glucose not going in? … You can measure the insulin and the insulin level is high. You can look at the insulin receptor, the gate is completely normal. So, [conventional medicine] said something like, ‘Well, maybe there’s something gumming up the mechanism. It’s stuck in the lock so it doesn’t open properly, therefore the glucose can’t get into the cell.’ There is a huge problem with this sort of paradigm, because if that is happening, the cell has no glucose and should be starving. You should be losing lots of weight; you’d have a very thin liver. All your fat should just melt away, because if you think about untreated Type 1 diabetes, where you don’t have enough insulin, that’s exactly what happens. The cell literally starves and everything just wastes away… But that’s not what’s happening here. In Type 2 diabetes you see that people are generally obese, they have large abdomens… What’s happening instead is that it’s actually an overflow syndrome. The cell can’t accept any more glucose because it’s jam packed full of glucose already. That’s the reason you have insulin resistance. Insulin is trying to move glucose into the cell but the cell is full … So, it’s really an overflow mechanism … That’s also why your liver is full — it’s a big fatty liver. The liver is busy trying to get rid of all this glucose by turning it into fat … Now, if Type 2 diabetes and insulin resistance are the same sort of thing, it’s really about too much sugar. That’s the bottom line. And if you understand that the whole problem is too much sugar, then the solution is not to use more insulin to jam more glucose into an already full cell. The key is to get rid of it all. So, what you want to do is: 1) Don’t put more sugar into your system, because you have too much sugar in already, and 2) Burn it off.” Limit Your Eating Window to Six to Eight Hours Per Day While fasting may sound intimidating, TRE is manageable as it involves limiting your eating window to six to eight hours per day instead of the more than 12 hours that most people do. TRE promotes insulin sensitivity and improves blood sugar management by increasing insulin-mediated glucose uptake rates,12 which is important for resolving Type 2 diabetes. In another study, when 15 men at risk of Type 2 diabetes restricted their eating to even a nine-hour window, they lowered their mean fasting glucose, regardless of when the “eating window” began.13 A 2022 review also highlighted many of the benefits of TRE for the prevention of Type 2 diabetes, revealing that it:14 - Produces mild weight loss of 1% to 4% - Reduces fasting insulin - Improves insulin sensitivity in people with prediabetes or obesity - Improves glucose tolerance - Reduces oxidative stress So simply by restricting your eating window to six to eight hours per day, and consuming carbs at the end of your meal, you may be able to improve your metabolic health significantly. This isn’t to say that food quality doesn’t matter, particularly when it comes to ultra-processed foods. Linoleic acid (LA) in seed oils — commonly known as vegetable oils — plays a major role in producing chronic diseases like diabetes.15 Linoleic acid is found in virtually every processed food, including restaurant foods, sauces and salad dressings, and even “healthy” foods like chicken and pork. So in addition to embracing TRE and optimizing food order, reducing LA is essential for diabetes prevention and management.

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Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship, also known as Cuiavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship or simply Kujawsko-Pomorskie, or Kujawy-Pomerania Province (Polish: województwo kujawsko-pomorskie [vɔjɛˈvut͡stfɔ kuˈjafskɔ pɔˈmɔrskʲɛ]), is one of the 16 voivodeships (provinces) into which Poland is divided. It was created on 1 January 1999 and is situated in mid-northern Poland, on the boundary between the two historic regions from which it takes its name: Kuyavia (Polish: Kujawy) and Pomerania (Polish: Pomorze). Its two chief cities, serving as the province's joint capitals, are Bydgoszcz and Toruń. Coat of arms Location within Poland Division into counties |• Voivode||Mikołaj Bogdanowicz (PiS)| |• Marshal||Piotr Całbecki (PO)| |• Total||17,969 km2 (6,938 sq mi)| |• Density||120/km2 (300/sq mi)| |ISO 3166 code||PL-04| very high · 8th The Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship was created on 1 January 1999, as a result of the Polish local government reforms adopted in 1998. It consisted of territory from the former Bydgoszcz, Toruń and Włocławek Voivodeships. The area now known as Kuyavia-Pomerania was previously divided between the region of Kuyavia and the Polish fiefdom of Royal Prussia. Of the two principal cities of today's Kuyavian-Pomeranian voivodeship, one (Bydgoszcz) was historically located in Kuyavia, whilst the other (Toruń) was an important town of Royal Prussia. Administration and territory The functions of regional capital are split between Bydgoszcz and Toruń. Bydgoszcz serves as the seat of the centrally appointed governor or voivode (Polish: wojewoda), while Toruń is the seat of the elected Regional Assembly (sejmik), and of the executive elected by that assembly, headed by the voivodeship marshal (marszałek województwa). The Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship is bordered by five other voivodeships. These are Pomeranian Voivodeship to the north, Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship to the north-east, Masovian Voivodeship to the east, Łódź Voivodeship across a short boundary to the south, and Greater Poland Voivodeship to the south and west. Cities and towns - Bydgoszcz (364,953) - Toruń (207,381) - Włocławek (119,608) - Grudziądz (99,299) - Inowrocław (77,095) - Brodnica (27,624) - Świecie (25,614) - Chełmno (20,388) - Nakło nad Notecią (19,409) - Rypin (16,565) - Chełmża (15,273) - Solec Kujawski (15,060) - Lipno (14,834) - Żnin (14,052) - Tuchola (13,935) - Wąbrzeźno (13,796) - Golub-Dobrzyń (13,006) - Mogilno (12,359) - Aleksandrów Kujawski (12,359) - Ciechocinek (10,855) - Koronowo (10,784) - Kruszwica (9,373) - Szubin (9,326) - Sępólno Krajeńskie (9,258) - Janikowo (9,111) - Barcin (7,810) - Gniewkowo (7,254) - Nowe (6,252) - Strzelno (6,054) - Pakość (5,789) - Więcbork (5,788) - Radziejów (5,756) - Kcynia (4,679) - Brześć Kujawski (4,522) - Piotrków Kujawski (4,509) - Łabiszyn (4,473) - Mrocza (4,203) - Janowiec Wielkopolski (4,114) - Kowalewo Pomorskie (4,055) - Jabłonowo Pomorskie (3,658) - Kowal (3,484) - Skępe (3,442) - Łasin (3,276) - Lubraniec (3,207) - Izbica Kujawska (2,783) - Dobrzyń nad Wisłą (2,269) - Kamień Krajeński (2,251) - Nieszawa (2,012) - Chodecz (1,936) - Radzyń Chełmiński (1,915) - Górzno (1,362) - Lubień Kujawski (1,299) Transportation infrastructure is of critical importance to the voivodeship's economy. Kuyavia-Pomerania is a major node in the Polish transportation system. Railway lines from the South and East pass through Bydgoszcz to connect to the major ports on the Baltic Sea. In addition to this, Bydgoszcz is home to the rolling stock manufacturer PESA SA, Poland's largest and most modern producer of railway and tram products. The province's sole international airport, Ignacy Jan Paderewski Airport, is located in Bydgoszcz and has connections to a number of European destinations as well as Warsaw, which are all operated by either Irish carrier Ryanair or LOT Polish Airlines. The main railway stations of the province are Bydgoszcz main station and Toruń main station; both stations are served by fast PKP Intercity trains which connect them with the capital Warsaw, as well as other major Polish cities. In addition to these fast express services, inter-regional trains are operated by the firm Przewozy Regionalne, whilst domestic rail transportation within the voivodeship is provided by Arriva RP, a private firm to which the provincial government subcontracted the provision of rail transport. The Kuyavian-Pomeranian voivodeship's government is headed by the province's voivode (governor) who is appointed by the Polish Prime Minister. The voivode is then assisted in performing his duties by the voivodeship's marshal, who is the appointed speaker for the voivodeship's executive and is elected by the sejmik (provincial assembly). The current voivode of Kuyavia-Pomerania is Ewa Monika Mes, and the present marshal is Piotr Całbecki. The Sejmik of Kuyavia-Pomerania consists of 33 members. |Kuyavian-Pomeranian Regional Assembly elections on 21 November 2010| |Party||Votes||%||Total seats held| |Civic Platform (PO)||218,004||33.81||16| |Law and Justice (PiS)||114,557||17.77||6| |Democratic Left Alliance (SLD)||111,885||17.35||6| |Polish People's Party (PSL)||93,445||14.49||5| |Józef Rogacki||1 January 1999 - 21 October 2001| |Romuald Kosieniak||21 October 2001 - 26 January 2006| |Józef Ramlau||26 January 2006 - 24 July 2006| |Marzenna Drab (acting)||24 July 2006 - 7 November 2006| |Zbigniew Hoffmann||7 November 2006 - 29 November 2007| |Rafał Bruski||29 November 2007 - 13 December 2010| |Ewa Mes||14 December 2010 – present| The counties are listed in the following table (ordering within categories is by decreasing population). |1,225||164,571||Inowrocław||Kruszwica, Janikowo, Gniewkowo, Pakość||9| |1,395||99,386||Bydgoszcz *||Solec Kujawski, Koronowo||8| |1,472||85,303||Włocławek *||Brześć Kujawski, Kowal, Lubraniec, Izbica Kujawska, Chodecz, Lubień Kujawski||13| |1,120||85,050||Nakło nad Notecią||Szubin, Kcynia, Mrocza||5| |1,039||75,204||Brodnica||Jabłonowo Pomorskie, Górzno||10| |985||69,736||Żnin||Barcin, Łabiszyn, Janowiec Wielkopolski||6| |1,016||66,063||Lipno||Skępe, Dobrzyń nad Wisłą||9| |476||55,367||Aleksandrów Kujawski||Ciechocinek, Nieszawa||9| |791||40,990||Sępólno Krajeńskie||Więcbork, Kamień Krajeński||4| |728||38,559||Grudziądz *||Łasin, Radzyń Chełmiński||6| |* seat not part of the county| - Brodnica Landscape Park (partly in Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship) - Chełmno Landscape Park - Gopło Landscape Park - Górzno-Lidzbark Landscape Park (partly in Masovian and Warmian-Masurian Voivodeships) - Gostynin-Włocławek Landscape Park (partly in Masovian Voivodeship) - Krajna Landscape Park - Tuchola Landscape Park (partly in Pomeranian Voivodeship) - Vistula Landscape Park - Wda Landscape Park - "Sub-national HDI - Area Database - Global Data Lab". hdi.globaldatalab.org. Retrieved 2018-09-13. - "Kujawsko-Pomorskie invites you!". Urząd Marszałkowski Województwa Kujawsko-Pomorskiego. 2007. Retrieved July 31, 2011. - Arkadiusz Belczyk, Tłumaczenie polskich nazw geograficznych na język angielski Archived 2016-03-03 at the Wayback Machine [Translation of Polish Geographical Names into English], 2002-2006. - "Archived copy". Archived from the original on May 5, 2008. Retrieved May 5, 2008.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) - "Kuyavian-Pomeranian Regional Assembly elections". State Electoral Commission. Retrieved 2011-05-28. - "Population size and structure by territorial division as of December 31, 2007", GUS, Warsaw 2008, .pdf Archived 2008-09-20 at the Wayback Machine

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Thermal Decomposition of the Group 2 Carbonates and Nitrates This page looks at the effect of heat on the carbonates and nitrates of the Group 2 elements – beryllium, magnesium, calcium, strontium and barium. It describes and explains how the thermal stability of the compounds changes as you go down the Group. The Effect of Heat on the Group 2 Carbonates All the carbonates in this Group undergo thermal decomposition to give the metal oxide and carbon dioxide gas. Thermal decomposition is the term given to splitting up a compound by heating it. All of these carbonates are white solids, and the oxides that are produced are also white solids. If "X" represents any one of the elements: As you go down the Group, the carbonates have to be heated more strongly before they will decompose. The carbonates become more stable to heat as you go down the Group. The Effect of Heat on the Group 2 Nitrates All the nitrates in this Group undergo thermal decomposition to give the metal oxide, nitrogen dioxide and oxygen. The nitrates are white solids, and the oxides produced are also white solids. Brown nitrogen dioxide gas is given off together with oxygen. Magnesium and calcium nitrates normally have water of crystallisation, and the solid may dissolve in its own water of crystallisation to make a colourless solution before it starts to decompose. Again, if "X" represents any one of the elements: As you go down the Group, the nitrates also have to be heated more strongly before they will decompose. The nitrates also become more stable to heat as you go down the Group. Both carbonates and nitrates become more thermally stable as you go down the Group. The ones lower down have to be heated more strongly than those at the top before they will decompose. This page offers two different ways of looking at the problem. You need to find out which of these your examiners are likely to expect from you so that you don't get involved in more difficult things than you actually need. You should look at your syllabus, and past exam papers – together with their mark schemes Note: If you are working towards a UK-based exam (A-level or its equivalent) and haven't got copies of your syllabus and past papers follow this link to find out how to get hold of them. Detailed explanations are given for the carbonates because the diagrams are easier to draw, and their equations are also easier. Exactly the same arguments apply to the nitrates. Explaining the Trend in Terms of the Polarising Ability of the Positive Ion A small 2+ ion has a lot of charge packed into a small volume of space. It has a high charge density and will have a marked distorting effect on any negative ions which happen to be near it. A bigger 2+ ion has the same charge spread over a larger volume of space. Its charge density will be lower, and it will cause less distortion to nearby negative ions. The structure of the carbonate ion If you worked out the structure of a carbonate ion using "dots-and-crosses" or some similar method, you would probably come up with: This shows two single carbon-oxygen bonds and one double one, with two of the oxygens each carrying a negative charge. Unfortunately, in real carbonate ions all the bonds are identical, and the charges are spread out over the whole ion – although concentrated on the oxygen atoms. We say that the charges are delocalised. This is a rather more complicated version of the bonding you might have come across in benzene or in ions like ethanoate. For the purposes of this topic, you don't need to understand how this bonding has come about. The next diagram shows the delocalised electrons. The shading is intended to show that there is a greater chance of finding them around the oxygen atoms than near the carbon. Polarising the carbonate ion Now imagine what happens when this ion is placed next to a positive ion. The positive ion attracts the delocalised electrons in the carbonate ion towards itself. The carbonate ion becomes polarised. If this is heated, the carbon dioxide breaks free to leave the metal oxide. How much you need to heat the carbonate before that happens depends on how polarised the ion was. If it is highly polarised, you need less heat than if it is only slightly polarised. The smaller the positive ion is, the higher the charge density, and the greater effect it will have on the carbonate ion. As the positive ions get bigger as you go down the Group, they have less effect on the carbonate ions near them. To compensate for that, you have to heat the compound more in order to persuade the carbon dioxide to break free and leave the metal oxide. In other words, as you go down the Group, the carbonates become more thermally stable. What about the nitrates? The argument is exactly the same here. The small positive ions at the top of the Group polarise the nitrate ions more than the larger positive ions at the bottom. Drawing diagrams to show this happening is much more difficult because the process has interactions involving more than one nitrate ion. You wouldn't be expected to attempt to draw this in an exam. Explaining the Trend in Terms of the Energetics of the Process Looking at the enthalpy changes If you calculate the enthalpy changes for the decomposition of the various carbonates, you find that all the changes are quite strongly endothermic. That implies that the reactions are likely to have to be heated constantly to make them happen. The calculated enthalpy changes (in kJ mol-1) are given in the table. Figures to calculate the beryllium carbonate value weren't available. Remember that the reaction we are talking about is: / kJ mol-1 You can see that the reactions become more endothermic as you go down the Group. That's entirely what you would expect as the carbonates become more thermally stable. You have to supply increasing amounts of heat energy to make them decompose. Explaining the enthalpy changes Here's where things start to get difficult! If you aren't familiar with Hess's Law cycles (or with Born-Haber cycles) and with lattice enthalpies (lattice energies), you aren't going to understand the next bit. Don't waste your time looking at it. Using an enthalpy cycle You can dig around to find the underlying causes of the increasingly endothermic changes as you go down the Group by drawing an enthalpy cycle involving the lattice enthalpies of the metal carbonates and the metal oxides. Confusingly, there are two ways of defining lattice enthalpy. In order to make the argument mathematically simpler, during the rest of this page I am going to use the less common version (as far as UK A-level syllabuses are concerned): Lattice enthalpy is the heat needed to split one mole of crystal in its standard state into its separate gaseous ions. For example, for magnesium oxide, it is the heat needed to carry out 1 mole of this change: Note: In that case, the lattice enthalpy for magnesium oxide would be -3889 kJ mol-1. The term we are using here should more accurately be called the "lattice dissociation enthalpy". The cycle we are interested in looks like this: You can apply Hess's Law to this, and find two routes which will have an equal enthalpy change because they start and end in the same places. For reasons we will look at shortly, the lattice enthalpies of both the oxides and carbonates fall as you go down the Group. But they don't fall at the same rate. The oxide lattice enthalpy falls faster than the carbonate one. If you think carefully about what happens to the value of the overall enthalpy change of the decomposition reaction, you will see that it gradually becomes more positive as you go down the Group. Explaining the relative falls in lattice enthalpy The size of the lattice enthalpy is governed by several factors, one of which is the distance between the centres of the positive and negative ions in the lattice. Forces of attraction are greatest if the distances between the ions are small. If the attractions are large, then a lot of energy will have to be used to separate the ions – the lattice enthalpy will be large. The lattice enthalpies of both carbonates and oxides fall as you go down the Group because the positive ions are getting bigger. The inter-ionic distances are increasing and so the attractions become weaker. The lattice enthalpies fall at different rates because of the different sizes of the two negative ions – oxide and carbonate. The oxide ion is relatively small for a negative ion (0.140 nm), whereas the carbonate ion is large (no figure available). In the oxides, when you go from magnesium oxide to calcium oxide, for example, the inter-ionic distance increases from 0.205 nm (0.140 + 0.065) to 0.239 nm (0.140 + 0.099) – an increase of about 17%. In the carbonates, the inter-ionic distance is dominated by the much larger carbonate ion. Although the inter-ionic distance will increase by the same amount as you go from magnesium carbonate to calcium carbonate, as a percentage of the total distance the increase will be much less. Some made-up figures show this clearly. I can't find a value for the radius of a carbonate ion, and so can't use real figures. For the sake of argument, suppose that the carbonate ion radius was 0.3 nm. The inter-ionic distances in the two cases we are talking about would increase from 0.365 nm to 0.399 nm – an increase of only about 9%. The rates at which the two lattice energies fall as you go down the Group depends on the percentage change as you go from one compound to the next. On that basis, the oxide lattice enthalpies are bound to fall faster than those of the carbonates. What about the nitrates? The nitrate ion is bigger than an oxide ion, and so its radius tends to dominate the inter-ionic distance. The lattice enthalpy of the oxide will again fall faster than the nitrate. if you constructed a cycle like that further up the page, the same arguments would apply. Questions to test your understandingQuestions on the thermal stability of the Group 2 carbonates and nitrates Answers

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The History of PA (Part 1) the birth of loud Ben Duncan wields the forceps at the birth of the PA system. It's 1958 okay? We're in Liverpool, and it's skiffle. Even then, musicians were broke, but the vocalist had to be heard somehow above the guitars and screams and cat whistles. So the ubiquitous Grundig tape recorder was borrowed from home and set up on stage with a microphone. A four-watt amplifier could be made by switching the machine to 'record', and then pressing the 'pause' button. A broom handle held up by bricks made a microphone stand. The mike was taped on to the broom handle and the Grundig sat on a beer crate in front of the singer. Beyond the turn of the decade, as Merseybeat got underway, bands progressed to using equipment which, although primitive, was at least in part intended for the rigours of the road. One such set-up used a WEM 25-watt Dominator tube guitar amp with 2x10in speakers. Linear Conchord and Vortexion amplifiers were widely used. The Vortexions had integral mixers, inputs for four mikes, giant bakelite volume knobs for each, and a pair of tone controls overall. Roadies also discovered that the WEM Copicat, with its two mike inputs, could be used as a mixer. At the same time, grass-roots stage mixers with four or six (!) inputs were being pioneered on kitchen tables, though in those days little apart from sax and vocals was miked-up. Reslo mikes were almost universally used. There was no time for soundchecks: the gear was just thrown on stage and everyone helped to set up. In this way, groups could do three or four gigs in a night. Phew! For a while the Beatles brought Vox to the forefront; an early Vox PA system consisted of a 4x8in column speaker used exclusively for vocals PA in conjunction with a 50 watt valve PA amplifier. This had three inputs, the big novelty being the provision of bass and treble controls on each input. The column speaker with its spindly legs was manifestly impractical. The idea was to raise the speaker above the heads of the crowd to aid sound projection, but roadies went one better; they hammered nails in the wall and hung the unstable contraptions upside down. Thus the roadies' toolkit of this era contained a hand drill, nails and a hammer. In the middle of the 1960s, Jim Marshall introduced his legendary guitar amplifiers. Overnight, instruments became loud, and the vocals couldn't compete any longer. It was easy enough to lash together some 50 watt instrument amps to produce a notionally powerful PA capable of competing with the Marshall stacks, but guitar amplifiers – or PA amplifiers using guitar speakers – were not really suitable, because their peaky response made the PA go into feedback too easily, and howlround began before there was any useful amount of amplification. New PA amplifiers appeared willy-nilly, but roadies had little time to think seriously about improving the PA, and the attitude of many musicians was one of total lack of interest. Then in 1967, Pink Floyd astounded their peers, by revealing that they had an 800 watt PA; they had enlisted the help of Charlie Watkins. In 1967, WEM introduced the UK's first high-power (100 watt) transistor slave amps. Using ten or more of these in tandem produced an unheard-of power: one THOUSAND watts! And feeding them into a stack of WEM's column speakers gave not only LOUD results; the system had a relatively flat response, plus the clarity of transistor amplification. The result was that PA suddenly took a massive leap into decibels unknown, making large, outdoor festivals feasible. The new WEM 1kW PA premiered with great success at the 1967 Windsor Jazz & Blues festival (predecessor to the Reading festival). It was arguably the world's first high-power rock PA system. Every British band now aspired to own a WEM PA; some vied to own the most power. But most important of all, the WEM factory became a meeting place where musicians who'd suddenly developed an interest in PA could exchange ideas. Around the same time, the WEM Audiomaster five-channel mixer appeared. The Audiomasters were not only much more sophisticated than the mixers that had been built into tube amplifiers, but they could be linked together to provide as many input channels as were needed. This led to an interest in more refined microphones from abroad (Beyer, Shure, Electrovoice, AKG) and to the close-miking of instruments. Miking-up not only made instruments louder, it also gave musicians new sounds to play with. Miked-up drums were especially dramatic, and it became fashionable to put everything through the PA, even if some instruments were loud enough without. And so Audiomasters appeared in tandem to handle as many as 20 mikes. At the 1968 Camden festival, Duster Bennett protested about WEM because he was unable to hear himself even though thousands were being deafened by the main PA. Later, at the Kempton Park festival, Charlie Watkins didn't want to miss the Savoy Blues Band, who were playing on a second stage, in a marquee, 200 yards from the main stage. So he had a 1x12in speaker and a 40 watt amplifier rigged up on a long lead from the marquee. Back on the main stage, blues singer Tal Farlow (the type who would contort his face, because he couldn't hear himself...) heard music coming from the 12in speaker and, thinking it was his own voice, gestured wildly: "Turn it round to me!" So Charlie moved the speaker, and gave him an earful of the Savoy Blues Band! Inspired by Mr Farlow's indecent remarks, it seemed like a good idea quickly to link the 40 watt "monitor system" to the main stage's mixer. That done, Farlow's face took on an unbelieving, ecstatic look. The horrific grimace came off, his hand came down from his ear, and the quality of his singing improved dramatically. The news of the stage monitor circulated around the other groups in a matter of minutes, and when Roger Chapman came on stage with Family he snatched the 1x12in speaker down from the scaffold, tore off his jacket, rolled it up, put the speaker on the stage, and then used the jacket to tilt it upwards. Thus, in one evening, at one festival, both the side-fill and the wedge monitor were developed. "Of course the 1x12in must have been entirely inadequate, but it was so much better than nothing," mused Charlie 16 years later. Until 1969, the mixer was placed at the side of the stage, the roadie periodically racing out into the audience to check the sound; mixing out-front was considered too complicated, not to mention dangerous with the, er, hysterical audiences of the early 1960s. At the first Shepton Mallet festival, WEM came armed with a massive bunch of extra-long mike leads, and proceeded at the last minute to lay these out for Ten Years After, who had decided to try out-front mixing just before they were due on stage. The ensuing delay caused a hail of beer bottles to rain upon the stage-cum-jobsworth compound. Luckily, sound engineer 'Dinky' Dawson (from Fleetwood Mac) was helping at the festival, and mentioned the massive Belden cable – 1in in diameter – which he'd seen used in the US for factory intercom systems. With up to 20 pairs of wires inside, this would make the extra setting-up needed for out-front mixing quicker, and more feasible. Later, 'Dinky' brought back a massive reel of Belden from the States and, using three Audiomasters, mixed out-front for the first time at the Lyceum. By 1970, and within the space of three years, the basis of PA as we know it today had been developed. But one big augmentation had yet to come: speakers. Public address-type sound systems (announcement only) using trumpet horns had provided crude vocals PA in the early 1960s for the Beatles' concerts at the giant Shea stadium concerts in the USA. For smaller venues the column speakers used up to the end of the 1960s tended to lack low bass and high treble; their forte was a controlled dispersion of the sound and a relatively smooth, detailed response. But they were also insensitive and, pending the development of high-power drivers (in 1969, a 12in cone speaker could handle 25 to 50 watts; today, 750 watts is possible), the only answer was to use lots of them. Pretty soon, the sheer bulk and weight puts limits on your PA's power: to make a 1k system twice as loud, we need 10kW, so a van loaded with 10 columns becomes an artic loaded up with 100 column speakers. Naturally something smaller, lighter and most of all louder was sought, especially by the wealthier bands, whose appetite for LOUD music was well and truly whetted. Thus by 1969, US speaker techniques had begun to attract attention. At the Fillmore East, for instance, Bazz Ward (who's still on the road in 1984, and is Britain's longest serving roadie), then road manager of The Nice, was impressed with the Altec 'Voice of the Theatre' cinema-style, horn-loaded PA speaker system. It was compact, yet loud for the power involved. American bands had always enjoyed the luxury of these house PAs which, while relatively low in power, were at least designed for music (column speakers are mainly intended for vocals only). Ironically, the existence of credible (if not perfect) house PAs initially appears to have stymied the development of touring PA in the US: the sound at the first Isle Of Wight festival had no rival in the festival at Woodstock in the same year. During the 1940s and 1950s, horn speakers with the loudspeaker driver coupled to an expanding tunnel or tube were developed to a high level of sophistication by companies such as Altec, JBL, RCA, Electrovoice and, in the UK, Vitavox. The impetus for all this had come from Hollywood, and as the 1950s drew to a close, the advent of TV shifted massive R&D funds into other media. But one or more decades later, cinema sound technology had found a new owner: bands suddenly wanted to use the horn-loaded speakers they'd seen in the States. These were dubbed "bin-and-horn" systems because the huge bass horns were like bins – or bathtubs. Bass "bins" were especially attractive to the people making or hiring PAs because in many instances the patents had lapsed and the wooden enclosures were easy to copy. And although bulky, in being more efficient (about ten times the acoustic power for the same size of amplifier), they ended up using less space. In 1970, US band Iron Butterfly toured Britain, bringing a horn speaker system on the road for the first time. Knowing that their break-up was imminent, Iron Butterfly sold the PA at the end of the tour to their support band, a group called Yes. The system consisted of one giant, eight-foot-high RCA 'W-Bin' and one sectoral horn on each side of the stage. The size of these speakers matched their loudness, and they caused something of a sensation. So what had been good technology in the cinemas of the 1940s was found to be good technology in the concert halls of the 1970s. Bill Kelsey and Jim Morris duly began to manufacture modified versions of cinema horns in Britain. Bands also turned to Vitavox, the indigenous manufacturer, who had been producing horn speakers for cinemas for years. Feature by Ben Duncan mu:zines is the result of thousands of hours of effort, and will require many thousands more going forward to reach our goals of getting all this content online. 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ON 17 January 1966, the US accidentally dropped four nuclear bombs on Spain. A B-52 bomber collided with its refuelling aircraft in mid-air and dropped its deadly payload on the small southern Spanish village of Palomares. The conventional explosive in one of the bombs detonated when it hit the ground, scattering plutonium around. But, luckily, there was no nuclear explosion. A recently released report from the Los Alamos nuclear weapons laboratory in New Mexico reveals that “by good fortune” the bombs in question had just been modified after small-scale nuclear tests had uncovered a safety problem. Weapons scientists had discovered that an accidental detonation of the conventional explosive in a nuclear bomb could initiate an uncontrolled nuclear chain reaction. If the B-52’s bombs had not been modified to reduce that risk, says the Los Alamos report, “the chance of a significant nuclear explosion would have been more than a thousand times greater”. Both France and China are determined to explode a few more bombs before the world agrees a comprehensive test ban next year – and only last week China exploded its latest device. While international arguments rage over these tests, American and British nuclear weapons scientists are stressing safety. If we cannot even test our weapons in small-scale experiments, they suggest, then we may not be able to guarantee their long-term safety. Their warnings sound alarming, but the scientists are losing the argument. Following commitments made two weeks ago by the French and American governments, the world now looks likely to outlaw even the tiniest of nuclear tests. The Los Alamos report, which was written in 1987, was given to New Scientist recently in order to illustrate the value of 35 tiny nuclear tests, known as hydronuclear experiments, which were secretly carried out at Los Alamos between 1960 and 1961 during a three-year testing moratorium agreed by the US, Britain and the former Soviet Union. The experiments, the report says, “made it possible to identify, and in some cases to resolve, otherwise crippling safety issues”. A hydronuclear experiment involves the detonation of some of the conventional explosive that compresses the fissile isotopes of plutonium or uranium in a fission bomb. But because most of the fissile material has been removed, a full-scale nuclear explosion is impossible. The experiments usually result in a tiny release of fission energy, equivalent to no more than a small fraction of a pound of conventional high explosive. Compared with full-scale nuclear yields of many megatons, this is negligible. Scientists describe these tests as “tickling the dragon’s tail”. The Los Alamos experiments were carried out between 20 and 30 metres underground. Most of them produced a yield of less than a thousandth of a pound, although one in June 1961 reached 0.4 pounds. At least ten similar experiments – codenamed Vixen B – were carried out in secret by the British government at Maralinga in Australia between 1960 and 1963. According to the official history of the British tests in Australia, the yields were “at most a few pounds”. But in recent months both Los Alamos and the British nuclear weapons laboratory at Aldermaston have been fighting a fierce rearguard action to continue to be allowed to test nuclear weapons. According to the head of weapons physics at Los Alamos, Don McCoy, there is no substitute for full-scale testing. “If you are going to investigate a reliability problem like the ageing of nuclear materials, the higher the threshold the less extrapolation I have to do – and the more confidence I have in my judgment,” he says. The former director of Aldermaston, Peter Jones, also argues that the lower the allowable yield of tests “the more doubtful you must be” about the reliability of weapons. No American or British nuclear weapon of any yield has been tested since the American government announced a voluntary moratorium in 1992. But Los Alamos and Aldermaston have been lobbying to test weapons with yields of up to 500 tons, arguing that they would provide valuable information on the ignition of the fission reaction. Failing that, they have claimed that the minimum necessary to ensure safety and to maintain practical experience with nuclear weapons is the freedom to carry out hydronuclear experiments with yields of up to 4 pounds (Los Alamos) or 100 pounds (Aldermaston). But all these options could be ruled out now that the French and American governments have announced that they are both in favour of a ban on “all nuclear explosions”. Both countries promise to start negotiating for a “zero option” ban at the UN Conference on Disarmament currently under way in Geneva. The 40-nation conference is committed to agreeing a comprehensive test-ban treaty before the end of next year. The French announced their support for a complete ban in an attempt to deflect the storm of protest provoked by President Jacques Chirac’s refusal to reverse his decision to explode seven or eight more bombs under the Mururoa atoll in the South Pacific starting next month. France has always maintained that, once it has completed this final round of tests, it will sign the comprehensive test ban treaty next year. President Bill Clinton made his announcement in the wake of a report by an influential group of 14 government scientific advisers known simply as “Jason”. Their report accepts that there are advantages in being allowed to test devices yielding up to 500 tons, but points out that “the technical contribution of such a testing programme must be weighed against its cost and its political impact on the nonproliferation goals of the United States”. The Jason report concludes that “a persuasive case has not been made” for hydronuclear experiments. It asserts that the US can have “high confidence” in the safety, reliability and performance of its nuclear weapons, based on the experience of more than 1000 nuclear tests over the past 50 years. It says that this large database can be used to validate computer models designed to test weapons, safety. The report is signed by several of America’s veteran bomb designers, including John Kammerdiener and John Richter from Los Alamos. The position of the other major nuclear nations is less clear. The British government, which has until now grudgingly followed American policy, is considering its position. According to a spokeswoman for the Ministry of Defence, Britain is in favour of a comprehensive test ban in principle, but is still investigating whether any threshold is necessary to ensure the safety and reliability of its warheads. Up to now the Russians have favoured a 10-ton limit on yield, supposedly to account for the “whoops factor” in their small-scale tests. In the opinion of diplomats active in the Geneva negotiations, both Britain and Russia are likely to end up toeing the same line as the Americans and the French. On the other hand, although the Chinese government officially supports the “zero-option” ban, diplomats suspect that it secretly wants to carry on testing. China’s tactic, according to a source close to the Geneva negotiations, may be to start raising questions about the verification of very small explosions and the potential industrial value of so-called “peaceful” nuclear explosions. There is no doubt, though, that the French and American initiatives have greatly increased the likelihood of a truly comprehensive test ban treaty being agreed next year. But there remain niggling doubts about its likely scope. Because there is no internationally agreed definition of what constitutes a nuclear explosion, will the treaty actually be able to prevent small hydronuclear experiments? The Los Alamos report defines a nuclear explosion as “a specific fission energy release that is comparable to or greater than that of the high explosive itself, about one kilocalorie per gram”. This definition, which is still regarded as valid by Los Alamos, does not include hydronuclear experiments and could be used to argue that these tests were not banned by the treaty. To close off this potential loophole, nonaligned nations are attempting to incorporate a much tighter definition in the text under discussion in Geneva. India, for example, has proposed that the test ban should cover “any nuclear weapon explosion, or any other nuclear test explosion, or any release of nuclear energy caused by the assembly or compression of fissile or fusion material by chemical explosive or other means”. If this was adopted, there would still be problems over how to verify compliance with such a ban because of the difficulty of detecting hydronuclear experiments. McCoy and Jones confirm that they could theoretically be carried out in a reusable steel containment vessel no more than 20 metres in diameter. Both the US and France have also made it clear that they will insist on a clause in the treaty that will enable them to restart testing if they believe that their “supreme national security” is threatened. This clause, regarded as a complete cop-out by radical nuclear disarmers like Greenpeace, is also likely to be required by Britain, Russia and China. Its inclusion would be a consolation prize for Los Alamos and Aldermaston, who would then be able to reopen the argument for more nuclear tests whenever they wished. Jones says ensuring the long-term safety and reliability of nuclear warheads without being permitted to set some of them off would present an unprecedented technical challenge. It would be, in his view, “extraordinarily odd” to maintain nuclear weapons without the ability to test them fully. But according to one of the US’s leading disarmament lobbyists, Tom Cochran from the Natural Resources Defense Council in Washington DC, Jones is looking at the problem through the wrong end of the telescope. The main purpose of a comprehensive test ban treaty is not to sanction the continued maintenance of nuclear weapons, but to take another step towards complete nuclear disarmament. “If Mr Jones’s successors run into a safety problem with a particular weapon at Aldermaston, all they have to do is to trade that weapon away as part of multilateral or bilateral negotiations,” Cochran says. “The fewer nuclear weapons there are in the world, the safer we will all be.” (see Diagram)

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Leafing through the mail at his home outside London one June day 150 years ago, Charles Darwin came across an envelope sent from an island in what is now part of Indonesia. The writer was a young acquaintance, Alfred Russel Wallace, who eked out a living as a biological collector, sending butterflies, bird skins and other specimens back to England. This time, Wallace had sent along a 20-page manuscript, requesting that Darwin show it to other members of the British scientific community. As he read, Darwin saw with dawning horror that the author had arrived at the same evolutionary theory he had been working on, without publishing a word, for 20 years. "All my originality, whatever it may amount to, will be smashed," he lamented in a note to his friend the geologist Charles Lyell. Darwin ventured that he would be "extremely glad now" to publish a brief account of his own lengthy manuscript, but that "I would far rather burn my whole book than that [Wallace] or any man should think that I had behaved in a paltry spirit." The threat to his life's work could hardly have come at a worse moment. Darwin's daughter Etty, 14, was frighteningly ill with diphtheria. His 18-month-old son, Charles, would soon lie dead of scarlet fever. Lyell and another Darwin friend, the botanist Joseph Hooker, cobbled together a compromise, rushing both Darwin's and Wallace's works before a meeting of the Linnean Society a few days later, on July 1, 1858. The reading took place in a narrow, stuffy ballroom at Burlington House, just off Piccadilly Circus, and neither author was present. (Darwin was at his son's funeral; Wallace was in New Guinea.) Nor was there any discussion. The society's president went home muttering about the lack of any "striking discoveries" that year. And so began the greatest revolution in the history of science. We call it Darwinism, for short. But in truth, it didn't start with Darwin, or with Wallace either, for that matter. Great ideas seldom arise in the romantic way we like to imagine—the bolt from the blue, the lone genius running through the streets crying, "Eureka!" Like evolution itself, science more often advances by small steps, with different lines converging on the same solution. "The only novelty in my work is the attempt to explain how species become modified," Darwin later wrote. He did not mean to belittle his achievement. The how, backed up by an abundance of evidence, was crucial: nature throws up endless biological variations, and they either flourish or fade away in the face of disease, hunger, predation and other factors. Darwin's term for it was "natural selection"; Wallace called it the "struggle for existence." But we often act today as if Darwin invented the idea of evolution itself, including the theory that human beings developed from an ape ancestor. And Wallace we forget altogether. In fact, scientists had been talking about our primate origins at least since 1699, after the London physician Edward Tyson dissected a chimpanzee and documented a disturbing likeness to human anatomy. And the idea of evolution had been around for generations. In the 1770s, Darwin's grandfather Erasmus Darwin, a physician and philosopher, publicly declared that different species had evolved from a common ancestor. He even had the motto "E conchis omnia" ("Everything from shells") painted on his carriage, prompting a local clergyman to lambaste him in verse: Great wizard he! by magic spells Can all things raise from cockle shells. In the 1794 book of his two-volume Zoonomia, the elder Darwin ventured that over the course of "perhaps millions of ages...all warm-blooded animals have arisen from one living filament," acquiring new traits and passing down improvements from generation to generation. His contemporary Samuel Taylor Coleridge mocked this sort of evolutionary theory as "darwinizing." But it was by no means a family monopoly. Evolutionary questions confronted almost all naturalists of that era as expeditions to distant lands discovered a bewildering variety of plants and animals. Fossils were also turning up in the backyard, threatening the biblical account of Creation with evidence that some species had gone extinct and been supplanted by new species. The only way to make sense of these discoveries was to put similar species side by side and sort out the subtle differences. These comparisons led "transmutationists" to wonder if species might gradually evolve over time, instead of having a fixed, God-given form. In 1801, the French naturalist Jean-Baptiste Lamarck proposed that species could change in response to environmental conditions. Giraffes, for instance, had developed their fantastic necks to browse on the upper branches of trees. Lamarck mistakenly thought such traits could be acquired by one generation and passed on to the next. He is ridiculed, to this day, for suggesting that giraffes got their longer necks basically by wanting them (though the word he used, some scholars contend, is more accurately translated as "needing"). But his was the first real theory of evolution. If he had merely suggested that competition for treetop foliage could gradually put short-necked giraffes at a disadvantage, we might now be talking about Lamarckian, rather than Darwinian, evolution. By the 1840s, evolutionary ideas had broken out of the scientific community and into heated public debate. The sensation of 1845 was the anonymous tract Vestiges of the Natural History of Creation, and it set both Darwin and Wallace on career paths that would converge in that fateful 1858 mail delivery. Vestiges deftly wove evolutionary ideas into a sweeping history of the cosmos, beginning in some primordial "fire-mist." The author, later revealed to be the Edinburgh journalist and publisher Robert Chambers, argued that humans had arisen from monkeys and apes, but he also appealed to ordinary readers with the uplifting message that evolution was about progress and improvement. Vestiges quickly became a popular hit, a rose-tinted 2001: A Space Odyssey of its day. Prince Albert read it aloud to Queen Victoria at Buckingham Palace, and it was the talk of every gentlemen's club and social soiree, according to James A. Secord, author of Victorian Sensation. Jocular types greeted each other on the street with phrases like, "Well, son of a cabbage, whither art thou progressing?" Others took evolution more seriously. On a museum visit, Florence Nightingale noticed that small flightless birds of the modern genus Apteryx had vestigial wings like those of the giant moa, an extinct bird that had recently been discovered. One species ran into another, she remarked, much "as Vestiges would have it." Clergymen railed from the pulpit against such thinking. But scientists, too, hated Vestiges for its loose speculation and careless use of facts. One indignant geologist set out to stamp "with an iron heel upon the head of the filthy abortion, and put an end to its crawlings." In Cambridge, at a meeting of the British Association for the Advancement of Science, an astronomer criticized the book's failure to explain how evolution might have occurred; Vestiges, in his view, was about as miraculous as the biblical account of Creation. (During this attack, the author, still anonymous, sat in the front row, probably trying not to squirm.) Even Darwin disliked what he called "that strange unphilosophical, but capitally-written book." He confided to a friend that the author's "geology strikes me as bad, & his zoology far worse." Darwin had begun to develop his own theory of evolution seven years earlier, in 1838, while reading the demographer T. R. Malthus on factors limiting human population growth. It dawned on him that, among animals, hunger, predation and other "checks" on population could provide "a force like a hundred thousand wedges," thrusting out weaker individuals and creating gaps where better-adapted individuals could thrive. By 1844, he had expanded this idea into a manuscript of more than 200 pages. But Vestiges heightened Darwin's characteristic caution. He hesitated to publish partly because radicals were taking up evolutionary theory as a way to undermine the idea of a divinely ordained social hierarchy. Darwin himself sat comfortably in the upper ranks of that hierarchy; he had inherited wealth, and his closest colleagues were other gentlemen naturalists, including the clergy. Admitting transmutationist beliefs in these circles, Darwin had written to his friend Hooker, would be like "confessing a murder." But beyond that, he also hesitated because the abuse being heaped onto Vestiges drove home the need for detailed evidence. Darwin, at age 37, backed away from theorizing and settled down to describing the minute differences within one invertebrate group: the barnacles. He would spend the next eight years at it, at some peril to his sanity. Wallace was more receptive to Vestiges. He was just 22 when the controversy raged. He also came from a downwardly mobile family and had a penchant for progressive political causes. But Vestiges led him to the same conclusion about what needed to be done next. "I do not consider it as a hasty generalization," Wallace wrote to a friend, "but rather as an ingenious speculation" in need of more facts and further research. Later he added, "I begin to feel rather dissatisfied with a mere local collection.... I should like to take some one family to study thoroughly—principally with a view to the theory of the origin of species." In April 1848, having saved £100 from his wages as a railroad surveyor, he and a fellow collector sailed for the Amazon. From then on, Wallace and Darwin were asking the same fundamental questions. Ideas that seem obvious in retrospect are anything but in real life. As Wallace collected on both sides of the Amazon, he began to think about the distribution of species and whether geographic barriers, such as a river, could be a key to their formation. Traveling on HMS Beagle as a young naturalist, Darwin had also wondered about species distribution in the Galápagos Islands. But pinning down the details was tedious work. As he sorted through the barnacles of the world in 1850, Darwin muttered darkly about "this confounded variation." Two years later, still tangled up in taxonomic minutiae, he exclaimed, "I hate a Barnacle as no man ever did before." Wallace was returning from the Amazon in 1852, after four years of hard collecting, when his ship caught fire and sank, taking down drawings, notes, journals and what he told a friend were "hundreds of new and beautiful species." But Wallace was as optimistic as Darwin was cautious, and soon headed off on another collecting expedition, to the islands of Southeast Asia. In 1856, he published his first paper on evolution, focusing on the island distribution of closely related species—but leaving out the critical issue of how one species might have evolved from its neighbors. Alarmed, Darwin's friends urged him to get on with his book. By now, the two men were corresponding. Wallace sent specimens; Darwin replied with encouragement. He also gently warned Wallace off: "This summer will make the 20th year (!) since I opened my first-note-book" on the species question, he wrote, adding that it might take two more years to go to press. Events threatened to bypass them both. In England, a furious debate erupted about whether there were significant structural differences between the brains of humans and gorillas, a species discovered by science only ten years earlier. Other researchers had lately found the fossil remains of brutal-looking humans, the Neanderthals, in Europe itself. Eight thousand miles away, on an island called Gilolo, Wallace spent much of February 1858 wrapped in blankets against the alternating hot and cold fits of malaria. He passed the time mulling over the species question, and one day, the same book that had inspired Darwin came to mind—Malthus' Essay on the Principle of Population. "It occurred to me to ask the question, Why do some die and some live?" he later recalled. Thinking about how the healthiest individuals survive disease, and the strongest or swiftest escape from predators, "it suddenly flashed upon me...in every generation the inferior would inevitably be killed off and the superior would remain—that is, the fittest would survive." Over the next three days, literally in a fever, he wrote out the idea and posted it to Darwin. Less than two years later, on November 22, 1859, Darwin published his great work On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, and the unthinkable—that man was descended from beasts—became more than thinkable. Darwin didn't just supply the how of evolution; his painstaking work on barnacles and other species made the idea plausible. Characteristically, Darwin gave credit to Wallace, and also to Malthus, Lamarck and even the anonymous "Mr. Vestiges." Reading the book, which Darwin sent to him in New Guinea, Wallace was plainly thrilled: "Mr. Darwin has given the world a new science, and his name should, in my opinion, stand above that of every philosopher of ancient or modern times." Wallace seems to have felt no twinge of envy or possessiveness about the idea that would bring Darwin such renown. Alfred Russel Wallace had made the postman knock, and that was apparently enough. Richard Conniff is a longtime contributor to Smithsonian and the author of The Ape in the Corner Office.

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- Apache Pig Tutorial - Apache Pig - Home - Pig Latin - Pig Latin - Basics - Diagnostic Operators - Apache Pig - Diagnostic Operator - Apache Pig - Describe Operator - Apache Pig - Explain Operator - Apache Pig - Illustrate Operator - Grouping & Joining - Apache Pig - Group Operator - Apache Pig - Cogroup Operator - Apache Pig - Join Operator - Apache Pig - Cross Operator - Pig Latin Built-In Functions - Apache Pig - Eval Functions - Load & Store Functions - Apache Pig - Bag & Tuple Functions - Apache Pig - String Functions - Apache Pig - date-time Functions - Apache Pig - Math Functions - Apache Pig Useful Resources - Apache Pig - Quick Guide - Apache Pig - Useful Resources - Apache Pig - Discussion - Selected Reading - UPSC IAS Exams Notes - Developer's Best Practices - Questions and Answers - Effective Resume Writing - HR Interview Questions - Computer Glossary - Who is Who Apache Pig - Reading Data In general, Apache Pig works on top of Hadoop. It is an analytical tool that analyzes large datasets that exist in the Hadoop File System. To analyze data using Apache Pig, we have to initially load the data into Apache Pig. This chapter explains how to load data to Apache Pig from HDFS. In MapReduce mode, Pig reads (loads) data from HDFS and stores the results back in HDFS. Therefore, let us start HDFS and create the following sample data in HDFS. |Student ID||First Name||Last Name||Phone||City| The above dataset contains personal details like id, first name, last name, phone number and city, of six students. Step 1: Verifying Hadoop First of all, verify the installation using Hadoop version command, as shown below. $ hadoop version If your system contains Hadoop, and if you have set the PATH variable, then you will get the following output − Hadoop 2.6.0 Subversion https://git-wip-us.apache.org/repos/asf/hadoop.git -r e3496499ecb8d220fba99dc5ed4c99c8f9e33bb1 Compiled by jenkins on 2014-11-13T21:10Z Compiled with protoc 2.5.0 From source with checksum 18e43357c8f927c0695f1e9522859d6a This command was run using /home/Hadoop/hadoop/share/hadoop/common/hadoop common-2.6.0.jar Step 2: Starting HDFS Browse through the sbin directory of Hadoop and start yarn and Hadoop dfs (distributed file system) as shown below. cd /$Hadoop_Home/sbin/ $ start-dfs.sh localhost: starting namenode, logging to /home/Hadoop/hadoop/logs/hadoopHadoop-namenode-localhost.localdomain.out localhost: starting datanode, logging to /home/Hadoop/hadoop/logs/hadoopHadoop-datanode-localhost.localdomain.out Starting secondary namenodes [0.0.0.0] starting secondarynamenode, logging to /home/Hadoop/hadoop/logs/hadoop-Hadoopsecondarynamenode-localhost.localdomain.out $ start-yarn.sh starting yarn daemons starting resourcemanager, logging to /home/Hadoop/hadoop/logs/yarn-Hadoopresourcemanager-localhost.localdomain.out localhost: starting nodemanager, logging to /home/Hadoop/hadoop/logs/yarnHadoop-nodemanager-localhost.localdomain.out Step 3: Create a Directory in HDFS In Hadoop DFS, you can create directories using the command mkdir. Create a new directory in HDFS with the name Pig_Data in the required path as shown below. $cd /$Hadoop_Home/bin/ $ hdfs dfs -mkdir hdfs://localhost:9000/Pig_Data Step 4: Placing the data in HDFS The input file of Pig contains each tuple/record in individual lines. And the entities of the record are separated by a delimiter (In our example we used “,”). In the local file system, create an input file student_data.txt containing data as shown below. 001,Rajiv,Reddy,9848022337,Hyderabad 002,siddarth,Battacharya,9848022338,Kolkata 003,Rajesh,Khanna,9848022339,Delhi 004,Preethi,Agarwal,9848022330,Pune 005,Trupthi,Mohanthy,9848022336,Bhuwaneshwar 006,Archana,Mishra,9848022335,Chennai. Now, move the file from the local file system to HDFS using put command as shown below. (You can use copyFromLocal command as well.) $ cd $HADOOP_HOME/bin $ hdfs dfs -put /home/Hadoop/Pig/Pig_Data/student_data.txt dfs://localhost:9000/pig_data/ Verifying the file You can use the cat command to verify whether the file has been moved into the HDFS, as shown below. $ cd $HADOOP_HOME/bin $ hdfs dfs -cat hdfs://localhost:9000/pig_data/student_data.txt You can see the content of the file as shown below. 15/10/01 12:16:55 WARN util.NativeCodeLoader: Unable to load native-hadoop library for your platform... using builtin-java classes where applicable 001,Rajiv,Reddy,9848022337,Hyderabad 002,siddarth,Battacharya,9848022338,Kolkata 003,Rajesh,Khanna,9848022339,Delhi 004,Preethi,Agarwal,9848022330,Pune 005,Trupthi,Mohanthy,9848022336,Bhuwaneshwar 006,Archana,Mishra,9848022335,Chennai The Load Operator You can load data into Apache Pig from the file system (HDFS/ Local) using LOAD operator of Pig Latin. The load statement consists of two parts divided by the “=” operator. On the left-hand side, we need to mention the name of the relation where we want to store the data, and on the right-hand side, we have to define how we store the data. Given below is the syntax of the Load operator. Relation_name = LOAD 'Input file path' USING function as schema; relation_name − We have to mention the relation in which we want to store the data. Input file path − We have to mention the HDFS directory where the file is stored. (In MapReduce mode) function − We have to choose a function from the set of load functions provided by Apache Pig (BinStorage, JsonLoader, PigStorage, TextLoader). Schema − We have to define the schema of the data. We can define the required schema as follows − (column1 : data type, column2 : data type, column3 : data type); Note − We load the data without specifying the schema. In that case, the columns will be addressed as $01, $02, etc… (check). As an example, let us load the data in student_data.txt in Pig under the schema named Student using the LOAD command. Start the Pig Grunt Shell First of all, open the Linux terminal. Start the Pig Grunt shell in MapReduce mode as shown below. $ Pig –x mapreduce It will start the Pig Grunt shell as shown below. 15/10/01 12:33:37 INFO pig.ExecTypeProvider: Trying ExecType : LOCAL 15/10/01 12:33:37 INFO pig.ExecTypeProvider: Trying ExecType : MAPREDUCE 15/10/01 12:33:37 INFO pig.ExecTypeProvider: Picked MAPREDUCE as the ExecType 2015-10-01 12:33:38,080 [main] INFO org.apache.pig.Main - Apache Pig version 0.15.0 (r1682971) compiled Jun 01 2015, 11:44:35 2015-10-01 12:33:38,080 [main] INFO org.apache.pig.Main - Logging error messages to: /home/Hadoop/pig_1443683018078.log 2015-10-01 12:33:38,242 [main] INFO org.apache.pig.impl.util.Utils - Default bootup file /home/Hadoop/.pigbootup not found 2015-10-01 12:33:39,630 [main] INFO org.apache.pig.backend.hadoop.executionengine.HExecutionEngine - Connecting to hadoop file system at: hdfs://localhost:9000 grunt> Execute the Load Statement Now load the data from the file student_data.txt into Pig by executing the following Pig Latin statement in the Grunt shell. grunt> student = LOAD 'hdfs://localhost:9000/pig_data/student_data.txt' USING PigStorage(',') as ( id:int, firstname:chararray, lastname:chararray, phone:chararray, city:chararray ); Following is the description of the above statement. |Relation name||We have stored the data in the schema student.| |Input file path||We are reading data from the file student_data.txt, which is in the /pig_data/ directory of HDFS.| |Storage function||We have used the PigStorage() function. It loads and stores data as structured text files. It takes a delimiter using which each entity of a tuple is separated, as a parameter. By default, it takes ‘\t’ as a parameter.| We have stored the data using the following schema. Note − The load statement will simply load the data into the specified relation in Pig. To verify the execution of the Load statement, you have to use the Diagnostic Operators which are discussed in the next chapters.

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A drop or droplet is a small column of liquid, bounded completely or almost completely by free surfaces. A drop may form when liquid accumulates at the lower end of a tube or other surface boundary, producing a hanging drop called a pendant drop. Drops may also be formed by the condensation of a vapor or by atomization of a larger mass of liquid. Liquid forms drops because the liquid exhibits surface tension. A simple way to form a drop is to allow liquid to flow slowly from the lower end of a vertical tube of small diameter. The surface tension of the liquid causes the liquid to hang from the tube, forming a pendant. When the drop exceeds a certain size it is no longer stable and detaches itself. The falling liquid is also a drop held together by surface tension. Viscosity and pitch drop experiments Some substances that appear to be solid, can be shown to instead be extremely viscous liquids, because they form drops and display droplet behavior. In the famous pitch drop experiments, pitch – a substance somewhat like solid bitumen – is shown to be a liquid in this way. Pitch in a funnel slowly forms droplets, each droplet taking about 10 years to form and break off. Pendant drop test In the pendant drop test, a drop of liquid is suspended from the end of a tube or by any surface by surface tension. The force due to surface tension is proportional to the length of the boundary between the liquid and the tube, with the proportionality constant usually denoted . Since the length of this boundary is the circumference of the tube, the force due to surface tension is given by where d is the tube diameter. The mass m of the drop hanging from the end of the tube can be found by equating the force due to gravity () with the component of the surface tension in the vertical direction () giving the formula where α is the angle of contact with the tube, and g is the acceleration due to gravity. The limit of this formula, as α goes to 90°, gives the maximum weight of a pendant drop for a liquid with a given surface tension, . This relationship is the basis of a convenient method of measuring surface tension, commonly used in the petroleum industry. More sophisticated methods are available to take account of the developing shape of the pendant as the drop grows. These methods are used if the surface tension is unknown. Drop adhesion to a solid The drop adhesion to a solid can be divided into two categories: lateral adhesion and normal adhesion. Lateral adhesion resembles friction (though tribologically lateral adhesion is a more accurate term) and refers to the force required to slide a drop on the surface, namely the force to detach the drop from its position on the surface only to translate it to another position on the surface. Normal adhesion is the adhesion required to detach a drop from the surface in the normal direction, namely the force to cause the drop to fly off from the surface. The measurement of both adhesion forms can be done with the Centrifugal Adhesion Balance (CAB). The CAB uses a combination of centrifugal and gravitational forces to obtain any ratio of lateral and normal forces. For example, it can apply a normal force at zero lateral force for the drop to fly off away from the surface in the normal direction or it can induce a lateral force at zero normal force (simulating zero gravity). The term droplet is a diminutive form of 'drop' – and as a guide is typically used for liquid particles of less than 500 μm diameter. In spray application, droplets are usually described by their perceived size (i.e., diameter) whereas the dose (or number of infective particles in the case of biopesticides) is a function of their volume. This increases by a cubic function relative to diameter; thus a 50 μm droplet represents a dose in 65 pl and a 500 μm drop represents a dose in 65 nanolitres. A droplet with a diameter of 3 mm has a terminal velocity of approximately 8 m/s. Drops smaller than 1 mm in diameter will attain 95% of their terminal velocity within 2 m. But above this size the distance to get to terminal velocity increases sharply. An example is a drop with a diameter of 2 mm that may achieve this at 5.6 m. The major source of sound when a droplet hits a liquid surface is the resonance of excited bubbles trapped underwater. These oscillating bubbles are responsible for most liquid sounds, such as running water or splashes, as they actually consist of many drop-liquid collisions. The classic shape associated with a drop (with a pointy end in its upper side) comes from the observation of a droplet clinging to a surface. The shape of a drop falling through a gas is actually more or less spherical for drops less than 2 mm in diameter. Larger drops tend to be flatter on the bottom part due to the pressure of the gas they move through. As a result, as drops get larger, a concave depression forms which leads to the eventual breakup of the drop. The capillary length is a length scaling factor that relates gravity and surface tension, and is directly responsible for the shape a droplet for a specific fluid will take. The capillary length stems from the Laplace pressure, using the radius of the droplet. Using the capillary length we can define microdrops and macrodrops. Microdrops are droplets with radius smaller than the capillary length, where the shape of the droplet is governed solely by surface tension and they form a spherical cap shape. If a droplet has a radii larger than the capillary length, they are known as macrodrops and the gravitational forces will dominate. Macrodrops will be 'flattened' by gravity and the height of the droplet will be reduced. Scientists traditionally thought that the variation in the size of raindrops was due to collisions on the way down to the ground. In 2009 French researchers succeeded in showing that the distribution of sizes is due to the drops' interaction with air, which deforms larger drops and causes them to fragment into smaller drops, effectively limiting the largest raindrops to about 6 mm diameter. However, drops up to 10 mm (equivalent in volume to a sphere of radius 4.5 mm) are theoretically stable and could be levitated in a wind tunnel. The largest recorded raindrop was 8.8 mm in diameter, located at the base of a cumulus congestus cloud in the vicinity of Kwajalein Atoll in July 1999. A raindrop of identical size was detected over northern Brazil in September 1995. Standardized droplet sizes in medicine In medicine, this property is used to create droppers and IV infusion sets which have a standardized diameter, in such a way that 1 millilitre is equivalent to 20 drops. When smaller amounts are necessary (such as paediatrics), microdroppers or paediatric infusion sets are used, in which 1 millilitre = 60 microdrops. - Luck, Steve (1998). The American Desk Encyclopedia. Oxford University Press, USA. p. 196. ISBN 978-0-19-521465-9. - Cutnell, John D.; Kenneth W. Johnson (2006). Essentials of Physics. Wiley Publishing. - Roger P. Woodward, Ph.D. "Surface Tension Measurements Using the Drop Shape Method" (PDF). First Ten Angstroms. Retrieved 2008-11-05. Cite journal requires - F.K.Hansen; G. Rodsrun (1991). "Surface tension by pendant drop. A fast standard instrument using computer image analysis". Colloid and Interface Science. 141 (1): 1–12. Bibcode:1991JCIS..141....1H. doi:10.1016/0021-9797(91)90296-K. - "Numerical model for the fall speed of raindrops in a waterfall simulator" (PDF). 2005-10-04. p. 2. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-07-31. Retrieved 2013-06-28. - Prosperetti, Andrea; Oguz, Hasan N. (1993). "The impact of drops on liquid surfaces and the underwater noise of rain". Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics. 25: 577–602. Bibcode:1993AnRFM..25..577P. doi:10.1146/annurev.fl.25.010193.003045. - Rankin, Ryan C. (June 2005). "Bubble Resonance". The Physics of Bubbles, Antibubbles, and all That. Retrieved 2006-12-09. - Thompson, Rachel. "Scientists have finally come up with a solution for the world's most annoying household sound". - Pruppacher, H. R.; Pitter, R. L. (1971). "A Semi-Empirical Determination of the Shape of Cloud and Rain Drops". Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences. 28 (1): 86–94. Bibcode:1971JAtS...28...86P. doi:10.1175/1520-0469(1971)028<0086:ASEDOT>2.0.CO;2. - "Water Drop Shape". Retrieved 2008-03-08. - 1952-, Berthier, Jean (2010). Microfluidics for biotechnology. Silberzan, Pascal. (2nd ed.). Boston: Artech House. ISBN 9781596934443. OCLC 642685865. - McFarquhar, Greg (2010). Raindrop Size Distribution and Evolution. Geophysical Monograph Series. 191. pp. 49–60. Bibcode:2010GMS...191...49M. doi:10.1029/2010GM000971. ISBN 978-0-87590-481-8. - Emmanuel Villermaux, Benjamin Bossa (September 2009). "Single-drop fragmentation distribution of raindrops" (PDF). Nature Physics. 5 (9): 697–702. Bibcode:2009NatPh...5..697V. doi:10.1038/NPHYS1340. Lay summary. - Hobbs, Peter V.; Rangno, Arthur L. (July 2004). "Super-large raindrops". Geophysical Research Letters. 31 (13): L13102. Bibcode:2004GeoRL..3113102H. doi:10.1029/2004GL020167. - "https://www6.dict.cc/wp_examples.php?lp_id=1&lang=en&s=millilitre". www6.dict.cc. Retrieved 2018-08-30. External link in |Wikimedia Commons has media related to Water droplets.| - Liquid Sculpture – pictures of drops - Liquid Art – Galleries of fine art droplet photography - (Greatly varying) calculation of water waste from dripping tap: ,

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You’d probably agree that anger issues are prevalent in today’s world. We don’t have to look far to see another systemic and social tragedy of uncontrolled anger in the news or on social media. But anger also affects our personal lives: arguing spouses, reactive parents, upset and stressed out bosses and co-workers. Perhaps, you’re feeling more angry than usual yourself. Estimated reading time: 6 minutes Whether you are looking for anger management tips for yourself or help for a loved one with anger issues, learning how to self-regulate, communicate anger effectively, and utilize its energy adaptively is critical. But how do you express anger respectfully yet assertively? What is healthy or adaptive anger? And how do you soothe yourself compassionately and express anger productively? Understanding Anger and an Anger Definition Let’s first explore what anger is before diving into calming techniques or how to let go of anger. Emotions are energy in motion as we process and interpret our experiences. They require us to feel, interpret, process, and regulate them to respond appropriately. Emotions can be mild or very strong. Anger is a primary and adaptive emotion. Like all primary emotions, it has a vital function and purpose: to signal to us when we feel emotionally or physically threatened or our boundaries are violated. It functions to help us understand when we feel unsafe, our goals are thwarted, or we (or someone we care about) are being mistreated. This emotion urges us to take action to care for ourselves and others. Sometimes, the beginning of anger is a slight frustration, which is easy to brush aside. However, if we repeatedly avoid or push down daily irritations without supporting ourselves, these simmering emotions can piggyback and build. When we ignore what our healthy anger is signaling to us, it gets louder so that we will act. Then our knee-jerk reactions to people and experiences can seem unexpected, although many times, the symptoms of the eruption have been brewing for a while. The stronger and more intense anger becomes, the more difficult it is to modulate, but it usually doesn’t start potently. Many people haven’t learned to regulate anger partially because they wait too long to listen to it. Anger gets a bad rap because it has so frequently been expressed in unhealthy or maladaptive ways, such as directing anger at someone hurtfully like yelling or throwing things. There are many faces of anger: frustration, irritation, angst, resentment, aggression (or suppression), rage, etc. And there are just as many ways anger is expressed, both healthily and unhealthily. Here are some common yet unhelpful ways people express anger: - Blame someone - Yell at their spouse or children - Throw and break a dish - Kick their dog - Drive unsafely (road rage) - Stuff and shut down our feeling and go numb - Grab their favorite addictive substance like alcohol - Go on a spending spree with a sense of entitlement and rack up debt - Physically harm another person or animal Many people feel a tremendous amount of shame for inappropriate expressions of anger, which only adds to the challenge of acknowledging and processing this emotion. When we shame ourselves for feeling angry to begin with, it becomes much harder to welcome and accept the lessons it’s there to teach us. One way to look at our relationship with our emotions is through an everyday object such as a stoplight. You can drive through the crossroad unencumbered at regular speed when the light is green. A green light in our emotions means that feelings are flowing unencumbered and motivating us to act in ways consistent with our physical and emotional needs. When we are excited about a new promotion or joyous at the birth of a child or grandchild, there is no need to stifle the emotion. However, when you start feeling irritated or frustrated, a yellow light signals you to slow down and listen. These less potent forms of anger are there to tell you to be aware of a change or an event that requires us to pay attention and respond intentionally; just like at a yellow streetlight, we’re intended to slow and prepare to stop. And you can imagine what a red light means—STOP! When we are feeling anger boiling in us, there’s a red light telling us to stop, be alert, and pay attention. It’s time to put our body/mind/emotions into park, turn off the ignition, and find ways to support the engine in cooling down. Related reading: "How to Deal with Anger Effectively." How Anger Can Be Triggered by Our Past Pain Years ago, a COO of an international company attended one of my executive trainings. He was a passionate, hard-working, and incredibly gifted man. However, his frequent frustration with employees’ mistakes was causing difficulty in his company. Whenever a person slipped up or did not follow through on what they committed to do, he would let loose on them and often fire them. He had noticed that his employees didn’t feel comfortable around him, but he hadn't made the connection about why. As we talked, it became apparent the immense responsibility and level of perfection he expected of himself. He never let up, working long hours, sometimes seven days a week. In fact, he had an exorbitant amount of vacation days and PTO accumulated. Yet, yelling and swearing made employees hesitant to interact with him and afraid of reprimands or losing their job. This power dynamic was very disruptive to the company’s health and continually corroded teamwork. It turned out that when this COO was growing up, his father reacted critically and harshly whenever he made mistakes or let down and played with friends instead of doing chores around the house. Sometimes, his father would even threaten to send him away. Now, as a leader of a big company, his employees were triggering these old memories. Regardless if you’re a leader in a company, a stay-at-home mom, or a single person vacationing with friends in Costa Rica, the skill of self-regulating is imperative to your health and happiness and those around you. One aspect of emotional intelligence is regulating and expressing our emotions and needs effectively. The first step is always to take responsibility for our emotions. Just like the above example, we can often fall into a pattern of blaming others for our feelings. The truth is that no one makes us feel anything. The triggers are inside of us. When we own our emotional experience(s) as OURS, we can begin practicing taking responsibility by regulating our emotions through compassionately observing and investigating what they are signaling to us. The Best Anger Management Is Mindful Compassion In Lion’s Roar blog "Loosening the Knots of Anger," Thich Nhat Hanh talks about how to detangle the knots of anger through mindfulness. Mindfulness recognizes anger, is aware of its presence, accepts and allows it to be there. Mindfulness is like a big brother who does not suppress his younger brother’s suffering. He simply says, “Dear brother, I’m here for you.” You take your younger brother in your arms and you comfort him. This is exactly our practice. The above metaphor of the older brother attending to his younger brother’s pain is poignant. Self-Acceptance with nonjudgment is key. We all need to treat ourselves with the same presence and empathy. When we can be present with our thoughts and emotions without judgment, we can bring curiosity to our unmet need(s) that our emotions are signaling to us. From increased self-awareness, we can then step more confidently into effective action to meet our physical and emotional needs. How to Calm Down from Anger There are healthy and productive ways to process and handle anger effectively. Below are some great ways to calm. - Self-soothe with supportive and encouraging self-talk. - Take a self-calming break and do a short mindfulness exercise. - Breathe deeply until the anger subsides. - Count backward by 7s from 100. - Journal your angry thoughts. - Go for a brisk walk or hearty run. - Talk to a trusted friend who is able to empathize. - Grab two ice cubes from the freezer and hold one in each hand to help you cool down—literally! - Go to the nearest sink, rinse your hands and wrists with cool water; focus on the sound and feel of the running water. - Get an eight-ounce glass of cool water and drink it slowly. - Engage in 10-20 minutes of intense physical activity (run, sit-ups, pushups, etc.) If you’re looking to deal with anger in healthier ways, try the suggestions above or a combination. Experiment and see what works best for you. How to Practice Self-Inquiry Once the intensity of anger quiets, it's also important to get curious about our anger. Check in with yourself and pinpoint possible triggers. Gently ask yourself questions about what might have ignited the emotion: - “Am I hungry?” (Yes, low blood sugar can increase anger.) - “Am I feeling powerless?” - “Might I be protecting myself from feeling hurt?” - “Did I feel disrespected?” - Do I feel unsafe in some way? - Is a lack of safety real, or has my perception of the situation been exaggerated? When my children were young and had friends visiting, their playfulness was sometimes loud and rowdy. I could be simply making a bed in the next room, and I would notice my breathing getting faster and shallower. In a few minutes, I was in full-blown hypervigilance and fear. Inquiry brought me back. I asked the last question and realized that the intensity of the children’s clamoring play and raised voices had triggered memories of the violence I experienced growing up. To self-soothe, I would walk into the room where the children were playing to affirm they were safe. Returning to the bedroom, I would tell myself that I was no longer a child and was safe, breathing deeply as I repeated those words. Soon the anxiousness subsided. Sometimes anger can be present experiences invoking healthy emotions, and other times, our past unresolved pain can be the trip wire. Once we have down-regulated the intensity of our anger and identified what it is signaling to us, it's much easier to take effective action, whether this is soothing our pain that was triggered from the past or expressing our feelings and advocating for our needs in a respectful way to others (e.g. partner, child, friend, coworker, etc.). If you’re asking yourself, "Why am I angry all the time?" or have difficulty managing your anger, unresolved pain or suppressed emotions may need inquiry and healing. It can be extremely beneficial to get professional support. A skilled therapist could help you explore and identify your triggers, provide tools for self-calming, and help you integrate past trauma. Be gentle and compassionate with yourself. And getting support IS kind. And if you’d like to learn more about how to develop emotional intelligence skills, contact us at email@example.com.

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WinHttpSendRequest function (winhttp.h) The WinHttpSendRequest function sends the specified request to the HTTP server. WINHTTPAPI BOOL WinHttpSendRequest( [in] HINTERNET hRequest, [in, optional] LPCWSTR lpszHeaders, [in] DWORD dwHeadersLength, [in, optional] LPVOID lpOptional, [in] DWORD dwOptionalLength, [in] DWORD dwTotalLength, [in] DWORD_PTR dwContext ); [in, optional] lpszHeaders A pointer to a string that contains the additional headers to append to the request. This parameter can be WINHTTP_NO_ADDITIONAL_HEADERS if there are no additional headers to append. An unsigned long integer value that contains the length, in characters, of the additional headers. If this parameter is -1L and pwszHeaders is not NULL, this function assumes that pwszHeaders is null-terminated, and the length is calculated. [in, optional] lpOptional A pointer to a buffer that contains any optional data to send immediately after the request headers. This parameter is generally used for POST and PUT operations. The optional data can be the resource or data posted to the server. This parameter can be WINHTTP_NO_REQUEST_DATA if there is no optional data to send. If the dwOptionalLength parameter is 0, this parameter is ignored and set to NULL. This buffer must remain available until the request handle is closed or the call to WinHttpReceiveResponse has completed. An unsigned long integer value that contains the length, in bytes, of the optional data. This parameter can be zero if there is no optional data to send. This parameter must contain a valid length when the lpOptional parameter is not NULL. Otherwise, lpOptional is ignored and set to NULL. An unsigned long integer value that contains the length, in bytes, of the total data sent. This parameter specifies the Content-Length header of the request. If the value of this parameter is greater than the length specified by dwOptionalLength, then WinHttpWriteData can be used to send additional data. dwTotalLength must not change between calls to WinHttpSendRequest for the same request. If dwTotalLength needs to be changed, the caller should create a new request. A pointer to a pointer-sized variable that contains an application-defined value that is passed, with the request handle, to any callback functions. Returns TRUE if successful, or FALSE otherwise. For extended error information, call GetLastError. Error codes are listed in the following table. ||Returned if connection to the server failed.| The secure HTTP server requires a client certificate. The application retrieves the list of certificate issuers by calling WinHttpQueryOption with the WINHTTP_OPTION_CLIENT_CERT_ISSUER_LIST option. If the server requests the client certificate, but does not require it, the application can alternately call WinHttpSetOption with the WINHTTP_OPTION_CLIENT_CERT_CONTEXT option. In this case, the application specifies the WINHTTP_NO_CLIENT_CERT_CONTEXT macro in the lpBuffer parameter of WinHttpSetOption. For more information, see the WINHTTP_OPTION_CLIENT_CERT_CONTEXT option.Windows Server 2003 with SP1, Windows XP with SP2 and Windows 2000: This error is not supported. ||The connection with the server has been reset or terminated, or an incompatible SSL protocol was encountered. For example, WinHTTP version 5.1 does not support SSL2 unless the client specifically enables it.| ||The requested operation cannot be carried out because the handle supplied is not in the correct state.| ||The type of handle supplied is incorrect for this operation.| ||An internal error has occurred.| ||The URL is invalid.| ||The login attempt failed. When this error is encountered, the request handle should be closed with WinHttpCloseHandle. A new request handle must be created before retrying the function that originally produced this error.| ||The server name cannot be resolved.| ||The operation was canceled, usually because the handle on which the request was operating was closed before the operation completed.| ||Returned when an incoming response exceeds an internal WinHTTP size limit.| ||One or more errors were found in the Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) certificate sent by the server. To determine what type of error was encountered, verify through a WINHTTP_CALLBACK_STATUS_SECURE_FAILURE notification in a status callback function. For more information, see WINHTTP_STATUS_CALLBACK.| ||The WinHTTP function support is shut down or unloaded.| ||The request timed out.| ||The URL specified a scheme other than "http:" or "https:".| Not enough memory was available to complete the requested operation. (Windows error code) Windows Server 2003, Windows XP and Windows 2000: The TCP reservation range set with the WINHTTP_OPTION_PORT_RESERVATION option is not large enough to send this request. The content length specified in the dwTotalLength parameter does not match the length specified in the Content-Length header. The lpOptional parameter must be NULL and the dwOptionalLength parameter must be zero when the Transfer-Encoding header is present. The Content-Length header cannot be present when the Transfer-Encoding header is present. The application must call WinHttpSendRequest again due to a redirect or authentication challenge. Windows Server 2003 with SP1, Windows XP with SP2 and Windows 2000: This error is not supported. Even when WinHTTP is used in asynchronous mode, that is, when WINHTTP_FLAG_ASYNC has been set in WinHttpOpen, this function can operate either synchronously or asynchronously. In either case, if the request is sent successfully, the application is called back with the completion status set to WINHTTP_CALLBACK_STATUS_SENDREQUEST_COMPLETE. The WINHTTP_CALLBACK_STATUS_REQUEST_ERROR completion indicates that the operation completed asynchronously, but failed. Upon receiving the WINHTTP_CALLBACK_STATUS_SENDREQUEST_COMPLETE status callback, the application can start to receive a response from the server with WinHttpReceiveResponse. Before then, no other asynchronous functions can be called, otherwise, ERROR_WINHTTP_INCORRECT_HANDLE_STATE is returned. An application must not delete or alter the buffer pointed to by lpOptional until the request handle is closed or the call to WinHttpReceiveResponse has completed, because an authentication challenge or redirect that required the optional data could be encountered in the course of receiving the response. If the operation must be aborted with WinHttpCloseHandle, the application must keep the buffer valid until it receives the callback WINHTTP_CALLBACK_STATUS_REQUEST_ERROR with an ERROR_WINHTTP_OPERATION_CANCELLED error code. If WinHTTP is used synchronously, that is, when WINHTP_FLAG_ASYNC was not set in WinHttpOpen, an application is not called with a completion status even if a callback function is registered. While in this mode, the application can call WinHttpReceiveResponse when WinHttpSendRequest returns. The WinHttpSendRequest function sends the specified request to the HTTP server and allows the client to specify additional headers to send along with the request. This function also lets the client specify optional data to send to the HTTP server immediately following the request headers. This feature is generally used for write operations such as PUT and POST. An application can use the same HTTP request handle in multiple calls to WinHttpSendRequest to re-send the same request, but the application must read all data returned from the previous call before calling this function again. The name and value of request headers added with this function are validated. Headers must be well formed. For more information about valid HTTP headers, see RFC 2616. If an invalid header is used, this function fails and GetLastError returns ERROR_INVALID_PARAMETER. The invalid header is not added. Windows 2000: When sending requests from multiple threads, there may be a significant decrease in network and CPU performance. Windows XP and Windows 2000: See Run-Time Requirements.WinHttpSetStatusCallback, then those of the following notifications that have been set in the dwNotificationFlags parameter of WinHttpSetStatusCallback indicate the progress in sending the request: - WINHTTP_CALLBACK_STATUS_DETECTING_PROXY (not implemented) - WINHTTP_CALLBACK_STATUS_SENDREQUEST_COMPLETE (only in asynchronous mode) If the Content-Length header specifies a length less than a 2^32, the application must also specify the content length in the call to WinHttpSendRequest. If the dwTotalLength parameter does not match the length specified in the Content-Length header, the call fails and returns ERROR_INVALID_PARAMETER. The Content-Length header can be added in the call to WinHttpAddRequestHeaders, or it can be specified in the lpszHeader parameter of WinHttpSendRequest as shown in the following code example. WinHttpWriteData. The lpOptional parameter of WinHttpSendRequest must be NULL and the dwOptionLength parameter must be zero, otherwise an ERROR_WINHTTP_INVALID_PARAMETER error is returned. To terminate the chunked data transfer, the application generates a zero length chunk and sends it in the last call to WinHttpWriteData. BOOL fRet = WinHttpSendRequest( hReq, L"Content-Length: 68719476735\r\n", -1L, WINHTTP_NO_REQUEST_DATA, 0, WINHTTP_IGNORE_REQUEST_TOTAL_LENGTH, pMyContent); The following code example shows how to obtain an HINTERNET handle, open an HTTP session, create a request header, and send that header to the server. BOOL bResults = FALSE; HINTERNET hSession = NULL, hConnect = NULL, hRequest = NULL; // Use WinHttpOpen to obtain a session handle. hSession = WinHttpOpen( L"A WinHTTP Example Program/1.0", WINHTTP_ACCESS_TYPE_DEFAULT_PROXY, WINHTTP_NO_PROXY_NAME, WINHTTP_NO_PROXY_BYPASS, 0); // Specify an HTTP server. if (hSession) hConnect = WinHttpConnect( hSession, L"www.wingtiptoys.com", INTERNET_DEFAULT_HTTP_PORT, 0); // Create an HTTP Request handle. if (hConnect) hRequest = WinHttpOpenRequest( hConnect, L"PUT", L"/writetst.txt", NULL, WINHTTP_NO_REFERER, WINHTTP_DEFAULT_ACCEPT_TYPES, 0); // Send a Request. if (hRequest) bResults = WinHttpSendRequest( hRequest, WINHTTP_NO_ADDITIONAL_HEADERS, 0, WINHTTP_NO_REQUEST_DATA, 0, 0, 0); // Place additional code here. // Report errors. if (!bResults) printf("Error %d has occurred.\n",GetLastError()); // Close open handles. if (hRequest) WinHttpCloseHandle(hRequest); if (hConnect) WinHttpCloseHandle(hConnect); if (hSession) WinHttpCloseHandle(hSession); |Minimum supported client||Windows XP, Windows 2000 Professional with SP3 [desktop apps only]| |Minimum supported server||Windows Server 2003, Windows 2000 Server with SP3 [desktop apps only]| |Redistributable||WinHTTP 5.0 and Internet Explorer 5.01 or later on Windows XP and Windows 2000.|

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|There were "old" features in your gua (hexagram). It means that you have two hexagrams. The first one — is something that the Book tells you at the moment, the second is something it warns you about. 4. Enveloping (méng). Youthful Folly Ignorance is won by wisdom. Emptiness should be filled in. Nature stands no emptiness. Inital text of I Ching Youthful Folly has success. It is not I who seek the young fool; The young fool seeks me. At the first oracle I inform him. If he asks two or three times, it is importunity. If he importunes, I give him no information. Perseverance furthers. A spring wells up at the foot of the mountain: The image of Youth. Thus the superior man fosters his character by thoroughness in all that he does. - To make a fool develop it furthers one to apply discipline. The fetters should be removed. To go on in this way brings humiliation. - To bear with fools in kindliness brings good fortune. To know how to take women brings good fortune. The son is capable of taking charge of the household. - Take not a maiden who, when she sees a man of bronze, loses possession of herself. Nothing furthers. - Entangled folly brings humiliation. - Childlike folly brings good fortune. - In punishing folly it does not further one to commit transgressions. The only thing that furthers is to prevent transgressions. Natural gifts are subjected by ignorance. Efforts to overcome it are needed. An ignorant person is in captivity of illusions. Difficulties when moving forward are inevitable. Plenitude and emptiness can be of two kinds: material and spiritual. Do not worry about material emptiness, be afraid of spiritual emptiness. Seek no material plenitude, seek knowledge instead of gold. Do not envy rich men; do not try to be like them. Gold can dazzle and ignorance will become deeper. Find a teacher, ask questions, but try to avoid excessive importunity. Take the first directions of teacher into account. Do not wait that knowledge will find you itself, show initiative. Do not worry about temporary stop. Lack of knowledge makes movement dangerous. In this hexagram we are reminded of youth and folly in two different ways. The image of the upper trigram, Kên, is the mountain, that of the lower, K'an, is water; the spring rising at the foot of the mountain is the image of inexperienced youth. Keeping still is the attribute of the upper trigram; that of the lower is the abyss, danger. Stopping in perplexity on the brink of a dangerous abyss is a symbol of the folly of youth. However, the two trigrams also show the way of overcoming the follies of youth. Water is something that of necessity flows on. When the spring gushes forth, it does not know at first where it will go. But its steady flow fills up the deep place blocking its progress, and success is attained. In the time of youth, folly is not an evil. One may succeed in spite of it, provided one finds an experienced teacher and has the right attitude toward him. This means, first of all, that the youth himself must be conscious of his lack of experience and must seek out the teacher. Without this modesty and this interest there is no guarantee that he has the necessary receptivity, which should express itself in respectful acceptance of the teacher. This is the reason why the teacher must wait to be sought out instead of offering himself. Only thus can the instruction take place at the right time and in the right way. A teacher's answer to the question of a pupil ought to be clear and definite like that expected from an oracle; thereupon it ought to be accepted as a key for resolution of doubts and a basis for decision. If mistrustful or unintelligent questioning is kept up, it serves only to annoy the teacher. He does well to ignore it in silence, just as the oracle gives one answer only and refuses to be tempted by questions implying doubt. Given addition a perseverance that never slackens until the points are mastered one by one, real success is sure to follow. Thus the hexagram counsels the teacher as well as the pupil. A spring succeeds in flowing on and escapes stagnation by filling up all the hollow places in its path. In the same way character is developed by thoroughness that skips nothing but, like water, gradually and steadily fills up all gaps and so flows onward. Law is the beginning of education. Youth in its inexperience is inclined at first to take everything carelessly and playfully. It must be shown the seriousness of life. A certain measure of taking oneself in hand, brought about by strict discipline, is a good thing. He who plays with life never amounts to anything. However, discipline should not degenerate into drill. Continuous drill has a humiliating effect and cripples a man's powers. These lines picture a man who has no external power, but who has enough strength of mind to bear his burden of responsibility. He has the inner superiority and that enable him to tolerate with kindliness the shortcomings of human folly. The same attitude is owed to women as the weaker sex. One must understand them and give them recognition in a spirit of chivalrous consideration. Only this combination of inner strength with outer reserve enables one to take on the responsibility of directing a larger social body with A weak, inexperienced man, struggling to rise, easily loses his own individuality when he slavishly imitates a strong personality of higher station. He is like a girl throwing herself away when she meets a strong man. Such a servile approach should not be encouraged, because it is bad both for the youth and the teacher. A girl owes it to her dignity to wait until she is wooed. In both cases it is undignified to offer oneself, and no good comes of accepting such an offer. For youthful folly it is the most hopeless thing to entangle itself in empty imaginings. The more obstinately it clings to such unreal fantasies, the more certainly will humiliation overtake it. Often the teacher, when confronted with such entangled folly, has no other course but to leave the fool to himself for a time, not sparing him the humiliation that results. This is frequently the only means of rescue. An inexperienced person who seeks instruction in a childlike and unassuming way is on the right path, for the man devoid of arrogance who subordinated himself to his teacher will certainly be helped. Sometimes an incorrigible fool must be punished. He who will not heed will be made to feel. This punishment is quite different from a preliminary shaking up. But the penalty should not be imposed in anger; it must be restricted to an objective guarding against unjustified excesses. Punishment is never an end in itself but serves merely to restore order. This applies not only in regard to education but also in regard to the measures taken by a government against a populace guilty of transgressions. Governmental interference should always be merely preventive and should have as its sole aim the establishment of public security and peace. Barbara Hejslip interpretation Now all around of you as is covered by a veil; but this veil will soon disappear, and the world again will get for you clearness. Now your nerves are strongly loosened, therefore try to not accept hasty decisions. Soon all will change. If wish to become successful - do not neglect councils of friends, the heads, ponder upon them. Give more time to dialogue with children. Do not despond. Already there are the new plans, new prospects, but for new love time has not come yet. Gather; also concentrate will on performance of the one and only desire. 27. Swallowing (yí). Mouth Corners There is no life without food, but from overly abundant meal more harm than good. This is true both for the physical and spiritual sides of life. Inital text of I Ching The Corners of the Mouth. Perseverance brings good fortune. Pay heed to the providing of nourishment and to what a man seeks to fill his own mouth with. At the foot of the mountain, thunder: The image of Providing Nourishment. Thus the superior man is careful of his words and temperate in eating and drinking. - You let your magic tortoise go, and look at me with the corners of your mouth drooping. Misfortune. - Turning to the summit for nourishment, deviating from the path to seek nourishment from the hill. Continuing to do this brings misfortune. - Turning away from nourishment. Perseverance brings misfortune. Do not act thus for ten years. Nothing serves to further. - Turning to the summit for provision of nourishment brings good fortune. Spying about with sharp eyes like a tiger with insatiable craving. No blame. - Turning away from the path. To remain persevering brings good fortune. One should not cross the great water. - The source of nourishment. Awareness of danger brings good fortune. It furthers one to cross the great water. Be persistent to happiness. Observe moderation in all things - greed and excess are harmful to everyone. Pay attention to the material, but not at the expense of the spiritual. Do not rely on help from outside; you will have to work at your own risk. Do not try to pick your teeth or bite off more than you can chew. This hexagram is a picture of an open mouth; above and below are firm lines of the lips, and between them the opening. Starting with the mouth, through which we take food for nourishment, the thought leads to nourishment itself. Nourishment of oneself, specifically of the body, is represented in the three lower lines, while the three upper lines represent nourishment and care of others, in a higher, spiritual sense. In bestowing care and nourishment, it is important that the right people should be taken care of and that we should attend to our own nourishment in the right way. If we wish to know what anyone is like, we have only to observe on whom he bestows his care and what sides of his own nature he cultivates and nourishes. Nature nourishes all creatures. The great man fosters and takes care of superior men, in order to take care of all men through them. Mencius says about this: If we wish to know whether anyone is superior or not, we need only observe what part of his being he regards as especially important. The body has superior and inferior, important and unimportant parts. We must not injure important parts for the sake of the unimportant, nor must we injure the superior parts for the sake of the inferior. He who cultivates the inferior parts of his nature is an inferior man. He who cultivates the superior parts of his nature is a superior man. "God comes forth in the sign of the Arousing": when in the spring the life forces stir again, all things comes into being anew. "He brings to perfection in the sign of Keeping Still": thus in the early spring, when the seeds fall to earth, all things are made ready. This is an image of providing nourishment through movement and tranquillity. The superior man takes it as a pattern for the nourishment and cultivation of his character. Words are a movement going form within outward. Eating and drinking are movements from without inward. Both kinds of movement can be modified by tranquillity. For tranquillity keeps the words that come out of the mouth from exceeding proper measure, and keeps the food that goes into the mouth from exceeding its proper measure. Thus character is cultivated. The magic tortoise is a creature possessed of such supernatural powers that it lives on air and needs no earthly nourishment. The image means that a man fitted by nature and position to live freely and independently renounces this self-reliance and instead looks with envy and discontent at others who are outwardly in better circumstances. But such base envy only arouses derision and contempt in those others. This has bad results. Normally a person either provides his own means of nourishment or is supported in a proper way by those whose duty of privilege it is to provide for him. If, owing to weakness of spirit, a man cannot support himself, a feeling of uneasiness comes over him; this is because in shirking the proper way of obtaining a living, he accepts support as a favor from those in higher place. This is unworthy, for he is deviating from his true nature. Kept up indefinitely, this course leads to misfortune. He who seeks nourishment that does not nourish reels from desire to gratification and in gratification craves desire. Mad pursuit of pleasure for the satisfaction of the senses never brings one to the goal. One should never (ten years is a complete cycle of time) follow this path, for nothing good can come In contrast to the six in the second place, which refers to a man bent exclusively on his own advantage, this line refers to one occupying a high position and striving to let his light sine forth. To do this he needs helpers, because he cannot attain his lofty aim alone. With the greed of a hungry tiger he is on the lookout for the right people. Since he is not working for himself but for the good of all, there is no wrong in such zeal. A man may be conscious of a deficiency in himself. He should be undertaking the nourishment of the people, but he has not the strength to do it. Thus he must turn from his accustomed path and beg counsel and help from a man who is spiritually his superior but undistinguished outwardly. If he maintains this attitude of mind perseveringly, success and good fortune are his. But he must remain aware of his dependence. He must not put his own person forward nor attempt great labors, such as crossing the great water. This describes a sage of the highest order, from whom emanate all influences that provide nourishment for others. Such a position brings with it heavy responsibility. If he remains conscious of this fact, he has good fortune and may confidently undertake even great and difficult labors, such as crossing the great water. These undertakings bring general happiness for him and for Barbara Hejslip interpretation Try to look at itself from; whether it seems to you, what you speak too much and eat too much? It is not necessary to gossip about others, this you harm not only to them, but first of all to yourselves. Stop to complain about destiny. Now you do not need to see a doctor. In your life shortly there will be changes, to them be ready.

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October 27, 2018 Nature, as she is, will always influence deer hunting across the Great Plains.From weather patterns to disease, both mule deer and white-tailed deer across the region have been impacted the last several years. Ample rainfall sustains deer foods in many areas, while drought conditions have created seriously low supplies of deer foods in other parts of the region. And disease (see EHD in “South Dakota”) stakes its claim, too, on the condition of herds in parts of the region. North Dakota deer herds — both whitetails and mule deer — are struggling against a moderate drought conditions, as measured by weather officials, and the resulting destruction and decline (because of the rise in crop prices) of habitat in eastern North Dakota, where herds are under the most pressure. Federal Conservation Reserve (CRP) acreage has dropped by more than half in many parts of North Dakota, and wetland drainage has hammered wildlife. Overall, the situation has not changed much from last year when there were fewer deer here, and fewer hunters in the field — a sign of lower license sales — and both trends are likely to continue for at least the next few seasons as biologists recommend lower harvests that give deer numbers a better chance to recover as quickly as possible. Hardest hit has been eastern North Dakota, while some increases in deer numbers have been seen in the southwest part of the state, says big-game supervisor Bruce Stillings of the North Dakota Game and Fish Department. “But for the most part, deer numbers are similar to last year,” he adds. “They are down from recent highs we experienced from late ’90s to 2008. Greatly down from that. During the winters of 2008-2010 we took a hit.” Still, Nebraska deer hunters are eager to apply for state deer tags. But with deer numbers down, hunters entering the preference-point drawings for either muleys or whitetails often do so for eight to 10 years before being successful. “For whitetails, it depends on where in the state you are applying,” says big-game biologist Bill Jensen of the NDGFD. “Probably, southwest (North Dakota) is the best place to apply. For whitetails the demand is less down there because it is farther away from the urban centers.” Hunters interested in taking a mule deer can expect lowered numbers of doe tags. Mule deer management objectives, wildlife officials say, is to keep doe numbers up with hopes of producing more fawns next spring. South Dakota game biologists say state deer herds took a sharp downturn the last several years, and they expect growth to be only slow in some local herds. Through the hunting season of 2010-11, deer numbers stood at all-time highs … until EHD — Epizootic Hemorrhagic Disease, a viral disease that’s usually fatal, and stands as the most common disease among white-tailed deer — embedded itself in South Dakota deer herds while northern plains winters grew intense. Still, good hunting opportunities exist in South Dakota, says state big-game biologist Nathan Baker. No major changes are foreseen for deer hunting muleys or whitetails in South Dakota this year. The South Dakota Game, Fish and Parks department is on its second year of a two-year regulation cycle, so the seasons and harvests stay about the same for two years, barring weather or reproduction catastrophes. “We aren’t doing deer season proposals, so there are no changes for the 2018 season,” says Andy Lindbloom, senior big-game coordinator of the SDGFP. “Next year we will look at the data and make two-year season proposals.” Top hunting areas revolve more around the landscape than the hunting units. Mule deer live in the western half of the state and in the counties just east of the Missouri River. As for whitetails, they’re found statewide but are more restricted to riparian habitats in the western 50 percent or so of the state. Way west, there are quite a few mule deer and whitetails in the Black Hills National Forest. Licenses annually sell out in most South Dakota deer-hunting units. And most application periods are closed by August 31. But South Dakota hunters who missed getting a license through the application period can still be assured of a hunt … if they will bow hunt or use muzzleloaders for hunting antlerless whitetails in January. Application must be made online for those hunts that open January 1, 2019, and close on January 15. Approximately 150,000 mule deer are running around Nebraska, according to surveys completed by the Nebraska Game and Parks Commission. Historically, the hunting has been good, but the mule-deer harvest last fall was the highest on record, when hunters killed more than 9,800 muleys. Watch for that record to be broken again this season. Beyond their regional distribution across western Nebraska, especially in the Sandhills and Pine Ridge regions, where mule deer are hunted depends largely on how wide the herds must roam for food. Mule deer gravitate to river drainages with trees and cover and crops that hold wildlife of all sorts. When harsher weather sets in, says chief deer biologist Kit Hams, there will be broad swaths of the state that are vacated of deer as they move not to greener pastures, but to richer food supplies. Especially barren will be shortgrass prairie and fields. And the number of property owners participating in the federal Conservation Reserve Program has declined, too, cutting deeply into acreage that would otherwise support deer and other wildlife. Meanwhile, the best whitetails have been shot in the eastern half of Nebraska, but their population does overlap with mule deer in some parts of western Nebraska. Still, the whitetail population is below state game-management objectives, Hams says, driven by drought years that ended up killing a lot of whitetails. In 2018, Nebraska’s white-tailed deer harvest fell to just 25,000 animals from an all-time high of 38,000 in 2017. “We are reducing the whitetail doe permits in some areas, especially the eastern units,” Hams says. “They have been slow to recover. Part of that is habitat reduction, both CRP and timber. Three-dollar corn has had its impact, and damage has been done.” Hams says licenses in many hunting units are still available in October, but most sell out the week before the season opener — November 11, this year. That may be especially true in the Pine Ridge unit this fall. Many non-residents from Denver go there to hunt, and Hams says mule-deer permits will be reduced from 2,400 to 1,650 this year, helping the herd to grow larger and older. This year, Kansas deer hunters can expect another excellent deer season with good numbers of animals in the field, and nothing on the immediate horizon threatens that outlook. Hunters — residents and non-residents alike — still looking for a tag might want to head southeast, where Unit 12, in the area around Independence, could be especially good, numbers-wise, according to big-game coordinator Levi Jaster of the Kansas Department of Wildlife, Parks and Tourism. That’s whitetail country, with a lot of broken farmland, stream courses and pastures. All of it holds good edge cover for whitetails (and for quail, as well). A good percentage of trophy white-tailed deer stand among the herds of southeast Kansas, too, where deer foods are plenty, and crops and mast are generally not affected by the drought conditions on the west side of the state. Statewide, the deer population is stable and strong, Jasper says. “We haven’t had a bad disease outbreak since about 2012. That was our last EHD outbreak,” he points out, adding that Kansas winters also haven’t been hard enough to impact the state deer herds. If you’re among deer hunters who enjoy hunting mule deer, look to western Kansas, where KDWPT wildlife biologists have been trying to boost mule deer numbers. The range of Kansas mule deer has declined, they say, over the past two decades, but they hope a planned study will reveal some insights why. “There has been concern among hunters and landowners that they don’t see as many mule deer as in the past. We are trying to increase mule deer numbers and, hopefully, expand their range eastward to where historically it was,” Jasper says. “But we still want to minimize landowner conflict. We deal with that on an individual basis.” FACE THE MUSIC That’s our look at the general conditions of the deer herds — both whitetails and mule deer — across the Great Plains states. Local conditions — from the weather, to deer health, to the abundance of deer food, right up to the number of hunters afield — will dictate success for both resident, as well as non-resident hunters alike. You need to be able to shoot well, too! Start practicing. Good hunting! Think You’ve Got A Record-Book Buck? You’ve shot your buck, and now you wonder if it might be record-book worthy. What do you do?The Boone and Crockett Club and the Pope and Young Club are the two most prominent record-keeping authorities. B&C maintains big game records for animals taken by all hunting methods. P&Y is the archery-specific counterpart to B&C. Each club has detailed procedures for record-book whitetail entries — found on their respective websites. Both require that the skull plate be completely intact and unaltered, and that antlers be unrepaired and unmodified. So, ensure neither are damaged while caring for your trophy.Both also require a “drying” period of at least 60 days at room temperature after harvest. Before this, clean the skull plate — again, ensuring no damage is done. You can “green score” your buck before drying to see if it meets record-book status, but your next step after drying is contacting an official scorer. Both clubs have an online tool for locating scorers.Each club has different minimum score requirements. B&C requires typical whitetails to have a final score of 160 inches for its award book. For non-typical, it’s 185. P&Y minimums are 125 and 155 inches for typical and non-typical, respectively. After official scoring, you’ll do additional entry paperwork and documentation according to the organization. These must be followed to the letter. If you’re looking to add your name to one of these books, check out the December-January issue, which has an article with tips on where to hunt some of the most productive big buck areas in our four Great Plains states.

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Right to Equality Equality before law has a place in almost all the written Constitutions that guarantee fundamental rights. Both the expressions have also been used by the UDHR. These terms have been adopted from the English Constitution, which implied absence of special privilege in favour of any person. It provides that all citizen are equal before the law and thus implies “equality of treatment in equal circumstances,” e.g. application of the same law alike and without discrimination to all persons similarly situated. The formula as stated in the relevant Articles of the Constitutions of Bangladesh, India and Nepal contain the English concept of equality before law and the American concept of equal protection of law. But the concept is not independent and severable in their application and will be found to overlap each other. But it is a guarantee against discrimination both in conferment of privileges and imposition of liabilities. In fact the concept “Equality before law,” derived form the English Constitutional law follows from the ‘rule of law.’ The latter connotes the undisputed supremacy of law. This supremacy of law is for giving security to the rights of individual who are the citizens of a democratic State. Every modern State, at least theoritically has accepted the principle of equality before law. Its acceptance is found in the provisions of the most of the written Constitutions. Generally, equality before law meant that among the equals law shall be equal and shall be equally administered. There shall not be any special privilege for the reason of birth, creed etc. In the case of Sheikh Abdus Sabur v. Returning officer it was observed that: Equality before the law does not mean absolute equality of man, which is physically impossible, but the denial of any special privileges by reason of birth, creed or the like, in favour of any individual and also the equal subjection of all individuals and classes to the ordinary law of the land administered by the ordinary law courts. The Appellate Division of the Supreme Court of Bangladesh further observed: “Equality before law” is not to be interpreted in its absolute sense to hold that all persons are equal in all respects disregarding different conditions and circumstance in which they are placed or special qualities and characteristics which some of them may posses but which are lacking in others. Though personal laws existing in South Asian countries provide that male and female are not of ‘equal status’ in terms of inheriting property. But the Indian Supreme Court observes that in case of division of property after the death of the father, sons, wife and daughters are entitled to inherit his estate including alienated property even though the wife and daughters are under the customary laws incompetent to challenge the alienation. The Constitution of Bangladesh further provides that women shall have equal rights with men in all spheres of State and of public life. Right to Non-Discrimination The Constitutions of Bangladesh, India, and Nepal prohibit classification of citizens on grounds of only religion, race, caste, sex or place of birth. Discrimination indicates an unjust, unfair or unreasonable bias in favour of one and against other. The general meaning of ‘discriminated against’ is to ‘make an adverse distinction with regard to,’ ‘distinguish unfavorable from others.’ Article 28(1) of the Constitution of Bangladesh provides that state shall not discriminate against any citizen on grounds only of religion, race, caste, sex or place of birth. This Article corresponds to Article 15(1) of the Indian Constitution and Article 11(3) of the Nepali Constitution. According to Durga Das Basu the scope of the Article 15 of the Indian Constitution is very wide. Article 15(1) reads “The State Shall not discriminate against any citizen on grounds of only religion, race, caste, sex, place of birth or any of them,” The plain meaning of the prohibition is that no person belonging to a particular religion, cast, sex etc. shall be treated unfavourably by the State when compared with persons of any other religion or sex merely on the ground that s/he belongs to the particular religion or sex. But discrimination will not be unconstitutional if there is any other ground or consideration for the differential treatment in addition to those prohibited by the Article. Right to Equal Protection of Law Right to equal protection of law is an important fundamental right. Article 31 of the Bangladesh Constitution provides that right to protection of the law and to be treated in accordance with law is the inalienable right of every citizen. This is also applicable for the person residing in Bangladesh for the time being. And no action detrimental to the life, liberty, body, reputation or property of any person shall be taken in accordance with law. Article 140 of the Indian Constitution provides : “The State shall not deny to any person equality before the law or the equal protection of the laws within the territory of India.” Article 11(1) of the Nepali Constitution also provides that “… No person shall be denied the equal protection of the laws.” In Mofizur Rahman v. Bangladesh the Appellate Division of the Supreme Court of Bangladesh observes that “every action affecting a citizen’s right must be taken in accordance with law or under the authority of law and not according to the whims of the person in authority or under any executive fiat.” Right to Equality of Opportunity in Employment The Constitution provides equality of opportunity for all citizens in respect of employment or office in the service of the Republic and prohibits discrimination or ineligibility on grounds only of religion, race, caste, sex or place of birth. Article 16(1) of the Constitution of India provides equality of opportunity in matters relating to employment or appointment to any office of the state. The right to equality is only in employment or appointment under the State. This relates to the matter of recruitment, promotion, wages, termination increments, leave, gratuity, pension, age of retirement, etc. But this equality is amongst the equally placed persons, equality amongst the same class of persons and not amongst different classes of persons. The Constitution lists specific grounds on which citizens are not to be discriminated against each other. These are religion, race, caste, sex, descent, place of birth etc. Gender based discrimination is specifically prohibited by the Constitution. Sex shall not be the sole ground of ineligibility for any post. Right to Life and Personal Liberty The Constitutions of Bangladesh, India, and Nepal guarantee right to life and personal liberty. Article 32 of the Constitution of Bangladesh reads : “No person shall be deprived of life or personal liberty save in accordance with law.” This Article corresponds with Article 21 of the Constitution of India and Article 12(1) of the Constitution of Nepal. The very objective of the provision is that no man (human being) can be subjected to any physical coercion that does not admit of legal justification. It means that no member of the Executive are entitled to interfere with the liberty of a citizen unless s/he can support her/his action by some provision of law. Therefore, when the State or any of its agents deprives an individual of his/her personal liberty, the law should justify such action and the procedures prescribed by such law have to be observed “strictly and scrupulously.” Right to Privacy Except as provided by the law, the right to privacy of the person, house, property, document, correspondence, or information of anyone is inviolable. This relates to Article 43 of the Bangladesh Constitution and Article 21 of the Indian Constitution. Right to Freedom Articles 36 to 41 of the Bangladesh Constitution provide for citizen right to freedoms of movement; assembly, association; thought and conscience, and expression; profession or occupation; religion; and property. These articles provide that subject to any reasonable restrictions imposed by law, public order and morality in the public interest or in the public order or Public health or the State, friendly relations with foreign States or in relation to contempt of court, defamation or enticement to offense as the case may the citizen or people residing in Bangladesh for the time being are entitled to enjoy the rights mentioned above. These rights relate to Articles 12, 17 and 19 of the Constitution of Nepal. These, except right to religion and right to property corresponds to Article 19 of the Constitution of India. Right Against Exploitation As mentioned earlier Article 21 of the Constitution of India guarantees right to life and personal liberty. But “Right to life” does not merely mean animal existence. It means some thing more, e.g. the right to live with dignity. Thus, rape is a crime against basic human rights and is also violative of the victims right to life guaranteed in Art. 21. Art. 23 of the Constitution has categorically prohibited “traffic in human beings and begging and other similar forms of forced labour…” Similarly, Art. 24 prohibits employment of child (including a female child) below the age of 14 years in any factory or mine or in any other hazardous works. The Constitution of Nepal also prohibits “Traffic in human beings, slavery, serfdom or forced labour in any form…” Any contravention of the provision shall be punishable by law. Unhopefully, the Constitution of Bangladesh does not prohibit “traffic in human being” directly. But it prohibits all forms of forced labour which is a major consequence of trafficking. Besides, Art. 18(2) of the Constitution provides for the State for adopting “effective measure to prevent prostitution” which is also a consequence of trafficking. Women’s Special Fundamental Rights: Most of the fundamental rights guaranteed in the Constitutions of Bangladesh, India and Nepal are both for men and women. But there is some exception also. Some fundamental rights are exclusively for women. These rights give them (women) equal status, at least theoretically with men and empower the state to adopt laws or provisions in favour of women. These fundamental rights are exclusively for women. Equal Rights for Women Article 28(2) of the Constitution of Bangladesh guarantees that women shall have equal rights with men in all spheres of the State and public life. This provision in favour of women makes an advance over the Constitutions of other South Asian countries including India, Nepal and Pakistan. But this clause does not help her in all spheres of life except the spheres of the State and public life. This “equal rights” provision is not applicable to those rights which are governed by the personal laws (e.g. in case of Muslims by Sharia). But human rights activist explains it negatively: This limitation has been implied from the inherently ambiguous nature of the equality guarantee itself as in Bangladesh where it appears to be qualified by the pharse “State and public life.” Women are Favoured : Law Making Power of the State The Constitutions of Bangladesh, India, and Nepal empower the State for making special provision(s) for the protection and the interests of women or in favour of women. The State is empowered by these provisions for making laws to help the women folk in the competition where they are in a weaker position. Art. 15(3) of the Constitution of India reads : “Nothing in this article shall prevent the State from making any special provision for women and children.” This provision is an exception to the rule against discrimination provided in Arts. 15(1) and 15(2) of the Constitution. Art. 15(3) of the Constitution of India permits the State to make special provision for women and children. In fact, making a special provision is not the same as taking decisions in favour of women. In this regard the Allahabad High Court observes that special provision for women as a class can be made, but not to benefit an individual woman. In Dattatraya Motiram v. State of Bombay, Chief Justice Chagla observes that as a result of the joint operation of Art. 15(1) and Art. 15(3) the State should discriminate in favour of women against men, but it could not discriminate in favour of men against women. This observation has also been supported in Smt. Choki v. State of Rajahthan. This contraction of Art. 15(1) and Art. 15(3) would be applied to existing as well as future law. In this regard Chief Justice Chhagla in Dattatrayas Motiram More v. State of Bombayobserves : It is impossible to argue that the constitution did not permit laws to have special provision for women if the laws were passed before the constitution come into force but permitted the legislature to pass laws in favour of women after the commencement of the constitution. If a law discriminating in favour of women is opposed to the fundamental rights of citizens, there is no reason why such law should continue to remain in statute book … But the exception made to Article 15(1) by Article 15(3) is an exception which applies both to existing laws and to laws which the state makes in future. This special treatment for the vulnerable group, women and children is for the interest of the society itself. Accordingly, in a case of conflict between Art. 27 and 28(3) of the Constitution of Bangladesh, the latter will prevail. The Penal Code also has special treatment in favour of women. In this regard section 497 of the Bangladesh penal code dealing with the offence of adultery is mentionable. The Section reads : Whoever has sexual intercourse with a person who is and whom he knows or has reason to believe to be the wife of another man, without the consent or connivance of that man, such sexual intercourse not amounting to the offence of rape is guilty of the offence of adultery, and shall be punished with imprisonment of either description for a term which may extend to five years, or with fine, or with both. In such case the wife shall not be punishable as an abettor. The Section expressly excludes the woman who equally participates in the crime from participation in the crime form being punished as an abettor. Only man is liable to be punished under the Section. The constitutionality of the Section was challenged as violative of Articles 14 and 15 of the Constitution of India. In this regard, the judgment of Hon’bel Supreme Court of India in Yusuf Abdul Aziz v. State of Bombay is a landmark in the history of the constitutional validity of the penal provision(s) protecting women. In the case a complain under section 497 was filed against the petitioner. He immediately applied to the High Court of Bombay (now Mumbai) to determine the constitutionality of the Section. The High Court upholds it as constitutional. Then the petitioner filed an appeal before the Supreme Court under Article 132(1) 134(1) of Constitution. Section 497 was challenged on the ground that it was violative of Article 14 and 15 of the Constitution of India, which guarantee a right to equality. The historic judgement was delivered by a bench consisting of Chief Justice Mahajan, Justice B.B. Mukerjee, Justice S. R. Das, Justice Bose and Justice Ghulam Hasan. Delivering the Judgement of the Court Jostice Bose observes : Article 14 is general and must be read with the other provisions which setout the ambit of fundamental rights. Sex is a sound classification and although there can be no discrimination in general on that ground, the Constitution itself provides for special provisions in the case of women and children. The two Articles read together validate the impugned clause in Section 497 of penal Code.

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Biography courtesy of New Georgia Encyclopedia: David Dean Rusk (1909 - 1994) served as U.S. secretary of state from 1961 to 1969, the second longest tenure in that office (after Cordell Hull, 1933-44). He was only the second Georgian to be named to the office. During that period of service under U.S. presidents John F. Kennedy and Lyndon B. Johnson, he was a primary architect of U.S. intervention in the Vietnam War (1964-73) on the side of the South Vietnamese. He was known, too, for his dedication to arms control negotiations with the Soviet Union and other early manifestations of détente, as well as for his skill in seeking a diplomatic resolution to the Cuban missile crisis of 1962. David Dean Rusk was born on February 9, 1909, in Cherokee County, and attended Lee Street Elementary and Boys High School in Atlanta. In 1931 he earned an A.B. degree from Davidson College in North Carolina, where he was a standout in the classroom and as a center on the basketball team. He subsequently attended England’s Oxford University on a Rhodes scholarship, earning B.S. and M.A. degrees from St. John’s College in 1933 and 1934. While at Oxford Rusk stood at the back of the room observing when members of the Oxford Union debate society cast their votes overwhelmingly in favor of a policy of appeasement toward Nazi Germany. He believed at the time that this vote was wrong-minded, because he felt that dictators like Adolf Hitler could not be appeased. He was soon proven right as Hitler set out to expand the Third Reich through the threat and use of military force, which led to World War II (1941-45). The experience had a profound effect on Rusk’s worldview and would make him a determined opponent of efforts to meet acts of aggression with offers of appeasement. During events leading to the war in Vietnam, he counseled President Johnson strongly against a policy of yielding to Communist forces in Indochina. Upon returning to the United States, Rusk accepted the post of associate professor of government and dean of faculty at Mills College in Oakland, California, where his academic specialty was international relations. He remained at Mills for six years (1934-40) and also studied law during this period at the University of California, Berkeley (though he did not complete a degree). At Mills he met a student by the name of Virginia Foisie. They married in 1937 and had three children: David Patrick, Richard Geary, and Margaret (Peggy) Elizabeth. David Rusk grew up to serve as mayor of Albuquerque, New Mexico, and Richard Rusk coauthored with his father a memoir entitled As I Saw It (1990). Early Government Service With the United States’ entry into World War II on the horizon, Rusk joined the U.S. Army in 1940, serving first with the Third Infantry Division, then in the Military Intelligence Service. He served from 1943 to 1945 in the China-Burma-India theater, where he began a lifelong interest in Asian affairs. Achieving the rank of colonel at the end of the war, Rusk joined the general staff in the War Department in Washington, D.C. There he had the opportunity to work with General George Marshall, who would soon become secretary of state and author of the Marshall Plan to assist the war-wrecked nations of Europe. Rusk was initially intent on carrying forward his military career, until Secretary Marshall asked him in 1947 to head the Office of Special Political Affairs (“also known as the U.N. desk,” as Rusk says in his memoirs) in the Department of State. In that capacity he privately advocated Marshall’s view opposing the establishment of an independent state of Israel; but when U.S. president Harry S. Truman decided in favor of an Israeli state, Rusk loyally backed the president, believing (as did Marshall) that once a president makes a decision, staff should either support it or resign. In 1950 U.S. policy toward Asia became increasingly controversial and partisan in Washington, as Republican lawmakers pointed a finger at the Truman administration for mishandling policy in that region—first by “losing” China to the Communists in 1949 and then by failing to thwart an invasion of South Korea by North Korean Communists. Secretary of State Dean Acheson was grateful when Rusk volunteered to help him counter the Republican criticism. Acheson appointed him in 1950 as assistant secretary of state for Far Eastern affairs. Remaining consistent in his anti-appeasement views, Rusk joined Acheson and others in urging President Truman to resist Communist aggression on the Korean peninsula. In 1952 Rusk left government service to become president of the Rockefeller Foundation, where he focused on development programs for poor nations as well as the dangers of environmental pollution from the testing of nuclear bombs in the atmosphere. In 1960 he published an essay in Foreign Affairs exalting the role of the president in foreign policy. The piececaught the eye of Massachusetts senator John F. Kennedy. When elected president a few months later, Kennedy had Rusk on his mind because of this article; moreover, Rusk came strongly recommended as a candidate for secretary of state by Acheson, among others, who spoke of his unwavering loyalty and willingness to take the heat on Truman policies toward Asia. Secretary of State President Kennedy chose Rusk as secretary of state in 1961, although (as it turned out) he would rely more on his national security advisor, McGeorge Bundy,for day-to-day foreign policy guidance. After Kennedy’s assassination in 1963 Rusk continued on as secretary of state for President Lyndon Johnson. Both Johnson and Rusk came from simple, rural backgrounds, and Rusk enjoyed a much closer and more influential relationship with Johnson than he had with Johnson’s affluent Bostonian predecessor. During the Kennedy administration the young president and his secretary of state found themselves tested very quickly, as the Central Intelligence Agency’s (CIA) paramilitary operation against Cuba failed disastrously in April 1961. Rusk had personally disapproved of the operation, but ultimately supported it as a means to achieve the president’s wish to rid the world of the Castro dictatorship on the island. As the operation met fierce resistance by the Cuban military, some in the administration argued on behalf of U.S. air support. Rusk firmly opposed overt intervention by the air force and so counseled the president, who followed his advice. The CIA’s paramilitary operatives, mainly Cuban exiles, were decimated by Cuban defenders on the beaches at the Bay of Pigs. In October 1962 reconnaissance overflights by the CIA’s U-2 spy planes discovered the presence of Soviet missiles in Cuba. Rusk recommended a tough diplomatic response but resisted proposals from the U.S. military to invade Cuba. Rusk’s most important contribution as secretary of state was to provide calming counsel to the president against the precipitous use of armed force and to employ skillful behind-the-scenes diplomacy with Soviet officials to have the missiles removed. He helped convince the president to forgo an immediate attack against Cuba and instead to establish a “quarantine” (blockade) against Soviet ships bringing more missiles to Cuba. This would provide the president and the Department of State with more time to work out a diplomatic resolution. Another prominent achievement of Secretary Rusk was the Nuclear Test Ban Treaty, in which the Soviet Union and the United States agreed to halt above-ground testing of bombs, which contaminated the atmosphere with substantial quantities of radioactive material. He also championed increased developmental aid to poor nations in Africa and Latin America. More controversially, he supported a CIA coup in Congo, argued against the imposition of sanctions to end apartheid in South Africa (although he opposed the practice of apartheid itself), and despite misgivings, never attempted to dissuade President Johnson against deployment of the U.S. Marines to quell unrest in the Dominican Republic in 1965. The Vietnam War dominated the later years of Rusk’s term as secretary. He was wary, on the one hand, of escalating the war to a point where the Chinese might feel compelled to intervene, as they had during the war in Korea (1950-53); on the other hand, his anti-appeasement philosophy recoiled at the notion of standing on the sidelines as Communist forces from North Vietnam, armed by the Soviets and Chinese, sought to overrun South Vietnam. Predictably, Rusk tilted toward escalation of the war to halt the Communists and prevent the falling of “dominoes” throughout Asia. He became an articulate proponent of the war and, at the same time, a villainous figure on American college campuses, where the wisdom of American involvement was widely—and sometimes violently—questioned. The war ended in a humiliating defeat for the United States and the loss of more than 58,000 troops. When Richard Nixon won the U.S. presidency in 1969, Rusk left the Department of State and returned to Georgia, where he taught international law at the University of Georgia in Athens. Uninterested in the pursuit of lucrative lecture fees or book contracts, he led a quiet life at the university—though he was always available on campus to spend time with anyone, from the lowliest first-year student to the most distinguished professor, who might drop by his office to discuss history and current affairs. Once vilified by students around the country and by his own colleagues in Washington who had turned against the war in Vietnam (as he never did), Rusk spent his final years much admired and respected in the university and the town of Athens. He died in Athens of congestive heart failure on December 20, 1994, and is buried at Oconee Hill Cemetery. In 1977 the university established the Dean Rusk Center for International Law and Policy, which provides interdisciplinary study and service opportunities for law students and faculty. In 1985 Davidson College established the Dean Rusk International Studies Program in honor of one of its most distinguished alumni. Dean Rusk Middle School in Canton is also named in his honor. - Johnson, Loch. "Dean Rusk." New Georgia Encyclopedia, last modified Dec 10, 2019. https://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/articles/government-politics/dean-rusk-1909-1994/

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Based on the best-selling novel by Brian Moore, the 1991 motion picture, The Black Robe, tells the story of a young Jesuit priest, Fr. Laforgue, who has forsaken home, wealth and marriage in order to bring the message of the Gospel to the Indians of the wide, desolate, snow plains of Canada. The movie opens with Laforgue deciding to take a companion with him on his journey, a Quebequoix, Daniel, the latter who speaking the language of the Huron, seeks to embark on the arduous journey as a way of preparing for a vocation as a Jesuit. Laforgue and Daniel are escorted by Chomina, an Indian chief, who has with him a small company of family and warriors. Graphic and violent, as a film, The Black Robe, offers no apology for the reality of the odyssey that the Director, Bruce Beresford seeks to depict. The viewer is confronted by frequent barbarity and sexual depravity. At the close of the film, Laforgue arrives at his destination – a small, and unsuccessful Jesuit mission, thousands of kilometres away from his point of departure – Quebec. As Laforgue opens the door to the Chapel he is confronted with the frozen and butchered corpse of a Jesuit priest – and then he notices, lying, dying in the sacristy another Jesuit, who lives only long enough to receive Extreme Unction. The next morning, Laforgue buries his two Jesuit brothers – cutting his way through the ice in the process. He then proceeds to ring the Church bell. From out of their huts come the Indians. They inform him that there is a plague that has ripped through the tribe, and that they have not been baptized – but will submit to baptism, if Laforgue can answer one question, a question that the previous priest was seemingly unable to answer: “Do you love us?” In the classic conclusion, Laforgue hesitates and the viewer is invited into his memory of the journey: we see Daniel succumbing to sexual pleasure with Chomina’s daughter, Annuka; Annuka being sexually assaulted by an enemy warrior, Chomina’s youngest daughter having her throat cut; the murder of Chomina’s wife, by a band of Indian raiders; Chomina dying in a snow field; and Laforgue himself, being tortured – and having his finger cut off. All these scenes flash across the screen – as tears begin to roll down Laforgue’s cheeks. Laforgue looks at the chief who has asked the question – and in a broken voice he says: “Yes, I love you”. The chief then replies: “Then Baptize us, Black Robe!” For the Indians – the Truth of the Gospel is secondary to the reality of a living truth within the heart and mind of the shepherd who seeks to lead them. They see in Laforgue, courage, sensitivity, passion – and humanity; and only because of these elements, they will listen to what he has to say about: God, life, sin, suffering, joy and death. But for the level of violence and sexual content contained in the film, The Black Robe, would be a wonderful tool for instruction into the role of the priest in the Church. Following in the footsteps of Christ, the priest must teach, preach, witness as well as be a friend to his flock. What is enormously poignant in this film is that the Indians would not submit to Baptism, if the baptist could not admit publicly that he loved those he wished to baptize. For the Indians – the Truth of the Gospel is secondary to the reality of a living truth within the heart and mind of the shepherd who seeks to lead them. They see in Laforgue, courage, sensitivity, passion – and humanity; and only because of these elements, they will listen to what he has to say about: God, life, sin, suffering, joy and death. In the Gospels Christ calls his disciples not by performing miracles – but by the force of his character. He is assured; He is chaste; He has a purpose; He teaches with authority; He speaks in parables in order to convey the message simply; He has courage; He sacrifices for His friends; He is totally committed; and He loves – totally. These leadership qualities were also reflected in the great missionaries such as St. Paul and St. Francis Xavier. I sometimes try to console myself by thinking that this kind of pastoral work is something that just did not exist in earlier times and is quite unchristian. But perhaps it is really the end of our Christianity that we fail here. We have learned to preach again, at any rate a little, but the care of souls?’ Eberhard Bethge in his biography of the life of Dietrich Bonhoeffer, describes a part of Bonhoeffer’s early life as a pastor, when having prepared a group of teenagers for Confirmation, Bonhoeffer went out to visit their working-class parents in the back-streets of Berlin. Bethge writes: “the pleasure he [Bonhoeffer] took in teaching and gaining the confidence of difficult delinquent boys was contrasted by the difficulties he experienced in his pastoral visits to the parents. Bonhoeffer felt he was not up to the task and that his theological training had failed to equip him for it. It took a tremendous amount of effort to ring uninvited at a strange door, and make himself and his purpose known. True the son of the house gave himself something to talk about, but [in Bonhoeffer’s words]: ‘To think of those excruciating hours or minutes when I or the other person try to begin a pastoral conversation, and how haltingly and lamely it goes on … I sometimes try to console myself by thinking that this kind of pastoral work is something that just did not exist in earlier times and is quite unchristian. But perhaps it is really the end of our Christianity that we fail here. We have learned to preach again, at any rate a little, but the care of souls?’”. (Bethge, 2000, p. 227). Read more from Dr. Andrew Thomas Kania: - Prisoner and Exile (cf. Isaiah 53: 3-4, LXX) - Let Other Lights Shine - The Emperor’s New Clothes (cf. Matthew 6: 21) Bonhoeffer is really addressing the crux of much of the problem that our Church faces today – the alienation of the clergy from the general populace. Our clergy deserves more than to be humoured, being treated with dignity only at the times when the laity seeks to call on them, for the Sacraments, or for personal references for school admission. The laity must begin to see the clergy as an important facet to their life and living – and this can only be done, if the laity and the general populace see that that the message that the clergy are preaching is one that is both immediate and relevant to their lives. The best manner by which to do this is for the clergy to both preach and live – the social Gospel; a Gospel in which justice is upheld and witnessed. Further to this laity and clergy must see themselves as two sides of the same coin – inseparable. Both the dignity of the laity and the priest should be respected for the vital role they play in the Sacramental life and the earthly existence of the Church. There is a kind of pride in the pastor who shows great warmth and generosity to those in his charge, and yet is blind to the warmth and generosity which they show in return. In The Year of The Priest, significant thought should be had in how to train candidates for the priesthood – to be not only authentic to their theology, and devoted to their Church – but authentic to their humanity and the part they play within the Catholic as well as in the broader community. If the candidate has chosen the celibate priesthood, then let him be faithful to this condition; if the priestly candidate is a married man, then let both he and his wife, and his family provide and reveal an example to their community of a domestic church. Let ordination not be an excuse for a chasm to be created; wherein the ordained become too holy for any earthly purpose; making the priest, not only distinct, but alien. Our father among the Saints, St. John Chrysostom, teaches the following about priestly formation: “In the relationship of a pastor with his flock, it is not sufficient for the pastor to express his love for them; he must acknowledge their love for him. There is a kind of pride in the pastor who shows great warmth and generosity to those in his charge, and yet is blind to the warmth and generosity which they show in return. It is as if he is claiming a monopoly of love. But when a pastor expresses gratitude for the love which thy have showered upon him, he is affirming their virtue, and thus encouraging them in their Christian journey. The same is true in all personal relationships. The person who just expresses love for his friends but fails to acknowledge their love for him is not a true friend. Loving friendship requires both parties to love each other, and each party to affirm the other’s love. Jesus, as both a pastor and a friend, not only poured out love but also made himself dependent on others. He possessed nothing, so for his very survival he had to rely on the kindness of his friends and disciples. And in his gratitude for all he received, he affirmed them as true friends and true disciples”. (St. John Chrysostom, 1996, p. 47). Only the giving to these people of love, by the minister, as well as his acknowledged receipt of their love, can place the prerequisite trust in the heart of those the minister seeks to call – in God’s name. Both the Indian chief at the conclusion to The Black Robe as well as Dietrich Bonhoeffer on his pastoral visits had the depth of perception to understand that any God who sends out ministers to serve, requires of these ministers far more than the arbitrary quoting of a Sacred Text or Scripture – but requires of these men the ability to walk with people – and by so doing lead them, every step that they journey to God. Only the giving to these people of love, by the minister, as well as his acknowledged receipt of their love, can place the prerequisite trust in the heart of those the minister seeks to call – in God’s name. First and foremost the priest should be a man of authentic love – be he celibate or married. If he cannot fulfill this criteria, it would be better for him to have chosen a vastly different vocation, than to wear a mask – cold, distant, inhumane, dead; and by wearing this mask spread by the contagion of his presence to his flock not a devotion to a living God, but a de-sensitization to the awareness in their lives, as well as the subsequent reception, of the Spirit of Truth. No better example can we find in modern Catholic history of the critical role of the priest, than in the teaching, preaching, witnessing and friendship that Blessed Fr. Emilian Kowcz, a Ukrainian Catholic priest, offered to his fellow prisoners in the Nazi extermination camp of Majdanek. There among people condemned to horrible deaths, Fr. Kowcz wrote: “I thank God for His goodness to me. Apart from heaven, this is the one place where I wish to remain. Here we are all equal: Poles, Jews, Ukrainians, Russians, Latvians and Estonians. Of all these here I am the only priest. I cannot even imagine how it would be here without me. Here I see God, who is the same for us all, regardless of our religious distinctions. Perhaps our churches are different, but the same great and Almighty God rules over us all. When I celebrate the Divine Liturgy, they all join in prayer. . . They die in different ways, and I help them to cross over this little bridge into eternity. Is this not a blessing? Isn’t this the greatest crown which God could have placed upon my head? It is indeed. I thank God a thousand times a day for sending me here. I do not ask him for anything else. Do not worry, and do not lose faith at what I share. Instead, rejoice with me … Pray for those who created this concentration camp and this system. They are the only ones who need prayers . . May God have mercy upon them.” On the very night before he was gassed, Fr. Emilian wrote to his wife and his children: “I understand that you are trying to get me released. But I beg you not to do this. Yesterday they killed fifty people. If I am not here, who will help them to get through these sufferings? They would go on their way to eternity with all their sins and in the depths of unbelief, which would take them to hell. But now they go to death with their heads held aloft, leaving all their sins behind them. And so they pass over to the eternal city.” Such be the final demand that is made to a priest – to love, even if in this love, one loses one’s body to rescue another’s soul. written by: Dr. Andrew Thomas Kania This article was published in The Church and Life Newspaper, January 2017. This post is also available in: English

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radiation therapy(redirected from 3-dimensional conformal radiation therapy) Also found in: Dictionary, Thesaurus, Encyclopedia. - alone to kill cancer - before surgery to shrink a tumor and make it easier to remove - during surgery to kill cancer cells that may remain in surrounding tissue after the surgery (called intraoperative radiation) - after surgery to kill cancer cells remaining in the body - to shrink an inoperable tumor in order to and reduce pain and improve quality of life. - in combination with chemotherapy How radiation therapy works External radiation therapy - National Cancer Institute. 〈http://cancertrials.nci.nih.gov〉 or (800) 4-CANCER. - National Institutes of Health Clinical Trials. 〈http://clinicaltrials.gov〉 - Center Watch: A Clinical Trials Listing. 〈http://www.centerwatch.com〉. Internal radiation therapy Radiation used to treat cancer Recent advances in radiation therapy Because of improvements in tumor localization, beam direction, planning and prescribing the field to be irradiated, and determining the precise dosage needed, radiation therapy is far more effective and less harmful now than when it was first introduced. Another form of internal radiation therapy is the administration of radioactive materials into the bloodstream or a body cavity. Iodine-131 is given orally in certain cases of hyperthyroidism and cancer of the thyroid; it is absorbed by the digestive system and concentrated in the thyroid. Phosphorus-32, a pure beta emitter, is injected intravenously for the treatment of various myeloproliferative diseases, leukemias, and lymphomas. Sources of radiation that may be of particular concern to health care personnel include: radioactive substances such as radium and cobalt-60 that are used as implants and serve as internal sources of radiation; external sources of radiation such as x-ray machines and cobalt-60 therapy units; and liquid radioisotopes such as iodine-131 and suspensions of radioactive gold or phosphorus. Generally speaking, the degree of exposure to radiation depends on three factors: (1) the distance between the source of radiation and the individual, (2) the amount of time an individual is exposed to radiation, and (3) the type of shielding provided. (See discussion at radiation.) When a patient receives radiation therapy from an external source, therapists must be aware of, and observe carefully, the policies and procedures established for personnel in and around x-ray rooms and the rooms that house teletherapy units. After the treatment is finished, the patient will not serve as a hazard of radiation. This type of radiation therapy is often done on an outpatient basis. Internal implants can present certain hazards for persons in contact with the patient for as long as the implant is in place. Visitors should sit at least six feet away from the patient and stay no longer than a total of one hour each day. Pregnant staff members and visitors should avoid all contact with the patient. When administering direct patient care, staff members should plan interventions so that each task can be accomplished as quickly as possible. Since distance is a factor in protection, it is advisable to position oneself as far as is feasible from the source of radiation. For example, if the radioactive implant is in the pelvis, the caregiver might stand at the head or foot, rather than the side, of the bed. Protective lead aprons or portable shields may or may not be recommended by hospital protocol. Whatever the policies, every person caring for the patient should know and follow the recommended policies and procedures. A film badge is worn on the outside of any protective devices worn by caregivers. The badge records the cumulative dose of radiation received by each person, and is used to monitor exposure over a period of time. It should be sent for monthly testing to be sure that no one is receiving more than the maximum allowable exposure. This amount should not exceed five rem per year. One should never lend one's badge to another staff member or borrow another staff member's badge. Another factor to be considered is accidental removal or dislodgment of a radioactive implant. Most patients are confined to bed and refused bathroom privileges, but it is still possible for a radium needle or radon seeds, for example, to be accidentally removed from the body. Should an implant become dislodged the physician or radiation safety officer must be notified immediately. Under no circumstances should a radioactive substance be handled with the bare hands. A lead container and long-handled forceps should be kept at the patient's bedside in the event an implant should become dislodged. It can then be picked up immediately and placed in the container. Dressings, bed linen, bedpans, and emesis basins should be checked with a radiation detection instrument after each use or before disposal. Liquid radioactive substances require additional precautions since these substances can enter the body of a worker through the skin, or by ingestion or inhalation. Not all types of radioactive materials require the same precautions. For example, iodine-131 is excreted in the urine for several days after it has been administered to the patient. In addition it appears in the patient's sweat, tears and saliva; thus all articles such as bed linens and toothbrush used by the patient must be considered a possible radiation hazard. Phosphorus-32 acts in the same way. Colloidal gold-98 usually is instilled into a body cavity and is not absorbed as are iodine and phosphorus. However, the radioactive gold emits gamma rays that penetrate beyond the patient's body and present a radiation hazard. Most people have a limited knowledge of radiation and how it affects cells, both normal and malignant. This lack of knowledge can add to the anxiety and stress already being felt by patients and significant others. The kinds of information they will need include how radiation works, whether or not patients present a hazard to others while undergoing treatment, when they will begin to experience its effects, and how long it will be before they begin to recover from the effects. Before treatment is initiated, the patient is told the expected therapeutic effects, what it is like to have a treatment, and what might be expected of the patient during the course of therapy. Most patients will receive external radiation therapy on an outpatient basis; hence, they will need to keep scheduled appointments or notify the clinic if they are unable to come when expected. They should be assured that the source of radiation is outside their bodies (if it is) and that they cannot serve as a source of radiation. Teaching patients and significant others how to recognize expected side effects and participate in their management is especially important when patients are not hospitalized. Written information that is easily comprehended should be available to them, as well as sufficient time and personnel to answer any questions they may have after reading the instructions and attempting to follow them at home. They should be encouraged to write down questions that have arisen between visits and to bring these questions with them on their next visit. In general, most side effects will not begin before a week to ten days after the first treatment. This allows time for patients to assimilate information given to them and to adjust to whatever changes they might experience. They can be told that side effects typically continue throughout the course of treatment and for several weeks after the last treatment. However, individual reactions can and do vary. Although all body systems can be affected by radiation, the skin is the system most at risk for injury. The reaction results from an inflammatory process caused by breakdown of cells in the epidermis and is similar to a sunburn. In preparation for radiation therapy the physician will mark the target area with indelible ink. Daily assessment of the skin for degree of reaction can be done by the patient or some other knowledgeable person. First-degree reactions resemble a sunburn and can destroy hair roots, causing the hair to fall out. Second-degree reactions, also called dry desquamation, produce bright red erythema. Sweat glands and hair follicles are damaged and the hair falls out. This change can be irreversible. Third-degree reactions, also called moist desquamation, are characterized by a dark purple color and possibly formation of blisters and ulcers. If the area is exposed to air, scabbing over the exposed area can occur. Fourth-degree reactions are very rare and are the result of radiation overdose. They are characterized by tissue necrosis. Effects of radiation on major systems of the body, healing time, and appropriate nursing interventions are summarized in the table at radiation. radiation therapyRadiotherapy Administration of ionizing radiation to treat disease, usually malignant Types Local low energy radiation–brachytherapy or radioisotopes placed at or near the tumor or cancer cells–internal RT, implant radiation; high energy radiation delivered at a distance–teletherapy; most RT uses high-energy radiation from x-rays, neutrons, etc to kill CA and shrink tumors delivered as external-beam radiation; systemic RT includes use of radiolabeled monoclonal antibodies that circulate in the body, binding target cells, effecting therapy. See Conformal radiotherapy, Intracoronary radiotherapy, Intraoperative radiotherapy, Plaque radiotherapy, Radiation oncology, Stereotactic radiotherapy. ra·di·a·tion ther·a·py, radiotherapy (rā'dē-ā'shŭn thār'ă-pē, rādē-ō-thāră-pē) radiation therapySee RADIOTHERAPY. ra·di·a·tion ther·a·py, radiotherapy (rā'dē-ā'shŭn thār'ă-pē, rādē-ō-thāră-pē) Patient discussion about radiation therapy Q. What is radiotherapy? My Grandfather had a surgery to remove a cancerous tumor on his cheek. He now needs to undergo radiotherapy. What is this? what are its side effects? a dry mouth- due to damage caused to the salivary glands (which are in charge of making the saliva), taste changes, a hoarse voice and effect on the sense of smell. Q. What problems my sister may face if radiation therapy is not given to her? My sister will have her radiation therapy by next week. Two weeks before she had her chemotherapy treatment. She is feeling good if not great. After her diagnosis of breast cancer she had her mastectomy and soon she was given chemotherapy treatment. I was wondering whether the radiation therapy has many serious side effects associated with it. So can we avoid this treatment? What problems my sister may face if radiation therapy is not given to her? Q. I am pregnant and my mother is having radiotherapy for breast cancer, Will it affect me or my unborn child? I married my close relative last month and there is a 8-year difference in our. I am healthy enough to take care of my family. Now I am pregnant and my mother is having radiotherapy for breast cancer, can I be around her? Will it affect me or my unborn child?

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There are three essential ways to transmit power in heavy industry today: Mechanical, Electrical and Fluid Power. Under the umbrella of fluid power, you have hydraulics and pneumatics as the two fundamental technologies. Both use a form of fluid – hydraulics as a liquid and pneumatics as a gas, to transmit power from one location to another. It is extremely important to keep the liquid or the gas clean as it flows through the fluid conductors and works its way from the reservoir in hydraulics and the receiver tank in pneumatics, through the directional valves and on to the business end of the system or the actuator. Chevron states: “Particle contamination is the number ONE cause of lubricant-related failure in equipment. An estimated 82% of wear is particle-induced, with abrasion wear accounting for two thirds of the figure. It’s no secret, hydraulic fluid contamination is the leading causes of hydraulic system failures.” Facilities spend an enormous amount of money on oil analysis programs and work very diligently for proper filtration placement to make sure their hydraulic systems and mechanical devices, such as gear reducers, run trouble-free for years. But what about pneumatics? No one pays much attention to the quality of their air because compressed air is free, right? It doesn’t spill on the ground so even the reliability, environmental and safety departments don’t pay much attention to it. However, the energy costs to run the compressors in a facility “can” be the second highest cost behind the raw materials to make the product! Most pneumatic circuits run at low power, usually around 2 to 3 horsepower. Two primary advantages of using pneumatics over hydraulics are 1) low initial cost and 2) design simplicity. Because pneumatic systems have much lower operating pressures than hydraulics, the components can be made of inexpensive materials and often mass-produced with processes such as injection molding and/or die-casting. Typically, engineers look at this “first cost” and might not consider operating costs can be sometimes five to ten times higher due to the cost of the horsepower to compress the air. Also, when a gas is compressed, the temperature increases and holds water vapor. When the gas moves down the lines it cools, causing the air to become saturated with water and eventually leads to moisture somewhere downstream. So you could say heat indirectly contributes to poor air quality on the downstream components. Why Do Pneumatic Components Fail? The Effects of Poor Air Quality on Demand Side Components [As we move through this article I am assuming that all precautions have been taken on the supply side of your compressed air system. The downstream components I will discuss are meant as a precautionary measure, and not as the first line of defense!] So how does poor air quality affect the downstream or demand side components, such as directional valves, flow control valves, pressure control valves, and linear or rotary actuators? Typically, there are three primary component “killers” in your compressed air system: moisture, particulates and dry (unlubricated) air. “Wait, does my air need to be wet or dry – make up your mind.” Hang in there and I will explain! Contamination is defined as any foreign substance in the fluid or gas impeding performance. Figure 1: Severe Corrosion. (Image courtesy of Motion Industries). Figure 1 shows severe corrosion on a double-acting pneumatic cylinder piston. This cylinder is in operation in a pulp and paper mill, whose paper machine has very high humidity on the wet end. This corrosion, caused by moisture over time, will become dislodged and get pushed through the other components. This in turn will cause a multitude of problems, such as sticking spools in the directional control valves, plugged orifices in pressure control, and flow control valves causing malfunctions. As the name implies, these downstream components “control” the operation of the actuator and tell it what to do. Again, this moisture can be generated from several places: the heat of compression at the compressor, ingression from the production lines, and fluid conductors going from inside of the facility to outside and back to the inside. Keep in mind we are concentrating on the downstream side of the system – NOT the supply side – so hopefully in the design phase, someone thought about a dryer at the compressor’s discharge. What Do We Do About Moisture? In-line coalescing filters, in-line desiccant dryers, and water separators are just several products commercially available to remove this water from the demand side of the system. Coalescing filters should always flow from the inside of the filter element to the outside of the filter element. This allows for the oil and water droplets to collect on the fibers of the filter element and meet at crossover points and become larger and larger droplets (the process of coalescing) as they travel downward and outward to the base of the filter element. The large droplets drop off the base of the filter element into the sump area of the filter housing and ultimately into an automatic float drain where the liquids are drained out of the system. Point-of-use desiccant filters dry compressed air through adsorption represents a purely physical process where water vapor (adsorbate) is bound to the drying medium (adsorbent) through binding forces of molecular adhesion. Adsorbents are solids in spherical and granular form, and are permeated by an array of pores. The water vapor is deposited onto the internal and external surface of the adsorption medium, without the formation of chemical compounds taking place; therefore the adsorption medium does not have to be replenished, but only periodically regenerated. Oily condensate from the compressed air system enters the oil/water separator under pressure, and is allowed to expand in the specially designed centrifugal inlet chamber. During a six-stage process, the water and oil are separated, allowing the cleaned water to be safely discharged to the foul sewer through the outlet, while the drained oil is collected in an external oil container where it can be disposed of according to legal requirements. Figure 2: Particulate Ingression Point. (Image courtesy of Motion Industries). Just like moisture, particles can come from many places in a complete system. They can be ingressed through dirty filters on the inlet of the compressor, they can be ingressed from the product during normal production, and they can be self-generated from components wearing internally. Figure 2 shows a typical ingression point on a double-acting pneumatic cylinder due to poor maintenance practices. These particles flow thorough the fluid conductors and if the facility does not have properly placed filtration, the particles will become lodged in the piston seals and rod gland seals and act like emery cloth on the rods and barrels, causing severe scoring, leaks and premature failures. Figure 3: Particles lodged in the rod gland seal and matching scoring on the rod. (Image courtesy of Motion Industries). Figure 3 shows heavy scoring on the rod, causing the rod gland seal to leak due to the particles lodged in the soft parts. Figure 4: Particles lodged in the piston seals and matching scoring marks in the Barrel. (Image courtesy of Motion Industries). Figure 4 shows the same scoring on the inside of the cylinder barrel due to the particles lodged in the soft parts. Remember, due to the low operating pressure of pneumatics, these cylinder barrels are typically made of aluminum and can be easily damaged. What Do We Do About These Particles? There are several commercially available products to remove these particles from the demand side of the system. Air filters are designed to remove airborne solid contaminants, pipe scale, rust, pipe dope, etc. These may plug small orifices or cause excessive wear and premature failure of pneumatic components. Dry (Unlubricated) Air The only reason I mentioned this type of failure is because many manufacturers of the newer products, such as pneumatic cylinders, send these components out pre-lubricated on the soft parts inside the cylinder and is lubricated for the life of the unit. However, the previously mentioned moisture has a tendency to wash this lubrication out, meaning the soft parts are now moving dynamically exposed to the dry air and no lubrication. This exposure will cause the seal to dry out, crack and prematurely fail. These cracks in the seal allow air to bypass internally, and cause the cylinder to slow down and eventually just stop. Due to the low cost of these components, the cylinder is typically replaced with no regard to the root cause of the failure. One day I heard a statement: “50-cent failure, 50-cent analysis as to why it failed.” Demand Side Component Placement When setting your key performance indicators to measure the performance of your demand side components, it is important to know a few important things: 1) the operating pressure vs. the required operating pressure, 2) the rate of flow vs. the required rate of flow, and 3) the direction of flow vs. the required direction of flow. Figure 5 shows an example of typical component placement to measure the KPIs for proper operation. From the drop line you have an in-line flow meter, a particle and or water removal filter, a pressure regulator, a lubricator, a directional valve and the cylinder. Figure 5: Demand Side Component Placement. (Image courtesy of Motion Industries). Setting and Measuring Your KPIs Having the KPIs listed and posted at the point of use is important for predictive maintenance checks and logical troubleshooting. Figure 6: KPI Score Card. (Image courtesy of Motion Industries Figure 6 shows an example of the KPIs charted for easy access by the operator, the PdM technician or the system troubleshooter. The demand side of a compressed air system is often the most neglected part of the machine set in an entire facility, yet according to the Department of Energy just 10 quarter-inch leaks can cost as much as \$39,967 in energy costs to compress the air that is being wasted. Spending just a little time to set your KPIs and installing some inexpensive components on the system’s downstream side can extend the life of your components and reduce unwanted production interruptions. To read similar articles on Pneumatics, please visit www.airbestpractices.com/technology/pneumatics.

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Solid-phase peptide synthesis (SPPS) involves the successive addition of protected amino acid derivatives to a growing peptide chain immobilized on a solid phase, including deprotection and washing steps to remove unreacted groups and also side products. The ability to synthesize peptides to high purity in parallel and on a large scale has revolutionized research and also led to the development of a wide range of powerful therapeutic agents and vaccines. These applications require an almost limitless combination of sequences that often include modified amino acids, however, which makes considerable demands on synthesis optimization. Let’s look at the advantages of using peptides as vaccines and therapeutics, how peptide modifications are helping to boost performance, and how this can be achieved with the right approach to SPPS, including chemistry and instrument design. Tailored peptides facilitate rational vaccine design Conventional vaccines have been powerful allies in fighting disease, but they have several drawbacks, including being limited to developing vaccines for organisms that can be grown in costly cell culture, low vaccine yields, additional unnecessary antigenic load that may induce unwanted responses, and the danger of non-virulent organisms converting to virulent forms. These drawbacks have stimulated the development of peptide-based vaccines that offer the potential of providing, for example, fully-defined composition with no biological contamination, the possibility to customize, and cost-effective large-scale peptide vaccine production. Peptide vaccines against infectious and chronic diseases Peptide-based vaccines are under development against a number of pathogens, including the parasite causing malaria, hepatitis C virus, influenza virus, and HIV-1. Peptides are also featuring in the cutting-edge R&D efforts to fight the COVID-19 pandemic1. Another path involves a novel ’antidote-vaccine’ that could act as a prophylactic, immune-stimulant and therapeutic against the SARS-CoV-2 virus2. Peptides are also being used in vaccines in cancer, in the form of neoantigens that are normally presented on the surface of tumor cells and can be targeted by T cells as foreign, leading to cancer cell death3. HER2-related peptides are being used to increase T-cell helper response in the fight against HER2-expressing tumor cells4. Alzheimer’s disease is also being addressed with peptide-based vaccines that target the aberrant aggregation of two proteins, Aβ and Tau4. The art of mimicry – epitope choice and presentation The immunogenicity of regions of antigens varies for both B- and T-cell epitopes. This immunodominance is particularly important for peptide vaccines that target only a single or a few critical epitopes. Choosing the most effective binding region or regions to focus on is therefore vital. The peptide of a vaccine must also mimic the epitope presented by a structure that may be complex and conformation-dependent. Conformation-independent epitopes have low complexity and are formed by linear stretches of residues that may adopt local secondary structure once they are bound to the antibody. These linear epitopes are generally found in protein loops and are prime candidates for peptide vaccine design based on peptide synthesis. Peptide customization to improve vaccine performance While peptide-based vaccines can be effective and have a promising future, there are some disadvantages that must be addressed. - Poor immunogenicity – The simplicity of peptides becomes a disadvantage due to the limitations of the epitope that can be presented to the immune system. Short sequences can be added that are known to stimulate an immune response, or epitopes can be presented in multimeric formats based on virus-like particles (VLPs) or nanoparticles. Another common approach is the inclusion of immunostimulatory adjuvants. - Unstable in vivo – Peptide degradation can be reduced by binding to biopolymer conjugates or nanoparticles, which can also act as adjuvants. - Loss of native conformation – Peptide structure can be stabilized by adding flanking sequences, cyclization, stapling etc. - Effective for a limited population – The immunostimulatory power of peptide-based vaccines can be improved by multi-epitope constructs. Peptides provide diversity in the search for new drugs Therapeutic peptides have many advantages, including high activity, great chemical and biological diversity, and low toxicity. Added to that, advances in solid-phase peptide synthesis enable efficient synthesis of customized peptides with improved function and greater resistance to degradation, with high purity and at low cost compared to protein-based biologicals. These advantages are driving a dynamic peptide drug discovery process aimed at treating a range of conditions, including metabolic diseases, cancer, cardiovascular and infectious diseases, pain and hematological diseases. Therapeutic peptides can function simply, in peptide replacement, such as insulin, or be used to expedite the delivery of cytotoxic substances or imaging agents into specific cells. Examples of the diversity of research into therapeutic peptides include: - Spider venom peptides for non-opioid pain relief – the search for novel peptide analgesics that could specifically block ion channels involved in pain signaling5, 6. - Cyclotide scaffolds that stabilize epitopes – the design of cyclotides that help present epitopes in a constrained form that is also resistant to proteolysis7. - Epigenetic approaches to treating blood cancer –peptides designed to disrupt the binding of a chromatin modulator to its target8. Therapeutic peptides can also function as antivirals, targeting HIV, influenza, or hepatitis, generally by inhibiting the replication cycle. This is one approach being pursued to tackle the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, through the disruption of the interaction between the human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor and the viral spike protein of the SARS-CoV-2 virus responsible for this disease9. Why are peptides used as vaccines and therapeutics? Interest in peptide-based vaccines and therapeutics is increasing since peptides have a number of advantages that support a more rational design compared to more complex molecules and mixtures: - Fully-defined composition - Large-scale production is affordable - Water-soluble, stable in storage, can be freeze-dried - No biological contamination - Minimal allergic and autoimmune response - Can be customized - Different sequences can be quickly synthesized in parallel The need to synthesize complex peptides Success in the rational design, development and production of peptide vaccines and therapeutics depends on many factors, not least the ability to synthesize often complex peptides efficiently and quickly: - Longer peptides, >30 amino acids, are a challenge to synthesize, for example chemokines or histones. - Highly hydrophobic peptides such as beta-amyloids involved in Alzheimer’s disease and extensively used in research. - Cyclic peptides, in efforts to improve the rigidity, stability and resistance to degradation of therapeutic peptides. These are stapled, disulfide-bridged, bicyclic, or cyclized head-to-tail. Cyclotides, for example, are stable to proteolytic attack and have high thermal stability due to their highly constrained structure created by a head-to-tail cyclic backbone and three disulfide bonds that form a cystine-knotted core. - Peptides can be branched, include side-chain modifications, phospho-peptides or be cysteine rich. - Post-translational modifications (PTMs) of native peptides may need to be mimicked to achieve maximum effect, for example in the case of neoantigens. - The need to maintain stereochemistry (risk of racemization during synthesis). Purity is key Progress in peptide-based academic research, and the development of therapeutics and vaccines relies on the optimization of SPPS. If every single step went to 100% completion, then only the full-length peptide would be produced. This is very rarely the case, however well a protocol is optimized. Side reactions and incomplete reactions even at a low level can soon result in low yield of the required product in a background of failed sequences and the resulting poor peptide purity that can affect the application. For example, the theoretical yield of a 70-mer peptide can be calculated as follows: - 97% yield at every step (deprotection and coupling) gives 0.97140 = 1.4% overall yield Increasing the efficiency towards 100% has dramatic effects: - 99% yield: 0.99140 = 24% overall yield - 99.5% yield: 0.995140 = 50% overall yield Purity to match your application The first thing to do is to decide what level of purity you require, or rather, what impurities may affect your application, e.g.: Interference with target-binding - Deletion sequences - Truncation sequences - Incompletely deprotected sequences - Sequences modified during cleavage (reattachment of protecting groups at other locations on the peptide) - Other side-reaction products that are formed during synthesis (e.g. aspartimide formation, oxidation products) Interference in cell-based assays - TFA (trifluoroacetic acid) – can kill cells used in a bioassay - Acetic acid Avoiding these issues can require optimization or a look at downstream processing steps, such as including a salt exchange step. You may also need to examine the relative merits of freeze-dried vs. maintaining the peptide in solution, including stability testing. A brief guide to purity goals With this in mind, there are general guidelines to the purity you can aim at for a particular application: - Crude (>50% or >70%). For high-throughput screening of lead compounds. >70% for an antigen when studying immune response, although specific contaminants may need to be removed. - Medium purity (>70% or >80%). For the production, purification and testing of antibodies used in immunoassays, enzyme substrate studies, epitope mapping, affinity purification, bioassays or other immunological applications, and peptide screening. - Medium purity >85%. For biochemistry and semi-quantitative applications, such as enzymology, epitope mapping, or studying biological activity, enzyme-substrate interactions, or phosphorylation, and also peptide blocking in Western blotting and cell attachment. - High purity: >90% to >98% purity. For quantitative bioassays, quantitative in vitro receptor-ligand interaction studies, biological activity with ligand binding studies, quantitative blocking and competitive inhibition assays, quantitative phosphorylation and proteolysis studies, electrophoresis markers and chromatography standards. - Extremely high purity: >98% purity. For in vivo studies, clinical trials, or drug studies that use peptides as pharmaceuticals, and structure-activity relationship studies. Protein structure analysis by nuclear magnetic resonance studies or crystallography. How to optimize synthesis towards your required purity Achieving the purity you need means optimizing the efficiency of correct coupling and reducing side reactions, deletions, racemization etc. to an acceptable level. This can involve addressing sequence-specific issues presented by, for example, long peptides (>30 amino acids), local sequences that cause aggregation, or complex peptides that include hydrophobic amino acids or modifications such as cyclic, or branched residues. - Sequence analysis, for example using software, to determine if there are regions that might present particular challenges in synthesis. - Assessing the risk for side reactions, such as racemization. Additional steps can reduce the risk of side reactions or help increase the efficiency of individual couplings, including pseudoprolines, dipeptide building blocks, additives, and alternative sidechain protection. - Method screening and optimization that includes key aspects of SPPS: - Resin selection – SPPS is normally conducted on polystyrene crosslinked with 1% divinylbenzene (DVB). Alternatives include polyethylene glycol (PEG) derivatives, and the choice of core can affect synthesis success and crude purity. Linkers attached to the bead provide a reversible linkage between the growing peptide and the solid phase support and determine the properties of the final product and the chemistry that can be used. The choice of linker determines the C-terminal functional group in the final product. - Coupling chemistry – Choice is generally dependent on the synthesis speed, with faster synthesis requiring more highly reactive (= unstable) coupling reagents (HCTU, HATU and COMU) than slower synthesis (DIC, HBTU). Reaction temperature can affect the choice of coupling chemistry. - Reaction temperature – Increasing the temperature may speed up synthesis and improve purity, but not always. Note that microwave-based heating is just heating and does not have a special effect on synthesis. - Monitoring deprotection by real-time ultraviolet monitoring – This can be important in optimizing protocols. - Double couplings – Difficult couplings can be handled by doubling coupling, extending the coupling time, or adding more equivalents. - Steric hindrance – Coupling reagents must be sufficiently rapid so that sterically hindered amino acids can be incorporated. - Capping – Permanently blocking any unreacted amino groups following a coupling reaction, or acetylating the N-terminus of a completed peptide can be useful for minimizing deletion products. - Fresh solvents – Re-using solvents reduces purity. Peptide synthesizers for vaccines and therapeutic peptides Optimizing the synthesis of complex peptides depends on handling complex chemistries while minimizing cross-contamination, dead volumes, and reagent carryover. This is especially important for the synthesis of long sequences, in which even small amounts of impurities, side products, and incomplete reactions over many cycles can drastically reduce the final purity and yield of desired peptides. Aggregation, secondary structure, steric hindrance, and conformational effects can still pose challenges in synthesis, and real-time deprotection monitoring optimizes reaction times to ensure complete deprotection. In the case of neoantigen vaccines used in cancer therapy, parallel peptide synthesis is also important to quickly generate the pool of neoantigens needed. Speed is a critical factor since timing the delivery of a vaccine can make all the difference to the outcome. Neoantigens may be further altered through posttranslational modifications (PTMs) that occur in malignant but not healthy cells and are therefore an additional source of unique antigens that are specific to the individual patient. Choosing a peptide synthesizer that will quickly deliver peptides with the right purity A major factor that affects how you can optimize SPPS to achieve the peptide purity you need is the choice of synthesizer. Here are a few tips to help you in your choice: - Parallel reaction vessels to screen methods and reagents — As we have seen, optimization can involve looking at a large number of variables. The ability to run different reagent combinations in parallel will greatly speed up the optimization process. - Deprotection monitoring — Being able to monitor the efficiency of the deprotection step during the run avoids guesswork that can lead to incomplete deprotections, deletions, and side reactions. - Temperature control — Increasing the temperature can improve purity for some sequences. Being able to test the effect of different temperatures in parallel can boost productivity. - Minimal cross contamination — A peptide synthesizer that provides multi-channel synthesis with no reagent or resin cross-contamination will speed up optimization and minimize the risk of resynthesis - No-prime single shots for rare monomers — Many of the monomers and reagents used in special chemistries can be expensive or precious, so some synthesizers offer prime-free ‘Single-Shot’ additions from any amino acid/monomer bottle position to ensure that nothing is wasted. - Software designed for 21 CFR Part 11 compliance if peptides are being synthesized in a GxP facility. You can find out more about designing a peptide synthesis and minimizing side reactions by downloading our recent summary of SPPS Tips for Success webinars: - Designing a Synthesis: How to maximize the likelihood of success when developing an automated synthesis protocol for a new peptide sequence. - Side Reactions: How to implement strategies to reduce the risk of unwanted side reactions that inevitably occur during the chemical synthesis process. - Peptide Manufacture: A real-world example of the synthesis of 24 SARS-CoV-2 peptides with therapeutic potential, manufactured with a focus on cGMP and regulatory compliance. The ability to synthesize peptides to a high purity on a large scale, and also multiple sequences in parallel, has revolutionized many fields of basic research and also provided advanced weapons in the fight against disease. Gyros Protein Technologies provides you with the peptide synthesizers you need to match your needs in terms of yield, purity, scale, and synthesis in parallel. You can find out more about how to choose a peptide synthesizer by reading the article ‘5 factors to consider when choosing a peptide synthesizer’ 1 A candidate multi‑epitope vaccine against SARS‑CoV‑2. Kar, T et al. Scientific Reports. (2020) 10:10895. 2 Peptide antidotes to SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19). Watson, A et al. bioRxiv, August 6, 2020. doi. 3 Personalized neoantigen vaccination with synthetic long peptides: recent advances and future perspectives. Chen, X et al. Theranostics 2020; 10(13): 6011-6023. doi: 10.7150/thno.38742 4 Peptide-based vaccines: Current progress and future challenges. Malonis, RJ et al. Chem. Rev. 2020, 120, 3210−3229. 5 Gating modifier toxins isolated from spider venom: Modulation of voltage-gated sodium channels and the role of lipid membranes. Agwa AJ et al, J Biol Chem. 2018 Jun 8;293(23):9041-9052. doi: 10.1074/jbc.RA118.002553. Epub 2018 Apr 27. 6 Webinar: Venom peptides: Rethinking voltage-gated sodium channel inhibition, Christina Schroeder 7 Targeted delivery of cyclotides via conjugation to a nanobody. Kwon S et al. ACS Chem. Biol., 2018, 13 (10), 2973–2980. DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.8b00653 8 Specific inhibition of DPY30 activity by ASH2L-derived peptides suppresses blood cancer cell growth. Shah, KK et al. Experimental Cell Research. Vol 382, Issue 2, 15 September 2019, 111485. 9 Evidence supporting the use of peptides and peptidomimetics as potential SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) therapeutics. VanPatten, S et al. Future medicinal chemistry. July 2020 DOI: 10.4155/fmc-2020-0180

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What kind Of Energy Friction Produce?? When friction actions in between two surfaces that are actually relocating over each other some kinetic energy are actually changed right into warm energy. Friction can easily in some cases work. Exactly just what does friction always produce? Friction constantly operates in the instructions contrary to the instructions through which the object is actually relocating or even attempting to relocate. Friction constantly slows a removaling object down. The quantity of friction depends upon the products where the two surfaces are actually created. … Friction likewise creates warmth. Does friction always produce warmth? friction often creates warmth. Warm is actually created if there’s any type of movement versus the force of friction. The just opportunity that warm isn’t created is actually if the friction is actually, therefore, higher that no movement happens. ie the friction ends up being a fixed force. Is actually friction a force or even energy? Friction is actually a daily force that’s produced through two surfaces communicating. When these surface areas move versus each other this communication enhances the thermal energy of the two surfaces (the temperature level increases). Performs friction create a function? Friction is actually a force that resists movement in between any type of surface area that is actually touching. Friction can easily help or even versus our team. For instance, placing sand on an icy walkway enhances friction therefore you’re much less most probably to lapse. View likewise how to earn a slave Performs friction reduce kinetic energy? Indeed, kinetic energy will certainly reduce linearly if friction is actually continuous. When there’s a force it performs some deal with the object that triggers its own energy towards reducing linearly. Why performs friction create termination? Requests of friction For example, when 2 items massage with each other friction triggers a few of the energy of movement to become exchanged warm. This is actually why scrubbing 2 sticks will certainly ultimately create a termination. Where is actually the friction created? Friction is actually created coming from surface area abnormalities. Therefore they produce warmth as these surface areas massage each other. As well as in those abnormalities, the warm obtains caught. Performs friction create noise? Therefore if scrubbing points with each other trigger the sky particles close-by to shake after that noise is actually created. This is because of friction (electric communications) that shake the surface areas which after that shake the sky particles. Is actually friction thermal energy? When surface areas in getting in touch with relocating about each other the friction between the two surfaces transform kinetic energy right into thermal energy (that’s it transforms function towards warm). This residential or commercial home can easily have actually remarkable repercussions as detailed through using friction produced through scrubbing items of timber with each other towards beginning a termination. Is actually friction a type of technical energy? Friction, as well as sky protection, are actually each outside requirement as well as will perform function after the relocating object. As a matter of fact, the existence of friction as well as sky protection will perform unfavorable functions as well as trigger the overall technical energy towards reduction throughout the program of the movement. Performs friction enhance energy? No friction cannot enhance the technical energy of a body system. To ensure that the much a lot extra function performed (i.e. much a lot extra friction force all of various other points equivalent) the much less overall energy will certainly enter into kinetic as well as prospective energy. … Performs friction create illumination? When it comes to noticeable illumination if you’ve ever before viewed a meteor downpour after that you understand that they perform to create a great deal of noticeable illumination because of friction along with the environment. Particles are actually going through flexible accidents. How is actually friction created between two surfaces? When two surfaces move over each other there’s a type of interlacing style created that avoids the surface area coming from relocating. Friction occurs whenever one body system relocations or even attempts to relocate over one more. Is actually friction equivalent to kinetic energy? There’s practically no connection whatsoever between friction as well as kinetic energy — they are actually 2 totally various points! Friction is actually “a force which resists family member movement” while kinetic energy is actually the “energy an object has actually connected with its own movement.” How performs friction impact overall technical energy? Technical energy is actually decreased because of friction as well as transformed towards warm. This is actually the reason there’s a boost in temperature level in items that relocate versus each other. The function of friction in a shut body is actually to transform a component of the overall energy towards warmth. Exactly just what occurs towards the energy invested versus friction? Effectively, an excellent concern however the energy that’s invested versus friction is actually changed right into warm as well as/or even noise energy. For instance, when you massage your palms you antagonize friction as well as after a long time your palms feel cozy. Performs friction include or even eliminate energy? Friction for instance produces thermal energy that dissipates eliminating energy coming from the body. Additionally, even though the thermal energy is actually kept or even caught it cannot be actually completely transformed rear towards function therefore it is actually shed or otherwise recoverable because of feeling also. How performs thermal energy arise from friction? Thermal energy coming from friction View likewise exactly just what is actually the motion of sprinkle All of the functions performed due to the friction force leads to a move of energy right into thermal energy of the box-floor body. This thermal energy circulation as warm within the package as well as flooring eventually lifting the temperature level of each of these items. Which friction creates the very minimum friction? Rolling friction creates the very minimum friction. How performs friction produce noise? Friction happens due to the bonding between both asperities in getting in touch. Therefore when you attempt to relocate an object over the various others the bonds breather as well as brand-brand new bonds type. Each opportunity the bonds breathe vibrational waves are actually produced (because all of the atoms begin shaking). How performs friction impact a wave? Friction triggers a progressive reduction in the backward and forward motion of an audio wave (amplitude). This progressive reduction in a wave’s amplitude is actually referred to as damping. Over range, the frictional impacts coming from the bordering sky particles trigger the amplitude of acoustic waves to slowly reduce. How are actually friction noises created? fricative in phonetics a consonant noise like English for v is actually created through carrying the mouth right into setting towards obstructing the flow of the airstream however certainly not creating finish closure to ensure that sky relocating with the mouth produces distinct friction. Exactly just what is actually the energy created through relocating electrons? Electric energy is actually energy coming from relocating electrons. All of the issues is actually comprised of atoms as well as atoms are actually comprised of smaller-sized bits referred to as protons (which have actually a favorable fee) neutrons (which have actually a toneless fee) as well as electrons (which are actually adversely billed). Exactly just what are actually the types of technical energy? Technical Energy 101: Whatever You Have to Understand Certainly there certainly are actually 2 kinds of technical energy: prospective energy as well as kinetic energy. … Technical energy is actually the energy a body system has actually because of its own motion or even setting. … While the sphere is actually increasing it sheds its own kinetic energy. Exactly just what is actually the technical energy shed because of friction? The technical energy of the body stays continuous offered there’s no reduction of energy because of friction. The energy will change towards kinetic energy when the rate is actually enhanced. The technical energy of the body enhances offered there’s no reduction of energy because of friction. When a friction force performs deals with an object the overall technical energy of that object is actually altered? When a friction force performs deals with an object the overall technical energy of that object is actually altered. 4. The overall technical energy of an object stays continuous if the just requires performing deal with the object is actually conventional requirements. Performs friction create interior energy? Friction is actually a nonconservative force. If its actions are on a body system the technical energy of the body system isn’t conserved. To protect the legislation of Preservation of Energy our team includes the phrase interior energy U towards the technical energy. Performs friction to enhance kinetic energy? Friction resists the family member movement in between 2 body systems thus it reduces the kinetic energy. However, in the sight that friction materials the force that speeds up the object for instance friction assists in strolling, our team can easily state that friction triggers a boost in kinetic energy. Why is actually friction constantly contrary to the movement? Initially, Responded Why performs friction action in instructions contrary to the instructions of movement? The friction force is actually a force that withstands moving. For that reason, its actions on a body system contrary to the instructions of family members movement of that body system as well as one more one. View likewise how towards the mean USA of The united states Exactly just what H, as well as N, can easily friction create? H, as well as N friction, can easily create “warm”. Friction is actually the protection towards the motion of one object relocating in regard to one more. It is everything however fundamental energy just like gravitation or even electromagnetism. Exactly just what is actually friction kind of friction? Friction is actually the force that resists movement in between any type of surface area that remains in getting in touch. Certainly, there certainly are actually 4 kinds of friction: fixed moving rolling as well as liquid friction. Fixed moving, as well as rolling friction, happens in between strong surface areas. How perform you discover energy coming from friction? How to discover the force of friction Select the typical force behaving in between the object as well as the ground. Let’s presume a typical force of 250 N. Identify the friction coefficient. … Increase these worths through each other: (250 N) * 0.thirteen = 32.5 N. You simply discovered the force of friction! How perform you discover kinetic energy coming from friction? Kinetic Friction Formula Kinetic Friction Formula Concerns: Response: On a level surface area the typical force on an object is actually η = mg. Utilizing this the formula could be utilized to discover the force of friction: Fk = μk η Response: On a level surface area the typical force on an object is actually η = mg. … Fk = μk η

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Introduction of Structural Loads Structural analysis is a salient feature of a design of buildings as structural loads can typically cause stress, deformation, and displacement which might result in structural failure. What Are Structural Loads? Loads are generally the forces that can cause stresses, deformations, or accelerations. There are an ample range of distinct kinds of structural loads that can act upon a structure. It’s nature will be discrete according to the design, utilization, location, and materials. Types of Loads on Structures There are two types of Loads on Structures. Which is as follows. - Vertical Load. - Horizontal Load. 1. Vertical Load A load applied in a vertical direction is called a vertical load. They are categorized into the subsequent types: - Dead Load. - Live Load. - Environmental Load. - Snow Load. - Impact Load. 1.1. Dead Loads Dead loads, also known as static loads, historically referred to a structure’s self-weight or own weight & historically remain constant overtime throughout the structure‘s life-span. These loads are additionally termed permanent loads. Dead loads are additionally referred to as stationary loads. Dead loads may consist of the poundage of any structural components, permanent non-structural segregations, moored attachments like plasterboard, built-in cupboards, etc. These loads can be enumerated by finding the weights of cubical contents of the miscellaneous materials which are typically being utilized for constructing the structure. Dead loads can be enumerated by estimating the poundage of materials & by additionally estimating their volume. |Material||Unit Weight of Material| |Plain Cement Concrete [PCC]||24 kN/m3| |Reinforced Cement Concrete [RCC]||25 kN/m3| |Brick Masonry, cement plaster||20 kN/m3| |Stone Masonry||24 kN/m3| |Floor Finish||0.6-1.2 kN/m3| Dead Load Calculation Dead loads are usually ascertained by considering the quantity of each & every material and then multiplying it with the unit weight of that particular material. For instance, a column is created of reinforced cement concrete and having a length, breadth, and depth, then the dead load of the column is. Dead Load = V x d - V = Indicates the volume of the structure - d = Indicates the density of the material Dimension of Column - Length = 0.4 m (400 mm) - Breadth = 0.4 m (400 mm) - Height = 3 m (3000 mm) - Volume of Column Structure = 3.0 m x 0.4 m x 0.4 m = 0.48m3 Here, RCC Strucher Density = 25 kN/m3 Dead Load of ColumnDerived = 0.48 m3 x 25 kN/m3 Dead Load of ColumnDerived = 12 kn Dead Load Examples - Dead Loads on Beam. - Dead Loads on Slab. - Dead Loads on Column. - Walls & Flooring Cover. 1.2. Live Loads Live loads, also called super–imposed loads or sudden loads, such as occupants, furniture, or traffic loads, may fluctuate. Live loads changes with respect to time as they depend on usage & capacity. This type of loading may come and go, hence this is dynamic. An office building may experience surged live loads during week-day work hours but many bijou loads during the night or at weekends. - Weight of person. - Weight of movable furniture. |Types of Floors||Minimum Live Loads kN/m2| |Houses, Hospital Wards, Dormitory Floors, Office Floors||2.0 kN/m2 2.5 kN/m2 & 4.0 kN/m2 2.5 kN/m2 when separate storage facility provided, otherwise 4.0kN/m2 |Shops, Educational Buildings, Assembly Buildings, Restaurants||4.0 kN/m2| |Banking Halls, Office Entrance Halls||3.0 kN/m2| |Office Floors for Storage, Assembly Floor Space, Without Seating, Public Rooms in Hotels, Dance Halls, Waiting Halls||5.0 kN/m2| |Warehouses, Workshops, Factories||Light Wt. Loads- 5.0 kN/m2 Medium – 7.5 kN/m2 Heavy – 10.0 kN/m2 |Garages||4.0 kN/m2 to 7.5 kN/m2| |Stairs, Landings, Balconies, and Floor Corridors(not Liable to Over-Crowding)||3.0kN/m2| |Stairs, Landings, Balconies, and Floor Corridors(not Liable to Over-Crowding)||5.0 kN/m2| |Flat slabs, sloped roofs||Access Provided – 1.5 kN/m2 Access not Provided – 0.75 kN/m2 1.3. Snow Loads This is the vertical load which is generally affected by the deposition of snow and happens more in geographic regions where snowfall is ponderous and frequent. Consequential or huge quantities of snow can accumulate, adding a considerable load to a structure & that generally has a tendency to fail the structure or cause significant cracks. The intensity snow load is due to various factors: - Roof geometry - Size of the structure - Insulation of the structure - Wind frequency - Snow duration - Geographical location of the structure Snow loads are enumerated by the projections made by snow at distinct parts of the structure, e.g., In hilly areas like in China, Russia, Europe, Asia, India, and Pakistan, this kind of load is observed. Enumeration of Snow Loads on a Structure The minimum snow load on any area is obtained by the expression:- - S = Design snow load - μ = Shape coefficient - S0 = Ground snow load. 1.4. Impact Load Load applied on a structure abruptly is known as impact load. Impact load is treacherous than a uniformly disseminated load because of the intensity. The intensity of the impact load is always greater than a homogeneously disseminated load. If the value of the impact load is extremely high, it will directly fail & it won’t even provide a chance for the structure to crack. 1.5. Environmental Loads It is a kind of vertical load in which the load may be affected on a structure as a result of topographic disturbance or tyrannical weather conditions such as temperature rise at a high or low level leading to mutilation. 2. Horizontal Load It is typically the load applied on structure in a horizontal direction. Horizontal loads are basically on the x-axis. Usually, when a horizontal load is applied on the structure, the structure will tend to fail or develop some significant cracks. The categories of horizontal load are given below: - Wind Load. - Earthquake Load. - Thermal Load. - Settlement Load. - Imposed Load. 2.1. Wind Loads Wind loads are often applied by the drift of air relative to a structure (when the wind is obstructed), & analysis draws upon an understanding of meteorology & aerodynamics. Wind load usually might not be a major concern for bijou, colossal, low-level buildings, where the dead weight of a structure is insufficient to resist wind loads, but it often procures momentousness with greater apogee, the utilization of lighter materials & also the use of shapes that will affect the flow of air. Main effects Wind Loads - Corner streams or jets often arise around the corners of buildings. - Vortex shedding frequently arises within the wake of a building. - Through-flow, or passage-jets, that frequently arise in a passage through a building or bijou gap betwixt two buildings. Enumeration of Wind Loads on a Structure - The intensity of wind load depends upon the rate of wind, expansion & aggregate elevation of the building. - To calculate the aggregate wind load, the subsequent equation is required:- Pz= 0.6 Vz2 Pz Is in N/m2 at loftiness Z Vz is in m/sec - Up to the pinnacle of 30 m, the wind pressure is taken into account to act homogeneously. Above 30 m the wind pressure increases notably. - To enumerate Vz the subsequent expression is required:- Vz = k1k2k3Vb - k1 = Risk coefficient. - k2 = Coefficient based on height and structure size. - k3 = Topography factor. 2.2. Earthquake Loads Significant horizontal loads may be foisted on a structure during an earthquake. Buildings in areas of seismic activity are required to be attentively scanned and designed to corroborate they do not fail if an earthquake occurs. Earthquake load is exerted on a structure in 2 directions i.e., vertical and horizontal direction. Of late, every building is designed to bear the seismic loads safely. The design of the earthquake load is in complete contrast from wind loads and gravity. The earthquake features a relatively greater sensitivity to the geometry of structure than wind load and gravity. 2.3. Thermal Loads All materials expand or contract with respect to temperature variation, and this may deploy a considerable amount of loads on a structure leading to cracks. Expansion joints can be provided at points on long sections of structures (wall or floor) in a particular order that elements are physically segregated and may enlarge without any structural defacement. 2.4. Settlement Loads Stresses can happen in buildings when one part settles slightly more in comparison to the other. A pliable structure can accommodate bijou stresses, whereas a stiff structure will significantly require careful designs. 2.5. Imposed Loads The loads which change continuously are called imposed loads. Few common samples of such loads are the weight of a human, weights of the movable partition, dust loads & weight of the furniture. These loads were formerly referred to as live loads. In a specific building, the imposed load may be discrete from one room to another room. Loads may additionally be categorized as: - Concentrated loads (or point loads): Single loads that act over a comparatively bijou area, such as column loads. - Line loads: Line loads deploy a load along a line, like a partition’s weight on the floor. - Distributed (or surface) loads: These exert a load over a surface area, like the weight of floors and roofing materials. Some other Types of Loads Some other types of forces or loads are: - Foundation Movement (IS 1904) - Erection Load (IS 875- Part2) - Vibration, Fatigue - Soil and Fluid Pressures (IS 875- Part5) - Stress Concentration Effect Due to Point of Application of Load

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Over the past 13 years Indonesia has made great strides in becoming a stable, democratic country with a strong civil society and independent media. However, serious human rights concerns remain. While senior officials pay lip service to protecting human rights, they seem unwilling to take the steps necessary to ensure compliance by the security forces with international human rights and punishment for those responsible for abuses. In 2011 religious violence surged, particularly against Christians and Ahmadiyah, a group that considers itself Muslim but that some Muslims consider heretical. Violence continued to rack Papua and West Papua provinces, with few effective police investigations to hold perpetrators accountable. Freedom of Expression While Indonesia today has a vibrant media, authorities continue to invoke harsh laws criminalizing those who raise controversial issues, chilling peaceful expression. Indonesia has imprisoned more than 100 activists from the Moluccas and Papua for peacefully voicing political views, holding demonstrations, and raising separatist flags. The new Law on State Intelligence passed in October, contains vague and overbroad language that could facilitate abuse. For instance, anyone who even negligently leaks confidential information about intelligence activities is subject to imprisonment, raising fears the law could be used to prosecute journalists, political opposition members, or human rights activists who publish information in the public interest about government abuses. Indonesia's criminal libel, slander, and "insult" laws prohibit deliberately "insulting" public officials and intentionally publicizing statements that harm another person's reputation. In July the Supreme Court overturned an acquittal of Prita Mulyasari, who complained of poor medical treatment over emails to friends, and convicted her on internet defamation charges. Despite acquitting Mulyasari in a related civil case, the Supreme Court sentenced her to a six-month suspended sentence. Military Reform and Impunity Impunity for members of Indonesia’s security forces remains a serious concern, with no civilian jurisdiction over soldiers who commit serious human rights abuses. Military tribunals are held rarely, lack transparency, and the charges frequently fail to reflect the seriousness of the abuses committed. In January a military tribunal in Jayapura, Papua, convicted three soldiers from Battalion 753 and sentenced them to between eight to twelve months imprisonment. Despite video evidence of six soldiers involved in brutally torturing two Papuans, the tribunal tried only three of the six soldiers, and on lesser military discipline charges rather than for torture. The soldiers have not been discharged. In August the Jayapura military tribunal convicted three soldiers from the same battalion regarding an incident in which soldiers shot and killed Reverend Kinderman Gire on the suspicion he was a separatist. Again, the tribunal only convicted them of "disobeying orders," and sentenced them to six, seven, and fifteen months in prison respectively. In June President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono appointed his brother-in-law Lt.-Gen. Pramono Edhie Wibowo as the new army chief. Pramono commanded a Kopassus team that was deployed to East Timor in 1999. During that time, in the run up to a referendum on independence, pro-Indonesia militias or security forces killed more than 1,000 civilians. The armed forces retain extensive business holdings despite a law requiring the government to shut down these businesses or take them over by October 2009. Freedom of Religion In 2011 incidents of religious violence got more deadly and more frequent, as Islamist militants mobilized mobs to attack religious minorities with impunity; short prison terms for a handful of offenders did nothing to dissuade mob violence. The government failed to overturn several decrees that discriminate between religions and foster intolerance. According to the Setara Institute, which monitors religious freedom, there were 216 cases of religious attacks in 2010 and 184 cases in the first nine months of 2011. In February more than 1,500 Islamist militants attacked a house in Cikeusik, western Java, killing three and seriously wounding five Ahmadiyah men. The incident was caught on film. Public outrage generated around the case prompted the authorities to act quickly in investigating the attack. In July the Serang district court sentenced 12 men to between three and six months imprisonment for disturbing public order, incitement, and assault, but not for manslaughter. Police and prosecutors failed to present a fully compelling case against the 12 defendants. Police did not conduct thorough investigations, and prosecutors did not call key eyewitnesses to the attack. The prosecutors also sought reduced sentences, contending that the Ahmadiyah provoked the attack. In August the Serang court convicted one of the Ahmadiyah members seriously injured in the attack, Deden Sudjana, for assault and disobeying police orders, sentencing him to six months imprisonment. In 2011 Islamist mobs attacked Ahmadiyah communities and mosques in various places, including West Java, Banten, and South Sulawesi. In August in Makassar, South Sulawesi, a lawyer who represented the Ahmadiyah was assaulted. In April an Islamist suicide bomber attacked a police mosque in Cirebon, West Java, killing himself and injuring at least 28 people. The bomber had previously been involved in violent protests over a blasphemy trial and an anti-Ahmadiyah attack in Cirebon in 2010. In September another Islamist suicide bomber attacked a church in Solo, Central Java, killing himself and wounding 14 churchgoers. In February Islamists also attacked three churches in Temanggung, Central Java, after the district court convicted controversial preacher Antonius Bawareng of blasphemy. The court sentenced him to five years in jail, the maximum penalty for blasphemy, but Islamists called for him to be executed. The Semarang district court later convicted eight of the Islamists involved in the attack, sentencing them to between five months and one year imprisonment. Minority congregations reported that local government officials arbitrarily refused to issue them permits required, under a 2006 decree, for building houses of worship. Those who attempted to worship without a permit faced harassment and violence. In January the Supreme Court ordered the reopening of a Presbyterian church known locally as GKI Yasmin, overturning the Bogor administration’s ruling which had revoked the church’s building permit. However, Bogor Mayor Diani Budiarto refused to comply. Government ministers offered the church “relocation.” In October an Islamist organization began to harass churchgoers who were holding Sunday services on a sidewalk outside the sealed church. Senior government officials—including Minister of Religious Affairs Suryadharma Ali, Home Affairs Minister Gamawan Fauzi, and Minister of Human Rights and Law Patrialis Akbar—continued to justify restrictions on religious freedom in the name of public order. In August internal military documents—mainly from Kopassus, Indonesia’s special forces—were made public, exposing how the Indonesian military monitors peaceful activists, politicians, and religious clergy in Papua. The documents show the deep military paranoia in Papua that conflates peaceful political expression with criminal activity. Several of those named in the documents as targets have faced arrest, imprisonment, harassment, or other forms of violence. Access to Papua in 2011 remained tightly controlled. Few foreign journalists and human rights researchers can visit independently without close monitoring of their activities. Since October the vice president’s office has set up the Unit to Accelerate Development in Papua and West Papua, which is focused on economic development. Its board members include some veterans of peace talk over Aceh. In July over 500 representatives of Papuan civil society met at a peace conference in Jayapura, organized by a government-funded peace-initiative network. Violence in Papua worsened in July and August with several unrelated attacks in which more than two dozen people were killed or seriously injured. Seventeen people were killed in Puncak Jaya in July when two rival political camps clashed in an election dispute. In Puncak Jaya there has been a long insurgency between the Free Papua Organization (OPM) and the Indonesian military. The OPM commander in Puncak Jaya claimed responsibility for several attacks against the Indonesian military in July, including one in which an Indonesian military chopper was shot down, injuring seven soldiers and killing one. In October security forces used excessive violence when arresting more than 300 Papuans involved in a three-day Papuan Congress. At least three men were killed and more than 90 were injured. Six Papuan leaders were charged with treason. Aceh's provincial government continued to implement a repressive Sharia-inspired dress code with disregard for women’s agency and a law on "seclusion," banning association between unmarried men and women in "isolated" places. The provisions are enforced primarily through a Sharia police force that harasses, intimidates, and arbitrarily arrests and detains children, women, and men. Local community groups also forcibly enter homes and assault and publicly humiliate couples they suspect are committing "seclusion." Police make little effort to deter and prosecute such assaults. In April two couples were publicly caned under the “seclusion” law. At this writing it was unclear what effect a decision by Partai Aceh, the main party of the former rebels, to boycott December 2011 local elections would have. The party claimed that Jakarta-sponsored election regulations were not in line with the 2005 Helsinki peace agreement that ended the decades-long conflict in Aceh. Migrant Domestic Workers Migrant domestic workers continue to face abuses both during the recruitment process in Indonesia and while employed abroad. The government has failed to stop local recruiters from charging prospective migrants exorbitant fees that leave them highly indebted, which contributes to situations of forced labor abroad. In May Indonesia and Malaysia signed a new Memorandum of Understanding on Indonesian domestic workers traveling to Malaysia. The revised agreement includes some improved benefits for migrant domestic workers, allowing them to keep their passports instead of having to surrender them to their employers, and guarantees them a weekly day off. But the agreement does not set a minimum wage, as Indonesia had wanted, and perpetuates recruitment fee structures that leave workers indebted. In June the Saudi government executed Ruyati binti Sapubi, a 54-year-old domestic worker from western Java. She was convicted of murdering her Saudi employer, who she claimed was abusing her. Child Domestic Workers Hundreds of thousands of girls in Indonesia are employed as domestic workers. Many work long hours, with no day off, and are forbidden from leaving the house where they work. In the worst cases, girls are physically, psychologically, and sexually abused by their employers. Despite supporting the landmark International Labour Organization convention in June that extended key labor protections to domestic workers, Indonesia's domestic laws exclude all domestic workers from the basic labor rights afforded to formal workers. A domestic workers law that was introduced in 2010 has since stalled in parliament. Key International Actors Indonesia assumed the chairmanship of the Association of Southeast Asia Nations (ASEAN) in 2011, holding an ASEAN summit in Jakarta in May and Bali in November. In May Indonesia committed to “uphold the highest standards in the promotion and protection of human rights” when it was elected by the General Assembly to become a member of the United Nations Human Rights Council, but left unaddressed which concrete steps would be taken to fulfill pledges on key issues like freedom of religion and expression, and accountability of abuses by military forces. The United States continued to provide extensive military assistance to Indonesia. In July US Secretary of State Hillary Clinton and Indonesia Foreign Minister Marty Natalegawa co-chaired the second annual Joint Commission of the US-Indonesia Comprehensive Partnership. In November President Barack Obama visited Indonesia as part of the ASEAN Summit in Bali. The US also continued to reengage with Kopassus, and provide significant support to Detachment 88, Indonesia's counterterrorism police. Similarly, the Australian government continued cooperation with both units. In July the European Parliament issued a resolution on human rights in Indonesia, condemning recent attacks on Christians and Ahmadiyah properties.

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It is mid July. Most people have been sort of following the news on COVID19 for four months, trying to make sense of it all. After all, it is not every day that the world gets hit by a pandemic and all future plans lie in a state of suspension until who knows when, and you got to figure out what to do next based on what is happening. But how do you decide what is happening? Enter data on COVID19. Lots of it. All Data is Not Made Equal Data can be overwhelming---and confusing. For starters, it is outright wrong to compare the datasets of one state/ country with another, without reading the fine print, and to read numbers alone, without paying attention to the exact metric being reported. For example, when a chart reports "number of tests," are they reporting the number of samples tested or the number of individuals tested, or number of positive tests? When some news wire reports the "number of deaths," are they reporting the total number of deaths, deaths per number of cases, or deaths per million? This is just a tiny preview of the huge nebula of facts and figures, which, instead of being information, adds to the misinformation on the pandemic, causing much anxiety, confusion and stress. What Should We Measure? The biggest challenge of this pandemic is that nothing was known about this when it broke out. For a few months after it broke out, still nothing was known about it, atleast not for sure. And almost six months later, there are still very few things that can be said with any certainty. In this scenario, the best thing that can be done is monitoring what is actually happening (the reality), and trying to map the science and technology to make sense of the reality. This is where data comes in. Data helps us measure the impact of the problem, qualitatively and quantitatively, and helps prioritize what part(s) of the problem need a more urgent or permanent solution, and what parts can be managed with the prevailing uncertainty. The chart above shows the total confirmed deaths across multiple countries on a logarithmic scale. This is just one example of a metric used to make sense of the severity of the pandemic. Below is a low down and comparative analysis of which metric is useful in what context, and how it should be interpreted. If you understand these metrics, you will not need the media's comments on them to make sense of a given factoid. Although most news and media outlets reports only deaths (for a country or state), it is important to remember that every state/ province and country is different demographically and geographically. Not only do they vary in size, they vary in population and population density. So it makes sense to always look at the number of total deaths per million. This gives an indication of the scale we are looking at. For example, you cannot compare the total number of deaths in Singapore with the total number of deaths in India. Moreover, in a disease like COVID19, population density also plays a very important role. The higher the population density, lesser the social distancing is likely to be, and hence, higher the risk of infection. There is no separate metric to measure the scale of devastation which factors in the population density, but number of deaths per million when broken down state-wise or city-wise, does give a reasonable idea of the impact. It is important to note that the total number of 'confirmed deaths' (which charts report) is not necessarily the actual total number of deaths due to COVID19. This is for multiple reasons. For one, several cases of COVID19 involve co-morbidities, and different hospitals follow different protocols on which death can be attributed to COVID19 as the cause. Another reason is that in the event of insufficient hospitalization facilities, deaths happen at home as well, and there may not be a systematic way to count these. Yet another possible reason is that collecting and compiling this information into the database takes time. Often there are lags between the actual date of death, and it getting updated in the database. So the number of deaths reported on a given day is not necessarily reflective of deaths on that day, and cannot be used to track a very precise trend, but rather, the overall trend. Number of Cases There are various metrics being used for reporting the number of COVID19 cases: number of active cases, cumulative number of cases, number of new cases, number of cases per million, and so on. Most of these are reported as confirmed cases, and can be a daily or 7 day rolling average. The number of active cases compared with the cumulative number of cases gives a sense of what the recovery rate is like for a country or state. Number of new cases gives a sense of how much or how fast the pandemic is spreading. Number of cases per million is representative of the extent of the spread and infection of the disease in a country, taking its size and population into account. The total number of cases helps estimate the overall impact of the disease. Not everyone who suffers from COVID19 can go back to a normal life after recovery. There are financial and health constraints to consider. Many of these people cannot become a part of the workforce of the economy for several months, and that has economic implications for the country. Mapping the daily new cases against the total number of cases gives context of how much a country is able to bend the curve. As opposed to what daily news seems to imply, many countries have been able to successfully bend the curve and reduce the infection rates. Tests ascertain whether a given person is COVID positive at a given point of time. The same person can (and often does) take the test multiple times to check their condition. Number of positive tests is an indicator of the increase in infection. But it is not accurately representative of the prevalence of the disease in a country or state. It is not the same as the total number of cases either. This distinction needs to be made early on. This is because the tests are performed only on people who want the test and take the test. Tests are not conducted on a random sample of people. If they were random, they could be representative of the population. But in the current pattern, there would be a selection bias in the data. Moreover, many people who do have COVID often do not take the test, or are in a place where they do not have the proper facility to test. So their numbers never get added to the data on positive tests. Hence, the number of positives is not the same as the number of cases. The accuracy rate of tests is another factor to consider. There is little information on the accuracy of tests, and they are subject to errors. Without knowing the error of a certain test setup, the data on positive tests is only roughly indicative. Number of tests performed per million people, and number of positives vs total number of tests are two metrics which give us a sense of how much testing is being done, and what the incidence rate roughly works out to be for a given country. If the number of positives is very high, more testing is probably advised, as there may be many more people who are infected but asymptotic. Mortality rate is a commonly used term, though the "Case Fatality Rate" (CFR) is the more official term for reporting the number of confirmed deaths divided by the number of confirmed cases. As will be evident from the figure, the CFR is not the same across different countries (as some people seem to assume). The CFR varies from one region to another based on multiple factors like the inherent immunity of the people, the policies in place (like lockdowns, mandatory masks, social distancing etc) and the population density of the place (which decides the level of social distancing actually achievable). So COVID19 has no fixed CFR. People who have pre existing conditions seem to be affected more severely by COVID19 than those who have no health conditions, based on early findings. A study of patients in Italy and China suggested that people in the 60-80 yrs age group have a higher risk and CFR than those in the lower age groups. So, the CFR varies drastically, and though it can be estimated for a given population set, it should not be taken as fixed. Is It Okay to Take Decisions Based Only on Mortality Rate? The goal of ploughing through all this data is to make informed decisions. There are plenty of questions yet to be answered. What metric(s) should be used to decide whether to open up schools or impose lockdown? While there is no binary answer to these questions, one flawed (but popular) argument is that if the number of deaths per million is low, one can go back to "normal life." The findings imply otherwise. Many people who were afflicted with COVID19 in March, are yet to get back on their feet. There is mounting reason to believe that COVID19 is way more damaging than "just a flu." It seems to destroy the immunity of the patients and leaves them emaciated, where they are not technically "sick" but are not strong enough to resume normal work. They report symptoms like body pain, chronic fatigue, breathing trouble, and overall lack of energy. So, if a huge number of people are getting infected, going back to normal is not realistic. The risk of infecting more people, destroying their ability to work, is not worth taking. It might be better to "stay home" and work from home while you still have the ability to work. COVID19 may be here to stay for longer than anyone would like it to. In such a situation, knowing what you are dealing with, and being realistic about it, gives a better chance of survival, than ignoring the numbers and taking uninformed decisions. PS: The article may be updated from time to time. In such an event, the updates will be highlighted. All data and figures courtesy ourworldindata.org Onder G, Rezza G, Brusaferro S. Case-Fatality Rate and Characteristics of Patients Dying in Relation to COVID-19 in Italy. JAMA. 2020;323(18):1775–1776. doi:10.1001/jama.2020.4683

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Exodus xxi. 16. And he that stealeth a man, and selleth him, or if be be found in his hand, he shall surely be put to death. See the dire victim torn from social life, The shrieking babe, the agonizing wife! She, wretch forlorn, is dragged by hostile hands, To distant tyrants, sold to distant lands, Transmitted miseries and successive chains, The sole sad heritage her child obtains! E'en this last wretched boon their foes deny. To live together, or together die. By felon hands, by one relentless stroke, See the fond links of feeling nature broke! The fibers twisting round a parent's heart, Torn from their grasp, and bleeding as they part. What wrongs, what injuries does Oppression plead, To smooth the crime and sanctify the deed? What strange offense, what aggravated sin? They stand convicted — of a darker skin! The commencement of this nefarious traffic dates back to the year 1503, when a few slaves were sent from the Portuguese settlements in Africa to the Spanish colonies in America. It is said, however, that before that period, in 1434, a Portuguese captain landed in Guinea, and captured some colored lads, whom he sold at a profit to the Moors settled in the south of Spain. The trade became established in Spain in the year 1517, when Charles V. granted to Lebresa the exclusive right to import annually 4000 Africans, who were sold to the Genoese. The French under Louis XIII., and the English in the reign of Queen Elizabeth, permitted the traffic, under the plea that the captives taken in war would thus be saved from death; although Elizabeth protested against the cruelties connected with the trade. The African chiefs, stimulated by a desire for gain, waged war against their neighbors, and thousands were soon captured, and hurried to the coast, to be exchanged for rum, brandy, iron, and toys, which constituted the currency of Europeans in this traffic. The most unjust and cruel means were resorted to in order to carry on the inhuman barter. Peaceful villages were ruthlessly invaded; the innocent were charged with crimes that they never committed; children were torn from their parents, and bound together, two and two, by the neck, with heavy pieces of wood, and marched, or rather driven to the river or coast, where a multitude of purchasers were ready to place them on board their vessels, and doom them to all the horrors of the middle passage. Thus this traffic was conceived in sin, and baptized in every form of iniquity. In the year 1620, the same year in which the Pilgrims landed on Plymouth Rock, bringing with them liberty, virtue, and a pure faith, a Dutch vessel landed twenty negroes at Queenstown, Virginia, who were sold to the colonists as slaves, thus opening the trade with our country. The traffic thus sustained by Portugal, Spain, France, and England, and having a new field on this continent, gradually advanced, producing every where its legitimate and terrible effects. So anxious were the petty African kings to keep up the trade, that when the French revolution lessened the demand for human merchandise, the king of Dahomey sent, in 1796, his brother and son to Lisbon, to secure the revival of the traffic, and entered into a treaty in favor of Portugal. Before this traffic was opened, and the Africans were corrupted by drunkenness and avarice, wars seldom occurred; but the introduction of this wickedness opened the door to every crime, and it has frequently happened that thousands have been slain, while only hundreds have been captured. A surgeon, who sailed from New York to engage in the slave trade, made the following record in his journal: "The commander of the vessel sent to acquaint the king that he wanted a cargo of slaves. Some time after, the king sent him word he had not yet met with the desired success. A battle was fought, which lasted three days. Four thousand five hundred men were slain upon the spot!" Some idea of the waste of fife which this iniquity has occasioned may be gained, when we remember that during the last three centuries about forty millions of human beings have been torn from Africa, for the purpose of being reduced to servitude. Besides the loss in war, from fifteen to twenty per cent, die on the passage, and many more die after being landed. The gifted and humane Wilberforce, in a speech before Parliament, remarked that: "He would now say a few words relative to the "middle passage," principally to show that regulations could not effect a cure of the evil there. Mr. Isaac Wilson had stated in his evidence, that the ship in which he sailed, only three years ago, was of three hundred and seventy tons, and that she carried six hundred and two slaves. Of these she lost one hundred and fifty-five. There were three or four other vessels in company with her, which belonged to the same owners. One of these carried four hundred and fifty, and buried two hundred; another carried four hundred and sixty-six, and buried seventy-three; another five hundred and forty-six, and buried one hundred and fifty-eight; and from the four together, after the landing of their cargoes, two hundred and twenty died. He fell in with another vessel, which had lost three hundred and sixty-two, but the number which had been bought was not specified. Now if to these actual deaths, during and immediately after the voyage, we were to add the subsequent loss in the seasoning, and to consider that this would be greater than ordinary in cargoes which were landed in such a sickly state, we should find a mortality, which, if it were only general for a few months, would entirely depopulate the globe. After giving other testimony, Mr. Wilberforce added: The discussion in the British Parliament, while the question of the abolition of the slave trade was pending, brought out from the noble champions of freedom an array of facts that ought to arouse all Christian nations to the barbarities of this traffic. But the Christian nations need to be Christianized, especially this American nation, that is madly plunging anew into this accursed traffic. We need in an American congress a William Wilberforce, a Charles James Fox, a William Pitt, an Edmund Burke, a Thomas Erskine, a Granville Sharp, and a Thomas Clarkson, to move the nation, as these nolble men moved the British public, and thunder into the ears of the people the crimes and cruelties of man-stealing, until they rise in their might, and decree its annihilation. It is impossible to conceive a more foul blot upon the American name, than the revival of this traffic at a day like this. It is reversing the wheels of civilization, and voluntarily going back to barbarism. It is giving the lie to our boasts of intelligence, humanity, and freedom. It is directly bidding defiance to the Almighty, and calling down the wrath of Heaven. It is adding a chapter to the history of this trade, the darkest, the most fearful and terrible that was ever written. "Enlightened age!" "Christian nation!" "Free America!" Let us not mock the common sense of the world by the use of these phrases, while this dark cloud is casting its shadow over us. Let us, at least, pray for deliverance from the lowest form of national hypocrisy. We would gladly omit the details of the sufferings incident to what is called the middle passage, but we can not do justice, even to a brief survey of the traffic, without adding one or two of the many testimonies on this point. And while gazing upon a single picture, if we will multiply these by thousands, we may approximate towards a realization of a passage across the Atlantic in a slaver, and be prompted to do what lies in our power to drive this master iniquity from the face of the earth. In a debate on the slave trade. Mr. Fox justly remarked that: Would that the emotions excited by narratives like the following, might lead to the formation of principles, the expression of opinions, and the adoption of vigorous measures, that would roll back the tide of this gigantic sin. Mr. Walsh, in his "Notices of Brazil," published in London in 1830, and in Boston in 1832, thus describes a slave ship examined by the English man-of-war in which he returned from Brazil, in May, 1829: "She had taken in, on the coast of Africa, three hundred and thirty-six males, and two hundred and twenty-six females, making in all five hundred and sixty-two, and had been out seventeen days. The slaves were all enclosed under grated hatchways, between decks. The space was so low that they sat between each other's legs, and were stowed so close together that there was no possibility of their lying down, or at all changing their position, by night or day. As they belonged to, and were shipped on account of different individuals, they were all branded, like sheep, with the owners' marks, of different forms. These were impressed under their breasts, or on their arms, and, as the mate informed me, with perfect indifference, 'Queimados pelo ferro quento, — burnt with red-hot iron.' Over the hatchway stood a ferocious looking fellow, with a scourge of many twisted thongs in his hand, who was the slave-driver of the ship; and whenever he heard the slightest noise below, he shook it over them, and seemed eager to exercise it. As soon as the poor creatures saw us looking down at them, their dark and melancholy visages brightened up. "They perceived something of sympathy and kindness in our looks, which they had not been accustomed to, and feeling, instinctively, that we were friends, they immediately began to shout and clap their hands. One or two had picked up a few Portuguese words, and cried out, 'Viva! viva!' The women were particularly excited. They all held up their arms, and when we bent down and shook hands with them, they could not contain their delight; they endeavored to scramble upon their knees, stretching up to kiss our hands, and we understood that they knew we had come to liberate them. Some, however, hung down their heads, in apparently hopeless dejection; some were greatly emaciated, and some, particularly children, seemed dying. But the circumstance which struck us most forcibly, was how it was possible for such a number of human beings to exist, packed up and wedged together as tight as they could cram, in low cells, three feet high, the greater part of which, except that immediately under the grated hatchway, was shut out from light, or air, and this when the thermometer, exposed to the open sky, was standing, in the shade on our deck, at 89°. The space between decks was divided into two compartments, three feet three inches high; the size of one was sixteen feet by eighteen, and of the other forty by twenty-one; into the first were crammed the women and girls; into the second the men and boys. Two hundred and twenty-six fellow creatures were thus thrust into one space two hundred and eighty-eight feet square, and three hundred and thirty-six into another space eight hundred feet square, giving to the whole an average of twenty-three inches, and to each of the women not more than thirteen inches, though many of them were pregnant. We also found manacles, and fetters of different kinds; but it appears that they had all been taken off before we boarded. The heat of these horrid places was so great, and the odor so offensive, that it was quite impossible to enter there, even had there been room. They were measured, as above, when the slaves left them. The officers insisted that the poor suffering creatures should be admitted on deck, to get air and water. This was opposed by the mate of the slaver, who, from a feeling that they deserved it, declared that they would murder them all. The officers, however, persisted, and the poor beings were all turned up together. It is impossible to conceive the effect of this eruption; five hundred and seven fellow creatures, of all ages and sexes, some children, some adults, some old men and women, all in a state of total nudity, scrambling out together to taste the luxury of a little fresh air and water. "They came swarming up, like bees from the aperture of a hive, till the whole deck was crowded to suffocation, from stem to stern; so that it was impossible to imagine where they could all have come from, or how they could all have been stowed away. On looking into the places where they had been crammed, there were found some children, next to the side of the ship, in the places most remote from light and air; they were lying nearly in a torpid state, after the rest had turned out. The little creatures seemed indifferent as to life or death, and when they were carried on deck, many of them could not stand. "After enjoying for a short time the unusual luxury of air, some water was brought; it was then that the extent of their sufferings was exposed in a fearful manner. They all rushed like maniacs towards it. No entreaties, or threats, or blows could restrain them; they shrieked, and struggled, and fought with one another for a drop of this precious liquid, as if they grew rabid at the sight of it. There is nothing from which slaves, in the mid-passage, suffer so much, as want of water. It is sometimes usual to take out casks filled with sea-water as ballast, and when the slaves are received on board, to start the casks, and refill them with fresh. On one occasion, a ship from Bahia neglected to change the contents of the casks, and on the mid-passage found, to their horror, that they were filled with nothing but salt water. All the slaves on board perished! We could judge of the extent of their sufferings from the afflicting sight we now saw. The devoted philanthropist, Granville Sharp, presented a case to the British public that justly aroused their indignation. It shows the power of avarice to obliterate the last vestiges of humanity, and convert men into devils. "On that day, the master of the ship called together a few of the officers, and stated to them, that if the sick slaves died a natural death, the loss would fall on the owners of the ship, — it would be the loss of the underwriters; alleging, at the same time, that it would be less cruel to throw the sick wretches into the sea, than to suffer them to linger out a few days under the disorder with which they were afflicted, "To this inhuman proposal the mate, James Kelsal, at first objected; but Collingwood at length prevailed on the crew to listen to it. He then chose out from the cargo one hundred and thirty-two slaves, and brought them on deck, all, or most of whom were sickly, and not likely to recover, and he ordered the crew by turns to throw them into the sea. 'A parcel' of them were accordingly thrown overboard, and, on counting over the remainder, next morning, it appeared that the number so drowned had been fifty-four. He then ordered another parcel to be thrown over, which, on a second counting, on the succeeding day, was proved to have amounted to forty-two. "On the third day, the remaining thirty-six were brought on deck, and, as these now resisted the cruel pur230se of their masters, the arms of twenty-six were fettered with irons, and the savage crew proceeded with the diabolical work, casting them down to join their comrades of the former days. Outraged misery could endure no longer; the ten last victims sprang disdainfully from the grasp of their tyrants, defied their power, and, leaping into the sea, felt a momentary triumph in the embrace of death." These statements, distressing as they are, only afford us a specimen of the barbarities and horrors of this crime. The cruelties of the African slave trade have never been written, — can not be written. No pen can describe them; and yet, how many American citizens, whose feelings will revolt at these details of suffering, will hear with comparative indifference of the revival of the iniquity in our land! - For more extended evidences than our limits will allow us to present, see "The Slave Trade and Remedy," by Sir T. F. Buxton; Clarkson's "History of the Abolition of the Slave Trade;" Mr R. Walsh's "Notices of Brazil;" "Articles in Edinburgh Encyclopædia," and "Encyclopædia Americana;" "Benezet's Account of Africa;" "Dupries's Residence in Ashantee," London, 1824. "Life of Ashmun." - Fifty years ago the Christian (!) slave trade was 80,000 annually now 200,000! Mohammedan slave trade, 50,000 annually. The aggregate loss of life in the Christian trade, in the successive stages of seizure, march, detention, middle passage, after landing, and seasoning, is 145 per cent., or 1,450 for every 1,000 available for use in the end-, and 100 per cent. loss of life, by the same causes, in the Mohammedan trade. Consequently, the annual victims of the Christian slave trade are 375,600; of the Mohammedan, 100,000. Total loss to Africa, 475,000 annually; or, 23,750,000 in half a century, at the same rate. A slave ship named Jehovah (!) made three voyages between Brazil and Angola in thirteen months, of 1836-7, and landed 700 slaves the first voyage, 600 the second, and 520 the third, — in all, 1820. — Buxton. The single town of Liverpool, England, realized in this traffic, before its abolition in that empire, a net profit of more than $100,000,000 — History of Liverpool. - From Clarkson's "History of the Abolition of the Slave Trade."

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Micah 5 – A Ruler from Bethlehem A. The birth and the work of the Ruler from Bethlehem. 1. (1-2) From the lowly and humble in Israel comes a Ruler. Now gather yourself in troops, O daughter of troops; He has laid siege against us; They will strike the judge of Israel with a rod on the cheek. “But you, Bethlehem Ephrathah, Though you are little among the thousands of Judah, Yet out of you shall come forth to Me The One to be Ruler in Israel, Whose goings forth are from of old, a. He has laid siege against us: Micah announced that Israel will be humbled by foreign powers, and even her judges will bear insults. b. But you, Bethlehem Ephrathah…out of you shall come forth to Me the One to be Ruler in Israel: In the coming time of humiliation under foreign powers, God would raise up a great Ruler from a humble place – Bethlehem. i. Bethlehem was well known as the hometown of David, Israel’s greatest king, yet it was never a great or influential city. It was truly little among the thousands of Judah. Yet God chose it as the birthplace of the Messiah, the Ruler in Israel. ii. This passage from Micah 5 was quoted by the chief priests and teachers of the law when Herod asked about the birth of the Messiah (Matthew 2:5-6). iii. Bethlehem means House of Bread, and Jesus is the bread of life (John 6:35). “And now for that word Ephrathah. That was the old name of the place which the Jews retained and loved. The meaning of it is, ‘fruitfulness,’ or ‘abundance.’ Ah! well was Jesus born in the house of fruitfulness; for whence cometh my fruitfulness and thy fruitfulness, my brother, but from Bethlehem? Our poor barren hearts never produced one fruit or flower, till they were watered with the Saviour’s blood.” (Spurgeon) c. Whose goings forth are from of old, from everlasting: This glorious promise was fulfilled in Jesus Christ, and Micah’s prophetic voice declared that though Jesus came from Bethlehem, He did not begin there. His goings forth are from before the foundation of the world. i. The Bible tells us that Jesus is the Alpha and the Omega, the Beginning and the End (Revelation 22:13). This means from the very beginning, Jesus was there. There was never a time when Jesus did not exist. ii. Before Jesus was born in Bethlehem, He existed as the Second Person of the Trinity (John 17:5, 17:24). These passages tell us that there was a relationship of love, fellowship, and shared glory that the Father and the Son shared before the creation of all things. The name “Jesus” was not known as a name for the Second Person of the Trinity until the angel Gabriel announced it to Mary (Luke 1:31). But the eternal Son existed before He revealed Himself as “Jesus.” iii. Before Bethlehem, Jesus was the creator of all things (Colossians 1:16-17, John 1:1-3). “He was before all things. As he is the Creator of all things, so he is the Eternal, and no part of what was created. All being but God has been created. Whatever has not been created is God. But Jesus is the Creator of all things; therefore he is God; for he cannot be a part of his own work.” (Clarke) iv. In the Old Testament, Jesus appeared as God made visible or the Angel of the LORD. There are many instances in the Old Testament where individuals are shown to have had a face-to-face encounter with the LORD (Genesis 16:7-13, Genesis 18, Genesis 32:24-32, Joshua 5:13-15, Judges 6:11-24, Judges 13:8-24, Daniel 3). In each situation, the Person is given different titles, but in all cases the person is plainly referred to as the LORD Himself but appearing in a human form. v. From before the creation of all things, God’s plan of the ages included Jesus (1 Peter 1:20, Ephesians 1:4). vi. Knowing that Jesus’ goings forth are from of old, from everlasting shows us some important things: · It shows us the glory of Jesus, that He is far more than a man. · It shows us the love of Jesus, that He would leave the glory of heaven for us. · It shows us the nature of Jesus, that He would add humanity to His deity. · It shows us the sympathy of Jesus, that He remains fully man and fully God. 2. (3-5a) The Ruler serves His flock. Therefore He shall give them up, Until the time that she who is in labor has given birth; Then the remnant of His brethren Shall return to the children of Israel. And He shall stand and feed His flock In the strength of the LORD, In the majesty of the name of the LORD His God; And they shall abide, For now He shall be great To the ends of the earth; And this One shall be peace. a. He shall give them up, until the time: Micah anticipated a future time, one that was partially fulfilled in the Babylonian exile and return, but will be ultimately fulfilled in the great tribulation and restoration of Israel. In both those eras, the LORD will seem distant from Israel until the time for restoration is ready. b. Then the remnant of His brethren shall return…. He shall stand and feed His flock in the strength of the LORD: After the time of Israel’s trial, the LORD will restore gloriously. The Ruler born in Bethlehem will tenderly care for His flock in the strength of the LORD. c. They shall abide, for now He shall be great to the ends of the earth: The greatness of the Ruler from Bethlehem guarantees the standing of His people. They abide because of His greatness. d. This One shall be peace: It isn’t just that the Ruler from Bethlehem brings peace; He is peace. As Paul wrote of Jesus in Ephesians 2:14, He Himself is our peace. 3. (5b-6) The Ruler delivers Jacob from Assyria. When the Assyrian comes into our land, And when he treads in our palaces, Then we will raise against him Seven shepherds and eight princely men. They shall waste with the sword the land of Assyria, And the land of Nimrod at its entrances; Thus He shall deliver us from the Assyrian, When he comes into our land And when he treads within our borders. a. When the Assyrian comes into our land: After the pattern of the prophets, Micah blended near and distant ages in his prophecy. The threat of the Assyrian would come against both kingdoms shortly, but Micah also used the idea of the Assyrian for any pagan nation or empire set against God’s people. b. We will raise against him seven shepherds and eight princely men: Though the enemies of God’s people would come against them, under God’s blessing leaders will raise against them mighty men. God often works this way to deliver us from our enemies. B. The triumph of the remnant of Jacob. 1. (7-9) The remnant is large and triumphant. Then the remnant of Jacob Shall be in the midst of many peoples, Like dew from the LORD, Like showers on the grass, That tarry for no man Nor wait for the sons of men. And the remnant of Jacob Shall be among the Gentiles, In the midst of many peoples, Like a lion among the beasts of the forest, Like a young lion among flocks of sheep, Who, if he passes through, Both treads down and tears in pieces, And none can deliver. Your hand shall be lifted against your adversaries, And all your enemies shall be cut off. a. The remnant of Jacob shall be…like dew from the LORD: When God delivers Zion it won’t be a small deliverance. It will spread as wide as the dew and showers on the grass. b. Like a young lion among flocks of sheep: When God delivers Zion, it won’t be a weak deliverance. It will strengthen Israel so that she will triumph over her enemies like a lion against sheep. This has its ultimate fulfillment in the millennial earth, when it is said that the lion will lie down with the lamb – but still, it’s better to be the lion! 2. (10-15) The LORD is exalted among the remnant. “And it shall be in that day,” says the LORD, “That I will cut off your horses from your midst And destroy your chariots. I will cut off the cities of your land And throw down all your strongholds. I will cut off sorceries from your hand, And you shall have no soothsayers. Your carved images I will also cut off, And your sacred pillars from your midst; You shall no more worship the work of your hands; I will pluck your wooden images from your midst; Thus I will destroy your cities. And I will execute vengeance in anger and fury On the nations that have not heard.” a. I will cut off your horses…. the cities of your land…your strongholds…. sorceries…. your carved images…your sacred pillars: In restored Zion, the LORD will not allow any of the idolatries Israel once indulged in. Instead, He will cut off all of those things, whether they are basically good (horses or cities) or fundamentally evil (sorceries or sacred pillars). b. I will execute vengeance…on the nations that have not heard: God will not only look after Israel’s purity; in the millennial earth the nations will also need to walk in purity before Him.

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Rapid proliferation of large-scale mining activity after the privatization of the mining industry in Ghana has increased demand for mineralized land throughout the country. Demand for large tracts of land required for large-scale surface mining is causing tensions between multinational mining companies and indigenous groups. Mining companies have gone through the necessary legal channels to secure concessions and should therefore have legal entitlement. But for indigenous people, land provides their livelihoods and they have cultural ties to it (Obara and Jenkins 2006: 6). Mining activities in Ghana usually take place in rural areas with high illiteracy rates. Land designated for large-scale mining is often taken from farmers without proper compensation and they have no chance to find another employment, since mining activities do not provide enough jobs to match the total number of people laid off from agriculture. This has led to a deepening of poverty. In spite of the economic benefits resulting from investments in infrastructure – such as roads, schools, hospitals, electricity and water supplies – communities within mine localities suffer from environmental degradation, as well as health problems. The concentration of mining activities has also resulted in massive migration of all kinds. Some people have had to migrate in search of farmland, others were relocated or resettled by the mining companies, while the youth has migrated to the towns, especially Tarkwa, and to the mining areas in search of jobs. The growing displacement of communities has the potential to create other social problems . In nearly all cases, mining investment has had a seriously adverse impact on the social organization and cultural values of the people. Description of the mining problem from a civil society perspective The most problematic land use disputes occur between small 'illegal' miners called galamsey and large-scale mining companies. Small-scale illegal miners are mainly individuals operating on plots of land demarcated for other stakeholders, particularly mining companies. This causes conflict, and companies are calling for intervention on the part of the Ghanaian Government. However, the government’s attempts to relocate illegal miners often generate escalated levels of agitation and conflicts and are unlikely to provide a long-term solution to the problem. The Ghanaian Government's policies that focus on promoting the interests of large-scale mining and which further marginalize indigenous mining groups are again fuelling the rapid growth of galamsey communities Environmental damage (contamination of water, land exploitation) NGOs such as WACAM tell us about the problem in various communities, such as the discharge of cyanide and other contaminants from the treatment of the metals extraction into drinking water and the use of land for mining without regard to the needs and development of communities. Land devaluation without proper compensation This is a widespread problem about which NGOs and civil society organizations have raised their voices and called for government assistance. As well as having to manage their land, local communities are left without work, they do not receive adequate compensation, they are not taken into account in decision-making, they are not given the right advice and are negatively affected in their treatment, which leads to social confrontations and tension with mining companies. They demand that the mining laws recognise these problems and provide an adequate resolution of the problem. Lack of government support NGOs like WACAM have called for the reform of the mining laws, and for land planning that doesn't destroy the country's food reserves. The NGOs provide information to communities so they know their rights and they work in their favour because the government is not involved enough. In national forums community representatives and organizations talk about their rights, they draft reports and they inform the public of the policies that are taking effect on the Government's part, as some members from the government are also present. Civil Society Organizations (CSOs) fight for mining reforms. In the Third World Network, Africa has asked for the harmonizing of existing policies and the adoption of standards on behalf of a series of civil society groups and that they improve cooperation. In turn, they have urged African governments to improve the public's understanding and quality of the reforms. Another organization such as EITI is a coalition of governments, companies and civil society groups that establishes global standards of transparency for the oil, gas and mining industries, investors and international organizations. The EITI's rules promote the transparency of opportunities at the local level. Publish What You Pay (PWYP), a global coalition of civil society, urges transparency and rendition of accounts. Poverty, illiteracy and child labour Articles that discuss this topic focus mainly on the problem of illegal mining or “Galamsey” and the education and commitment to the communities affected. There are several NGOs working on the issue of illegal mining, and on this subject we have quoted the Retired Mine Workers Foundation (REMWOF), which is working to help the return of workers to enable them to assist in the development of the region. The African Initiative on Mining, Environment and Society (AIMES), has also called on the government to stop the looting of mining in Ghana, optimize the net benefit of mining, and also protect the sector with a new plan for investment that prioritizes a balance between artisanal and small scale. In regard to education, there are also many NGOs working on on the issue such as World Partners for Development (WPD) and the Center for Indigenous Knowledge and Organizational Development (CIKOD). The first work on developing and implementing innovative sustainable solutions to some of the world's most pressing challenges that are currently affecting human life, especially in Africa, is starting an education and awareness program that includes governments, community-based organizations, international organizations and individuals to help rural communities and to improve the quality of the environment. The Center for Indigenous Knowledge and Organizational Development (CIKOD) urges government, enterprises and associations to find solutions for a the balanced and sustainable development of populations because the resources now belong to the dead, the living and the unborn, and posterity will not forgive us if we are not able to secure a safe future for all. They also tell us to minimize social conflict, which is necessary to involve local people in the changes that are happening in mining in order to deal with them in the best way and still maintain their culture. In addition, governments and international organizations should play a larger role through training, education and health awareness, and play a greater role in the dissemination and transfer of important technologies for small-scale mining. Communities should be empowered with awareness programs on education in mining and its effects, as we read in the article on the workshop organized by Friends of the Earth (FoE) bringing together CSO´s, Forest Watch Ghana (FWG), Integrated Social Development Centre (ISODEC), Friends of Earth Uganda and Life Mosaic UK, where the participants decided to train the indigenous peoples through effective education through regular community radio programs and dialogue with local authorities. The NGOs' work The NGOs are very important from our point of view. The work they do is fundamental and the concern for people trying to solve problems that arise is fundamental to understanding how society tries to solve the problems around it. In the last document we wrote, we saw a lot of things like some organizations with sophisticated technologies that offer engineering solutions to global challenges such as climate change, energy poverty, environmental degradation, and pollution on local communities in Ghana and Africa. We see that it continuously seeks to improve the situation we find in Ghana and for that, working in communities and seeking support by way of association. Perhaps more importantly what I see from the standpoint of the associations we studies is that the benefits obtained from the point of view of the association are at the enterprise level, where a few people enjoy few powers (also economic) and the rest of society is left out, if not in this section, associations, NGOs, the benefit is for all, working together to achieve benefits that are equally valid for everyone. Promoting a sustainable environment and the health of the company associated with it is what is mainly provided by these organizations, and its main objective to promote a clean and environmentally friendly society. The main strategies proposed The main strategies proposed to address communities affected by mining operations The government should ensure adequate compensation for indigenous people. The most important strategy to minimize social conflicts arising from mining is communication, effective cooperation and community participation. Communities who are affected must be consulted and have an equal say. Unlike the companies, indigenous people lack the efficient power to defend their interests. A transparent dialog should be provided by mediator, for example NGO. It is necessary to actively develop sensitivity to the traditions and culture of local people as well as to improve the understanding of the dynamics of modern mining and its implications on business relations. One of the most effective and sustainable strategies are re-skilling programmes in alternative and sustainable livelihoods. This approach is used to address and eradicate poverty. Mining companies adopt this method in the belief that it will help reduce communities’ economic dependence on the mine, so that communities are self-sustaining after the mine has closed. It could also provide alternative livelihoods for illegal small-scale miners operating on their concession. However, several potential problems arise. Firstly, real financial support is needed to implement and sustain these projects until they are self-financing. Then for the programme to be successful adequate support and training must be provided throughout the lifetime of such projects to develop the capacity of those involved. The main strategies proposed to address galamseys The government should improve the registration process and restore the galamsey communities' confidence towards legalization of small-scale mining. Land specifically allocated for small-scale mining must be provided. However, that means that intensive prospecting must be first undertaken. The government, international organizations, as well as mining companies, should play a larger role in training, education and health awareness in mining and its effects. Mining companies in particular can also play a great part in the transfer and incorporation of best technologies for small-scale mining. Are civil society representatives really partners for dialogue about long term visions? Civil Society always has to be a part of the dialogue in all events. As we have read, civilian representation is very important, either as NGOs, civil organizations or through the community leaders of the people affected. They are doing a great job fighting for their rights in the affected areas and informing the public of existing problems and possible solutions, in addition to pressuring the government regarding the making of decisions. In conclusion, if it was not for the efforts of civil representation in Ghana sustainable development in mining it would be even further away, and civil society representatives should be part of the dialogue in decision-making, consulting organizations or Ghanian people; without them, the subject of mining is under the control of the mining companies, which can put pressure on the state using the simple argument of economic growth, even though it is not sustainable. List of references - Louise J. Obara and Heledd Jenkins: Land use disputes in Ghana’s mining communities: Developing sustainable strategies. 2006. - Thomas Akabzaa and Abdulai Darimani: Impact of Mining Sector Investment in Ghana: A Study of the Tarkwa Mining Region. 2001. - Small-scale mining is primarily a poverty-related activity found in regions where there are few employment opportunities and where education levels are extremely low (Obara and Jenkins 2006: 5). News from Ghana Mining Portal, available from http://www.ghana-mining.org/ghanaims/SectorNews/NewsArchivesSEP2011/tabid/233/Default.aspx |Author: Juliána Kováriková, Jaime Gracia Pueyo, Eva Gil Mansilla. This article was published under Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported License. How to cite the article: Juliána Kováriková, Jaime Gracia Pueyo, Eva Gil Mansilla. (14. 08. 2022). Civil society. VCSEWiki. Retrieved 06:22 14. 08. 2022) from: <https://vcsewiki.czp.cuni.cz/w/index.php?title=Civil_society&oldid=5176>.|

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Ethnic/informal economy is inconsistently defined by scholars. This slows progress in explicating the social underpinnings of ethnic/informal economies and in understanding how these economic systems affect the socioeconomic well being of members of various ethnic groups. Fortunately, there is a common theme to the definitions one finds in the literature. All variants convey a sense of economic action embedded in solidaristic, co ethnic social relations. Economic behavior is influenced by informal rules and practices that govern the normative behavior of group members. Beyond this common theme, however, widely differing definitions involving self employment, employment niches among those who are not self employed, and geographical clustering have been applied. Light and Gold (2000) suggest three definitions as a way to reduce this chaotic state of affairs. The first is the combination of business owners, unpaid family labor, and paid co ethnic employees (ethnic ownership economy). The second includes the first, but adds the requirement of spatial clustering (enclave economy). The third points to occupational and industrial employment niches (not business ownership) where the overrepresentation of an ethnic group enables its members to benefit from the advantages of informal control (ethnic controlled economy). An informative literature has emerged despite the lack of consistency in defining ethnic/informal economies. Researchers concentrate on how foreign born groups establish and maintain economic niches that are usually accentuated by a profusion of small businesses. The field examines how limited acculturation and structural assimilation in the immigrant generation gives rise to collective action that promotes enterprising economic action. A substantial body of research documents how immigrant minorities draw on social ties in order to facilitate the development of informal economic relations. Family ties and ethnic group membership typically provide the social underpinnings of these economic relations. The ability to draw on social connections in order to gain access to resources that are useful for economic action is an example of what scholars refer to as social capital. The literature describes many ways in which immigrants make use of family and ethnic based interpersonal connections in gaining access to resources such as business related information and financial credit. Understanding these practices, which are often steeped in informal institutionalized arrangements, is essential for understanding the origins and maintenance of ethnic/informal economies. Bonacich and Modell’s (1980) study of three generations of Japanese Americans reveals how hostility from the dominant group can generate a defensive reaction from minority groups. In the case of the Japanese on the US West Coast, this encouraged ethnic solidarity and strengthened social boundaries that were reinforced by a shared sense of ethnic identity. This strong sense of community, in turn, gave rise to cooperation and collective action that generated and distributed group resources that facilitated the rise and expansion of the Japanese ethnic economy. This economic system was the basis of Japanese upward mobility prior to World War II. Scholars show how ethnic businesses fill niches created by the demand for goods and services in an ethnic community. These markets are partially closed to out group businesses due to cultural and ecological barriers. Research also considers the role of informal credit and savings associations in helping prospective entrepreneurs acquire startup capital and in expanding the availability of credit to those who already own a business. Such economic activities, embedded in social relations, necessitate a sense of interdependence among in group members that engenders trust and solidarity, and allows for sanctions to be imposed on those who violate the trust of others (Portes & Sensenbrenner 1993). Interest in ethnic/informal economies is part of a larger scholarly interest in economic segmentation. This view conceives of the labor market as divided into a primary market where opportunities for advancement are prevalent and a low wage secondary market with little opportunity for advancement. In the wake of growing international migration in the 1960s and 1970s, scholars concerned themselves with the range of economic options encountered by immigrants. Concluding that these opportunities were limited, researchers began to explore how the economic advancement of immigrant minority groups might be generated in a con text of labor market segmentation and ethnic based strategies of economic action. Thus far, a large share of this research has been produced in the United States. This is not surprising given the importance of immigration in the history of the country’s development, the large number of scholars at American universities who are engaged in research, and that the country has once again become the host society for large numbers of international migrants. But the United States is not alone in opening its doors to immigration. Research into ethnic/informal economies is also conducted in immigrant receiving societies such as Canada, Australia, and in several European nations. Earlier immigration to South America also receives a good deal of attention. Numerous studies from various societies are reviewed in Aldrich and Waldinger (1990). This excel lent review considers how characteristics of an ethnic group and the structural opportunities (or lack thereof) they encounter jointly influence the emergence of ethnic strategies that facilitate the rise and maintenance of an ethnic/informal economy. The review includes several historical and contemporary examples of the importance of both structural opportunity (e.g., elite sponsorship of middleman minorities in Southeast Asia, Africa, the Ottoman Empire, and tsarist Russia) and group characteristics (e.g., the rise of the Chinese Vietnamese informal economy in Paris). Inasmuch as some relatively rich Asian nations are making use of guest workers from poorer Asian nations, we will probably see more research from this part of the world in the future – to the extent that these workers establish ethnic/informal economies. Studies of how ethnic strategies develop and support ethnic/informal economies often consider the importance of ethnic based social net works. Focusing on the role of social networks in generating economic opportunities, Portes and colleagues (e.g., Portes & Bach 1985) con ducted an important study on an emerging Cuban economy in Miami. Ethnic solidarity facilitated the vertical and horizontal integration of a burgeoning business community. But an unclear picture emerged as to the economic implications of participating in the Cuban economy. Some of the research finds that working with fellow Cubans or other minorities negatively affects earnings and working under a Cuban boss has no effect on earnings. By contrast, other publications report that participation in the Cuban economy gives rise to advantages in occupational prestige, and occupational prestige positively associates with earnings. The importance of this latter finding is that it appears to counter the ecological hypothesis of assimilation theory, which contends that continued spatial segregation in terms of the labor market and residential patterns limits the upward mobility of ethnic groups. An engaging debate arose over the question of whether the ecological hypothesis of assimilation theory was indeed inconsistent with the experiences of Cubans in Miami. The first exchange was initiated by the criticism that failure to distinguish between self employed Cubans and their employees accounts for the apparent disconfirmation of the ecological hypothesis. Sanders and Nee (1987) appear to show that the positive association between participating in the Cuban economy and occupational prestige is largely due to the occupational prestige of business owners rather than that of their employees. Hence, business owners financially benefit from participating in the densely co ethnic regional economy, but their employees tend not to experience such a benefit. This pattern implies the Cuban experience is similar to that of earlier immigrant groups. The debate was rejoined by Jensen and Portes (1992) and Sanders and Nee (1992). An earnings advantage is confirmed for Cuban business owners, but no comparable advantage is found for Cuban employees. Indeed, for men, a negative main effect obtains for employment in the Cuban economy. The bottom line is that ethnic/informal economies, like other market driven systems, not only generate wealth, they also generate inequality. The field was beginning to concentrate less on any supposed earnings advantage that ethnic/informal economies provide to employees and more on how shared ethnicity facilitates internal forms of social organization and institutional behavior that increase employees’ chances of becoming self employed. Bailey and Waldinger (1991), for example, show how informal ethnic networks in New York City’s Chinese garment industry provide information to employers that helps them recoup the cost of training employees. These networks also provide employees with inside information that increases their chances of becoming self employed. Several subsequent studies have documented that informal training systems operate in various ethnic economies. But these systems, by facilitating greater self employment within an ethnic group, can drive up the cost of co ethnic labor and therefore immigrant entrepreneurs often draw from out group minorities to fill their labor needs. As the literature converged on the importance of ethnic/informal economies as an engine to increase self employment, and thereby improve opportunities for upward mobility, some scholars were questioning the evidence that ethnic small business owners experience an earnings advantage. A key part of this critique is that the economic benefit to ethnic self employment may be largely due to business owners practicing self exploitation by working 70 or 80 hours per week. Others recognize the long hours of work required of ethnic entrepreneurs, but the literature generally regards this to be one of the costs of economic success through self employment. Portes and Zhou (1996) examine the argument that ethnic self employment fails to produce an earnings advantage. They find a substantial advantage to self employment, but this advantage is concentrated among unusually successful entrepreneurs as opposed to being spread throughout the business community. Toward the close of the twentieth century, scholars continued to refine their understanding of the social bases of ethnic entrepreneur ship. Sanders and Nee (1996), for example, demonstrate that the family plays a key role in ethnic enterprise, much as it had with earlier immigrant groups. The family is a strategic resource in ethnic entrepreneurship because the social ties it embodies tend to be the most intense and trust evoking of all interpersonal relationships. This literature shows that, by focusing on the ethnic group as a resource for collective economic action, many scholars have overlooked the role of the smaller, more tightly integrated social institution of the family. What has the literature taught us about the social bases of ethnic/informal economies? Researchers have revealed a number of informal mechanisms based on social relations that facilitate economic action. The most important outcomes of these mechanisms are the dissemination of employment and business related information, and providing access to informal financial institutions. Normative use of these resources and the repayment of debts are encouraged by enforcing trustful behavior under the threat of sanctions. Informal social bases of economic action tend to emerge among groups as members try to overcome limited economic options due to language barriers, poor human capital, or non fungible foreign earned human capital. And immigrant groups often face discrimination and prejudice. A tendency for group members to react to these problems by looking within their group for practical and emotional support encourages ethnic solidarity, which in turn encourages informal group practices that provide access to resources. Internally generated resources con tribute to the growth of self employment and this leads to increased opportunities for getting ahead. But there are winners and losers in the ethnic community. People seeking to better their lives and that of their family are involved in the rough and tumble environment of market economics. Even a modicum of success in small business usually requires outperforming some competitors and matching the performance of others. This is a daunting task because ethnic/ informal economies tend to be hotbeds of competition between small businesses. - Aldrich, & Waldinger, R. (1990) Ethnicity and Entrepreneurship. Annual Review of Sociology 16: 111 35. - Bailey, & Waldinger, R. (1991) Primary, Secondary, and Enclave Labor Markets: A Training Systems Approach. American Sociological Review 56: 432 45. - Bonacich, & Modell, J. (1980) The Economic Basis of Ethnic Solidarity: Small Business in the Japanese American Community. University of California Press, Berkeley. - Jensen, & Portes, A. (1992) The Enclave and the Entrants: Patterns of Ethnic Enterprise in Miami Before and After Mariel. American Sociological Review 57: 411 14. - Light, & Gold, S. (2000) Ethnic Economics. Academic Press, San Diego. - Portes, & Bach, R. (1985) Latin Journey: Cuban and Mexican Immigrants in the United States. University of California Press, Berkeley. - Portes, & Sensenbrenner, J. (1993) Embeddedness and Immigration: Notes on the Social Determinants of Economic Action. American Journal of Sociology 98: 1320 50. - Portes, & Zhou, M. (1996) Self-Employment and the Earnings of Immigrants. American Sociological Review 61: 219 30. - Sanders, & Nee, V. (1987) Limits of Ethnic Solidarity in the Enclave Economy. American Socio logical Review 52: 745 73. - Sanders, & Nee, V. (1992) Problems in Resolving the Enclave Economy Debate. American Sociological Review 57: 415 18. - Sanders, & Nee, V. (1996) Immigrant Self- Employment: The Family as Social Capital and the Value of Human Capital. American Sociological Review 61: 231 49. Back to Sociology of Race

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There is a lot of debate surrounding how to cook eggs. Some people like them sunny side up, others prefer them over easy or scrambled. But one thing that all egg lovers can agree on is that you need to cook them properly in order to avoid food poisoning. In this blog post, we will discuss the internal temperature that eggs must reach in order to be cooked safely. What internal temp must eggs reach while cooking? There are three temperatures to keep in mind when cooking eggs or cooking meat at home. Eggs and all meats that are ground should be cooked to 160°F, poultry and fowl up to 165degF. Fresh meat chops, steaks and roasts should be cooked to 145degF. The reason these temperatures are important is that they reflect the point at which bacteria present in food will no longer continue to multiply. For eggs, it’s not as simple as just cooking them until the whites and yolks firm up. If you were to do that, you’d end up with rubbery egg whites and dry, crumbly yolks. What internal temperature must the eggs reach while cooking quilt? Cooking food in a microwave eggs and meat, fish, and poultry a temperature of 165degF is the minimum cooking temperature. It is essentially a rapid cooling process followed by refrigerating. If your food is cooked below this temperature, it may still have bacteria present which can make you sick. 165 degrees Fahrenheit is the minimum internal temperature that eggs must reach while cooking in order to be safe to eat. This temperature essentially pasteurizes the egg and kills any harmful bacteria that may be present. If eggs are cooked at a lower temperature, they may still harbor bacteria that can cause illness. What temperature do eggs start to cook? The egg requires a temperature of 158 degrees F for it to become hard. To cook, proteins within the egg need to be denatured modify and then the egg will coagulate. This will not take place until the temperature increases enough to begin and sustain the process. When proteins are denatured, they go through a structural change. This is what causes the egg to cook and become firm. The egg white will become opaque and the yolk will thicken and turn yellow. If you have ever cooked an egg sunny side up, you have noticed that the center of the yolk does not harden. This is because it did not reach a high enough temperature to denature the proteins in that area. To ensure that your eggs are cooked properly, use a food thermometer to check the internal temperature of the egg. What temperature do eggs cook at Celsius? To make sure your eggs are cooked properly, use a cooking thermometer. The ideal temperature for a fried egg is 74 degrees Celsius. For a poached egg, the ideal temperature is 63 degrees Celsius. And for a hard-boiled egg, the ideal temperature is 70 degrees Celsius. If you don’t have a cooking thermometer, there are other ways to tell if your eggs are cooked properly. For a fried egg, the yolk should be set and the white should be firm. For a poached egg, the yolk should be slightly runny. And for a hard-boiled egg, the yolk should be firm. You can also tell if an egg is cooked properly by doing the float test. What internal temperature must the vegetables reach while cooking? You can check the internal temperature of your food by sticking a clean food thermometer into the center of the thickest part of the meat, poultry, or seafood. For whole cuts of meat like pork chops, roasts, and chicken breasts. Cook until they reach 145 degrees F and then let them rest for at least three minutes before cutting into them. As long as you hit that 165-degree mark somewhere in the middle of your food, you’re good to go. For vegetables, the recommends cooking them until they reach degrees as well. However, many people prefer to cook their veggies until they’re slightly less done. If you like your vegetables on the crunchy side, aim for a lower internal temperature, around 140 to 150 degrees. This way they’ll retain more of their nutrients and color. Which of the following foods must reach a minimum internal cooking temperature of 145f 63c for 15 seconds? There are a variety of food items that must be cooked to a minimum internal temperature. Of 145 degrees Fahrenheit, or 63 degrees Celsius, for 15 seconds in order to ensure food safety. Some of these items include beef, pork, lamb, veal, and fish. Additionally, eggs must also be cooked to this temperature in order to destroy any harmful bacteria that may be present. Cooking food to these temperatures will help to prevent foodborne illness and keep you and your family safe. When cooking any of these items, be sure to use a meat thermometer in order to check the internal temperature of the food. You can insert the thermometer into the thickest part of the meat in order to get an accurate reading. Once the food has reached the minimum internal temperature, it is safe to eat. What is the required minimum internal cooking temperature for ground beef quizlet? Ground beef must be cooked to an inner temperature that is 140 degrees F for 15 seconds. This cooking temperature will ensure that any harmful bacteria that may be present are killed and that the ground beef is safe to consume. Any ground beef that has been cooked to less than this temperature should not be consumed. There are a few things to keep in mind when cooking ground beef to ensure that it reaches the required minimum internal cooking temperature. First, use a food thermometer to check the temperature of the meat before consuming it. Second, cook ground beef all the way through do not eat it rare or medium rare. And finally, make sure to cook ground beef until there is no pink left in the middle. By following these guidelines, you can be sure that your ground beef is cooked properly and safely. What is the minimum cooking temperature for eggs that will be hot held? The minimum cooking temperature for hot-held eggs is 165 degrees Fahrenheit. This is to ensure that the eggs are cooked all the way through and safe to eat. If you are not sure if your eggs are cooked enough, you can use a food thermometer to check. Eggs that are not cooked enough can contain bacteria that can make you sick. Undercooked eggs may have a runny yolk or white, and they may not be firm to the touch. If you are unsure if your eggs are cooked properly, it is better to err on the side of caution and cook them for longer. When must you reheat food to 165 F? It is now required that the State Sanitary Code now requires that the whole mass of all refrigerated and cooked potentially dangerous food products . That need to be reheated has to be heated to 165 degrees Fahrenheit or higher within 2 hours. And then held at or above 140 degrees Fahrenheit up to the time of serving. This change was made to protect the public from foodborne illnesses. Some people might think that they can just reheat their leftovers to whatever temperature they want, but that is not the case. The answer is any time you are reheating a potentially dangerous food product that needs to be cooked. By doing so, you will ensure that the food is safe to eat and that you are not putting yourself or others at risk for contracting a foodborne illness. What temp does egg coagulate? As you might expect, the answer to this question depends on the type of egg. Chicken eggs will coagulate at a higher temperature than duck eggs, for example. But in general, most eggs will start to coagulate around 140 degrees Fahrenheit. So if you’re looking to make perfect scrambled eggs, you should aim for a lower temperature when cooking them. Otherwise, they’ll end up tough and rubbery. If you’re not sure what temperature to cook your eggs at, it’s always better to err on the side of caution and go for a lower temperature. That way, you can slowly bring them up to the desired temp without overcooking them. Eggs are a versatile ingredient that can be used in all sorts of dishes. Whether you’re making a frittata or an merlette, the key to success is getting the temperature right. What temperature kills salmonella in eggs? To kill salmonella you have to cook eggs to 160 degrees Fahrenheit, she wrote. At that temperature they are no longer runny. If you’re not sure whether your eggs are cooked enough, you can use a food thermometer to check. Put the tip of the thermometer into the yolk and make sure that the temperature is at least 150 degrees Fahrenheit before eating. You can also avoid salmonella by buying pasteurized eggs. Pasteurized eggs have been treated to kill bacteria, so they are safe to eat raw or lightly cooked. So there you have it Now you know how to cook eggs safely and effectively to avoid any risk of salmonella poisoning. Can you cook an egg at 100 degrees? The higher the temperature the higher chance that your egg will cook. If you are able, select days that is 100 degrees 38 degrees Celsius or higher. On days with clouds even the most hot days metal will not become sufficient hot to cook eggs. Eggs are more likely to be able to hold their shape in dry conditions than in humid conditions. If it is not possible to find days that are 100 degrees, you can try using a cooking torch. Hold the flame about an inch away from the egg and keep it in constant motion. Try to cook for as little time as possible to avoid overcooking the egg. Another method is to place the eggs in a metal bowl and then place that bowl in boiling water. Boil the water and then turn off the heat. Allow the eggs to sit in the hot water for at least 12 minutes. Yet another method is called sous vide cooking. To do this, you’ll need a special device called a sous vide machine. Cooking eggs to the right temperature is important for food safety. Make sure you use a thermometer to test the internal temperature of your cooked eggs. To ensure they are safe to eat.

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Three scientists analyzed the article and estimate its overall scientific credibility to be very high. more about the credibility rating A majority of reviewers tagged the article as: Accurate, Insightful, Sound reasoning, Unbiased. An article published in National Geographic summarizes the recent findings of several research groups suggesting that T cells may play a role in the body’s immune response against the virus SARS-CoV-2 and discusses the implications of T cell involvement. According to social media research tool Buzzsumo, the article has received more than 13,000 interactions, including likes, shares, and comments, on Facebook. Scientists who reviewed the article found that it accurately reported the current body of knowledge regarding T cell contribution to immunity against SARS-CoV-2. They agreed that these findings are intriguing and highlight the important role that T cells play in antiviral immune responses in general. “The immune response is a complex subject which is very difficult to describe in a lay manner, however the author effectively utilized military metaphors to explain the basics of B and T cells in fighting disease,” said Leigh Jones, Head of Training at Oxford University’s Clinical Research Unit. More importantly, she found that the key findings of recent studies regarding cross-reactive memory T cells[1,2]) were communicated truthfully with the aid of scientists who had worked on those studies. [See our reviewers’ overall feedback.] T cells and B cells comprise a part of the immune system termed the adaptive immune system (Figure 1). B cells produce antibodies, whereas T cells contribute to immune defenses in different ways. Some types of T cells directly kill infected cells, while others coordinate and regulate the immune response through chemical interactions with other immune cell types. Antibody testing and studies related to COVID-19 have frequently made news headlines, but relatively less attention has been paid to T cells even though they play an important role in clearing viral infections. A key reason for this, as the article correctly points out, is that antibody levels are much easier and quicker to measure in the laboratory, whereas it is technically difficult and time-consuming to measure T cell responses. Hence T cell studies are scarce and their relevance to the immune response against SARS-CoV-2 was initially overlooked, leading Eric Topol, a cardiologist and professor of molecular medicine at the Scripps Research Institute, to advise in the following Twitter thread that “when you interpret seroprevalence, serology, antibody only data, please keep [in mind] the incomplete nature of that assessment in terms of the broader cellular immune response to [SARS-CoV-2]. There’s a lot more to learn about the stuff we don’t measure.” When we don't measure important stuff. A thread about the immune response to #SARSCoV2 1. Since serology/IgG can be readily measured, this is what is conventionally used to assess an individual's response That's a very incomplete picturehttps://t.co/T49ckLHBNr pic.twitter.com/IKSlrrGpXh — Eric Topol (@EricTopol) July 1, 2020 But that has changed in recent months, with results from a few studies shedding light on the potential involvement of T cells in COVID-19 immunity. Specifically, the National Geographic article delves into studies by researchers at the Karolinska Institute in Sweden, the La Jolla Institute of Immunology in the United States, and Duke-NUS Medical School in Singapore, which we describe briefly below. Sekine et al. published a study in Cell which reported the presence of SARS-CoV-2-specific memory T cells in COVID-19 patients. This type of T cell is important for protecting against future reinfection, as it enables the immune system to recognize a pathogen that it has encountered in the past. They also found that this type of T cell was also present in some people who had no detectable antibodies against two types of SARS-CoV-2 proteins, more specifically the nucleocapsid (N) and spike (S) proteins. This finding suggests that antibody levels alone may not provide us with the complete picture of the immune response against COVID-19, and that it may also be important to measure T cell responses during vaccine trials. A study by Grifoni et al. published in the journal Cell found that T cells in 40%–60% of individuals who had not been exposed to SARS-CoV-2 were still able to recognize different proteins on SARS-CoV-2. Later, a study by Mateus et al., published in Science and led by many of the scientists who co-authored the Cell study, discovered that these T cells found in unexposed individuals were memory T cells that arose from prior infection with other coronaviruses that cause the common cold. These findings were corroborated by a study from Le Bert et al. who reported that SARS-CoV-1 patients, who were infected 17 years ago, possessed memory T cells that are capable of recognizing the N protein on SARS-CoV-2. The ability of these memory T cells to recognize proteins on SARS-CoV-2 is very likely due to similarities between these proteins among members of the coronavirus family. Altogether, the findings of these studies suggest that a prior history of infection with other coronaviruses may prime the immune system to recognize SARS-CoV-2 through persistent, cross-reactive memory T cells. In theory, these T cells could mediate an immune response against SARS-CoV-2. Hanif Javanmard Khameneh, a postdoctoral researcher at the Institute for Research in Biomedicine at the University of Lugano in Switzerland, said that these findings provide “a very interesting concept which has to be studied more in detail to establish its relevance.” These results also show that scientists need to take into account the role of memory T cells in COVID-19 vaccine development, as highlighted in a comment by Angéline Rouers, a research fellow at the Singapore Immunology Network (see below). The levels of memory T cells in the body may be an important correlate of protection (an indicator showing that a vaccine confers protection against the disease) like antibody titers, especially since some studies have raised concerns about waning antibody levels over time[7,8]. A vaccine candidate’s ability to stimulate the formation of memory T cells may therefore provide scientists with a better indicator of long-term protection. It is important to keep in mind that these findings do not mean that antibodies are not needed or important for mounting a successful immune response against viruses like SARS-CoV-2. In fact, the National Geographic article correctly points out that antibodies contribute to protection by binding to the virus and preventing it from entering and infecting cells. Another important caveat of these T cell studies is that they have not established that the presence of cross-reactive memory T cells is associated with protection against COVID-19 or with less severe disease in people. While they offer clues that provide a foundation for further studies, scientists are still trying to understand what their actual contribution to the immune response might be, if any. Indeed, these studies have been misinterpreted and used by some individuals to propagate unfounded claims regarding the level of immunity in the population, including Scott Atlas, a neuroradiologist and senior fellow at Stanford University’s Hoover Institution, according to this Buzzfeed News article. Another is ophthalmologist James Todaro, who claimed that these findings indicate that herd immunity could be achieved “once only 10-20% are infected with SARS-CoV-2”, which is much lower than most studies have estimated[9,10]. Todaro has also appeared in a viral video as part of America’s Frontline Doctors, a group that has spread false claims about the efficacy of hydroxychloroquine against COVID-19. 1/ There are various tweets misinterpreting COVID-19 “pre-existing immunity” and making dangerous claims about herd immunity. Since many of those claims refer to our scientific papers, we will reiterate the facts. @SetteLab @ljiresearch @ScienceMagazine @CellCellPress pic.twitter.com/gCZwFMW1iU — Shane Crotty (@profshanecrotty) August 12, 2020 “These are only speculations (no data) and because of their potential importance, it is key for scientists to test these ideas as quickly as possible. While scientists are racing as fast as possible, sophisticated research like this usually takes a lot of time and resources,” Crotty tweeted. He also advised against relying on T cells for protection and neglecting to take other precautions. “T cells generally don’t completely prevent infections, they limit disease (make it shorter and/or less serious). Thus, wearing a mask is much more effective than hoping you and the people around you have pre-existing T cell memory. Wearing a mask stops infections,” he explained. Hanif Javanmard Khameneh, Postdoctoral Researcher, Institute for Research in Biomedicine, University of Lugano: The article accurately discusses the recent findings about the presence/relevance of T cell response against COVID-19. Indeed, both arms of adaptive immunity, humoral and cellular, contribute in different ways to the body’s fight against viral infections. What remains to be seen and explored in greater detail is how important the role of antigen-specific T cells is in protecting people from a re-infection or ameliorating the disease symptoms. Also, to be able to comment on the role of protective antibodies against COVID-19, further studies are required to determine if, upon re-exposure to the virus, the immune system is able to generate effective titers of antibodies to neutralize the virus. The point raised by the article about the possible role of pre-existing immunity to other coronaviruses, such as those that cause the common cold, in the immunopathology of COVID-19 is also a very interesting concept which has to be studied more in detail to establish its relevance, if any. One minor comment on the wording of the article: T cells do not always instruct the virus infected cells to self-destruct. Sometimes cytotoxic T cells are able to directly kill the infected cell as well. Angéline Rouers, Research Fellow, Singapore Immunology Network: The article is very cautious about their statements and explains clearly what is known and what is suspected and therefore what needs to be clarified. SARS-CoV-2 is a very new virus that we still need to tame and the elicited immunity is not totally clear, because we don’t have enough perspective yet. More and more studies indicate that T cell immunity has a huge role in the fight against SARS-CoV-2 and the ongoing vaccine development has to keep this in mind. However, it does not mean that antibodies have no role at all and it is important to highlight the difference between what we observe in COVID-19 patients and how to develop a vaccine. It is possible that vaccination turns out to be very successful in eliciting very good antibodies, but only the future and more investigations can say. Leigh Jones, Head of Training, Oxford University Clinical Research Unit: The article beautifully summarizes the results of recent studies which highlight the importance of the T cell response in immunity to the virus SARS-CoV-2. The immune response is a complex subject which is very difficult to describe in a lay manner, however, the author effectively utilized military metaphors to explain the basics of B and T cells in fighting disease. Most importantly, the key tenets of recent studies (particularly focusing on the publications of Grifoni et al. and Mateus et al.[1,2]) are communicated in a truthful manner using quotes from the authors of said studies. Other immunological experts also provided commentary on the recent finds. Importantly, the article is clear where the studies are published versus pre-review. The article refrains from overstating the importance of the findings, instead cautioning that the observed T cell responses may be of real relevance to vaccine development. However, we are as yet unsure whether these T cell responses translate into protection or reduction in disease severity. - 1 – Grifoni et al. (2020) Targets of T Cell Responses to SARS-CoV-2 Coronavirus in Humans with COVID-19 Disease and Unexposed Individuals. Cell. - 2 – Mateus et al. (2020) Selective and cross-reactive SARS-CoV-2 T cell epitopes in unexposed humans. Science. - 3 – Kumar et al (2020) Human T Cell Development, Localization, and Function throughout Life. Immunity. - 4 – Sekine et al. (2020) Robust T cell immunity in convalescent individuals with asymptomatic or mild COVID-19. Cell. - 5 – Le Bert et al. (2020) SARS-CoV-2-specific T cell immunity in cases of COVID-19 and SARS, and uninfected controls. Nature. - 6 – Plotkin SA. (2020) Correlates of Protection Induced by Vaccination. Clinical and Vaccine Immunology. - 7 – Long et al. (2020) Clinical and immunological assessment of asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infections. Nature Medicine. - 8 – Ibarrondo et al. (2020) Rapid Decay of Anti–SARS-CoV-2 Antibodies in Persons with Mild Covid-19. New England Journal of Medicine. - 9 – Britton et al. (2020) A mathematical model reveals the influence of population heterogeneity on herd immunity to SARS-CoV-2. Science. - 10 – Randolph and Barreiro. (2020) Herd Immunity: Understanding COVID-19. Immunity.

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Prana is the nature of consciousness to manifest and create. Prana is the tendency of Pure Consciousness to vibrate, evolve and expand. Prana is the expression of manifesting Being. Prana is a particular expression of Shakti. As this nature of God to expand becomes active, as the first expression into relative existence, prana becomes the life force or vital force in all things. When consciousness assumes the role of prana, existence comes into being and evolves. Prana is the life force of creation, expansion and evolution. Shakti is the energy of consciousness, Shakti in a human being is called Kundalini, and prana is the aspect of Shakti that is the intelligent, organizing force that moves that energy into motion and moves energy into expansion. Shakti, Kundalini and Prana are one. This force of prana pulsates, expanding and contracting; becoming grosser, denser and more concrete and then also becoming finer and subtler. It is the pulsation of life, the vibration and spanda of life, the in breath and out breath on an individual and cosmic level. Prana is the essential force of Cosmic Life. Because prana has subtle and gross forms, you also have subtle and gross forms of life force within you. This shows up as both an inner, subtle, pulsation of life force and the outer, gross, physical expression of life force. The outer physical manifestation of prana is breath and matter. The inner subtle manifestation of prana is the pulsation (spanda) of energy, vibration and mind. When Being wishes to create, it begins to vibrate. Being’s tendency to vibrate and become manifest is referred to as Prana. When Being assumes an objective nature then Being’s life force, Prana, vibrates as matter. When it assumes a subjective nature, life force, Prana, vibrates as mind. Prana serves as the link between subject and object. Prana, by vibrating and being the life force of creative expansion, allows for the play of Consciousness and the multiplicity of creation to unfold. Prana is the power of Being that lies dormant within the unmanifested Being and emerges as the vibrating life force when creation begins. It assumes the role of both objective and subjective creation. The universal creative power The universal, creative power, which is the nature of Being, generates Prana within itself. Prana springs forth from the Godhead, and then Being, because its nature is to expand, assumes the role of Prana. It is Prana that allows Being to become creation, with the purpose of the expansion of happiness and bliss. It is Prana that allows for the expansion of life into full remembrance of its divinity and oneness. The vast ocean, simulated by the wind, appears as waves. Being, stimulated by its own nature, Prana, assumes a subjective role and appears as mind. So mind is like a wave on the ocean of Being. The Creative Intelligence of Being assumes the role of the creative and intelligent subjective mind. But what is the wind? What is producing the wave of mind? It is Karma. So Prana, supplemented by the influence of Karma, is the mind. Mind is born of Karma and creates Karma. Karma is born of mind and creates mind. The seed produces a tree and the tree produces the seed. Karma from a past life is responsible for the mind’s identity in this life. The mind’s level of evolution is responsible for the karma being created. Karma remains inert, unmanifested, without the life force of Prana. Inert Karma, supplemented by the life force, Prana, gives rise to the mind. So the mind is a combination of Prana and Karma. Through Prana, mind is connected to Being. First there is pure, unmanifested Being, the impersonal aspect of God. Its nature is to manifest and create. In preparation to assume the role of creative intelligence, it vibrates and pure intelligence becomes intelligent, and pure consciousness becomes conscious. In doing this (becoming self-aware and vibrating) it becomes the personal aspect of God – creative intelligence. From this vibration as the life force, Being expresses as both unmanifest and manifest, subjective and objective aspects within itself. The First Stage in the Process of Manifestation Prana is the first stage in the process of manifestation and mind is the second stage. Reflected upon by karma, Prana gains individuality and subjectivity and appears in creation as the individual mind. The individual’s mind is a limited reflection of the unlimited cosmic mind of God – pure intelligence. So prana is the vibrational manifestation of the ocean of Being and mind is the reflection of universal intelligence on karma. Before there was mind, there was karma. So there must have been a creation before this creation and that creation and dissolution is an eternal process. In creation, mind exists because there was a mind previously that created karma. The karmic influence continues to exist as the basis of the present mind. Creation comes from the seed of karma, latent in Being. Being and Karma There are 2 realities at the root of creation: Being and karma. The impression of an experience in the mind of the actor is the finest influence of karma, very near the meeting point of Being and prana. It is at this plane, where Being becomes mind, that creation begins, and because of the finest impression of karma, prana assumes the role of mind. Immediately, the mechanics of the senses of perception arise to become the agents of the mind and allow evolution to happen. The nervous system and body arise. So in the process of creation there is Being, prana, mind, senses, nervous system and body. Creation comes from karma and assumes the role of prana, the vital force of creation. Because of karma, creativity is latent in Being. Because of karma, creation, maintenance and dissolution take place. Action, experience and impression are the three factors of karma. You act (create a vibration), experience that action (experience vibration), and the vibration is impressed within your nervous system. When that vibration is dense and personalized (egoically based) it is a negative or dense samskara that veils the experience of Being, the authentic Self, the witness. Negative or dense samskaras limit the flow of prana. Karma is relative and Being is absolute. The process that brings karma to an end will result in the state of Being. Karma, and especially the factor of negative impressions, keep one out of the experience of Being. When the dissonant or unresolved impressions are resolved, then prana can flow freely and opens you to the experience of Being. Shiva and Shakti In a human, Being, Pure Consciousness, Shiva, is located in the crown of the head. Shakti, universal intelligent energy, Kundalini, is located at the base of the spine. It is the complete connection of the energy and the consciousness that produces enlightenment; the union of Shiva and Shakti. This occurs along the sushumna nadi, the subtle energetic channel that follows the spinal chord. This channel contains the 7 chakras or energy centers. The energy at the base of the spine, the Kundalini, is dormant in most people. When activated, it moves upward, releasing blockages, dense smaskaras, and opens the path to the highest energy centers. This energy is prana moving from the base of the spine to the top of the head in the subtle body. When life force freely flows, there is a natural unfolding of expansion, the creative and evolutionary acceleration of life into a greater awareness and alignment. When there is dissonance in the body or in your life it is as a result of a disruption in the flow of Prana. The cause of the disruption are negative or dense samskaras. Negative samskaras are dense, energetic, vibrationally non-aligned emotional content lodged within the subtle system. It is vibrational transformation that removes these blockages and allow the Prana to again flow freely. When the samskaras are resolved, this liberates the Prana-Shakti and restores equilibrium. When prana, life force, is flowing sufficiently it opens you to higher experiences and dimensions. In most people there are too many dense samskaras to allow for a substantial flow of prana and most people who have had their Kundalini activated can experience only very small or short periods of the prana reaching the highest centers. When the flow of prana is permanent from the lowest chakra to the highest chakras, then enlightenment occurs. When the kundalini is awakened or activated the gross functions of Prana in the physical and subtle bodies becomes more subtle. When the Kundalini becomes fully operational the vayus or airs – the functioning of the Prana – continue to support the physical body, but also become energy moving through the nadis (subtle energy channels in the subtle body) that supports the path to enlightenment. When Kundalini is awakened, the subtle Prana (out-breath) in the pingala nadi and subtle Apana (in-breath) in the ida nadi unite in the sushumna nadi. They become samana in the central channel. As this happens the mind quiets or becomes silent and the physical breath becomes shallower or stops. Samana then moves up the sushumna nadi as udana sakti – the upward bound energy. The udana sakti moves upward through the chakras. As the udana sakti reaches the 6th chakra this allows the experience of the Turia or Transcendental state. This also creates a state of bliss. As the udana sakti moves through the chakras it purifies and resolves the energy of the samskaras, releasing them and opening the pathway that allows the experience of Samadhi. Samadhi is absorption in the Self. It is the state where the individual mind becomes absorbed in Consciousness. The individual ‘I’ embodied in the mind is integrated into the eternal ‘I’ of God. All aspects – the mind, heart, ego, intellect, and subconscious – move into union and harmony in divinity. Samdahi is Turia, Transcendental Consciousness; both along with activity and without activity. It is the purified mind that reflects the Divine. It is Being. It is the reflection of the light of God. The 3 pillars of vibrational transformation are activation, immersion and understanding. It is the repeated immersion in the divine energy and the momentary glimpses of Samadhi that form powerful impressions on the mind. As you return repeatedly to imprint that experience of Samadhi on your waking consciousness, then the remembrance and experience of that state becomes your natural experience. It is said that the imprints, the samskaras, are both your delusion and our liberation. In this case of repeated momentary experiences of Samadhi, samskaras become your liberation. Every time Samadhi is experienced, even for the briefest second, the light of pure consciousness dissolves dense, negative and delusive samskaras and leaves a new impression of union. This allows you to return to the experience of the Self with greater ease. The impressions of Samadhi on the mind transform the mind from individual mind to pure Consciousness. Samadhi becomes both the means and the goal. The final movement of Prana as udana sakti from the 6th chakra (ajna) and the 7th chakra (sahasrara) to the brahmarandhra (the top spiritual center) is accomplished when almost all negative samskaras are purified, the sushumna cleared of karmas, the chakras functioning openly, and the mind at peace and clear. When Prana reaches the brahmarandra the udana sakti becomes vyana sakti and allows the experience of Self-realization in Cosmic Consciousness and God Consciousness and allows it to expand into Unity and Brahman Consciousness. In Unity and Brahman Consciousness, the state of complete unity, there is only God. Inner and outer, the absolute and the relative, all merge into the oneness of God. All objective experiences then rest in the Self. Then one becomes Shiva merged with Sakti, Consciousness merged with power, Awareness merged with Prana – all merged as one. Talks and courses designed to support you in living an awakened life, provide clarity around the nature of God and Self, and present a full understanding of enlightenment.

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On this page: When we feel stressed, it is easy to stop doing things that replenish our energy and keep us going through the difficult phases of college life. Self-care is the active participation of enhancing your physical, mental, emotional, and spiritual health and quality of life. It can alleviate some of your stress. It is important to maintain both the physical and mental components of self-care in order to achieve an overall state of wellness. Physical and mental health can balance your mind and body, which are essential to achieving wellness for optimal functioning. There are behavioral, relational, and internal self-care strategies. - Being at your best - Maximizing your potential - Improving your quality of life - Increasing your physical and mental resources to deal with stressors Myth: I need to stay up late to study for an exam. FACT: Good sleep helps with memory. Sleep helps you better store the information you’ve learned in your memory, so that you can better recall it on an exam. Cramming before an exam, especially at the expense of sleep, is a bad strategy. Sleep is also important for energy and mental sharpness, two factors related to doing well on an exam. Want to do well, get a good night’s rest. Myth: I don't have enough time to eat early in the day. FACT: Food is fuel. Food intake is part of a chemical process impacting energy and a host of other systems that directly relate to positive performance. It doesn't take a lot of time to eat a piece of fruit or to prepare a sandwich to carry and eat. If you are not eating until late in the day, consider that your schedule is too jammed, too hectic. Consider that without the benefit of food you will be more fatigued, more mentally foggy, more easily stressed, and more likely to perform poorly. Myth: I need to be strong and do it by myself. FACT: That makes no sense! When did it become a sign of strength to make things harder for ourselves by not utilizing the help and resources around us? A university is invested in student success, students staying in school and graduating. There are offices and people devoted to helping students with studying, physical and mental health, connection and activity, and just about anything else you can think of. Students who study in groups often perform better than those who study alone. Asking for help can be hard but can spare you lots of pain down the road. You can CHOOSE the harder way but you’ll pay for it later (and your performance will suffer). Myth: I couldn't do my schoolwork because I had to go to my job. FACT: Many students need to work in order to get through school. However, remember you are working TO GO TO SCHOOL. School is your priority. If that isn’t true, maybe you should consider if school is something you are committed to, something that you want to be doing. It is okay to choose to work and return to school at a later time. It is okay to choose to work because right now in your life school isn’t a good fit for you. Maybe you haven’t asked for what you need at work, like time off or a flexible schedule. Have you made it clear school is your top priority? Have you looked into other funding options like grants, loans or scholarships? If working makes you unable to perform in school, rethink what you are doing before you waste your time and money. Myth: I don't have time to.... FACT: Focus on building your time management and organizational skills. See: Academic Success Strategies Purchase and use a planner (can be electronic). Don’t wait until the last minute for assignments. Organize and clean your living space. Myth: All of this is easy to say but hard to do. FACT: It can be hard. Some of it is easy. It can be done. Thousands of students before you have done it. Perseverance is critical to success. Believing that if you continue to work toward a goal that you will succeed increases the likelihood that you will, in fact, succeed. There are multiple ways to engage in self-care. The following are a few suggestions: - Get enough sleep—Most people need 7-8 hours of sleep each night in order to feel feel, refreshed, and energetic in the morning. Sleep disturbances can affect your work performance. You can improve your sleep habits by having a regular sleep schedule. This includes weekends! A single day of deviance from the sleep schedule can confuse your body. (Eng & Relme, 2014; Fletcher et. al., 1996; Kruger, 1989; Rosekind et. al., 2010) - Exercise—Physical activity for 20-30 minutes each day helps in reducing your body’s physical reaction to stress by relaxing muscle tension. It also helps in relaxing negative thoughts, reducing anxiety, and boosting your confidence. (Petruzello, Landers, Hatfield, Kubitz & Salazar, 1991) - Pay attention to your nourishment—Nourishing your body and mind with a healthy diet can help you stay focused and keep your body satisfied. Replace fast-food with smaller healthy meals every 3-4 hours and stay hydrated. Skipping meals can deprive your body from energy and dehydration can increase physical and mental stress, which can limit your performance. (Can et. al., 2000; Soh, Walter, Baur, & Collins, 2009). - Engage in relaxing activities—Relaxation replenishes your mental resources and helps your body recover by decompressing the muscles. Relaxation activities may vary from a calm stroll through a park to taking a bath, to deep breathing exercises, to meditation and mindfulness. Find what works best for you. Be sure to make time for it in your schedule, even for 10 minutes. - Smile—Research shows that smiling, even if you don’t feel like it, can change your mood. Your brain cannot tell the difference between a real smile and a fake smile. So, when you smile, even in the lack of a humorous stimulus, your facial muscles communicate positive feelings to your brain. So, say cheese and smile away! (Strack, Martin & Stepper, 1988) - Help others—Helping someone else can make you feel good about yourself. It also increases hopefulness and optimism. Helping others promotes gratification and can shift your attention from negative thoughts and feelings towards fulfillment and optimism. (Glomb, Bhave, Miner, & Wall, 2011) - Practice optimism—Optimism is highly correlated with resilience and emotional acceptance. Optimism and resilience can reduce feelings of depression, anxiety and anger. Optimism can also helps in perceiving difficulties as opportunities for personal growth and improve work performance learn more about optimism and resilience here. (Mache, Vitzthum, Wanke, Groneberg, Klapp, & Danze, 2014; Relvich, Gillham, Chaplin, & Seligman, 2013; Wright State University, 2014). Internal Self-Care: Being mindful, compassionate, and kind to yourself. Internal self-care includes learning soothing techniques. - Positive self-view—It is easy to doubt ourselves in difficult situations. Be mindful of negative self-talk or putting yourself down. Actively replace these negative thoughts with a positive view. Create a list of affirmations for yourself (e.g., I grow and change; I am open-minded, etc.). (Lambert, Fincham, & Stillman, 2012). - Practice mindfulness—Mindfulness serves to alleviate distress by helping you experience situations in a different way. It will help you experience thoughts and sensations as they are, without judgment. Increasing awareness and reducing judgment can be a valuable exercise for internal self-care. You can learn mindfulness exercises here. (Liberate, Cotton, Macleish, Minglone, & O’Bryan, 2014). - Build a social support system—Living apart from families and childhood friends can feel lonely at times. Take comfort in the fact that you’re not alone! Many other students around you feel the same way. Create and maintain contact with a small group of people you can call on for emotional support or for distraction. You don’t have to disclose your stressors if you don’t want to; social support in of itself can be helpful in alleviating feelings of isolation. Research shows that people with strong social support experience less stress and exhibit better overall health than those people who are socially isolated. (Cohen, Mermelstein, Tamarack, & Hoberman, 1985; Dennis, Phinney, & Chuateco, 2005) - Get involved—Did you know that Wright State University has over 200 registered student organizations that vary over 10 different categories? Becoming involved in organizations of your interest can provide a great way to meet new friends and engage in activities that bring joy to you. You can find student organizations at (http://www.wright.edu/student-activities/student-organizations). - Learn how to say no—Learn of your own boundaries, setting limits, and explore your relational expectations. Awareness of our boundaries allows for what helps us in social interactions and restricts what can harm us. Each person needs a different amount of personal time to recover his or her energy. While college life involves plenty of opportunities to engage in different activities on and off campus, know when it’s appropriate to say “no.” Time-management skills are critical for success and professional development (Britton & teaser, 1991). - Get in touch with your values—If religion is an important part of your identity, find time for prayer or meditation. A few moments of spiritual connection each day can help improve physical health, decrease stress, and improve overall well-being. (Mass, Friedman, Lederman, Zuttermeister, & Benson, 1991; Seybold & Hill, 2001) - Take care of your personal space—Having a comfortable and organized environment can make us feel less stressed and happier. It helps in reducing anxiety and making us feel more in control of our environment and life. Take some time at the end of each day to clean up any clutter, wash the dishes in the sink, and fold your laundry so that your personal space continues to be clean and inviting. (Moore, 2014) These tips are for informational purposes only and are not meant to substitute mental or physical health counseling. - Britton, B. K., & Tesser, A. (1991). Effects of time-management practices on college grades. Journal of Educational Psychology, 83(3), 405-410. - Clan, C., Koulmann, N., Barraud, P. A., Raphel, C., Jiminez, C., & Melin, B. (2000). Influences of variations in body hydration on cognitive function: Effect of hyperhydration, heat stress, and exercise-induced dehydration. Journal Of Psychophysiology, 14(1), 29-36. - Cohen, S., Mermelstein, R., Kamarack, T., & Hoberman, H.M. (1985). Measuring the functional components of social support. Social Support: Theory, Research and Applications, 54, 73-94. - Dennis, J. M., Phinney, J. S., Chuateco, L. I. (2005). The role of motivation, parental support, and peer support in the academic success of ethnic minority first-generation college students. Journal of College Student Development, 46(3), 223-236. - Eng, J. J., & Reime, B. (2014). Exercise for depressive symptoms in stroke patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Clinical Rehabilitation, 28(8), 731-739. doi:10.1177/0269215514523631 - Fletcher, G. F., Balady, G., Blair, S. N., Blumenthal, J., Casperson, C., Chaitman, B., Epstein, S., Froleicher, E. S. S., Froleicher, V. F., Pina, I. L., & Pollock, M. L. (1996). Statement on exercise: Benefits and recommendations for physical activity programs for all Americans. Circulation, 94, 857-862. - Glomb, T. M., Bhave, D. P., Miner, A. G., & Wall, M. (2011). Doing good, feeling good: Examining the role of organizational citizenship behaviors in changing mood. Personnel Psychology, 64(1), 191-223. doi:10.1111/j.1744-6570.2010.01206.x - Kass, J. D., Friedman, R., Leserman, J., Zuttermeister, P. C., & Benson, H. (1991). Health outcomes and a new index of spiritual experience. Journal For The Scientific Study Of Religion, 30(2), 203-211. doi:10.2307/1387214 - Krueger, G. P. (1989). Sustained work, fatigue, sleep loss and performance: A review of the issues. Work & Stress, 3(2), 129-141. doi:10.1080/02678378908256939 - Lambert, N. M., Fincham, F. D., & Stillman, T. F. (2012). Gratitude and depressive symptoms: The role of positive reframing and positive emotion. Cognition And Emotion, 26(4), 615-633. doi:10.1080/02699931.2011.595393 - Luberto, C. M., Cotton, S., McLeish, A. C., Mingione, C. J., & O’Bryan, E. M. (2014). Mindfulness skills and emotion regulation: The mediating role of coping self-efficacy. Mindfulness, 5(4), 373-380. doi:10.1007/s12671-012-0190-6 - Mache, S., Vitzthum, K., Wanke, E., Groneberg, D. A., Klapp, B. F., & Danzer, G. (2014). Exploring the impact of resilience, self-efficacy, optimism and organizational resources on work engagement. Work: Journal Of Prevention, Assessment & Rehabilitation, 47(4), 491-500. - Moore, B. A. (2014). Taking Control of Anxiety: Small Steps for Getting the Best of Worry, Stress, and Fear [Kindle version]. Retrieved from Amazon.com - Reivich, K., Gillham, J. E., Chaplin, T. M., & Seligman, M. E. (2013). From helplessness to optimism: The role of resilience in treating and preventing depression in youth. In S. Goldstein, R. B. Brooks (Eds.) , Handbook of resilience in children (2nd ed.) (pp. 201-214). New York, NY, US: Springer Science + Business Media. doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-3661-4_12 - Rosekind, M. R., Gregory, K. B., Mallis, M. M., Brandt, S. L., Seal , B., & Lerner, D. (2010). The cost of poor sleep: Workplace productivity loss and associated costs. American College of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 52(1), 91-98. - Strack, F., Martin, L. L., & Stepper, S. (1988). Inhibiting and facilitating conditions of the human smile: A nonobtrusive test of the facial feedback hypothesis. Journal Of Personality And Social Psychology, 54(5), 768-777. doi:10.1037/0022-35126.96.36.1998 - Seybold, K. S., & Hill, P. C. (2001). The role of religion and spirituality in mental and physical health. Current Directions in Clinical Psychology, 10(1), 21-24. - Soh, N. L., Walter, G., Baur, L., & Collins, C. (2009). Nutrition, mood and behaviour: A review. Acta Neuropsychiatrica, 21(5), 214-227. - Wright State University-a (2014, Feb 5). Counseling and Wellness. Retrieved from: http://www.wright.edu/counseling-and-wellness/workshops-and-self-help/optimism - Wright State University-b (2014, Feb 5). Student Organizations. Retrieved from: http://www.wright.edu/student-activities/student-organizations

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|Diameter||40 km (25 mi)| |Age||254.7 ± 2.5 Ma| |State||Goiás, Mato Grosso| |Municipality||Araguainha & Ponte Branca| The Araguainha crater or Araguainha dome is an impact crater on the border of Mato Grosso and Goiás states, Brazil, between the villages of Araguainha and Ponte Branca. With a diameter of 40 kilometres (25 mi), it is the largest known impact crater in South America. The crater has most recently been dated to 254.7 ± 2.5 million years ago, when the region was probably a shallow sea. The margins of error of this date overlap the time of the Permian–Triassic extinction event, one of the largest mass extinction events in Earth's history. The impact punched through Paleozoic sedimentary units belonging to the Paraná Basin formations, and exposed the underlying Ordovician granite basement rocks. It is estimated that the crater was initially 24 kilometres (15 mi) wide and 2.4 kilometres (1.5 mi) deep, which then widened to 40 kilometres (25 mi) as its walls subsided inwards. Araguainha is a complex crater with annular and radial faults, exposed to the surface and eroded, cut through by the Araguaia River. The crater has an uplifted central core, shaped like an elliptical basin, consisting of exposed basement granite. Surrounding this core is a ring of shocked granite and overlying breccias; then another ring of ridges and mountains, 6.5 kilometres (4.0 mi) in diameter and up to 150 m (490 ft) high, consisting of folded and steeply tilted Devonian sandstones. This central region is surrounded by an annular depression floored by rocks from Devonian and Carboniferous sandstone formations. The outer rim of the crater consists of remnants of semi-circular grabens in highly deformed Permo-Carboniferous sediments. Evidences of impact origin include shatter cones, impact breccias, and shocked quartz. Access and conservation The Araguainha Dome can be reached by car from Goiânia or from Cuiabá. The unpaved state road MT-306, between Ponte Branca and Araguainha, cuts across the central uplift, as does the Araguaia River. As of 1999, the local residents were not yet aware of the dome's nature and scientific importance. Dating and interpretation The earliest report on the Araguainha structure was published by Northfleet et al. (1969), who interpreted it as an uplift of the Phanerozoic sediments caused by a Cretaceous syenite intrusion. A geological reconnaissance survey by Silveira Filho and Ribeiro (1971) noted the occurrence of lavas, breccias, and tuffs around the central core and deduced that Araguainha was a crypto-volcanic structure. Dietz and French (1973) reported the occurrence of impact breccias and shocked quartz, and recognized the structure as an impact crater. A detailed study of the crater by Crósta et al. (1981) and Crósta (1982) reported further petrological and mineralogical evidence of the impact. Further geomorphologic evidence was published by Theilen-Willige (1981). A magnetic survey was conducted by Fischer and Masero (1994). Dome formation was first dated (at 243 ± 19 million years ago, with Rb-Sr method) by Deutsch et al. (1992). Engelhardt et al. (1992) published a detailed study of the uplifted core and a revised date of about 246 million years ago, later revised to about 244 million years ago. Most recently it was dated by Tohver et al. (2012) at 254.7 ± 2.5 million years ago. Recent dating by Tohver et al. (2012), to 254.7 ± 2.5 million years ago, places the impact at dates overlapping estimates for the Permo-Triassic boundary. and the Permian–Triassic extinction event (“The Great Dying”). Much of the local rock was oil shale. The estimated energy released by the Araguainha impact is insufficient to be a direct cause of the global mass extinction, but the colossal local earth rifting would have released huge amounts of oil and gas from the shattered rock. The resulting sudden global warming might have precipitated the Permian–Triassic extinction. - "Araguainha". Earth Impact Database. Planetary and Space Science Centre University of New Brunswick Fredericton. Retrieved 2017-10-09. - Crósta, Álvaro P. (1 July 1999). Schobbenhaus, C.; Campos, D.A.; Queiroz, E.T.; Winge, M.; Berbert-Born, M. (eds.). "Araguainha dome - The largest astrobleme in South America". Sítios Geológicos e Paleontológicos do Brasil. - Northfleet, A.A.; Medeiros, R.A.; Muhlmann, H. (1969). "Reavaliação dos dados geológicos da Bacia do Paraná". Boletim Técnico da Petrobrás. 12: 291–346. - Silveira Filho, N.C.; Ribeiro, C.L. (1971). Informações geológicas preliminares sobre a estrutura vulcânica de Araguainha, Mato Grosso (relatório interno). DNPM / Distrito Centro-Leste. - Dietz, R.S.; French, B.M. (1973). "Two probable astroblemes in Brazil". Nature. 244 (5418): 561–562. Bibcode:1973Natur.244..561D. doi:10.1038/244561a0. S2CID 4167202. - Crósta, A.P.; Gaspar, J.C.; Candia, M.A.F. (1981). "Feições de metamorfismo de impacto no Domo de Araguainha". Revista Brasileira de Geociências. 11 (3): 139–146. doi:10.25249/0375-7536.1981139146. - Crósta, A.P. (1982). Mapeamento geológico do Domo de Araguainha utilizando técnicas de sensoriamento remoto (Mestrado). São José dos Campos: Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais (INPE). - Theilen-Willige, B. (1981). "The Araguainha impact structure, Central Brazil". Revista Brasileira de Geociências. 11 (2): 91–97. doi:10.25249/0375-7536.19819197. - Fischer, G.; Masero, W. (1994). "Rotational properties of the magnetotelluric impendance tensor – the example of the Araguainha impact crater, Brazil". Geophysical Journal International. 119 (2): 548–560. Bibcode:1994GeoJI.119..548F. doi:10.1111/j.1365-246X.1994.tb00141.x. - Deutsch, A.; Buhl, D.; Langenhorst, F. (1992). "On the significance of crater ages: New ages for Dellen (Sweden) and Araguainha (Brazil)". Tectonophysics. 216 (1–2): 205–218. Bibcode:1992Tectp.216..205D. doi:10.1016/0040-1951(92)90167-5. - Engelhardt, W. v.; Matthäi, S.K.; Walzebuck, J. (1992). "Araguainha impact crater, Brazil. 1. The interior part of the uplift". Meteoritics. 27: 442–457. doi:10.1111/j.1945-5100.1992.tb00226.x. - Tohver, E.; Lana, C.; Cawood, P.A.; Fletcher, I.R.; Jourdan, F.; Sherlock, S.; et al. (1 June 2012). "Geochronological constraints on the age of a Permo–Triassic impact event: U–Pb and 40Ar / 39Ar results for the 40 km Araguainha structure of central Brazil". Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta. 86: 214–227. Bibcode:2012GeCoA..86..214T. doi:10.1016/j.gca.2012.03.005. - "Biggest extinction in history caused by climate-changing meteor". University News (Press release). University of Western Australia. 31 July 2013.

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|Alternative names||Royal Observatory, Edinburgh| |Organization||Science and Technology Facilities Council| University of Edinburgh |Location||Blackford Hill, Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom| Location of Royal Observatory, Edinburgh |Related media on Wikimedia Commons| The Royal Observatory, Edinburgh (ROE) is an astronomical institution located on Blackford Hill in Edinburgh. The site is owned by the Science and Technology Facilities Council (STFC). The ROE comprises the UK Astronomy Technology Centre (UK ATC) of STFC, the Institute for Astronomy of the School of Physics and Astronomy of the University of Edinburgh, and the ROE Visitor Centre. The observatory carries out astronomical research and university teaching; design, project management, and construction of instruments and telescopes for astronomical observatories; and teacher training in astronomy and outreach to the public. The ROE Library includes the Crawford Collection of books and manuscripts gifted in 1888 by James Ludovic Lindsay, 26th Earl of Crawford. Before it moved to the present site in 1896, the Royal Observatory was located on Calton Hill, close to the centre of Edinburgh, at what is now known as the City Observatory. The University of Edinburgh in 1785 and by Royal Warrant of George III created the Regius Chair of Astronomy and appointed Robert Blair first Regius Professor of Astronomy. After his death in 1828 the position remained vacant until 1834. In 1811 private citizens had founded the Astronomical Institution of Edinburgh with John Playfair – professor of natural philosophy – as its president. The Institution acquired grounds on Calton Hill to build an observatory, which was designed by John's nephew William Henry Playfair; it remains to this day as the Playfair building of the City Observatory. During his visit of Edinburgh in 1822, George IV bestowed upon the observatory the title of "Royal Observatory of King George the Fourth". In 1834 – with Government funding – the instrumentation of the observatory was completed. This cleared the way to uniting the observatory with the Regius Chair, and Thomas Henderson was appointed the first Astronomer Royal for Scotland and second Regius Professor of Astronomy. The main instruments of the new observatory were a 6.4-inch (16 cm) transit telescope and a 3.5-inch (9 cm) azimuth circle. In 1852 Charles Piazzi Smyth – second Astronomer Royal for Scotland – came up with the idea of building astronomical observatories on high mountains with good weather. He travelled to Tenerife a few years later for site testing. Nothing came of it until about 100 years later, when this mode of operation became common practice the world over. A time service was established in 1858. Timings of star transits were used to keep the observatory clock accurate. The clock was wired up to control the drop of a time ball on Nelson's Monument. This is visible from the port of Leith, thus providing accurate time for shipping. Another wire led to a time gun on Edinburgh Castle. Chronic underfunding by the Government eventually led to Smyth's resignation in 1888. The Government then intended to close the Royal Observatory and to abolish the post of Astronomer Royal for Scotland. |Asteroids discovered: 7| |(6222) 1980 PB3||8 August 1980| |(14801) 1980 PE3||15 August 1980| |(22262) 1980 PZ2||4 August 1980| |(24625) 1980 PC3||8 August 1980| |(29086) 1980 PY2||4 August 1980| |(52241) 1980 PW2||4 August 1980| |(129439) 1980 PX2||4 August 1980| When the Earl of Crawford learned of the plans to close the Royal Observatory, he offered to give the instruments of his own Dunecht observatory and his unique astronomical library to the nation on condition that the Government build and maintain a new Royal Observatory to replace the one on Calton Hill. Ralph Copeland was appointed third Astronomer Royal for Scotland and oversaw the move of the two observatories from Dunecht and Calton Hill to Blackford Hill. The new site was opened in April 1896. The instruments to move into the domes were a 15-inch (38 cm) refractor (East Dome) and a 24-inch (0.6 m) reflector (West Dome). An 8.5-inch (22 cm) transit circle was housed in a separate building further west. The time service continued to control the time ball on Calton Hill and the time gun on Edinburgh Castle by telegraph wire. It also controlled a time gun in Dundee and a clock at Rosyth dockyard. In the 1910s and 1920s research at the ROE led to more accurate pendulum clocks, which remained in service until they had to give way to quartz clocks in the 1960s. During the first half of the 20th century the ROE pursued the new fields of photographic and photoelectric recording of stellar positions, brightnesses and spectra. From the 1950s onwards the ROE has concentrated even more on instrumentation and automation. In 1965 the ROE moved from the responsibility of the Scottish Office into the new Science Research Council (SRC), which in 1981 became the Science and Engineering Research Council (SERC). From 1961 to 1973 the ROE's Earlyburn Outstation some 20 miles (30 km) south of Edinburgh was used for optical tracking of artificial satellites. From 1967 to 1976 the observatory operated a 16/24-inch (0.4/0.6 m) Schmidt camera – matching the one in Edinburgh – at its Monte Porzio Catone observing station near Rome. A division of labour developed: By 1976 the ROE as an SRC/SERC establishment spent most of its resources on running and supporting national facilities, while astronomical research was left to the university's Department of Astronomy. The ROE operated the UK Schmidt Telescope (UKST) since it was opened in 1973. This took photographic plates in blue light of the entire southern sky. Together with red-light plates taken by the European Southern Observatory (ESO) they form the ESO/SERC Southern Sky Survey, which in turn extends the Palomar Observatory Sky Survey beyond its southern limit. In 1988 the telescope was handed over to the Anglo-Australian Observatory, which until 2010 operated it for Australia and the United Kingdom (UK); in July 2010, the Australian Astronomical Observatory was formed, to operate the telescope as part of a facility entirely under Australian control. The photographic laboratory and plate library for the UKST remained at the ROE in Edinburgh. Since 1967 the ROE had been operating a machine (GALAXY – General Automatic Luminosity And X-Y) to digitise photographic plates. After the opening of the UKST, this was upgraded to become the COSMOS (COordinates, Sizes, Magnitudes, Orientations and Shapes) machine in 1975. It operated until 1993 and was replaced by a new SuperCOSMOS machine. When in 1980 the Starlink Project was formed to support astronomical image processing in the UK, the ROE became one of the six original nodes of the Starlink network. Over the years 1973–1979 the ROE built the 3.8-metre UK Infrared Telescope (UKIRT) on Mauna Kea in Hawaii. This is an early example of the use of thin mirrors in large telescopes. The ROE operated UKIRT in cooperation with the University of Hawaii and built instruments for it, including the first ever common-user infrared camera. In 1987 the James Clerk Maxwell Telescope (JCMT) – also on Mauna Kea – was handed over to the ROE after the Rutherford Appleton Laboratory had completed its construction. The JCMT is a 15-metre diameter, millimetre- and sub-millimetre-wavelength telescope, which was run by a partnership of the UK, the Netherlands and Canada until 2014. After Malcolm Longair – ninth Astronomer Royal for Scotland – left in 1990, astronomy in Edinburgh underwent a period of re-organisation and uncertainty. Andrew Lawrence became Regius Professor of Astronomy in the University of Edinburgh, whereas the title of Astronomer Royal for Scotland went to John Brown of the University of Glasgow. For a while Paul Murdin was acting director of the ROE. In 1993 the observatories of the UK – the Royal Greenwich Observatory (RGO), the Royal Observatory Edinburgh, the Isaac Newton Group of Telescopes, and the Joint Astronomy Centre in Hawaii (operating UKIRT and JCMT) – came under the single directorship of Alec Boksenberg, until then director of the RGO. In 1994 the SERC was split up and the ROE became part of the Particle Physics and Astronomy Research Council (PPARC). In 1995 the merged observatories were dissolved into four independent entities. Having lost the UKST in 1988 – the ROE now also lost the UKIRT and the JCMT, operated by the independent Joint Astronomy Centre. ROE retained its role of building instruments for telescopes and satellites. It also became the UK project office for the construction of the Gemini Observatory, a pair of 8.1-metre telescopes run by seven countries. A review of the Royal Observatories in 1996 concluded that the running of observatories and building of instruments should be put out to competitive tender, raising the fear of privatisation or closure. In 1997 this came to a halt and instead it was decided to reduce the RGO and the ROE into a smaller single astronomy technology centre. In 1998 the RGO was closed, while the ROE escaped lightly: The Plate Library and SuperCOSMOS machine were handed over to the University of Edinburgh, while the technology and project management expertise of the ROE – and to a lesser degree of the RGO – was retained by the newly formed UK Astronomy Technology Centre, which superseded the ROE as the Edinburgh establishment of the PPARC. (The ROE name remains as an umbrella term for UKATC; IfA, Edinburgh University; and the Visitor Centre). Following the work on Gemini, the UK ATC was put in charge of managing the construction of the 4-metre f/1 VISTA (Visible and Infrared Survey Telescope for Astronomy). In the tradition of the UKST this is a survey telescope with a wide field of view. It works in the infrared and uses an array of 16 large infrared detectors. The telescope is located at the Paranal Observatory of the European Southern Observatory (ESO). In 1962 five European countries had founded the ESO; the UK joined in 2002 as the tenth member country. VISTA was handed over to ESO in 2009 as part of the UK's joining fee. Also Astronomer Royal for Scotland and Regius Professor of Astronomy in the University of Edinburgh: Directors of ROE or UK ATC after amalgamation and dissolution of "The Royal Observatories": The original 1894 building includes two cylindrical copper domes on top of the East and West Towers. These were refurbished in 2010. The East Dome still shelters a 36-inch (0.9 m) Cassegrain reflector that was installed in 1930. This is part of the visitor centre exhibition, but is not operational any more. A 16/24-inch (0.4/0.6 m) Schmidt camera was installed in the West Dome in 1951. In 2010 this was removed to the National Museum of Scotland. The only working telescope is a Meade MAX 20in ACF (0.5 m) reflector in a hemispherical dome on top of the teaching laboratories. This telescope is used for undergraduate teaching. As of April 2012, the 1967 telescope and mount have been removed to Mid-Kent Astronomical Society; a replacement telescope will be installed later in 2012. The Crawford Collection has first editions of most books relevant to the history of astronomy. This includes many works by the likes of Brahe, Copernicus, Galileo, Kepler and Newton. For the most part, Lord Lindsay collected this library in the 1870s and 1880s. An early addition was that of over 2500 items from Charles Babbage's library after his death in 1871. The Visitor Centre hosts public events, including astronomy lectures and public open nights. The Observatory also holds classes, professional development courses, and other educational events for primary and secondary schools.

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5 edition of In every war but one found in the catalog. In every war but one |Statement||by Eugene Kinkead.| |LC Classifications||DS921 .K46 1981| |The Physical Object| |Pagination||219 p. ;| |Number of Pages||219| |LC Control Number||81007014| War is an intense armed conflict between states, governments, societies, or paramilitary groups such as mercenaries, insurgents and is generally characterized by extreme violence, aggression, destruction, and mortality, using regular or irregular military forces. Warfare refers to the common activities and characteristics of types of war, or of wars in general. Book Reviews. Capsule Reviews Review Essays Browse All Reviews More. Articles with Audio Interviews Ask the In Every War but One. In Every War but One. The result is a self-published account of her father's three years in active duty from when he was a to year-old simply called "WWII Notebook & Letters.". It has been a long time since I enjoyed a book as much as I did LOVE IN THE BLITZ (Harper/HarperCollins, pp., $). Of the hundreds of books about World War II that I’ve read, this is one. **One of the Scotsman‘s Best Fiction Books of **A Sunday Telegraph Best Book of This rediscovered masterpiece, lost after World War II, was translated for the first time into English in by Melville House and became one of the most acclaimed books of the year. The book The War (Play to Live: Book #6) can give more knowledge and information about everything you want. Exactly why must we leave the best thing like a book The War (Play to Live: Book #6)? Wide variety you have a different opinion about book. But one aim this book can give many information for us. It is absolutely right. Black liberation on Cumberland Island in 1815 Comparative Economic Syst Im Functioning and dynamics of natural and perturbed ecosystems Oil and gas leasing in the Roswell District, BLM Sexual issues, the law and the teachers responsibility Preventing residential burglary Tiptops of travel Proceedings of the Michigan Morphometrics Workshop LUBFS: Urban model. Access to Literature RLIN supplement to USMARC bibliographic format. Register of baptism, 1813-1840 The lessons of "Every War But One" are now ignored as too idealistic. That the strict standard of the Code of Coduct kept mind and body together for many a GI prisoner in Viet Nam is of no weight in today's all volunteer Army where casualties are Cited by: One of my favorite quotes from the book: "Talking is always the first step toward collaborating. Once a man starts talking, ther Just finished this great look at POW issues during the Korean War. How they were indoctrinated and the Communist scare that brought on during the end of the s/5. In every war but one. New York, Norton (OCoLC) Online version: Kinkead, Eugene, In every war but one. New York, Norton (OCoLC) Document Type: Book: All Authors / Contributors: Eugene Kinkead. Based on an article which appeared some ago in The New Yorker, this is a clear-eyed examination of one of the most puzzling- and disturbing- phenomena of In every war but one book time, the breakdown of morale and wholesale collaboration with the captors by American prisoners during the Korean war. For in every war- except this one-the conduct of our servicemen, enduring far greater suffering than they did in enemy. COVID Resources. Reliable information about the coronavirus (COVID) is available from the World Health Organization (current situation, international travel).Numerous and frequently-updated resource results are available from this ’s WebJunction has pulled together information and resources to assist library staff as they consider how to handle coronavirus. Try the new Google Books. Check out the new look and enjoy easier access to your favorite features. Try it now. No thanks. Try the new Google Books Get print book. No eBook available IN EVERY WAR BUT ONE Eugene Kinkead Snippet view. In Every War But One Eugene Kinkead Snippet view - His book is every bit as harrowing as Sledge’s but also humorous, giving us a glimpse into the fraternity and life of ordinary soldiers struggling to pass the time in some of the worst places on earth. Losing the War by Lee Sandlin. Okay, this one isn’t a book — it’s just an essay. Every War Must End, which Colin Powell credits in his autobiography with having shaped his thinking on how to end the first Gulf War, analyzes the many critical obstacles to ending a war an aspect of military strategy that is frequently and tragically overlooked. This book explores the difficult and often painful process through which wars in Reviews: 8. Every Man Dies Alone or Alone in Berlin (German: Jeder stirbt für sich allein) is a novel by German author Hans is based on the true story of a working-class husband and wife who, acting alone, became part of the German a's book was one of the first anti-Nazi novels to be published by a German after World War II. A World War II film made in the midst of the war, for instance, might serve a propagandist purpose than one made after the war ends, when there’s more room for nuance and complexity, but it also. Professor Audrey Kurth Cronin has chosen to discuss Every War Must End by Fred Charles Iklé on FiveBooks as one of the top five on her subject - Terrorism, saying that: “ This book is a classic from the s, written during the Vietnam War at a time of agonising reappraisal in the US. He makes a very helpful use of history in going back through the endings of major conflicts and /5(6). More than just being a great war novel, Catch may very well be one of the best books to ever be written. It follows Yossarian, a WWII bombardier who is caught in the bureaucratic insanity of his own army. His superiors continue to increase the number of missions a man has to fly in order to complete their service. NOTE: This version of Carl von Clausewitz's On War is the long-obsolete J.J. Graham translation of Clausewitz's Vom Kriege () published in London in The /84 Howard/Paret version is the standard translation today; for the most accurate text one should always consult the Jolles translation. Consider the more modern versions and other relevant books shown below. About the Book. The Indian military setback against the Chinese attack in was high time for an honest soul-searching. Quite a few books written" by Army officers have tried t. Back in January, I wrote a list of reading goals. One of them was to read either Anna Karenina or War and it happened, my local library put together what they called the Big Book Club in an effort to tackle books with extraordinary page lengths, starting this summer with Tolstoy’s War and Peace.I registered to get notifications and took a deep breath looking at the reading schedule. The Forever War () is a military science fiction novel by American author Joe Haldeman, telling the contemplative story about human soldiers fighting an interstellar war against an alien civilization known as the Taurans. It won the Nebula Award in and the Hugo and Locus awards in Forever Free () and Forever Peace () are respectively, direct and thematic sequel novels. In Every War But One E. Kinkead This Book Review is brought to you for free and open access by the Journals at U.S. Naval War College Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Naval War College Review by an authorized editor of U.S. Naval War College Digital Commons. For more information, please contact. One needs only ponder the steady stream of books on nearly every aspect of the war that regularly roll off the presses to realize that Americans never seem to get enough of their favorite war. 2 days ago Gepeto on Behold the Cover to Rhythm of War, the Fourth Book in Brandon Sanderson’s Stormlight Archive 2 mins ago Sonofthunder on The Wheel of Time TV Show Casts Siuan, Min, and More. 6 mins ago. Every just, revolutionary war is endowed with tremendous power and can transform many things or clear the way for their transformation. The Sino-Japanese war will transform both China and Japan; provided China perseveres in the War of Resistance and in the united front, the old Japan will surely be transformed into a new Japan and the old China. One of the things that stood out for me in all these books is the incredible camaraderie and brotherhood that only exists in war. Its something pure and a real light of humanity that exists in the brutality, chaos, and tragedy of war.War and Peace is one of the finest books about war and is considered a staple piece of literature. The novel takes place in Russia of during Napolean's invasion. It follows a total of five families and their stories during this crucial time in history. War and Peace is also known for its length, being one of the longest novels ever published. His truthful account differed so substantially from the war propaganda that he was called every name in the book. Truth is seldom welcomed. David Irving, without any doubt the best historian of the European part of World War II, learned at his great expense that challenging myths does not go .

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Cannabis and mental health Two million people smoke cannabis / cannabis in the UK. Half of children in the age group of 16 to 19 have used it at least once. Despite warnings of health hazards by the government, many people consider it a harmless substance that helps to remain calm and ‘chill’ and is good for physical and mental health as opposed to alcohol and cigarettes. On the other hand, according to recent research, it may be the main reason for causing mental illness in people with genetic vulnerability. This leaflet throws light on the effects of cannabis use and research done on mental health and is for those who are concerned about this issue. We hope this will help give people an informed choice of whether to use cannabis. What is cannabis / cannabis? Cannabis sativa and Cannabis indica are members of the nettle family that have been found wild throughout the world for centuries. Both plants have been used for a variety of purposes, such as for making rope and clothing, as a medical herb or as a popular recreational drug / substance. The use of this plant is as follows: – Resin: A brown black lump known as cannabis, ganja, hashish resin etc. Herbal Cannabis: It is made from dried flowers and dried leaves of various quantities. It is known as Grass, Marijuana, Spilluff or Weed. ‘Skunk‘ is one of the strongest varieties of cannabis, which is grown due to its high content of active substances. When they are growing, they smell pungent, this name is in reference to the same. It can often be grown in grow lights or greenhouses by hydroponic techniques (growing in nutrient-rich fluids instead of soil). There are more than 100 other varieties of cannabis known by foreign names such as A.K. 47 or Destroyer (Destroyer). Street cannabis can come in a variety of powerful types. It is therefore difficult to estimate how much cannabis has actually been consumed at one time. How is it used? Usually hemp resin and dried leaves are mixed with tobacco and smoked as a “spillf” or “joint“. The smoke is inhaled vigorously and allowed to remain in the lungs for a few moments. It can be smoked by collecting it in a pipe, a water pipe or a box. It can be drunk as tea or cooked in a cake. What is its legal status in the UK? Cannabis was re-classified in January 2009 and is now a Class B drug under the Drug Abuse Act, 1971. The maximum penalty under this is- - If found in possession – 5 year jail sentence or unlimited fine or both. - For selling or supplying – 14 year jail sentence or unlimited fine or both. When cannabis is found in the possession of young people: – When hemp is found in the possession of a youth – - He may be arrested. - He can be taken to the police station. - In view of the crime, one can be reprimanded, given a final warning or charged. Re-offending after a reprimand may result in a final warning or charge. After the last warning – - The youth is sent to the youth affording team so that the rehabilitation program of that youth can be arranged by this team. - Re-trespassing can lead to criminal charges. On being found near an adult: – Adults are usually warned and cannabis is confiscated. In some cases an arrest is made or caution and prosecution may be required such as – - On committing a crime again and again. - Smoking cannabis in a public place. - On disbanding public order. What is the chemical composition of cannabis and how does it work? A common cannabis plant contains about 400 chemical compounds. The names of the four main compounds are – - Delta 9 tetrahydrocannabinol - Delta 8 tetrahydracannabinol Apart from cannabidiol, all these compounds are psychologically active and Delta 9 tetrahydracannabinol is the most potent. The close-ranging varieties of this plant have a low amount of cannabidiol, while the delta 9 tetrahydrocannabinol is much higher. When cannabis is smoked, its compounds rapidly enter the bloodstream and reach directly into the brain and other parts of the body. The sense of “stoned” and “high” is mainly on the cannabinoid receptors in the brain Delta-9Thc. Is associated with The receptor is a place on the brain cell where certain types of substances can stick or bind for a while. If this happens, it can have an effect on the cell or the nerve impulses it produces. It is also interesting that cannabis-like substance is naturally produced by the brain called ‘endocannabinoid’. Most of these receptors are found in those parts of the brain that affect happiness, memory, thinking, concentration, sensation and perception of time. Cannabis compounds can also affect the eyes, ears, skin, and stomach. What are its effects? Good effects – High – There is a feeling of great comfort, happiness, sleep. The colors are sharper and the music is better heard. Side effects – 1 out of 10 cannabis users have unpleasant experiences, including confusion, hallucinations, anxiety, and fear. The same person may feel dear or unpleasant effects according to their mood / mood or circumstances. These feelings are usually temporary, but because cannabis can remain in the body for a few weeks, it can have a long-term effect that users do not realize. Long-term use may cause depression, lack of motivation over motivation. Impact on education and practice – It is believed that cannabis can interfere with a person’s following abilities - To focus - Organize information - Use information These effects can last for several weeks after use, which can cause problems especially for students. A large study in New Zealand looked at 1265 children up to 25 years of age and found that cannabis use among adolescents was associated with poor school performance but no direct correlation was found between the two. It felt that this is probably because the lifestyle adopted by the use of cannabis does not encourage any school work. Impact on work – It has a similar effect in working people. There is no evidence that cannabis can cause specific health hazards. But users are much more likely to leave work without permission, spend time on personal matters during work and daydream. Cannabis users themselves state that cannabis / drugs interfere with their work and social life. Of course some work areas are more difficult than others. A review of research on the effect of cannabis on pilots revealed that cannabis made far more mistakes – both small and large – than cannabis used by pilots. As you can imagine, the test was done in flight simulators, not in real flight. The worst effects were in the first 4 hours, Although he remained for at least 24 hours, the pilot was not aware of being “high”. From this it was concluded that most of us would not like to fly after this information with a pilot who had consumed cannabis within the last one day. Impact on driving Researchers in New Zealand found that people who regularly consumed cannabis and who smoked before driving were more likely to be injured in a car accident. A recent study in France took 10,000 drivers who were involved in fatal car accidents. Taking into account the effects of alcohol, it was found that cannabis users were twice as likely to have a fatal accident than others. So perhaps most of us would not like to get into a vehicle whose operator had consumed cannabis a day before. Problems related to mental health There is increasing evidence that people with severe mental illness, depression, or psychosis are more likely to use cannabis or have used cannabis for longer periods in the past. Regular use of cannabis can double the risk of having a psychotic episode or schizophrenia. However, it is not clear whether cannabis can cause depression and schizophrenia, or do people with these disorders use it as a medicine? Research conducted over the past few years can firmly state that there is a clear link between early onset of cannabis in people with genetic vulnerability and future mental health problems. Along with this, the use of cannabis by teenagers is a special issue in itself. A seven-year study on Australian school children aged 14–15 years has shown that children who use cannabis regularly have a higher risk of depression. However, cannabis use was not likely to be higher than other children who were already suffering from depression. However, adolescents who use cannabis daily are five times more likely to experience depression and anxiety in later life. Psychosis / Schizophrenia – According to three major studies in large numbers of people over several years, the risk of schizophrenia is higher than the average among those who use cannabis. If you start consuming cannabis before the age of 15, then you are 4 times more likely to have a mental disorder by the age of 26. According to this study, no evidence of self-treatment with cannabis was found. It is estimated that the more cannabis one uses, the more likely they are to develop symptoms. Why is it especially unsafe to use cannabis in teenagers? No one knows for sure, but it may have some relation with the brain. Brain development in adolescence continues till at least 20 years of age. During this period, the process of neural pruning is going on on a large scale. It is like arranging a tricky circuit of the circuit, So that it can work more effectively. Any experience or substance that affects this process has the potential to produce a long-term psychological effect. According to recent research in Europe and Britain, people with a background of mental illness and therefore perhaps genetic vulnerability are also more likely to develop schizophrenia using cannabis. Problems of physical health – The main threat to physical health due to cannabis is probably from tobacco which is often smoked with cannabis. Is there anything like cannabis psychosis (cannabis psychosis)? – This has been said in recent research in Denmark. According to him, it is a short-term mental disorder that occurs due to the use of cannabis and which is cured very quickly by stopping the use of cannabis. However, it is quite unusual that only 100 new patients were found every year by researchers all over Denmark. However it was also found that- - Three fourth of these patients were found to be suffering from a different mental disorder within a year. - Half of the patients were found to be suffering from a mental disorder even after three years. So it is likely that more than half of the people who have been diagnosed with cannabis psychosis are actually showing the first signs of long-lasting schizophrenia, such as schizophrenia. Perhaps these people may be especially vulnerable to the side effects of cannabis and they should avoid cannabis in future. Is cannabis / cannabis addictive ? – Cannabis has characteristics like narcotics / drugs such as- Tolerance – Taking an overdose to get the first effect. Withdrawal / withdrawal symptoms The following symptoms are found in heavy users – - loss of appetite - Difficulty sleeping - Loss of weight - Aggression and anger - Strange dream These symptoms cause as much discomfort when not taking cannabis as they do not consume tobacco. In regular long-term users – - 3 out of 4 feel craving. - Half feel irritable. - 7 out of 10 start taking tobacco in an attempt to stop the consumption of cannabis. Symptoms of irritability, nervousness, and sleep difficulties begin to appear after the last 10 hours of cannabis use and most often occur after a week. Compulsive Use (Compulsive Application) The user feels that its use is mandatory and spends most of his life seeking, buying and using it. They cannot stop consuming it when in important parts of their life (family, work, school) it causes problems. The likelihood of you relying on cannabis increases if you use it every day. Skunk and other powerful varieties – The main psychological active ingredient T.H.C. The amount of herbal cannabis can range from 1% to 15%. New strains, including skunk, can have up to 20%. The new varieties are 2 to 3 times more powerful than the hemp varieties available 30 years ago. It works more quickly and can produce hallucinations with intense decency and elation. It may also be accompanied by nervousness, extreme anxiety, projectile vomiting, and a desire to eat more. It can be used by some as an alternative to ‘ecstasy’ or ‘LCD’. Legally these strains fall into the class of class-B drugs. There has been less research on these, but it is likely that the risk of mental disorder / disease from these new strains is high. According to a study currently underway, it has been found that users of strong varieties of cannabis may have problems with concentration and short-term memory. Problems using cannabis – Most people feel pleasure when using cannabis. But it can cause problems for some people. An American organization Marijuana-anonymous.org defines cannabis problems as follows – Cannabis is a problem if cannabis determines our thinking and our lives and if our desires are focused only around cannabis – to get drunk, to get it, to buy and to search and Loses interest in everything else. This website has the following questionnaire that may be equally applicable to users of alcohol – “If you answer yes to any question, then you may have a problem.” - Isn’t cannabis consumption as a smoke anymore blissful? - Do you drink cannabis alone? - Is it difficult for you to imagine your life without cannabis? - Does the use of cannabis determine your selection of friends? - Do you take cannabis to fight your problems? - Do you take cannabis to face your feelings? - Do you live in your own personal world due to the use of cannabis? - Do you fail to make promises to reduce or control your cannabis, smoking intake? - Are you experiencing problems with concentration, memory or motivation due to cannabis? - When you have a shortage of cannabis, do you get anxious to get it? - Is living your life around cannabis use? - Have your friends and relatives complained that cannabis is causing damage to your relationships due to smoking? Reducing the use of cannabis – The Home Office has recently published a guide to curb and completely curb the use of cannabis. It contains several measures to successfully stop the use of cannabis, including – - Prepare a list of what is the reason for making a change in yourself. - Planning how to change yourself. - How will you cope with the symptoms on avoiding? - Keep another plan ready in case of failure. If you have decided to quit cannabis then it is no more difficult than quitting cigarettes / smoking. Our translated content provides information, not advice. The contents of our translated pages and documents are provided for general information only. They are not intended to be, and do not suggest, who you should trust. It is not a substitute for specific advice by any means. Therefore you must obtain relevant professional or expert advice before taking, or avoiding, any action based on this information. If you have any questions about any medical case, you should consult your doctor or other professional healthcare provider without delay. If you feel that you are facing any medical condition then you should seek immediate medical attention from a doctor or other professional healthcare provider. No representation, warranty or guarantee Although we make reasonable efforts to compile accurate information in our notebooks and update the information on our website, we make no representations, warranties, or guarantees, whether express or implied, that the contents of this section are accurate, complete Or up to date.

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D In the English alphabet, the fourth letter, and the third consonant or articulation. — Webster, 1882 Click on an image below to learn more. Wait, there’s more! The following is an incomplete list of the remaining indexed main headings. Once a completed entry has been uploaded, it will be removed from the list below and added to the links above. Subheadings, reference locators, and cross-referenced subentries are not included in this list. Always consult the completed entry for referenced source of definition used below. daisy – A plant of the genus Bellis, of several varieties. Dakota / Dakota Territory damper – That which damps or checks; as, a valve or movable plate in the flue or other part of a stove, furnace, &c., used to check or regulate the draught of air. dance – To leap or move in measured steps, or to a musical accompaniment; to go through, either alone or in company with others, with a regulated succession of movements, to the sound of music. dandle – To move up and down in affectionate play, as an infant; to caress; to fondle. dank – Damp; moist; humid; wet. darkey / darkie – A negro. dapper – Little and active; nimble; lively; neat in dress or appearance; spruce; smart. dapple – Marked with spots of different shades of color; spotted; variegated; as, a dapple horse. One of the spots on a dappled animal. To variegate with spots; to spot. darn, sewing – To mend, as a rent or hole, by imitating the texture of the cloth or stuff with yarn or thread and a needle; to sew together with yarn or thread. darts, sewing – Folds or tucks coming to a point, sewn into fabric to take in ease and provide shape. dast – Dare. dawdle – To waste time in trifling employment; to trifle. Andrew Day family – Almanzo’s uncle, married to Sarah Wilder. John Wesley Day family – Almanzo’s uncle, sister of Almanzo’s mother. “Dearest May” – song debate – Contention in words or arguments; discussion for the purpose of elucidating truth; strife in argument between persons of different opinions; dispute; controversy; as, the debates in Parliament or in Congress. deer – A ruminant quadruped of the genus Cercus, of several species, the males of which have branched horns. The common American deer is C. Virginianus. delaine – A fabric for ladies’ dress-goods. The original French fabric was all wool. The English and American delaines are composed of cotton and wool, or worsted. delirious – Having a delirium; wandering in mind; light-headed; insane; demented; as, a delirious patient; delirious fancies. denim – A coarse cotton drilling used for overalls, &c. De-old Jim riber, I float down, see IT WILL NEVER DO TO GIVE IT UP SO deportment – Manner of deporting or demeaning one’s self; carriage; especially, manner of acting with respect to the courtesies and duties of life; behavior; demeanor; conduct. Father Pierre-Jean De Smet (1801-1873) – Belgian Jesuit and Roman Catholic Priest, active in missionary work in the midwest. De Smet, South Dakota was named for him. Des Moines, Iowa – Capital of Iowa and county seat of Polk County. desolate – Destitute or deprived of inhabitants; deserted; uninhabited; as, a desolate isle; a desolate wilderness. Laid waste; in a ruinous condition; neglected; destroyed. Left alone; solitary; without a companion; lonely; afflicted. despot – 1. One who exercises or possesses absolute power over another; a master; a lord; especially, a sovereign invested with absolute power. 2. One who rules regardless of a constitution or laws; a tyrant. devil – 1. The evil one, Satan, represented in the Scriptures as the traducer, father of lies, temper, &c. 2. To invest with the character of a devil. Resembling, or pertaining to the devil; diabolical; wicked in the extreme. “The Devil’s Dream / The Devil’s Hornpipe” – song dew – Moisture from the atmosphere condensed by cool bodies upon their surfaces, particularly at night. diagramming sentences – System developed in the mid-19th century by Alonzo Reid and Brainerd Kellogg of Brooklyn, New York, by which a parse tree (sentence diagram) is used to pictorially represent words and word-group functions in sentences. diary – An account made day by day of the events or transactions of the day; a journal; a register of daily occurrences; a black book dated for the record of daily memoranda; as, a diary of the weather. diligently – In a diligent manner; with industry or assiduity; not carelessly; not negligently. dinner horn / dinner-horn – Instrument used to summon distant workers to meals. dish-pan / dishpan / wash-pan – Vessel used to hold water for washing. disparage – To dishonor by a comparison with what is inferior; to lower in rank or estimation; to under value; to bring reproach on; to vilify; to debase. divorce – To dissolve, either wholly or partially, the marriage contract of; to separate by divorce. Docia Ingalls Forbes (1846-1918) – Charles Ingalls’ sister. doctor – One duly licensed to practice medicine; a physician; one whose occupation is to treat diseases. doe see doe (do-si-do) – Basic dance step in which dancers walk around each other without turning. dog – A quadruped of the genus Canis (C. familiaris). There are upwards of thirty enumerated varieties, as the mastiff, the hound, the spaniel, the shepherd’s dog, the terrier, the harrier, the bloodhound, &c. The dog is distinguished for intelligence, docility, and attachment to man, above all other of the inferior animals. doggedly – In a dogged manner; sullenly; sourly; morosely; with obstinate resolution. doggerel – Low-styled and irregular verse; mean or undignified poetry. “The ill-spelt lines of doggerel in which he expressed his reverence for the brave sufferers.” –Maccaulay. doll – A puppet or baby for a child; an image in the form of a child, or sometimes of an adult, for the amusement of little girls. “Don’t Go Out Tonight, My Darling” – song do, re, mi, fa, sol, la, si, do / do ra me fa sol la see do – Do is a syllable attached to the first tone of the major diatonic scale for the purpose of solmization, or solfeggio. It is the first of the seven syllables used by the Italians as names of musical tones. In England and America the same syllables are used as a scale-pattern, while the tones in respect to absolute pitch are named by the first seven letters of the alphabet. Solfeggio is the system of ranging the scale by the names do, re, mi, fa, sol, la, si, by which singing is taught. dotted Swiss – Sheer cotton fabric embellished with small, raised dots. dough – Paste of bread; a mass of flour or meal, moistened and kneaded, but not yet baked. doughnut – A small, roundish cake, made of flour, eggs, and sugar, moistened with milk or with water, and fried in lard. draft / draught, stove – A current of air. draw – A terrain feature formed by two parallel ridged with low ground (the draw) between them. drawers / underdrawers – A close undergarment worn on the lower limbs. dress – To prepare for use; to fit for any use; to get ready; as, to dress a slain animal; to dress food. dressing – The stuffing of fowls, pigs, &c.; forcemeat. dressmaker / dressmaking – A maker of gowns, or similar garments. drift – That which is driven, forced, or urged along; a mass of any thing carried onward together; as, a mass of matter which has been driven or forced together into its present position; as a drift of snow, of ice, of sand, and the like. dripping – The fat which falls from meat in roasting. drum – An instrument of music, consisting of a hollow cylinder or hemisphere, upon which a piece of vellum is stretched, to be beaten with a stick; – the common instrument of marking time in martial music. drumstick – Any thing resembling a drumstick in form, as the upper joint of the leg of a fowl. duck – A water-fowl of the family Anatida and order Anseres. The fresh-water ducks are of the sub-family Anatinæ. The common domestic duck is the Anas beschas; the wood-duck, A. spons. ducking – To duck is to dip or plunge in water and suddenly withdraw; as, to duck a seaman. It differs from dive, which signifies to plunge one’s self. dump – To put or throw down with more or less of violence; hence, to unload from a cart by tilting it up; as, to dump sand, coal, &c. dusk / dusky – Imperfect obscurity; a middle degree between light and darkness; twilight; as, the dusk of the evening. Dusky means partially dark or obscure; not luminous; dusk; as, a dusky valley. dust devil – Formed in updraughts of air from localized heating in dry conditions, and begin to whirl when the warm air is funnelled through an obstruction or over a patch of particularly rough ground. They vary in size from the smallest and most short-lived of wisps to intense dusty vortices capable of causing minor damage. Dutch – The people of the Netherlands, collectively. Daniel Dwight family – De Smet family whose children attended the Wilkin School taught by Laura Ingalls.

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GEOCTROYEERDE WESTINDISCHE COMPAGNIE The Dutch West India Company (Geoctroyeerde West-Indische Compagnie (GWIC or WIC)) was a company for the trade on the West-Indies, and was chartered by the Republic of the United Netherlands on 3 June 1621. The Company was organized in the same way as the United East India Company (V.O.C.). There were five chambers: Amsterdam, Zeeland (established in Middelburg), Maze (Rotterdam), Stad en Lande (Groningen) and Noorderkwartier (Hoorn). The administration consisted of the Heeren XIX, elected from 74 commissionaries. Its main trade was sugar, tobacco and the slave trade from Africa to the West Indies. Because of a bankruptcy the Company was liquidated in 1674 but it was refounded the next year. This company is known as the 2nd West-India Company (Tweede Geoctroyeerde West-Indische compagnie or Nieuwe West-Indische compagnie.) The Heeren XIX were replaced by the Heeren X. In 1792 the company was liquidated. Its possessions were handed over to the government of the Republic. The first colony to be founded by the WIC was Nieuw Nederland (1624-‘64). This consisted of today’s Connecticut, Massachusetts, New Jersey, New York and Vermont. Later colonies were founded in the Antilles and Aruba, two places in Puerto Rico, the Virgin Islands, Tobago, Guyana (today’s British Guyana, French Guyana and Suriname), and the settlement of Nieuw Holland on the Brazilian coast. On the other side of the Atlantic, in Africa, there were settlements in Arguin, Gorée, Goldcoast, Sao Tomé, Annobon, Corisco and some places in Angola and Namibia. Just like the VOC the WIC had a seal showing a fluitschip (three-masted sailing vessel). This can be seen on a print of the seal from 1623 but also on later seals of Suriname. At some time the fluitschip of the seal was also placed on a shield. Print of the Seal of the West India Company, 1623. Three-masted ship. L.: DE GEOCTROYEERDE WEST INDISCHE COMPAIGNIE (Algemeen Rijksarchief, Den Haag) Better known and documented is the cypher of the Company. This consisted of the letters G. W and C. Some seals of the Company with this cypher are preserved. It was also on coins minted by the Company. Print and iron seal of the West India Company (Penningkabinet R.A. 96 & 97) Goldcoin minted for the Brasilian colonies, 1645 (Coll. Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam) The chambers of the Company had their own seals on which the cypher is completed with the initial of the place of settlement. ðFor the Amsterdam chamber a little ‘v’ was added to make the letter ‘A’: Cypher of the Amsterdam Chamber of the Company on the mantle-piece in the West Indisch Huis in the Haarlemmerstraat, Amsterdam, 1628. (Rijksmuseum Amsterdam BK-NM-11131) Cypher of the Amsterdam Chamber of the W.I.C. On a warehouse of the Company at the ’s Gravenhekje in Amsterdam, 1642. ð The illustration in the head of this essay shows a print from a woodblock from 1682. ðFor Groningen and the Ommelanden the letters ‘G’ and ‘O’ were added: Token struck by the Chamber of Groningen and Ommelanden. At the occasion of the paying out of 10% dividend by the G.W.C. 1683. Silver, 55 mm Groningen and Ommelanden Cypher surrounded by the arms of the 12 commissionaries Coll. Groninger Museum 8-273. Catalogus van Loon III: 304 ðFor the Hoorn Chamber the letter ‘H’was added: Photo H.d.V. 2010 Cypher of the Hoorn Chamber of the W.I.C. On the tympanon of the office of the Chamber, Binnenluiendijk, Hoorn. 1784. ðFor the Rotterdam Chamber the letter ‘M’ of ‘Maze’ was added: showing the cypher of the Maze Chamber of the W.I.C. (Coll. Rijksmuseum Amsterdam inv.nr. NG-NM-582) On the main topsail of the ship the Dutch Virgin, sitting within a fence. On the stern the national emblem of the Republic of the United Netherlands consisting of a bundle of seven arrows. Around the ship the arms of the seven rulers of the Maze Chmaber. L.: BEWINDHEBBERS VAN DE GEOCTROYEERDE WESTINDISCHE COMPAGNIE TER KAMER VANDE MASE 1684 ï 6 ST[uiver] seal of the Maze Chamber. (Penningkabinet, R.A. X 12) ðFor the Zeeland Chamber the letters ‘Z’ an ‘M’ (for Middelburg) were added Cypher of the Zeeland Chamber on a auction poster, 1750 On 3 May 1792 the handing over of the posessions of the former WIC was effectuated. Deliberations were held to organize a new administration called the Raad der Coloniën (Council of the Colonies). The council started its activities on 13 November 1792. The seal of the council showed the arms crowned arms of the States General: Gules, a crowned lion with sword and bundle of arrows Or. Seal of the Raad der Coloniën (in the West Indies) 1792 (Æ 99mm) By courtesy of the Geldmuseum, Utrecht The territories under the jurisdiction of the council were: 1. Essequebo and Demerary. United in 1787. Residence of the governor-general in Demerary. In semi-autonomous Essequibo a commander. 2. Curaçao, Bonaire and Aruba. Residence of the governor general on Curaçao. 3. St. Eustatius, St. Maarten and Saba. Residence of the governor general on St. Eustatius. A commander on St. Maarten. 4. The coast of Guinea. Consisting of Fort St. George d’Elmina and some other forts in the interior. Apart from the Council for the Colonies the Society of Suriname and the Direction of Berbice were active in the Americas. Because cooperation between the three organizations was unsatisfactory the States General decided to abolish them and to place their possessions under the jurisdiction of the Committé tot de zaaken van de coloniën en de bezittingen op de kust van Guinee en America (Committee for colonial affairs and of the possessions on the Guinea coast and in America). This decree came into effect on 1 November 1795. A new seal was made for the Committee. As the arms of the States General had disappeared from their seal by resolution of 4 May 1796, the seal of the Committee was also of a different design, omitting the arms. It showed the Batavian lion, armed with a sword and supporting a shield with the words COMMITTÉ TOT DE WESTINDISCHE BEZITTINGEN, standing in a landscape between a palmtree and a sailing vessel and the attributes of Mercury on the foreground. In chief there is the name of the republic on a listel in orle. Seal of the Committee of the West Indian possessions 1795-1801. (Æ 100 mm) By courtesy of the Geldmuseum, Utrecht This seal was abandoned when the Committee was dissolved and succeeded by the Council for the American Colonies (1801). Its seal showed the arms of the Republic again and the legend RAAD DER AMERIC(aansche) COLONIËN / BATAAFSCHE REPUBLIEK. From this time on the seal of the ministries responsible for the colonies in Asia and the Americas showed the arms of the sovereign of the Netherlands. These ministries were: Ministry of Commerce and Colonies (1806.07.06 - 1807-12-31) Ministry of the Navy and Colonies (1808.01.08-1810.12.31) Imperial Ministry of the Navy and Colonies (1810-1813) And after the French Occupation: Department of Commerce and Colonies (1814.04.06 - 1818.03.18) Department of Education, National Industry and Colonies (1818.03.19 - 1824.03.18) Department of the Navy and Colonies (1825.04.05 - 1829.12.31) Department of Infrastructure, National Industry and Colonies (1830.01.01 - 1834.12.31) Department of Colonies (1835.01.01 - 1840.08.09) Department of the Navy and Colonies (1840.08.10 - 1841.12.31) Department of Colonies (1842.01.01 - 1945) Department of Territories Overseas (1945.02.23- 1951) After the loss of the Netherlands Indies: Department of Union Affairs and National Territories Overseas (1951 - 1953). Department of National Territories Overseas (1953-1957) Department of Affairs Overseas (1957 - 1959) In 1959 the department was abolished and replaced by a chamber, at first administered by the vice-prime-minister until 1971 and later as Chamber for Suriname and Netherlands Antilles Affairs (1971-1975) Chamber for Netherlands Antilles Affairs (1975-1985) Chamber for Netherlands Antilles and Aruban Affairs (1985-1998) In 1998 the Chamber was incorporated in the Ministry for Internal Affairs and Relations within the Kingdom © Hubert de Vries 2010-02-08. Updated 2010-03-02; 2011-11-21; 2015-02-15 Felhoen-Kraal, J.: Wapens en Zegels van Suriname, Amsterdam, 1950 pp. 8-9, figs 2-8. Schutte, O: Catalogus der Zegelstempels, berustende in het Koninklijk Penningkabinet en enige andere verzamelingen. In: De Nederlandsche Leeuw 1971 n° 11, n°s 30-34. Schutte. op.cit. Amsterdam: 35-40. Zeeland: 41. Helman, Albert: Avonturen aan de Wilde Kust, 1982, blz. 103 R.d.C. 25, also see R.d.C. 5, p. 343 e.v. Staten Generaal 13 nov. 1791 Schutte, op.cit. nr. 44. N.B. In the West- Indies Committee the Council for the Colonies, the Society of Suriname and the Direction of Berbice were united. Schutte, op.cit. nrs. 104-105 Ibid nr. 106

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3.4 Plant End Systems At the end of the power plant facility, flue gases from the burning of fuel will come out of the stack. However, to meet mandated emission standards, there will be units to help reduce the "bad" emitters. The primary combustion products come from carbon and hydrogen and are shown in the reaction equations below: C + O2CO2 4H + O2 → 2H2O Carbon dioxide and water are formed. But they are not the only products of combustion. Coal also has sulfur, nitrogen, and minerals that go through the combustion process. Sulfur turns into sulfur dioxide and trioxide, also known as SOx. Nitrogen in coal can form NO, N2O, and NO2, also known as NOx (fuel NOx). NOx can also form from the nitrogen in air when the temperature in the boiler is high (thermal NOx). Minerals that go through combustion are called ash and are the oxygenated compounds of the minerals in coal. If you have ever burned wood in a fireplace or at a campsite, you have seen the ash that remains. The constituents can be summarized in a pneumonic: NO CASH. Every product of combustion, other than water, has been implicated in an environmental problem of some sort. Table 3.1 shows a summary of NO CASH: Table 3.1: Summary of NO CASH Coal Components - Environmental Issues One of the worst environmental consequences that can occur is when NOx and SOx are released in the atmosphere and eventually converted into the corresponding acids: NOx + O2 + H2O → HNO3 SOx + O2 + H2O → H2SO4 Both nitric and sulfuric acids are very soluble in water. They will eventually fall to the earth either as acid precipitation (acid rain or snow) or as deposits. In many parts of the US, rainfall is 10 times as acidic as rain falling in unpolluted areas. In some locations, or on some occasions, it can be 100 times more acidic. Numerous environmental and health problems are related to acid rain, including the following: - Acid rainfall accumulates in streams and lakes, so fewer and fewer aquatic species can reproduce or survive. Water areas can become biologically "dead." - Acid rain in the soil can leach key nutrients out of the soil. - Acid rain can affect trees, especially on mountain tops. The type of rainfall that can be particularly damaging is a fine mist of acid rain. - Whole forests can be wiped out if the damage is extensive enough, including entire ecosystems of plants and some animals. - Acid rain or deposition can be corrosive. It can attack marble, limestone, etc. Historic buildings, monuments, and statues have been defaced by acid deposition. - Human health can be affected by acid rain. Humans can inhale a mist of dilute acids, which can irritate the respiratory tract, which, in turn, exacerbates chronic respiratory illnesses. The elderly and infants are at greatest risk. Degree of Acidity in an Aqueous Solution - pH Scale Here are some key facts about pH: - pH = 7 is perfectly neutral - pH < 7 is acidic - pH > 7 is basic (alkaline) - smaller the number = more acidic the solution - for each 1 unit change in pH, there is a ten-fold change in acidity - a solution with pH=5 is 10 times more acidic than pH=6; pH=4 is 100 times more acidic than pH = 6 Natural rainfall is mildly acidic because carbon dioxide in the air (CO2) is moderately acidic and soluble in water. CO2 + H2O = H2CO3 (carbonic acid, pH=5-6) So, acid rain is defined as rainfall having a pH < 5.6. When coal is burned in the absence of control equipment, smoke is generated. Smoke is a mixture of fly ash particles and unburned char. On a day of high humidity, the smoke particles act as points to condense moisture from the air. When coal has high sulfur content, you also have SOx emissions. Under these conditions, the dispersion of sulfuric acid droplets occur, and when associated with the particles of smoke: SMOKE + FOG = SMOG There have been sulfuric acid smog events that have killed people - in Donora, PA (1947), in New York City (1966), and in London (1952). In most industrialized nations, this is no longer a problem, as regulations have reduced the smoke and sulfur emissions at power plants and there is now little domestic use of coal. There are several options for cleaning up the bad emissions: - Do nothing. (Use a tall stack to disperse pollutants: the solution to pollution is dilution.) - Remove or reduce sulfur and nitrogen in fuel feedstock before it is burned (precombustion). This includes sulfur, nitrogen, and minerals. - Allow the SOx, NOx, and ROx to form in the boiler, but capture them before they can be emitted into the environment. These are called post-combustion strategies. The "do nothing" strategy is illegal in the US. The Clean Air Act of 1977 and amendments to the Clean Air Act of 1990 have changed the air environment in the US. However, this is still a problem in the former Soviet Bloc, China, and third world nations. Precombustion strategies can be approached in the following ways. One way is to switch to cleaner fuel, such as natural gas. In order to do so, however, extensive changes may need to be made to the burners and boilers. Another way is to switch to a cleaner form of coal. Most low sulfur coals are in the western US and have to be transported to the east. These coals tend to have a lower heating value, which leads to more expensive operating costs related to the need to purchase more coal. Finally, impurities can be removed from coal; this can be done by removing minerals that contain sulfur or nitrogen, such as pyrite (FeS). However, some S and N are chemically bonded to the organic portion of coal itself and cannot be removed. Petroleum and natural gas can also have sulfur associated with it. For petroleum products, as discussed in Lesson 2, hydrogen is used to react with sulfur to form hydrogen sulfide (H2S). H2S can be captured from natural gas as well; H2S can be converted into solid sulfur and sold to the chemical industry. There are also post-combustion strategies for removing impurities. Most of the ash that forms during combustion drops to the bottom of a boiler (~80%) and can be removed for disposal back into the mine. However, up to 20% is carried out of the boiler through the flue gas and is known as fly ash (and can be called particulate matter). Fly ash can also cause health problems. A tiny particle of ash can get lodged in narrow air passages of the lungs. If the body cannot remove it by coating it with mucus and expelling it, then the body will try to seal it off with scar tissue. Solid particulate matter can be in handled in two ways: the fly ash can be caught in gigantic fabric filter bags (like a vacuum cleaner bag), which is called the baghouse (see Figure 3.12a and 3.12b). The particles can also be given an electric charge. At high electric potentials, the charged particles are attracted to the electrode of opposite charge; the device used to do this is called an electrostatic precipitator (ESP) (see Figure 3.13). We can also remove SOx in the flue gas. The SOx can dissolve in water to form an acid, which can then be neutralized by reacting it with a base. The cheapest and most available base is lime or limestone, which reacts: Ca(OH)2 + SOx → CaSO4 + H2O Calcium sulfate (CaSO4) is an insoluble precipitate; the SOX wasn't destroyed; we just convert it from a gas to an easier to handle solid. The technology for the removal of SOx is called flue gas desulfurization (FGD). The hardware is called a scrubber (see Figure 3.14). The SOx scrubbers are effective, as they capture 97% of the emitted sulfur. The CaSO4 produced is called scrubber sludge and is either put back in the mine or sold as gypsum to make drywall. The hardest pollutant to deal with is NOx. A scrubber does not work for NOx control because nitrate salts are water-insoluble. To limit the production of thermal NOx, low-temperature burners produce less NOx or they use staged combustion so that the temperatures will be low enough to allow the reverse reaction: 2NO → N2 + O2 Flue gas NOx can be treated with ammonia: 2NH3 + NO2 + NO → 2N2 + 3H2O All of the technologies discussed work. All add costs to producing power (a scrubber will add ~33% to the capital cost of a plant as well as operating costs). Coal cleaning adds $2-3 per ton of coal to the coal cost. And hydrotreating diesel and heating oil add 5-7¢/gal to the cost of the fuels. And these costs are passed on to the consumer.

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Effectively encouraging patients to change their health behavior is a critical skill for primary care physicians. Modifiable health behaviors contribute to an estimated 40 percent of deaths in the United States.1 Tobacco use, poor diet, physical inactivity, poor sleep, poor adherence to medication, and similar behaviors are prevalent and can diminish the quality and length of patients' lives. Research has found an inverse relationship between the risk of all-cause mortality and the number of healthy lifestyle behaviors a patient follows.2 Family physicians regularly encounter patients who engage in unhealthy behaviors; evidence-based interventions may help patients succeed in making lasting changes. This article will describe brief, evidence-based techniques that family physicians can use to help patients make selected health behavior changes. (See “Brief evidence-based interventions for health behavior change.”) Modifiable health behaviors, such as poor diet or smoking, are significant contributors to poor outcomes. Family physicians can use brief, evidence-based techniques to encourage patients to change their unhealthy behaviors. Working with patients to develop health goals, eliminate barriers, and track their own behavior can be beneficial. Interventions that target specific behaviors, such as prescribing physical activity for patients who don't get enough exercise or providing patient education for better medication adherence, can help patients to improve their health. |All||SMART goal setting||Ensure that goals are specific, measurable, attainable, relevant, and timely.| |Problem-solving barriers||Identify possible barriers to change and develop solutions.| |Self-monitoring||Have patients keep a record of the behavior they are trying to change.| |Physical inactivity||Physical activity prescription||Collaboratively work with the patient to pick an activity type, amount, and frequency.| |Unhealthy eating||Small changes||Have patients choose small, attainable goals to change their diets, such as reducing the frequency of desserts or soda intake or increasing daily fruit and vegetable consumption.| |Plate Method||Encourage patients to design their plates to include 50 percent fruits and vegetables, 25 percent lean protein, and 25 percent grains or starches.| |Lack of sleep||Brief behavioral therapy||After patients complete sleep diaries, use sleep restriction (reducing the amount of time in bed) and sleep scheduling (daily bed and wake-up times).| |Medication nonadherence||Provide education||Instruct patients on drug therapy: indication, efficacy, safety, and convenience.| |Make medication routine||Add taking the medication to an existing habit to increase the likelihood patients will remember (e.g., use inhaler before brushing teeth).| |Engage social network||Close family members or friends can help fill pillboxes or remind patients to take their medications.| |Smoking||Address the 5 Rs||Discuss the relevance to the patient, risks of smoking, rewards of quitting, roadblocks, and repeat the discussion.| |Set a quit date||Patients who set a quit date are more likely to stop smoking and remain abstinent.| Although many interventions target specific behaviors, three techniques can be useful across a variety of behavioral change endeavors. “SMART” goal setting. Goal setting is a key intervention for patients looking to make behavioral changes.3 Helping patients visualize what they need to do to reach their goals may make it more likely that they will succeed. The acronym SMART can be used to guide patients through the goal-setting process: Specific. Encourage patients to get as specific as possible about their goals. If patients want to be more active or lose weight, how active do they want to be and how much weight do they want to lose? Measurable. Ensure that the goal is measurable. For how many minutes will they exercise and how many times a week? Attainable. Make sure patients can reasonably reach their goals. If patients commit to going to the gym daily, how realistic is this goal given their schedule? What would be a more attainable goal? Relevant. Ensure that the goal is relevant to the patient. Why does the person want to make this change? How will this change improve his or her life? Timely. Help patients define a specific timeline for the goal. When do they want to reach their goal? When will you follow-up with them? Proximal, rather than distal, goals are preferred. Helping patients set a goal to lose five pounds in the next month may feel less overwhelming than a goal of losing 50 pounds in the next year. Problem-solving barriers. Physicians may eagerly talk with patients about making changes — only to become disillusioned when patients do not follow through. Both physicians and patients may grow frustrated and less motivated to work on the problem. One way to prevent this common phenomenon and set patients up for success is to brainstorm possible obstacles to behavior change during visits. After offering a suggestion or co-creating a plan, physicians can ask simple, respectful questions such as, “What might get in the way of your [insert behavior change]?” or “What might make it hard to [insert specific step]?” Physicians may anticipate some common barriers raised by patients but be surprised by others. Once the barriers are defined, the physician and patient can develop potential solutions, or if a particular barrier cannot be overcome, reevaluate or change the goal. This approach can improve clinical outcomes for numerous medical conditions and for patients of various income levels.4 For example, a patient wanting to lose weight may commit to regular short walks around the block. Upon further discussion, the patient shares that the cold Minnesota winters and the violence in her neighborhood make walking in her area difficult. The physician and patient may consider other options such as walking around a local mall or walking with a family member instead. Anticipating every barrier may be impossible, and the problem-solving process may unfold over several sessions; however, exploring potential challenges during the initial goal setting can be helpful. Self-monitoring. Another effective strategy for facilitating a variety of behavioral changes involves self-monitoring, defined as regularly tracking some specific element of behavior (e.g., minutes of exercise, number of cigarettes smoked) or a more distal outcome (e.g., weight). Having patients keep diaries of their behavior over a short period rather than asking them to remember it at a visit can provide more accurate and valuable data, as well as provide a baseline from which to track change. When patients agree to self-monitor their behavior, physicians can increase the chance of success by discussing the specifics of the plan. For example, at what time of day will the patient log his or her behavior? How will the patient remember to observe and record the behavior? What will the patient write on the log? Logging the behavior soon after it occurs will provide the most accurate data. Although patients may be tempted to omit unhealthy behaviors or exaggerate healthy ones, physicians should encourage patients to be completely honest to maximize their records' usefulness. For self-monitoring to be most effective, physicians should ask patients to bring their tracking forms to follow-up visits, review them together, celebrate successes, discuss challenges, and co-create plans for next steps. (Several diary forms are available in the Patient Handouts section of the FPM Toolbox.) A variety of digital tracking tools exist, including online programs, smart-phone apps, and smart-watch functions. Physicians can help patients select which method is most convenient for daily use. Most online programs can present data in charts or graphs, allowing patients and physicians to easily track change over time. SuperTracker, a free online program created by the U.S. Department of Agriculture, helps patients track nutrition and physical activity plans, set goals, and work with a group leader or coach. Apps like Lose It! or MyFitnessPal can also help. The process of consistently tracking one's behavior is sometimes an intervention itself, with patients often sharing that it created self-reflection and resulted in some changes. Research shows self-monitoring is effective across several health behaviors, especially using food intake monitoring to produce weight loss.5 The following evidence-based approaches can be useful in encouraging patients to adopt specific health behaviors. Physical activity prescriptions. Many Americans do not engage in the recommended amounts of physical activity, which can affect their physical and psychological health. Physicians, however, rarely discuss physical activity with their patients.6 Clinicians ought to act as guides and work with patients to develop personalized physical activity prescriptions, which have the potential to increase patients' activity levels.7 These prescriptions should list creative options for exercise based on the patient's experiences, strengths, values, and goals and be adapted to a patient's condition and treatment goals over time. For example, a physician working with a patient who has asthma could prescribe tai chi to help the patient with breathing control as well as balance and anxiety. In creating these prescriptions, physicians should help the patient recognize the personal benefits of physical activity; identify barriers to physical activity and how to overcome them; set small, achievable goals; and give patients the confidence to attempt their chosen activity. Physicians should also put the prescriptions in writing, give patients logs to track their activity, and ask them to bring those logs to follow-up appointments for further discussion and coaching.8 More information about exercise prescriptions and sample forms are available online. Healthy eating goals. Persuading patients to change their diets is daunting enough without unrealistic expectations and the constant bombardment of fad diets, cleanses, fasts, and other food trends that often leave both patients and physicians uncertain about which food options are actually healthy. Moreover, physicians in training receive little instruction on what constitutes sound eating advice and ideal nutrition.9 This confusion can prevent physicians from broaching the topic with patients. Even if they identify healthy options, common setbacks can leave both patients and physicians less motivated to readdress the issue. However, physicians can help patients set realistic healthy eating goals using two simple methods: Small steps. Studies have shown that one way to combat the inertia of unhealthy eating is to help patients commit to small, actionable, and measurable steps.10 First, ask the patient what small change he or she would like to make — for example, decrease the number of desserts per week by one, eat one more fruit or vegetable serving per day, or swap one fast food meal per week with a homemade sandwich or salad.11 Agree on these small changes to empower patients to take control of their diets. The Plate Method. This model of meal design encourages patients to visualize their plates split into the following components: 50 percent fruits and non-starchy vegetables, 25 percent protein, and 25 percent grains or starchy foods.12 Discuss healthy options that would fit in each of the categories, or combine this method with the small steps described above. By providing a standard approach that patients can adapt to many forms of cuisine, the model helps physicians empower their patients to assess their food options and adopt healthy eating behaviors. Brief behavioral therapy for insomnia. Many adults struggle with insufficient or unrestful sleep, and approximately 18.8 percent of adults in the United States meet the criteria for an insomnia disorder.13 The first-line treatment for insomnia is Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Insomnia (CBT-I), which involves changing patients' behaviors and thoughts related to their sleep and is delivered by a trained mental health professional. A physician in a clinic visit can easily administer shorter versions of CBT-I, such as Brief Behavioral Therapy for Insomnia (BBT-I).14 BBT-I is a structured therapy that includes restricting the amount of time spent in bed but not asleep and maintaining a regular sleep schedule from night to night. Here's how it works: Sleep diary. Have patients maintain a sleep diary for two weeks before starting the treatment. Patients should track when they got in bed, how long it took to fall asleep, how frequently they woke up and for how long, what time they woke up for the day, and what time they got out of bed. Many different sleep diaries exist, but the American Academy of Sleep Medicine's version is especially user-friendly. Education. In the next clinic appointment, briefly explain how the body regulates sleep. This includes the sleep drive (how the pressure to sleep is based on how long the person has been awake) and circadian rhythms (the 24-hour biological clock that regulates the sleep-wake cycle). Set a wake-up time. Have patients pick a wake-up time that will work for them every day. Encourage them to set an alarm for that time and get up at that time every day, no matter how the previous night went. Limit “total time in bed.” Review the patient's sleep diary and calculate the average number of hours per night the patient slept in the past two weeks. Add 30 minutes to that average and explain that the patient should be in bed only for that amount of time per night until your next appointment. Set a target bedtime. Subtract the total time in bed from the chosen wake-up time, and encourage patients to go to bed at that “target” time only if they are sleepy and definitely not any earlier. For example, if a patient brings in a sleep diary with an average of six hours of sleep per night for the past two weeks, her recommended total time in bed will be 6.5 hours. If she picks a wake-up time of 7 a.m., her target bedtime would be 12:30 a.m. It usually takes up to three weeks of regular sleep scheduling and sleep restriction for patients to start seeing improvements in their sleep. As patients' sleep routines become more solid (i.e., they are falling asleep quickly and sleeping more than 90 percent of the time they are in bed), slowly increase the total time in bed to possibly increase time asleep. Physicians should encourage patients to increase time in bed in increments of 15 to 30 minutes per week until the ideal amount of sleep is reached. This amount is different for each patient, but patients generally have reached their ideal amount of sleep when they are sleeping more than 85 percent of the time in bed and feel rested during the day. Patient education to prevent medication nonadherence. Medication adherence can be challenging for many patients. In fact, approximately 20 percent to 30 percent of prescriptions are never picked up from the pharmacy, and 50 percent of medications for chronic diseases are not taken as prescribed.15 Nonadherence is associated with poor therapeutic outcomes, further progression of disease, and decreased quality of life. To help patients improve medication adherence, physicians must determine the reason for nonadherence. The most common reasons are forgetfulness, fear of side effects, high drug costs, and a perceived lack of efficacy. To help patients change these beliefs, physicians can take several steps: Educate patients on four key aspects of drug therapy — the reason for taking it (indication), what they should expect (efficacy), side effects and interactions (safety), and how it structurally and financially fits into their lifestyle (convenience).16 Help patients make taking their medication a routine of their daily life. For example, if a patient needs to use a controller inhaler twice daily, recommend using the inhaler before brushing his or her teeth each morning and night. Ask patients to describe their day, including morning routines, work hours, and other responsibilities to find optimal opportunities to integrate this new behavior. Ask patients, “Who can help you manage your medications?” Social networks, including family members or close friends, can help patients set up pillboxes or provide medication reminders. The five Rs to quitting smoking. Despite the well-known consequences of smoking and nationwide efforts to reduce smoking rates, approximately 15 percent of U.S. adults still smoke cigarettes.17 As with all kinds of behavioral change, patients present in different stages of readiness to quit smoking. Motivational interviewing techniques can be useful to explore a patient's ambivalence in a way that respects his or her autonomy and bolsters self-efficacy. Discussing the five Rs is a helpful approach for exploring ambivalence with patients:18 Relevance. Explore why quitting smoking is personally relevant to the patient. Risks. Advise the patient on negative consequences of continuing to smoke. Rewards. Ask the patient to identify the benefits of quitting smoking. Roadblocks. Help the patient determine obstacles he or she may face when quitting. Common barriers include weight gain, stress, fear of withdrawal, fear of failure, and having other smokers such as coworkers or family in close proximity. Repeat. Incorporate these aspects into each clinical contact with the patient. Many patients opt to cut back on the amount of tobacco they use before their quit date. However, research shows that cutting back on the number of cigarettes is no more effective than quitting abruptly, and setting a quit date is associated with greater long-term success.19 Once the patient sets a quit date, repeated physician contact to reinforce smoking cessation messages is key. Physicians, care coordinators, or clinical staff should consider calling or seeing the patient within one to three days of the quit date to encourage continued efforts to quit, as this time period has the highest risk for relapse. Evidence shows that contacting the patient four or more times increases the success rate in staying abstinent.18 Quitting for good may take multiple a empts, but continued encouragement and efforts such as setting new quit dates or offering other pharmacologic and behavioral therapies can be helpful. Family physicians are uniquely positioned to provide encouragement and evidence-based advice to patients to change unhealthy behaviors. The proven techniques described in this article are brief enough to attempt during clinic visits. They can be used to encourage physical activity, healthy eating, better sleep, medication adherence, and smoking cessation, and they can help patients adjust their lifestyle, improve their quality of life, and, ultimately, lower their risk of early mortality.

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01-09-14 // SHADES OF GREY Homogeneous Infiltration for Piano, Joseph Beuys, 1966 Shades of Grey By Bernd Upmeyer One of the most fascinating aspects about colours, whether in graphic design, architecture, or urbanism, may be found in their symbolic power and in what they are able to represent. In terms of symbolism, in my opinion, the most relevant colour of today, as well as in the future, can only be one hue: GREY. Why? Because despite being one of the least popular colours and despite its bad reputation as the colour of conformity, a colour without any personality of its own, associated with boredom, solitude, emptiness, pain, guilt, misery, and death, it represents most of all: DIVERSITY. When mixing different colours and especially complementary colours such as orange and blue, or when mixing black and white in various proportions, you find that you end up with different shades of grey. In that way grey is never merely simply grey, but can be read as hiding colours beneath layers and veils. The safest way to receive a rather neutral grey, for example, is by combining equal amounts of cyan, magenta, and yellow. Yellow, orange, and red create, a “warm grey”, while green, blue, and violet create a “cool grey”. Artists such as Joseph Beuys or Gerhard Richter have used grey tones in their art to provoke the creation of colourful complementary images in the viewer’s imagination that imply the idea of the entire chromatic spectrum. The ability to interact in such a way with the viewer’s response adds an openness and accessibility to the colour grey. Grey Graphic Design Such an openness and accessibility with a focus on diversity was what we wanted to create with MONU, a magazine on urban topics that I founded around ten years ago and have run ever since. By using no other colours but black and white and only different shades of grey in MONU’s layout, especially in the first eleven issues, we tried to emphasize diversity as the core value of the magazine. However, the choice for black and white was initially also a way of preventing the high costs of publishing. That kind of “Grey Graphic Design” represented, in my view, the diversity of contributions that we aimed to feature in MONU. In order to reach a high level of diversity, we introduced, among other things, the device of “call for submissions”, which was inspired by the realization that the view of one person is limited. We wanted to open up the magazine to different and changing perspectives, as we deeply believe in the quality of diversity that lead eventually to a better understanding of how cities work, to fuel the debates surrounding them, and ultimately to improve our living conditions within them. When we started using colours for the first time in 2010, after the magazine was already six years old, we tried to reveal some of these hidden colours beneath the previously prevailing greyness and experimented with signal colours such as red and orange. But neither the use of black and white, nor the selective introduction of certain colours into the magazine was ever a fashion statement, as we never wanted the magazine to be dependent on trends or fashions. MONU magazine was created to last, and with a long-term perspective in mind, and was never supposed to be dependent on certain colour trends, because just as the meaning of art has changed over time, the meaning of most of the colours has changed as well and will change again in the future. Just look at the colour purple, since prehistoric times and the ancient world the colour of kings, nobles, priests, and magistrates, but during the 1960s and early 1970s suddenly associated with counterculture and psychedelics, used by many musicians of that time to express their viewpoints and way of life. But “grey”, understood as a representation of diversity, will never go out of fashion. When I think about colours in architecture, I consider it at the moment most relevant and interesting to talk about the way in which architecture is currently presented on the internet. Because when I look at the internet as a medium to present architecture, I see such a gigantic number of projects on an ever-increasing number of sites that it is exceeding my capacity to consume it all. The colours of all these projects start to appear to me more and more as one enormous grey blur. Sometimes, one longs back to the old days when only a relatively small number of printed magazines and books were publishing architectural projects with a seemingly clear set of criteria and categories in relation to what was published. However, recently I started to see the entire phenomenon of abundance that dominates contemporary architectural online publications in a more positive light and even this “grey blur” as a representation of diversity. I perceive it as something that is in the process of becoming something more meaningful very soon, but is currently in a kind of premature state and a kind of situation, in which everything can still either turn into something good or bad. Everything probably just needs to be better organized and edited in a stronger way to turn it into something more appealing. This would stop the current phenomenon that the most active and loudest architects are the most visible, rather than the most relevant and interesting ones. Obviously, the potential of the internet in relation to the presentation of architectural projects has not been exhausted entirely yet and its future success remains unclear. But what I see as the most positive part in this whole process is its democratic aspect that clearly supports diversity in architectural production. This aspect could be embraced more by including, for example, more relevant but unknown and unseen projects from whatever remote location in the world. The democratic aspect of the internet supporting diversity when it comes to architecture is also the reason why I like it when I hear people today complain about the rise of an all-consuming greyness in online published architectural work and that the current designs of spaces are blending into a uniform gradient of smooth greys, because it reveals and symbolizes for me a high level of diversity, as I interpret such a “Grey Architecture” as an architecture that includes everybody and all possible colours, forms and spaces, and as something ultimately rich and diverse that can therefore only be beautiful. On the scale of cities I find another type of “greyness” increasingly interesting and probably dominating the future: the urban way of life of people that start living in a second, third or fourth, etc., city in a second, third or fourth, etc., nation-state, without saying goodbye entirely to any of the cities at any moment. I would describe this way of life as “Grey Urbanism” as in different cities is lived in at the same time and the different cities are mixed as different colours. Grey Urbanism is therefore a special form of transnationalism, a phenomenon of sociology that results from social interactions across the boundaries of nation-states. Ideally, a “grey urbanist” continuously moves back and forth between several cities as an extreme commuter, and lives in constant transit between several homes. Grey urbanism appears as a global phenomenon that is based on the increasing mobility of people between cities of different countries and different continents, which makes grey urbanism probably one of the most interesting urban forms of life of the twenty-first century. Because of the repeated change of location, grey urbanists exist, to a certain extent, in a certain utopian state, which is characterized by a constant longing, or a constant homesickness, for the other city. A particular form of that way of life could be, for example, “Binational Urbanism”, a term that I coined in one of my recent research studies. A binational urbanist commutes constantly between two cities that can be very different from each other, like black differs from white, such as the relatively small German city of Siegen differing from the much bigger Turkish city of Ankara. But as none of the two cities will ever cease to be home, binational urbanists never have to decide between black and white, but live with both colours in a kind of “grey” urban life. This life is characterized by the different but complementary qualities of both cities that are used by the binational urbanist in a positive and productive way. A person that constantly commutes, for example, between Siegen and Ankara, can use and enjoy the cultural richness of Ankara with its museums and theatres on the one hand, but also the remoteness and quietness of the city of Siegen on the other. The fact that people often are not only commuting between cities, but also between particular neighbourhoods of cities, makes binational urbanism – but grey urbanism in general as well – a way of life that occurs not only on the abstract level of cities, but precisely also on the level of city districts and quarters, in which individuals find their urban communities on a personal level. A World of Light In relation to the abovementioned contemporary phenomena in graphic design, architecture, and urbanism I would like to pay tribute to grey as a colour that appears only at first sight and on the surface as dull, unclear, inconspicuous, ordinary, vague, distanced from life, as an indication of decay, or even of death. Once you dig deeper it reveals its richness and colourfulness as a symbol of diversity, whether in graphic design, architecture, or urbanism. Because under the surface grey can be sparkly, distinct, eye-catching, exceptional, clear, close to life, an indication of improvement, and a symbol of life, embracing diversity. When Beuys was asked once, for example, why he works chiefly with alien, grey materials, he answered that, yes, he works with grey felt and that people might wonder why he does not work with colours. But according to him people never continue the train of thought far enough to think: yes, if he works with felt, might he not be producing a coloured world within us? Take the well-known phenomenon of complementary colours: if you watch a red light and close your eyes, you see a green after-image. Beuys furthermore stated that people are very short-sighted in their logic when they say that he makes everything out of grey felt and that no one asks him whether he might not be aiming to evoke the entire world of colour in people as a counter-image. In other words, to provoke in them a world of light.* * Beuys, Joseph (Author); Harlan, Volker (Editor). (2004). What is Art?: Conversation with Joseph Beuys. Clairview Books. Page 98 Title: Shades of Grey Author: Bernd Upmeyer Date: September 2014 Type: Commissioned article Publications: Saturated Space Publisher: Saturated Space Research Cluster at London’s Architectural Association Location: London, UK

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Long-distance transportation of racehorses via horse trailer has become commonplace with the globalization of horse racing. Fever associated with transportation is a clinical sign that can disrupt training and racing schedules and is part of a syndrome (sometimes colloquially referred to as shipping fever in horses) that includes respiratory disease (eg, pneumonia or pleuropneumonia) caused by bacterial infection after long-distance transportation and can potentially increase mortality rate.1–3 Prevention of transportation-associated fever would potentially simplify planning of training and racing schedules and minimize the physical deconditioning associated with transportation. Various aspects of transportation-associated fever and respiratory disease have been investigated in earlier studies.1–5 Transportation-associated fever is influenced by transportation stress and deterioration of the environment inside the vehicle, and it typically develops ≥ 20 hours after the start of transportation.1–3 Bacterial infection develops in the bronchoalveolar regions of affected horses; the causative organism is usually Streptococcus equi subsp zooepidemicus, an opportunistic bacterium that is resident in the tonsillar tissues and trachea in healthy horses.2–4,6 After the start of transportation, infection of the lower respiratory tract with opportunistic bacteria such as S equi subsp zooepidemicus is considered to the primary cause of transportation-associated fever.2,6 During long-distance transportation, the horse's raised head position induces inflammation and increased bacterial abundance in the lower respiratory tract because of obstructed tracheal mucociliary clearance, and host immunity is greatly changed.7,8 Numbers of peripheral blood leukocytes, including neutrophils, increase, and the rate of phagocytosis by peripheral blood leukocytes, are substantially reduced.8 Circulating concentrations of SAA, a nonspecific marker of inflammation, can reflect the degree of the inflammation in horses with respiratory disease.9 On the basis of findings in previous studies,1–8 attempts have been made to prevent transportation-associated fever. Oral administration of interferon-α for 3 consecutive days (to stimulate the immune system) before transportation was associated with a decrease in the severity of transportation-associated fever and improvement in clinical condition after transportation.10,11 However, the protocol did not completely prevent fever in those horses, and further prophylactic measures are needed. Results of the previous studies10,11 suggest that activation of immunity by interferon-α administration before transportation, together with suitable bronchoalveolar concentrations of an antimicrobial agent that is effective against the bacteria that exist in the tonsillar tissues and trachea, could potentially provide an effective means of preventing transportation-associated fever. However, most of the antimicrobial agents used in equine clinics have short terminal half-lives,12,13 and it is difficult to maintain effective circulating concentrations during long transportation periods after a single dose is administered. In contrast, enrofloxacin has been used clinically as a long-acting antimicrobial agent for infectious diseases, including bacterial pneumonia,14,15 and its efficacy has been acknowledged. Enrofloxacin is a broad-spectrum fluoroquinolone antimicrobial. When administered IV at a dose of 5 mg/kg every 24 hours to an adult horse, it is transported effectively to the bronchoalveolar region (unpublished data), and serum concentrations remain high 24 hours after administration.16 In an experimental study14 of horses with respiratory disease following long-distance transportation, the efficacy of enrofloxacin administration at various doses was investigated for the purpose of treatment. However, to our knowledge, no reports have been published regarding the administration of enrofloxacin for the prevention of transportation-associated fever. The purpose of the study reported here was to evaluate effects of a single dose of enrofloxacin (5 mg/kg, IV) on body temperature and tracheobronchial neutrophil count in healthy Thoroughbreds premedicated with interferon-α and undergoing long-distance transportation. Serum amyloid A Baytril 5% injection, Bayer Health Care Japan, Kita-ku, Osaka, Japan. Bimuron, Biovet, Shibuya-ku, Tokyo, Japan. VP-P100K, Terumo, Shibuya-ku, Tokyo, Japan. VC-C50, Terumo, Shibuya-ku, Tokyo, Japan. K-4500 automatic hemacytometer, Sysmex, Kobe-shi, Hyogo, Japan. Diff-Quick 16920, Sysmex, Kobe-shi, Hyogo, Japan. Latex agglomeration method LZ test, Eiken SAA, Eiken Chemical, Taito-ku, Tokyo, Japan. VQ8303A videoendoscope, Olympus Corp, Shinjyuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan. Shandon Cytospin 4 cytocentrifuge, Thermo Electron Corp, Marietta, Ohio. Mycillin solution, Meiji Seika Ltd, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, Japan. Coaxin, Chemix Co Ltd, Yokohama-shi, Japan. StatView, version 5.0, SAS Institute Inc, Cary, NC. 2. Oikawa M, Takagi S, Anzai R, et al. Pathology of equine respiratory disease occurring in association with transport. J Comp Pathol 1995; 113:29–43. 3. Oikawa M, Kusunose R. Some epidemiological aspects of equine respiratory disease associated with transport. J Equine Sci 1995; 6:25–29. 4. Ito S, Hobo S, Eto D, et al. Bronchoalveolar lavage for the diagnosis and treatment of pneumonia associated with transport in Thoroughbred racehorses. J Vet Med Sci 2001; 63:1263–1269. 5. Takizawa Y, Hobo S, Yamauchi J, et al. Cytological and bacteriological observation of tracheobronchial aspirates from young Thoroughbred transported by vehicle over long distance. J Equine Sci 2005; 16:117–121. 6. Yoshikawa H, Yasu T, Ueki H, et al. Pneumonia in horses induced by intrapulmonary inoculation of Streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus. J Vet Med Sci 2003; 65:787–792. 7. Raidal SL, Love DN, Bailey GD. Inflammation and increased numbers of bacteria in the lower respiratory tract of horses within 6 to 12 hours of confinement with the head elevated. Aust Vet J 1995; 72:45–50. 8. Raidal SL, Love DN, Bailey GD. Effect of posture and accumulated airway secretions on tracheal mucociliary transport in the horse. Aust Vet J 1996; 73:45–49. 9. Hobo S, Niwa H, Anzai T. Evaluation of serum amyloid A and surfactant protein D in sera for identification of the clinical condition of horses with bacterial pneumonia. J Vet Med Sci 2007; 69:827–830. 10. Akai M, Hobo S, Wada S. Effect of low-dose human interferon-alpha on shipping fever of Thoroughbred racehorses. J Equine Sci 2008; 19:91–95. 11. Hobo S, Tomita T, Nanbo Y, et al. Preventive effect of low-dose interferon alpha oral medication against shipping fever in Thoroughbreds. J Jpn Vet Med Assoc 2006; 59:741–745. 12. Raidal SL, Taplin RH, Bailey GD, et al. Antibiotic prophylaxis of lower respiratory tract contamination in horses confined with head elevation for 24 or 48 hours. Aust Vet J 1997; 75:126–131. 13. Orsini JA, Soma LR, Rourke JE, et al. Pharmacokinetics of amikacin in the horse following intravenous and intramuscular administration. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 1985; 8:194–201. 14. Davis E, Rush BR, Herr LG, et al. Enrofloxacin use in a long-distance transport model of equine respiratory disease. Vet Ther 2006; 7:232–242. 16. Giguère S, Sweeney RW, Bélanger M. Pharmacokinetics of enrofloxacin in adult horses and concentration of the drug in serum, body fluids, and endometrial tissues after repeated intragastrically administered doses. Am J Vet Res 1996; 57:1025–1030. 17. Kusano K, Hobo S, Ode H, et al. Tracheal endoscopic and cytological findings and blood examination results in Thoroughbred racehorses suspected to have lower respiratory tract disease. J Equine Sci 2008; 19:97–102. 18. Beluche LA, Bertone AL, Anderson DE, et al. In vitro dose-dependent effects of enrofloxacin on equine articular cartilage. Am J Vet Res 1999; 60:577–582. 19. Yoon JH, Brooks RL Jr, Khan A, et al. The effect of enrofloxacin on cell proliferation and proteoglycans in horse tendon cells. Cell Biol Toxicol 2004; 20:41–54. 20. Bertone AL, Tremaine WH, Macoris DG, et al. Effect of long-term administration of an injectable enrofloxacin solution on physical and musculoskeletal variables in adult horses. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2000; 217:1514–1521. 21. Haines GR, Brown MP, Gronwall RR, et al. Serum concentrations and pharmacokinetics of enrofloxacin after intravenous and intragastric administration to mares. Can J Vet Res 2000; 64:171–177. 22. Bermingham EC, Papich MG, Vivrette SL. Pharmacokinetics of enrofloxacin administered intravenously and orally to foals. Am J Vet Res 2000; 61:706–709.

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A mere handful of dog breeds are graced with vivacious dreadlocks. Some come by it naturallylike the Komondor, puli, and Bergamesco. Othersthe poodle, Spanish water dog, and Havanesecan only achieve this look with a little help from their human friends. But whether its functional or aesthetic, this coif is certainly eye-catching. And before we go any further, we must stress that the proper terms for dog dreadlocks are cords, flocks, and mats. A close cousin of the Komondor, the puli sports thinner cords that also form naturally when the outer and inner coat become intertwined. The Bergamesco was only officially recognized by the American Kennel Club in 2015, but its an ancient breed whose 2,000-year history stretches from the Middle East through Asia to the European Alps. What dog breed has dreadlocks? The Komondor (in Hungarian, the plural form of komondor is komondorok), also known as the Hungarian sheepdog, is a large, white-coloured Hungarian breed of livestock guardian dog with a long, corded coat. How do dogs get dreadlocks? Dog breeds with long hair often get extremely matted fur that turns into dreadlocks when they are not brushed regularly. Why do dogs have dreads? So why do dogs have dreadlocks? As we have seen in some breeds, it’s because, as the coat grows, the under coat and top coat combine to form tassels ,while in other breeds it’s the result of not brushing or combing which allows the coat to form “mats” that need to be separated from the skin. Have you ever come across a dog that looks closer to a mop than an animal? These pups have fur that has turned into mats that are more or less dreadlocks. Canines with dreads can be big or small, white or black, and be of many different breeds and have different personalities. Before we get into how they are formed, and the best way to take care of the dreads, we wanted to share the breeds that have this strange style of fur. Image credit: Komondor by Kari, WikimediaOur first dreaded pup is a large herding dog that is energetic, friendly, and loving. The Poodle has one coat of curly fur that can be soft or coarse depending on the specific breed. Unfortunately, they are harder to take care of than the dreads on the pooch above, and when this pup started to be recognized as a premium show dog, the practice went out the window. Image credit: Pastore bergamasco by CT M, FlickrOur next dreaded pooch is an Italian herding dog that is quick, intelligent, and loyal. On the other hand, the individual ropes can attach themselves to each other and start to form a thicker larger cord. This energetic and friendly pooch has no problem jumping in the water for a swim and is just as much at home in the family living room. Ready to tackle a long day of work, this pup needs a firm hand to teach them the rules. As they age, the curly coat will merge and lengthen, making a thick layer of dreadlocks. The cords add a layer of warmth around their internal organs, plus its also water-resistant, so the fur and skin underneath will not get wet. In the meantime, you will have to supervise the growth, so you do not end up with a potential fuzzy mess that can be uncomfortable for your pup. No, these dogs are not fans of Whoopi Goldberg, Lenny Kravitz, and Bob Marley as well as the other Hollywood celebrities sporting really outrageous yet character-defining hairstyles. And while they look so adorable, they are a dog groomers nightmare. Lets take a much closer look at 5 of the worlds dog breeds with dreadlocks. Bred to herd the flock of Hungarian livestock owners and shepherds, the Puli is one very unique dog with naturally corded coat. It is this unique combination of wooly soft undercoat and slightly coarse top that will give it the remarkable ability to form long cords. That means you will also need to take really good care of it for that length of time as this type of coat is a natural magnet for dirt and debris. Like the Puli, the Komondor features a dense and coarse outer coat, providing cover for its soft and slightly wavy undercoat. Whereas most folks associate the Poodle with the circus with its own bag of tricks, avid fans of the breed know that it is one of the most prolific hunters on the planet. Like the Spanish Water Dog, the Poodles coat isnt really corded; its more on the curly side giving it that classic unkempt appearance. Once it has grown to considerable length, then the owner can start the painstaking process of creating really thin cords. Under no circumstances should you pull on your dogs hair since this will create pressure on the roots, causing pain and skin soreness. Since corded coat is essentially composed of many individual strands of hair clumped together, in many ways it can be likened to a miniature mat. When trimming your dogs dreadlocks, keep in mind that this type of doggie coat will quickly make your scissors dull. This herd-watching phenom is (officially!) a national treasure in Hungary, where the breed earned its keep for centuries guarding sheep and cattle. The Komondor’s name means “dog of the Cumans,” referring to the tribe of people who brought the dogs to Hungary in the 12th and 13th centuries. The dogs’ white coat helps them blend in with their herds and the wintery landscape. During the puppy phase, the coat is soft and wavy. But as the dog matures, the outer coat grows coarse, trapping the softer undercoat to form cords, which protect from predators and provide warmth. A close cousin of the Komondor, the puli sports thinner cords that also form naturally when the outer and inner coat become intertwined. The Puli is native to Hungary as well, and prized for their herding ability. (Many shepherds have paid a full year’s salary for their work dogs.) Pulis were often paired with Komondors to guard a herd—the Komondors kept watch at night while Pulis stood guard during the day. Their white, gray, or cream-colored cords provide warmth and protection, but their coats require maintenance to prevent painful matting. The Bergamesco was only officially recognized by the American Kennel Club in 2015, but it’s an ancient breed whose 2,000-year history stretches from the Middle East through Asia to the European Alps. Their independent, sociable, intelligent nature makes them perfect for herding. And just as they’re accustomed to protecting their flocks of sheep, their “flocks” of hair keep them warm in the extreme mountain winters and protect against predators. The long hair over their eyes functions as a protective visor to prevent sunburn on bright winter days surrounded by reflective snow. Spanish Water Dog This good-looking, rustic breed from the Iberian Peninsula isn’t naturally “corded,” but still sports substantial locks of hair. Spanish Water Dogs are vigilant watchers, and they aim to please. Hunters, herders, and fisherman have long relied on them as loyal sidekicks. Their curly locks are perfectly adapted to their native humid climate, but in order to get a corded look, an owner must shave down the coat, then let it grow out, and shape the cords along the way. This easily recognizable breed is known for its versatile coat and elegant comportment. Cords don’t come naturally to a poodle, but a meticulous and attentive owner can alter the coat and create thin cords like those worn by the stylish lady pictured here. The coat must first be clipped and never brushed. When cords form, they must be separated again and again. Shampooing is out of the question—you must soak the corded pet in warm water and then squeeze the cords dry. Like milking a cow—yowsa! The 6 Dog Breeds With Dreadlocks: Below, we have compiled a list of the most common dogs that have dreaded fur. Let’s take a look at these pups: Our first dreaded pup is a large herding dog that is energetic, friendly, and loving. This is a calm and well-mannered pooch who sometimes has an issue with getting the hair out of their eyes. A common misconception of this breed, and many other breeds with this type of fur, is that they were born with the dreads in place. That is not true.As a puppy, these little white furballs have fluffy and curly fur. It takes our intervention to turn those curls into dreads. As the Komondor gets older, those cute little curls start to turn into large and unruly ones. They grow into one another and will begin to form heavy mats. The owner comes in to separate the mats into individual strands.The fur on this pooch can grow quite long. After some time, it will touch the floor and grow over their face, making it tough to see their eyes. Plus, it can make it more difficult for them to eat. It is important to give the dreads a trim every so often. The Poodle is a more well-known pup that also features curly strands. This happy pooch is friendly and energetic, but can also be quite stubborn. On the other hand, with a firm leader, they are very intelligent and can master many tricks. They have been known as an excellent show dog, as well.As far as their fur, many people do not think of this breed when it comes to dreadlocks. They can have them, however. The Poodle has one coat of curly fur that can be soft or coarse depending on the specific breed. In this case, the dreads (or mats) form while the dog is shedding. As the hair is falling away, it will get tangled with the other curls, causing mats to form.Although it is no longer common, owners used to manipulate the mats into cords. Unfortunately, they are harder to take care of than the dreads on the pooch above, and when this pup started to be recognized as a premium show dog, the practice went out the window. This was because their naturally curly fur is more appealing in appearance. Our next dreaded pooch is an Italian herding dog that is quick, intelligent, and loyal. They are great at herding animals from spot to spot, and do well with daily activities, although they make great family pets, too.You will find the fur of this dog to be gray or varying colors of gray including black. In some pups, this can give them an interesting hombre appearance. Another unique feature of this pooch is they have three coasts. The underlayer is made of fine but oily fur. The middle layer is comprised of wiry coarse strands, and the outer layer is a wool-like covering.Unlike the two styles above, however, this pet’s fur will not be able to be styled in cords. Instead, they form into larger flat mats that can be as wide as three inches. They can also form into longer flocks that are closer to an inch and a half. This pup also requires some regular grooming to keep the undercoat’s oils at bay. The Havanese is a stylish mutt that is on the smaller size but has a large personality. Also called the Velcro dog, this toy breed is a great family pet. They are loyal, good with kids, and as the nickname implies, they become very attached to their family. That being said, they can have separation anxiety.Like the poodle, this is not a pooch that usually sports the dreadlock look, but it can certainly be done with their thick fur. This pooch has very thick wavy locks that grow super fast. If left to mat, it can start within a week. That being said, owners need to be very diligent with their grooming.The fur should be sectioned off and brushed carefully, all the while checking for signs that mats are forming. If you do want to go with the dread look, it can take longer than normal for them to form and cording the fur is more difficult. Of course, they are super cute either way. Spanish Water Dogs The Spanish Water Dog is a helpful canine that was bred to herd cattle on the waterfront. This energetic and friendly pooch has no problem jumping in the water for a swim and is just as much at home in the family living room. Ready to tackle a long day of work, this pup needs a firm hand to teach them the rules.This is also another breed whose fur will naturally mat into long cords with little outside help. The Water Dog has a single coat of fur that is wooly, thick, and curly. As they age, the curly coat will merge and lengthen, making a thick layer of dreadlocks.These locks form a protective layer around the pooch for water activity. The cords add a layer of warmth around their internal organs, plus it’s also water-resistant, so the fur and skin underneath will not get wet. Overall, this dreadlock-sporting pup uses its stylish coat for swimming, as well as appearance. Caring For Your Dog’s Dreadlocks When it comes to dreadlocks on your pooch, it can take a lot of time and commitment on your part. Depending on the breed, it can also take up to two years for the cords to fully form. In the meantime, you will have to supervise the growth, so you do not end up with a potential fuzzy mess that can be uncomfortable for your pup.That being said, if you are thinking of cording your pooch’s fur, you should consult a grooming professional. On the other hand, if your pet already sports these strands, or you have a new puppy that will develop them, you should take a look at these tips below.Cleaning your pup’s dreadlocks is important. Not only does the oil need to be kept at bay, but they can also have dirt, allergens, and other debris lurking inside. That being said, tossing your pet in the tub is not going to work. Dreads need to be submerged in soapy water and then wrung out thoroughly. They also need to be dried well, otherwise, they can become musty. Typically, groomers will use a drying machine, as it can take days to dry naturally.Depending on the breed and fur type, not all dreads need to be trimmed. Ones that grow quickly will usually need to have some taken off the bottom, so it is not dragging on the ground or preventing them from eating correctly. Also, some pups need to be checked for mats growing in odd places like their ears. This can cause a blockage which can lead to a yeast infection and other issues.For the most part, you are not going to be brushing dreads. Instead, if they have cords, you may need to pull them apart to keep them thin and separated. On the other hand, if you have a pooch without dreads, yet they are prone to matting, you need to brush them consistently while checking for the beginnings of mats, as they can form quickly.These fur styles can be difficult to care for, and it is not recommended for a novice dog owner. If you find yourself with one of these pooches, however, you should consult a grooming expert to help you care for their coat.

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This article is written by Utkarsh Singh, a law student from Amity Law School, NOIDA. This is an exhaustive article which deals with the relationship between granting of bail to a person accused of a crime and his rights under Article 21 of the Constitution that is Right to Life and personal liberty. What do you think happens when someone commits or is suspected of committing some criminal offence? The answer is that he or she gets arrested. However, they can apply for bail in this case which is a remedy for a person to free him from legal custody. If the police are unable to find any strong evidence or the court is not able to prove that he is guilty then the time he stayed in jail would be the violation of one of the most important fundamental rights Article 21 which is right to life and personal liberty. It protects citizens when there is a threat to life and freedom. The time the suspect spent in jail until proven guilty becomes a violation of personal law. The Indian society looks down upon those people who get arrested even when they are proven not guilty in front of the court; it affects the reputation of the family and destroys the career. Although, they are granted bail due to the absence of any evidence against them yet they are named criminals by society. It is important that we do not deny any citizen their right to personal liberty even if they are suspected to be a criminal. It was held in the case of Deepak Bajaj vs state of Maharashtra and Another that the reputation of a person is a valuable asset with regard to article 21 of the Indian constitution thus, it is important to maintain a balance between the personal liberty of an accused person and the police investigation rights. Granting of bail is a difficulty that requires a detailed discussion of the evidence and an elaborate documentation of the acts of the accused. When the offence is of a serious nature, bail can be granted only after keeping in mind the seriousness of the offence, character of the evidence, detailed process, and the larger interest of the public. This article will discuss the condition and the considerations of granting bail, the relation between bail and article 21, and anticipatory bail. Conditions Imposed at the time of Granting Bail Conditions at the time of writing of bail are described under Section 437 of the Code of Criminal Procedure. The court cannot impose on the accused, or suspect any kind of irrelevant conditions or any conditions that they know the accused cannot fulfil. Amendments are made under Section 437(3) which gives the court the power to impose a condition on the accused. They are as follows- - The court has to keep in mind the kind of allegations against the accused and then analyze whether the evidence is in favour of the accused or not, this means if the kind of accusation and evidence is serious then the court has to consider the conditions which are imposed. - During the time of bail, the person who is accused should not carry out any similar offence or crime of which he is suspected of. - The accused on bail should not influence the witness or tamper with any evidence or talk about facts of the case that will affect the case. - Genuineness is an important element of granting bail and if there is doubt regarding the crime, is entitled to get the bail. In the case of Sumita Mehta vs State of NCT of Delhi, as the amount set by the high court was very high and unreasonable so the Honorable Supreme Court overruled the decision of the High Court of Delhi where the bail applicant was directed to give one crore rupees in the fixed deposit in the name of complainant in the bank to keep the Fixed Deposit Receipt with the investigating officer. In the case of Sheikh Ayub vs the State of M.P, as in this case, the Apex Court made a judgment that the High Court has the responsibility to consider all facts and circumstances before granting bail as in this the appellant granted the bail and Court said that to give two lakhs fifty thousand but after that, the Court asked him to give fifty thousand rupees as the surety, so the appellant claimed that two lakh fifty thousand was not warranted as the part of the condition of granting bail but only fifty thousand was. In the case of Ramathal and others vs Inspector of Police and Another, the High Court of Punjab and Haryana set an amount of thirty-two lakhs which was unreasonable and a heavy amount which the appellant did not have the ability to give this huge amount so apex court said that the high court did not consider all the facts and circumstances properly so the matter was given back to the high court again. Considerations at the Time of Granting Bail When the court is granting bail then the court should only consider the evidence or the witness which are appearing to be true but in reality, they may be false, the court should not do the investigation on the reliability of the evidence, this should be checked in the trial. The credibility of the witness is to be questioned at the time of trial. If a person is accused of non-bailable crime or offence then the main consideration would be taken as the nature or significance of the offence or crime. While in the case of granting bail the court should only go to the evidence and witness which are present at that time. The apex court in the case of the state of Maharashtra vs Sitaram Popat vital has given some factors which should be considered before granting bail that is as follows: - The nature of the allegation and the gravity of punishment in the case of alleged and the character of the supporting evidence. - The sensible worry of tampering evidence or witness and giving threat to the complainant. - The court should be satisfied with the evidence and witness in support of the charge. Sometimes the court has to investigate some factors before granting bail which is as follows- - There is or is not proper evidence and witness to be convinced that the accused has committed the offences that are charged against him. - The character and severity of the charges against him. - The seriousness of the punishment that may be present in some cases. - If the applicant will be able to run away when he is released from jail. - The past record of the applicant. - The possibility of doing the same offence when he is getting bail. - The possibility of the evidence and witnesses being tampered. - The opportunity of the applicant to get his defence on merit. It is very important that the court should give sufficient time to the investigatory body to carry out investigation fully. It is essential that the court maintains a balance between this requirement and the equally gripping consideration that a citizen’s liberty is not violated until the facts and circumstances are justified. It is justified that Article 21 is one of the most important fundamental rights but there should be a balance between personal liberty and the liberty of society. Every right has reasonable restrictions and it can be imposed on them. Grant of Bail Vis-vis Right to Life and Personal Liberty The nexus between the grant of bail and personal liberty of an individual depends completely on maintaining a balance between preserving personal liberty of a person and ensuring proper investigation of the crime so that the principle of justice is upheld. Granting of bail saves the individual from violation of his freedom to life until proven guilty by the law. According to the provisions laid down under Section 57 of the Code of Criminal Procedure, when an investigation is not completed within twenty-four hours then the case is referred to the magistrate. Under Section 167(2) of the Court of Criminal procedure gives the magistrate the authority to detain the accused for a term not exceeding fifteen days on the whole. However, as mentioned under article 21, the personal liberty of the accused is to be protected as he is a citizen of the country thus, the magistrate cannot authorize the detention of accused of more than 90 days in case of serious crime and 60 days in case of less grave crime. When this period expires the court has to grant bail to the accused. This is what was held in the case of Mantoo Mazumdar vs State of Bihar in which the Supreme Court said that after the expiration of the said period the accused will be released on bail once he is prepared to leave and the bail is furnished. Even though a person cannot be denied his fundamental right to personal liberty, it is the duty of the court to follow the judicial provisions and not be affected by personal whims. Whenever a person is accused of a bailable offence, he is arrested by the police without a warrant and can be released only on bail once bail is finalized neither the magistrate nor the officer-in-charge is authorized to keep the accused in their custody. In the case K. Joglekar vs Emperor, it was stated that there are no specific rules regarding the discretion of the magistrate in granting bail. The only principle is that there should be a careful exercise of this discretion and it should be used for establishing justice and not violating the basic right of a person. Then in the case of Kashmira Singh vs the State of Punjab, it would be injustice and unfair to keep a person in jail for a period of 5 or six years for an offence which he did not even commit. The courts will never be able to compensate him for this wrong therefore, courts in India have adopted liberal measures for granting bail so that an individual’s personal liberty is not threatened. Anticipatory Bail in lieu of Article 21 It is a different kind of bail-in that a person gets his order of freedom by the court on bail before the person is arrested or kept in legal custody. In this case, when a person has fear of getting arrested then he applies the application of bail before getting arrested so that he would not be able to get arrested. The necessity of anticipatory bail is that when some influential people make false cases against their enemy and want to lower the respect of their enemy party in society then the enemy party can apply for anticipatory bail. When there is a logical reason not to put a person in legal custody as he will not commit any crime or misuse liberty then, in this case, the bail can be granted before time. Anticipatory bail can be applied before the FIR is written when a person is sure that he will get arrested. In the case of Gurbaksh Singh Sibba vs the State of Punjab, it was stated that the anticipatory bail should not be of the limited time limit; they can be imposed on a case to case basis. In the case of Vaman Narain Ghiya vs the State of Rajasthan, it was said that there should be a balance between the personal liberty of the accused and the investigation of the police. The suspect is not kept in legal custody with the objective of giving punishment when he is not proven guilty. Article 21 is an essential right given to every citizen so that their right to life and personal liberty is not threatened. When a person is accused of a crime, it is important according to the legal procedure to keep that person in custody. However, until the accused is proven guilty, he is entitled to his right to personal liberty and no one can deny him this freedom. This is why granting bail is a necessary procedure of law. But it is also important that the accused gets punished for the crimes that he has committed. Thus, bail cannot be granted only on the basis of protecting the fundamental rights of the citizens. The investigation has to be strict and unbiased to decide whether the accused can be released on bail. A balance between these two has to be restored so that the principles of Liberty, Equality, and Justice enshrined in the Constitution can be abided. LawSikho has created a telegram group for exchanging legal knowledge, referrals and various opportunities. You can click on this link and join:

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Care for Children with Congenital Heart Disease to Prevent Respiratory Tract Infections Keywords:prevention, congenital heart disease, respiratory tract infections Children with congenital heart disease may have a complication more than normal children. Especially respiratory tract infections which can cause children hospitalized and increase the mortality rates. The evidence shows that the most of children age under than five years are high risk to have respiratory tract infection. It was burdening their quality of life, social activities and growth development. The purpose of this article was to provide a knowledge to prevent a respiratory tract infection among children with congenital heart disease. Therefore, this article present a knowledge of taking care children with congenital heart disease about nutritional, immunization, avoiding contact in crowded people, medication to prevent heart failure and prevention for endocarditis. This article can assist nurses or caregivers with confidence in caring for children and be able to provide effective care for children with those complications. Wilson D, Rodgers CC. Essentials of pediatric nursing. Missouri: Elsevier; 2017. p.738-85. 2. Oliveira P, Held P, Grande R, Ribeiro MO, Bobbio TG, Schivinski C. Profile of children submitted to correction of congenital heart disease and analysis of respiratory complication. Rev Paul Pediatric. 3. Hearps SJ, McCarthy MC, Muscara F. Psychosocial risk in families of infants undergoing surgery for a serious congenital heart disease. Cardiol Young. 2014;24(4):632–9. 4. Gregory MR, Prouhet PM, Russel CL, Pfannenstiel BR. Quality of life for parents of children with congenital heart defect a systematic review. Journal of cardiovascular nursing. 2018;33(4):363-71. 5. Srichantaranit A. Nurses’ role in caring for young cyanotic congenital heart disease patients suffering from anoxic spells. Thai Journal of Nursing Council. 2013;28(4):95-106. (in Thai). 6. Healy F, Hanna BD, Zinman R. Pulmonary complication of congenital heart disease. Pediatric respiratory reviews. 2012;13(1):10-5. 7. Yingrengreung S, Rachawat P. Providing care for children with congenital heart disease for good quality of life. The journal of Boromarajonani college of nursing, Nakhonratchasima. 2014;20(1): 5-14. (in Thai). 8. Simmons FJ. Care of the child with altered cardiac function. In Votroubek W, Tabacco A, editors. Pediatric home care for nurse a family centered approach. 3rd ed. United States of America: Courier; 2010. p. 217-44. 9. Brien PO, Baker AL. The child with cardiovascular dysfunction. In Hockenberry MJ, Wilson D, editors. Wong’s essentials of pediatric nursing. 8th ed. St Louis: Mosby Elsevier; 2009. p. 861–910. 10. Saengtaweesin C. Hpoxic spell. in Singhalvanich S, Saengtaweesin C, Sriaudomkajhon S, Kanchanapongsakul S, editors. Children's disease frequent 2. 2nd ed. Bankok: Sahamit Printing Publishing Leasing; 2009. p. 81-2. (in Thai). 11. Woodward CS. Keeping children with congenital heart disease healthy. The national Association of Pediatric Nurse Practitioners. 2011;25:373-8. 12. Parrish CR. Nourishing little heart: Nutritional implications for congenital heart defects. Nurition Issue in Gastroenterology 2011;98:11-34. 13. Luewisetpaiboon C. Congestive heart failure. In: Sakulporn S, Sirichoti A, Luewisetpaiboon C, Bhamlakit O, Asadamongkol K, Jongbunyadjareon P, editors. Pediatric 2. Bankok: Nopachai Printing; 2012. p. 969-81. (in Thai). 14. Sophonthammarak S. Recognition of heart diseasesin children. In: Charurattanasirikul S, Wongchanchailert M, Sunthornlohanakgul S, editors. Pediatric : Current care. Bankok: OS Printing House;2002. p. 252-70. (in Thai). 15. Pajan P, Witchayanon P. Recurrent respiratory infection. In: Likkasitwattanakul S, Bunyasit W, Wisutseriwong W, Nitiyarom R, Sumbunnanon A. Pediatrics Siriraj text book. Bangkok: PL living; 2016. p. 712-24. (in Thai). 16. Ewy GA, Bobrow BJ. Cardiocerebral resuscitation : an approach to improving survival of patients with primary cardiac arrest. J Intensive Care Med. 2016;31(1):24–33. 17. Hall CB, Weinberg GA, Iwane MK, Blumkin AK, Edwards KM, Staat MA, et al. The burden of respiratory syncytial virus infection in young children. N Engl J Med. 2009;360:588-98. 18. Andres S, Bauer G, Rodriguez S, Novali L, Michli D, Farina D. Hospitalization due to respiratory syncytial virus infection in patients under 2 years of age with hemodynamically significant congenital heart disease. Journal de pediatric. 2012;12(88):246-52. 19. Rossi AC, Prefumo F. Accuracy of ultrasonography at 11-14 weeks of gestation for detection of fetal structural anomalies: a systematic review. Obstet Gynecol. 2013;122(6):1160–7. 20. Thuthong C. The effect of teaching according to health belief concept and caregiver participation on health care behaviors of school-aged children with congenital heart disease [Degree of master of nursing science program in pediatric nursing]. Bankok: Chulalongkorn University; 2007. (in Thai). 21. Wilson D. Health promotion of the infant and family. In: Hockenberry MJ, Wilson D, editors. Essentials pediatric nursing. 8th ed. St Louis: Mosby Elsevier; 2009. p. 499-565. 22. Pitipat A, Bhokkhaphabhubeth S, Khamsripon C, Reungworaboon S. Factors related to behaviors promoting toddler’s growth and development of toddler caregivers. Journal of Boromarajonani College of nursing Bangkok. 2018;34(3):1-10. (in Thai). 23. Phromreungrit K, Jintrawet U, Chotibang J. Caregiving and related factors among caregivers of children with congenital heart disease. Nursing journal. 2015;42:35-45. (in Thai). 24. Macallan D. Infection and malnutrition. Medicine. 2009;37:525-8. 25. Keawwichit N, Thachin K. Knowledge and the parental role in caring for children with heart disease. Songklanagarind medical journal. 2007;25(4):273-82. (in Thai). 26. Chaisom P. Predicting Factors of Dependent Care Behaviors among Mothers of Toddlers with Congenital Heart Disease. Chiang Mai University journal of natural sciences. 2010;9(2):193-200. 27. Niyomchat R, Wivatvanit S. Competencies of pediatric nurses. Journal of Boromarajonani college of nursing, Bangkok. 2017;33(2):84-100. (in Thai). 28. Hassan BA, Albanna EA, Morsy SM, Siam AG, Shafie MM, Elsaadany, et al. Nutrition status in children with un-operated congenital heart disease: An Egyptian center experience. Front Pediatr [Internet]. 2015 [cited 2015 Jun 15];1-5. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/doi/10.3389/ 29. Petruentong P, Srichantaranit A, Prasopkittikun T. Growth and development in children with congenital heart disease. Songklanagarind journal of nursing. 2018;38(1):10-21. (in Thai). 30. Nydegger A, Bines JF. Energy metabolism in infants with congenital heart disease. Nutrition. 31. Hassing W. Vaccines in Thailand's Immunization Plan. In: Phuthanakit T, Chatperdpai S, Phancharoen C, Likitnukul S, Ngampaiboon C, editors. Vaccine from infancy to childhood and adolescence. Bangkok: Thana place; 2010. p. 129-67. (in Thai). 32. American academy of pediatrics, Committee on infectious diseases immunization in special clinical circumstances. In: Kimberlin DW, Brady MT, Jackson MA, Long SS, editors. 2015 Report of the committee on infectious diseases. 30th ed. Elk Grove Village: IL;2015. p. 68-107. 33. Vantum C, Soomlek S. Health promotion of caregivers in children with congenital heart disease undergone heart surgery. Journal of nursing science & health 2012;35(1):1-9. (in Thai). 34. Kathanyuwong P. Treatment of heart failure by medication. In: Sirijongkhonthong P, Durongpisitkul K, Wijansorn C, Withedsonthi K, Panamontha M, Kengsakul A, et al., editors. Pediatric cardiology. Bankok: AI Group Press; 2012. p. 407-22. (in Thai). 35. Moursi AM, Fernandez JB, Daronch M, Zee L, Jones CL. Nutrition and oral health consideration in children with special health care needs : Implication for oral health care provider. Pediatric Dent. 36. Pimental EL, Azevedo VM, Castro RA, Reis LC, Lorenzo A. Caries experience in young children with congenital heart disease in developing country. Brazilian oral research. 2013;27(2):103-8. How to Cite Article published Is the copyright of the Journal of Health and Nursing Research (Boromarajonani College of Nursing, Bangkok) Cannot be republished in other journals

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Scientific Programming 1 Welcome to this programming course! In the weeks ahead, you’ll use the Python programming language while learning to solve scientific problems from several fields of science. This course is intended for students who have no experience in programming at all. It comprises four modules, wherein you learn about the Python language, but foremost about strategies you can use to solve complex computational problems. If you have practical matters that you would like to discuss, always send an e-mail to the staff via firstname.lastname@example.org. We will answer within a couple of days, if not hours. Your entry to the course is the sidebar, where you can leaf through all modules (levels) that you have to complete. - Read more of the syllabus, below. - Install Python. - Choose one of the level 1 modules (Algorithms or Numbers) to get started! This course assumes no prior programming experience. If you have already done a course in Python, or if you have extensive experience in another programming language, this course might not be your best option—but we’re happy to refer you to other courses if you’d like! Other than that, some modules assume high school mathematics or physics, but many do not. If you feel overwhelmed, don’t hesitate to contact the course staff! We can explain the course’s philosophy and requirements, and make recommendations on how to approach problems. This really is a beginner’s course. We will teach you the basics of Python programming as well as several different ways of solving computational problems. After this course, we envision that you: - can transform the description of a simple algorithm into working code by combining basic program elements - can apply several scientific programming techniques from different areas of study - can use a couple of libraries in your program and know how to find and read documentation on other libraries - can make your programs simpler and easier to read by employing a few standard tactics - can trace and fix several common programming errors When you have finished one modules for each level, you might take up Scientific Programming 2, in which we will teach you most of the remaining parts of Python, enabling you to read and contribute to other’s projects, or start your own! In this course you’ll mostly work on assignments independently. But you’re not on your own! We’re here to help. There are three ways you can get help: - Helpdesk (Programmeerbalie): Online or on campus. Book a slot to get help - Lab sessions: Only on campus. Work in a classroom together with other students - Forum: Only online. See for more info: Help Passing the course The course’s final result will be “pass” or “fail”, which means that no grades are assigned. You pass the course by: - submitting sufficient coursework - passing the exam Sufficient coursework means submitting a working solution to each problem from at least four modules of your own choosing, keeping in mind that you need to finish one module per level. You may not re-submit (variations of) solutions that you wrote for any other course’s problems. In case you have done similar assignments before, discuss with the course staff whether this is the right course for you. Deadlines for each level are listed below. The deadlines are our recommendation. If you follow these deadlines you’ll have all the assignments finished in time for the corresponding examination moment. You can occasionally diverge a bit from the deadlines, but if you notice that you’re structurally behind please contact us (email@example.com). The deadlines depend on the period in which you start the course (4, or 5) and at what pace you’re following it (4, 8 or 16 weeks). Start block 4 (7 Feb 2022) |Finish course in:||4 weeks||8 weeks||16 weeks| |Level 1||Fri 11 Feb 2022||Wed 16 Feb 2022||Tue 01 Mar 2022| |Level 2||Thu 17 Feb 2022||Tue 01 Mar 2022||Fri 25 Mar 2022| |Level 3||Wed 23 Feb 2022||Mon 14 Mar 2022||Thu 22 Apr 2022| |Level 4||Tue 01 Mar 2022||Fri 25 Mar 2022||Wed 20 May 2022| |Practice exam||Wed 30 Mar 2022| |Exam||Wed 30 Mar 2022||Thu 2 Jun 2022||Thu 2 Jun 2022| Start block 5 (4 Apr 2022) |Finish course in:||4 weeks||8 weeks| |Level 1||Fri 08 Apr 2022||Thu 14 Apr 2022| |Level 2||Thu 14 Apr 2022||Thu 28 Apr 2022| |Level 3||Thu 21 Apr 2022||Tue 17 May 2022| |Level 4||Thu 28 Apr 2022||Wed 25 May 2022| |Exam||Thu 2 Jun 2022||Thu 2 Jun 2022| The exam for this course is a programming exam. You’ll make a number of smaller programming assignments in a controlled setting. This will take about 3 hours. - There is one exam for the courses Scientific Programming 1 and 2. If you decide to only do Scientific Programming 1, but not follow Scientific Programming 2, please contact us to plan the examination. - If you do Scientific Programming 1 in 8 weeks there is a practice exam at the end of block. It s highly recommended to take this exam. - There is an exam at the end of each bock (block 1, 2, 4, and 5). - You can only participate in the exam if you finished al the assignments! If you did not finish the final assignment before the exam date, you’ll have to take the exam at the next occasion. The dates for the exams: Wed 30 March, Thu 2 June Programming is like writing. You can gradually learn to write programs that are more beautiful, functional, short, elegant or simple. To learn this, you’ll need some feedback, and it’s mostly up to you to get it. You can show your programs in class to fellow students or your teacher; you can post a fragment of your code on Ed and ask for advice on improving; or you can send the staff an e-mail and we’ll have a look (this might take a while though!). No books are required for this course. Embedded in some of the modules are parts of the book Think Python by Allen Downey. If you’d like, you can read the remainder of the book on its website. Doing your own work This course’s philosophy on academic honesty is best stated as “be reasonable.” The course recognizes that interactions with classmates and others can facilitate mastery of the course’s material. However, there remains a line between enlisting the help of another and submitting the work of another. This policy characterizes both sides of that line. The essence of all work that you submit to this course must be your own (unless explicitly stated otherwise). Collaboration on problem sets is not permitted except to the extent that you may ask classmates and others for help so long as that help does not reduce to another doing your work for you. Generally speaking, when asking for help, you may show your code to others, but you may not view theirs, so long as you and they respect this policy’s other constraints. Collaboration on the course’s test and quiz is not permitted at all. Below are rules of thumb that (inexhaustively) characterize acts that the course considers reasonable and not reasonable. If in doubt as to whether some act is reasonable, do not commit it until you solicit and receive approval in writing from the course’s heads. Acts considered not reasonable by the course are handled harshly. Communicating with classmates about problem sets’ problems in English (or some other spoken language). Discussing the course’s material with others in order to understand it better. Helping a classmate identify a bug in his or her code at office hours, elsewhere, or even online, as by viewing, compiling, or running his or her code, even on your own computer. Incorporating a few lines of code that you find online or elsewhere into your own code, provided that those lines are not themselves solutions to assigned problems and that you cite the lines’ origins. Reviewing past semesters’ quizzes and solutions thereto. Sending or showing code that you’ve written to someone, possibly a classmate, so that he or she might help you identify and fix a bug. Sharing a few lines of your own code online so that others might help you identify and fix a bug. Turning to the course’s heads for help or receiving help from the course’s heads during the quiz or test. Turning to the web or elsewhere for instruction beyond the course’s own, for references, and for solutions to technical difficulties, but not for outright solutions to problem set’s problems or your own final project. Whiteboarding solutions to problem sets with others using diagrams or pseudocode but not actual code. Working with (and even paying) a tutor to help you with the course, provided the tutor does not do your work for you. Accessing a solution to some problem prior to (re-)submitting your own. Asking a classmate to see his or her solution to a problem set’s problem before (re-)submitting your own. Decompiling, de-obfuscating, or disassembling the staff’s solutions to problem sets. Failing to cite (as with comments) the origins of code or techniques that you discover outside of the course’s own lessons and integrate into your own work, even while respecting this policy’s other constraints. Giving or showing to a classmate a solution to a problem set’s problem when it is he or she, and not you, who is struggling to solve it. Looking at another individual’s work during the test or quiz. Paying or offering to pay an individual for work that you may submit as (part of) your own. Providing or making available solutions to problem sets to individuals who might take this course in the future. Searching for or soliciting outright solutions to problem sets online or elsewhere. Splitting a problem set’s workload with another individual and combining your work. Submitting (after possibly modifying) the work of another individual beyond the few lines allowed herein. Submitting the same or similar work to this course that you have submitted or will submit to another. Submitting work to this course that you intend to use outside of the course (e.g., for a job) without prior approval from the course’s heads. Turning to humans (besides the course’s heads) for help or receiving help from humans (besides the course’s heads) during the quiz or test. Viewing another’s solution to a problem set’s problem and basing your own solution on it. This course has been designed by Martijn Stegeman, Simon Pauw and Ivo van Vulpen. It is partially based on many great programming resources that have been published as Open Courseware under a Creative Commons license. The resulting work itself is also published under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License. Feel free to re-use! If you would like to use the work commercially, please send an e-mail for arranging a license. We have had lots of help from students as well as teaching assistants who tried the course or added ideas of their own. We especially thank: - Jelle van Assema (assignments and checkpy) - Tim Doolan (revisions) - Wouter Vrielink (revisions) - Natasja Wezel (videos, revisions) - Iris Luden (video) - Marianne de Heer Kloots (revisions and testing) - Maarten Inja (DNA assignment) - Quinten Post (translations) - Marleen Rijksen (revisions) - Huub Rutjes (films) - Vera Schild (test automation) - Luca Verhees (artwork “semester of code”) We have used materials from the following sources: - 6.189 A Gentle Introduction to Programming Using Python by Sarina Canelake at MIT http://ocw.mit.edu - 6.00 Introduction to Computer Science and Programming, Fall 2008 by Eric Grimson and John Guttag at MIT http://ocw.mit.edu - CS50 Introduction to Computer Science I by David Malan at Harvard http://cs50.tv/ - 6.0001 Introduction to Computer Science and Programming in Python by Ana Bell, Eric Grimson and John Guttag at MIT http://ocw.mit.edu - Think Python by Allen B. Downey http://greenteapress.com/wp/think-python/

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Karl Cohen has found a copy of Winsor McCay's long lost lesson on animation. Read about what it contains and what these tidbits mean to animation's history. Winsor McCay is well known as the creator of the first animated cartoon star, Gertie the Dinosaur, 1914. He also is remembered for his animated recreation of The Sinking of the Lusitania, 1918 and for his long and amazing career as a comic strip artist. He also wrote Lesson One, but his work as a teacher of the art form he helped to create has long been forgotten. A copy of Lesson One printed in Applied Cartooning, Division 11, a correspondence course from the Federal School of Applied Cartooning, Minneapolis, Minn., 1919, was shown to me a few months ago by one of my animation history students who remembered seeing an image in the lesson in class. He found it in a junk store and had no idea it was a rare document. He considered it an old fashioned oddity and was wondering if it had any value (perhaps the influence of Antique Roadshow). It is so obscure that I can find no references to it in printed bibliographies about animation. When I told John Canemaker, author of Winsor McCay, His Life and Art, that I had a Xerox copy of it, he asked for a copy. He had seen a 1923 version published by the school. It is mentioned in a footnote in his book. McCays 15-page lesson isnt everything you ever wanted to know about the subject, but it does give insight into his work and his optimism for the future of animation. It was one of the very first published accounts of how animation is done. It dates a year before the publishing of Edwin George Lutzs Animated Cartoons: How They Are Made, Their Origin and Development (1920), the manual that Walt Disney and Ub Iwerks studied when they were beginning their careers. Terms Have Changed As you look at the pages of this manuscript reproduced in this issue, one of the first things you may notice is that McCays terminology is different from our present animation vocabulary. He never mentions animation cels, but says he uses transparent, bond and tracing paper. He says flit and flitter pad while we say flip and flipbook. At one point he mentions that seeing little flipper advertising pads gave him the idea that he might be able to create a film based on sequential drawings. The crosses at the corners indicate register markings by means of which you place each subsequent drawing in correct position over the preceding. If you use punched paper and pegs on drawing board you may dispense with register marks. McCay reveals his invention, the split system, in his writings for Lesson One in Applied Cartooning, Division 11. All illustrations © 1919 Federal School of Applied Cartooning. The most important technical knowledge he shares with us is what he calls his split system. He says it is my own invention. His system was used to carefully lay out and time an entire sequence. He began by laying out the path of the movement for the sequence on page number 0. The finished guide was then used under other drawings that were made on separate pieces of paper placed one at a time over the guide. This gave him the correct position for each drawing. McCay tells us he began by drawing the first and last images of the sequence (extremes, he doesnt mention using key drawings), and then his center or middle drawing. He calls the center image the split drawing. By the 1930s this was known as the breakdown drawing or the passing position. If he were animating a sequence that was going to end in an odd number of drawings then he would have an even number of drawings on either side of his split and his split would be equal distance from either extreme. He then drew his subject midway between his split and an extreme, and continued drawing in this manner until the sequence was finished. McCays discussion of drawing for animation ends at this point (Richard Williams The Animators Survival Kit barely begins at this point) and he moves on to discuss his career, achievements and the future of animation. The Real Basics One of the charms of this publication is how primitive and unsophisticated it is. Most of the basics presented to students today are not discussed. There is no mention of squash and stretch, yet he used it for humorous effect in his first work Little Nemo, which premiered April 8, 1911 according to John Canemakers research. While he does present us with a ball in motion, there is no acceleration and deceleration. His drawing guides or charts show his movements spaced between the extreme positions. In his discussion of timing he explains that when Gertie is lying on her side he wanted to show her breathing. He realized it doesnt take as long for us to inhale as it does to exhale, but he couldnt get his timing right by using his wristwatch. He says that by watching the second hand on a large clock he was able to figure out the correct timing of the sequence accurately. The movement of Gertie breathing while lying on her side is subtle, natural looking and the sequence is quite charming. "Flit and flitter pads" are McCay's name for flip and flipbooks. In his lesson, McCay stresses that the ability to time the progress of an action accurately is essential to good animation. One aspect of his work that has always amused me is his flair for exaggeration and showmanship. He loved exaggerating how many drawings were in his films, so it was refreshing to read his discussion of repeating cycles of drawings as a labor saving method. He says there were over 15 repetitions of the cycle of Gertie breathing while she was lying on her side. As for his love of exaggeration, he claims Gertie required him to make 10,000 drawings (mentioned in a title card in the live-action introduction to the film), yet the animated portion of the film is around 4 minutes long when it is run on a sound projector. (If I had measured the length of time title cards were on the screen the actual amount of animation might only be around 3 minutes long.) Gertie was made before cel animation had been invented so each frame of the film was one drawing that included both the star and the background. He had to redraw the background in each frame plus whatever his star was doing. Since his registration system wasnt perfect the background shimmers somewhat. There are close to 5000 frames/images of film in a 4-minute sequence if the projector is run at sound speed (24 fps). A touchy problem for McCay was created by our countrys patent laws. He mentions several times that he had created the art production methods he used, but has no desire to patent his techniques. What he doesnt say is that others filed patents for similar approaches to the animation process. Earl Hurd filed a patent application for a process using transparent cels over an opaque background (granted June 15, 1915 and filled December 14, 1914). John R. Bray obtaining a copyright in 1914 for a registration system similar to the one McCay discusses (two round pegs or pins). Bray and Hurd formed a partnership and animators using cels with a pin registration system were supposed to pay a royalty fee for using the Bray-Hurd System until their patents expired. Nowhere in his article does McCay talk about using transparent animation cels (perhaps to avoid infringing on Hurds patent?), yet he shows a background drawing of water from The Sinking of the Lusitania, 1918. There is a vague reference to using transparent paper (does such a paper exist?). In The Flying House, 1921 his last film, he calls himself the inventor of animated drawing in one title card and in the next card he announces the work was done using the Winsor McCay Process of Animation. I suspect he felt it necessary to defend his claim to be the inventor of drawn character animation and that he was troubled by Bray and Hurd patenting key elements of the process. Other Questions and Speculations I can’t begin to speculate why McCay wrote this lesson. It appears he assumed the students might not be too sophisticated or talented as he doesn’t discuss some of the more complex animation problems he had solved in the making of The Sinking of the Lusitania. He was adding rich textures and tones of gray to his complex drawings while his contemporaries were content to draw simple characters that were black lines around white spaces. These artists did not seem interested in creating fine art. Their jobs demanded that they were able to draw their work quickly so they could meet their production deadlines. In contrast McCay loved rich details and seemed to take pleasure in creating sophisticated movements. In some sequences of Lusitania it appears that he used several layers of cels to create a complex play of movements between the ship, water and smoke. The illustrations that accompany the text are, for the most part, not up to McCay’s standards. The drawing of Gertie is not from the 1914 film (different background, the film didn’t use shading and Gertie’s eyes didn’t look like circles placed on top of a head). Other illustrations appear to be drawn in an uninspired mechanical manner that is unlike McCay’s published work. I assume much of it was drawn by an assistant or even by somebody at the correspondence school. It is possible that only the Lusitania images came from McCay’s pen. The historic information in the text is useful for several reasons. His mentioning that Gertie premiered in 1914 is important as several old books and articles have stated she was animated in 1909. I know a pompous animation teacher who still says she was created in 1909. There must be a lot of other people with the wrong date lodged in their brains as well. McCay discussing his lack of success with his first two films should be sobering information for novice animators. Unfortunately a lot of projects are begun without everything being fully developed in the creator’s mind. If you are a young animator, hopefully your endeavors will be more successful than McCay’s first two works. While you won't face the same problems he had, you may be able to avoid others both big and small by running your ideas past other people. The remaining 6 lessons in this book provide basic instructions on how to work with cut-outs, how to build a drawing table, ways to create movements without having to redo the entire character in each frame, etc. Some of the text focuses on how to create simple eye catching moving images that can be used to promote local merchants in movie theaters. It appears that by 1919 there were jobs available in several cities with firms producing these advertising films. Perhaps you have heard of one or two artists who got their start in the industry creating this type of work in Kansas City — Walt Disney and Ub Iwerks. There is also an informative section on how to do chalk talks before a live audience. The book tells how to do these talks by using prepared gimmicks and other techniques that have little to do with filmed animation. Including these talks in the book was important in 1919 as animators could earn extra income presenting them. McCay’s Little Nemo premiered April 8, 1911 as a movie short in a theater, and later that month he premiered a different version of the film on a New York City vaudeville stage as part of an in-person presentation. Gertie was also introduced to vaudeville audiences by McCay. The opening page of McCay’s lesson includes a drawing of him on a stage standing next to his dinosaur on the screen. Karl Cohen is President of ASIFA-San Francisco. His first book, Forbidden Animation: Censored Cartoons and Blacklisted Animators in America, is published by McFarland Publishers. He also teaches animation history at San Francisco State University. Producing Animation in the Third MillenniumPrevious Post

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How Artists Are Changing the Way We See Landscape Kaelen Wilson-Goldie on 13BC and the artists using art, science and technology to map the world Kaelen Wilson-Goldie on 13BC and the artists using art, science and technology to map the world Artists have always tried to show what is hidden, even in plain sight, and so they have returned, again and again, to the act of mapping out the ground we stand on. They have continually found new, sometimes strange, often unexpected ways to visualize the landscapes we take for granted: the ground, the sky and the horizon between them, which are always there, yet always changing. However, at a time when digital technologies, media platforms and our experiences of both place and history are changing so fast – becoming so simultaneous, so heavily dictated by market forces – the works of contemporary artists that remap the world may become one of the few means we have to fix those moments and to allow us the time to consider the implications. The opening shot of Straight Flush (2019) – an accomplished, haunting and elliptical 72-minute film by the collective 13BC (Thirteen Black Cats) – shows a curious desert landscape at night. Lights dot the horizon in a long, steady line that spreads out across two screens and divides the murky foreground of scraggly underbrush from a moody backdrop of low, dark hills outlined against a deep-blue sky. The tallest of those hills are clustered in the centre, at the seam where the two images meet. The two images are identical, one mirroring the other while creating the illusion of continuity and vastness, of a seemingly endless view extending from either side of one’s peripheral vision. Devoted to both the study and the making of moving images, 13BC was founded four years ago by curator Vic Brooks, writer Evan Calder Williams and artist Lucy Raven. They worked together for the first time on 1/56 (2015), a short video for Frieze Film and the Channel 4 arts programme ‘Random Acts’, which was inspired by Roberto Bolaño’s fragmentary novel Antwerp (2002) and premiered at the 31st Biennial of Graphic Arts in Ljubljana. (It also marked the start of an ambitious ongoing project to commission 55 more short films to be made by a different artist in a new city, each time based on one of the brisk chapters in Bolaño’s book.) Beautifully shot in the greenhouse of a Slovenian botanical garden, 1/56 intersperses the camera’s slow, languid path through lush vegetation with cut-up, collage-like images and illustrations of American race riots, European civil wars, the filming of Gone with the Wind (1939) and more. As such, the film inaugurated 13BC’s trinity of interests in land exploitation, the legacies of past conflicts and the creative deconstruction of cinematic conventions, including those that structure documentaries and mainstream feature films. In terms of formal and conceptual conceits, 13BC’s first effort also dovetailed nicely with Raven’s own playful yet fiercely intelligent work on the history of movie-making and the distribution of images through revelatory close studies of copper smelting, outsourced labour and geographically scattered post-production sites. Straight Flush was filmed in the barracks of the Wendover Air Force Base, a decommissioned US military facility in Utah where, among other things, the B-29 pilots who dropped the atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki were trained. Wendover sits west of the Nevada state border and north of the Dugway Proving Ground, a still-active top-secret US weapons testing site, which is famous not only for its experiments with chemical agents and biological armaments but also for its sinister history of building scale replicas of German villages and Japanese towns to stage firebombing trials during World War II. Since 1996, the Center for Land Use Interpretation – based in Los Angeles – has run a research outpost from a complex of buildings in Wendover; 13BC was in residence there in 2017 and 2018. The lights twinkling in the evening distance at the start of Straight Flush are, in fact, the runway lights of Wendover Airport, which was hosting some intense military exercises at the time the film was shot, but they also evoke the last tempting string of casinos in easternmost Nevada, where gambling has been legal since the 1930s. The plot that subsequently unfolds in the film tells a rich and complex story about the fate (and meaning) of Claude Eatherly, the US air-force officer and B-29 reconnaissance pilot, who gave the ‘all clear’ to bomb Hiroshima in 1945. Eatherly was one of seven pilots in the skies above Japan that day. His job was to determine the weather conditions. A second pilot’s job was to drop the bomb. A third pilot was to measure the blast. A fourth pilot would take images – a mission that failed utterly despite the cutting-edge optics. The only legible image was an amateur snapshot taken by a crew member as the last plane banked away. None of the other planes had lingered; Eatherly had rushed back to base in order to make it to a poker game. The name of his plane was Straight Flush. The weather plane over Nagasaki was Full House. The bomb-dropping plane was Enola Gay, named after the pilot’s mother. The measurements plane was The Great Artiste. The image-making plane had no name at all. The action of Straight Flush consists of three actors sitting around a poker table in the Wendover barracks, reading through a wildly creative, multi-layered and thought-provoking script while smoking compulsively and occasionally stumbling through their lines, doubling back to restart. 13BC weaves an abundance of detail and several fascinating digressions into the epistolary exchanges of Eatherly and Günther Anders, an anti-nuclear activist and theorist who had fled the Nazis, toiled away as an exile in Hollywood and then returned to a life of the mind in Europe. He began writing to Eatherly in 1959, after the pilot had been dishonourably discharged for cheating on a meteorological exam and fallen on hard times. Eatherly was arrested for botched robberies and petty crimes, caught up in a frenzy of Cuban revolutionary politics, mercenary plots and paranoid conspiracy theories. He was committed to psychiatric hospitals multiple times. And he was famous: comedian and actor Bob Hope had even approached him about making a movie of his life. One theory held that Eatherly acted the way he did because he was racked with guilt. Another was more sceptical, arguing that he was merely a grifter and conman with no moral compass. Anders proffered a third theory: that Eatherly was symptomatic of a larger and more ominous cultural and political shift, towards a technical age in which ‘imagination lags behind production’, as he noted in the first volume of his 1956 book The Obsolescence of Human Beings: ‘We may be able to produce the hydrogen bomb, but we are not capable of visualizing the consequences of what we have produced.’ Anders thought that Hope’s film was a terrible idea and advised Eatherly against it in a letter dated 18 August 1959, writing that the clarity and seriousness of ‘the most “fatal act” of [Eatherly’s] life, the most fatal act of the epoch’ must not be muddied by enactment, falsification or fiction, nor should it be transmitted only to moviegoers seeking entertainment and make-believe. The suggested zone of contradiction in Anders’s account (yes to imagination, no to make-believe) is one of the many territories, both mental and physical, which 13BC maps in Straight Flush and the related works comprising the collective’s first exhibition, ‘Fatal Act’. In addition to Straight Flush, the show includes the films Corpse Cleaner (2016/19), When Horses Were Coconuts (2019) and Act 1 (2019), as well as the installation Good Times (2019), which was inspired by casino decor; and a 15-minute loop of music composed by Jason Moran (2019) in the guise of Charlotte Zelka, Anders’s American wife, a pianist, who transcribed the letters of her severely arthritic husband. In tracing the failures of both image-making and imagination in relation to the bombing of Hiroshima, and in drawing tenuous but highly necessary connections to the long and multiple histories of appropriating indigenous lands, 13BC has taken temporary ownership of a formidable artistic legacy first established by Harun Farocki. In his magisterial 1989 film Images of the World and the Inscription of War, Farocki considers the history of a set of aerial photographs, shot to record an Allied bombing raid on an industrial site in Germany in 1944, which by chance also captured the architecture of Auschwitz. It wasn’t until the late 1970s that CIA analysts, who were unabashedly inspired by the popularity of the American television mini-series Holocaust (1978), starring Meryl Streep, returned to those photographs and found actual hard evidence of the death camp. From there, Farocki pieces together a riveting sequence of associations, between enlightenment and illumination, illumination and reconnaissance, camouflage and makeup, physical poses and psychic displacements, buried traces and deliberate obfuscations. Because Farocki’s lines of inquiry are so capacious – and remain so relevant – 13BC now occupies that space of mapping the hidden and unseen, of visualizing the impossible or unimagined, with a diverse group of artists. Some, such as Forensic Architecture, who since 2010 has examined the use of specific munitions in Palestine, or Lawrence Abu Hamdan, who in 2016 investigated the notorious Saydnaya prison in Syria, are explicitly concerned with evidentiary traces of war and what they mean in relation to jurisprudence, intellectual history, political thought and the healthy functioning of human beings. Others, such as Omer Fast in his films Continuity (2012) and Spring (2016), consider the dramatic slippage between geographies and states of being at home and at war, visualizing the experience of places seeping into one another as acts of violence committed in one location surreally erupt in another. In The Radiant (2012), The Otolith Group maps the physical, psychological and mythological effects of a natural disaster’s fallout – in this case, radiation – by moving back and forth elastically through time, from the aftermath of the Fukushima nuclear meltdown in 2011 to the formation of ancient gods and goddesses, with the characteristically time-bending speculation that in the far future, radiation may come to be worshipped as a deity emanating from the distant past. (Before Straight Flush, The Radiant also took up the ideas of Anders, whose first wife was none other than Hannah Arendt; they were fellow students of Martin Heidegger.) In their own ways, the works of both Eric Baudelaire and Naeem Mohaiemen trace the legacies of the ultra-left turning violent in the 1970s. Baudelaire’s film The Ugly One (2013) follows the story of the Japanese Red Army from 1970s Lebanon and Palestine, while Also Known as Jihadi (2017) is about 21st-century ISIS recruitment in Europe – all without entering Syria. (Both films also try to literally enact the landscape theory of Japanese filmmaker Masao Adachi, known as fukeiron.) Mohaiemen’s longterm project, The Young Man Was (2011–ongoing), meanwhile, follows elements of the same story through the experiences of revolutionary movements in opposition and in power, falling apart and then sporadically resurging in the guise of contemporary protest movements. Like all of the artists working in Farocki’s wake, the members of 13BC are interested in the stories that images tell, the things they purport to show and the ambiguities that arise from archival materials presumed to be factual or works of art premised on the fundamental idea of invention. One of the many interesting turns that Straight Flush takes is toward the first successful recordings of a nuclear test site in Nevada. In 1951, a news crew set itself up a safe distance away from the blast and was able to record a clear picture of it. But the sound was completely garbled. CBS gave Foley artist Robert Mott 20 minutes, three turntables and full access to the network’s library in order to create an audio track to match the visual footage, which he did, using slowed-down samples of a waterfall, a dynamite explosion and a collapsing building to mimic the sound of an atomic bomb being detonated. 13BC’s six-minute film, When Horses Were Coconuts, imagines an alternative visualization of those already-approximate sound sources – not the classic mushroom cloud but a lurid, abstract, river-like rush of colours, forms and rhythms. It is as if the collective were mapping not the effects of war on a specific landscape or geography but, rather, the contours of an interpretive act, the shift in thought, a moving image of the imagination at work. What 13BC’s work proposes, in the end, is art as a way of knowing that is equal to hard science, digital technology and historical record; art that is creative, capable and audacious enough to tell some unexpected truths. Main image: 13BC (Vic Brooks, Evan Calder Williams and Lucy Raven), Straight Flush, 2019, video still. Courtesy: the artists and 80 Washington Square East, New York

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German-Polish relations are of extraordinary importance for both sides. . The history of German-Polish relations is long and often marked by bloodshed. Germany hopes for new opportunities for transatlantic relations in areas like global warming, on which Poland so far has not been a staunch actor, whereas the Polish government fears that the new administration will reproach it on rule-of-law issues and minority rights, which would reinforce similar criticism from the EU and Germany. Bilateral Relations. German-Polish relations on knife-edge as Merkel's replacement denies more WW2 reparations GERMANY will not hand further reparations to Poland for World War Two and consider the matter closed. The British War Blue Book, by Great Britain Foreign Office (HTML at Ibiblio) German-Polish Disputes: Danzig, the Polish Corridor and East Prussia (Foreign Policy Reports v9 #9; 1933), by Shepard Stone (multiple formats at archive.org) It is not an ordinary diplomatic crisis as occurred over the war in Iraq and the European constitution. This was the end of Poland as a country, as a sovereign state, at that time. The Polish-German relationship has not been easy. (The original German version was removed from YOU TUBE in early 2011 as was the following film belowas great loss.) Hitler, it seems, had some hopes of peace with Britain after the fall of France in June 1940, but . GERMAN POLAND RELATIONS IN A FILM 1936 . The Republic of Poland, located in Central Europe just east of Germany, officially became a separate state when it gained its independence once and for all in 1918. German President Frank-Walter Steinmeier has asked Poland's forgiveness for Nazi "tyranny", 80 years on from the start of World War Two. The major change affected Poland, which was figuratively picked up and moved some 150 miles to the west. The current German-Polish relationship is once again challenged . In 1963 economic relations were placed on a somewhat broader footing by the conclusion of a long-term trade treaty and the estab-lishment of a West German trade mission in Warsaw.3 Outside the USSR, this was the first representation of its kind established by the Now we have a German film from 1936 even though it is in Spanish. The Cold War was largely defined by the division of Germany into East and West, and the resulting debate about German reunification between the US and the Soviet Union. For centuries the Poles have been taught from early childhood on that Germans were evil and ought to be fought whenever there was a promise of success. Poland viewed Volodymyr Zelensky's victory in the 2019 Ukrainian presidential elections as an opportunity for a breakthrough in relations. Germany is a key trade partner for Poland. World War II and the subsequent border changes drastically changed the Polish population. Until 2015, Poland had a liberal government that saw Germany very positively. And they divided Poland between them. Germany and Poland: From War to Peaceful Relations [Kulski, Wadysaw Wszebor] on Amazon.com. "I have just returned late yesterday from a weeklong trip to Europe. The most important early contacts between Germany and the United States involved immigration. (22 Sep 2011) AP TelevisionMuseum Martin Gropius Bau, Berlin, Germany - September 21, 20111. Answer (1 of 4): The relationship between Poland and Germany had ups and downs. Read "Germany, Poland and Postmemorial Relations In Search of a Livable Past" by available from Rakuten Kobo. This scholarly exchange offers a welcome inquiry into a complicated labyrinth of neighborly claims, resentments, nostalgic sentiments, and state politics." . Considering Pol. Later, it was shut down. The reconciliation process initiated by Willy Brandt and Egon Bahr in the 1970s was slow and arduous, finally resulting in a historic Treaty of Good Neighbourship. But as far as I'm concerned, it is all just a sham," Mularczyk believes. Let's now take a look at German-American relations within NATO. However, it is telling that, in this area, Poland ranks below not only France but also Germany's smaller neighbours, the Netherlands and Austria, as well as Spain. The foreign policy of Poland is based on four basic commitments: to Atlantic co-operation . German-Polish relations are even today poisoned by centuries-old, deep-seated hatred on the Polish side. ), Chairman of the State and Foreign Operations Appropriations Subcommittee and a member of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, participated in congressional delegations to Germany, Poland, and Lithuania. West Germany recognized the Oder-Neisse line as Poland's western border in the Treaty of Warsaw. Poland's constitutional court has ruled that some European Union laws are in . Media in category "Relations of Germany and Poland by year" The following 2 files are in this category, out of 2 total. In fact, relations between the two countries have been marked by four centuries of bitter conflict, with particular low points coming when Germany and the Soviet Union signed the 1939 Molotov . The German delegation declared that Germany would have to protect its former nationals in Poland using the German language, all the more so because the Poles had not yet proved themselves "reliable protectors of the rights of national and religious minorities" (Foreign Relations, The Paris Peace Conference, 1919, vi, 839). Germany was a strong proponent of Poland's accession to NATO and the EU, which brought Polish-German relations to yet another level. Georgia-Poland relations refers to foreign relations between Georgia and Poland.Both nations enjoy close and historically friendly relations, rooted in similar experiences, solidarity and shared struggles against foreign imperialism, especially that of Russia.. The Republic of Poland is a Central European country and member of the European Union and NATO, among others. Israel and Poland have agreed to improve relations that had deteriorated after Warsaw introduced a law last year limiting the ability of Jews to recover World War Two properties, saying on Monday . However, the issue hasn't made relations between the two countries, which . The notion that US-German relations during the pre-Trump era were exclusively cordial and free of controversy or recrimination is belied by the facts. So between 1939 and 1941, Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union are allies. facilitate German exports to Poland. February 7, 2017 8:49 pm. It is not representative of the Social Ballroom Form. Germany and Poland: From War to Peaceful Relations Germany adopted a patient and non-confrontational stance and Poland tried to be constructive and open. Nazi Germany possessed overwhelming military superiority over Poland. Poland ranks highly (in fifth place) among the countries Germany most frequently contacts on matters related to how the EU functions. Filed under: Poland -- Foreign relations -- Germany. As of yet, Poland hasn't made an official demand for the reparations from its most important trading partner, Germany. Poland and Ukraine: History Divides. This meant that large portions of eastern Germany came under Polish administration, while the U.S.S.R. absorbed the entire Baltic coast as far as the venerable German port of Knigsberg (Kaliningrad). Kaczyski even has accused German Chancellor Angela Merkel of being a pawn of the Stasi, the former East German secret police. The last operational Polish unit surrendered on October 6. Poland has been the main destination for U.S. troops arriving in Eastern Europe since January: After sending 2,000 soldiers to Poland and Germany in early February, Washington deployed 3,000 . The move marked a shift for new Israeli Prime Minister Yair Lapid, who as foreign minister had denounced as "anti-Semitic and . In 20th-century international relations: Peace treaties and territorial agreements. One recent personnel change might also help to improve relations: Poland has decided to replace its ambassador to Germany. Flag of Poland and Germany.svg 900 600; 517 bytes It was on this frontier that the second World War started. Members of the the German minority in Poland number approximately 150,000 = Now 88, Hynck is disappointed by the course German-Polish relations have taken. 1. Relations between Warsaw and Berlin have been chilly since the Law and Justice (PiS . "It was agreed that relations would be restored to their proper course," Israeli president Isaac Herzog said following a call with Polish president Andrzej Duda on Monday, Reuters reports. Israel and Poland have pledged to mend relations, which deteriorated when Poland curbed Jewish property restoration rights from World War Two. Poland's government also continues to wield history to poison relations with Germany and regularly demands Berlin should compensate Warsaw for the damage wrought on the country during World War II. The reconciliation process initiated by Willy Brandt and Egon Bahr in the 1970s was slow and arduous, finally resulting in a historic Treaty of Good Neighbourship. Both countries are full members of the OSCE, the Council of Europe, the World Trade Organization and the United Nations From the fall of Communism to accession (1989 - 2004) PiS has yet to make an official demand for reparations but its combative stance towards Germany has strained relations. Polish-German relations in crisis of distrust RELATIONS between Poland and Germany, once the pride of both nations, are now in crisis. Brandt set the standards in terms of Polish-German relations. February 25, 2022. Radek Sikorski, a former Polish foreign minister whose tenure was marked by improved relations with Germany, says Mr Kaczynski's party called him a "junior German foreign minister" after he . Following talks in . "Poland lost not only millions of its citizens but it was also destroyed in. *FREE* shipping on qualifying offers. This is thanks to good personal relations between Polish and German politicians (presidents and heads of government) and very good econ "In the Second World War, nearly as many. Two weeks later, the Soviet Union invaded Poland from the east. Since 1989, these relations have developed a dynamism unparalleled in recent history based on the German-Polish. 30 F-16 fighter planes should also be relocated from Germany to Poland while the headquarters of the V Corps . More than 40 million Americans of German heritage live in the United States, comprising the largest ethnic ancestry group of the United States. WARSAW Angela Merkel met with Poland's leaders Tuesday, gauging support for her vision of Europe at a time when the EU is beset with internal crises, wary of Russian intervention and uncertain of how to deal with Donald Trump. JERUSALEM/WARSAW (Reuters) -Israel and Poland have agreed to improve relations that had deteriorated after Warsaw introduced a law last year limiting the ability of Jews to recover World War Two properties, saying on Monday they would mutually restore ambassadors. JERUSALEM/WARSAW (Reuters) -Israel and Poland have agreed to improve relations that had deteriorated after Warsaw introduced a law last year limiting the ability of Jews to recover World War Two properties, saying on Monday they would mutually restore ambassadors. Germany-Poland relations refer to the bilateral relations between Germany and Poland. Relations between Russia and Poland, always strained by . On November 14, 1990, Germany and Poland signed a treaty confirming the Oder-Neisse border. Israel and Poland have agreed to improve relations that had deteriorated after Warsaw introduced a law last year limiting the ability of Jews to recover World War Two properties, saying on Monday they would mutually restore ambassadors. These relations have been marked by an extensive and complicated history. . Established in 1952, the U.S.-Germany Fulbright program is one of the oldest, largest, and most innovative Fulbright programs in the world . 2. Only when Germany persisted with the attack on Poland did Britain declare war on 3 September 1939. From the 10th century onward, the Piast -ruled Kingdom of Poland established under Duke Mieszko I had close and chequered relations with the Holy Roman Empire. Riddled with conflicts and agreements between 1772 and 1795 with Russia, Prussia, and Austria, Poland had been fractioned into independent partitions ruled by these states. 374 RELATIONS BETWEEN POLAND AND EASTERN GERMANY and the north-western part of Silesia remained German, one and a half million Poles being left under German domination. People stage a protest in front of Poland's constitutional court, in Warsaw, Poland, Thursday, October 7, 2021. "The new president came from a region not affected by the Ukrainian-Polish confrontation; his electorate also did not live in western Ukraine," said Polish historian and political scientist Lukasz Adamski. In 2011, the Polish Defence or Foreign minister said he wants to see greater military engagement from Germany in the world. GERMANY, RELATIONS WITHGERMANY, RELATIONS WITH. Nepal - Poland Relations. Senator Chris Coons (D-Del. Diplomatic relations between Nepal and Poland were established on 25 November 1959. During the war, the Nazis settled 1.3 million Germans in Polish territory. Foreign relations of Poland. This was the start of World War II in Europe. The British War Blue Book, by Great Britain Foreign Office (HTML at Ibiblio) German-Polish Disputes: Danzig, the Polish Corridor and East Prussia (Foreign Policy Reports v9 #9; 1933), by Shepard Stone (multiple formats at archive.org) navigation Jump search Overview the foreign relations Poland.mw parser output .sidebar width 22em float right clear right margin 0.5em 1em 1em background f8f9fa border 1px solid aaa padding 0.2em text align center line height. Covering the period following the collapse of communism, the unification of Germany, and Poland's accession to the EU, t. On September 17, 1939, the Soviet Union invaded eastern Poland, sealing Poland's fate. Marek Prawda will succeed Andrzej Byrts, who was found to have reported. Israel, Poland to restore relations strained by Holocaust restitution row. Israel and Poland have agreed to improve relations that had deteriorated after Warsaw introduced a law last year limiting the ability of Jews to recover World War Two properties, saying on Monday . Germany and Poland eventually came to agreements, even as the disputes over history became politically heated in the rule of the Kaczynski twins as prime minister and president. Germany hopes for new opportunities for transatlantic relations in areas like global warming, on which Poland so far has not been a staunch actor, whereas the Polish government fears that the new administration will reproach it on rule-of-law issues and minority rights, which would reinforce similar criticism from the EU and Germany. such as Poland, the . Years of Soviet oppression from 1945 - 1989 added to the worsening relations. . The U.S. and Germany have strong people-to-people relations. Germany was a strong proponent of Poland's accession to NATO and the EU, which brought Polish-German relations to yet another level. Filed under: Germany -- Foreign relations -- Poland. Nepal - Poland Relations. On the other hand, there's a visible discrepancy in the perception of Polish-German relations: 56 per cent of Poles and only 29 per cent of Germans feel sympathy towards the neighbouring country. Mon 8 Feb 2021 12.46 EST 627 Germany, Poland and Sweden have each expelled a Russian diplomat in a coordinated act of retaliation over the expulsion of three EU officials by Moscow while the bloc's. But they also acknowledged significant points of difference, with Rau repeating Poland's calls for war reparations and demanding that Germany shut down the Russian Nord Stream gas pipelines. Germany asks for Poland's forgiveness 80 years after WWII outbreak 'We want to remember and we will remember,' says Germany's President Frank-Walter Steinmeier in Polish city of Wielun, where first. The move marked a shift for new Israeli Prime Minister Yair Lapid, who as foreign minister had denounced as "anti-Semitic and . Speaking with Russian state news agency TASS on the centenary of bilateral relations with Poland, Ambassador Sergei Andreyev said that relations had been declining since 2014, but have recently worsened due to disputes over the Nord Stream 2 gas pipeline and Poland's support for the Belarusian opposition.. On 15 April, Poland expelled three Russian diplomats for allegedly conducting . The Polish-German relations at the turn of 2020-2021, although marked by a difficult history, sometimes even by mutual misunderstanding, are relatively correct now. The relations between West Germany and Poland improved through Willy Brandt's Ostpolitk. Bilateral Relations. i would go so far as to state that relations between the germans and the poles are one of the best relations that germany has with one of its immediate neighbours (i don't mean politics, but people) - and this despite the fact that of all the countries invaded and attacked, germans probably did most of the damage to poland during the war (and

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Looking to learn more about the natural world and herbal medicine? You’re in the right place because we like to talk about all things herbs and herbology here! As you may or may not already know, herbology is the study of natural herbs and plants, to treat health and wellbeing problems. Today’s herb of choice is the ‘Milk Thistle’, a herbaceous perennial plant that consists of a prickly flower head and deep purple tubular flowers, well-known for its health benefits and has a long-standing history of use as an edible plant. If you’re interested to find out more, this article will delve deep into the history, uses, benefits and possible side effects of ingesting the herb for food and medicine. Keep reading to find out, maybe Milk Thistle can work for you! What is Milk Thistle? Milk Thistle is a member of the sunflower family, ‘Asteraceae’, the largest family of flowering plants. The herb, also known as Silybum Marianum, is a perennial plant that is popularly extracted for use as a herbal remedy, believed to have a number of medicinal benefits and properties. Its native home is the Mediterranean region but over time it has also found home throughout Central Europe, North and South America, and Southern Australia as it prefers growing in sunny, but sheltered areas. It blooms from June to August and at the end of the summer, its shiny black seeds are at their ripest and are harvested to be used for their medicinal benefits. The seeds contain a compound referred to as silymarin which is thought to have several benefits including anti-inflammatory effects and antioxidants. The herb itself is typically tall and prickly in appearance and is native to the Mediterranean region, although it can be found growing all over the world. It can often be seen to be up to 10 feet tall and grows deep purple flowers, hard-skinned fruits from which the beneficial seeds are extracted, and large leaves with noticeable white blotches. What is the history of Milk Thistle? Milk Thistle has been around and used for generations, and records of humans using the herb dates back to sometime around IV century BC. As the name alludes, Milk Thistle has traditionally been used to encourage milk-production in breastfeeding mothers. It is also said that traditional stories suggest the plant’s white, blotchy leaves are the result of the Virgin Mary’s dripping breast milk falling onto the leaves, another likely contributor to the herb’s interesting name. The herb is also referred to by other names over the globe such as ‘Saint Mary’s thistle’, ‘Scotch thistle’, ‘holy thistle’, ‘variegated thistle’, and ‘da ji’ in traditional Chinese medicine. It was commonly used by ancient Greeks, particularly as a way to protect the liver. In fact, documentation of its value as an edible plant dates back as far as Theophrastus, a plant biologist during IV century BC, who documented the herb’s value. It has an extensive history of use as an edible plant and is first documented in the 1st century AD for its use in promoting a healthy liver. In 1152, Hildegard von Bingen was the first woman to write about the herb and detail its many health benefits. During the middle ages the plant’s leaves and stalks were common additions to salads and soups among other dishes and was widely enjoyed as a vegetable similar to cabbage. People also cooked the heads similarly to artichokes. In 1597, John Gerard, an English herbalist wrote about Milk Thistle’s ability to treat melancholy diseases. Fast-forward to around 1650 and the English herbalist, Nicholas Culpeper often praised the herb for its medicinal qualities, particularly in supporting the function of the liver and spleen and was particularly good at combating jaundice. In more recent times, Milk Thistle has been incorporated into medicine to treat liver-related illnesses and provides other health benefits including as a weight loss aid and immune system booster. Research into the herb is ongoing and likely will be used in studies and documented in journals for the rest of time. What is Milk Thistle used for? Milk Thistle has a long-standing reputation for treating problems of the liver and other health benefits, which, as we’ve mentioned, has been documented and tested for centuries. The herb is most commonly used as an herbal remedy due to its (believed) detoxifying abilities, particularly good for treating liver issues. When used as a herbal remedy, it is listed as Milk Thistle extract, which consists of about 70% concentrated silymarin, believed to contain lots of antioxidants and anti-inflammatory properties. While in modern times, the herb is most commonly found in pill or capsule form to be used as medicine, it can also be used for food as the leaves, buds, stalks, seeds and roots are edible, and has been cultivated for food since the middle ages. What are the possible benefits of Milk Thistle? There are many benefits believed to be associated with using Milk Thistle as a herbal remedy. As already mentioned, the main benefit is to treat liver issues, but there are actually several other benefits thought to be attributed to the herb. These benefits include treating gallbladder issues, stomach upset, diabetes, depression and even some cancers. That being said, these benefits are not based on scientific findings, but they are based on years of trial and error, so do take this information as factual. Let’s take a deeper look at the benefits of this versatile herb. - Liver protection/ detoxification/ treatment The most well-known health benefit of using Milk Thistle is liver protection, detoxification and treatment. Common liver conditions it is often used to treat include cirrhosis and hepatitis as some evidence suggests silymarin has been known to improve liver function due to its detoxifying effects keeping toxins from staying in the liver. It is not a certified medical treatment, though. When used to treat hepatitis cases, Milk Thistle is backed by several surveys and journals and some even believe Milk Thistle has a placebo effect on patients, improving symptoms of Hepatitis. Many people also believe the herb can also reduce inflammation of the liver created by various liver diseases and can protect the liver from toxins caused by alcohol abuse and fatty liver disease. Come also use the herbal remedy to treat (alongside other treatments) liver cancer. - Brain health and protection Research suggests Milk Thistle, specifically the silymarin it contains, has been traditionally used as a natural treatment for various neurological ailments such as Parkinson’s disease and Alzheimer’s for thousands of years. Plus, studies find Milk Thistle may be able to reduce amyloid plaques within the brains of animals suffering from Alzheimer’s disease, therefore the herbal treatment could be able to do the same in humans with the disease. It is also thought that Milk Thistle’s anti-inflammatory effects can help towards preventing brain function decline that comes with age. - Lowers blood sugar in Diabetes patients Many feel that Milk Thistle has some similarities to medications used to treat type 2 diabetes in that it appears to lower blood sugar and improve insulin sensitivity in sufferers. The taking of silymarin (found in the seeds of Milk Thistle), is often linked to a reduction in blood sugar levels, more so than a placebo. Other studies have concluded that antioxidant-containing silymarin can help reduce diabetes-related complications such as kidney disease. - Lowers cholesterol levels Milk Thistle may be able to reduce cholesterol levels, lowering a person’s chance of developing heart disease. So far, results have only stemmed from use in patients with diabetes so there is no evidence that it would have the same effect on those without. - Prevents gallstones Milk Thistle is believed to support the digestive system and endocrine in the production of enzymes and bile as well as purify the body and cleanse the blood. As a result, the gallbladder, spleen and kidneys are able to function properly, thereby preventing kidney stones and gallstones. - Regulates hormones Going off the belief that Milk Thistle promotes proper liver function, the liver helps to balance hormones including oestrogen so, by protecting your liver through taking Milk Thistle could thereby also support proper hormone health. - Anticancer effects The herb’s antioxidant properties have been said to have some anticancer effects, making it a useful supplement to take alongside cancer treatment. - Boost breastmilk production It has been documented for hundreds of years that Milk Thistle has breast milk production properties as a result of its hormonal effects. That being said, it is also not recommended not to take Milk Thistle when pregnant because there is not enough data looking at the possible side effects the herb can have on pregnancies How is Milk Thistle taken? Milk Thistle is typically taken in the form of tablets or capsules, as a powder or even in tea. You can also add it to other drinks and even food. It has been known to be used in seasonings, soups, salads, juices and smoothies, and more. You can use it in its powder form to sprinkle into dishes, or you can even use the leaves, seeds, flower buds, stalks and roots. Here’s what you need to know if you plan to eat Milk Thistle: The leaves – simply wash first, and you’ll be able to eat the leaves raw in salads etc. and is often used as an alternative to foods like spinach. The flower buds – these can be added to meals in a similar way to artichokes. Simply boil them until soft enough to enjoy The stalks – again, like the flower buds, the stalks can be boiled and added to a number of dishes like soups and stews The seeds – as mentioned, the seeds contain silymarin which is where most of the herbs health benefits originate. You can grind them down to a powder to be added to soups, teas and smoothies etc. and sometimes the seeds are also used to make oil. The roots – these can be eaten raw and sliced or chopped up into a salad or cold dishes. You can also boil and roast them to put in whatever dishes you like. Is it safe to ingest Milk Thistle? It is generally thought that ingesting Milk thistle orally is safe and side effects occur in only 1% of people taking them. If you were to suffer side effects from taking Milk Thistle they would be minimal, including stomach upsets, diarrhea, bloating and nausea. There are some instances where taking Milk Thistle isn’t advised, either because of possible reactions or because there is too little knowledge of what might happen if it was to be ingested. So, you shouldn’t take Milk Thistle if you are: - Suffering with hormone sensitive conditions such as breast cancer because Milk Thistle can have estrogenic side effects that could actually worsen these conditions - Currently pregnant or planning to become pregnant in the near future because there is not enough research into the possible side effects of Milk Thistle in pregnancy - Living with type 1 Diabetes because Milk Thistle is thought to have the ability to lower blood sugar which would put those living with type 1 Diabetes at risk of too low blood sugar Other possible side effects include: - Allergic reactions – if you are allergic to plants in the aster family, daisies, kiwi or artichokes, you are likely to be allergic to Milk Thistle too - Negative reactions to other drugs – certain medications such as some antibiotics, anti-inflammatory drugs, Statin drugs and more so make sure you check with a medical professional if you are taking regular medication, that it’s safe to take Milk Thistle Milk Thistle has been praised for centuries for its health and wellbeing benefits and adding the herb to your food or by taking it in its pill or capsule form is a great way to incorporate the health-boosting herb into your everyday life. Just remember to be cautious with your usage at first to ensure you don’t have a reaction to consuming it. If you do notice any reaction, stop use immediately and consult your doctor.

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2 edition of Plato, 1950-1957 found in the catalog. Harold F. Cherniss |Statement||by Harold Cherniss ...| |Series||Lustrum -- Bd. 4-5| |The Physical Object| |Pagination||2 v. (656 p.) ;| |Number of Pages||656| PLATO. (c. – bce), a Greek philosopher and founder of the Athenian Academy, was an Athenian citizen of high birth who grew up during the Peloponnesian War ( – bce). He was a member of the circle of young men who surrounded the charismatic Socrates ( – bce). After Socrates died, Plato withdrew from public life. PLATO(/ BCE–/ BCE) The philosopher Plato was born to an aristocratic Athenian family. His father Ariston was said to be descended from the legendary King Codrus; the family of his mother Perictione was prominent in more historical times. Dropides, an ancestor of Perictione, was a relative and friend of Solon (as Plato himself reports in the Timaeus, 20e). Reviews & Interviews Something Old, Something New, Amazon Review of “Old Boys”, By Elizabeth Smythe Brinton, June 1, James FitzGerald has given us a fantastic gift. In compiling stories spanning decades, he has created a national treasure of personal accounts and anecdotes of the men who attended Upper Canada College in Toronto. The history of linguistics has been noted in this book a. history of the linguistic sign theory. But it has struggled to interpret it C HERNISS, Harold (): “Plato ()”, en. In the s he published a series of much-discussed papers on Plato, including four on the Timaeuswhich quickly became classics in the field, several book reviews which are practically monographs in their own right, and in his bibliography of Platonic studies, which provided an annotated guide to scholarship on Plato during the years Syntax; Advanced Search; New. All new items; Books; Journal articles; Manuscripts; Topics. All Categories; Metaphysics and Epistemology. The Demand for energy in Dutch manufacturing Sons and Lovers (Twentieth Century Classics) Ebbing General Chemistry With Media Guide And Cd Eighth Edition Plusiclicker Automatic identification/bar code equipment markets. Educational implications of the air age Northern hero legends Fate of water soluble azo dyes in the activated sludge process Role and context interaction in families of alcoholics The People vs Coke. Little Rogue, and Other Stories The best Plato books choosen by Plato expert, Professor Melissa Lane. He came from a political family, but become a philosopher. Find your Plato book here. You can write a book review and share your experiences. Other readers will always be interested in your opinion of the books you've read. Whether you've loved the book or not, if you give your honest and detailed thoughts then people will find new books that are right for them. It continues those published by Lustrum: # (Plato, ), #20 (Plato, ), #25 (Plato ), #30 (Plato ), et issue on Platoand the one Luc Brisson published for years at Vrin Edition, Paris, Cherniss, H. "Plato ()," Lustrum: (Internationale Forschungs berichte aus dem Bereich des klassischen Altertums). Hrsg. Mette und A. Thierfelder, 2 vols: /4, pp. /5, pp. G?ttingen: Vanderhoek and Ruprecht. Plato each.?An intelligently and originally organized survey, which cites with brief abstracts and. Cherniss, ‘ Plato – ’ in Lustrum, iv and v ( – ), especially Section V E ‘Mathematics and the “Sciences”’, –, provides a full bibliography of recent work on Plato's science, to which should Plato be added the following works especially: Brumbaugh, R. S., ‘ Plato and the History of Science ’ in Studium Generale xiv () – ; Crombie, I. Plato () bibliography by Harold Cherniss. 2 vols. including Register. Gottingen, Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. Werke in franzosicher Sprache, " Philosophische Rundschau Sonderheft 7 1950-1957 book were vastly extended by Plato Cherniss, " Plato:" Lustrum 4 (, and Lustrum 5 (, Z06 CORVETTE LS7 - DEALER BOOK BROCHURE - ZO6 CHEVROLET L - NEW SET. $ Was: Previous Price $ Z06 CORVETTE - BOOK BROCHURE + DVD - CHEVROLET C5 - COMMEMORATIVE L ZO6. $ Was: Previous Price $ Got one to sell. Get it in front of + million buyers. SpyralSearch has spiraled back in time to offer CD archives of USA City Directories from the 's to 's in a searchable OCR format to assist Genealogists, Searchers, and Investigators find archived family & business connections and clues and past locations of people and companies. SpyralSearch is a branch of Research Etc., Inc. and offers scanned images in PDF format of old directories. ²²² %leolrjudsklh 3odwrqlflhqqh ewxghv 3odwrqlflhqqhv qr %ulvvrq /xf &dvwhoqpudf %hqrvw dqg 3olq)upgpulf %leolrjudsklh 3odwrqlflhqqh. You can write a book review and share your experiences. Other readers will always be interested in your opinion of the books you've read. Whether you've loved the book or not, if you give your honest and detailed thoughts then people will find new books that are right for them., Free ebooks since 84 Cherniss, H., ‘ Plato (–) ’, Lustrum 4 (), 5 –heredismisses Clark's solution (see above, n. 42) as ‘tasteless’. 42) as ‘tasteless’. It has been suggested that Plato found it impossible to solve this calendar for the first time that this book is a study of inscribed parapegmata; but in fact it is an extensive review of Professor B. article, see H. Cherniss, "Plato, ," Lustrum, IV (), pp. Author of Aristotle's criticism of presocratic philosophy, The riddle of the early Academy, The Platonism of Gregory of Nyssa, Aristotle's criticism of Plato and the Academy, Selected papers, La economía filosófica de la doctrina de las formas, The biographical fashion in literary criticism, Plato, Some writers, it should be added, attribute no great importance to the Orphic influence upon Plato, cf., Cherniss Plato – p. 46f and 50f for the literature. The view developed in the present essay is independent of this question of influence. Google Scholar. THE ESOTERIC PLATO AND THE ANALYTIC TRADITION THE ESOTERIC PLATO AND THE ANALYTIC TRADITION MUELLER, IAN Méthexis VI () p. IAN MUELLER I. Introduction: An impasse in Pla tonie scholarship The following quotations illustrate one aspect of a serious impasse into which Platonic scholarship of the late twentieth century has fallen. Audio Books & Poetry Community Audio Computers, Technology and Science Music, Arts & Culture News & Public Affairs Non-English Audio Spirituality & Religion. Librivox Free Audiobook. Macrowikinomics: " See other formats. STUDI E SAGGI ELENCHOS XXVI () fasc. 2 BIBLIOPOLIS Alexander Tulin ON THE REFUTATION OF POLEMARCHUS: ANALYSIS AND DIALECTIC IN REPUBLIC I*. An intelligently and originally organized survey, which cites with brief abstracts and some appraisals studies of Plato that appeared during the period The range of coverage is almost exhaustive and is carefully cross-referenced. Abstract. The most essential requirement for any measuring unit is its constancy. In historical chronology, however, this condition is satisfied only in three cases: by the Egyptian years of days, by the days themselves, counted consecutively as “julian days” beginning with day 0 = − Jan. 1, and finally by the seven-day week. Also, there is an important book in German by H. Thomas, EPEKEINA (see H. Cherniss, PlatoLustrum V,for a small bibliographical essay; and for a sheer wealth of material (though I can't agree with his conclusions), R. Mondolfo's translation of E. Zeller = Zeller-Mondolfo, La Filolsofia dei Greci nel suo sviluppo storico (Part I, vol. 1)/5(1).PLATO'S "CRITO": A BIBLIOGRAPHY P. P. Nicholson Introduction The study of PIa to' s Cri to is particularly appropriate for a group devoted to ~reek political thought. The dialogue is obviously important in a number of ways; equally, it is obviously open to many interpretations. At one level, the Cri to can be taken as a significant historical dooument revealing Athenian political attitudes.In accordance with Plato's political and philosophical conceptions, the Atlantis of the Timaeus-Critias must be understood as a cumulative symbol of the corrupt Athens and the corrupt Syracuse at the same time. The topical facets of the two dialogues reveal an engagement of Plato's Academy in the political events of B.C., the approximate context of the Timaeus-Critias.

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Dentistry is one of the highest-paying careers in the health care field and there are different specialties one can pursue. The specialties require different levels of training and some pay better than others. That’s why is important to know the different dental specialties and their respective education requirements, average annual salaries as well as career growth potential. General dentistry will earn you a decent income, but you can make 50% more if you specialize. Specialization also means more years of training; four years for an undergraduate degree, 3 years for a dental degree (DMD or DDS), and at least 2 to 4 years of specialized training. The income is also dependent on the location and whether or not you are self-practicing. Self-practice usually generates more revenue than being employed. What are the highest-paying dental specialties? As noted above, different dental specialties have varying academic requirements and pay differently too. Some of the highest-paying dental careers include: 1. Oral and maxillofacial surgeon This is the highest-paid dental specialty. It involves surgery and treatment of diseases, injuries, and defects of the jaw, face, neck, head, and other maxillofacial structures. It also deals with oral cancers, cleft palate, impacted teeth, and other facial traumas. The oral and maxillofacial surgeon specialty program takes an additional 4-6 years on top of a dental degree course. Some get an M.D. to increase their chances of getting the highest-paying jobs for dentists, while others go into private practice. Endodontists study and treat dental pulp and infected and injured teeth. They deal with tooth pain, infection, and diseases to save people’s natural teeth through procedures such as pulp therapy and root canals. The endodontic specialty program takes 2-3 years beyond the dental school. The median annual salary of endodontists in the U.S. is $201,712, with the potential to earn more in private practice. 3. Pediatric dentistry A pediatric dentist is one of the highest-paying dental specialties in the United States. Also known as pedodontics, they specialize in diagnosing and treating dental problems in children and other special needs patients. This career is ideal for people who naturally love helping kids and are looking for high-paying careers working with kids. The pediatric dentist specialty program takes an additional 2-3 years after the dental degree course. The median annual salary of pedodontics in the U.S. is $200,000, which makes it 4. Orthodontics and dentofacial orthopedics Orthodontics and dentofacial orthopedics deal with the prevention, diagnosis, interception, and correction of teeth and bites disorders. They perform procedures such as brace installation to correct the placement and appearance of the teeth. Apart from being one of the highest-paying dental careers, orthodontics and dentofacial orthopedics were named the 4th best profession in 2020. After earning a dental degree, you will need an additional 2-3 years to complete the orthodontics and dentofacial orthopedics specialty program. Expect a median annual salary of $192,726 upon securing a job. Prosthodontist specialty deals with constructing and fitting prosthetic devices like implants, bridges, dentures, and crowns. Prosthodontists also diagnose and treat other jaw and teeth disorders such as bite troubles to improve the function of the mouth, such as the ability to chew and speak. After acquiring a dental degree, you will need additional 3 years to complete the specialty program. The potential mean annual salary for prosthodontists in the U.S. is $143,730 and the highest earners get more than $208,000 a year. Periodontics doesn’t deal directly with teeth, instead, they focus on diagnosing and treating systems that surround them, such as gums and bones. They treat periodontal diseases and also repair dental implants. Training in the periodontics specialty program takes 3 years beyond the dental school, with potential average annual earnings of $175,687 once you land a job. 7. Public health dentistry Public health dentistry focuses on non-clinical ways of preventing oral diseases in a larger population. For instance, they may suggest fluoridation of water to reduce or prevent tooth decay among people. They also educate the public and clinicians on oral health promotion strategies. Qualifying graduates from dental school will have to undertake a 2-year program to acquire a certificate in dental public health. It is of the best-paying dental specialties with the median annual pay being $135,645 in the United States. Here’s a list of ten ADA-recognized dental specialties you can consider. Credit: Mental Dental. FAQs about dental careers Let’s now have a look at a few frequently asked questions relating to dental careers. Which skills do you need in the highest-paid dental specialties? Highest-paid dental specialists should have excellent clinical, soft, hard, and technical skills to remain competitive in the market. Such skills include: Dentists in any specialty require problem-solving skills to analyze, diagnose, and treat patients’ conditions. The skill helps them come up with productive solutions to improve the oral health of their patients. b). Communication and interpersonal skills In almost all professions, communication and interpersonal skills are needed, and dentistry is not an exception. The dental specialist needs the skills to communicate and work effectively with patients, dentists, and other healthcare experts. They need to explain procedures and recommended oral care to patients as well as effectively listen to them. Generally, they need to relate well with their patients and the organization’s team members. c). Attention to details Every dental specialist requires attention to detail skills to evaluate and treat patients by keenly observing and tracking their health information. As a result, they can accurately diagnose oral diseases and come up with appropriate treatment plans. d). Practical business skills Most dental specialists who earn high pay engage in private practice and therefore need practical business skills to become successful entrepreneurs. As business owners, dentists need to understand the essentials of their ventures, such as expenses, staffing, marketing, and customer servicing. e). Technical skills Dental is a technical medical field that requires specialized skills to succeed. Dental specialists use technical knowledge and skills to diagnose, treat and even perform surgeries on patients. Dental specialists use different tools to diagnose and treat oral health issues, and as such, they need strong dexterity skills to maintain a steady hand during procedures. What is the job growth projection for the highest-paying dental specialties? According to the U.S Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS), dentist job opportunities are projected to grow by 8% from 2020 to 2030, almost the same as the average growth for all occupations. This translates to about 5,000 employment openings each year over a decade. The openings are projected to arise mostly as a result of attrition of workers and increased demand due to older patients requiring dental services. The current and upcoming generation is also expected to be more conscious of oral health. This will increase the demand for advanced dental services such as dental bridges and implants, resulting in job growth. What is the best specialization in dentistry? The best specialization to pursue in dentistry depends on your interest since all of them generally have a good pay. However, if you want one of the highest-paying dental specialties, then consider pursuing oral and maxillofacial surgery. It is the highest paid specialization with a median annual pay of $231,276 and the potential to earn more in private practice. Who makes more money, dentist or doctor? Many factors such as location and experience play a role in how much dentists or doctors make annually. However, in the U.S., physicians earn a median annual pay of $162,827, which is higher than that of general dentists, who earn an average yearly income of $141,625. However, dentists who pursue dental specialty courses such as oral and maxillofacial surgery, endodontics, pediatric dentistry, orthodontics and dentofacial orthopedics, prosthodontists, and periodontics earn more than doctors. What is the highest-paying dental assistant job? Dental assistants are an indispensable part of every dental specialty as they offer assistance during oral exams and procedures. Their responsibilities may include processing x-rays, preparing, sterilizing, and cleaning equipment, and administrative tasks such as updating patients’ records and scheduling appointments. The dental assistants earn a decent median annual pay of $41,180, which may vary depending on the skills one possesses. Which are the highest-paying dental assistant jobs based on skills: a). Dental assistant with team leadership skills: These are dental assistants who possess exceptional leadership skills and earn an average hourly pay of $19.32. b). Certified dental assistant with radiology skills: These dental assistants earn an average hourly pay of $18.39 c). Dental assistant with patient education skills: These dental aides earn an average hourly pay of $19.59. d). Dental assistants with scheduling skills: The average hourly pay of these dental assistants is $18.93. e). Certified dental assistant with oral surgery skills: Oral surgeons are the highest-paid dental specialist, and as such, their assistants are equally paid well. Their average hourly pay is $19.89. Dentistry is one of the medical fields that will earn you a decent salary. However, if you want to increase your income, consider pursuing specialty programs beyond dental school. Most of them pay well, with the highest-paying dental specialty being oral and maxillofacial surgery. However, salary is not the only motivation, and you should also consider your interest before deciding on the best specialization. Note that most programs will require additional 2-3 years after completing a dental degree.

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|Famous for||Trying the assassination of the district magistrate 'Douglas Kingsford' by throwing bombs on his carriage in 1908| |Physical Stats & More| |Date of Birth||10 December 1888 (Monday)| |Birthplace||Bogra district, Bengal Presidency, British India (now in Bangladesh)| |Date of Death||1 May 1908| |Place of Death||Mokama Ghat Railway Station, Patna, Bihar, Bengal Presidency, British India| |Age (at the time of death)||19 Years| |Death Cause||Committed suicide to avoid police arrest NDTV| |Hometown||Bogra district, Bengal Presidency, British India (now in Bangladesh)| |School||• Namuja Janada Prasad English School • Rangpur Zilla School • Rangpur National School |Educational Qualification(s)||• Primary education at Namuja Janada Prasad English School • Studied till 9th standard at Rangpur Zilla School • Later, went to Rangpur National School |Religion/Religious Views||Hindu Banglapedia| |Relationships & More| |Marital Status (at the time of death)||Unmarried| |Children||Grand Niece- Madhabi Taludar| |Parents||Father- Rajnarayan Chaki (a Nagar estate employee) Mother- Swarnomoyee Devi |Siblings||Elder Brother- Pratap Chandra Chaki Note: He was the youngest among the five siblings. Some Lesser Known Facts About Prafulla Chaki - Prafulla Chaki was an Indian freedom fighter. Chaki participated in the Indian independence struggle by associating himself with the Jugantar group of revolutionaries. The main focus of these revolutionaries was to assassinate the British officials to attain the freedom of India. Prafulla Chaki is best known for planning the assassination of the district judge, Mr Kingsford, who was supposed to travel on the carriage in which Prafulla Chaki and his companion Khudiram Bose threw bombs. However, the judge was not in the carriage, and accidentally, the two English women were killed in the bomb blast. On 1 May 1908, Prafulla Chaki killed himself just before he was about to be detained by British officials. His companion, Khudiram Bose, was arrested by the police officials under the charges of killing two British women. - Mahatma Gandhi stated to some media houses soon after the death of two British women that this violence would not provide independence to India and regretted the deaths. Panorama Bal Gangadhar Tilak praised Khudiram Bose and Prafulla Chaki for their attempts in Tilak’s Marathi newspaper Kesari and called for the freedom of India. Tilak was detained by the British colonial government under the sedition charges soon after his statement in the newspaper. Hindustan Times He wrote, The rulers who always exercise unrestrained power must remember that there is always a limit to the patience of humanity”. And so, “violence, however deplorable, became inevitable.” - Prafulla Chaki belonged to an affluent family of Bihar, a village in Bogra district of current day Bangladesh, and it was then a part of the Bengal Presidency. The original surname of their Chaki family was Bosu. Prafulla Chaki was the fifth child of his parents. Prafulla Chaki completed his secondary education at his elder brother’s-in-law place at Rangpur. When Prafulla Chaki was studying in the ninth class, he was expelled from the Rangpur Zilla School due to this involvement in violating the East Bengal law by participating in students’ protests. Soon, he was enrolled at the Rangpur National School by his family members. While studying in this school, he met with the renowned Indian revolutionaries including Jitendranarayan Roy, Abinash Chakravarti, Ishan Chandra Chakravarti, who motivated him to choose the path of patriotism. - During his school days, Prafulla Chaki was a noted athlete who used to participate in wrestling and stick-fighting. He liked to ride the horses and swim in his leisure time. - Barindra Kumar Ghosh, who was one of the founder members of the Jugantar Group of revolutionaries, once visited Rangpur, where Prafulla Chaki was introduced to him. Prafulla Chaki went to Kolkata along with Barindrakumar Ghosh, and soon, his name was enrolled in the Jugantar Party. Prafulla Chaki was given his first task to assassinate the first Lieutenant-Governor of the new province of Eastern Bengal and Assam, Sir Joseph Bampfylde Fuller. The plan failed due to some reasons. His next task was with his companion Khudiram Bose, and the task was to kill the magistrate of Muzaffarpur, Bihar, Kingsford who was the former Chief Presidency Magistrate of Calcutta and was hated by the people of Bengal for his cruelty on the political workers of Bengal, and he was well-known for sentencing them capital punishments. All these harsh attempts on innocent Bengali people by Kingsford led the revolutionaries to plan his murder. Bihar Through the Ages Prafulla Chaki and Khudiram Bose were chosen for the Kingsford assassination, and during the execution of the plan, Prafulla Chaki adopted the bogus name ‘Dinesh Chandra Ray.’ KHUDIRAM BOSE Revolutionary Extraordinaire - Prafulla Chaki and Khudiram Bose were planning to kill Kingsford, and they were keeping an eye on all the movements of Kingsford while preparing for the assassination. On 30 April 1908, they decided to kill Kingsford and stood outside the front of the gate of European Club and waited for Kingsford’s carriage to pass through it. A bomb was thrown by Prafulla Chaki and Khudiram Bose when a carriage arrived at the gate, but in the carriage, Kingsford was not present. It was carrying the wife and daughter of a leading pleader at Muzaffarpur Bar, Mr Pringle Kennedy. Both English women died in the bomb attack as the identity was mistaken by Prafulla Chaki and Khudiram Bose. Soon, both of them fled after the attack. Bihar Through the Ages - To escape the police arrest, Prafulla Chaki and Khudiram Bose chose separate ways to flee. Prafulla Chaki was sheltered by Triguna Charan Ghosh, who was a railway employee. Triguna Charan Ghosh also arranged tickets for Prafulla Chaki for Mokama. Bihar Through the Ages During his travelling, he was identified by Nandlal Banerjee who was a police officer and was travelling in the same compartment of the train. Nandlal tried to arrest Prafulla Chaki, but he shot himself with his own revolver. In a book titled ‘First spark of revolution: the early phase of India’s struggle for independence, 1900-1920,’ which was published by Arun Chandra Guha in 1971, it was stated that Prafulla Chaki shot him under his chin. It read, A Bengali police officer, Nandalal Banerji was also travelling in the same compartment … Nandalal suspected Prafulla and tried to arrest him. But Prafulla was quite alert; he put his revolver under his own chin and pulled the trigger … This happened on the Mokama station platform on 2nd May, 1908.” - Khudiram Bose was captured by British officials when Prafulla Chaki committed suicide. His head was beheaded from his body by Nandalal Banerji. His body was sent to Kolkata to be identified by Khudiram Bose who was later hanged to death by the Britishers. The police officer, Nandalal Banerji, who captured Prafulla Chaki, was killed by two young revolutionaries named Srishh Pal and Ranen Ganguly to revenge the death of Prafulla Chaki. - Reportedly, Prafulla Chaki adopted the name Dinesh Ray during his missions at Jugantar Group. That was why, it was difficult for the British officials to recognise Prafulla Chaki at the time of his death, so they beheaded him and buried him in the Intelligence Bureau office at Lord Sinha Road. But, later, his skull was exhumed by an IB officer to keep it in the criminal records room at Lalbazar. However, the notable historian and professor, Amalendu De, claimed that Prafulla Chaki’s head was not in the ground where it was buried as De repeatedly requested to conduct a DNA test of the skull so that he could prove that the skull actually belonged to Chaki, but his request was turned down by the police commissioners. The Times of India - In April 2020, in West Bengal, the grand-niece of Prafulla Chaki, Madhabi Taludar, was spotted living in the shanty made up of tin and plastics amid the coronavirus pandemic.

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7 segment counter with arduino uno This is the seven segment display and beside it you can see the pin out of seven segment display. So there are two type of seven segment: one is common anode and one is common cathode. So if i say seven segment, it means uh. There are seven leds, so you can see a is the first led, a b c d, e, f g, so there are seven led all are actually compact together and uh. Two pins are common three and eight. So there are two type, as i said, common anode and comet cathode in common anode. This eight and third pin will be positive and other spin will be negative in order to grow these led to other pin. You have to give negative voltage if it is common. Anode, but if it is common cathode, then third and eighth pin, which is common, pin, will be negative wrist. All of the pins will be positive, positive means. If you give positive voltage to rest of the pins, then only the led will be turned on. So lets start the session so im going to do this interfacing with register level coding, because if you do interfacing with uh with arduino function, then the program will be very lengthy. You have to define you have to declare each pin and for each pin you will be writing three output. Four output: two output, like that you will be doing, but here in this program we are going to use port d, which has eight pins starting from zero to pin number seven. So we will connect this seven segment on port d and we will do register level coding and for this we need a array, so we will use array also. So here you can see d0 to d7, so these are eight pins. We are going to use in our program for interfacing this seven segment module. So here you can see if lets say i have to print zero. If i have to display zero from seven segment, then a b c d, e, f g, so a to f, should be on g, should be off. Even h is basically d d p. This is dot so, as we will not use, so h will be always zero, so for display zero. Only g should be high. This uh sorry g should be low. Rest of the pin should be high because i am going to use common cathode now lets. Take this so, as i said, ads at should be low and 0 should be low and app should be high, e should be high, d should be high c, should be high b should be high and a should be high. So this is the hexadecimal coding, so we have to what is the value of this? What will be the value of this? The value of this will be f, so this will be f and what is the value of 0. 0. 1. 1. 0. 0. 1. 1. Will be 3 so for display 0, we have to write for 0. We have to write 0x. 3F. 0 x means hexadecimal value 0x 3f, this value so for 0 to 9. We have to write each value so that we can make a counter which start from 0 to 9. So for 1. What will the value for 1 so for display 1, only b and c should be turned on this to all of the pin should be turned off so lets do this, as i said, b and c should be turned on test. All of the pins should be turned off so b and c will be on this. All of the pin will be off. So what will be the value? The value will be 0 x, 0x06 isnt it. It will be 0x06 because here you can see, all four bits will be 0 and 0. 0. 0. 1. 1. 0 is 6, so 0 x, 0 6. So we will just make a list of all of the things. Then we will put this value in array for 2, a b g e d and c a b g e d right yeah. This should be high, so lets take these things here, yeah now its okay now lets erase this part yeah. So for 2. What things will be high for 2? A should be high b, should be high, g should be high, e should be high, and d should be high c is will be, zero, f will be zero and h will be always zero. So what is the value? Four bit and this four bit so these uh from d0 to d3 is called lsb. Lower significant bit from d4 to d7 is called most significant bit lsb and msb. So 1. 0. 1. 1. It is the value for 1, 0, 1 1. It will be b and what is the value of our 1 0 1. It is 5, so 0 x, 5 b, 0 x, 5 b. This is the value 0x5b. So first lets write these three and lets see it is displaying 0 1 2 or not so lets open. This tinkercad tinkercad is open. Lets take arduino already know i have taken lets make the connection first, seven segment lets pick from here. So if you write seven segment, you can easily find that yes, so lets pick this one and you can see this is common cathode. You can select here common cathode because we are going to use common cathode only lets make the connection quickly. This is required. So i will connect a register to this link and then i will just do ground a first. A should be connected on, pin number zero b should be on. Pin number one c should be on, pin number three two sorry, then d should be three e e. Will be e will be here, e should be on, pin number four f should be on, pin number five g should be on, pin number six as we dont need to do connection. We can do if you want, otherwise you can leave. Also, all connections are done. Lets write the code, so we have calculated the three value only so first, let me delete all these things. We are going to do register level. Coding first lets create array, integer led uh. I have only taken three value, so lets write three zero one: two, it will start from array will always start from zero. So what was the? What is the value of zero zero x? Three f, then, what is the value of others? Lets see 0x06 and 0x5b. 0X5B only we have written these value void setup. First, we will check these things is working or not. Then we will try it for nine till nine also void setup theta here what we will do, ddrd equal to zero x ff. So i have defined port d as output, so if you dont know the register level coding, please watch my previous video. I will add my that link in description white loop thats it. It is very simple guys only. You need to write 5 line code for printing the value of these things. Now i will just do for integer. I will just create a variable integer. I then i less than equal to 2. I will start from zero. Then i plus plus, because i have taken only three value thats, why im running this loop three times and inside the for loop? I will just do port d equal equal to led i thats. It lets put a delay also for one second, so that we can see delay. Spelling is wrong. Lets correct that delay, correct everything is done. You can see. It is very simple. Now lets see what is printing lets simulate. This is around integer led 2, 3 for in teaser 0. One two, oh lets, uh. We have to change three now its correct. Now you can see zero one, two zero one, two zero one, two right, because we have put it r till three: three value we have given thats, why it is displaying three so lets say we have to increase lets say we have to now display three. So what will be the value so same thing? What you can do just let me raise these things for three, which pin should be high for display 3, a b g c d, only except e and f every pin should be high, so accept ef. So let me do ef 0 and rest. All of the fin, even h, will be always zero. As i told rest, all of the pin will be high right. So what is the value of this hexadecimal value? F? What will be the value of this? This will be 4, so for 3, 0 x, 4, f, 0, x, 4, f, thats. How you can do for 4 also for 4. What will be the value for 4? The value will be for four f g b c should be high, so f g b and c should be high rest. All of the pin should be low. H should be low. Now. What is the value? 4 4 bit? This is what 6 again. This is also six, so zero x, six six zero x sixes. Now i i think guys you got an idea how to do this thing, so you can add. On till nine i will just show till 4 hope you got the idea. So lets put the value for 3 and 4 0 x, 4, f and 0 x. Double six, so lets come to the code. So two more thing: we have added 0x 4. What is the value for 3, 0 x, 4, f, 0, x, 4. F then, 0 x, double 6 0x doubles correct, yeah. So now we have to change these things because we have added five element now so five and we are going to run these things starting from zero one, two, three four and then everything is correct. Lets simulate now one two, three four zero one, two, three four! So as you can see guys, this is very simple, but if you use the arduino function, the program will be very lengthy. It will be 20 line of code and using register level coding. You can minimize the code. Even the execution of the program will be very fast if you use register level coding. So i hope you like this video. So if you like, please hit the like button and subscribe my channel.

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Why is exercise vital? On the face of it, this may seem to be like a relatively very simple question – schooling programs across the planet explain to us exercise is a terrific way to continue to be fit and healthier. But what are the precise physiological gains of increasing your coronary heart level, and why are they so vital to the human function? For starters, it’s crucial to realize what work out is. For a lot of, the phrase will trigger psychological photos of a session on the a person of the very best treadmills (opens in new tab), a HIIT bike workout (opens in new tab), or a excursion to the gymnasium, and this is not considerably improper. A 1985 General public Wellness Report (opens in new tab) trying to find to pin down the expression settled on a definition of, “planned, structured, and repetitive bodily motion carried out to improve or manage a person or much more factors of physical fitness”. So, whether you are monitoring your sets and reps while fat education (opens in new tab) for hypertrophy (opens in new tab) with the finest adjustable dumbbells (opens in new tab), or placing out on a 10K with the aim of burning calories, you are getting component in work out. Now, on to the most important occasion. Why is physical exercise so crucial? “This listing is practically unlimited,” Liam Walton, validation guide at sporting activities engineering enterprise INCUS Effectiveness, told Dwell Science. However, with skills in Sports activities Biomechanics, Used Sport and Work out Science, as properly as many years operating in the conditioning marketplace, he is better positioned than most to deliver an solution. Beneath, he describes some of the important reasons why exercise is so crucial and beneficial to human operate, including the constructive effect participation can have on positive longevity, proprioception and the lessened danger of way of living-similar health conditions. Cutting down the threat of lifestyle-similar ailments “One of the most significant rewards of exercising is lessening the possibility of producing way of living-linked illnesses these as diabetic issues or coronary heart ailment,” Walton says. Coronary heart ailment is the primary result in of demise for gentlemen and gals in the United States, with a person particular person dying each individual 36 seconds from cardiovascular ailment, according to the Facilities for Ailment Command and Avoidance (opens in new tab). Walton carries on: “Daily exercise has been scientifically demonstrated (in a 2019 research posted in Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity (opens in new tab)) to decrease the possibility of heart illness, with 30 minutes of average exercise accomplished five times a 7 days being sufficient to make a distinction.” Listening to that workout can be beneficial to coronary heart health may possibly be nothing new to you. But why particularly does it have such a good effect? “The heart is a muscle mass, and like all muscular tissues it desires frequent stimulation to continue to be powerful and wholesome,” Walton claims. “Without standard work out, fatty substance builds up in the arteries which raises your hazard of struggling from a heart attack.” A 2018 analyze printed in Frontiers in Cardiovascular Medication (opens in new tab) stated that “endurance coaching is associated with elevated levels of circulating superior density lipoprotein (HDL) and, to a lesser extent, a reduction in triglyceride concentrations – the two modifications that can decrease the possibility of coronary coronary heart disease”. It later on provides: “Physical action can ameliorate a assortment of cardiovascular condition possibility components these types of as dyslipidemia (the imbalance of lipids) or hypertension (higher blood force).” In essence, what we indicate by the expression “positive longevity” is doing exercises in the present to assure you remain balanced and useful in the upcoming. “It may perhaps be challenging for younger men and women to imagine staying elderly and a whole lot of people just work out for aesthetics, but physical exercise must be assumed of as a very long-time period expense,” he states. “Being nutritious and energetic now will prevent circumstances these as osteoporosis (a health issue that weakens the bones, creating them additional probable to split) later on in life, which can have a enormous affect on mobility and high quality of lifestyle when we’re more mature.” Practising constructive longevity involves on the lookout following your organs, muscle tissue and joints. And what is one particular of the vital techniques of accomplishing this? You guessed it: exercise. “You need to imagine of your overall body like a car – it needs continual servicing to preserve operating properly,” Walton suggests. “For our bones and joints, resistance coaching could enhance bone density (as recommended in this analyze revealed in the Drugs and Science in Athletics and Exercise) that means you are considerably less probable to crack or fracture bones as you get older. “According to the Globe Health and fitness Organisation (opens in new tab), falls are the 2nd leading bring about of unintentional damage fatalities around the globe. By carrying out frequent exercise and preserving your bones and muscle tissue sturdy – as properly as bettering harmony and coordination – you will lessen your risk of falls later on in daily life.” A element that is often overlooked when looking at the advantages of training, Walton describes proprioception as “the recognition you have of your system in a space”. “It relates to coordination,” he suggests. “Someone with fantastic proprioception is less likely to injure them selves by tiny mishaps this kind of as tripping down a suppress and twisting an ankle, or reducing a finger in the kitchen. “Regular exercise can genuinely boost your proprioception and coordination, that means if you are a clumsy particular person, you can deal with that.” Overall body composition Arguably the very best-documented effects of exercise is its possible to have an effect on body composition, which contains factors such as body fats share and muscle mass. No matter if you are hitting the fitness center to pack on slabs of muscle mass or slipping into the saddle of one particular of the greatest training bikes (opens in new tab) in an try to drop excess weight, many men and women are determined to work out by the possibility of making adjustments to their body. Just after examining existing literature on the matter, a 2019 systematic evaluation and meta-examination revealed in the Journal of Being overweight and Metabolic Syndrome (opens in new tab) stated: “The influence of exercise on being overweight is greater in outward overall look (BMI and midsection circumference) than in simple variables (bodyweight and overall body body fat proportion).” Having said that, exercise can still have a beneficial effect in avoiding or reversing signs or symptoms of weight problems, with the study’s authors concluding: “We counsel that folks with obesity should workout continually to realize considerable advancements in their overall health.” The Earth Overall health Organisation (WHO) warns that “being chubby or obese can have a serious effect on health”. It carries on: “Carrying more extra fat leads to serious wellbeing penalties these kinds of as cardiovascular sickness (largely coronary heart ailment and stroke), kind 2 diabetes, musculoskeletal ailments like osteoarthritis, and some cancers (endometrial, breast and colon). These situations bring about untimely dying and substantial incapacity. “What is not broadly recognised is that the chance of overall health challenges begins when another person is only extremely somewhat overweight, and that the chance of problems boosts as an individual gets much more and far more obese. Many of these ailments result in prolonged-expression suffering for persons and people.” The WHO says turning into obese or overweight is “largely preventable” if men and women are able to “achieve an electricity stability between calories eaten on one particular hand, and calories employed on the other hand”. The corporation suggests: “To raise calories used, folks can boost their levels of bodily exercise – to at least 30 minutes of standard, moderate-depth activity on most days.” This, put together with heightened concentrations of non-workout action thermogenesis (NEAT) (opens in new tab) and an ideal diet plan, can assistance you achieve a calorie servicing or calorie deficit (opens in new tab), protecting against or reversing signs of over weight and weight problems. How a lot workout should you be doing for every 7 days? This is a very individualized issue with solutions that will range from human being to human being. Nevertheless, Walton does have advice for everyone on the lookout to make improvements to their wellness by incorporating a sustainable conditioning regime into their weekly plan. “Official actual physical activity tips (opens in new tab) recommend that 150 minutes of moderate exercising for each week is sufficient to continue to be wholesome,” he states. “However, it’s significant to notice that an in general sedentary life style with a one-hour pay a visit to to the health club each day is not plenty of to overcome the unfavorable effects of said life style. In its place, it is greatest to make lengthy-term alterations to make your way of living much more wholly active. “This could include strolling to operate in its place of driving, if this is probable. If not, test parking further more away and going for walks the final 10 minutes. Or, if you use general public transport, get off a couple stops early and walk the relaxation of the way. “Try to consist of a walk or even a run on your lunch split and vacation underneath your have power (wander or cycle) as a great deal as doable. Smaller changes truly increase up and are the most effective way to prevent the destructive results of an inactive way of life.”

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One hundred years ago people and politicians around the globe were contemplating a new world order following more than four years of war. In Britain, January 1919 and the following months were marked by strikes, civil unrest and military mutinies. The flu pandemic continued its deathly march. The month also saw the beginning of the Paris Peace Conference which lasted into the summer concluding with five treaties formally ending the war – including the Versailles Treaty signed 28 June – and the formation of the League of Nations. As a nation we have spent the last four years commemorating the centenary of the First World War (FWW). A hundred years on from this cataclysmic event and we are living with its legacy – with regional conflicts that have their origins in the war; with advances in medicine (reconstructive surgery, improved anaesthesia); with the music, art, literature and poetry produced during and after the war; with universal suffrage; and with a landscape shaped by war. But what of the legacy of these commemorations? What will future generations find when they delve into early 21st century archives and history books, looking for evidence of how we remembered? Without doubt they will find an amazing amount of new, high quality research that has changed our understanding of the Great War. But have the commemorations reflected this changed narrative or have they reinforced the myths and iconography associated with First World War and which are embedded in our collective memory? Some historians are asking whether the last four years have been a lost opportunity. From a personal point of view it feels as though much of the national commemoration did focus on traditional themes and symbols such as the mud and blood of the western front, the experience of the war poets, the silhouetted soldier. There have been some stunning artistic responses to the centenary, commissioned by 14-18 Now, including Blood Swept Lands and Seas of Red, Jeremy Deller’s We’re Here Because We’re Here, Danny Boyle’s Pages in the Sea and film-maker Peter Jackson’s They Shall Not Grow Old. But these have also drawn criticism. 14-18 Now estimates that 35 million people engaged with their commissioned events, but historians Professors Maggie Andrews, of the University of Worcester, and Sarah Lloyd, of the University of Hertfordshire, question whether people critically engaged or merely encountered them. Were these national events, exhibitions and installations sufficiently challenging of historical myths? There has been much work on myth-busting over the past four years but it can be tough going up against advertising executives and picture editors who are not historians. An enduring myth, reinforced by TV adverts and wrongly credited photographs, is that the Christmas Truce of 1914 happened throughout the western front and that football matches were organised between German and British troops. Neither is an accurate picture of what happened. (Check out Dan Snow’s mythbusting articles for the BBC.) At a regional and local level, however, I feel very positive about the projects and events that have taken place. Over the last four years much of my work as an education officer has focused on researching Wiltshire’s role in the First World War and passing on that learning to others, especially primary school teachers and pupils keen to make the most of the local history study that is part of their curriculum. Another aspect of my work has been supporting other organisations in delivering the educational side of their FWW projects. My colleagues in archives and local studies have also been busy acquiring new collections and publications that support the study of the Great War. The number and range of FWW projects in Wiltshire has been impressive and sadly I cannot list all of them, but a good place to start is the History Centre’s own Wiltshire at War – Community Stories project. This year is one of commemorations, significant anniversaries and celebrations. Many people will have celebrated the Queen’s 90th birthday but last month it was the monarch who was leading the birthday celebrations for another long-lived institution – the Royal Artillery which marked its 300th anniversary on 26 May with a royal visit, parade and displays at Larkhill. A rather more sombre commemoration this year will be the 100th anniversary of the Battle of the Somme – a battle that dominates Britain’s collective memory of the First World War in the same way the Battle of Verdun occupies French history or Gallipoli tends to define Australian and New Zealand participation in the Great War. All these landmark events have come together as I work my way through a single archive – a treasure-trove of sketchbooks, diaries, letters and photographs that belonged to Hetman Jack Parham. Jack Parham was born on 27 July, 1895 at Norrington near Alvediston in Wiltshire. He was raised on the family farm, educated at Sherborne School, and pursued a long and successful career in the Army. He retired a Major General and went to live in Suffolk – at Hintlesham near Ipswich – where he died in 1974. He lived the Royal Artillery’s Latin motto – Ubique – Everywhere. I never knew the man. I was eight when he died and it would be another 22 years before I found myself living and working in Ipswich and sailing the River Orwell just as Jack, a keen sailor, had done. But that is the beauty of archives – I have been able to get to know something of Jack’s remarkable story. This collection of drawings, photos and letters has taken me on an amazing journey through the early years of manned flight and Jack’s passion for aeroplanes; transported me to the battlefields of the First World War; and given me a brief insight into the thoughts of a senior military commander on D-Day 1944. That journey began 13 months ago with a single sketchbook that had been identified by a researcher back in 2013/14 among a whole host of First World War resources. When I joined the History Centre in May 2015 I embarked on a number of centenary projects and was directed to the ‘Parham sketchbook’ from 1915-17 as a great resource. And what a resource. Young people involved in the Dancing Back to 1914 project visited the History Centre to gain an understanding of Wiltshire 100 years ago. They were captivated by the detailed sketches that somehow closed the yawning chasm of the century separating them from the young men and women who experienced the Great War. I was just as fascinated. Each sketch had been annotated at the time of drawing, while further notes were added (by Jack) at a later date to clarify a location or situation. I wanted to know more and periodically have been able to dip back into the Parham archive. Opening up each box has offered up something new and amazing. This month we celebrated the end of a wonderful project that involved young people from across the county combining heritage and dance to learn about and commemorate the First World War. The History Centre was proud to have been part of the Dancing Back to 1914 project which was funded by the Heritage Lottery Fund (HLF). The project saw youngsters from Tidworth, Salisbury and Bradford on Avon learn about the 1914-18 war through dance and engage with their local heritage. The groups visited the Wiltshire and Swindon History Centre and also made trips to local museums and to London to see the play Warhorse. Another group of youngsters from Malmesbury School also took part in the project by visiting the History Centre where they looked at archive material showing what life was like for those who lived through the war, including children. The students also gained an insight into the work of the History Centre with a behind-the-scenes tour. You can read about their visit here: http://www.gazetteandherald.co.uk/news/13882591.Pupils_dance_back_in_time_to_WW1/ Each visit to the History Centre was tailored to the groups’ needs so they saw archives that were relevant to their geographical area. The Tidworth group were fascinated by the maps which showed how quickly the military town had grown in the run up to 1914 and during the war. All the students really engaged with the letters, sketch books and diaries that we were able to produce as these were very personal and recognisable – although youngsters today text and email they appreciated reading the letters and diaries that soldiers and nurses had written. Also popular were the photograph albums and sketch books. Having learnt about the history of the First World War, including the types of dance and fashions of the day, each group created their own response to what they had discovered. The Salisbury group – which included students from St Joseph’s, St Edmund’s and South Wilts Grammar schools – performed at the city’s Christmas Market in Guildhall Square with a dance that was based on the letters they had read at the History Centre. All those who took part came together for a grand finale at County Hall, Trowbridge on 3rd March. The event, formally opened by council leader Jane Scott, included tea and cake, with the audience mingling with the dancers. Since I started at the Wiltshire and Swindon History Centre in November 2015, the main project I have been working on has been Wiltshire at War: Community Stories. I would like to let you know what the project has achieved so far, what we would still like to do, and how you can get involved. What is Wiltshire at War: Community Stories? Wiltshire at War: Community Stories aims to bring people together from across Wiltshire to discover, explore and share stories about Wiltshire’s response to the First World War. It is supported by the Heritage Lottery Fund. What has been achieved so far? During 2014, enthusiastic people from museums and heritage organisations were trained to carry out oral history interviews and community engagement sessions relating to gathering stories about the First World War. Throughout 2014 and 2015 (and now into 2016) research has been carried out by museums, history societies, and individuals from all over Wiltshire who have donated the stories to the Wiltshire at War project. In January 2015 the Wiltshire at War website went live. Do visit the website and explore this growing archive of stories. The Call to Arms, the first of the five exhibitions, launched in February 2015 and is currently on display in the Springfield Campus Library, Corsham, until 3 March 2016. The theme focuses on the soldiers called up to fight, and the preparations for war in Wiltshire. The second exhibition, Wiltshire Does Its Bit, launched in September 2015, and is currently on display at Chippenham Museum, until 27 February 2016. The theme focuses on the contributions of ordinary people to the war effort at home in Wiltshire. Both these exhibitions are currently touring Wiltshire, and are available to hire, free of charge. There are four identical schools’ exhibitions that have launched, are touring, and can be booked free of charge. They come with a handling kit to bring the exhibition to life, and complimentary teaching resources for key stages 1-3 are available on the website. There were library talks in 2015 from the likes of Stewart Binns and Elizabeth Speller, in Corsham, Salisbury, Warminster, and Mere, and they have been accompanied by a comprehensive book display.

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Rope Transmission of Large Power In Mills and Factories This text is a re-edited and quite compressed version of a lecture given at the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Manchester, in October 1876, by Mr. James Durie. He was a consulting engineer to the Dundee (Scotland) Lilybank Foundry, owned by Messrs Pearce Bros. Mr. Durie became a member of the Institution in 1875 and this lecture was, so to say, his "maiden speech" there. Pearce Bros, according to a contemporary brochure, were "Makers of Rope Gearing for .... Mills and Factories, Etc". Both Durie and Pearce Bros had been engaged in rope power transmission since the early 1860s and their cooperation in this field resulted in a joint Patent Application and Grant in 1879: Mr. Durie started his lecture in this way: The best means of transmitting power from the prime mover - steam engine - to the various machines in a mill or factory has long been a matter of great importance to the engineer and to the manufacturer. Until lately toothed gearing (spur and/or bevel wheels) and vertical and horizontal (line)shafts were almost universally employed for primary power distribution in (multi-storey) mill buildings. Individual machines were driven from the lineshafts on the various floors by leather belts on flat pulleys. The ease of operating leather belts, plus the absence of noise and vibration, led engineers in the United States and in Germany to also apply (very wide) leather belts for primary power transmission, i.e., directly from the prime mover to the lineshafts in the mill; thus doing without gear wheels and vertical shafts. This proved quite efficient and successful, but the system has some serious limitations in maximum belt length. Wide belts also require a lot of space. I now want to put before our Institution the plan of using round ropes working on grooved wheels instead of broad leather belts working on flat pulleys as a substitute for toothed gearing in primary mill drives. The firm I'm connected with has over 13 years of experience in this mode of transmitting power, and wherever it has been applied to replace toothed gearing, in old mills and new, it has always given complete satisfaction. Rope transmission instead of toothed gearing A. in new-built mills In rope transmission, the flywheel of the prime mover is made wider than with geared transmission. It takes the shape of a drum with the appropriate number of parallel grooves for the ropes. The ropes usually are 5¼ in. or 6½ in. circumference; another size of rope, 4½ in. circumference, is employed for smaller powers. Heavier ropes could be used, but only where large pulleys can be fitted. Because the right proportion between the diameter of the ropes and that of the pulleys is important! If the pulleys are too small, the rope strands are bent and strained too much and the rope core will be ground into dust. The life of the ropes depends on the size of the pulleys. Normally, the circumference of a pulley π . D should not be less than thirty times that of the rope. The distance to be bridged between any pair of shafts can problemlessly range from circa 20 to over 60 ft. The number of ropes and their size are determined by the power to be transmitted. The power each rope can handle depends linearly on both its size and its speed. The rope speed (equal to the circumferential velocity of the grooved wheel, if no slip occurs) is generally set from 3,000 to 6,000 ft./min. With this, and the power of the steam engine known, the number of ropes required can be calculated from the experience that has been gained in previous cases. Take as an example the mill shown in Figures 1 and 2. This factory for spinning and weaving of jute is operated by Messrs. A. and J. Nicoll at Dundee. It was fitted up by Messrs. Pearce Brothers, Lilybank Foundry. The complete rope system shown here has now been in operation for nearly six years. A little aside The brothers Alexander and James Nicholl came from one of Dundee's oldest textile families. In the early 1870s they became deeply (and very successfully) involved in the then emerging India jute industry, which centered around Calcutta. At the time of Mr. Durie's lecture at the Institution, the Nicoll brothers were well established and wealthy manufacturers, owning or participating in various flax and jute mills. - engine flywheel: 22 ft. diameter, 4 ft. 10 in. overall width, 18 grooves - ground floor lineshaft, pulley 7 ft. 6 in. diameter, with 5 ropes transmitting 115 ihp - first floor lineshaft, pulley 5 ft. 6 in. diameter, with 4 ropes transmitting 92 ihp - attic lineshaft No. 1, pulley 5 ft. 6 in. diameter, with 4 ropes transmitting 92 ihp - attic lineshaft No. 2, pulley 5 ft. 6 in. diameter, with 2 horizontal ropes transmitting 46 ihp - weaving shed lineshaft, pulley 7 ft. 6 in. diameter, with 5 ropes transmitting 115 ihp The engine makes 43 r.p.m. so the circumferential velocity of the flywheel is 2972 ft./min. The power of the engine varies from 400 to 425 ihp. The power transmitted by each of the ropes is circa 23 ihp. The ropes are 6½ in. circumference. The tension in the rope is power / speed, which calculates to 256 lbs., far below the breaking strength of the rope. It will be seen from Figure 3, a section of two grooves plus ropes, that the ropes do NOT rest on the bottom of the groove, but on its V-shaped sides; these sides are generally made at an angle of about 40° to each other. If the angle is more obtuse, the rope might slip; if more acute, the rope might be wedged fast into the groove. The ropes used for rope gearing are made of hemp carefully selected, the qualification of a good rope being that the fibres should be as long as possible, and that the rope should be well twisted and laid, and yet be soft and elastic. It is also very important that the ends of the rope should be united by a uniform splice, which should not be of a greater diameter than the other part of the rope. To effect this object, the splice is made about nine or ten feet long for a rope of 6½ in. circumference. At this point, Mr. Durie exhibited a specimen of a rope 7 in. circumference, which showed very little wear after working 4½ years under a load of 205 lbs. at a speed of 2900 ft./min., transmitting 18 ihp. Also a specimen of a new rope showing the mode of splicing. Under the influence of the load on the rope, the returning side of the rope is as much slackened as the pulling (working) side is tightened. It is therefore advisable, when possible, to have the pulling side of the rope at the bottom of the wheel, so that the top side is slackening and sagging into the grooves. When the opposite is the case, the ropes tend to fall sooner out of the grooves. It is however not always practicable or even possible to arrange this, e.g. when ropes have to be led to both sides of a driving pulley. In Figure 1, compare the pulleys B-C-D with the pulleys E-F. It will further be noticed from Figure 1 that none of the primary lineshafts (B-C-D-F) have less than four ropes. These run at only 256 lbs. It is permissable to (temporarily) increase the load by taking one rope off its wheels. In case a rope needs tightening (which is rather often), that rope is simply taken off at the first occurring meal hour. The mill can then run on as usual but with one rope less; and the missing rope is replaced after tightening (shortening by resplicing) at the next meal break. In the Figures 4, 5 and 6 is shown the arrangement of rope transmission in the extensive Samnuggur Jute Factory, Calcutta, which is a one-storey building, all the machinery, both spinning and weaving, being on the ground floor. A little aside Samnuggur Jute Factory Co Ltd was floated in Calcutta, in 1873, by Thomas Duff in conjunction with the brothers Alexander and James Nicoll and Joseph Johnston Barrie, all from Dundee. It was a very modern design and particularly successful at a time when other Calcutta mills languished or failed. Samnuggur proved the ability of the Calcutta mills to compete with Dundee for the American and Australian markets. The engines are placed near the middle of the building. They are about 1000 ihp, and make 43 r.p.m. The flywheel is 28 ft. diameter and 6 ft. 7 in. wide. The rope speed here is 3782 ft./min. The ropes are 6½ in. circumference; 18 ropes transmit the power to the right-hand or spinning side, and 7 ropes to the left-hand or weaving side, making a total of 25 ropes. Each rope transmits 40 ihp. The load on each rope is 349 lbs., rather more than in the other example. Nearly all the shafts are driven by more than one rope, with the exception of some of the lineshafts in the weaving shed. Rope gearing was only adopted here after extensive enquiry into its suitability in the warm and humid climate of Calcutta; and the results are very satisfactory. We here do interrupt Mr. Durie's lecture for a moment. During the discussion following the completed lecture, some additional examples of recently completed installations were described by another Member attending the lecture. We include that information here for easy comparison. Mr. John Musgrave showed and explained drawings of a mill his firm had recently erected in India, the Howrah Jute Spinning and Weaving Mill, Calcutta, shown in the Figures 7 and 8. This mill is driven by a pair of horizontal tandem compound engines, running at 40 r.p.m., capable of about 800 ihp at 80 lbs./sq.in. boiler pressure. The engine has a fly pulley or drum of 57 tons weight, 28 ft. diameter and 5 ft. 9 in. wide, with 22 ropes of 6½ in. circumference. Rope speed is 3520 ft./min. He remarked upon the great weight of the drum, which he held favourable for smooth running of the mill. Another example Mr. Musgrave did show was the Budge Budge Jute Weaving Mill, also in Calcutta, shown in the Figures 9, 10, 11 and 12. This smaller plant is driven by a pair of 250 ihp horizontal tandem compound engines, running at 50 r.p.m. with 70 lbs./sq.in. boiler pressure. The fly pulley here is 18 ft. diameter and 3 ft. 4 in. wide, with 15 ropes of 5 in. circumference. Rope speed is 2850 ft./min. Al power is conveyed to an 8 ft. pulley on the first lineshaft in the weaving shed and further distributed from there to the other lineshafts by the number of ropes necessary for the power required to drive the machinery. The same plan, according to Mr. Musgrave, is being applied to the Attleborough Doubling Mill his firm is now erecting at Nuneaton. This mill will be driven by a compound engine of 500 ihp, running at 45 r.p.m., the fly pulley being 22 ft. diameter, 3 ft. 8 in. wide, grooved for 14 ropes of 7 in. circumference. Rope speed here will be 3150 ft./min. The mill is four storeys high, and the power will be transmitted directly to 7 pulleys of 6 ft. diameter, each having two ropes over it. We now return to Mr. Durie, to attend the second part of his lecture. Rope transmission to replace toothed gearing B. in existing (older) mills The first (and most simple) plan is to put in a new grooved flywheel, or to place grooved segments upon the existing flywheel. The normal running r.p.m. of the steam engine should however be high enough to obtain acceptably fast rope speeds. Remember: half the rope speed means twice as many ropes to transmit a given power. Another requirement is sufficient width of the wheel pit to house the wider fly pulley (as it is so aptly named by Mr. Musgrave). If this plan cannot be followed, we use (or modify) the original toothed second motion shaft and put the required grooved pulleys on that. Ropes are led directly from these "second-motion pulleys" to the (existing) lineshafts on the different storeys of the mill. All vertical shafts and bevel gears are discarded. In some instances, with very slow-running beam engines, it proves necessary to put in an intermediate shaft, to get sufficient speed. Is it worthwhile to replace the old geared system with a rope system? In a geared system, the first driver is the spur-wheel fitted directly on the crankshaft of the steam engine. This engages the (smaller) pinion on the second-motion shaft. This runs faster than the engine. In order to ensure these two wheels working together well, their teeth must be accurately of the same pitch and size. Furthermore it is essential that the centres of the engine shaft and the second-motion shaft are rigidly fixed at the correct distance from each other. This object is attained (in a horizontal engine) by extending the engine bed casting to directly support the pillow blocks of the second-motion shaft; or (in a beam engine) via the original heavy foundations. Then the wheels ought to work smoothly and without much noise. Often this desirable state of things is NOT attained. A short walk through the streets of any manufacturing town suffices to attest to this fact - the rumbling and clunking noise of badly fitting gears can sometimes be heard from several hundred yards off. If the mill has more than one storey, the power will be taken upwards from the second motion shaft on the ground floor, by means of an upright shaft and bevel wheels, requiring heavy and strongly fixed wall-boxes to support these securely. As an example of the old type of gear-drive, we add this Plate from Rees's Cyclopædia, Lemma Mill, 1813. The mill is driven by an giant waterwheel, and to get sufficient speed for the lineshafts and machinery, an intermediate upgearing is unavoidable. Ropes for power transmission are - as compared to gears - much more elastic and forgiving. For that reason, the supports of rope-driven shafts and pulleys can be lighter than is possible with geared drives. The latter also need more accuracy in aligning, and heavier walls to keep that alignment under varying load conditions. Cast iron brackets on the cast iron columns of the mill building, as bearing supports for the lineschats, will do well with rope drives; as they will NOT do with the cumbersome gear drives. The greatest advantage of rope transmission as compared to toothed-gearing transmission systems is the entire freedom from any risk of a total breakdown; when a rope shows symptoms of giving way - and ropes always DO give symptoms of weakness long before they break - the weak rope can quickly be removed and work proceed. A new or respliced rope can be put in at any meal hour or evening. The estimated cost of rope maintenance is £ 5.-- per annum per 100 iph. This is made up of the cost of renewal of the ropes, and occasional wages for tightening them. Some ropes have been found to run 10 years; but as a general rule the life of a rope is from 3 to 5 years. The friction loss of rope gearing (when run at high speed, as is very advisable anyway), is considerably less than that of toothed gearing. In consequence, the consumption of lubricants is much reduced. Mr. Durie cannot give definite information on this point, since - in all cases where rope gearing has been substituted for the old toothed-gearing - extensive other alterations were made at the same time; or the engines were after the alteration run at 10-15 r.p.m. higher speed (so improving throughput). But everyone who has substituted rope gearing for toothed gearing testifies to the great improvement and steadiness of driving obtained after the alteration, and that the machinery turns off a greater weight of yarns in the same time. In these times of shorter labour working hours and increasing foreign competition, refurbishment can offer fresh chances to those who own old mills, that, with their heavy gears, when not modernized, cannot safely be run any faster.

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Revenue and retained earnings provide insights into a company’s financial performance. It reveals the “top line” of the company or the sales a company has made during the period. Retained earnings are an accumulation of a company’s net income and net losses over all the years the business has been in operation. Retained earnings make up part of the stockholder’s equity on the balance sheet. The figure is calculated at the end of each accounting period (monthly/quarterly/annually). As the formula suggests, retained earnings are dependent on the corresponding figure of the previous term. The resultant number may either be positive or negative, depending upon the net income or loss generated by the company over time. Conversely, a growing business that needs to conserve cash will have more retained earnings. Financial statement analysis is the process of analyzing a company’s financial statements for decision-making purposes. Shareholder equity is a company’s owner’s claim after subtracting total liabilities from total assets. ScaleFactor is on a mission to remove the barriers to financial clarity that every business owner faces. If the firm has good investment opportunity available then, they’ll invest the https://www.bookstime.com/ and reduce the dividends or give no dividends at all. Equity consisted primarily of the common or preferred stock and the retained earnings of the company and is also referred to as capital. Ken Boyd is a co-founder of AccountingEd.com and owns St. Louis Test Preparation (AccountingAccidentally.com). He provides blogs, videos, and speaking services on accounting and finance. Ken is the author of four Dummies books, including “Cost Accounting for Dummies.” Fixed assets are considered non-current assets, and long-term debt is a non-current liability. The prior period balance can be found on the beginning of period balance sheet, whereas the net income is linked from the current period income statement. The discretionary decision by management to not distribute payments to shareholders can signal the need for capital reinvestment to sustain existing growth or to fund expansion plans on the horizon. Examples of these items include sales revenue, cost of goods sold, depreciation, and other operating expenses. Non-cash items such as write-downs or impairments and stock-based compensation also affect the account. If the company had not retained this money and instead taken an interest-bearing loan, the value generated would have been less due to the outgoing interest payment. RE offers internally-generated capital to finance projects, allowing for efficient value creation by profitable companies. However, readers should note that the above calculation is indicative of the value created with respect to the use of retained earnings only, and it does not indicate the overall value created by the company. With only a few exceptions, the retained earnings account only gets credited or debited when closing out an accounting period. Manage Your Business Finances With Wave According to the provisions in the loan agreement, retained earnings available for dividends are limited to $20,000. Evangeline Marzec is a management consultant to small high-tech companies, and has been in the video games industry since 2004. As a published writer since 1998, she has contributed articles and short stories to web and print media, including eHow and Timewinder. She holds a Master of Business Adminstration from Thunderbird School of Global Management. It’s important to note that you need to consider negative retained earnings as well. The right financial statement to use will always depend on the decision you’re facing and the type of information you need in order to make that decision. Are you a new small business owner looking to understand your tax return a little more? Analysts must assess the company’s general situation before placing too much value on a company’s retained earnings—or its accumulated deficit. If a company has negative retained earnings, it has accumulated deficit, which means a company has more debt than earned profits. Retained earnings can be used to shore up finances by paying down debt or adding to cash savings. They can be used to expand existing operations, such as by opening a new storefront in a new city. No matter how they’re used, any profits kept by the business are considered retained earnings. According to FASB Statement No. 16, prior period adjustments consist almost entirely of corrections of errors in previously published financial statements. A Beginner’s Guide To Cash To make informed decisions, you need to understand how activity in the income statement and the balance sheet impact retained earnings. To understand how the retained earnings account works, you need a basic understanding of the income statement and the balance sheet. - A company that routinely issues dividends will have fewer retained earnings. - Send invoices, get paid, track expenses, pay your team, and balance your books with our free financial management software. - There is no change in the company’s equity, and the formula stays in balance. - Conversely, a new one may have negative retained earnings, since it has incurred losses while building up a customer base. - So companies investing well grow, enriching themselves and shareholders alike, and ensure competitiveness; companies investing poorly shrink, resulting, perhaps, in the replacement of management. - Occasionally, accountants make other entries to the Retained Earnings account. - Dividends, which are a distribution of a company’s equity to the shareholders, are deducted from net income because the dividend reduces the amount of equity left in the company. They assume that they’re using their shareholders’ resources efficiently if the company’s performance—especially ROE and earnings per share—is good and if the shareholders don’t rebel. They assume that the stock market automatically penalizes any corporation that invests its resources poorly. So companies investing well grow, enriching themselves and shareholders alike, and ensure competitiveness; companies investing poorly shrink, resulting, perhaps, in the replacement of management. In short, stock market performance and the company’s financial performance are inexorably linked. If you’re starting to see higher profits but not sure what to do with it, do a quick check on your retained earnings balance. The Mysterious Disappearance Of Retained Earnings By evaluating a company’s retained earnings over a year, or even just one quarter, you can gain a deeper understanding of how profitable it is in the long term. Revenue is raw data in accounting; it shows how much money a business made in a given period before any expenses were withdrawn from the balance. Net income is the amount of money a company has after subtracting operating costs, taxes, and other expenses from its revenue. Retained earnings are not the same as revenue, the amount of money a business earns in an accounting period. - A high percentage of equity as retained earnings can mean a number of things. - Retained earnings are the portion of profits that are available for reinvestment back into the business. - A statement of retained earnings is a formal statement showing the items causing changes in unappropriated and appropriated retained earnings during a stated period of time. - In truth, it is only in an abstract, legal sense that shareholders own the company. - Instead, this figure represents the amount of assets that a company has purchased or operating costs it has paid out of its profits, rather than out of its earnings from selling its own stock. - When total assets are greater than total liabilities, stockholders have a positive equity . Retained earnings are usually reinvested in the company, such as by paying down debt or expanding operations. High tax rates can drastically cut net income, so it’s important to look for opportunities to lower liability. Ongoing, strategic financial planning should include maintaining detailed documentation to qualify for as many tax credits and deductions as possible. By evaluating other business areas, you can begin to identify where net income may be affected and how your bottom line ultimately affects your RE amount. If you want to know more about business assets vs. liabilities, this articleexplains both. How To Find Retained Earnings In other words, while the company may report profits, it may not enrich its shareholders at all. Your company’s balance sheet may include a shareholders’ equity section. This line item reports the net value of the company—how much your company is worth if you decide to liquidate all your assets. There may be times when your business has a positive net income but a negative retained earnings figure , or vice versa. Your net income is what’s left at the end of the month after you’ve subtracted your operating expenses from your revenue. Retained earnings are what’s left from your net income after dividends are paid out and beginning retained earnings are factored in. A company is normally subject to a company tax on the net income of the company in a financial year. To improve how much a business has at the end of each accounting period, it is helpful to look at its historical data. Businesses must continually examine their cost of goods sold to ensure they are not overpaying for their inventory. One of the best ways for companies to improve their retained earnings is to lower the cost to produce and sell their products or services. This articledefines negative retained earnings and how they can impact a company. As with all business financial formulas, you need specific figures to calculate your retained earnings. You may have noticed that independent contractor payments are now reported on the tax form 1099-NEC rather than the 1099-MISC. Here’s everything you need to know about this new informational IRS form. If you’re looking to bring on new investors, retained earnings are a key part of your shareholder equity and book value. While the term may conjure up images of a bunch of suits gathering around a big table to talk about stock prices, it actually does apply to small business owners. Payroll Pay employees and independent contractors, and handle taxes easily. To reap the benefits our system promises, we must revitalize the efficacy of our reinvestment decisions. A reshaped system could open the gates of pent-up wealth, encouraging and rewarding wise investments and raising shareholder returns. Bench gives you a dedicated bookkeeper supported by a team of knowledgeable small business experts. Accounting 101 Basics In addition, use of finance and accounting software can help finance teams keep a close eye on cash flow and other critical metrics. By continually controlling spending, companies are more likely to end a fiscal period with cash on hand to use for growth. Companies with increasing retained earnings is good, because it means the company is staying consistently profitable. If a company has a yearly loss, this number is subtracted from retained earnings. - Retained earnings are a type of equity and are therefore reported in the shareholders’ equity section of the balance sheet. - Once retained earnings are reported on the balance sheet, it becomes a part of a company’s total book value. - Once companies are earning a steady profit, it typically behooves them to pay out dividends to their shareholders in order to keep shareholder equity at a targeted level and ROE high. - For freelancers and SMEs in the UK & Ireland, Debitoor adheres to all UK & Irish invoicing and accounting requirements and is approved by UK & Irish accountants. - RE offers internally-generated capital to finance projects, allowing for efficient value creation by profitable companies. You could also elect to record retained earnings on separate statement of retained earnings. Like the retained earnings formula, the statement of retained earnings lists beginning retained earnings, net income or loss, dividends paid, and the final retained earnings. So, no, retained earnings are not considered an asset on a balance sheet. Retained Earnings: Entries And Statements If you don’t pay dividends, you can ignore this part and substitute $0 for this portion of the retained earnings formula. If we remove the rose-colored glasses through which we often view our corporate financing system, we discover that the company’s health—instead of shareholders’ wealth—has become the end rather than the means. But I maintain all a company’s profits belong—sooner or later, in one form or another—to equity owners. They should receive these profits either as dividend checks or as higher share price. Now, let’s say you’ve struggled a bit this year and your retained earnings are in the negative. You have beginning retained earnings of $12,000 and a net loss of $36,000. Any net income that is not paid out to shareholders at the end of a reporting period becomes retained earnings. Retained earnings are then carried over to the balance sheet where it is reported as such under shareholder’s equity. Revenue provides managers and stakeholders with a metric for evaluating the success of a company in terms of demand for its product. As a result, it is often referred to as the top-line number when describing a company’sfinancial performance. Since revenue is the income earned by a company, it is the income generatedbefore the cost of goods sold , operating expenses, capital costs, and taxes are deducted. Each period, net income from the income statement is added to the retained earnings and is then reported on the balance sheet within shareholders’ equity. While Retained Earnings help improve the financial health of a company, dividends help attract investors and keep stock prices high. Net income increases Retained Earnings, while net losses and dividends decrease Retained Earnings in any given year. Thus, the balance in Retained Earnings represents the corporation’s accumulated net income not distributed to stockholders. While Retained Earnings is expressed as a dollar amount, it is not held in a cash account. Instead, this figure represents the amount of assets that a company has purchased or operating costs it has paid out of its profits, rather than out of its earnings from selling its own stock. Retained Earnings is a critical measure of a company’s value and stability, since it tells an investor both how much a company is likely to pay in dividends, and how profitable it has been over time. The amount added to retained earnings is generally the after tax net income. In most cases in most jurisdictions no tax is payable on the accumulated earnings retained by a company. However, this creates a potential for tax avoidance, because the corporate tax rate is usually lower than the higher marginal rates for some individual taxpayers. Higher income taxpayers could “park” income inside a private company instead of being paid out as a dividend and then taxed at the individual rates. To remove this tax benefit, some jurisdictions impose an “undistributed profits tax” on retained earnings of private companies, usually at the highest individual marginal tax rate. Revenue and retained earnings are correlated to each other since a portion of revenue ultimately becomes net income and later retained earnings.

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In the context of foreign-owned industrial farms in Brazil, the concept of the Plantationocene shows the racial dynamics of power and capital but obscures the fighting back of people, plants, and soils. A small group of young white North American farmers has migrated to Brazil to grow soybeans. These mostly unmarried men finished college and wanted to start their own farms; not happy to work on their parents’ farms and unable to purchase land on their own, they were inspired by glossy pages of farm journals that showed lines of combines harvesting massive fields of soy. Reporters declared that ideal growing conditions and an agribusiness-friendly government made farming easy in Brazil. The farmers toured farms in Western Bahia, near the city of agribusiness, Luis Eduardo Magalhães, and at the frontier of soybean production in the Brazilian Cerrado, returning with dreams of ten thousand soy fields. They courted investors, often retired and active farmers from their home counties, and purchased massive tracts of flat, cheap land. Their farms occupy upwards of thirty thousand hectares of farmland, employ from 50 to 160 farm workers, and feature vast plantings of soy, cotton, and corn. The majority of workers are field hands and cotton gin workers, although the farms also employ agronomists, tractor drivers, accountants, lawyers, and sometimes public relations officers. While these farms are not plantations, they resemble plantations in many ways: they hire a large, racialized workforce that lives on the farm; they plant monocultures of export crops; and they are marked by a class- and race-based hierarchical organization of owners, managers, and workers. In short, work here reflects a set of conditions that many are now calling the Plantationocene. The Plantationocene describes the “ever-greater ferocity in globalized factory meat production, monocrop agribusiness, and immense substitutions of crops like oil palm for multispecies forests and their products that sustain human and nonhuman critters alike” (Haraway 2015: 162). The plantation simplifies landscapes by removing indigenous plants, animals, and people and replacing them with workers and cash crops; alienates those workers and plants from places and purposes otherwise; and remakes them as plantation resources. Relocation and alienation of animals, plants, people, and microbes are key processes in the Plantationocene, and so is a racist division of labor founded on principles of slavery and settler colonialism (Davis et al. 2019). Like Elana Resnick’s (2021) “racialized Anthropocene,” the Plantationocene frame has the potential to center everyday enactments of racialized work in relation to production as well as waste. The plantation was made possible by processes of removal and recombination. Plantation owners appropriated land, cleared it of people and plants, and disrupted local economic flows, then replaced plants with commercial cash crops from afar, replaced original inhabitants with a racialized workforce, and connected the plantation to global circuits of capital, all brought together, but alienated from place. The Plantationocene concept thus speaks to the power of control over landscapes, practices, and property (see Wolford 2021). My aim here is not to gather up and enclose stories and life under a simplified narrative, as Mythri Jegathesan (2021) warns against, nor to advocate for the Plantationocene over sister terms of Capitalocene and Anthropocene, but as Kathryn Yusoff (2018) writes of the Anthropocene, to explore its contexts. These farms more closely resemble a twenty-first-century Iowa family farm than a seventeenth-century Brazilian sugar plantation, but they are the genealogical descendants of both. The farms continue a decades-long shift in U.S. agriculture toward fewer crops, more hired labor, and consolidation, even as they inherit a racialized division of labor, massive scale, and hierarchical farm organization from the Brazilian sugarcane plantation. So what is gained by asking how they are situated within the Plantationocene? And what is lost? I contend that the Plantationocene centers processes of alienation, separation, and recombination. It underscores racial and class dynamics of agriculture through a focus on work, power, and hierarchy; it also centers alienation of people from plants and soil. However, it also obscures the fighting back of people, soils, plants, animals, and microbes. In this essay, I will first explore the ways farmer-owners exploit workers, soil, and plants according to plantation logics. Second, I explore the ways that this project faces resistance to enrollment in the Plantationocene on the part of people, soils, and plants themselves. The plantation model of labor is deeply hierarchical. On transnational soy farms, foreign owners charge managers with overseeing tractor drivers (mostly white, recognized as skilled workers) and manual laborers (mostly Afro-Brazilians, perceived as unskilled and easily replaceable). Farm workers are divided into teams of hoers, machinery operators, cotton gin workers, agronomy advisors, managers, and front office employees, which include accountants, lawyers, and public relations staff. The clearest marker of these distinctions is race. White Sulistas (Brazilians from the southern states of Paraná, Santa Catarina, and Rio Grande do Sul) operate heavy machinery and work in managerial positions, while local Baianos (primarily Afro-Brazilians) from the surrounding area south of Luis Eduardo Magalhães work as manual laborers. U.S. farm owners in Western Bahia have adopted this arrangement from neighboring Brazilian soy planters. They visit their farms a few times per week to meet with managers, check on progress in the fields, assure that things are in working order, and make an appearance, but otherwise leave the fieldwork to farm workers from southern Bahia. While industrial soy farms depend on a racialized workforce and hierarchical organization, soy production is far less labor-intensive than classic plantation commodities like sugarcane, rubber, or cotton. Industrial soy production is mechanized, capital-intensive, and scalable, attribute that encourages both land concentration and the replacement of workers with machines (Hetherington 2019). Still, these farms use far more hired labor than family farms back in North America, even if it is spread across thousands of hectares. The owners had told investors that they knew how to farm and just needed capital for land, but they quickly learned that managing a thirty thousand hectare farm with more than a hundred farm workers is very different than operating a thousand-acre family farm in Illinois. Their farms cobble together displaced workers; soybean seeds bred elsewhere and then spliced with soil bacteria, and land that is not only dispossessed from local populations but also remains alienated from farm owners, who live either hours away in Luis Eduardo Magalhães or back in the United States. In Brazil, North American farmers became managers of capital and dependent on outside finance, even if this financing came more often from neighboring farmers than from Wall Street. They adopted flexible farming as a strategy which minimized belonging, connection, and stability in favor of interchangeable parts (Ofstehage 2018a); they financialized their labor, values, and farm assets (Ofstehage 2018b). Within their families, the very meaning of farming came into question as older generations questioned what about this new way of life constituted farming, while younger generations argued that it represented the future. This alienation from work and land sets transnational farmer-owners apart from the attachments that are definitional to the plantation. On these farms, workers are not expected to make a long-term commitment to the farm, nor is the farm owner expected to invest in the worker. Tea plantations in India, by way of contrast, provide hereditary employment, gardening plots, and other ways of connecting workers to the plantation (Besky 2017). Likewise, dairy farms in New York enroll farm workers in pseudo-familial relations, which include expectations of unpaid work and social commitments (Sexsmith 2019). But on the flexible farm, work is alienated from the farmer in a bureaucratization of worker relations, which are governed more by minimal requirements determined by Brazilian law than by reciprocal, if patriarchal, relations common to plantation economies. Three written warnings are required for farmworkers to be fired; rural worker associations negotiate with farm associations to determine minimum wages; and regulations on farmworker housing stipulate a basic standard of living. While several North American farmer-owners described an interest in creating jobs in Brazil, they quickly lost interest in the well-being of workers because of the strength of the farm worker federation. In fact, owners I interviewed often spoke of labor-saving technology not as a means of reducing burden or even costs, but of reducing liability for worker protections. Labor regulations and labor power slow down the flexibilization of work, in that owners cannot treat workers as they please; they also forestall elements of the plantation in that farmers provide housing, wages, and job security not according to logics of the gift, but according to bureaucratic regulations. Protected by armed guards and barbed-wired fences built to keep out thieves from the countryside, beautified by lines of out-of-place palm trees, a U.S.-owned farm in the Brazilian Cerrado presents an image of a farm separated from its surrounding ecological and social world. In this vein, Bruno Latour has referred to the Plantationocene as “a historical ‘de-soilization’ of the Earth” (Latour et al. 2018). But while American farmers dispossess local communities from their land only to live at a remove from it, their encounters with Brazilian Cerrado soil require careful and intensive soil engagement. The flat landscape of Western Bahia allows for a simplification of production, as farm machinery can easily pass through a field. Large swaths of agro-ecologically consistent land encourage monocultural practices, and the amenability of the land to Green Revolution technology allows for both the implementation of industrial farming practices and the programmatization of farming tasks. Yet the soils, which owners call “barren,” counterintuitively call for more attention than those at home. First, clearing the Cerrado is required to open the land for production. Then, heavy application of lime raises the pH of what are called the “acid lands” of the Cerrado. Finally, workers apply massive amounts of fertilizer and implement no-tillage practices to build up the soil. Owners and managers adapt new practices to make the Cerrado productive to industrial agriculture; they also adopt narratives of improvement in their relation to the land. As Katherine McKittrick (2013: 6) reminds us, plantations are built on exploited labor and on what she terms “the lands of no one.” For many farmers, this connected family histories of settling the American prairie with their own story of clearing the Cerrado. The Plantationocene, like the Anthropocene, proves to be a dystopia for indigenous people and plants (Whyte 2018), but an aspirational dream for farmer-owners and their ancestors (as well as mine). Here, discourses of land and soil improvement lend legitimacy to further exploitation and to practices that entrench industrial agriculture in formerly marginal lands. Beyond the putative social value of improvement, the clearing and fertilization of the Cerrado also confers speculative value. Land speculation sets transnational farms in the Cerrado apart from both Brazilian sugar plantations and Iowan soybean farms. For many farmer-owners, the primary sales pitch to investors was not high agricultural yields or commodity prices, but adding value to cheap Brazilian land by making it fertile, building farm infrastructure, and assembling land titles. Soy is the ideal monocrop in many ways, allowing it to work for the plantation and also minimize work for the plantation (Hetherington 2020). The package of genetically modified seeds, herbicides, and no-tillage reduces the need for manual weed removal and thus drastically reduces farm work. This agronomic simplification allows farmer-owners to depend on technology and machinery to minimize labor compared to a true plantation, even as the massive scale of these farms requires a greater workforce than a typical U.S. Midwestern farm. But despite farmers’ efforts to simplify agrarian landscapes, monocrops remain weedy. Fertilization and low plant competition favors quick-growing annual plants, and uniform plant populations are ideal hosts for diseases and insect pests—given little biological control and endless food. In recent years whitefly, a tiny sucking insect not affected by most insecticides, has become a scourge for soy growers in Western Bahia. Soybean rust also spread rapidly through Brazil in the 2000s, requiring constant observation and expensive fungicide applications. The plantation is designed to alienate and separate, but once outside of the plant science greenhouse, diseases, insects, and plants complicate this separation. Soy is put to work for the plantation (cf. Besky and Blanchette 2019), and yet its production still requires constant maintenance. On one side of the Plantationocene is the process of simplification and control of assemblages of things and people; on the other is the life that proliferates from the ecological spaces created by simplification. Together, simplification and proliferation remind us that while plantations aim to alienate, that process is always incomplete as life makes space for itself. It is not easy to consider what life is generated by the proliferation of transnational soybean farms in Brazil, because the farms are readily connected to processes of deforestation, dispossession, and displacement. But to disregard processes of generation misses the power of Cerrado life to transform even as it is destroyed, and of workers to resist even as they are exploited. The soy plant, alienated first from East Asia and then from U.S. soy fields on its way to Brazil, is also not totally out of place. Decades of breeding directed by the state agricultural research body, Embrapa, has produced new varieties of soy that are suited to the day length, soils, and pests of the Brazilian Cerrado. Nor is the Cerrado land wholly alienated; this is apparent in the annual fight to “build” the soil so as to make it productive and painfully obvious when prairie fires remind farmers that the Cerrado was never tamed. Workers, too, in resisting relationships of reciprocity in favor of legally defined worker rights backed by farm worker associations, defend their own rights, labor, and existence. Andrew Ofstehage is a postdoctoral associate in the Department of Global Development at Cornell University. His research among transnational soybean farmers in Brazil incorporates training in agronomy and anthropology and asks how transnational farmers engage with soils and landscapes in Brazil; become managers of workers and investors; and create and recreate agrarian communities out of place. Photo by Andrew Ofstehage. This essay went through a process of open peer review; two reviewers (Kregg Hetherington and Andrea Rissing) commented on an earlier version of the manuscript, which was then revised into the version published here. To read the reviewers’ comments and the author’s responses to them, you can expand the Comments section at the bottom of this page, click the funnel icon, and then enable “Browse archived comments.” To see the submitted version, you can click the clock icon at the top of this page and then select “Release #1.” Besky, Sarah. 2017. “Fixity: On the Inheritance and Maintenance of Tea Plantation Houses in Darjeeling, India.” American Ethnologist 44(4): 617–31. Besky, Sarah, and Alex Blanchette, eds. 2019. How Nature Works: Rethinking Labor on a Troubled Planet. Santa Fe, NM: SAR Press. Davis, Janae, Alex A. Moulton, Levi Van Sant, and Brian Williams. 2019. “Anthropocene, Capitalocene, . . . Plantationocene? A Manifesto for Ecological Justice in an Age of Global Crises.” Geography Compass 13(5): e12438. Haraway, Donna. 2015. “Anthropocene, Capitalocene, Plantationocene, Chthulucene: Making Kin.” Environmental Humanities 6(1): 159–65. Hetherington, Kregg. 2020. The Government of Beans: Regulating Life in the Age of Monocrops. Durham, NC: Duke University Press. Jegathesan, Mythri. 2021. “Black Feminist Plots before the Plantationocene and Anthropology’s ‘Regional Closets.’” Feminist Anthropology, March 12. Latour, Bruno, Isabelle Stengers, Anna Tsing, and Nils Bubandt. 2018. “Anthropologists Are Talking—about Capitalism, Ecology, and Apocalypse.” Ethnos 83(3): 587–606. McKittrick, Katherine. 2013. “Plantation Futures.” Small Axe: A Caribbean Journal of Criticism 17(3): 1–15. Ofstehage, Andrew. 2018a. “Farming out of Place: Transnational Family Farmers, Flexible Farming, and the Rupture of Rural Life in Bahia, Brazil.” American Ethnologist 45(3): 317–29. _____. 2018b. “Financialization of Work, Value, and Social Organization among Transnational Soy Farmers in the Brazilian Cerrado.” Economic Anthropology 5(2): 274–85. Resnick, Elana. 2021. “The Limits of Resilience: Managing Waste in the Racialized Anthropocene.” American Anthropologist, March 14. Sexsmith, Kathleen. 2019. “Decoding Worker ‘Reliability’: Modern Agrarian Values and Immigrant Labor on New York Dairy Farms.” Rural Sociology 84(4): 706–735. Whyte, Kyle P. 2018. “Indigenous Science (Fiction) for the Anthropocene: Ancestral Dystopias and Fantasies of Climate Change Crises.” Environment and Planning E: Nature and Space 1(1–2): 224–42. Wolford, Wendy. 2021. “The Plantationocene: A Lusotropical Contribution to the Theory.” Annals of the American Association of Geographers, February 11. Yusoff, Kathryn. 2018. A Billion Black Anthropocenes or None. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.

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One of the best things to do in Mexico is trying the local food and drinks. The fresh guacamole – which tastes sooo much better in Mexico. The flavorful shrimp tacos (with plump shrimps caught just hours before). The real lime and tamarind Mexican margaritas. This leads us to the fruit in Mexico… There are so many delicious, interesting – and, yes, sometimes strange – Mexican fruits that we’re boggled by the variety! Weird and wonderful Mexican fruits Here’s a look at 17 types of Mexican fruit you should try when in Mexico. You can find some of these fruits in your local grocery store, so you can also try the flavors of Mexico at home. 1) Dragon fruit (pitahaya) The fruit that causes a frenzy in Mexico? Mexican pitaya fruit (also spelled “pitahaya”) – or dragon fruit. One reason is its short season. The fruit is only available between April and June. The other is its taste and texture – sweet (sort of like a kiwi fruit) and crunchy. Dragon fruit was probably originally native to Mexico and Central America. Now it’s especially popular in Asia; it’s also cultivated in the Caribbean, Australia and elsewhere around the world. About the size of a baseball, pitaya grows on a type of cactus. Because of the hot pink color of the outside skin, it’s also sometimes known as “strawberry pear.” The flesh of Mexican dragon fruit is white, with tiny black seeds (which you can swallow). How to eat dragon fruit? Simply cut it in half and spoon out the fruit. It’s delicious in fruit salads. It’s also used in desserts and ice cream. 2) Soursop (guanabana) The soursop or guanabana is a large pear-shaped fruit from Mexico, with a dark green skin covered with big thorns. Inside, the soft creamy flesh is white. It smells a little like pineapple, but it tastes more like a combination of strawberries, oranges and bananas. Be careful not to eat the big black seeds though (they’re toxic). Soursop is said to reduce inflammation, treat diarrhea and have other health benefits. But you might want to be a little skeptical about these health claims and just enjoy the fruit for what it is. You’ll find it growing anywhere more tropical in Mexico (like Puerto Vallarta and the Riviera Nayarit) and in Mexican grocery stores. How to eat soursop? Cut it in half and scoop out the flesh. Eat it raw as is, or add it to a fruit smoothie. This red hairy fruit, the size of a golf ball, is commonly seen in southern Mexico. They’re deliciously sweet, tasting a little like lychees. Pick up a bag of rambutans from a roadside stand to nibble on when visiting the Mexico’s Mayan ruins! How to eat rambutans? If you have a knife handy, slice the rambutan in half and pop the slippery white fruit in your mouth. You have to kind of suck on the flesh, which surrounds a big seed, then spit the hard seed out (too big to swallow). In Mexico, you’ll also find rambutan turned into agua fresca (light fruit juice). Ahhh! The Mexican lime! Admittedly, they’re not as exotic as other Mexican fruits. But they sure are plentiful! We buy bags of them when in Mexico. When taking an airport transfer in Cabo, we always ask to stop quickly at a grocery store on the way to our hotel to stock up on limes (and tequila) – they’re a food essential! Anyway, the limes are smaller than what you find in Canada and the U.S., and soooo inexpensive. We use them to flavor so many dishes – from salads and veggies to guac and baked chicken. George has gotten so addicted to limes that he now squeezes the juice on practically everything savory when back home too. How to eat limes in Mexico? Squeeze them over whatever you want. Place a lime wedge on every dish. And suck on a lime when drinking tequila! Mmmm… Mangos are one of our favorite fruits! We love eating this fruit in Hawaii. And we love eating this fruit in Mexico too! While native to Asia, mangos grow very well in Mexico. The health benefits of mangos are many. They’re low in calories, high in fibre and rich in vitamins A and C. Best of all, the orange-yellow flesh is unbelievably juicy and sweet. We could eat mangos all day long and never tire of them. How to eat mangos? Dice them up and eat them for breakfast. Use them in salsas. Try mango juice – or a mango margarita! All sorts of cakes and desserts use mangos too. 6) Zapote negro (sapote) Chocolate pudding fruit? That’s the best way to describe zapote negros (or sapote negros). You’ll understand why as soon as you see inside this fruit. While covered with a dark green skin, the flesh is dark chocolate in color (when ripe). And it’s so custard-like that it looks like a melted brownie. Some people swear that it also tastes a little like chocolate, but in truth the flavor is more akin to prunes. Whatever, it’s definitely one of the most exotic Mexico fruits! How to eat zapote negro? Cut the baseball-size fruit in half, scoop out the soft inside and press the flesh through a fine sieve to get rid of the seeds. Whip lightly with a fork. Maybe add some whipping cream? Now you’ve got a very decadent (but healthy) dessert! Do you remember your Greek facts and mythology from school? Hades, the god of the dead, tricked beautiful Persephone into eating four pomegranate seeds, which condemned her to live in the underworld for four months every year. Anyway, pomegranates were brought to Mexico by the Spanish and are now widely cultivated in the country. The pomegranate season is autumn (late August to November). How to eat pomegranates: Cut off the flower from the top of the pomegranate, then score the sides (make shallow slices) with a paring knife. Now crack it open by pulling the fruit apart. All those juicy red fruit-covered seeds inside are delicious to eat as is! Or sprinkle them in a creamy dessert. Pomegranates are also a key ingredient in chiles en nogada. This traditional dish, from Mexico’s Puebla state, is made of poblano chiles stuffed with ground beef (or pork), goat cheese and diced pears, apples and peaches, then topped with a walnut cream sauce (called nogada) and sprinkled with pomegranate seeds. Not your typical Mexican food, right? 8) Mamey sapote Like zapote negros (#6), mamey sapote is another type of sapote fruit native to Mexico in the winter. Shaped like small footballs, the mamey fruit has a fuzzy brown skin. Inside, the flesh is a bright salmon color. Its texture resembles the flesh of an avocado, but it tastes like a combination of apricots and sweet potatoes. How to eat mamey sapote? It’s popular blended into ice creams and smoothies. Mexicans love papaya. It’s a popular breakfast fruit in Mexico. They come big in Mexico too – sometimes weighing up to 10 pounds each! (We’ve personally never acquired a taste for the salmon-colored fruit, though a squeeze of lime admittedly makes them taste better.) How to eat Mexican papayas? Cut the papaya in half lengthwise and scoop out the small black seeds. You can then peel it and cut it in slices to eat as is. Papayas are also found in salads and salad dressings. 10) Prickly pear (tuna fruit) No, this “tuna” isn’t fish (known as atun in Mexico). The tuna fruit comes from the nopal cactus, or “prickly pear” in English. Find it everywhere in Mexico in late summer. Oval-shaped, the skin color ranges from green to orange to burgundy. And it’s covered with clumps of scratchy hairs. The fruit inside also comes in a rainbow of colors, including green, orange, bright pink and yellow, depending on the type of tuna. And it’s crunchy in texture (like an apple). How to eat tuna fruit? Cut lengthwise, slice off the ends, peel off the skin and eat. It’s used in candies, jams and jellies, salads, drinks, desserts – anywhere you’d use apples. And here’s a fun Mexican food fact: You can buy “tuna ice cream” in Mexico. (Made with the tuna fruit, it’s like sorbet, but creamier.) 11) Lulo (naranjilla) Lulo (naranjilla) means “little orange” in Spanish. The skin of these Mexican fruits is most often a shiny orange, and the juice is green with a citrusy flavor – think maybe sour rhubarb or sour orange. How to eat lulo: You don’t eat the skin. Cut it open and then eat the fruit raw if you wish. But lulo is most drunk as a juice called lulada (great for quenching your thirst when it’s hot). 12) Chirimoya (cherimoya) “The most delicious fruit known to men” – so said Mark Twain of the chirimoya, also spelled “cherimoya.” The English name for this fruit is custard apple. It’s certainly delicious! (But we still think mangos are the best fruits grown in Mexico.) Heart-shaped with green bumps on the outside, chirimoya fruits are quite strange looking. But inside, they’re creamy and sweet, bursting with banana, apple and pear flavors. Get them when they’re just turning soft (like an avocado), but know you can’t keep them on the counter for too long, as they have a short shelf life (a few days). Their season is January to June. How to eat chirimoyas: You can eat a chilled chirimoya like custard. Slice it in half and scoop out the fruit with a spoon (getting rid of the seeds and the skin). Chirimoyas also make a nice sauce over pancakes and plain yogurt. 13) Loquat (nispero) The loquat (in English) or nispero (in Spanish) is a small orange-colored fruit. Native to China, loquats now grow well in Mexico too. They have two or three biggish seeds inside, and the fruit tastes like a blend of peaches, apricots and plums. How to eat loquats: Peel off the skin, and eat around the seeds. (The skin of loquats can stain your fingernails brown, so wash your hands immediately after peeling.) Or slice it in half, take out the seeds and eat the sliced fruit with a fork and knife. Maybe also try a pineapple-loquat margarita? Blend loquats, pineapple, tequila, triple sec, syrup and lime juice – and enjoy. 14) Guava (guayaba) Don’t think puny. Mexican guavas (or guayabas) are native to the country and grow much bigger than “normal” guavas – as big as baseballs. Lime green, sometimes yellow on the outside, their flesh ranges from pink to white, depending on the variety. Mexican cream guavas, for example, have a creamy white flesh and are very sweet and aromatic. If you like pineapples and passion fruit, you’ll like Mexican guavas. How to eat guavas: Rinse carefully, and then you can eat the whole guava if you wish (rind and seeds too). Or cut and slice to get at the flesh. Most people also love guava juice. And you’ll find guavas in fruit cocktails too. 15) Starfruit (carambola) A less common Mexico fruit, starfruit is shaped like a five-pointed star when cut horizontally. Crisp and yellow, the flesh of the fruit is tangy, tasting a little like a blend of pineapple and lemon. How to eat starfruit: The whole fruit is edible, so you don’t have to peel the skin. Slice it to eat on its own. Starfruit is also pretty as a garnish. Other ideas? Substitute starfruit for pineapple in upside-down cake, or toss sliced starfruit into chicken salad. Coconut also grows well in Mexico. You find lots of coconut plantations around Puerto Vallarta and in Jalisco state. And, yes, coconut is a fruit (it’s also a nut and a seed). How to eat coconuts: When it’s hot outside, there’s nothing better to drink than clear coconut water from a fresh coconut! In markets, vendors hawk young coconuts with straws for sipping the refreshing liquid. Ask the vendor to hack out the meat afterwards to eat as a snack (it’s especially great sprinkled with lime or chili spice). Coconut ice-cream is also popular in Mexico. 17) Mexican plum (ciruela) Ciruela (Spanish for “plum”) has a very interesting taste – nothing like that of a plum. They’re sweet and acidic at the same time (less sweet than plums you get in the U.S. and Canada). They have a yellowish-green skin, which ripens to orange and burgundy in color. How to eat ciruelas: Like regular plums, you can eat them, skin and all, except for the hard pit inside. That’s a wrap for our list of Mexican fruit! So, what do you think of these Mexican fruits? Are you up for trying them? Let us know! (You can comment below.) Croatian sweets | Desserts in Croatia are sinfully delicious! We especially love their layered chocolate tortes and peach cookies. Pin to Pinterest Share the goodness and pin this!

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3. Classification of ECM Process 3.1. Electrochemical Grinding Process In the electrochemical grinding process metal is removed by electrochemical decomposition and abrasion of the metal. In this process electrode wheel revolved in the close proximity to the workpiece. Wheel is made of fine diamond particles in metal matrix. Electrochemical grinding is a process that removes electrically conductive material by grinding with a negatively charged abrasive grinding wheel, an electrolyte fluid, and a positively charged ... micro wire edm machine operation ppt - Crusher South Africa . … Nov 26, 2018· First of all, we will take a brief glance at the term, "electrochemical honing". Basically, it is a material removal process in which electrical energy, chemical energy and honing are used. Most of the times electrochemical honing is often termed as the ECH. This process is quite familiar to the electrochemical grinding in which we us the ... resistance, there are series of problems in traditional machining process, such as low processing efficiency, poor surface quality and serious tool wear. Electrochemical grinding (ECG) is a kind of composite processing method with a low grinding force which combines the mechanical processing with electrochemical effect. Manufacturing Process Electrochemical Machining (ECM): Introduction, Diagram, Parts, Working, Advantages, Disadvantages, Applications [PDF] Mohammed SHAFI. Electrochemical Machining process, the combination of electrical energy and chemical energy makes the removal of material from the surface of a work-piece. 2.Electrochemical Grinding (ECG) 1.In ECG, the material removal is achieved by combined action of abrasive and electrochemical process energy. The resulting surface has high surface integrity, is burr free, and has negligible distortion. 2.The abrasive particles of the grinding wheel make a contact with the workpiece and the gap between the May 14, 2015· Molecular decomposition process is an electrochemical grinding process that has been refined to enable: • The removal of increased amount of material while maintaining workpiece temperature to within 1ºF. • Reduced mechanical force to the workpiece. • From roughing operations surface finishes achieved measure at 6 to 8 Ra µin. high hardness and brittleness. Electrochemical grinding (ECG) is a promising process to machine the hard and brittle metals with the assistance of electrochemical reaction in the grinding. In this paper, the electrochemical effect of tungsten alloys in two different electrolytes, NaNO 3 solution and Na 2 CO 3 solution, are investigated. Radial Drilling Machine: Definition, Diagram, Parts, Working, Advantages, Disadvantages, and Applications [PDF] Drilling Machine is used to make circular holes on the components with the help of Drill bits. In the last article, we had discussed the Drilling Machine, Surface Grinding Machine, Milling Machine, lathe machine, etc. whereas, in ... In 2020, Glebar Company acquired Tridex Technology and Everite Machine Products, world leaders in Electrochemical Grinding (ECG). Both companies focus on creative manufacturing solutions utilizing ECG technology for both standard and custom applications. ECG combines abrasive grinding and electrochemical erosion producing a more efficient, cost-effective, and … Manufacturing Process Electron Beam Machining: Definition, Parts, Working Principle, Process Parameters, Characteristics, Applications, Advantages, and Disadvantages [Notes & PDF] Mohammed SHAFI. The electron beam machining Process also comes under one of those Non-traditional machining methods where highly dedicated accuracy is maintained. Jun 01, 2016· Electrochemical discharge machining (ECDM) is a hybrid non-conventional machining process, used to machine electrically conductive and non-conductive materials. It is a preferred process to fabricate micro scale features like micro holes, micro channels, microgrooves and 3-dimensional intricate shapes on variety of materials. Mar 30, 2014· Electrochemical Machining(ECM) • It is a method of removing metal by an electrochemical process. • It is normally used for mass production and is used for working extremely hard materials or materials that are difficult to machine using conventional methods. • Its use is limited to electrically conductive materials. a new hybrid process contained the advantages of grinding effect, EDM effect and ECM effect namely the Grinding-aided Electrochemical Discharge Ma-chining (G-ECDM) process to machine MMCs . The process is different from the electrochemical grinding (ECG) process which only involves elec-trochemical action and grinding without the EDM action. Electrochemical grinding Process. This is the complete explanation about 8 Limitations and Methods You Must know for the Occurrence of Non-Traditional Machining Methods in a detailed manner. Detailed Explanation of Non-Traditional Machining Processes: May 21, 2020· Electrochemical Grinding Makes a Point. A programmable pointing and material handling system used on electrochemical grinding machines can accommodate a range of needle point designs while eliminating a variety of pre- and post-process operations. According to electrochemical grinding (ECG) solutions provider Tridex Technology, a part of … Download Free PDF. Download Free PDF. UNCONVENTIONAL MACHINING PROCESS – UNIT 4 Chemical and Electrochemical Energy Based processes. Senthil Kumar. Download PDF. Download Full PDF Package. This paper. A short summary of this paper. 37 Full PDFs related to this paper. Read Paper. Apr 23, 2015· Electrochemical Machining 1. Electro-chemical Machining Presented by: Keisham Sushima Devi DIP/14/ME/12 2. Introduction Electrochemical Machining (ECM) is one of the newest and most useful non-traditional machining (NTM) process belonging to Electrochemical category. Electrochemical machining (ECM) is used to remove metal and … Electrochemical machining (ECM) is a method of removing metal by an electrochemical process. It is normally used for mass production and is used for working extremely hard materials or materials that are difficult to machine using conventional methods. Its use is limited to electrically conductive materials. ECM can cut small or odd-shaped angles, intricate contours … May 05, 2021· Electrochemical grinding ECG is a particular type of Electrochemical Machining in which a rotating grinding wheel with a conductive bond material is used to augment the anodic dissolution of the metal workpart surface, as illustrated in the below figure 2. This is accomplished through mapping of the cathode geometry into the workpiece. electrochemical grinding machine pdf. Electrochemical Deburring and Grinding ~ ME Mechanical. Electrochemical Grinding: Electrochemical grinding (ECG) is a particular type of Electrochemical Machining in which a rotating grinding wheel with a conductive bond material is used to augment the anodic dissolution of the metal workpart surface, as ... Electrochemical Grinding (ECG) ECG is the result of hybridizing ECM with the abrasive action of conventional grinding to machine hard and fragile electrically conducting materials efficiently, economically and productively without affecting the useful properties of these materials. Ultrasonic Machine and its Process Parameters; Electrical Discharge Machining (EDM) Die-Sinker EDM and its Systems; Wire Cut Electric Discharge Machining (WEDM) Laser Beam Machining (LBM) Equipment of Laser Beam Machining, Process Parameters and Safety Issues; Electrochemical Machining (ECM) The Subsystems of Electro-Chemical Machining The idea of combining electrochemical and mechanical interaction during removal of material was developed in the 1960s as the electrochemical grinding (AECG) process. In AECG simultaneous, mechanical and electrochemical material removal allows one to improve the quality of the surface layer, Electrochemical machining (ECM) is a non-traditional machining process uses the principle of Faraday to remove metal from the workpiece. Electrolysis is based on Faraday laws of electrolysis which is stated as. weight of substance produced during electrolysis is proportional to current passing, length of time the process used and the equivalent weight of material which is … Mar 26, 2017· Electrochemical Machining is a non-traditional machining process in which metal removed by electrochemical dissolution. Now days this process widely used in many industries due to its advantageous operation. This process can take as inverse of electroplating process. An Analysis for Material Removal Rate in Electrochemical Grinding Process, 17 th AIMTDR Conf. REC., Warangal, Jan. 1997, pp. 323-327. Construction and Calibration of a … Aug 31, 2019· Explanation:. Electrochemical Grinding Work is machined by considered action of electrochemical effect (90%) and conventional grinding (10%). The material removal rate is inversely proportional to the Density of the workpiece material.; A rotating grinding wheel will be used as a tool.; The shaped tool is generally made of brass, copper, bronze, or stainless steel. Dec 14, 2013· Electrochemical machining is a process of a selective dissolution of the anodically connected work piece material submerged in an electrolyte together with an anodically connected tool. Principally electrochemical machining is similar to Electropolishing where the work piece surface roughness decreases due to the conversion of the atoms into ions and … Grinding of surgical needles, other thin wall tubes, and fragile parts •Advantages: Deplating responsible for 95% of metal removal, and abrasive action removes remaining 5% Because machining is mostly by electrochemical action, grinding wheel lasts much longer Result: much higher grinding ratio, less frequent dressing Electrochemical Machining (ECM) is a non-traditional machining (NTM) process belonging to Electrochemical category. ECM is opposite of electrochemical or galvanic coating or deposition process. Thus ECM can be thought of a controlled anodic dissolution at atomic level of the work piece that is electrically conductive by a Nowadays electrochemical grinding is a common process that has many advantages over traditional grinding methods. In this article, we will study the Definition, Parts or Construction, Working principles, Application, Advantages, and Disadvantages of Electrochemical Grinding in detail. Note: At the end you can download PDF file easily. If the electrochemical grinding is considered as a process compound of electrochemical dissolution and mechanical grinding, Eqs. 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Leadership And Supervision Self-Reflection June 5, 2022 Leaders and supervisors play a vital role in an organization, and their decisions and actions affect the achievement of its objectives. A more admired view of the role of supervisors and leaders is that they work with human assets in the organization and utilize this human force to achieve the organization’s objectives. As such, their actions and decisions affect how humans react. This way, successful skills that they possess must promote a better response from their followers. In other words, a leader needs to use strategies that will make their juniors act in the way they wish them to. Different theories of human behavior identify factors that explain why humans behave the way they do. Leaders can apply these theories to design and develop the best leadership skills that can allow them to lead effectively. Also, our code of ethics and best practices developed by the NASW and ASWB give essential insights on best practices for leaders and supervisors. The transformational leadership theory explains the qualities of leaders that help them change both individuals and the overall social systems in society. Leaders have a role in changing the way people they work with think (Korejan & Shahbazi, 2016). This includes motivating them and helping them have a favorable view and perception of their jobs. One concept of this theory is idealized influence, where leaders have a significant role in impacting positive ideas to their juniors. Further, this theory introduces the concept of intellectual stimulation. Best leadership practices, as such, seek to stimulate the minds of followers so that they can innovate and create solutions to existing problems (Korejan & Shahbazi, 2016). Also, this leadership does not ignore the individual in a team. In other words, the leader appreciates that though an individual is a part of the larger society, they are unique. As such, they treat individuals with respect and dignity. Lastly, this theory suggests that leaders have a role in providing inspirational motivation to their followers. Supervisors and leaders need to apply transformational leadership style to positively impact the lives of individual employees and help the organization achieve its objectives. Another leadership theory that helps bring observed human behavior concepts into perspective is the Critical Theory. Just as its name suggests, this theory seeks to critique social ideologies that though false, have come to be accepted and normalized (How, 2017). In other words, this theory seeks to change the entire society or a small community like the organization’s culture, which may be creating oppression. A leader applying this theory in leadership observes the false ideologies and sets initiatives to eliminate such norms in the workplace. For instance, if the leader or supervisor observes that their workplace is dominated by one gender, and they believe that males or females who dominate their area of practice do not necessarily produce better results, they can push through provided systems in the organization to enhance more gender parity. Further, supervisors and leaders should listen to the employee’s grievances and respond (How, 2017). For instance, the supervisors and leaders ensure that employees are not overworked, have paid overtime, and enjoy their leave days. The NASW code also informs the best leadership and supervisory practices of ethics. This code of ethics provides six core values that guide social workers. NASW explains that social workers are generally at the service of the community, individuals, and populations that they identify as needy or need intervention to enjoy a quality life. NASW introduces such values as integrity, service, and competence (NASW, n.d.). These three values help to provide both values and qualities a social worker should possess to serve humanity well. Other values discussed by this code of ethics include human relationships, human dignity, and social justice (NASW, n.d.). The last three values, I feel, are the essential qualities that influential leaders and supervisors should possess. Without loss of generality, these values promote leaders’ decisions aligned with ethical or moral values. As good leaders should make ethical decisions. The values in the NASW code of ethics help leaders make more ethical decisions and practice both in their day-to-day activities and make long-term corporate decisions (NASW, n.d.). For instance, in adhering to social justice, leaders make high-level organizational decisions that promote equal employment opportunities. On a day-to-day basis, they make decisions on individual cases like respecting individual diversity, investigating inequality treatment in the workplace, and intervening in individual cases whenever they emerge. Also, best leadership practices should be informed in NASW and ASWB Standards of Best Practice on Supervision. Five standards are described in detail and help enhance social practice supervision. The first standard defines the context of supervision, where leaders need to know their scope of practice and understand other conduct under different situations like dual supervision and interdisciplinary supervision (Cardona et al., 2013). For instance, under dual supervision, where more than one supervisor supervises an employee, there is a need to have clearly defined responsibilities the employee has to each supervisor and their evaluation schemes. Other standards describe the conduct of supervision and guide on issues that touch on the legal and regulatory frameworks, ethical issues, and technology. Considering the rapid evolution of technology and its massive adoption in today’s corporate world, distance supervision assisted by technology has become more authentic in recent years (Cardona et al., 2013). It is essential to appreciate the benefits of video conferencing, for instance, and be aware of how such tools may infringe the employee’s privacy, autonomy, and rights. It is thus essential to be aware of how to mitigate risks associated with such breaches to protect both the employee and the supervisor from malpractice issues. Cultural competence is another factor that defines good leaders and supervisors. It defines one’s ability to lead with people of different personalities and cultural values. NASW provides a list of 10 standards and indicators that can help identify one with cultural competence (Deer et al., 2015). The guidelines establish values and ethics, self-awareness, professional education, cross-cultural skills, and knowledge and service delivery. These guidelines provide that a culturally competent leader conforms to the code of ethics discussed earlier. For instance, such leaders should value relationships and treat people with dignity (NASW, n.d.). Further, one needs to be aware of their cultural values and those of others. Cultural awareness breeds cultural competence, which can be enhanced through training and impacting leaders with cultural skills and knowledge (Deer et al., 2015). Culturally competent leaders and supervisors can decide to respect diversity in their employees. Insights from best practices for adequate supervision and leadership can be categorized into competency areas. These areas help describe necessary capabilities for leaders. Leaders as such should meet the following requirements and adopt the leadership skills discussed: Developing practical organizational and interpersonal communication skills. Several leadership qualities identified in section 1 above align with building strong interpersonal communication skills (Korejan & Shahbazi, 2016). This includes respecting such values as the importance of relationships and respecting human dignity and worth. Further, better communication skills can be enhanced by adopting cultural competence skills (Deer et al., 2015). Further, influencing others through ideas as described under the transformational leadership theory is also relevant here. Managing time and tasks effectively. Important aspects drawn from section 1 can also advance the leader’s time and task management abilities. For instance, in the best practice guideline discussed above, such values as service delivery are discussed. More importantly, social work supervision, including using technology to supervise employees working remotely, can help manage time and tasks effectively (Cardona et al., 2013). In the context of dual supervision, the supervisor can track tasks at their designated time and not clash with demands from another supervisor. Managing different personalities and conflicts, hiring, performance evaluation, disciplinary action, and termination. Diversity competence helps one to manage people of different traits and personalities. The values drawn from the code of ethics like social justice and critical theory counter social problems like racism and discrimination of people based on gender. Other factors can be countered while making hiring decisions, evaluating employee performance, and other HR roles, which supervisors and leaders influence (Cardona et al., 2013, NASW, n.d.). Besides, performance evaluation is mentioned under supervision standards, particularly dual supervision. Maintaining ethics, confidentiality, and liability. Maintaining ethics and observing ethical values of confidentiality and appropriate liability helps the supervisors and leaders to gain employees’ loyalty. Employees will be open to their employers and seniors at work who respect confidentiality and protect the employees’ identity on matters that would demoralize them (Cardona et al., 2013, Deer et al., 2015). Further, the supervisors take responsibility and are liable for things that go wrong in their dockets and do not transfer such liability to junior employees always, even when the mistake is from the supervisors. Practicing professional development, self-care, personal reflection, and self-correction. This is another essential category where leaders and supervisors enhance their knowledge, especially by learning in their work. Exposure on the ground will help the leaders observe the behaviors of the employees. Through self-reflection, leaders should be able to tell a generalized form of ideas about best leadership and supervision practices that lead to the best human response from their juniors (Cardona et al., 2013). This informs their behavior of a self-correct action they previously engaged in but found to be less effective. Developing and managing an effective culturally competent practice, including organizational culture and environment. This area concerns the culture of an organization. This especially takes on the higher-level decisions regarding formalizing desired cultural concepts in the organization. Such concepts as respect for varsity, observance of ethical values, and employee treatment should be inculcated into the organization’s culture (Deer et al., 2015). Also, in leaders’ and supervisors’ day-to-day activities and decisions, they should use this organization’s culture as a guideline. Supervisors need to possess exercise collaborative skills in their work to train supervisees on how to use technology. One critical skill is the ability to interact and communicate well with supervisees. Communication skills help the supervisor communicate effectively and make the message known to his juniors (Cardona et al., 2013). Further, this also helps them be persuasive and use persuasive skills to motivate action from the juniors. Further, such a leader needs to have teamwork skills that value ethical principles, standards, and values (NASW, n.d.). Essentially, by valuing the importance of r3lationships as a value in ethical values of social workers, the leader can create strong relationships in the team. Leaders also need to possess knowledge about human behavior and can use this to enhance the adoption of new technologies. For instance, leaders need to possess transformational leadership knowledge and use it to improve the supervisee’s ability to learn a valuable new technology (Cardona et al., 2013). Essentially, transformational leaders are open to new ideas and thinking. They are also committed and have the capability of inspiring participation. They use this skill to enhance collaboration and team working among the supervisees. Also, the supervisors need to demonstrate trust in their team members. This trust allows them to delegate tasks to their juniors, who then can learn hands-on the tasks. Learning by interacting with new technologies gives the employees a chance to learn valuable knowledge through exposure and experimentation (Cardona et al., 2013). This also breeds innovation and creativity among the supervisees, a critical value to the organization using technology to define its competitive advantage. I feel I have strengths and some challenges from the best practices identified in section 3 above. For instance, through this course, I have learned a wide range of skills that make up best practices for supervisors and leaders. Gaining these skills helps me in the application, enhancing collaborative leadership in training supervisees on effective use of technology systems (Cardona et al., 2013). In addition to my knowledge, I feel I am good at teamwork. I value human relationships and live to keep long-term relationships. Besides, I respect people’s dignity and hold fundamental values like confidentiality, values that help to interact with people well and create cohesion in teams. These skills will help me achieve effective leadership and supervision in the future. However, though I feel I am good at communication and possess a variety of practical communication skills, I still have a significant gap in development. I feel confident about my communication skills, including effective articulation of the message and clarity in both written and spoken messages. However, I need to develop my skills, especially when it comes to solid persuasion skills that help transformational leaders influence people to act. Developing persuasive skills would help to enhance my leadership effectiveness even more (Korejan & Shahbazi, 2016). Another area I feel I need to learn is on taking feedback. Moreover, taking no viral feedback, especially considering diversity, can be challenging. In essence, this calls me to enhance my diversity competence by appreciating diversity and learning core skills on handling diverse cultures and how they come to light through verbal cues. Cardona, R., Randall, A.D., Franklin, F., Groshong, L.W., MacDonald, A., Noble, D., Shepherd-Vernon, B. & Ulteig, D. (2013). Best Practice Standards in Social Work Supervision. Social Workers Org, https://www.socialworkers.org/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=GBrLbl4BuwI&portalid= Deer, A.E., Fong, L., Jaipaul, I.K, Montero, E., Moreda, I., Hendricks, C.O., Showers, R.D., Simmons, C., Starks, S.H., Vakalahi, H.F., Bird, N.Y. (2015). Standards and Indicators for Cultural Competence in Social Work Practice. Social Workers Org, https://www.socialworkers.org/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=PonPTDEBrn4 How, A. (2017). Critical theory. Macmillan International Higher Education. Korejan, M. M., & Shahbazi, H. (2016). An analysis of the transformational leadership theory. Journal of Fundamental and Applied Sciences, 8(3), 452-461. NASW. (n.d.). The National Association of Social Workers (NASW) Code of Ethics. The University of Alaska Fairbanks, https://www.uaf.edu/socwork/student-information/checklist/(D)-NASW-Code-of-Ethics.pdf

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Research at Victoria University of Wellington is shedding light on the often irrational processes by which people assess new information. This article is based on presentations to the 2010 NZ Skeptics conference. Jacqui Dean was alarmed. The Otago MP had received an email reporting the deaths of thousands of people – deaths caused by the compound dihydrogen monoxide. Dihydrogen monoxide is commonly used as an industrial solvent and coolant, it is fatal if inhaled, and is a major component of acid rain (see dhmo.org for more facts about dihydrogen monoxide). Only after she declared her plans to ban dihydrogen monoxide did she learn of its more common name: water (NZ Herald, 2007). Ms Dean’s honest mistake may be amusing, but when large groups of people fail to correctly assess the veracity of information that failure can have tragic consequences. For example, a recent US survey found 25 percent of parents believe that vaccines can cause autism, a belief that may have contributed to the 11.5 percent of parents refusing at least one recommended vaccine for their child (Freed et al, 2010). Evidence from experimental research also demonstrates the mistakes people can make when evaluating information. Over a number of studies researchers have found that people believe: - that brand name medication is more effective than generic medication; - that products that cost more are of higher quality; - and that currency in a familiar form – eg, the US dollar bill, is more valuable than currency in a less familiar form – eg, a dollar coin (Alter & Oppenheimer, 2008; for a review, see Rao & Monroe, 1989). Why is it that people believe these weird things and make mistakes evaluating information? Usually people can evaluate the veracity of information by relying on general knowledge. But when people have little relevant knowledge they often turn to feelings to inform their decisions (eg Unkelbach, 2007). Consider the following question: Are there more words in the English language that start with the letter K or have K in the third position? When Nobel prize winner Daniel Kahneman and his colleague Amos Tversky (1973) asked this question most people said there are more words that start with the letter K. And they were wrong. People make this error because words that start with the letter K, like kite, come to mind more easily than words that have a K in the third position, like acknowledge, so they judge which case is true based on a feeling – the experience of ease when generating K examples. Generally speaking, information that is easy to recall, comprehend, visualise, and perceive brings about a feeling of fluent processing – the information feels easy on the mind, just like remembering words such as kite (Alter & Oppenheimer, 2009). We are sensitive to feelings of fluent processing (fluency), and we use it as a cue to evaluate information. For example, repeated information feels easy to bring to mind, and tends to be judged as more true than unrepeated information; trivia statements written in high colour contrast (Osorno is the capital of Chile) are easier to perceive and are judged as more true than statements written in low colour contrast (Osorno is the capital of Chile); and financial stocks with easy to pronounce ticker symbols (eg KAR) outperform those with difficult to pronounce ticker symbols such as RDO (Alter & Oppenheimer, 2006; Hasher et al, 1977; Reber & Schwarz, 1999). Most of the time, fluently processed information is evaluated more positively – we say it is true, we think it is more valuable. And on the face of it, fluency can be a great mental shortcut: decisions based on fluency are quick and require little cognitive effort. But feelings of fluency can also lead people to make systematic errors. In our research, we examine how feelings of fluency affect beliefs, confidence, and evaluations of others. More specifically, we examine how photos affect people’s judgements about facts; how repeated statements affect mock- jurors’ confidence; and how the complexity of a name affects people’s evaluations of that person. Can decorative photos influence your beliefs about information? If we told you that the Barringer Crater is on the northern hemisphere of the moon, would that statement be more believable if we showed you a photo of the Barringer Crater? Because the photo is purely decorative – that is, it doesn’t actually tell you anything about the location of the Barringer Crater (which is in fact in Arizona) – you probably wouldn’t expect it to influence your beliefs about the statement. Yet, evidence from fluency research suggests that in the absence of relevant knowledge, people rely on feelings to make decisions (eg Unkelbach, 2007). Thus, not knowing what the Barringer Crater is or what it looks like, you might turn to the photo when considering whether the statement is true. The photo might bring about feelings of fluency, and make the statement seem more credible by helping you easily picture the crater and bring to mind related information about craters – even though this would still give you no objective information about where the crater is located. In our research, we ask whether decorative photos can lead people to be more willing to believe information. How did we answer our research question? In one experiment, people responded true or false to trivia statements that varied in difficulty; some were easy to answer (eg, Neil Armstrong was the first person to walk on the moon), some were more difficult (eg, Turtles are deaf). Half of the time, statements were paired with a related photo (eg, a turtle). In a second study, people evaluated wine labels and guessed whether each of the wine labels had won a medal. We told people that the wine companies were all based in California. In fact, we created all of the wine names by pairing an adjective (eg, Clever) with a noun (eg, Clever Geese). Some of the wine labels contained familiar nouns (eg, Flower) and some contained unfamiliar nouns (eg, Quills). Half of the wine labels appeared with a photo of the noun. What did we find? Overall, when people saw trivia statements or wine names paired with photos, they were more likely to think that statements were true or that the wines had won a medal. However, photos only exerted these effects when information was difficult – that is, for those trivia statements that were difficult to answer and wine names that were relatively unfamiliar. Put more simply, decorative photos can lead you to believe claims about unfamiliar information. Is one eyewitness repeating themselves as believable as three? If you were a juror in a criminal case, you would probably be more willing to convict a man based on the testimony of multiple eyewitnesses, rather than the testimony of a single eyewitness. But why would you be more likely to believe multiple eyewitnesses? On the one hand, you might think that the converging evidence of multiple eyewitnesses is more accurate and more convincing than evidence from a single eyewitness, and indeed, multiple eyewitnesses are generally more accurate than a single eyewitness (Clark & Wells, 2008). On the other hand, as some of the fluency research discussed earlier suggests, you may be more likely to believe multiple eyewitnesses simply because hearing from multiple eyewitnesses means hearing the testimony multiple times (Hasher et al, 1977). Put another way, it may be the repetition of the testimony, rather than the number of independent eyewitnesses, that makes you more likely to believe the testimony. In our research, we wanted to know whether it is the overlap of statements made by multiple eyewitnesses or the repetition of those statements that makes information more believable. How did we answer our research question? We asked subjects to read three eyewitness reports about a fictitious crime. We told half of the subjects that each report was written by a different eyewitness, and we told the other half that all three reports were written by the same eyewitness. In addition, half of these subjects read some specific claims about the crime (eg, The thief read a Newsweek magazine) in one of the eyewitness reports, while the other half read those same specific claims in all three reports. Later, we asked subjects to tell us how confident they were that certain claims made in the eyewitness reports really happened during the crime (eg, How confident are you that the thief read a Newsweek magazine?). What did we find? This study had two important findings. First, regardless of whether one or three different eyewitnesses ostensibly wrote the reports, subjects who read claims repeated across all three reports were more confident about the accuracy of the claims than subjects who read those claims in only one report. Second, when the claims were repeated, subjects were just as confident about the accuracy of a single eyewitness as the accuracy of multiple eyewitnesses. These findings tell us that repeated claims were relatively more fluent than unrepeated claims – making people more confident simply because the claims were repeated, not because multiple eyewitnesses made them. Would a name influence your evaluations of a person? Your immediate response might be that it shouldn’t – people’s names provide no objective information about their character. We hope that we make decisions about others by recalling information from memory and gathering evidence about a person’s attributes. Indeed, research shows that when we have knowledge about a topic, a person or a place, we do just that – use our knowledge to make a judgement- and we can be reasonably accurate in doing so (eg, Unkelbach, 2007). But when we don’t know a person and we can’t draw on our knowledge, we might be influenced by their name. As we have described, when people cannot draw on memory to make a judgement, they unwittingly turn to tangential information to make their decisions. Therefore, when people evaluate an unfamiliar name, tangential information, like the complexity of that name, might influence their judgements. More specifically, we thought that unknown names that were phonologically simple – easier to pronounce – would be judged more positively on a variety of attributes than names that were difficult to pronounce. How did we answer our research question? We showed people 16 names gathered from international newspapers. Half of the names were easy to pronounce (eg, Lubov Ershova), and half were difficult to pronounce (eg, Czeslaw Ratynska). We matched the names on a number of factors to make sure any differences we found were not due to effects of culture or name length. So for example, people saw an easy and difficult name from each region of the world and names were matched on length. Across three experiments, we asked subjects to judge whether each name was familiar (Experiment 1), trustworthy (Experiment 2), or dangerous (Experiment 3). What did we find? Although the names were not objectively different from each other on levels of familiarity, trustworthiness, or danger, people systematically judged easy names more positively than difficult names. Put another way, people thought that easy-to-pronounce names were more familiar, more trustworthy, and less dangerous than difficult-to-pronounce names. So although we would like to think we would not evaluate a person based on their name, we may unwittingly use trivial information like the phonological complexity of a name in our judgements. Why is it that people believe these weird things and make mistakes when evaluating information? Our research suggests that decorative photos, repetition of information, and a person’s name all influence the way people interpret information. More specifically, decorative photos lead people to think information is more credible; repetition leads mock-jurors to be more confident in eyewitness statements – regardless of how many eyewitnesses provided the statements; and an easy-to-pronounce name can lead people to evaluate a person more positively. Relying on feelings of fluency can result in sensible, accurate decisions when we are evaluating credible facts, accurate eyewitness reports, and trustworthy people. But the same feelings can lead people into error when we are evaluating inaccurate facts, mistaken eyewitnesses, and unreliable people. More specifically, feelings of fluency might lead us to think false facts are true, be more confident in inaccurate eyewitness reports, and more positively evaluate an unreliable person. A common finding across our studies is that the effect of fluency was specific to situations where people had limited general knowledge to draw on. In the real world, we might see these effects even when people have sufficient knowledge to draw on. That is because we juggle a lot of information at any one time and we do not have the cognitive resources to carefully evaluate every piece of information that reaches us – as a result we may turn to feelings to make some decisions. Therefore it is inevitable that we will make at least some mistakes. We can only hope that our mistakes are comical rather than tragic. The authors thank Professor Maryanne Garry for her invaluable guidance and her inspiring mentorship on these and other projects. Alter, A, Oppenheimer, D 2006: Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. 103, 9369-9372. Alter, A, Oppenheimer, D 2008: Psychonomic Bull. & Rev. 15, 985-990. Alter, A; Oppenheimer, D 2009: Personality and Soc. Psych. Rev. 13, 219-236. Clark, SE; Wells, GL 2008: Law & Human Behavior 32, 406-422. Dihydrogen Monoxide – DHMO Homepage. (2010).dhmo.org Freed, G; Clark, S; Butchart, A; Singer, D; Davis, M 2010: Pediatrics, 125, 653-659. Hasher, L; Goldstein, D; Toppino, T 1977: J. Verbal Learning & Verbal Behavior 16, 107-112. NZ Herald 2007:www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/news/article.cfm?c_id=1&objectid=10463579 Rao, A; Monroe, K 1989: J. Marketing Research, 26, 351-357. Reber, R; Schwarz, N 1999: Consciousness & Cognition 8, 338-342. Tversky, A; Kahneman, D 1973: Cognitive Psych. 5, 207-232. Unkelbach, C 2007: J. Exp. Psych.: Learning, Memory, & Cognition 33, 219-230.

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Starting the new school year is an exciting and stressful time for teachers. This page (which is excerpted from The Cornerstone book) will help you plan and prepare for the first day of school while maintaining your sanity. Planning for the first weeks of school If it’s any consolation to a stressed-out teacher in August, let me assure you, the start of school is definitely the hardest time, and things WILL get easier as the school year progresses! I think that’s good news, because we as teachers get the worst part over with right away. There are days in the beginning of the year in which you want to collapse by noon because you are so exhausted/ That’s totally normal, even for veteran teachers! So if you’re close to having a nervous breakdown and school hasn’t even begun yet, be encouraged. There will be other stressful points in the year, certainly- but by the end of September, you’ll be over the first- and biggest- hurdle. There is light at the end of the tunnel! When preparing for their first job, new teachers often talk to people and find resources that guide them to make two mistakes in their thinking: - Planning for the very first day is the most important thing - Having back-to-school activities is essential The truth is that creating, introducing, modeling, and reinforcing your procedures and routines is the most critical task you will need to focus on and accomplish in the beginning of the year. You will be setting the tone for your class throughout the first several weeks of school. You will be constantly reinforcing your rules and routines because you can’t teach all of your procedures on the first day, and students need lots of modeling and practice. Plan ahead–what will you do on the SECOND day of school? It’s important to think out how you will reinforce your routines the following week, and the week after that. (Don’t worry, I’ve created an entire section of my website that’s devoted to showing you how to create, introduce, and reinforce routines and procedures). The second misperception comes from the wealth of resources about what to “do” with the kids on the first day of school. You teach them, that’s what! Rules, routines, procedures, and then academics as soon as possible. You don’t need a bunch of cutesy get-to-know-you games mixed in with “curriculumlite”–in fact, many principals are cracking down on this tradition and insisting that new curriculum be taught on the first day of school. Whether you think that’s too extreme or not, the best teachers do get procedures in place quickly so they can get down to business right away. You only have your children for 10 months- you cannot afford to waste a week or two on back to school activities. The exception to this is when those activities are educational, but that is seldom the case- the purpose is generally to get kids acclimated and ready to learn. If students know your expectations and procedures, and your classroom tone is safe and inviting, students will adjust easily within your regular curriculum and routines. Preparing for classroom and behavior management The most important thing you can do is plan out your routines (the regular procedures). All of them. Pencil sharpening, bathroom privileges, passing in papers, even stacking chairs on desks at the end of the day. Figure out exactly what you want kids to do, and how to communicate those expectations to them. The more specific you are, the less room there will be for students to misinterpret or push the limits of what is acceptable. Write down the procedures you plan in case you forget or if you are put on the spot, and leave the list for substitutes so they can reference it when needed. Don’t worry, you can always change things later. It’s better to say to students, “You know? I don’t thinking this way is working, let’s try this” than to let the classroom be a free-for-all until you have it all figured out. (By the way, even after thirty years in the classroom, you won’t EVER have it all figured out. I still try new procedures and routines every year, looking for the optimal way to make my classroom run smoothly. That’s part of the art of teaching- enjoy the possibilities!). You can’t teach it all the first day. You have to prioritize which routines must be taught first thing, which can be taught later in the day, and which can wait for later in the week. How to move about in the classroom (no running), where to hang coats and backpacks, and hand-raising policies are things you will probably cover as the situations arise naturally within the first half hour of the children being in the room. Later, you can practice hall behavior, bathroom expectations, pencil sharpening routines, and rules/ conflict resolution. (With my Pre-K children I would talk about friendship and respect as soon as the class was settled down, so that I could begin to model problem solving, rather than spend the day intervening in conflicts. Young children are in school to learn social skills, so I think that is appropriate. With elementary-aged kids, I generally wait until the afternoon or the second day because they already have some knowledge of what is appropriate and what isn’t in school). In the afternoon, you can teach them how to head their papers, homework procedures, and dismissal routines. On the second day, you will explicitly reinforce what you have already taught, and add things such as how to pass in papers, distribute supplies, and participate in teaching techniques you plan to use (think-pair-share, partner reading, noise level monitoring devices, three-before-me, etc.). On the How to Create Class Rules page, you’ll learn the difference between rules and procedures, how to set class rules/goals and introduce them to children in the beginning of the year, and find guidelines for choosing logical consequences. Guidelines for choosing back-to-school activities Remember the purpose of your back to school activities- to set up an environment conducive to learning and reinforce procedures and rules so that you can begin to teach the curriculum as soon as possible. If an activity does not contribute to that goal, why use it? - If you are a beginning teacher (or a veteran who gets easily stressed out), keep it very,very simple. You can always try those elaborate lessons later inthe year, or next school year. - Pick activities that require very little planning and prep work on your part, and that use few materials.You don’t want to be in the middle of a project and realize you don’t have tempera paint or pipe cleaners, because your students will require your constant and full attention on the first day of school. - Choose several activities which your students can do independently, even if it’s asimple word search or coloring page.You may not plan to use them, but if an urgent issue comes up, you need to have something to engage the students. You may also need a few minutes of ‘down time’ for yourself. The slideshow below features some excellent books to read aloud during the first week of school. Many of them address students’ fears, while others help you set classroom expectations. I’ve also included a few teacher resource books that I think have great back-to-school activities. Also, on the 5 Pro-Active Strategies page, I’ve included book recommendations specifically designed to help you set expectations–they’re great to read during the first few days of school. When to start teaching academic concepts You can introduce academic concepts on the first day if you and your students are ready, the second day at the latest. Your activities could be as simple as a Mad Minute addition drill kids that love, a spelling game, or map activities- you don’t have to get into the text immediately, but do start working. The children are there to learn, not to get to know each other- after the second day, let that part happen naturally. Procedures and routines can be built right into academic lessons. For example, plan a shorter-than-normal writing prompt so you can spend fifteen minutes teaching how to head papers. Plan a brief math lesson using manipulatives so you can introduce the items to the children and practice using them correctly first. When and how to start reading group and center routines This will depend on your comfort level, how well you have established routines, how mature your group is, and of course, the requirements of your administration. Usually, between the third and fourth weeks of school is about right. However, this is a slow process. It’s a critical part of two of the most important tasks you will tackle this year: maintaining order in your classroom and teaching your students to read. It takes considerable time and attention at the beginning of the year to make the process run smoothly. I would advise you not to worry about reading groups before school starts, because you’ve got more immediate matters to attend to. Frequently Asked Questions What if I’ve forgotten to plan for a procedure or routine? While it’s important to plan things out in advance, it just isn’t possible to prepare for every eventuality. The good news, whether you realize it or not yet, is that teachers are good at thinking on their feet! Handle newsituations as they arise–it’s better to have to change a procedure than to not introduce one at all and let the kids run the show however they want. Just remember that your students will have to un-learn any routines you create (or don’t create, and therefore don’t enforce) once you know what you want them to do. You can find information about planning for arrival/dismissal routines, bathroom/hallway/water fountain procedures, collecting/distributing papers, and more in the Routines and Procedures section of this website. How do I prepare when I don’t have a classroom or can’t access it yet? Sometimes you won’t be able to do much until the last minute because you don’t know which school or grade level you’ll be in, or you can’t access your room for some reason. (One year my school was being painted and the contractors were behind schedule. The estimated completion date was August 16th–the students’ first day of school!) In those situations, the best thing to do is gather your ideas and plan your routines. That year, I used my summer to do lots of research on word walls and morning messages, plus I made centers that I knew second graders would need no matter what the curriculum looked like (since I didn’t have the documents yet). Try to get in contact with other teachers in your district who can explain things to you. You can also go to your school and school system’s website. Take a look at your union contract (which is probably available online) and take some time to get to know the district expectations–and your rights. If you read your contract, you can most likely find out how many hours your workday is, how much planning time you are entitled to, how many mandatory meetings can be held, and other info that is important to keep up with. You won’t have time to read that once school starts, so it’s a good thing to do early on. There’s no point in stressing out or worrying, so take a deep breath and try to relax! Help! I’m panicking! There is no way I’m going to get this all done before the first day of school I think every new teacher (and most veterans!) feel this way at the start of the year. Teachers always go around asking each other, “Are you ready? Are you ready?” and we all roll our eyes and say, “No, even if I had another week I would still have a million more things to do.” The good news is, not everything has to be done before the first day of school. Remember: You don’t have to grade anything right away. Don’t stay after school the first week marking papers–get your room and lessons together! It’s important not to let things pile up, but prioritize. You have eight more weeks before grades are due. What do I do with the supplies students send in? Children come in on the first day of school with all kinds of cool supplies, half of which weren’t on your list. They’ll also continue to bring in supplies during the first few weeks of school, especially in impoverished communities in which parents wait to shop until the payday after school starts. Have notebook paper and pencils ready to loan to those who come to school with nothing in their backpacks and decide how you will handle returning supplies you’ve lent out and the possibility of borrowing from other students. What if school is starting and I feel like my classroom still isn’t set up or organized the way I want it? That’s okay! Everything doesn’t have to be in place right away. Setting up takes awhile, and you’ll want to change things as you figure out how you want to use materials and space. I like to rearrange all year long. It takes the pressure off me in August because I know nothing is permanent, and I get to adapt things to accommodate the children’s changing needs. Is it normal to develop an eye twitch because I’m on complete information overload? YES. Even veteran teachers who have been at the same school teaching the same grade for years feel this way every August…if you don’t believe me, ask them! Teachers have a TON of information thrown at them during the fall, and between technology glitches, curriculum gaps, and procedural omissions and misinformation, EVERYONE feels like they’re getting way more information than they could ever possibly retain. Take good notes and keep your handouts organized and easily accessible (try taking your notebook and teaching guides home at night to review). It won’t be like this forever, I promise! Usually by the second week, I feel like I’m in my groove, and most new teachers begin feeling this way sometime during the first quarter. There is an end in sight! The beginning of the year is the most physically and intellectually draining for everyone, but you won’t be falling into bed exhausted EVERY night for the entire year. Be prepared to work extra hard now and you will reap the benefits quickly. And whatever you do, remember that feeling overwhelmed is completely normal, and that even if other teachers aren’t showing it, they’re experiencing beginning-of-the-year stress, too. You’re not an idiot because you’re unable to process everything the first time you hear it. It’s okay to do things wrong the first time, make lots of inadvertent mistakes, ask questions that have already been answered, have people repeat themselves, and get them to remind you of their names ‘one more time’. Founder and Writer If you are a teacher who is interested in contributing to the Truth for Teachers website, please click here for more information.

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Almost every American college student has heard about the “Freshman 15” and it can be a daunting prospect for anyone entering college for the first time. Many freshmen want to maintain their weight or even lose a few pounds. However, the common view is that everyone gains weight during their first year. It’s important to note that while weight gain is common, it’s not always as much as 15 pounds. One review of longitudinal, peer-reviewed studies found that almost two-thirds of freshmen across several countries gained weight. These students gained at a rate that was much faster than that of the general population. However, another study showed that the average amount of weight students gained was just 2.7 pounds. Still, freshmen gained weight at a rate that was 5.5 times larger than that of the general population. So what does this mean if you’ve recently started college? While it’s possible that you could put on some pounds during your first year, it’s not inevitable. Knowing what can cause weight gain at this stage of your life is the first step in maintaining a healthy weight. Here are some of the most common reasons why freshmen see the number on the scale going up. Going to college is exciting but it can also be stressful. Students are often living on their own for the first time. They have to manage their finances, do well in their courses, and make new friends, all at the same time. Even the smartest freshmen can feel pressured when working on essays or preparing for exams. Unfortunately, stress leads to an increase in cortisol levels and elevated cortisol levels tend to cause weight gain. Also, it’s common for people to turn to food for comfort when they feel stressed. More specifically, they often turn to highly palatable foods that contain lots of fat and sugar. High school students often get regular home-cooked meals but college students typically don’t. Many get by on fast food, cafeteria meals, and pre-packaged, highly processed snacks. Eating foods that are high in calories can lead to weight gain over time. One study involving first-year college students found that those who lived on campus typically ate fewer fruits, vegetables, dairy products, and other healthy foods. Meanwhile, college students often burn the midnight oil or party all hours of the night. Eating late at night can also make it difficult to maintain a healthy weight. In one study, researchers found that individuals who ate between 11 p.m. and 5 a.m. ingested about 500 more calories per day than those who only ate during daylight hours. These individuals also gained about 3.5 pounds more annually. This could be because people who eat late tend to grab what’s most convenient and that’s most likely to be unhealthy high-calorie foods. This is especially the case on college campuses where food options can be limited. Increased Alcohol Intake An occasional drink won’t cause you to gain weight but frequent alcohol consumption can increase your calorie intake significantly and lead to weight gain. Each gram of alcohol contains seven calories and many drinks include mixers that provide even more calories from fat and carbohydrates. Alcohol may also increase your appetite and reduce your restraint where food is concerned. If you’re intoxicated, you may be more likely to consume foods that are high in salt and fat and low in nutrients. We all know that exercise is important for good physical and mental health. However, young people tend to become less active when they move from high school to college. They are often busy with classes, extracurricular activities, and part-time jobs. Those who aren’t athletes can easily find themselves becoming more sedentary. One piece of research found that on average, students sit for more than seven hours per day. People who sit for long periods burn fewer calories than those who are active. If you continue to eat the same way as you did when you were more active, you could gain weight. Underlying Health Issues Several health conditions that are linked to weight gain can develop during your college years. There’s also a correlation between major depressive disorder and weight gain, and this too is prevalent among college-aged people. College students can also develop binge eating disorder and other eating disorders that can lead to weight gain. These are all serious conditions that need to be treated by a medical professional. Tips for Managing Weight in College For many people, weight gain is undesirable since it affects the way they look and feel. However, you also need to consider that the things you do during your college years can affect your health later in life. Individuals who are overweight in their teenage years and 20s are more likely to be overweight as they get older. Gaining weight in early adulthood is also linked to a variety of chronic illnesses including type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and certain cancers. Therefore, it’s important that you take the necessary steps to prevent unwanted weight gain. Here are some of the things you can do. Try to find a way to include physical activity in your schedule. If you choose a form of exercise that you enjoy, you’ll be more likely to stick with it. Some people prefer group fitness classes while others are more comfortable following an online workout or even using a fitness app. You can also try jogging or swimming if you’d rather be outdoors. If you find it difficult to stick to an exercise routine, you can also incorporate more movement into your daily activities. This may mean taking the stairs between classes instead of using the elevators or walking to campus instead of driving or taking public transport if you live off-campus. These seemingly small changes can add up. You can also look for opportunities to get moving before the semester starts. Check out the campus rec center for interesting classes and activities before the start of school so you can add them to your schedule. This will help to ensure that you don’t get so busy with classes and other things that you don’t have time for exercise. Watch What You Eat It’s easy to grab fast food but if you want to reduce or maintain your weight, you need to make healthier choices. Make it a priority to eat nutrient-dense foods at mealtimes. This means consuming fruit, vegetables, whole grains, and lean proteins such as chicken breast, turkey, and salmon. These foods will make you feel fuller for longer and you’ll have less room for fatty or carbohydrate-heavy options. When you heard to the campus cafeteria consider: - Filling your plate with salads and vegetables - Eating bread, fries, and other carbs in moderation - Opting for grilled, baked, or steamed meats instead of fried - Skipping soda or juice and drinking water instead - Limiting sugar-laden desserts and having a piece of fruit instead In addition to preventing undesired weight gain, you’ll also have more energy to get you through the day. Eating healthily doesn’t mean you won’t snack between meals. However, you do need to plan ahead so you can have some nutritious choices at hand. Nuts are an excellent option since they contain both protein and healthy fats. However, you can also keep some high-fiber snack bars in your dorm room or pair fruit slices with nut butter when you need both nutritious carbs and fats. When cravings hit, you won’t have to turn to unhealthy, overly-processed snacks that could increase your weight. Manage Your Stress Levels There are many different ways to reduce stress so you’ll need to find the strategies that work best for you. You can try studying or doing your homework outdoors, practicing yoga or meditation between classes, journaling at the end of a long day, or listening to music. It can also be helpful to create a schedule and stick to it. When you know exactly what you have to do and when you have to do it, you’ll be less overwhelmed. If you can’t find a healthy way to manage stress on your own, talk to a mental health professional either on or off-campus. Get A Good Night’s Rest It’s a normal part of the college experience to spend a few late nights out with friends or at home studying. However, a lack of sleep has been linked to obesity in adolescents so you should try to get at least seven hours of sleep most nights of the week. To help ensure you fall asleep and stay asleep, you can try: - Reducing screen time before bed - Limiting your caffeine intake late in the day - Not exercising within two to three hours of bedtime - Avoiding nicotine - Not eating heavy meals before bed - Ensuring your bedroom is dark, quiet, and at a comfortable temperature Build a Strong Support System If you have certain health and wellness goals, you need to surround yourself with people who are of a similar mind. It will be much harder to eat healthy foods, exercise, and get adequate rest if your friends are encouraging you to do the opposite. Now that you’re away from your family, you need to build new relationships with people who support your physical and mental health. Joining a club that interests you is a great way to make new friends. Seek Diagnosis and Treatment for Underlying Health Issues Weight gain isn’t always due to lifestyle choices. If you notice that you’re rapidly putting on weight and there’s no obvious reason for it, you should see a doctor. This is especially important if you’re experiencing other symptoms of poor health. You need to find out if you have any underlying conditions that cause weight gain so don’t skip regular checkups. Many college students find it easy and convenient to visit the health center on campus. Once you’ve received a diagnosis, make sure you follow your doctor’s advice. Final Thoughts on College Weight Gain It’s clear that many first-year college students gain weight even though it’s often less than the infamous 15 pounds. However, entering college doesn’t automatically mean you’ll start packing on the pounds. The reasons for weight gain are numerous and often complex. However, your diet and lifestyle choice are within your control. We’ve identified some of the ways in which you can reach or maintain your desired weight. Try these tips and seek professional help if you need additional support with your health journey.

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Recent NWEA research shows that reading gains were lower for kids in grades 3–8 during COVID-19. It also shows that children from underrepresented groups, including Black and Latino students, were more likely to struggle with reading during the 2020–21 school year than before the pandemic. What is less clear is exactly why students are having a hard time. Are they having trouble with foundational skills, like phonological awareness or comprehension? Would students benefit from widening and deepening their knowledge of topics and themes? Now that we know that some kids may be struggling with reading, we can spend time with our own students to figure out why—and create a plan that results in reading growth. Dig deep with data Despite all the uncertainty the pandemic has foisted on teaching and learning, one thing we know for sure is that reading instruction must focus on both foundational skills and comprehension to be effective in K–5. This distinction is beyond critical: both require their own set of unique interventions. While this is true every year, it has been exacerbated by the disrupted reading instruction during COVID-19. The story of the pandemic year is one of resilience. […] Now is the time to recognize students’ strengths and build on them. As you plan your literacy instruction in the coming weeks and months, we encourage you to be creative in your exploration of the root causes if you see significant drops in your students’ reading assessment scores. Schools and districts should take a triangulated approach to understand their data, including examining spring state summative data, which is closely connected to grade-level expectations; analyzing high-quality formative assessment data; making student observations; and even conducting student interviews. It’s equally important to look critically at foundational skills in grades 3 and 4 to ensure they’re not the reason for low reading comprehension for those kids. Stay the course It’s also imperative that you remain steady when approaching reading instruction for kids in grades 3–8 this fall. Resist the temptation to move too quickly or assume the need to backfill. As my colleague Ted Coe explains in a recent post about taking math instruction slowly, “The story line shouldn’t be impossible to follow, there should be no plot holes, and the experience should feel anything but random.” The same is true of literacy instruction. We can also harm students by underestimating their potential and denying them the opportunity to be challenged. Here are some specific things you can do to keep the bar high for all your students and help them grow as readers this year. 1. Be consistent and focused in determining skills gaps by using formative assessment data early and often High-quality formative data is your friend. Your students tell you all day long what they do and do not yet understand. Having a systematic way to collect and analyze feedback will pay off in the long run, as you can see patterns of clarity and confusion. To better understand the role of formative assessment, read “What is formative assessment?” and “How formative assessment boosts metacognition and learning.” In my ELA classroom, one of my favorite ways to collect informal formative data was with a Socratic seminar. Students would sit in a circle, facing each other, and I would sit on the outside. My job was to take notes (once students understood how to run a seminar without my guidance). Students were responsible for leading and continuing the discussion: developing questions, responding to and challenging each other, offering new insights and analyses. [O]ne thing we know for sure is that reading instruction must focus on both foundational skills and comprehension to be effective in K–5. During the seminar, each student was given three paper clips. Each paper clip represented one time to talk. As each student spoke, I recorded the conversation and I wrote down questions they asked, analyses they offered, text they cited. At the end of the seminar, I would read my notes and could easily see what students understood about the text, what they understood deeply, and where they were still seeking to understand. I designed instruction for the next time I saw my students so it began with what they understood. I built cognitive bridges through my questions and discussion activities between what they knew and what they had yet to learn. By starting with their strengths, as evidenced by the discussion, I took an assets-based approach where students could collect some easy wins and made clear connections to places where they needed more teacher-led support. Which leads me to my next tip. 2. Determine students’ strengths and build on those instead of focusing solely on what they can’t do yet Taking an assets-based approach will yield more fruit than a deficits-based one. All students come with a diversity of cultural capital and a wealth of assets. Once we know what students can do, we can build on top of those. My first year teaching, I would ask my students “What don’t you understand?” after reading a text. That never got me much further than a room of confused looks and the one brave soul who was willing to volunteer as a tribute to my very ineffective question. By my third year, I began saying “Ok, tell me what you do understand in the text. Even if the detail seems minuscule, let me have it!” That created space for every student to respond and be a part of the class community while I got the necessary information: by listening to the details of what they understood, I also heard what was left out (and, thus, maybe not understood) and what information they misunderstood. This made it easier for me to move forward effectively in my instruction. 3. Teach students high-quality, complex, grade-level text during instruction Countless literacy experts agree that students must be given access to grade-level texts, regardless of what their reading level may be. Offering them anything else sells them short, exacerbates inequity, and does little to help them gain skills and perform well on summative tests. These are texts that students benefit from having a teacher guide them through, texts they may not be able to read and understand deeply on their own. Both classic texts, like Where the Red Fern Grows by Wilson Rawls and James and the Giant Peach by Roald Dahl, and more modern ones, like Esperanza Rising by Pam Muñoz Ryan and Chasing Freedom by Nikki Grimes, are worthy of students’ time and attention, and they benefit from teacher-led exploration during instructional time. High-quality formative data is your friend. Scaffolding can help you make these texts more accessible to your students. For guidance on how to scaffold effectively in your classroom, read “7 ways to use ZPD and scaffolding to challenge and support students,” “Let’s talk equity: Reading levels, scaffolds, and grade-level text,” and “Guided reading reimagined: How to close reading gaps with differentiation and scaffolding.” 4. Take a multimodal approach to literacy development Pair reading instruction with high-quality writing instruction and experiences, plus speaking and listening. Writing is an integral skill that expresses and deepens content knowledge in every academic subject area. The ability to amplify writing, attuning to both the development process and the development of content-rich ideas, is a skill that yields big benefits for students. Writers express new ideas, generate and share arguments, create whole new imaginary worlds, and codify information for generations to come, as Steve Graham explains in “Changing how writing is taught.” Students should practice writing daily in different forms, from engaging in quick writes to express immediate understanding to developing and revising longer, substantive pieces that take time to craft, mold, and perfect. Speaking and listening provide different entry points to texts and topics, and talking to peers often results in students shaping and sharpening their own thoughts. Consider using clips from content-rich podcasts or documentaries like But Why: A Podcast for Curious Kids to spark student interest and as a jumping-off point for discussion. 5. Build knowledge with rich and interesting informational and nonfiction texts on a variety of topics Schema is important to reading development. The “Baseball Study” by Donna Recht and Lauren Leslie strongly correlated students’ prior knowledge and reading ability. We can go one step further and intentionally build on prior knowledge with content-rich, meaty, and interesting texts that deepen understanding, introduce conflicting or contrasting information for students to negotiate, and create schematic connections with other information. 6. Promote content-specific instruction on discipline-specific texts across the school day Reading and writing across disciplines have their own unique needs; therefore, students need direct, explicit, and tailored literacy instruction in different academic contexts, and teachers need knowledge of discipline-specific literacy strategies to be able to provide that quality literacy instruction. Student success is contingent on their literacy within different disciplines, so mastery in the content areas depends on how literate students are in the discipline. Comprehension processes vary by what and why one is reading: there are at least 18 differences between narrative and informational processing, and recent research by Nir Jacoby and Evelina Fedorenko has concluded there are differences in brain activity depending on text genre. As such, instruction in reading, writing, and communicating is a responsibility shared by teachers across disciplines, as each discipline demands and deserves attention on how to prepare students to read accurately and communicate appropriately and effectively in a matter reflective of each content area. Countless literacy experts agree that students must be given access to grade-level texts, regardless of what their reading level may be. Discipline-specific literacy instruction can be used to bolster students’ understanding of the content itself. Consider reviewing one of Odell Education’s model Integrated Writing Units for Science and Social Studies to get ideas about how writing can be used in a meaningful and rich way in different disciplines. 7. Be intentional and consistent about developing vocabulary across the school day Vocabulary has a strong connection to comprehension, and the benefits of a rich and robust vocabulary cannot be overstated. Quite simply, students struggle with texts where they don’t understand the words, both the denotation and connotation. Vocabulary creates tone in the text and shapes meaning. Have expectations for students to use academic vocabulary in speech and writing. More vocabulary is learned orally than in print, so encourage students to use vocabulary words under study during conversation. Remember that vocabulary doesn’t retire, either, so model vocabulary use during instruction for newly introduced words and past words, too. Set expectations for students to use newly and previously acquired words in formal and informal written assignments, and ask students how they would use a word learned in your class in another class. Be sure to also connect vocabulary to lessons on tone by sharing different words with a similar meaning (for example, “excited,” “animated,” “hysterical”) and asking students, “How does the tone or meaning change if the word changes?” Use emojis as a metaphorical bridge to vocabulary. Onward and upward! The story of the pandemic year is one of resilience. Teachers and students stepped up during a very uncertain and challenging time. Now is the time to recognize students’ strengths and build on them: What can they do? What do they understand? Where are they now, where do they need to be by the end of the year, and what can I do today to get them to the goal? Emphasizing a multimodal approach to literacy by systematically and intentionally teaching writing and providing students ongoing experiences to speak and listen advances literacy and provides different entry points for students to show what they know.

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05 Low Temperature Corrosion in Cement Plants Christian Suchak Volker Hoenig Manuscript Download 05 Low Temperature Corrosion in Cement Plants Christian Suchak Volker Hoenig Manuscript... Low temperature corrosion in cement plants Christian Suchak, Volker Hoenig; VDZ, Duesseldorf, Germany Introduction Corrosion describes a wide topic and summarizes all the miscellaneous corrosion types within one term. The speed and severity of corrosion depend on a number of factors, which in the end define the actual corrosion mechanism. Looking at the corrosion problem in a cement plant, two basic types of corrosion can be distinguished. Corrosion at temperatures above 400 °C is described as high temperature corrosion and beneath 400 °C as low temperature corrosion. In case of low temperature corrosion it is always implied that an aqueous electrolyte takes part in the electrochemical reaction, so that a cathodic and anodic reaction takes place. This rough classification allows allocating the different components of a cement plant to these corrosion types. Basically all aggregates downstream of the preheater, the bypass filter as well as the clinker cooler filter are subject to low temperature corrosion. Major equipment parts such as dedusting units or chimneys have often high maintenance requirements related to corrosion damages which cause additional costs for the operating companies. Figure 1 & 2: Corroded sidewalls of a bag house Possible corrosion mechanisms The gas way of cement plants are subjected to corrosion damage. In the process gas are gaseous and solid chloridic and sulphatic compounds present which have corrosive properties. The oxygen and water vapour in the gas atmosphere provide for oxidizing conditions. Carbon dioxide, originating from the decarbonisation reaction of calcium carbonate and fuel combustion, has both oxidizing and carburizing characteristics. As soon as water and in particular different kinds of acids are condensing, the metal parts are subject to corrosion. In table 1 hypothetical acids present in the waste gases of cement plants are summarized. Table 1: Acids with corrosive potential occurring in the waste gas path of cement plants during running operation Acid Nitrous acid HNO2 Nitric acid HNO3 Hydrochloric acid HCl Sulphurous acid H2SO3 Sulphuric acid H2SO4 For the formation of nitrous, nitric and sulphurous acid condensed water is required. The gas agents are physically dissolved in water and form the various acids and could oppose a corrosive threat to the metal. Figure 3: SO3-Measurement in a low dust gas environment Corrosion during kiln operation Inspections of different precipitators during major maintenance stops showed in general signs of both extensive and uniform damages as well as sign of pitting. Both these types of corrosion damages can be caused by acids (cf. Figure 1&2). A possible explanation for this corrosion occurrence could be the condensation of sulphuric acid during the running clinker production. If a considerable concentration of SO3 is present in these flue gases, it reacts with the water vapour beneath 500 °C to H2SO4. Then the acid can condensate on all open metal surfaces by reaching the sulphuric acid dew point. Until today, the widely observed phenomenon of corrosion and the hypothesis of the existence of sulphuric acid corrosion in cement plants have not been investigated systematically yet. Therefore, hardly any scientific studies have been conducted in this matter so far, also no systematically verified measurements of SO3 in high dust atmospheres at a cement plant have been reported. Additionally, the existing measuring techniques for determining SO3 and H2SO4 respectively in flue gases are exclusively designed for power plant environments (cf. Figure 3). Such measurements are regularly carried out in the power industry at dust loads of max 1 g/Nm³. In comparison, the flue gases of cement plants can have - depending on the point of process - a dust load of 30 – 500 g/Nm³. The regular measuring equipment is not usable for such conditions. A new measuring technique was therefore necessary to be able firstly to measure and secondly assess the possibility of the existence of SO3/H2SO4 and furthermore to determine whether the prevailing concentrations are harmful or can be neglected. The determination of acidic components in high dust flue gases All conventional measuring techniques used to determine gas components in flue gases consist of probes which are equipped with ceramic and sintered metal filters respectively. Over time a considerable amount of dust builds up on the filter surface and in filter pores and a closed dust layer is formed. The measured gas has to pass this dust layer and is subject to the risk of chemical reactions. This problem was confirmed by several measurements done with a conventional probe and a continuously working SO2-analyzer. After five minutes the dust layer starts to absorb the major amount of SO2 (cf. Figure 5). It is therefore not possible to rule out a false measurement of highly reactive gas components such as SO3/H2SO4. Therefore, an electrostatic precipitator was developed to avoid this problem. With this equipment several measurements in different cement plants were successfully executed (cf. Figure 4). Figure 4: SO3-Measurement in a high dust gas environment The measurements done with the newly developed measuring probe showed considerable amounts of SO3 (measured as H2SO4). In some cases Figure 5: Continuous SO2-measurement with a conventional gas probe concentrations up to 90 mg/Nm³ were found. Therefore qualitative and quantitative proof of H2SO4 existence in flue gases has been verified. This underlines the possibility that H2SO4 can occur even in environments with nearly pure carbonate particles, particularly considering the common dust loads of 30 - 500 g/m³. With regard to the confirmation of the H2SO4 existence in the clinker burning process, it is suggested that this compound is generated in the top cyclone stages of the preheater. Then, at temperatures of 400 – 600 °C the geogenic sulphides are oxidizing to SO2. Furthermore high amounts of catalytic effective oxides like Al2O3, SiO2 and Fe2O3 , as part of the kiln feed, are suspended in the atmosphere of the cyclones. Figure 6: H2SO4 isothermal dew point curves for a cement plant important partial pressure ranges and plant measurements Through the heterogenic catalytic chemical reaction SO2 is been oxidized to SO3. During the cooling in the conditioning tower or in the raw mill, the SO3 reacts at temperatures beneath 500 °C with water in the gas atmosphere to H2SO4 . The calculations of the sulphuric acid dew points of the performed SO3 measurements have been executed with the following empirical determined equation : 122.4 27.6 lg p H 2O 18.7 lg p H 2 SO 4 With ϑ as the acid dew point in °C, pH2O as the partial pressure of water and pH2SO4 as the partial pressure of sulphuric acid, both in mmHg. The results of the plant measurements are shown in figure 6. The graph displays a selection of measurements in comparison with the theoretical acid dew point at different temperatures. Several measurements are well below the acid isothermal curve of 130 °C. Since in many cement plants the exhaust temperature is below 130 °C, especially in mill on operation, precipitation of acid takes place. Correspondingly under these conditions the sulphuric acid is present as a condensate and can cause active corrosion. This supports the earlier mentioned hypothesis that the observed corrosion could be partially caused by sulphuric acid. Measures against low temperature corrosion in cement plants Considering the measured amount of sulphuric acid and compared to the observed extend of corrosion it is to consider that also other factors could cause these partially heavy damages. Cement plants without considerable amounts of H2SO4 in the flue gases show in some cases also severe damages. This leads to the assumption that the observed corrosion is not solely caused by the presence of sulphuric acid. During periods of time of short or long down-times the temperatures of the flue gases are dropping considerably and water condensates freely. In all likelihood other corrosive compounds and corrosive agents in the flue gases are also taking part in the active metal corrosion. But these corrosion mechanisms are not discussed any further, because it goes beyond the scope of this paper. In general three possibilities to avoid low temperature corrosion caused by H2SO4 condensation can be defined as following measures: electrochemical protection influencing the properties of the reactants and/or changing the reaction conditions respectively separation of the metal from the corrosive environment However not all mentioned possible actions are economically feasible. Especially the first measure is much too costly and practically not achievable. In regard of the second point not much can be done effectively too. It is not feasible to lower the SO3generation by using different sources of raw materials, merely if alternative materials contribute significantly to low volatile sulphur input. Figure 7: Protective coating in a bag house Also the conditions in the waste gas path are somewhat fixed and cannot be varied much. It´s only in cases when SO2 abatement is applied, that this could be adapted to SO3 minimization by means of Ca(OH)2 injections directly after the preheater. The neutralisation reaction of SO3 works chemically as of SO2. So by applying effective SO2-reduction systems immediately after the preheater, the absolute amount of acids in the flue gas can be reduced and therefore the corrosive potential. amount of preparation before implementation. The different coefficients of thermal expansion of the coating and metal have to be considered too. So the surfaces of all areas which are to be coated have to be especially prepared to avoid localized mechanical stress and spalling of the coating (cf. figure 8). The application of high alloyed acid resistant steels is a last possible measure to avoid high material losses. But it also implicates high material and erection costs which are in most cases not expedient. Special attention could be given to the temperature level of the exhaust gas. As long the temperature is well above the correspondent acid dew point, no acid will condensate and cause corrosion. In some cases the increase of the waste gas temperature of 10 °C would be sufficient to avoid any condensations. It´s also important to make sure that a proper insulation of all affected aggregates is maintained. Therefore it is crucial to avoid any false air leakages so that no low gas temperatures can occur locally, which could lead to major water and acid condensations. With the application of a protective coating of the affected areas by organic coatings an effective corrosion protection can be achieved (cf. figure 7) . But this measure is also cost-intensive and requires a high Mazeika L., Sherin B., Cardwell B.: Repairing a corroded baghouse filter at the Durkee cement plant by coating the surface; Cement International 5 (2004) 2; pp. 100-103 Figure 8: Spalling of an organic coating because of too high mechanical stress Wickert K.: Chemische Umsetzungen im Feuerraum der Schmelzkammerkessel; BWK 9 (1957); pp. 105-118 Rolker J.: Zur elektrischen Messung des Säuretaupunktes von SO3-haltigen Rauchgasen; Dissertation; Universität Stuttgart; 1973 Haase R., Borgmann H.-W.: Präzisionsmessungen zur Ermittlung von Säuretaupunkten; Mitteilungen der VGB 76 (1962) 2; S. 16-19 Personal information: Solnhofer Portland-Zementwerke GmbH & Co. KG, Germany

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Intestinal health is an intricate and complex area combining nutrition, microbiology, immunology, and physiology, and has a key role to play. When intestinal health is compromised, digestion and nutrient absorption are affected which, in turn, can have a detrimental effect on feed intake and conversion leading to economic loss and a greater susceptibility to diseases. Unfortunately, most of the intestinal health problems remain undiscoverable because they are not necessarily reflected in clinical symptoms. In advanced stages, however, such problems may become too severe to be controlled with a resulting low production and high mortality levels. The following is a review of feeding and management strategies to be observed when attempting to alleviate intestinal health problems and the production hazards associated therewith. Recent work has indicated that provision of nutrients in ovo or immediately after hatch can alter ontogeny of the gut by stimulating development of enteric cells including enterocytes and goblet cells. Such an alteration of the gut morphology has resulted in heavier body weights and muscle weights of broilers through day 35 of age. It has also been found that early feeding is important for proliferation of the stem cells which act against environmental pathogens. This is particularly important in situations where little or no antibiotics are allowed in the feed. It was found that feeding whole wheat to broiler chickens reduced the number of Salmonella typhimurium and C. perfringens in the intestinal tract of birds, and hence reduced mortality associated therewith. For example, the use of wheat finely ground with a hammer mill has in some cases increased mortality to 28.9% compared to a mortality of 18.1% when using wheat coarsely ground with a roller mill. In other studies, however, the feeding of whole wheat or coarsely ground wheat to broiler chickens experimentally infected with coccidiosis has enhanced development of Eimeria tenella in the caecum. This resulted in significantly lower weight gain in the whole wheat group compared with ground wheat-fed broilers. From these studies, it can be concluded that when the GI tract is healthy, inclusion of whole wheat into the diet may help improve digestive tract function and immunity, but when integrity of the GI tract is already impaired through microbial invasion, then inclusion of whole grains may decrease performance. The increased protein level of the diet can be a contributing factor to necrotic enteritis in broiler chickens, which usually occur 2 to 6 weeks post hatching. This is due to the over growth of C. perfringens in the small intestine, increasing from a normal level of 104 CFU to 107 or 109 CFU per gramme of digesta and causing clinical disease. With the increased dietary protein level, there will also be an increased activity of the enzyme trypsin in the small intestine. This will, in turn, lead to faster release of coccidia from their oocytes which eventually become so active as to be less responsive to vaccination. In cases where such bacterial and protozoan agents are likely to prevail, it may then be beneficial, among other measures, to reduce the supply of protein and maintain it below the recommended range. It is also important to consider the amino acid balance of the protein source to be used. Methionine and glycine, for example, have long been known to stimulate growth and establishment of C. perfringens and other pathogens in the gut. Therefore, the use of protein sources having excessive amounts of these amino acids should be minimised. Also, there are some protein sources such as raw soybean, cottonseed meal, and flax cakes, which contain varying amounts of anti-nutritional factors such as trypsin inhibitors, gossypol, and glucosides, respectively. When ingested by the bird, these factors would then exert some damaging effects on the small intestine, thereby impairing the immune apparatus having not only local but also systemic protective functions. Excessive use of such protein sources in the diet should, therefore, be avoided as well. A study was connected to compare the effects of two different fat sources (10% lard and tallow vs 10% soy oil) on bacterial community in the ileum of broiler chickens receiving diets supplemented with antibiotics containing avilamycin (10 mg/kg of feed) and salinomycin (40 mg/kg of feed). Results are given in Table 1. The improved response of chickens to antibiotic treatment with the soy oil over the animal fat diet could be attributed to the higher content of unsaturated fatty acids in the soy oil, which increases solubility in the micellar phase and hence facilitates dispersion of antibiotics in the small intestine. The type of fat source may also indirectly influence gut microflora through its impact on viscosity of digesta, intestinal transit time, bile salt hydrolase activity, and digestion in the small intestine. Fibre has an effect on the microbial profile of the gut through production of short-chain fatty acids (SCFA). In studies with diets containing corn, wheat, and soybean meal (3.1% crude fibre), the production of SCFA in the caecum was only 22 mg/g of caecal sample, and has increased to 51 mg/g when adding soybean hulls to bring the fibre level up to 5.7%. The increased production of SCFA due to addition of the fibre source to the diet was linked with a bacteriostatic effect on some enteric bacteria such as C. perfringens, which has, in turn, improved health and performance of birds. Garlic is a feed additive that is frequently used in the Mediterranean region. It contains about 17% protein 0.8% fat, 3% minerals, with varying amounts of vitamins (thiamine, riboflavin, and niacin) and enzymes (allinase, peroxidase, and myrosinase). In addition, garlic contains about 0.2% volatile oils which are particularly released when the plant is processed into powder form. It has been shown that garlic constituents interact with the gut endocrine system, and are hence able to stimulate selective population of intestinal cells and cause enlargement of intestinal villi, particularly in the duodenum section, with a resulting increase of the absorptive capacity (Table 2). This mechanism could provide a clue for the improved weight gain of chickens despite the reduced intake of garlic-supplemented diets. In other reports, it has been suggested that incorporation of garlic powder into poultry diets helps reduce the turn-over rate and the number of sloughed cells in the intestinal epithelium, thereby saving large amounts of feed energy needed to perform this function and directing such energy to productive purposes. This could also be a factor contributing to the better feed efficiency observed with garlic-supplemented diets. The black cumin is also grown in the Mediterranean region, and has long been used as a therapeutic/flavouring agent in human food, particularly the bakery products. More recently, the herb has been introduced into poultry nutrition programs for therapeutic and nutritional purposes. Feeding of high dosages of powdered black cumin seeds to laying hens has been shown to decrease population of the harmful bacteria E.coli, probably due to its high content of crude acetone extract. Further, population of the beneficial bacteria Lactobacillus tends to increase with feeding of black cumin, but this effect was not statistically significant. The results suggest that the use of black cumin seed could be an effective alternative to synthetic antibiotics for promotion of poultry health and performance, in addition to the advantages of environment safety and low cost commercial feed formulation. Probiotics are live microbial feed supplements that are currently used in place of antibiotics which have been restricted through legislations enacted worldwide under social pressure. Diets supplemented with probiotics are beneficial to the bird, as they improve its intestinal microbial balance through competition for attachment sites in the GI tract. The bacteria of the probiotic attach to the intestinal mucosa, thereby forming a physical barrier that blocks the attachment of pathogenic bacteria. It has been shown that probiotics can effectively displace salmonella and other enteric pathogens colonising the GI tract of chickens. In one study, 80-90% reduction in salmonella recovery rates from challenged chickens treated with probiotic culture were typical. Similar effects have also been noticed for other pathogens such as C. coli and mycotoxins. In a large-scale commercial trial, administration of probiotics to turkeys increased body weight gain by about 230 grammes over 120 flocks evaluated, with similar gains observed in commercial trials with broilers. The birds were also healthier and had better resistance to various infectious diseases when fed on probiotics. This is probably due to the ability of probiotics to produce antimicrobial compounds, enzymes, and metabolites which stimulate specific and non-specific immune responses of chickens and hence enable them to resist various infections. It has been suggested that the use of organic acid salts, such as butyrate, is important for normal epithelial cells as evidenced by the improved villus length and crypt depth. They also lower the pH in the GI tract thereby providing an unsuitable medium for growth of the coliforms, which are often responsible for high chick mortality. In addition, the organic acid salts improve protein and energy digestibility by reducing microbial competition with the host for nutrients, and reducing production of growth depressing microbial metabolites. Probably, these could be the reasons that butyrate improve feed utilisation and lead to better performance in the birds (Table 3). There are other management strategies which also help maintain intestinal health and improve chick performance. These include the construction of chicken houses at adequate distances to avoid easy transmission of pathogens from one flock to another. Provision of appropriate brooding conditions such as temperature, ventilation, proper stocking density, and adequate access to feed and water. Preventing exposure of chickens to high noise stress (80 dB or more) over long periods of time and the selection of proper vaccines that cope well with the prevailing microbial conditions, with such vaccines to be used at the recommended times. References available upon request.

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In whose Responsibility is definitely the Responsibility to shield? The idea that nationwide sovereignty is actually a responsibility not just a right, may be the controversial idea at the heart with the emerging intercontinental norm of ‘responsibility to protect’ (R2P). This notion declares that states possess a responsibility to protect their particular populations via mass atrocities. If declares are possibly unable or perhaps unwilling for this then responsibility is adopted by the worldwide community to protect the populations in danger. This essay will discuss for what reason the United Nations (UN) contains most, although not all, from the responsibility intended for R2P. Specifically, when the ESTE fails to act to prevent genocide then responsibility transitions to the United States and regional capabilities. Through a communautaire and different range of duties there is a better guarantee that masse in danger are ultimately protected. In relation to this argument, this essay is going to discuss and analyse three key components; firstly, the particular ‘responsibility to protect’ is definitely and what common myths exist; second of all, how the EL is the best intercontinental organization to deal with responsibility for R2P although how attempting to fails to quit genocide; and lastly, how the United States and regional powers endure responsibility intended for R2P if the UN does not uphold it is responsibility. Ahead of any analysis concerning who also harbours greatest responsibility pertaining to the international norm of R2P is definitely contemplated, it is vital to understand how this idea became this kind of a prominent feature in the international program and just what it truly includes. Unquestionably, the calamitous developments in Somalia, Rwanda, Kosovo and Bosnia in the 1990’s began to systematically reshape symbole of condition sovereignty and intervention. The preceding, and unpopular, sentiment of a “right to intervene” was dismantled and converted. 1 The modern approach, which was introduced by International Commission payment on Intervention and Point out Sovereignty (ICISS) in a report late in 2001, was one entitled “the responsibility to protect”. The notion was formally maintained the ESTE General Set up at the World Summit in 2005. two The prominent components of the ICISS record managed to make it through within the content of the Outcome Document at the World Peak. The nucleus of the Outcome Document conveys that individual says have the responsibility to protect their populations coming from genocide, warfare crimes, cultural cleansing, and crimes against humanity. In addition, it states that the worldwide community must embolden claims to physical exercise this responsibility. It then extends to say that the international community, through the ALGUN, also has the responsibility to use appropriate diplomatic, education, and other calm means in order to help safeguard populations against such dreadful outcomes. In the event that crimes against humanity happen to be imminent, then collective actions would be considered by the Security Council over a case by case basis and might involve assistance with the relevant regional agencies and government authorities. All of which could only be deemed if tranquil means happen to be insufficient and national specialists are seemingly failing to protect their masse from this sort of atrocities. 3 However , since 2005 there has been a fair share of scepticism toward the theory. Countries in Asia, Latin America, sub-Saharan Africa plus the Arab-Islamic location have all displayed apprehension toward the norm, specifically claiming that R2P is nothing more than a Trojan Equine for the imperial and colonial powers. 4 Actually Venezuela’s president of the time, Hugo Chavez, burdened that the R2P notion would essentially provide the hobbies of the powerful by making it easier to intervene inside less-powerful countries. a few Reactions a lot like Chavez’s possess spawned an array of misconceptions about R2P throughout the world. The dominating misconception is the fact R2P is actually another term for the failed thought of humanitarian intervention. Though, plainly there are crucial differences. On the very main of humanitarian intervention was your idea of coercive military involvement for education purposes. However , R2P aims to take powerful action in the earliest feasible stage in order to stop genocide before that materializes, or perhaps spreads, by simply helping countries help themselves through foreign political, financial and support. 6 An additional popular fallacy of R2P has been that in all extreme cases R2P intends to use coercive armed service force. Certainly, it is necessary for a case to be extreme pertaining to military actions to be considered but it can be not adequate to conclude that force will need to then be employed. Indeed, R2P acknowledges that the norms of ‘just war theory’ must be met before a armed service intervention can be engaged, specifically: a proper intention, last resort, proportionality and stability of outcomes. A key sort of the application of this kind of criteria is a ongoing discord in Darfur. Evidently, the extremity tolerance has been reached in Darfur but a military intervention has not been recommended because such an action would likely infringement the latter two norms of just battle theory, those of proportionality and balance of consequences. 7 Now that these popular myths about R2P have been unmasked it is crucial to acknowledge whose responsibility is a R2P. Through this initial discussion it seems glaringly self-evident which the UN, through the Security Authorities, holds best responsibility to get the R2P doctrine. Nevertheless , when it comes to real life application of the R2P this self-evident impression becomes much less convincing. Evidently, R2P was destined to be a responsibility associated with an international organization when it was first constructed by the ICISS. And there does not exist a better international corporation than the ALGUN to issue and respond to global R2P crises. Without a doubt, the UN has a effective and respected record to get the facets of R2P that surround elimination and repairing for countries at risk utilizing strategies of development, aid and diplomacy. However , when question is portrayed about the UN it really is primarily regarding its capability to forcibly stop acts of genocide. almost eight Regrettably, the UN about numerous events has failed to stop and stop mass humanitarian atrocities. This has been specifically true for the reason that UN program simply does not have effective ability to undertake full-scale war promotions to respond to, mitigate or prevent genocide. When the Security Council offers authorized armed service action, it has been primarily through specially formed coalitions with the willing with out direct ESTE connections. This displays a crucial flaw in the UN program itself. The fact that it keeps the legitimate authority to do something but not the power, is complicated. And when considering preventing or mitigating speedy genocide, including the 800, 1000 butchered in Rwanda inside the space of three months, speedy military response is crucial. This kind of notion was emphasized within a resonating document by Friend Brian Urquhart in 1993 who petitioned the ESTE to institute a a few, 000 solid infantry offer force, beneath the direction in the Security Authorities. Such a force would be able to effectively and forcibly get involved to nullify violence early on in low-level but dangerous conflicts. Following the Rwandan genocide, General Romeo Dallaire announced that possessing a capable power of about 5, 500 rapidly accessible to him could have stopped, or at least mitigated, the genocide. 9 With Rwanda in mind, generally there does not seem to be any logistical argument for why the UN has not instituted a rapid reaction capacity for its own. However, political resistance from such a proposition continues to be widespread throughout the UN. 10 Although some of the resistance is definitely valid, there is still a willingness to disregard and ignore the lessons that must have been learnt from the Rwandan genocide. Still, the fundamental basis for why the UN has failed repeatedly has become because of the difference within the Secureness Council. Russian federation and Cina have over and over again exercised their veto power to halt any kind of international intervention on humanitarian education grounds. Normally they have defended their actions with total and unconditional support for state sovereignty, which operates contrary to the idea of R2P. Despite it is failings and internal concerns, the ESTE remains the only valid international organization while using necessary attributes of legitimacy and authority which have been required to perform the R2P initiative. 11 However , as discussed over, the EL often fails to react to mass acts of atrocity. And thus, it is this failure that dissolves a proportion of their R2P responsibility. If, claim, a ‘coalition of the willing’ had been prepared to intervene in Rwanda nevertheless they had not been authorized through the Reliability Council, should the coalition have intervened. 12 When the UN fails to intervene, or fails to give authority for a coalition of the ready to intervene, do other governments and regional powers maintain any responsibility for allowing genocide to happen. Do we merely place absolute, wholehearted responsibility and faith in the UN as well as its Security Council to prevent this kind of hideous results. The embarrassing passivity which the international community displayed in 1994 generated one of the most severe genocides considering that the Holocaust. Yet, the United Nations is still unwilling to address one of the structural and institutional problems that led to the inaction of 1994. Undoubtedly that responsibility lays toned on the shoulders of the Un for R2P situations, but when they do not act after that that responsibility ought to move to the Us and regional powers, following a criteria of just battle theory. 13 Unmistakably, the ESTE holds worldwide authority although lacks real power, even though the United States retains real electricity but lacks international authority. 14 Consequently, debates and disputes regarding international army intervention tend to be about American involvement. There is little doubting the strength, capability and resources the United States possesses. American armed service intervention frequently follows a strict proper national interest, but this interest can easily coincide with humanitarian interests also. Generally, the United States values the specialist of the ESTE to make vital decisions about pressing humanitarian education situations. Nevertheless the EL fails to set up and action, the United States has been eager to live up to its responsibility as the preponderant power of the world to halt and prevent genocide. The input in Kosovo showcases a crucial historical case where the ESTE failed to work swiftly and diligently in order to prevent mass atrocity offences and where the United States and NATO required on the responsibility, albeit unlawfully, to prevent the spreading of genocide. In 1998, Yugoslav Director Slobodan Milosevic launched episodes on cultural Albanian people as part of a campaign up against the Kosovo Freedom Army. The safety Council countered the atrocities with Resolution 1199. The Security Council undertook provisional steps that was adament each get together terminate the violence and commence peaceable discussions. Following such measures, Milosevic progressed his attacks about civilians. Hence, it became clear that more robust and forceful measures can be required to end the atrocities. Ultimately although, the Security Council failed to authorize further coercive measures to stop Milosevic via massacring civilians. 15 Next various failed diplomatic endeavors, NATO conducted Operation Sibling Force which was a 77 day air-strike campaign that ultimately ended the conflict in Kosovo. All nineteen NATO member states contributed to the effort and it at some point finished with Serbian withdrawal by Kosovo. sixteen Milosevic was subsequently indicted by the UN’s International Lawbreaker Tribunal to get crimes against humanity. Because history shines its lumination on the actions taken in Kosovo, it seems crystal clear that the Us and its CONSUSTANCIAL allies averted further works of genocide. This case in point is a uncomplicated, facile, undemanding, easy, basic, simple case of how the United States has the capacity to prevent works of genocide when the UN fails to accomplish that. The Kosovo case greatly underscores the real need for a back-up technique in answering genocide when the UN is dead-locked. seventeen The UN’s habitual failing to respond is the reason why it is extremely important, not just in the interest of the your survival of an foreign norm (R2P) but for real world innocent people, that the world’s super-power along with regional powers can and willing in order to avoid acts of genocide in limited armed service operations. Because the United States cannot be strenuously expected to intervene in every single R2P condition, there must be another defensive layer for the prevention of genocide. This safety layer could be guaranteed simply by regional capabilities who desire to take care of their responsibility and determination to their region of the world to stop acts of human atrocity. Like the US responsibility, regional powers should initially strive to gain Reliability Council consent but if the ALGUN fails to offer it then they should not feel constrained to behave. A great example of a limited regional military input was the Aussie intervention in East Timor which ceased the savaging of East Timor’s inhabitants by militias conspiring while using Indonesian army. 18 Though this case did indeed delight in Security Council authorization, would it not have been reputable if Reliability Council documentation was not naturally. Without doubt, New Zealand would feel a compelling perception of shame if genocide was taking place within a pacific island country and we, along with our regional allies just like Australia, failed to intervene preventing it as a result of a technicality within the United Nations. Admittedly, any kind of use of power without Security Council documentation is a potentially dangerous ploy as it may inspire militarily strong states to violate less strong state’s sovereignty. 19 Nevertheless, like any hard decision you will discover trade-offs; consequently , it all is dependent if 1 thinks preventing genocide is usually ultimately more important than absolute, wholehearted state sovereignty. And there now is available a strong motion in the foreign system, put by the R2P doctrine, toward constructing the prohibition of mass atrocity as a more robust international norm than unconditional state sovereignty. Furthermore, since Rwanda, Kosovo and now Syria demonstrate, the safety Council will not always take action to prevent genocide and mass killing, either in a immediate and forceful way, or at all. 20 When this is the case, responsibility for R2P should be transitioned to the United states of america and local powers with respect pertaining to the best practice rules of just war. twenty one In quantity, the best and the most appropriate corporation to bear most of the responsibility for R2P can be clearly the UN. The UN has proven powerful in its capacity to help prevent mass atrocities through diplomacy and development which usually represents the heart with the R2P. Nevertheless , the ESTE has not verified comprehensively able of reacting to, and stopping, acts of genocide and mass human privileges violations through military means. Therefore , preliminary responsibility intended for international intervention for genocide prevention is the UN’s and its Security Authorities. However , when the UN does not act, in that case, and only then, responsibility transitions to the United States and local powers in order to protect the R2P norm and conserve innocent lives. In conclusion, this essay features argued that almost all the responsibility intended for R2P may be the UN’s. However , when the UN fails to work to prevent genocide then that responsibility directly transitions to the United States and regional powers. This way, there can be a better guarantee that: firstly, the R2P effort survives; and secondly that, genocide will stay part of record rather than a re-occurring tragedy. In relation to this debate, this essay has talked about and analysed three important components; first of all, what the R2P norm is usually and what common beliefs exist; second, how the ALGUN is the best intercontinental organization to deal with responsibility intended for R2P but how attempting to fails to quit genocide; and lastly, how the Us and local powers bear responsibility for R2P if the UN does not uphold their responsibility. Term Count: a couple of, 500.

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Reviewed & edited by Julie A. Cerrato, PhD, AP, CYT, CAP Seasonal allergies are the body’s immunological reaction to a foreign particle, known as an allergen, when exposed during different times of the year. Commonly referred to as hay fever or allergic rhinitis, the most common airborne allergens include pollen from trees, grass, plants, or mold spores. For individuals who are sensitive to these allergens, this exposure causes an immune system response that is the culprit behind the unpleasant–sometimes life-altering–symptoms of seasonal allergies. Seasonal allergies natural treatments are able to address the mind, body, and emotions. It is unclear why millions of individuals suffer from seasonal allergies while others do not, but the causation is embedded in the immune system. Through a process referred to as sensitization, the immune system recognizes airborne particles, such as pollen, as harmful invaders and responds to the particles by producing antibodies against it. This means that every time the body is subsequently exposed to the allergens, the immune system automatically releases chemicals into the bloodstream that trigger an allergic response. How Seasonal Allergies Feel Seasonal allergy symptoms feel like a cold, but unlike a cold, are not caused by a virus. These cold-type symptoms are the immune system‘s allergic response to pollen and other allergens brought on by the change of seasons. Seasonal allergies can be experienced at different times throughout the year, as common outdoor allergens bloom in different seasons. Typically, the onset of spring and autumn bring on the worst bouts of seasonal allergies. Symptoms of seasonal allergies include sneezing, runny nose, itching of the nose, roof of the mouth, throat, and ears, itchy and/or water eyes, congestion, sinus pain and pressure, sore or scratchy throat, dry cough, fatigue, and wheezing. Allergy sufferers may experience all, or only some, of the symptoms. How Seasonal Allergies are Conventionally Treated There are a plethora of common over-the-counter medications available, but many individuals find themselves turning to prescription drugs to treat more severe cases of seasonal allergies. Prescription nasal sprays are frequently prescribed and among the most popular are Flonase, Nasonex, and Rhinocort. These nasal corticosteroids are used to treat inflammation in the nasal passages and carry rare but potential side effects of long-term steroid use. Other commonly prescribed medications include antihistamines, which are histamine-blocking. Histamine, the chemical released into the blood stream during an allergic reaction, is the culprit behind sneezing, itchy eyes, and sinus pressure. It is important to be aware that antihistamines may cause drowsiness and should be used with caution before operating machinery or a vehicle. Physicians may also prescribe the use of a decongestant to alleviate congestion symptoms, or oral corticosteroids to reduce inflammation. Although seasonal allergy symptoms may be challenging, keeping sufferers indoors while others enjoy the change of seasons, it is encouraging that there are a plethora of holistic treatments, precautions, and dietary and lifestyle changes that can help reduce and manage seasonal allergies year round. Holistic Healing for Seasonal Allergy Sufferers Season allergies affect the whole person, and natural forms of treatment are able to address the mind, body, and emotions. Seasonal allergies are an immune system response that can be attended to through various holistic forms of treatment. Natural allergy treatments include the use of herbal supplements, nasal irrigation, acupuncture, Ayurvedic medicine, and sublingual immunotherapy. Instead of turning to over-the-counter antihistamines that can cause drowsiness and other side effects, give quercetin a try. This bioflavonoid, found naturally in onions, apples, red wine, grapefruit, parsley, and leafy greens, is available in supplement form as a natural herbal compound that has an antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effect. Quercetin works by blocking substances involved with the release of histamine. For best results, begin taking a daily supplement 4-6 weeks prior to allergy season. As always, consult your physician before taking quercetin or any other supplement. Stinging nettle is a plant with a long medicinal history. Used for hundreds of years to treat a wide variety of ailments, recent studies have shown stinging nettle’s effectiveness in reducing histamine levels. Freeze dried nettle leaf capsules are often taken before the onset of allergy season to preemptively ward off the release of histamine into the body. Stinging nettle may alter the menstrual cycle and cause miscarriages, so pregnant women should avoid it. In addition, nettle may interact with several drugs including anti-platelets, anticoagulants, antihypertensives, diuretics, diabetes medication and Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs). As always, consult your physician before taking any supplements. A very simple and effective method for treating seasonal allergies is the use of a Neti pot. Neti pots have been used for thousands of years and provide an inexpensive method of treatment to irrigate the nasal passages and alleviate allergy symptoms. To flush your sinuses with a Neti pot, fill the pot with a salt-water solution and lean over a sink with your head tiled to one side. Place the spout of the Neti pot in one nostril and gently pour until you feel the solution in your nose. Keep your head tilted and allow the solution to pour out of the other nostril. Blow your nose after the initial application and then repeat the process on the other side, this time tilting your head in the opposite direction. Founded on the concept of removing blockages in mental, physical, and emotional life force and energy, acupuncture is the science and art of restoring the balance of natural energy to the body. Developed within Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM), this form of therapy has proven useful in alleviating numerous conditions and disorders. By treating the whole person and working to balance an impaired immune system that is responsible for an allergic response, acupuncture provides a holistic approach to targeting and treating seasonal allergies. A 2013 study, published in the journal Annals of Internal Medicine, examined the effectiveness of acupuncture treatments in patients with seasonal allergies. The findings are promising for using acupuncture in combination with other therapies to treat seasonal allergies. Of the study’s participants, those receiving acupuncture treatments in conjunction with their antihistamines experienced an improvement in their overall allergy symptoms and reduction in their antihistamine use than the other groups. Study author, Dr. Benno Brinkhaus, stated, “From my experience as a physician and acupuncturist, and as a researcher, I would recommend trying acupuncture if patients are not satisfied with conventional anti-allergic medication or treatment or they suffer from more or less serious side effects of the conventional medication. Also because acupuncture is a relative safe treatment.” An Ayurvedic approach to treating seasonal allergies involves eliminating toxins held deep within bodily tissues and striking a balance among the body’s elements. According to Ayurvedic practitioner Dr. Julie Cerrato, PhD, AP, CYT, “an Ayurvedic approach to treating allergies targets detoxifying the liver, kidneys, and blood, along with eliminating “ama” or toxins from the gut. It focuses on processing undigested food, allergens, and toxins in the digestive system to reduce inflammatory allergic reactions. Panchakarma, known as “the 5 actions” is the optimal form of Ayurvedic detoxification and can extract allergens and ama from deep within the body’s tissues.” Panchakarma (PK) is an Ayurvedic treatment that involves a series of massages, herbal saunas, colonic therapy, and nutritional changes to cleanse the body of “ama” and eliminate allergy responses. These enjoyable Ayurvedic series of treatments restore a sense of balance and well-being to the allergy sufferer. Panchakarma treatment sessions are available at local Ayurvedic therapy centers under the supervision of a trained Ayurvedic practitioner. Sublingual Immunotherapy (SILT) is a natural seasonal allergy treatment. Used widely through Europe, Australia, South America, and Asia, SILT involves exposing the individual to small doses of their allergen(s) repeatedly to build up an immunity. Most commonly given in the form of a liquid or tablet, the allergen is placed under the tongue and held there for 1-2 minutes, then swallowed. SILT’s effectiveness has been well-documented over the past 20 years, and it is a beneficial natural treatment option in treating rhinitis, asthma, and itchy eyes caused by allergies to grass and tree pollens. Side effects of SILT are typically localized and mild and include mouth itching or stomach discomfort. It is highly recommended to seek Sublingual Immunotherapy through an allergist to ensure proper use and dosage. Holistic Lifestyle Changes Holistic lifestyle changes are simple, yet effective, daily decisions that can reduce and even prevent the worst bouts of seasonal allergies. While allergy sufferers can’t hide indoors all season long, there are several holistic lifestyle changes that can be made. Additionally, there are many innovative and helpful products that can eliminate allergen triggers from your home environment. A few ways to avoid peak allergy season reactions include: - Remain inside with windows closed during peak pollen hours - Stay indoors on dry, windy days - Return outside after a spring rain (the rain helps to clear the air of allergens) - Avoid outdoor gardening and chores during early morning hours when the pollen count is highest - Wear a dust mask while performing outdoor activities - Run the air conditioning in your home and car can to help to clear the air of common allergens - Utilize a dehumidifier to reduce dryness from allergies - Use a vacuum with a High Efficiency Particulate Air (HEPA) Filter - Wear tight wrap-around sunglasses when outdoors to create a barrier from the eyes Perhaps one of the most effective ways to improve the air quality of a home and work environment is to use an air purifier. Several types of air purifiers are available including ionizers, ones with HEPA filters, and differing sizes dependent on the space for which it will be cycling air. It is easy to determine what size air purifier to purchase by looking at the Clean Air Delivery Rate (CADR). The CADR reveals the speed and amount of airborne particles to be filtered. When choosing an air purifier for the home or office, be sure to purchase one that has a CADR rating equal to two-thirds of the room size. These air purifiers reduce airborne allergens that make their way into the home to create a clean air environment, which is especially important for seasonal allergy sufferers. The use of products such as dehumidifiers and air purifiers will also assist in removing allergy triggers from the atmosphere. Be sure to use a vacuum that contains a HEPA filter to ensure that dust, pollen, and other allergens are removed from your home. Holistic Diet & Nutrition Diet and nutrition plays a large role in virtually every health condition. Seasonal allergies can be treated by specific dietary changes and a holistic approach to nutrition. Probiotics, an anti-inflammatory diet, specific spices proven to reduce allergic responses, and avoidance of dairy products can all go far in reducing congestion, boosting the immune system, and addressing the root causes behind seasonal allergies. Probiotics are live microorganisms that exist in the stomach. By taking in probiotics through dietary means, an individual can vastly improve their “gut health” and help to boost the immune system. Recent research has uncovered a link between the ingestion of probiotic drinks and the reduction in seasonal allergy symptoms. A 2013 study, published in PLOS ONE journal, revealed that regular intake of probiotics had a significant impact on gut health. In turn, this caused a systemic change in cells related to seasonal allergy symptoms,such as those lining the nasal cavity. Probiotics will ensure good gut health, which is vital to a healthy immune system and overall reduced allergic response. Balancing Omega-3 and Omega-6 You can greatly reduce the severity of your allergy symptoms by following an anti-inflammatory diet that is rich in Omega-3s. Omega-3 fatty acids reduce inflammation in the system and are in short supply in most of our modern day diets. Omega-3 food sources include flax seeds, walnuts, fish, grass fed meat and eggs, brussels sprouts, and cauliflower. An additional important dietary change that will have a positive impact on your allergy symptoms is to reduce your Omega-6 intake. This kind of fatty acid is found in most processed foods and will wreak havoc on your inflammation levels. The intake of Omega-6 fats can be significantly reduced by cutting out processed foods and vegetable oils. Add Some Spice Another way to help combat congestion includes adding naturally spicy foods into your meals. Capsaicin in nightshades like peppers has been shown to reduce congestion. Hot peppers, horseradish, and spicy mustards will all work as natural (and delicious) decongestants on allergy symptoms. Turmeric is also a wonderful spice to add to an ingredient list during allergy season. This spice, a relation of the ginger family, has a peppery flavor and contains curcumin, which acts as a natural decongestant. Take the Tea, Hold the Cream In addition to increasing your Omega-3’s, decreasing Omega-6’s, and including spicy foods into your diet, chamomile tea is another wonderful natural seasonal allergy remedy. Chamomile contains high levels of quercetin, the aforementioned anti-inflammatory antioxidant. Additionally, eliminating sources of dairy and sugar can help cut down on mucus production, so avoiding adding milk to tea. Limiting or avoiding thick, heavy dairy products such as ice cream, yogurt, and sweets during allergy season can also help keep mucus buildup at bay. Products & Equipment Neti Pots are an inexpensive product that help to flush irritating pollen and other allergens from the nasal cavities. The accompanying sterile saline solution can be made at home using salt and distilled water, or is available for purchase. An air purifier with a HEPA filter will work wonders in keeping your home allergen-free and cycling clean air back into the environment. You may also want to try adding a dehumidifier to your bedroom to keep the air as fresh as possible. Aromatherapy diffusers can be used to bring additional seasonal allergy relief. There are many essential oils that help alleviate allergy symptoms, reduce inflammation, soothe sore throats, relieve sinus pain and pressure and improve nasal and chest congestion. Some oils include: Apply a singe essential oil or an oil mixture to a diffuser and enjoy the allergy relief. An allergist, or immunologist, is a specialized physician that is trained to diagnose and treat allergies, amongst other ailments. If you find yourself suffering from severe allergies at the turn of the seasons, you may benefit from an allergist who can help determine the best course of treatment. Updated: April 2014 Written by Kristin Accorsi Reviewed & edited by Julie Cerrato - 1. www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hay-fever/basics/causes/con-20020827 - 2. www.aaaai.org/conditions-and-treatments/library/at-a-glance/outdoor-allergens.aspx - 3. www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18187018 - 4. umm.edu/health/medical/altmed/herb/stinging-nettle - 5. www.nytimes.com/health/guides/disease/allergic-rhinitis/treatment.html - 6. www.cnn.com/2013/02/19/health/acpuncture-allergies/ - 7. www.acaai.org/allergist/allergies/treatment/pages/sublingual-immunotherapy-slit.aspx - 8. www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2013/11/131126102305.htm - 9. www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21802026 - photo credit: flickr.com/photos/chsia/8560999528/ Auto Amazon Links: No products found. (30 items filtered out)

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Muscle Activation and Hypertrophy by Nick Shaw | Feb 05, 2018 Hypertrophy of muscle is characterized by expression of genes in the DNA primarily coding for the contractile elements of muscle fibers. That is, the DNA, which codes for the mRNA, which codes for the amino acid sequence, which eventually gets folded into a usable contractile protein and incorporated in the macro-structure of the muscle cell, is unpacked and unzipped, starting the process of growing new muscle componentry. Over time, this process leads to increases in muscle size and strength. Muscle activation, on the other hand, is characterized by signaling within motor neurons, which synapse on the motor end plate of muscle cell membranes, causing ions to cross the muscle cell membrane in such a rapid fashion that an electrical event called depolarization occurs within the muscle cell. This depolarization, and subsequent repolarization of the muscle cell, is what is responsible for allowing the molecular machinery within the cell to do what it was designed to do: produce contractile force. While hypertrophy is measured usually by changes in cross sectional area of a muscle or by changes in size of muscle fibers, muscle activation is measured by electrical current registered using sensors like inserted wires or a pair of surface electrodes. This process of reading electrical activity within a muscle is called electromyography (EMG). It is quite common, especially in non-scientific forums, that increased muscle activation is assumed, or even marketed, to be causative of increased hypertrophy. That is, if an exercise is identified to create higher muscle activation levels (higher EMG, for short) than another exercise targeting the same muscle or muscle group, the exercise with the higher EMG is often purported to be better for building muscle. In this article I’ll examine if that’s the case, and when specifically, it may or may not be. The prime movers (the muscles that do most of the work) for most compound, heavily loaded barbell and dumbbell movements like presses, pulls, squats, and pulls from the floor, undergo the greatest amount of hypertrophy AND experience the highest levels of muscle activation within those movements. In these cases, muscle hypertrophy over time is correlated at some level to the EMG seen within the muscle while performing the exercise. Specifically, in the high bar squat, the quadriceps exhibit very high EMG and a high degree of hypertrophy. Likewise, in the bench press, the anterior deltoids, pectoralis major, and triceps brachii undergo both high EMG and have the propensity for high levels of hypertrophy at high training volumes. This correlation between the magnitude of EMG and the magnitude of hypertrophy might lead some to believe that it was the EMG that was causative of the hypertrophy. It is indeed correlated. And, as far as time-order is concerned, the EMG does come before the hypertrophy, so that constraint is fulfilled. However, we have yet to establish if the EMG is both necessary and sufficient for hypertrophy to occur. We may see in the next few examples that EMG is neither completely necessary, nor completely sufficient to cause hypertrophy. Imagine a scenario where you are instructed to seat yourself on a chair with your lower legs pointing straight out in front of you, unsupported from below, and with knees locked out in a straight position. You are then asked to contract (tense or “flex”) your quads as hard as you can. This activation of your quadricep muscles creates very high muscle activation (EMG readings) even though the mechanical load on your lower leg is only the weight of your leg itself. The reason for this phenomenon is that muscle activation tends to trend higher, for a given external torque, at the shortest muscle lengths. That is, muscles “work harder,” needing more electrical input, to create the same amount of tension when they are in extremely shortened positions. A similar example might be in the top half of a standing or seated bicep curl (NOT preacher curl). As the forearm passes the horizontal position the weight of the bar or dumbbell moves closer to the elbow joint center which serves as the fulcrum. As the DB moves closer to the fulcrum, the need for force generation within the bicep musculature is reduced dramatically, and yet, as you may have felt during execution of the bicep curl in training, it takes a substantial amount of effort to hold the weight in the top position of the bicep curl movement (as long as you don’t move your elbows forward, underneath the load). That effort is reflected in high EMG activity, relative to the magnitude of force created. If you were asked to hold the weight in this very shortened muscle position for any length of time you would find that the external load would soon overcome your over shortened muscles activation ability and its ability to generate force. Unfortunately, in neither of these examples (quad flexing, and weighted top-end bicep contraction) would there by significant hypertrophic stimulus. It is well-demonstrated in the literature that the magnitude of mechanical work performed is very well correlated to the magnitude of hypertrophy. In both situations, the mechanical work performed is nearly zero. The only situation that comes to mind where hypertrophy stimulus is high, and mechanical work performed low, leads me to my next breakdown in the EMG-causes-hypertrophy misinterpretation of scientific literature. There are some cases where EMG is very low, and yet hypertrophic stimulus quite high. One of note has been well-demonstrated in birds, though you’d be hard pressed to find human volunteers for this one. If you strap a bird on its back on a bird-sized bench, and hang weights from its wings so that the pectoral muscles are under prolonged and intense stretch, there will be significant muscle hypertrophy of the pectoral muscles without any muscle activation. This has carryover to our own training. Tension within the muscle is a major driver of hypertrophy. We can create tension through stretch and through muscle contraction, and we can do both, at the same time. It turns out that some of the most hypertrophic exercises for our muscles do just that. The reason stiff legged deadlifts are so effective for hamstring hypertrophy is because the great degree of active force generated in the hamstrings and because of the passive force generated in the hamstrings when they are stretched under load. The same can be said for properly executed pull ups and the latissimus dorsi muscle, and for the pectoralis major and bench flyes. Interestingly EMG may not be the highest at the moment of highest magnitude of stretch in these movements, and certainly isn’t during the eccentric phase. And yet, if we were to shorten the range of motion of these movements and remove that end range stretch, we would likely find a reduced hypertrophic effect if all other things were kept equal (load, volume etc.). What so many Instagram coaches do wrong is to forget that tension, and the total mechanical work done under tension is the primary driver of hypertrophy. Just because a muscle is working hard, putting out loads of EMG (usually when you’re exhibiting higher EMG, you’ll report that it feels “more difficult”), does not mean that the actual force generated by that muscle is high, nor that the total mechanical work being performed by that muscle is great. Only that it’s working hard to do what little it’s doing. To appropriately interpret if EMG might be well-correlated with hypertrophy in a specific movement we should also have information presented on the intra-muscular tension that is developed, and assess the movement for it’s range of motion. If the range of motion is low (i.e. The muscle doesn’t move through more than at least half of the ROM, it’s capable of) then the stimulus for hypertrophy is probably limited. If the tension developed within the muscle is low throughout the movement, OR low for most of the movement’s ROM then, even if the EMG readings are high, the hypertrophy stimulus is probably still quite low. To identify intramuscular tension, you’ll either need a very strong handle on physics or biomechanics AND anatomy here, or actual data on intramuscular tension from scientific research on the movement in question. Without these three pieces, the assessment of hypertrophic stimulus magnitude is fatally flawed. The glute bridge is my personal favorite misapplication of this. In the glute bridge, the gluteus maximus muscle is placed into a nearly maximally shortened position by the top of the exercise. The reason such large loads can be lifted is because of the mechanical advantage from the weight being directly over the hip joint center. While the loads lifted might imply high forces within the gluteus maximus muscles and the high EMG might corroborate that, the intramuscular tension and mechanical work performed by the glutes is substantially less that it appears externally. So, why on earth do all those Instagram models and coaches get such great glute results promoting their EMG-based programming? If you spent 1/3 of all your training programming on one muscle group, you’d probably be disproportionately large in that one muscle group too. It’s not the EMG driving the hypertrophy, but the volume load on the specific muscle group that drives the hypertrophy. Recommendations for your own training: - Your muscles should probably be active during lifting. Good luck lifting without that happening on your own! This is a no-brainer. - Don’t obsess about some report of an EMG reading of one muscle group or another. - When comparing exercises for effectiveness of hypertrophy examine the intra-muscular forces, and ranges of motion through which those forces are present. More force, and longer range of motion is better, even if peak or average EMG readings are lower than some other lower-intramuscular-force exercise or lower-ROM exercise that has higher EMG. - If you’re excited about growing a specific body part (say… your glutes) allocate more volume load to that muscle group saving some of your training recovery and adaptation energy reserves by limiting some of your other training volume on other muscle groups.

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Title IX stands as a pillar for defending against sex-based discrimination, violence and assault in any school that receives federal funding. Initially, Title IX was enacted in 1972 to bridge a gap in federal law that failed to properly protect women, specifically in the school setting. However, opponents of Title IX fought the meaning of “federally funded,” and it wasn’t until the Civil Rights Restoration Act of 1987 that Title IX gained broad application to schools. If any part of an institution receives federal money through any means (grants for particular students, grants to school itself, etc.), then the whole institution is subject to Title IX protections. As such, cis-gender women gained the ability to seek equal opportunity and fair treatment in most schools throughout America. However, protections for students facing discrimination based on sexual orientation were still lacking at the federal level. This paper will view the expansions in Title IX protections both in the realm of sexual orientation and not, the Bostock decision and Notice of Interpretation following the decision, and conclude with predictions for the future based on these developments. Since the enactment of Title IX, there have been countless advancements in campus safety for discrimination, violence, and assault of minorities. In addition to Title IX protections, The Clery Act requiring disclosure of on campus crimes to the public gained national attention and acclaim. Following that, in 2013, the scope of Clery was expanded by The Campus SaVE Act, which required disclosure of domestic violence, stalking, and dating violence in addition to sexual assault. While these acts, in conjunction with Title IX, have provided strong protections on campuses, the scope of Title IX protection has been debated in the process. More specifically, the question of whether Title IX protections apply to discrimination on the basis of transgender status or on the basis of sexual orientation. While the Supreme Court has not fully tackled this question, case law gives an insight as to where the law stands today. Oncale v Sundowner Offshore Services, Inc., 523 U.S. 75 (1998) established that Title VII “on the basis of sex” discrimination applies to members of the same sex. The holding in Oncale set the stage for Title IX protections, as many of the protections that Title IX affords are informed by the protections granted by Title VII; the two titles simply act in different spheres of society. However, this still left legal scholars unsure as to whether such protections could be extended to members of the LGBT community. Because the Supreme Court failed to explicitly address this issue, it is not surprising that many courts continued to fail to extend these protections to students based on sexual orientation. The Eighth Circuit held in Williamson v. A.G. Edwards & Sons, Inc., 876 F.2d 69, 70 (8th Cir.1989) that Title VII does not protection employees from harassment because of sexual orientation. Because so much of Title IX applicability follows Title VII applicability, courts throughout the nation followed these guidelines until the recent Bostock decision. Around the turn of the century, certain jurisdictions began to hear arguments that Title VII and Title IX protections should apply when sexual orientation is at play. In Montgomery v. Independent School Dist. No. 709, 109 F.Supp.2d 1081 (D. Minn. 2000), Plaintiff was constantly tormented from kindergarten to 10th grade. Constantly being called slurs due to a perception of his sexual orientation, he was called “faggot,” “freak,” “queer,” etc. Montgomery at 1084. Additionally, starting in sixth grade, the torment became physical, with him being punched and kicked by his classmates. Id. As a result, plaintiff avoided the school cafeteria and bathrooms whenever possible because he did not want to be subjected to physical violence or verbal threats. Id. Plaintiff also claimed that because his abusers were involved in intramural sports, he never had the opportunity to participate in those as well. Id. at 1085. Plaintiff ceased riding the bus altogether because his harassers were not being disciplined strongly enough. Id. at 1086. Plaintiff eventually transferred after completing 10th grade and this lawsuit commenced. Id. Even with contradicting federal rulings at the time as to whether sex stereotyping discrimination falls within Title IX’s purview, this court held that such cases are within Title IX’s purview and should survive a 12(c) motion to dismiss. Id. at 1102. “[B]y pleading facts from which a reasonable fact-finder could infer that he suffered harassment due to his failure to meet masculine stereotypes, plaintiff has stated a cognizable claim under Title IX.” Id. at 1092. However, while this court held that educational safeguards ensured by Title IX “on the basis of sex” applied to masculine stereotyping, it failed to extend those same protections to either real or perceived sexual orientation of the abused. “[T]o the extent that plaintiff asserts Title IX claims based on discrimination due to his sexual orientation or perceived sexual orientation, these claims are not actionable and must be dismissed.” Id. at 1090. While the ruling in Montgomery was limited to Minnesota, there were no significant variations from that standard in the early 2000s: Title IX did not apply on the basis of sexual orientation. However, states were free to provide protection on that basis if they so chose. Shortly following this decision, New York added sexual orientation in its Human Rights Law as a protected class against discrimination, both in education and the workplace. N.Y.S. Human Rights Law § 296. To accomplish this, New York Assembly passed the Sexual Orientation Non-Discrimination Act, which was the tool that added actual or perceived sexual orientation to the protected classes in New York. California is similar to New York in the way that the state provides protections against discrimination for LGBT students before the federal government did. However, in 2015, a district court in California found that sexual orientation discrimination is in fact a violation of Title IX and does provide an adequate basis for a complaint. In Videckis v. Pepperdine University, 150 F.Supp.3d 1151, (C.D. Cal. 2015), the District Court held that claims of sexual orientation discrimination are sex discrimination claims covered by Title IX. Pepperdine University receives federal funding and therefore is subject to the limitations of Title IX. Id. at 1155. In leading up to this action, Videckis and her girlfriend were players on Pepperdine’s women’s basketball team. In an attempt to get them to quit the team because of worry over how their relationship status might affect the team, members of the coaching staff would hold individual meetings with each woman and ask intrusive questions about sexual orientation and relationship status. Id. at 1156. The athletic academic coordinator, Conlogue, most often conducted these interviews. Id. The head coach, Ryan, told the team that lesbianism would not be tolerated and warned other members of the team to stay away from the two plaintiffs. Id. at 1158. Conlogue also launched an unwarranted cheating accusation against plaintiffs, as well as berated them during study halls. Id. As a result of this mistreatment, Plaintiffs commenced this action against the University. In analyzing the Title IX claims regarding sexual orientation, the Court looks at both Ninth Circuit decisions, as well as other Circuits for persuasive authority. Id. at 1159. The court grapples with the question of whether discrimination based on sexual orientation is a “category of independent claims, separate from sex and gender stereotypes.” Id. The court held that sexual orientation is not its own category of protection, but rather is inherently intertwined with the protections of sex Title IX already provides. Id. at 1160. The opinion continues by saying that to “categorically separate ‘sexual orientation discrimination’ from discrimination on the basis of sex . . . would result in a false choice.” Id. If the court were to separate the two categories, it would essentially put the victim’s attributes on trial. Id. The protections afforded by both Title IX and Title VII are concerned with the bias of the abuser; just as it would be absurd for a victim to prove his/her sexuality, it would be absurd to require a victim of racial discrimination to prove she is black. Id. As such, we can see that even prior to the Bostock decision and the Notice of Interpretation, certain courts already geared up to provide Title IX protections to LGBT students. In 2020, the United States Supreme Court issued its holding in Bostock v. Clayton County, 140 S. Ct. 1731 (2020). This landmark Supreme Court case held that Title VII protects employees on the basis of their sexual orientation; as such discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation is inherently discriminating on the basis of sex. In response to this holding, the Department of Education under the Trump administration released a memorandum construing the Bostock as it applies to Title IX protections. The acting assistant secretary for the office of civil rights issued this memorandum that declared that Bostock was a narrow holding and the Court “specifically refus[ed] to extend its holding to Title IX.” Memorandum for Kimberly M. Richey, U.S. Dept. Ed. (2021). This memo bases its argument in the idea that “sex” and human biology are inextricably linked and that, at the time of Title IX creation, that is the only way sex could have been met. Id. at 2. “[W]e emphasize that Title IX and its implementing regulations, unlike Title VII, may require consideration of a person’s biological sex, male or female.” Id. at 4. This policy statement reads completely wholly inconsistent with the Bostock decision, as well as the decisions made in courts for the previous thirty years. Since the enactment of Title IX, courts have informed the protections of Title IX by looking to the protections afforded by Title VII. It, therefore, seems intuitive that Bostock protections would extend to academia: and that is what happened when the Biden administration came to power. Of the nine executive orders President Biden issued on his first day in office, one of them was to combat discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation. Exec. No. 13988, C.F.R. 2021-01761. In the onset of the order, Biden instills a policy argument that calls for equality for all people, regardless of sexual preference or orientation. Id. President Biden also called for review of all statutes and regulations that prevent discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation, as well as any necessary changes to implement to enforce them more efficiently. Id. The changes in transgender rights in this realm have been like a roller coaster, with the Obama administration treating a person’s gender identity as their sex. Jackson Lewis, Biden’s EO Expands Title IX to Prohibit LGBTQ Discrimination, (2021). Then, in 2017 with the Trump administration, that guidance was rescinded and finally reinstated with Biden. Id. Because of the ever-changing nature and direction of the Executive Branch, this recent Notice of Interpretation by the Department of Education provides more clear and concrete guidance as to Bostock’s effect on Title IX protections. Because of the longstanding confusion regarding Title IX’s applicability to cases of sexual orientation discrimination, the Department of Education issued a Notice of Interpretation in 2021. Suzanne B. Goldberg, Federal Notice of Interpretation, U.S. Dept. Ed. 4000-01-U (2021). This Notice made clear that Title IX does extend to protections for cases of sexual orientation discrimination. Id. Consistent with previous judicial rulings, this notice found Title IX applicability because Title VII and Title IX have extreme textual similarities: both protecting “on the basis of sex.” Id. Additionally, the notice cites numerous federal cases within the last two years that have found the reasoning in Bostock sound and that differential treatment would cause undue harm. Id. at 9. In conducting an interview with the University at Buffalo’s Title IX coordinator, Sharon Nolan-Weiss, helpful dialogue regarding both the past of UB’s Title IX experience, as well as some possible future outcomes were discussed. One main point that stuck out was the position of the Office of Civil Rights (OCR) in enforcing these notices. The main way OCR is able to enforce their policies is because the schools receive funding that could be pulled if the directives are not followed. However, Ms. Weiss informed me that she was unaware of any case in which the government actually went through with the threat of pulling funding, even when violations were found to have occurred. The question that leaves me with more than anything is: will more conservative states that really want to continue to fight the inclusion of transgender student equality call the veiled threat against them and fail to provide protections now required under Title IX? If anything, this also seems to follow into a constitutional challenge, which goes beyond the reach of this paper’s analysis. It does seem possible that some states could try to provide less preferential treatment for transgender, gay or lesbian students. However, OCR doesn’t have much discretion in what cases they take. While some factual basis must exist, OCR is required to conduct an investigation; the depth of those investigations will likely be where we see the crux of bias occur with this Notice of Interpretation. The protections LGBT students throughout this country receive seem to change on the drop of a hat. One year it seems that both the courts and the legislature are fighting for stronger protections, and then the next year the executive branch is rescinding whatever protections it previously granted and the court is holding protections are not applicable where they were previously. Overall, the Notice of Interpretation and the Bostock decision seem to spell out a clear path to LGBT protection. But, paths that have seemed clear before in US history have not always been so; take for example this recent leakage of SCOTUS overturning Roe v. Wade. While the greater equality and protections should be appreciated, the fight to keep them is far from over, nor have we reached a goal we should be fully satisfied with. This country should strive to provide protections for LGBT students from all three branches of the federal government, not just one branch and state legislature.

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Mathematics is one of the scoring subjects that require students to master concepts. One of the most essential elements of mastering mathematics is thorough practice & International Maths Olympiad (IMO) is one such platform where students are trained to understand its basics. This exam has two levels. Indian Talent Olympiad (ITO) conducts International Maths Olympiad in various schools PAN India. It is open for students from class 1 to class 10. All questions asked in these exams are multiple-choice questions. The Olympiad exam also forms a base for students to score well in their academics. It gives students an edge over the others to solve tricky questions. - Interested Schools can participate in Mathematics Olympiad by registering online with the Indian Talent Olympiad (ITO). - Students can approach their subject teacher and enroll for the same. - Several schools in India have tied up with ITO. Teachers often identify students who have a flair for math and encourage such students to participate in national & international level competitions. - Schools can download the registration forms, available on our website Indian Talent Olympiad. - Indian Talent Olympiad rewards deserving students with prizes and awards who top in Maths Olympiad exam. The Maths Olympiad is one of the most prestigious examinations. These are conducted at national and international levels for Maths enthusiasts. The syllabus for this exam is the same as prescribed by all boards in the country. It maps to the CBSE, ICSE, and other State board curriculum. Students who prepare for this exam, develop good calculative abilities. It makes it an enjoyable experience for students to deal with numbers, patterns, measurements, shapes, money, fraction, time, calendar, data handling, decimals, ratio, proportion, algebra, geometry, trigonometry and a lot more mathematical concepts. It strengthens their basic knowledge of sums that are taught in class. Maths is one such subject that requires students to regularly practice different type of questions. The syllabus of the International Maths Olympiad (IMO) can be one way to increase proficiency and accuracy in the subject. Preparation is required most when the student is participating in any competitive exams such as International Maths Olympiad. Indian Talent Olympiad introduced Maths Olympiad Workbooks and Previous year question papers for class 1 to class 10 students. The study materials are framed by the subject experts. The questions are in MCQ format and covers topics from the updated syllabus. Olympiad preparation made easier with Olympiad preparation material. Olympiad workbooks for Maths have been designed by experienced professionals in the subject. The books are available for all classes from class 1 to class 10. Students for all classes can order and purchase workbooks online. These workbooks provide in-depth knowledge on each chapter. Parents and teachers can go through the syllabus of Olympiads, and compare the same with school syllabus. Further, they can check out workbooks online and understand the type of questions asked. All workbooks are designed considering students’ learning capacity. It gives them such varied choices that it becomes easy for students to comprehend tricky questions. Class-wise syllabus for the International Maths Olympiad, has been added below. Please click on the respective class to know delve into more details. The previous year’s question papers are a boon to students. It allows students to understand the difficulty level of the paper. It becomes easy for students to comprehend the type of questions that are asked in the final exam. Once students solve the previous year’s question papers, it becomes very easy for them to attempt the annual Olympiads. The set has question papers for subjects such as Science, Mathematics, and English, General Knowledge. Participants can either buy question papers for individual subjects, or order the combo pack that has papers for all subjects. It is also called as the all-in-one pack that includes answer keys, OMR sheets, and variety of questions. Indian Talent Olympiad conducts Annual and monthly Olympiads for class 1 to class 10 students. Annual Olympiads are held once a year and has two rounds, whereas monthly Olympiad is held in every month and is a single round exam. Students of class 1 to class 10 can enroll their name for Annual and Monthly Olympiad. These Olympiads are held at a National level. Students achiving good ranks are awarded with prizes and awards. Annual Olympiads are also online tests that are conducted in December and February every year by Indian Talent Olympiad. These tests are conducted for International Maths Olympiad (IMO) and various subjects like Science, English, General Knowledge, Computer, Drawing, Essay and Social Studies. The annual Olympiads are for 45 minutes, in which they have to answer 50 multiple choice questions. The drawing exam is for 60 minutes and the essay exam is for 40 minutes. The rules for these exams remain the same as the monthly Olympiads. These are also open any time between 10:00 am and 6:00 pm on the scheduled days. Check the timetable and the upcoming slot for annual Olympiads below. Participate in the annual Olympiads to win exciting prizes such as cash award, scholarship award, gold, silver, bronze medals, and excellent certificates. Register for Student Annual Olympiad by clicking on the below button - The monthly Olympiad in Maths is the best thing that can be offered to all students. The monthly tests act as immense practical practice for all participants. Students can run-through chapter wise questions each month sitting at home using any smart phone or tablet. It is one of the best exercises that can be inculcated for all classes, from class 1 to class 10. These online tests are conducted each month following a timetable. It can be taken any time between 10:00 am and 6:00 pm. The duration of the monthly Olympiads is 25 minutes, in which students are asked 30 questions. Students can participate in Science, Maths, English, Drawing, GK and Essay. The pattern for the drawing and the essay exam is a little different as compared to other exams. Here, students have to showcase their creativity through drawing/ write-ups and win the Olympiad. The power pack exams allow students to participate in all exams of Olympiads as mentioned above. Please register to participate in the finest exams of the century – The Olympiads. Indian Talent Olympiad provides an opportunity for all parents, teachers and Olympiad aspirants to take a look at the workbooks provided by the organization. It allows all those interested in purchasing these books to take a look at the type of the questions. Thus, students can take an informed decision after they look at the sample workbook. These books are provided for class 1 to class 10. Workbooks for all subjects are designed in the same pattern using the multiple choice questions with answer keys. Similar to the sample workbooks offered by Indian Talent Olympiad are the sample question papers. The best part about these sets are that before buying them online, they can see what how the papers are set, the type of questions asked, and the level of difficulty of these questions. Each sample paper mentions class wise syllabus on top. It is very easy to understand the paper pattern, marking scheme, number of questions asked in the paper, and the marks per question. Parents can follow sections of the paper, and understand what would be the likely questions asked in each section. All Olympiads have a total of 3 sections. The time limit varies from class to class. Please click the button below to check sample question paper for your particular classes. Online Practice Test Class 1 to 10. Get Exclusive five subjects for Practice Live Test with Score. To enter Maths Olympiad, you need to be a part of Indian Talent Olympiad’s Maths examination. The organization conducts both online as well as offline Olympiads. Popularly known as IMO, the International Maths Olympiad is open for students from class 1 to class 10. Students can register through their respective schools or take part individually. There are no requirements to apply for this exam. Students can contact their Maths teacher or even register for weekly test series through the website of Indian Talent Olympiad. The syllabus of Maths Olympiad is the same as prescribed by respective schools. Also known as International Maths Olympiad or IMO, these are conducted by Indian Talent Olympiad. The syllabus caters to all boards namely State board, CBSE board and ICSE board. The complexity of the questions depends on the class of participants. In general, the syllabus consists of number theory, addition, subtraction, algebra, geometry, trigonometry, data handling, area, theorems, quadrilaterals, fractions, decimals and so on. Class-wise syllabus can be found on the syllabus page of Indian Talent Olympiad. The number of levels in Maths Olympiad depends on the organization that is conducting the exam. Indian Talent Olympiad conducts it in one level. It provides immense practice before the final exam. Students can practice variety of questions through the online test series, also called the weekly tests at home. The final exam is scheduled to be held in December and February and respectively. To apply for this Olympiad, participants must register themselves on the official website of Indian Talent Olympiad and be a part of this prestigious examination. Students from class 1 to class 10 can take part in the same. It is very simple to apply for Maths Olympiad in India. Interested students can register with Indian Talent Olympiad, one of the leading centers for Olympiad examinations. Registrations are open for individual students. Schools are also allowed to register themselves and allow their students to apply for International Maths Olympiad (IMO). Individual participants can click the https://www.indiantalent.org/olympiad-exam-registration-student tab on the home page of Indian Talent Olympiad and start with the application process. The website provides clear instructions on payment options and other details. For schools to apply for Maths Olympiad in India, can click on ‘School Registration’ page on the website. The organization allows offline as well as online registration. To apply and to know further details, you can even call on the toll free number 1800 266 9192. Yes. Definitely Math Olympiad is good for all students who want to improve their basic mathematics. It provides additional practice, that is used to become proficient in the subject. Maths is one such area that requires immense practice. Indian Talent Olympiad’s International Maths Olympiad (IMO) makes students thorough in several topics that are a part of their school syllabus. Students are exposed to tricky questions and understand the fundamentals of problems. Solving a variety of questions make students perfect in Mathematics. It encourages students to think in all ways possible to arrive at the right answer. Math Olympiad is one of the sort after subjects for Olympiad exams. IMO or the International Maths Olympiad by Indian Talent Olympiad offers several benefits to participants. Maths is one subject that requires immense practice. It is only when students solve variety of questions, they get to understand basic concepts better. They are then able to apply these concepts learnt in class to all questions asked in Olympiads. It makes the brain sharper, helps students to focus on school syllabus and thus perform well in school exams too. IMO increases knowledge as the exam aims to test students’ knowledge on different topics. Students who attempt IMO are able to solve majority of tricky questions without any difficulty. To train students for Maths Olympiad, students must register themselves with Indian Talent Olympiad. This organization provides regular weekly tests that can be taken from home. Participants can use their mobile phone or table to attempt these exams. Students must be exposed to variety of advanced level questions so that they master concepts asked at International Maths Olympiad. Teachers recommend to use workbooks prescribed by Indian Talent Olympiad to practice as many questions as possible. It is believed that Maths Olympiad is one of the most preferred subjects and also the most loved subjects of Olympiads. International Maths Olympiad or the IMO exam conducted by Indian Talent Olympiad will be held twice this year in December and February respectively. The annual exam is being held in two slots. The first date of IMO for the first slot is 8 th December 2020 and the second date of IMO for the second slot is 2 nd February 2021. To register for IMO exam, please visit the student registration page. The organization welcomes individual registration along with school registration. To see IMO result or the result of International Maths Olympiad conducted by Indian Talent Olympiad, students have to login to the website. Enter your Roll number and the results will be displayed. To check the weekly results, please login to the weekly result page and check your result. Maths Olympiad is one of the prestigious examinations of the country. It gains lot of students, parents as well as teachers’ attention and interest. This is one of the most preferred subjects of Olympiads. Students who master basic concepts of mathematics stand a bright chance of scoring well in these exams. The result of IMO is declared on the official website of Indian Talent Olympiad. Students can enter their Roll Number and check their respective results. To check weekly results, please log in with your credentials by clicking on the https://www.indiantalent.org/student-olympiad-login. Students can check their overall score, time taken and their respective ranks. It is indeed a matter of great pride to be featured in the list of Maths Olympiad winners. Indian Talent Olympiad recognizes the hard work of each and every student. It provides cash prizes, scholarships, Laptops and Tablets to those who score really well in these exams. Online Olympiad Registration | Olympiad Exam Registration 2022 | Apply for Olympiad Exam | Student Annual School Olympiad Registration | Olympiad Mock Test & Olympiad Trial Test | Online Olympiad | Olympiad Student Test | Online Olympiad Power Pack | Online Olympiad Monthly Series | School Olympiad Brochure | Monthly Online Olympiad Brochure | Olympiad Exam Schedule | Monthly Online Olympiad Schedule | Olympiad 2022 Key Dates Schedule Exam Pattern and Benefit | School Olympiad Notice Board | Olympiad Exam Guidelines | How To Prepare For Olympiad Exam | Olympiad Meaning | Use of Olympiad Exams | Olympiad Results | Olympiad Sample Papers | Olympiad Exam Participation | Olympiad Downloads | Olympiad Exam Pattern | Monthly Olympiad Guidelines | Online Olympiad Exam Schedule | Last Date of Olympiad Registration | Monthly Olympiad Syllabus | Tips to become Olympiad Genius | How to become successful in Olympiad | Preparation Guide for Olympiad | Science Olympiad Foundation Course | Olympiad Helper Material |

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First-class cricket is an official classification of the highest standard international or domestic matches in the sport of cricket. A first-class match is of three or more days' scheduled duration between two sides of eleven players each and is officially adjudged to be worthy of the status by virtue of the standard of the competing teams. Matches must allow for the teams to play two innings each although, in practice, a team might only play one innings or none at all. - MCC ruling May 1894 - Recognised matches - No retrospective effect - Issue for statisticians - Important matches classification - 18th century startpoints - Historical v statistical First-class cricket (which for this purpose includes all "important matches" played before 1895), along with historical single wicket and the modern limited overs forms of List A and Twenty20, is one of the highest standard forms of cricket. The origin of the term "first-class cricket" is unknown but it was used loosely before it acquired an official status, effective in 1895, following a meeting of leading English clubs in May 1894. Subsequently, at a meeting of the Imperial Cricket Conference (ICC) in May 1947, it was formally defined on a global basis. A significant omission of the ICC ruling was any attempt to define first-class cricket retrospectively. This has left historians, and especially statisticians, with the problem of how to categorise earlier matches, especially those played before 1895 in Great Britain. The solution put forward by the Association of Cricket Statisticians and Historians (ACS) is to classify all pre-1895 matches of a high standard as important matches. Test cricket, although the highest standard of cricket, is statistically a form of first-class cricket, although the term "First-class" is commonly used to refer to domestic competition only. A player's first-class statistics include any performances in Test matches. MCC ruling, May 1894 Before 1895, "first-class cricket" was a common term used loosely to suggest that a match had a high standard; adjectives like "great", "important" and "major" were also loosely applied to such matches. There was at the time no concept of what became Test cricket and so an international match would be called a first-class one, as would any match involving two senior county clubs. At the beginning of the 1860s, there were only four formally constituted county clubs: Sussex is the oldest, formed in 1839, and it had been followed by Kent, Nottinghamshire and Surrey. In the early 1860s, several more clubs were founded and questions began to be raised in the sporting press about which should be categorised as first-class, but there was considerable disagreement in the answers. In 1880, the Cricket Reporting Agency was founded. It acquired influence through the decade especially by association with Wisden Cricketers' Almanack (Wisden) and the press came to generally rely on its information and opinions. The term acquired official status, though limited to matches in Great Britain, following a meeting at Lord's in May 1894 between the Marylebone Cricket Club (MCC) committee and the secretaries of the clubs involved in the official County Championship, which had begun in 1890. As a result, those clubs became first-class from 1895 along with MCC, Cambridge University, Oxford University, senior cricket touring teams (i.e., Australia and South Africa at that time) and other teams designated as such by MCC (e.g. North v South, Gentlemen v Players and occasional "elevens" which consisted of recognised first-class players). Officially, therefore, the inaugural first-class match was the opening game of the 1895 season between MCC and Nottinghamshire at Lord's on 1 and 2 May, MCC winning by 37 runs. The term "first-class cricket" was formally defined by the then Imperial Cricket Conference (ICC) on 19 May 1947. It was made clear that the definition "will not have retrospective effect". The definition is as follows: A match of three or more days' duration between two sides of eleven players officially adjudged first-class, shall be regarded as a first-class fixture. Matches in which either team have more than eleven players or which are scheduled for less than three days shall not be regarded as first-class. The Governing body in each country shall decide the status of teams. For example, MCC was authorised to determine the status of matches played in Great Britain. For all intents and purposes, the 1947 ICC definition confirmed the 1894 MCC definition and gave it international recognition and usage. Hence, official judgment of status is the responsibility of the governing body in each country that is a full member of the International Cricket Council (ICC). The governing body grants first-class status to international teams and to domestic teams that are representative of the country's highest playing standard. Later ICC rulings make it is possible for international teams from associate members of the ICC to achieve first-class status but it is dependent on the status of their opponents in a given match. According to the ICC definition, a match may be adjudged first-class if: A Test match is a first-class match played between two ICC full member countries subject to their current status at the ICC and the application of ICC conditions when the match is played. A peculiarity of the two-innings match is the follow-on law. If the team that batted second is 200 runs or more behind on first innings total, it may be required to bat again (i.e., to immediately "follow on" from its first innings rather than the innings alternating as they would normally) in the third innings of the match. In 2010, the ICC published its Classification of Official Cricket which includes the criteria with which a match must comply to achieve a desired categorisation. In the section on first-class cricket, there is a list of the types of match that should qualify. It is important to note, given the differences in opinion about what constitutes a first-class match, that the ICC clearly stipulates that its match type list "is not exhaustive and is merely indicative of the matches which would fall into the first-class definition". For example, the list includes matches of recognised first-class teams versus international touring teams; and the leading domestic championships (using their then-current names) such as the County Championship, Sheffield Shield, Ranji Trophy, etc. No retrospective effect The absence of any ICC ruling about matches played before 1947 (or before 1895 in Great Britain) is problematic for those cricket statisticians who wish to categorise earlier matches in the same way. They have responded by compiling their own match lists and allocating a strictly unofficial first-class status to the matches they consider to have been of a high standard. It is therefore a matter of opinion only with no official support. Inevitable differences have arisen and there are variations in published cricket statistics. Issue for statisticians A key issue for the statisticians is when first-class cricket for their purpose is deemed to have begun. Writing in 1951, Roy Webber argued that the majority of matches prior to 1864 (i.e., the year in which overarm bowling was legalised) "cannot be regarded as first-class" and their records are used "for their historical associations". This drew a line between what was important historically and what should form part of the statistical record. Hence, for pre-1895 (i.e., in Great Britain) cricket matches, "first-class" is essentially a statistical concept while the historical concept is broader and takes account of historical significance. Webber's rationale was that cricket was "generally weak before 1864" (there was a greater and increasingly more organised effort to promote county cricket from about that time) and match details were largely incomplete, especially bowling analyses, which hindered compilation of records. According to Webber's view, the inaugural first-class match should have been the opening game of the 1864 season between Cambridge University and MCC at Fenner's on 12 and 13 May, Cambridge winning by 6 wickets. Important matches classification When the Association of Cricket Statisticians and Historians (ACS) published its Guide to First-Class Cricket Matches Played in the British Isles in 1982, it tentatively agreed with Webber's 1864 start date by saying that "the line between first-class and other matches becomes more easily discernible about that date". A year earlier, the ACS had published its Guide to Important Cricket Matches Played in the British Isles 1709 – 1863 in which it listed all the known matches during that period which it considered to have historical importance. Therefore, pre-1895 matches of a high standard are termed "important matches" and are the equivalent of first-class matches played since 1895. The ACS did stipulate that they had taken a more lenient view of importance regarding matches played in the 18th century than they did of matches played in the 19th century. As they explained, surviving details of 18th century matches are typically incomplete while there is a fairly comprehensive store of data about 19th century matches, certainly since 1825. 18th century startpoints Subsequently, Webber's view has been challenged by those who suggest earlier dates for the commencement of "first-class statistics". Bill Frindall believed that 1815 should be the start to encompass the entire roundarm bowling phase of cricket's history. However, roundarm did not begin in earnest until 1827. In Frindall's view, the inaugural first-class match should have been the opening game of the 1815 season between MCC and Middlesex at Lord's on 31 May and 1 June, Middlesex winning by 16 runs. The most significant internet-based views are those of CricketArchive (CA) and ESPNcricinfo (CI), both of which hold that the earliest first-class match was Hampshire versus All-England at Broadhalfpenny Down on 24 and 25 June 1772. CA has numbered this match "f1" (i.e., first-class match number one) and CI as "First-Class # 1". Historical v. statistical However commendable these views may be, they are not only unofficial but also entirely statistical. The 1772 match left a scorecard that is complete apart from the bowling analyses and so the data is sufficient for a statistical study, especially as the scorecard was itself the start of a trend and there are surviving scorecards from every season commencing 1772. The historical view centres on the historical significance of a match and its known contemporary importance measured by, as is often the case with early matches, the amount of money at stake. Other factors are the size of the crowd, if known, and the fact that a match was deemed notable enough to be reported in the press. The earliest match known to have been accorded superior status in a contemporary report (i.e., "a great match" in this case) and to have been played for a large sum of money was one in Sussex between two unnamed eleven-a-side teams contesting "fifty guineas apiece" in June 1697, a match of enormous historical significance but wigth no statistical data recorded.

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- Open Access Pastoralism: Research, Policy and Practice volume 1, Article number: 16 (2011) The central feature of pastoralism, regardless of continent or environment, is that livestock must seek out feed for much or most of the time. Water is another essential requirement, which mediates livestock's access to pasture. Further to these basic biological animal requirements, there are social, institutional, political and economic conditions that overlay and influence the way in which pastoralism can be carried out. The five papers we now present each and collectively show how livestock's access to optimal pasture and water is compromised or assisted by these non-biological human factors. The papers consider how solutions have been devised for some of the impediments, which can in turn bring new compromises in their wake. A recurring restriction on livestock's feed intake from pasture is the occurrence of low or failed seasonal rainfall - drought. As grazing potential dries up, action is demanded if animals are not to die in unacceptable numbers. Pastoralists world-wide in semi-arid environments expect droughts, and have a limited number of possible responses: bringing feed to their livestock, disposing of animals, or taking livestock to other feed sources - or a combination of all three. Our first paper, "Mobility and livestock mortality in communally used pastoral areas: the impact of the 2005-2006 drought on livestock mortality in Maasailand", by David Nkedianye and his co-authors at ILRI (International Livestock Research Institute) follows what happened during one recent drought when pastoralists carried out their long-standing practice of moving animals out of blighted grazing lands to places less-affected by drought, so their livestock could find more forage. While this practice is socially-endorsed, institutional and economic changes have intervened, with unexpected results. Some livestock in Maasai areas of Kenya and Tanzania, which experienced lower rainfall that particular year, were moved into another Maasai grazing land which had higher rainfall in that same year. This would, one might assume, have a beneficial result as livestock had access to more grazing in the destination area. Contrariwise, despite better rainfall, there was a higher livestock mortality rate in the destination area compared to the drought-stricken sending areas. The authors attribute this apparently anomalous result to several factors: the over-crowding of immigrant and resident livestock in fragmented, discontinuous and fenced grazing blocks, and the increasing preference among pastoralists in the destination area for high-productivity livestock breeds to profit from commercial meat and milk markets of Nairobi; these breeds are however, more susceptible to drought. The authors conclude that: "In recent times, competition for resources is intensifying as demographic and other pressures as well as fragmentation and intensification of land use due to sedentarization progressively exclude pastoral livestock from their historical dry-season refuges". The second paper, "Effects of cattle rustling and household characteristics on migration decisions and herd size amongst pastoralists in Baringo district, Kenya", by George Kaimba, Abdi Guliye and Bernard Njehia explores what happens when large-scale criminal activity intervenes in the normal pattern of pastoral movement to seasonal grazing grounds. Raiding of livestock is not a new phenomenon in East Africa, as historical records attest. What has changed is the severity of the raids, due to proliferation of fire arms and as the authors remark: "an emergence of commercialized cattle rustling where wealthy businessmen, politicians, traders or local people pursuing economic objectives finance raids among the pastoral communities". Some pastoralists now reduce the risk of losing their livestock assets to violent theft, as the authors find that "another type of migration has emerged, where herders migrate to safer areas due to the intensity of cattle rustling/raiding or in fear of attack by rustlers". Insecurity caused by rustlers may compromise production, as livestock are kept away from areas with the optimal grazing and water available in a particular season. This paper also applies statistical analysis to determining the relationship between herd size, household head's level of education, gender and non-livestock income. As is often reported elsewhere, pastoralists with larger herds are more likely to migrate, while better-educated pastoralists, women-headed households and those with alternative income sources are less likely to migrate. The review by Keith Weber and Shannon Horst evaluates the interactions between pastoralist livestock grazing systems, environmental and climate change, and social as well as political forces towards pastoral settlement, keeping the processes of grazing rest and livestock movement in the forefront of the review. Their paper "Desertification and livestock grazing: The roles of sedentarization, mobility and rest" is perhaps controversial, as they address the value-laden concepts of "desertification" and "land degradation" with regards to pastoral grazing in the arid and semi-arid rangelands. Their assessments and counter-arguments are thoughtful and deserve our close attention, whether we agree or not with their approach and conclusions. In practice, the authors remind us that however the notion of desertification is defined or whether the notion is defensible, "the perception of decision-makers [is] that rangelands are degrading and that some form of intervention or change in practice or policy must be enacted to prevent further desertification". We must therefore continue to pay attention to the whole debate. The biological role of livestock grazing is again a focal point in the next paper. There is considerable current interest and field research on the capacity of pastures (grasslands and rangelands used by pastoralists) to absorb some of the world's excess carbon emissions. This is especially important given that pasture occupies the world's single largest area of land use, while CO2 and other greenhouse gases are negatively implicated in climate change. The careful long-term study of these processes is much welcomed, as in the case presented by Rod Chimner and Jeff Welker in their paper, "Influence of grazing and precipitation on ecosystem carbon cycling in a mixed grass prairie". They study the effects of two different years of dry and wet years on soil carbon exchanges on controlled plots in Wyoming USA with a twenty-year period of different grazing intensities. Though their measurement indices and calculations are complex, there is one clear result: "Grazing treatments [intensity of livestock grazing] exhibited only minor differences in overall ecosystem carbon flux rates compared to precipitation effects during our study period. This agrees with other studies that have found that water availability is more important than grazing intensity in grassland carbon cycling". The authors report that this overall finding is modified by interactions between grazing intensities, timing and amount of precipitation, all of which are similarly variable in real life pastoralist and rangeland conditions. Nevertheless, the effects of a variable precipitation regime may be greater than the level of grazing on some key environmental parameters. Our last paper is from two practitioners, working over a period of 12 years with Tibetan pastoralists in western China. Marc Foggin and Marion E Torrance-Foggin, in their paper "How can social and environmental services be provided for mobile Tibetan herders? Collaborative examples from Qinghai Province, China", describe the ways in which their NGO Plateau Perspectives engaged with local government offices and pastoralists to tackle the issue of how pastoralists could maintain their mobile and customary practices, while gaining access to desirable services such as schools and health clinics. The experiences and successes of their NGO are decidedly relevant to policy-makers and practitioners concerned with pastoralism, as the authors note that: "In many regions of the world, national governments have considered the extension of social services to remote or sparsely inhabited areas, such as found in the Tibetan plateau region, to be too problematic or prohibitively expensive. This view - [is] often based on ideological premises...". The Chinese government has taken a clear and firm line on this subject, which is to implement a series of programmes to settle the Tibetan nomadic pastoralists in towns. As may be expected, over the years the NGO has encountered set-backs, but their progress underscores the necessity of sensitivity to political context, long-term NGO commitment and the simple but effective approach of "drinking tea" - spending time and learning together with local participants. We continue to publish reviews of recent books which will be of interest to the readers of this Journal. Accompanying this set of papers is a comprehensive book review by Professor Katherine Homewood, an international authority on the Maasai pastoralists of East Africa. The Serengeti plains of East Africa, divided and overlapping between livestock grazing lands and game parks, may be one of the best studied pastoral ecosystems in the world's drylands. The book reviewed is "Serengeti III: Human Impacts on Ecosystem Dynamics", edited by ARE Sinclair, Craig Packer, Simon Mduma and John M Fryxell, of more than 500 pages with drawings and illustrations, encapsulating a lifetime's research for some of the contributors. Our next set of papers which will be published is on European pastoralism, with particular reference to the impact of the European Union Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) on extensive livestock rearing in Europe's uplands and less peopled byways. We have case studies on Italy, Sweden and Greece in the European Union, as well as a summary of how the EU CAP is intended to support "high nature value" lands with their floral and faunal biodiversity, which are in the care of pastoralists with an ancient heritage in western Europe. We will also have an article about a much less visible group, Kurdish pastoralists who are still practice mobile livestock management on the eastern fringes of Europe, contained in the modern state of Turkey. As the editor of this set of papers, I would like to extend my gratitude not only to the article contributors for their fine work, but also to the unsung heroes and heroines, the article reviewers, who have offered such thorough and objective reviews. For a young Journal such as ours, quality reviews add much to the strength and reputation of our Journal as it develops. About this article Cite this article Kerven, C. Editorial. Pastoralism 1, 16 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1186/2041-7136-1-16

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“We are not responsible only for what we do, but also for what we fail to do”. Jean Molière The emotional health of employees is a primary factor for analysis during a pandemic. These professionals are exposed daily to a high level of stress and pressure, becoming vulnerable to the development of psychosomatic and / or mood disorders, in addition to the risk of illness and uncertainty about the future. After the most critical period of the pandemic, many mental disorders are expected to develop, remain, or worsen. Therefore, it is important to plan the monitoring of employees in the short, medium, and long term. Several reasons can generate post-traumatic stress: physical sequelae, psychological sequelae, absence from work, the need for help from the State and changes in the professional situation. European studies point to cases in which victims and family members reveal the impacts and consequences also on their personal lives, such as divorce, change of residence, involvement with alcohol and drugs. Health authorities around the world have been working to contain the spread of the disease, the threat of contamination and the increase in the number of cases causing great stress to the population and health professionals. Health professionals know that the focus is on taking care of patients and seeing them win the battle against the disease, after all that is what they were trained for. The spirit of mission that surrounds them leaves no room to look inside. Therefore, there is still a lot of work to be done in order to effectively insert the discussion about emotional disorders within the health teams. For many employees, there are no precedents for facing the current scenario, especially those who have never participated in situations like a crisis or pandemic. The signs of Burnout or exhaustion syndrome will certainly appear in a context that requires dexterity and precision for decision making, which are often complex, with a shortage of time or resources, whether human, equipment or material. It is necessary to identify these signs of the body and the mind. Exhaustion Syndrome (Burnout) The main characteristic of the exhaustion syndrome is the state of emotional tension and chronic stress caused by exhausting physical, emotional and psychological working conditions. The syndrome manifests itself especially in people whose profession requires direct and intense interpersonal involvement. There are several signs and symptoms that indicate the risk of exhaustion syndrome, research shows that the most common is the feeling of physical and emotional exhaustion that is reflected in attitudes and symptoms, such as: - Excessive tiredness, physical and mental; - Frequent headache; - Changes in appetite; - Difficulty concentrating; - Feelings of failure and insecurity; - Constant negativity; - Feelings of defeat and hopelessness; - Feelings of incompetence; - Sudden changes in mood; - High pressure; - Muscle aches; - Gastrointestinal problems; - Change in heart rate. The identification of these signs will depend on the way in which each professional deal with coping in critical situations. Adopting decompression measures to the most vulnerable professional will ease acute symptoms of stress. A stressed team can affect the clinical outcome of patients, impact the teams of institutional interface, since it intermediates the strategic, tactical, and operational dimension of the institution. Professionals, when emotionally dejected, worried, and apprehensive, can depress more quickly in the face of situations that threaten the integrity of their patients and why not tell their own integrity. This dejection, fear, demotivation and often panic, can lead health professionals to become more vulnerable and even to become physically ill, bringing great impact to their performance. Frontline health professionals, in crisis situations, live different experiences that impact the physical, emotional, and mental aspects. Therefore, talking about their anxieties is necessary and reduces their stress levels. Another scenario that is inserted during crisis scenarios is the omission of illnesses for fear of communicating to colleagues or the boss for fear of overloading them during the period of absence. It is important that all employees are encouraged to communicate the leadership, all changes be in the psychic as well as physical state. In this context, the institution’s role is to provide safety and tranquility so that no one feels cornered to report possible eventual symptoms. In times of crisis, being a leader can increase the risk of developing the burnout syndrome, since it will be necessary to deal with fear, anguish and insecurity for oneself and the team members. Leaders need to be well positioned and centered to lead with self-control and agility. It will be important for leaders to: - Train multipliers to disseminate and contribute to activities; - Identify precisely those who are well, those who show any signs of depletion in motivation, speed of response and willingness; - Indicate emotional support for employees who need it, even if it is themselves. Institutions must provide ways to guarantee internal support so that the professional is able to deal with their feelings and impotence or anger as an expression of the difficulties to face the new reality. For the professional, having freedom and space to talk about their issues, leads to tension release and allows some level of support and relief. Maintaining an environment where those who need emotional support can express themselves calmly, reduces the stigma associated with mental problems and can help to reduce the stress level. It is known that the way the team conducts its stress has a significant impact on the quality of care provided. Therefore, it is necessary to look at the issues that arise within the teams, disfavoring those that will lead to the formation of teams that are not cohesive in care and less effective for patients. Health professionals who are contaminated and removed as a result of COVID-19, when they return to work need to be closely monitored by their leaders, to make sure they can take on the workload prior to absence. Emotional support services are expected to be maintained after the peak of the crisis, when the pandemic stops, many professionals will manifest disturbances and will need support. Mental health care The World Health Organization (WHO) has published a guide to mental health care during this health emergency period: - Be empathetic. Show empathy for everyone affected. The infected people have done nothing wrong and deserve support, compassion, and kindness. - Do not refer to people with the disease as “covid-19 cases” or “victims”, “covid-19 families”, “sick people” etc. They are “people with covid-19 or who are undergoing treatment or recovering” and after recovering they will continue their normal life with family, work and loved ones. It is important to separate the person and the virus itself, to reduce stigma. - Reduce reading and contact with news that can cause anxiety or stress. Seek information only from reliable sources and take practical steps to prepare your plans, protect yourself and your family. Look for information and updates once or twice a day to avoid “unnecessary bombardment” of information. - Design yourself and support others by helping them in their time of need. Assistance to others in their time of need can help those who receive support, as well as those who give assistance. - Create opportunities to expand positive and useful stories and positive images of people in your area who have had covid-19, such as experiences of patients who have recovered from the disease. - Recognize and appreciate the work of all professionals involved in providing care. Recognize their role in saving lives and keeping everyone safe. - The fact that you experience stress and the sensations associated with this condition does not mean that you are not able to do your job or that you are a weak person. It is normal to feel that way because of the surroundings of the pandemic. Managing your mental health and your psychosocial well-being during this time will be crucial for you to maintain your physical health as well. - Take care of you. Try to use methods to deal with the situation such as taking breaks and resting between your work shifts and even, if possible, taking a moment off the clock. Try to maintain a healthy diet, exercise, and stay in touch with family and friends. - Avoid erroneous ways of dealing with stress such as the use of tobacco, alcohol, or other drugs. In the long run, they worsen your physical and mental well-being. - Some health professionals may be avoided by the family because of fear of contamination and stigmas, which can make the situation you already face worse. If possible, stay connected with your loved ones, virtual contact is an option. - When communicating with other team members, be simple, objective, and polite. - Try to keep the team away from stressful situations so they can do their job better. The current situation will not end overnight, and its role is to focus on the long term, rather than short-term responses to the crisis. - Ensure effective communication. Rotate with teams from the most stressful areas to the least stressful ones. Put less experienced employees to work with more experienced ones. Implement journeys on scales. Try to create space for colleagues to provide social support for each other. - Check the availability of channels for access to psychosocial and mental support services. Managers and team leaders, in addition to facing the same pressures as other team members, also carry the weight caused by leadership role and responsibility. That is why it is important that resources are available to everyone. - Manage patients’ mental health and neurological complaints such as delirium, psychosis, severe anxiety and depression, in the areas of emergency or general practice. Specialized mental health teams should be mobilized for these areas. - Share information about what is happening clearly, explain risks and infections in understandable words. Repeat the information whenever necessary. Instructions must be clear, concise and respect the patient’s style. Suffering will be part of this trajectory for all professionals involved, but in the end, everyone will be sure, that they will be honoring their professional oaths. - Blanchard EB, Hickling EJ, Forneris CA, Taylor AE, Buckley TC, Loos WR, Jaccard J. Prediction of Remission of Acute Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in Motor Vehicle Accident Victims. J Trauma Stress1997; 10(2):215-234. - Baldo V, Marcolongo A, Floreani A, Majori S, Cristofoletti M, Zotto AD, Vazzoler G, Trivello R. Epidemiological aspect of traumatic brain injury in Northeast Italy. European Journal of Epidemiology2003; 18:1059-1063. - Maia AC. Epidemiologia da perturbação do stress traumático (PTSD) e avaliação de resposta ao trauma. In: Pereira MG, Ferreira JM, organizadores. Stress traumático: aspectos teóricos e intervenção. Lisboa: Climepsi; 2003. p. 35-54. - Cavalcante F G; Morita P A; Haddad S R. Sequelas invisíveis dos acidentes de trânsito: o transtorno de estresse pós-traumático como problema de saúde pública. Brasil: Ciênc. saúde coletiva vol.14 no.5 Rio de Janeiro Nov./Dec. 2009. - ONU NEWS – Perspectiva Global Reportagens Humana – OMS divulga guia com cuidados para saúde mental durante pandemia – https://news.un.org/pt/story/2020/03/1707792 - Douglas Crispim, Maria Júlia Paes da Silva, Walmir Cedotti, Millena Câmara, Sarah Ananda Gomes – COMUNICAÇÃO DIFÍCIL E COVID – 19 – Recomendações práticas para comunicação e acolhimento em diferentes cenários da pandemia, 2020. https://ammg.org.br/wp-content/uploads/comunica%C3%A7%C3%A3o-COVID-19.pdf.pdf - Schaefer LS; Lobo BO; Kristensen C H – Transtorno de estresse pós traumático decorrente de acidente de trabalho: implicações psicológicas, socioeconômicas e jurídicas. 2012.

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WHAT image does Europe have of America? Whatever it may be, it is a reflection of actual conditions in this country, it contains an evaluation of America's role in international politics, and it expresses the attitude of the nation concerned with respect to both. The faithfulness of such images to the original is always open to question; they cannot, and are not meant to, conform to standards of photo graphic objectivity or even journalistic reportage. The present image of America abroad is no exception to this rule, and it is neither less nor more distorted than the images nations used to form of each other in the course of their history and mutual relationships. If there were nothing more involved than misunderstandings, misinterpretations and occasionally violent outbursts of resentment or dislike, the matter would be hardly of more than historical, limited interest. There are, however, several respects in which the image of America abroad does not conform to the general rule. The first, and perhaps most relevant, exception is the fact that the European image, in distinction from others, cannot be considered a mere reflection and interpretation of actual conditions, for it predates not only the birth of the United States, but the colonization and to some extent even the discovery of the American continent. Without an image of America, no European colonist would ever have crossed the ocean. The dream and purpose carried by the colonists eventually led to the establishment of one part of European mankind on this side of the Atlantic; it was both the first European image of America and the guiding idea that inspired this country's colonization and political institutions. This image of America was the image of a New World—a name given to no other of the many new lands discovered at the beginning of the modem age. Its content was a new ideal of equality and a new idea of freedom. Both of these, as Tocqueville said, were "exported from Europe, and neither was fully comprehensible except in the context of European history. Only in the United States did this image find a political realization through the establishment of the American Republic. Yet even this realization was partly an import from Europe, since the founders of the Republic sought counsel in Locke and Montesquieu, who more clearly and more elaborately than Rousseau and the French ideologues (who influenced the history of European revolutions) had laid down the legal and political principles for the foundation of a new body politic. Through the American Revolution, Europe's image of America came true. A new world was being born because a new body politic had come into existence. By the same token and at the same moment, Europe and the United States (i.e. that part of the new continent which, indeed, had become a new world) parted company. Whatever image Europe had of America, this image could never again become a model or guiding idea for whatever was done or happened in the United States. EVER since this part of European mankind ceased to be a colony, framed its Constitution and declared itself an independent Republic, America has been both the dream and the nightmare of Europe. Up until the last third of the nineteenth century, the content of the dream was freedom from both want and oppression plus the assertion of human autonomy and power against the weight of the past, a past which through the authority of political institutions and the tradition of spiritual heritages seemed to hinder the full development of the new forces of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. At the same time, the very dream was a nightmare to those who were apprehensive of this modern development, and the decision as to whether America was a dream or a nightmare depended primarily, not upon concrete experiences in this country, but upon the political views of the writer, as seen in the attitude he had taken toward the conflicts and discussions of his native land. Thus America and Europe had parted company. But the image of America as it shines through travelers' reports and novels, poems and political treatises was never alien or exotic, like the images of Africa or Asia or the South Sea Islands. Instead, it remained the sometimes fantastically exaggerated and distorted picture of a reality where the most recent traits of European civilization had developed in an almost undiluted purity. This attitude toward America, first of all, was of course Tocqueville's own, as was indicated quite openly in the very title of his work—Democracy in America. The whole book bears witness to the fact that his interest in the workings of democracy as a European possibility—or even a necessity—was greater than his interest in descriptions of a foreign country. He came to America to learn the true lesson of the French Revolution, to find out what happened to men and society under the unprecedented conditions of equality. He regarded the United States as a large and wonderfully equipped laboratory where the most recent implications of European history were tried out Europe, he was sure, if not the whole world, was about to be Americanized; but he would never have thought this process could be somehow in opposition to the European development, as though America and Europe were different in origin and historical destiny. To Tocqueville, Americans were not a young people against whom Europeans could summon up either pride of ancestry and civilization or, as the case might be, to whom they would feel inferior in vitality. The Americans, be said, "are a very old and a very en lightened people who have fallen upon a new and unbounded country." Had Americans told him, and they were in fact even then quite likely to, that "the American nation, as it is today, was hewn from the forests in comparatively recent times, when brilliant and complex civilizations had already existed....for many centuries" (as Robert Trumbull said early this year in the New York Times Magazine), he might have replied that the origin of this delusion of youth was in eighteenth century ideas about "noble savages" and the purifying influence of uncivilized nature rather than in actual experiences of pioneerdom and colon ation. Or, to put it another way, only because the new history-consciousness of the West used the metaphor of individual biological life for the existence of nations could Europeans as well as Americans delude themselves with the fantastic notion of a second youth in a new country. However that may be, Tocqueville came to America to look at "the image of democracy itself, with its inclinations, its character, its prejudices and its passions, in order to learn what we have to fear or to hope from its progress." The principle of equality, far from having its roots in the new continent, had been, politically, the most relevant and most striking result of all great events "of the last seven hundred years" of European history. From the viewpoint of modern Europe and the development of the modem age, the United States was an older and more experienced country than Europe herself. So confident was Tocqueville in this view of America as the product of a European development, that he saw even strictly intra American developments, such as the migration to the West, as a stream that began "in the middle of Europe, [crossed] the Atlantic Ocean, and [advanced] over the solitudes of the New World." In its details, Tocqueville's view can be debated and stands in need of correction. But by and large it is corroborated by the historical fact. The American Republic owes its origin to the greatest adventure of European mankind which, for the first time since the crusades and at the height of the European nation-state system, embarked upon a common enterprise whose spirit proved to be stronger than all national differences. TOCQUEVILLE is the greatest but not the only author of the last century who saw the New World as the outcome of an old history and civilization. Today this view is the element conspicuously missing in Europe's image of America. All other opinions of nineteenth century writers, insights and errors, dreams and nightmares alike, have somehow survived, although they have degenerated into clichés whose triviality makes it almost impossible to consider seriously the constantly increasing literature on the subject. But today the U.S. is considered to have no more relationship with Europe than any other country, and frequently considerably less than Russia or even Asia, both of which are being Europeanized through Marxism for a considerable segment of European opinion—by no means including only Communists or fellow-travelers. There are many reasons for this recent estrangement. Among them is American isolation, which before it became a political slogan had been a political reality for more than a hundred years. In this respect, the European image of America as outside and unconnected with her own development has its origin in America. There is a much more cogent reason, however, which also goes a long way toward explaining why Europe will so often pretend to find herself in closer kinship with non-European nations than with America; this is the stupendous wealth of the United States. AMERICA, it is true, has been the "land of plenty" almost since the beginning of its history, and the relative well-being of all her inhabitants deeply impressed even early travelers. The general high standard of living (which was not hindered by and did not prevent the formation of gigantic fortunes) was early observed and rightly seen in connection with the political principles of democracy and the concomitant economic principle that nothing ought to be so expensive as personal services and nothing so rewarding as human labor. It is also true that the feeling was always present that the difference between the two continents was greater than national differences in Europe itself even if the actual figures did not bear this out. Still, at some moment—presumably after America emerged from her long isolation and became once more a central preoccupation of Europe—after the first world war this difference between Europe and America changed its meaning and became qualitative instead of quantitative. It was no longer a question of better, but of altogether different, conditions, of a nature which makes understanding well nigh impossible. Like an invisible but very real Chinese wall, the wealth of the United States separates it from all other countries of the globe, just as it separates the individual American tourist from the inhabitants of the countries he visits. We all know from personal experience that friendship involves equality. Although friendship can be an equalizer of existing natural or economic inequalities, there is a limit beyond which such equalization is utterly impossible. In the words of Aristotle, no friendship could ever exist between a man and a god. The same holds true for the relationships between nations where the equalizing force of friendship does not operate. Between nations, a certain equality of condition, though not an identity, is necessary for understanding and frankness. The problem with American wealth is that, at some moment, it progressed beyond the point where understanding from other peoples, and more specifically from those who inhabit the mother-countries of many American citizens, no longer seems possible and where even personal friendships across the ocean are put in jeopardy. Those who believe that this situation can be easily corrected by Marshall plans or Point Four programs are, I am afraid, mistaken. To the extent that material aid is motivated by authentic generosity and a feeling of responsibility beyond the more obvious political and economic interests and necessities of American foreign policy, it will earn us no more than the very doubtful gratitude which the benefactor expects—but generally does not receive—from the object of his beneficence. Mistrust of American intentions, the fear of being pressured into unwanted political actions, suspicion of sinister motives when help is given without political strings attached—these things are natural enough and need no hostile propaganda to arouse them. But even more is involved. In this case, as in all beneficence, the prerogative of action and the sovereignty of decision rest with the benefactor, and therefore, to cite Aristotle once more, it is only natural that the benefactor should love his beneficiaries more than he is loved by them. Where they have suffered passively, he has done something; they have become, as it were, his work. To these real problems in America's international relationships, Communist propaganda abroad adds the palpably false accusation that the United States became rich from imperialist exploitation, and the even more obvious fantasy of a class-ridden economy where masses toil in misery. These lies are easily contradicted by reality, and they will not live as long as the recent and more dangerous attempt to translate the Marxian division between capitalist and proletariat into terms of foreign policy. This interpretation divides the nations of the world into have-and have-not-countries, and according to this interpretation the only country to fall into the first category is, of course, the United States. Unfortunately, this image of America can draw upon a certain store of experience, and it is now in turn dangerously reinforced by certain current "Americanistic" attitudes and ideologies in the United States. These, I am afraid, are much more widespread and express a more general mood than traditional isolationism or the limited appeal of America-First movements. Abroad, the anti-Americanism which is the other side of this coin is actually much more dangerous than all the tirades against an imperialist, capitalistic land which have become the stock-in-trade of Communist propaganda, precisely because it corresponds to a growing "Americanism" at home. THE question of the wealth of the United States is no trivial matter, and on the international scene it probably constitutes one of this nation's gravest long-range political problems. It almost seems that the consistent development of the principle of equality under circumstances of great natural abundance has so changed the conditions of human life that U.S. citizens appear to belong to a species sui generis. Nor does this situation improve when the average American tourist naively assumes that a similar miracle could occur in other countries if only their people had the wisdom to adopt American institutions and the American way of life. Perhaps the average American cannot be expected to understand that although equality of condition is spreading throughout the whole world, this equalization will take a different course and require different measures in countries lacking the natural abundance of the American continent. More serious is the fact that the inability to understand each other's circumstances has begun to rear its head in our foreign policy. Much of the unpleasantness in recent British-American relationships, for example, can be explained on these grounds. It is the old story; nothing seems so difficult to understand and stands so squarely in the way of friendship as a radical difference in exterior circumstances. It has always been the misfortune of rich people to be alternately flattered and abused—and still remain unpopular, no matter how generous they are. That Americans abroad should get a little of this age-old treatment is neither surprising nor unduly disturbing. But it is an altogether different matter that a radical shift has taken place recently in the class structure of those Europeans who are in sympathy with America and those who are not. For centuries, this country has been the dream of Europe's lower classes and freedom-loving people. At the same time it remained a nightmare for the rich bourgeoisie, the aristocracy and a certain type of intellectual, who saw in equality a threat to culture rather than a promise of freedom. To many of the lower classes in Europe, the restrictions on immigration after the first world war put an end to their hopes of solving their problems through emigration to America. To them, for the first time, America became a bourgeois country, her wealth having become as inaccessible as the wealth of their own bourgeoisie. After the second world war this situation became more acute, as United States policies first supported the re-establishment or the continuation of the status quo everywhere, and then adopted an unfriendly attitude toward Great Britain's peaceful and, on the whole, moderate and controlled change of her own social conditions under the Labor government. Since then, America has seemed not only rich beyond the wildest fantasy, but determined to support the interests of the rich all over the world. Certainly this was neither the intention nor the outcome of American policy abroad, least of all in Europe where the Marshall Plan benefited every class of the population and American officials frequently went out of their way to find some remedy for the worst social injustices. Nevertheless that is the way things have seemed to be. As a result, sympathy for America today can be found, generally speaking, among those people whom Europeans call "reactionary,'' whereas an anti-American posture is one of the best ways to prove oneself a liberal. Anti-American feeling is, of course, exploited by Communist propaganda, like all other troublesome issues. But to consider it a propaganda product is a serious underestimation of its popular roots. In Europe, it is well on the way to becoming a new ism. Anti-Americanism, its negative emptiness notwithstanding, threatens to become the content of a European movement. IF it is true that each nationalism (though, of course, not the birth of every nation) begins with a real or fabricated common enemy, then the current image of America in Europe may well become the beginning of a new pan-European nationalism. Our hope that the emergence of a federated Europe and the dissolution of the present nation-state system will make nationalism itself a thing of the past may be unwarrantedly optimistic. On its more popular levels—not, to be sure, in the deliberations of statesmen in Strasbourg—the movement for a united Europe has recently shown decidedly nationalistic traits. The line between this anti-American Europeanism and the very healthy and necessary efforts to federate the European nations is further confused by the fact that the remnants of European fascism have joined the fight. Their presence reminds everybody that after Briand's futile gestures at the League of Nations it was Hitler who started the war with the promise that he would liquidate Europe’s obsolete nation-state system and build a united Europe. The widespread and inarticulate anti-American sentiments find their political crystallization point precisely here. Since Europe is apparently no longer willing to see in America whatever it has to hope or to fear from her own future development, it has a tendency to con sider the establishment of a European government an act of emancipation from America. Americanism on one side and Europeanism on the other side of the Atlantic, two ideologies facing fighting and, above all, resembling each other as all seemingly opposed ideologies do—this may be one of the dangers we face.

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ENGLISH IN INDIA Depending how speaking ability is defined, India is the world’s largest English-speaking country or the second largest after the United States. A subsidiary official language, English is taught in schools and widely spoken, giving India an edge in an increasingly English-speaking globalized world. The English spoken in India tends to be more British-style than American-style but in many cases it is its own style. Only around three to five percent of the population is truly fluent in both English and an Indian language. But English-speakers include nearly all the educated elite and people who come in contact with tourists although knowledge of English varies widely from fluency to knowledge of just a few words. While English is relegated to the status of subsidiary official language it is the most important language for national, political, and commercial communication. English is arguably the most important thing the British left behind in India. English helped unify the Indian subcontinent by providing a common language for a region with a multitude of languages and dialects. It also provided a common tongue for administration and education. The Indian constitution and Indian legal code are written in English and the famous speech delivered by Nehru after India became independent was in English. English is especially popular among the affluent middle class. As was true in the colonial era, English is a prerequisite to getting ahead, especially in the outsourcing and technology world. English is more widely spoken in southern India than northern India in part because southerners loath to use Hindi. The way English is spoken varies a great deal from place to place and with levels of fluency and wealth. It is commonly said that there are at least 15 different kinds of English, one to go with each of the each of the official languages. How Many People Speak English in India? There is little information on the extent of knowledge of English in India. Books and articles abound on the place of English in the Indian education system, job competition, and culture; and on its sociolinguistic aspects, pronunciation and grammar, its effect on Indian languages, and Indian literature in English. Little information is available, however, on the number of people who "know" English and the extent of their knowledge, or even how many people study English in school. In the 1981 census, 202,400 persons (0.3 percent of the population) gave English as their first language. Fewer than 1 percent gave English as their second language while 14 percent were reported as bilingual in two of India's many languages. However, the census did not allow for recording more than one second language and is suspected of having significantly under-represented bilingualism and multilingualism. [Source: Library of Congress, 1995 *] The 1981 census reported 13.3 percent of the population as bilingual. The People of India project of the Anthropological Survey of India, which assembled statistics on communities rather than on individuals, found that only 34 percent of communities reported themselves as monolingual. An Assamese who also knew Bengali, or someone from a Marathi-speaking family living in Delhi who attended a Hindi-medium school, might give Bengali or Hindi as his or her second language but also know English from formal school instruction or picking it up on the street. It is suspected that many people identify language with literacy and hence will not describe themselves as knowing a language unless they can read it and, conversely, may say they know a language if they can make out its alphabet. Thus people who speak English but are unable to read or write it may say they do not know the language.* English-language daily newspapers had a circulation of 3.1 million copies per day in the 1990s, but each copy was probably read by several people. There are estimates of about 3 percent for the number of literates in English, but even if this percentage is valid, the number of people with a speaking knowledge is certainly higher than of those who read it. And, the figure of 3 percent for English literacy may be low. According to one set of figures, 17.6 million people were enrolled in English classes in 1977, which would be 3.2 percent of the population of India according to the 1971 census. Taking the most conservative evaluation of how much of the instruction would "stick," this still leaves a larger part of the population than 3 percent with some English literacy.* English in Schools The teaching of Hindi and English is compulsory in most states and union territories. Some idea of the possibilities of studying English can be found in the 1992 Fifth All-India Education Survey. According to the survey, only 1.3 percent of primary schools, 3.4 percent of upper primary schools, 3.9 percent of middle schools, and 13.2 percent of high schools use English as a medium of instruction. Schools treating English as the first language (requiring ten years of study) are only 0.6 percent of rural primary schools, 2.8 percent of rural high schools, and 9.9 percent of urban high schools. English is offered as a second language (six years of study) in 51 percent of rural primary schools, 55 percent of urban primary schools, 57 percent of rural high schools, and 51 percent of urban high schools. As a third language (three years of study), English is offered in 5 percent of rural primary schools, 21 percent of urban primary schools, 44 percent of rural high schools, and 41 percent of urban high schools. These statistics show a considerable desire to study English among people receiving a mostly vernacular education, even in the countryside.* In higher education, English continues to be the premier prestige language. Careers in business and commerce, government positions of high rank (regardless of stated policy), and science and technology (attracting many of the brightest) continue to require fluency in English. It is also necessary for the many students who contemplate study overseas.* English as a prestige language and the tongue of first choice continues to serve as the medium of instruction in elite schools at every level without apology. All large cities and many smaller cities have private, English-language middle schools and high schools. Even government schools run for the benefit of senior civil service officers are conducted in English because only that language is an acceptable medium of communication throughout the nation.* Working-class parents, themselves rural-urban migrants and perhaps bilingual in their village dialect and the regional standard language, perceive English as the tool their children need in order to advance. Schools in which English is the medium of instruction are a "growth industry." Facility in English enhances a young woman's chances in the marriage market — no small advantage in the often protracted marriage negotiations between families. The English speaker also encounters more courteous responses in some situations than does a speaker of an indigenous language.* Hindi Verus English: the Right Lingua Franca for India For the speakers of the country's myriad tongues to function within a single administrative unit requires some medium of common communication. The choice of this tongue, known in India as the "link" language, has been a point of significant controversy since independence. Central government policy on the question has been necessarily equivocal. The vested interests proposing a number of language policies have made a decisive resolution of the "language question" all but impossible. [Source: Library of Congress *] The central issue in the link-language controversy has been and remains whether Hindi should replace English. Proponents of Hindi as the link language assert that English is a foreign tongue left over from the British Raj . English is used fluently only by a small, privileged segment of the population; the role of English in public life and governmental affairs constitutes an effective bar to social mobility and further democratization. Hindi, in this view, is not only already spoken by a sizable minority of all Indians but also would be easier to spread because it would be more congenial to the cultural habits of the people. * On the other hand, Dravidian-speaking southerners in particular feel that a switch to Hindi in the well-paid, nationwide bureaucracies, such as the Indian Administrative Service, the military, and other forms of national service would give northerners an unfair advantage in gov-ernment examinations. If the learning of English is burdensome, they argue, at least the burden weighs equally on Indians from all parts of the country. In the meantime, an increasing percentage of Indians send their children to private English-medium schools, to help assure their offspring a chance at high-privilege positions in business, education, the professions, and government.* Since independence, under pressure from Hindu extremisst, efforts were made to "purify" Hindi. Foreign words were expunged and replaced with Sanskrit-descended words. In some cases English words were replaced with ridiculously long Sanskrit-derived words. "Station" for example was replaced with "”agnirathyantraviramsha”, which literally means "resting place for a chariot run by fire." As drafted, the constitution provided that Hindi and English were to be the languages of communication for the central government until 1965, when the switch to Hindi was mandated. The Official Languages Act of 1963, pursuing this mandate, said that Hindi would become the sole official national language in 1965. English, however, would continue as an "associate additional official language." After ten years, a parliamentary committee was to consider the situation and whether the status of English should continue if the knowledge of Hindi among peoples of other native languages had not progressed sufficiently. The act, however, was ambiguous about whether Hindi could be imposed on unwilling states by 1975. In 1964 the Ministry of Home Affairs requested all central ministries to state their progress on the switch to Hindi and their plans for the period after the transition date in 1965. The news of this directive led to massive riots and self-immolations in Tamil Nadu in late 1964 and early 1965, leading the central government, then run by the Congress , to back away from its stand. * English continues to serve as the language of prestige. Efforts to switch to Hindi or other regional tongues encounter stiff opposition both from those who know English well and whose privileged position requires proficiency in that tongue and from those who see it as a means of upward mobility. Partisans of English also maintain it is useful and indeed necessary as a link to the rest of the world, that India is lucky that the colonial period left a language that is now the world's predominant international language in the fields of culture, science, technology, and commerce. They hold, too, that widespread knowledge of English is necessary for technological and economic progress and that reducing its role would leave India a backwater in world affairs.* Criticism of the Use of English in India Many Indians complain that the English language stifles their Indian-ness and expands the gap between classes. In 1998, Defense Minister Mulayam Singh Yadav called for Indians to stop speaking English and use their mother tongues only and also urged them to stop playing cricket. He said he "will not rest until English is driven out of the country...English should not dominate the country's linguistic map." Many Indian nationalists originally intended that Hindi would replace English—the language of British rule—as a medium of common communication. Both Hindi and English are extensively used, and each has its own supporters. Native speakers of Hindi, who are concentrated in North India, contend that English, as a relic from the colonial past and spoken by only a small fraction of the population, is hopelessly elitist and unsuitable as the nation's official language. Proponents of English argue, in contrast, that the use of Hindi is unfair because it is a liability for those Indians who do not speak it as their native tongue. English, they say, at least represents an equal handicap for Indians of every region. [Source: Library of Congress *] One Indian navy captain told National Geographic that knowing English "allows a fellow like me to read the Guardian Weekly. It let's someone in Bengal read the books of R.K Narayan." But then complained, "It means that to come to notice here you have to speak a foreign tongue. A Polish woman won the Nobel prize for literature. There is pride in Poland for Polish, as there should be. But do you think any Indian who writes in anything other than English stands a chance." The captain the aid, "If I hire someone to work for me. I'm frankly much more likely to be impressed than by his intelligence. He can be a genius of a mathematician but if has poor English—I'll give the job to someone far less well educated, far less clever, who speaks English." English Words from India Indian words that found there way into the English language include bungalow, khaki. cashmere, shampoo, jungle, juggernaut, cosmos, curry, cot, veranda, punch, cummerbund, dungarees, gymkhana, goon, thug, loot, Brahman, maharajah, and pajamas. The word "pundit" (a political commentator) comes from the Sanskrit word for a learned Brahman. "Shampoo" comes from Hindi word “champo”, meaning "to massage" or "to knead." "Cummerbund" is derived from the Hindi word “kamarband”, meaning "loin band". It describes a wide sash worn around the waist. “Cosmos” in a Sanskrit word for "justice." Early English settlers in Bengal adapted the local one-story cottages to their own needs. In 1676 the called them “banga” ("belonging to Bengal). Later they became known as bungalows. The word "jungle" comes from the Hindi word for wasteland. In 1783, Edmund Burke wrote of a land, "almost thoughtout a dreary desert, covered with rushes, and briers, and jungles full of wild beasts." The Malayalam language of Kerala has given English the words atoll and teak. Lord Jagannath, an incarnation of Vishnu created by a celestial carpenter from a miraculous log, is the source of the word juggernaut (a force so powerful it destroys anything int way). Cities were renamed by the British because the colonizers could not pronounce the local names correctly. They couldn't say Kolkata so the city was called Calcutta. Funny and Turgid Indian English The choice of English words and idiosyncratic accents used in India are amusing to some Westerners. India cities are filled with humorous English signs. One on the back of a rickshaw read: "Horn please—keep distance." Sign warning of impending road construction say: "Inconvenience regretted". In Varanasi you learn: "Spitting in Public is Injurious to Health." In Kashmir “Ticketless Travel is a Social Evil.” Among the amusing product slogans are "Buy Chilly cockroach traps", "Pik-up, the Perky Cola" and "Drink Hello mineral water." A sign outside a tourist hotel in Pushkar read: "A Stay of Class in Peace: Cheapest and Topest in Town." A sign elsewhere read: "BEWARE! Elephant driving school nearby. No thoroughfare allowed." Then there are the near pidgin-English signs such as the one in southern India that read "Hear katin salun." Insurance policies in India usually begin with the same 191-word sentence. There is also a fondness for phrases such as “begging the favor of your esteemed perusal." Martin Cutts, a dispenser of awards for bad writing, who was hired by the British Council to help reform the English language in India, told Newsweek: "It's the reverence for the heavy style that is puzzling to me. One day the people here are going to say they are too busy to read these turgid documents written by some self-important ninny." Some amusing road signs messages in India: 1) "Life is a journey complete it." 2) "Speed Thrills But Kills." 3) "Be Gentle on My Curves." 4) "Better to Be Mister Late than the Late Mister." 5) Safety First, Speed next, Do Not Halt at Corners." 6) “Discipline Makes a Nation Great: The Nation is on the Move." 7) “After whisky, driving risky.” 8) “Don’t race, don’t rally, enjoy beauty of the valley.” Hinglish and Inglish "Hinglish" is a mix of Hindi and English, often Hindi words used in sentences that otherwise are in English. Hinglish words found in English newspapers include “bandhs” ("a general strikes") and “gheraos” ("sit-ins"). "Inglish" refers to the unique set of English words that Indians have conjured up. People "felicitate" each other on their birthdays. "Intimate" means inform. "Eve-teasing” means flirting. A “four twenty” is a corrupt businessman (derived from Section 420 of the India's Criminal procedure code). The standard reply for a government official who is unavailable is: "Sorry, he is not in his seat...May I request your good name." Inglish if filled with euphemisms and double speak. Famines are referred to as "scarcity." Terrorists re called "extremists." Muslims are called a "minority." A "number two" is a special account for undisclosed earnings. In matrimonial announcements "homely" means a good housemaker; an "innocent divorcee" is someone from an unconsummated marriage. “Do the needful” means to do what is proper and right” (Example: “I’m sure he will do the needful”). “Prepone” is the opposite of postpone. Indians say things like “good wishes and salutations” and “hoopla.” In their written pieces they use a lot of cliches like “blew his top.” Newspapers are filled with criminals who "spill the beans" and get "nabbed" and police who "apprehend absconding miscreants." Police "rush" to the scene of a crime even when the don’t show up for three days. Text Sources: New York Times, Washington Post, Los Angeles Times, Times of London, Lonely Planet Guides, Library of Congress, Ministry of Tourism, Government of India, Compton’s Encyclopedia, The Guardian, National Geographic, Smithsonian magazine, The New Yorker, Time, Newsweek, Reuters, AP, AFP, Wall Street Journal, The Atlantic Monthly, The Economist, Foreign Policy, Wikipedia, BBC, CNN, and various books, websites and other publications. Last updated June 2015

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The new coronavirus, which causes the disease COVID-19, continues to spread quickly, threatening the health and economy of the United States. It’s also threatening the already grim outlook of Survival for Black Americans in America. Since January, nearly 250,000 cases have been confirmed across the country and the Death toll in the U.S. has topped 5,000. And many more cases have undoubtedly not been discovered due to a lack of testing. The outbreak of this deadly respiratory illness is especially worrisome for Black Americans and their vulnerable communities. Long before the coronavirus came along, Black Americans were facing very extreme and significant challenges in every aspect of American society, including within the health care sector. While no corner of American society is likely to be untouched by Covid-19, many world-renowned experts are concerned that the virus might leave a fatal wake once it spreads in the Black communities such as Braddock, PA and those like it. Early numbers indicate the mortality of coronavirus infection rises when patients have underlying health concerns. Those concerns would include high blood pressure, diabetes, obesity, heart disease, lung diseases including asthma and chronic bronchitis, and autoimmune diseases like lupus hypertension, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, chronic respiratory disease and cancer. – all disproportionately found in Black Americans. One study in Wuhan, China, found that more than half the deaths occurred among those who had conditions such as high blood pressure, diabetes, and coronary heart disease. Another study in Italy reported that upwards of 99 percent of deaths were among people with prior medical conditions. In the U.S., data already suggest that Black communities, especially those in the South or those near polluters, bear the highest Death rates from lower respiratory infections. Underlying health conditions of the type that can turn coronavirus from several days of misery into a life-threatening illness leading to Death for many Black Americans. Compounding the situation is a troubling history of racism, neglect, structural violence and exploitation that has sometimes led Black Americans to avoid doctors and distrust medical treatment. Past infamies like the Tuskegee syphilis study embedded suspicion among Black Americans that they might be used as “guinea pigs” for testing vaccines and treatment. In addition, many states have refused to expand Medicaid under the Affordable Care Act. To be clear, although Covid-19 does not discriminate along racial or ethnic lines, existing racial disparities, institutional racism, social injustice and inequities in health outcomes and health care access for Black Americans may mean that the nation’s response to preventing and mitigating its harms will not be felt equally in every community. Many on the front lines across America are reporting seeing racial disparities in treatments and that Black Americans are being hit particularly hard by the disease. Many are not being tested and turned away when showing up in the ER. Many are being told to sleep it off, only to later have died at home or after showing back up at the hospital. A clear pattern is emerging indicating that Black Americans aren’t responding well to the virus and aren’t being viewed in the same manner as other non-Black victims. Reports also indicate that many infected people in Black communities may be gravely ill before they even seek care because more of the Black population lacks health insurance. Even after the testing shortage is overcome, people without health insurance are still likely to hesitate to seek timely care even if they have all the symptoms of the infection for fear of creating medical bills they can’t afford, even though legislation has been passed to wave the fee’s. There is a lack of credible information and critical knowledge reaching the Black community. In many ways, the United States was fortunate that Seattle was the beachhead for the epidemic. The Seattle-King County public health department and the Washington State public health department are two of the best in the country. And so as bad as it looks, it probably would have been much worse with a weaker health department that didn’t have a host of advantages, including a large cadre of very well-trained public health workers. In comparison to many other cities, the Seattle area is also generally wealthier, younger, healthier and well insured to a point. A far different health ecosystem awaits in Americas Black communities. The less healthy the population, the more likely the epidemic is to have fatal consequences for individuals, young, middle aged and elderly. And the weaker and dismissive towards Black Americans the health system, the harder it will be to contain the spread in the Black community. A recent wave of hospital closures in or near Black communities over the past decade, closures like the one that shut down Braddock, PA’s hospital, hasn’t helped either. Throughout the county hospital Closures have left many with no nearby hospital to go to. Beset by poorer health, curbed health care access, neglect, abandonment by government at all levels and little to NO Action by subservient Black leadership, Black Americans may be in for a biblical reckoning. Black communities are disproportionately uninsured or under-insured and have fewer financial resources and employment benefits with which to weather this major public health emergency. Nothing demonstrates this vulnerability more vividly than the dramatic and persistent inter-generational racial wealth gap. The COVID-19 pandemic is another stark reminder that NEW and emerging Black leadership must address wealth inequality, the growing Racism “Health crises” and make asset security a top Black Agenda priority moving forwards among a host of other things. When unexpected emergencies occur, an individual’s or a family’s wealth can provide them with protection. Generational Wealth, especially liquid wealth—resources that can be readily converted into cash—allows individuals and families to respond to life events and unexpected expenses, such as loss of income and virtually any expenses that may result from a pandemic. Unfortunately, and unjustly, everyone is aware that wealth has been unequally distributed in America. Even in the best of times, Black Americans have always faced daunting economic, health and medical issues. Even though America’s great wealth was build and obtained on the backs of slaves. Many public health experts fear a potentially dire situation. As the novel coronavirus becomes an epidemic here in the United States, it will exacerbate the vulnerabilities of resource-strapped Black Americans and cause devastating consequences. The virus is an equal-opportunity crisis, but the impact and the long-term burden of it is not going to be shared equally. Like most things in American society, it’s going to be regressive. It’s going to be felt disproportionately by the poor, most vulnerable, the marginalized, and obviously in America, that means in the end, it’s all going to circle around back to Black Americans, shining a bright light on their brutal history here in America. The C.D.C. is currently failing to collect and publicly report on the racial and ethnic demographic information of patients tested for and affected by Covid-19. The decisions to test individuals for the novel coronavirus may be ‘more vulnerable to the implicit biases that every patient and medical professional carry around with them,’ potentially causing Black communities to Disproportionately miss out on getting tested for Covid-19. Emerging new Black Leadership must demand more data to understand if these observations are anomalous or endemic in scope. They need to know just exactly who’s being removed from ventilators and left to die, and then who are those ventilators being given too. This pandemic is a watershed moment in history that has brought to light the harm that racism, structural violence, economic deprivation and a lack of wealth can inflict upon Black American individuals and families. In the current situation, it is crucial to realize that wealth provides security to handle an unexpected health and financial emergency. And those families who are more likely to experience the fallout from this crisis will be disproportionately nonwhite families with low levels of wealth and stability. All here in the wealthiest nation on Earth. Black Americans were forced into ‘social distancing’ long before the coronavirus in the form of redlining and economic injustice and if Black leadership does not immediately address the structural inequalities in this country, the recovery will be uneven and enduring. Far from a cure, this form of social distancing, endured by Black Americans since the inception of America, has created a social disease that has made many of us sick—literally. As officials implore the nation to practice “social distancing,” we should remember that, throughout history, it is that same concept which has made some Americans more vulnerable to the physical, emotional and economic effects of the coronavirus, as well as other hardships that will surly follow. We are at war with not just the virus, but our past historical mistakes. Now is the time for emerging Black leadership to step up to create the kind of social safety net that America’s segregated communities never received. If Black leadership will not address the extrem racism and ongoing discrimination that is baked into current policy, efforts to address this pandemic and other pressing issues will be undermined by the past practices that led to such inequality and injustice. The proliferation of the coronavirus forces ALL of America and the rest of the world to see the inherent connections we share in a way that our public policy has not always recognized. Emerging Black policymakers need to see opportunities to bring historically disenfranchised communities closer to the systems they’ve been excluded from. Even better yet, they need to seize the opportunity to dismantle the system Black Americans have been excluded from and construct a new one if not for those who thrived in the current one, one for themselves and those whom they serve. To start, Black policy makers and local leaders should ensure that the human services side of the Department of Health and Human Services, which oversees many major welfare programs, and other domestic agencies are fully engaged in the messaging for coronavirus prevention, testing, and treatment strategy. If they have not already done so, regional administrators and staff headquartered in major cities across the country must be brought into communication, public education, planning, and outreach to reinforce hygiene technique, social distancing, response planning, and treatment messaging. If such widespread outbreaks in low income communities occur, these regional networks, which often include trusted faith and local nonprofit groups, would be critical channels of communication, access to services, and treatment. Following this horrific crisis and starting TODAY, it will be imperative for Black Leadership to take on structural changes to U.S. economic, social and judicial policies to ensure that the necessary health and economic infrastructure is in place the next time the country faces a pandemic or looming disaster stemming from climate insecurity or the ongoing racial injustice that is still plaguing America to this very day. Closing the unjust racial wealth gap, dismantling institutional racism, ongoing discriminatory practices and the unjust judicial system should be a top Black Agenda priority moving forwards to ensure more equitable, just, and resilient Black communities and sustainable Black life here in America. News media outlets, national leadership, pundits, the privileged and subservient Black leadership like to say, “we’re all in this together,” but Black Americans have every right to ask, “but will we all emerge from it together?” In critical and historic times like this I would ask Black Americans and those pure at heart to question who’s at the table and who’s not at the table and to think about those voices that aren’t represented when the critical decisions are being made concerning what’s best for Black Americans. Meaningful Change depends on ordinary people who have the courage to say, ‘Enough is enough” and “No more”. Even though we’re a relatively new, small and struggling organization, we’re pushing forwards on with our plans to develop our our facility to operate out of and we’re coming to learn that, the best way to find yourself is to lose yourself in the service of others. A few people of integrity can go a long way. Please visit the link below on how you might be able to help us to stay afloat and continue to grow during these difficult times and into the future.

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* ‘A public officer is protected as long as his acts are related to his duties. But if it is established that he used violence on a suspect, then he will not benefit from the protection of the POPA’ Many people who come into conflict with the Law are heard to say that they have faith in the Justice System of the country. But at times the wheels of Justice turn so slowly that some can be driven to lose patience if not hope. How slow is too slow? If, at the end of an unusually long wait that may include severe deprivations of one’s basic rights, an accused does obtain justice to his satisfaction, can he be properly compensated for the injustices he may have suffered in the meantime? Not everybody has the grit and determination and the resources to fight injustice over long periods of time. Is it then only a case of justice for the strong? * A 12-year struggle led by Jean Marie Richard, PR professional and radio commentator, has finally resulted in the verdict of imprisonment, pronounced in November 2017 by the Intermediate Court, quashed by the Supreme Court. Justices Nirmala Devat and Denis Mootoo found that “the quality of the evidence in the present case is poor and incongruous and justified granting the benefit of doubt to the appellant (JM Richard). What does your reading of the Supreme Court judgement tell you about law enforcement and the judicial processes in the country? The judicial process functions reasonably well. It is not because a decision of a lower court has been quashed that we should conclude that the judicial process is crumbling. Every day in countries with a free and independent judiciary, judgments of lower courts are quashed because of errors of law and wrong appreciation of facts. The two judges in the Richard case found, after a full analysis of the facts, the evidence poor and incongruous and quashed the conviction. There must be valid reasons behind that sweeping conclusion. * Gathering and preserving evidence is said to be critical for any legal issue. Evidence and determination of facts are what will eventually lead to a conviction or acquittal of the defendant. how are we doing on both counts? Evidence is recorded in a court file and kept securely. The judge or magistrate will analyse the evidence by judging the demeanour of the witnesses and rely on documentary evidence, if any. The appreciation of evidence depends on a number of factors. For instance, one of the expressions used when addressing a jury is that they are persons of the world and they accordingly should use their intelligence and life experiences to evaluate evidence. There is no magic formula for this exercise. * The system however is working although it has taken 12 long years to obtain justice. Mr Richard himself acknowledges this fact when he states that “in this specific case, our judicial system has certainly taken its time, but it should also be recognized that it works,” but he does qualify that view by adding that “it is still necessary, however, to have the resources, the will and the humility to face up to injustice”. What’s your reading of that latter comment? An accused party who has been convicted will invariably feel he has been the victim of an injustice particularly when and if the police have made an abuse of their powers and have used illegal methods to investigate or to extract a confession. However, to have a criminal case determined after 12 years is, to my mind, rather outrageous. But there have been such precedents. Unfortunately, in cases of delay the Privy Council has ruled that the remedy is not to quash the conviction on account of inordinate delay but to give damages to the convicted person even though he has to pay a fine or spend time in jail. * The other fact of the matter is that Mr Richard, probably like so many other ‘justiciables’, will have been placed during those long years under police control, with restrictions on travelling abroad, and with the obligation to report to a police station every week. He was also briefly imprisoned for contempt of court “pour avoir osé répliquer aux propos d’une magistrate”. The first questions that come up are: What exactly is contempt of court? And what happens when you are in contempt of court? Unfortunately, this is the system. The law is such that an accused party should not be allowed to escape justice irrespective of the outcome. This is why in many cases an accused will be kept on remand in jail pending trial if there is a serious risk that he may abscond. In other cases where the accused is released, conditions may be imposed on him. However, an accused who feels that the conditions are too harsh can always petition the court to ease the restrictions. As for the second part of the question, a contempt of court may be committed in the face of the court by insulting a judge or magistrate or by unruly behaviour. A contempt of court may also be committed in other ways. * Besides such behaviour as “yelling at a judge, disrupting the court proceedings, or becoming violent in the courtroom”, are there other examples relating to comments made in print or on audiovisual and social media platforms that may constitute contempt of court? Commenting on pending cases or criticising a judge or magistrate who is hearing a case before judgment is delivered or commenting on a case by suggesting solutions before judgment would amount to contempt. Undermining the trust in the judicial system would be contempt. But criticisms made in good faith without imputing motives would be permissible. * Mr Richard was initially found guilty by the Intermediate Court of the offences of obstructing public officers in the performance of their duty (in breach of sections 3(i)(a) of the Public Officers Protection Act), and larceny with violence (in breach of sections 301(1) and 305(1)(c) of the Criminal Code). Let’s consider the Public Officers Protection Act: who is a public officer under Mauritian law? Does it include local government and parastatal employees? Under section 2 of the Public Officers Protection Act, “public officer” means a Government servant and an officer of a Municipal City Council, Municipal Town Council or District Council. The Act creates the offence of molesting a public officer by force or violence or without violence. If no violence is resorted to, the penalty is a fine and where violence is sued the penalty may go up to two years’ imprisonment. * When you hear the term ‘public servant’, you might also think of an elected official such as a mayor or minister. Is an elected official a public officer? The Public Officers Protection Act says nothing about ministers. But under the Prevention of Corruption Act, a public official is defined as: ‘a Minister, a member of the National Assembly, a public officer, a local government officer, an employee or member of a local authority, a member of a Commission set up under the Constitution, an employee or member of a statutory corporation, or an employee or director of any Government company’. It also includes ‘a Judge, an arbitrator, an assessor or a member of a jury’, ‘an official of the International Criminal Court referred to in the International Criminal Court Act 2011’. This applies in the context of corruption and related offences. * What is the raison-d’être of the Public Officers Protection Act (POPA)? To protect public officers so that they are not unduly hampered in the performance of their duties by having cases filed against them. * If the POPA seeks to protect public officers’ actions in the course of their public duties, does it also cover their inactions or failure to take what would reasonably amount to necessary action in a given situation? Isn’t it also possible that abuses can be made by a public officer in the exercise of his/her duties? A public officer is protected as long as his acts are related to his duties. If for example a police officer proceeds to what is a lawful arrest and if he reasonably suspects that a person has committed an offence, he is protected. But if it is established that he used violence on a suspect, then he will not benefit from the protection of the POPA… because assaulting suspects do not form part of his duties. This means that if his acts are not within the purview of his duties, he loses the protection. * Mr Jean Marie Richard has published a book – ‘Cachotteries – Propos d’outre geôle’ – which relates the circumstances of his arrest and imprisonment, and his 12-year struggle to obtain justice. He says that ‘de par son effet cathartique, ce livre marque une chance pour un nouveau départ au croisement de mon existence’. Beyond catharsis, does our system provide for those who have wronged him or any ‘justiciable’ accountable? The magistrate of the Intermediate Court found the case against Mr Richard proved but the Court of Appeal with Judges Devat and Mootoo found the evidence poor and incongruous and quashed the conviction. Though as a general rule an appellate court would rarely quash the findings of facts of a trial court, yet the evidence in this case was really poor. One can therefore understand the frustration and anger of Mr Richard who had to wait 12 long years to be cleared. Why did the case take so long? There may be many reasons, but given the charges it should not have taken that long. * Published in print edition on 11 February 2022 65 years ago Mauritius Times was founded with a resolve to fight for justice and fairness and the advancement of the public good. It has never deviated from this principle no matter how daunting the challenges and how costly the price it has had to pay at different times of our history. With print journalism struggling to keep afloat due to falling advertising revenues and the wide availability of free sources of information, it is crucially important for the Mauritius Times to survive and prosper. We can only continue doing it with the support of our readers. The best way you can support our efforts is to take a subscription or by making a recurring donation through a Standing Order to our non-profit Foundation.

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The Red River Campaign THE INVASION OF TEXAS Todd A. Blomerth (This article is one of a continuing series on various campaigns and battles during the Sesquicentennial Era of the American Civil War) By 1864, it was becoming increasingly obvious that eventually the Union would prevail against the South. The main question for Lincoln and his generals was how to speed up the demise of the breakaway states. Texas continued as a vital and yet largely untouched part of the Confederacy, providing men, munitions, foodstuffs, and cotton for export. Until this point Texas had avoided most of the ravages of war due to its geographic isolation in the far west of the Confederacy and also thanks to its relatively small population. It wasn’t on the route of any invasion forces, nor had the rebel forces stationed there inflicted much harm to the overall Northern effort. While Texas sent large numbers of men to fight elsewhere for the South, its ability to assist the overall southern war effort with materiel was hamstrung by a northern blockade of the Texas ports on the Gulf of Mexico, and the North’s control of the Mississippi River and the City of New Orleans. However, ways were found to funnel badly needed supplies to the eastern breakaway states, and also to obtain hard cash by the export of cotton (often across the lines to Northern speculators!). In the third year of the war, following major victories at Vicksburg, Gettysburg, and elsewhere, the North finally had the manpower to consider several additional options to shut down the supply lines from Texas and northern Louisiana to the rest of the South. Lincoln’s General in Chief, Henry Halleck, devised a campaign to seize Shreveport, the capital of Confederate Louisiana ever since the Northern capture of New Orleans in 1862, and seize the vital shipping conduit of the Red River. In the process, the plan called for the destruction of Southern forces in northern Louisiana, capture of thousands of bales of cotton, and finally the organization of a pro-union state government. After solidifying control of Louisiana, Halleck felt that the Union forces could then strike into Texas, and sever the supply lines of goods and armaments flowing out of Tyler and Marshall in East Texas to the remainder of the besieged Confederacy. Yet some of Lincoln’s top generals feared the invasion would prove a wasteful and time consuming side show to the Union’s primary efforts to defeat the South in the eastern states. Over the strong objections of Grant and Sherman, Halleck instructed General Nathaniel Banks, commander of Union forces in Louisiana, to divert his efforts from supporting Grant’s planned attack on Mobile, Alabama, and Sherman’s planned advance into Georgia. Banks was to send his forces up the sinuous Red River in a two-pronged advance. To support Banks, Halleck ordered troops from Arkansas and recently-captured Vicksburg, Mississippi to move into Louisiana. The Union plan, such as it was, was for Banks’ ground forces, supported by Admiral David Porter’s ironclads and steamboats to press up the Red River toward Alexandria, and from there toward Shreveport. At the same time, General Frederick Steele was instructed to bring 7000 men southeast from Little Rock, Arkansas, to join forces. General A J Smith’s force of approximately 9000 men, who were to be part of Banks’ main offensive, embarked from Vicksburg, and assembled on Bayou Teche. The Union forces, including a substantial number of freed African American slaves recruited into the northern army, were the first to encroach into this area where the Confederacy’s supremacy had remained unchallenged. Shreveport was a robust center of mills, foundries, and shipyards. Its shipyards built ironclads meant to challenge the North’s control of the Mississippi. And the North was concerned with the construction of submarines in the shipyards at Shreveport as well. On February 17, 1864, one of these newly invented weapons, the Hunley, sank a Union steamship, the USS Housatonic, off the coast of Charleston, South Carolina. In the attack, the Hunley and all her men were lost as well, but that didn’t remove the Union’s fear that similar weapons would be unleashed on Mississippi river traffic, or other blockaded Southern harbors. By 1864, several of Texas’ ports were blockaded, and there had been small landings to reinforce the coastal blockades’ effectiveness. The Red River Campaign would strip many troops from that duty. Militarily this was very risky, but political considerations may have played a part in outweighing military strategy. France had invaded and overrun Mexico in 1862 and was sympathetic to the South. The Union was afraid that Mexico would make some pact with the Confederacy. If this happened, at the very least it would make maintain the Southern blockade difficult – and could even expand the scope of the war. Additionally, it was thought that the campaign would (at least in the minds of some) be a fairly easy way to knock Texas out of the Confederacy and thereby close the South’s last foreign outlet on the Mexican border. In March, Admiral Porter began assembling his fleet at the mouth of the Red River. The rebels were aware of the Union plans and began strengthening Fort DeRussy at Alexandria. However, Union General Smith’s Vicksburg force was able to capture that fort and the town on March 14. Porter’s fleet arrived soon after, hoping to easily steam upriver during the wet season of the year. However, the Red River had other plans. 1864 was an unusually dry year, and the low water level made river transport difficult. Normally the river was navigable by steamboat traffic as far as Caddo Lake and Jefferson in East Texas, but this year was proving to be different. Porter had ships of varying sizes and tonnage, many of which already had problems moving up from the mouth of the Red. Sandbars and man-made obstacles placed by the rebels made it impossible for Porter’s deeper draft ships to proceed. Falling water levels also threatened the advancing troops’ supply lines if the shallower river boats used to bring provisions could not get upriver. Porter was also skeptical of Banks’ generalship. An outspoken old salt, he had little confidence in Banks as a combat commander, and felt sure that the promise of an easy victory could prove illusory, which would require even more naval support. As the invasion got off to its shaky beginning, the rebel forces west of the Mississippi were under the overall command of General E. Kirby Smith. After the fall of Vicksburg on July 4, 1863, this vast area became an independent command, so much so that many in the Confederacy nicknamed it “Kirby Smithdom.” Smith placed Major General Richard Taylor (the son of former President Zachary Taylor) in command of the forces that he hoped who suffice to stop the northern invasion. Initially confused as to where the Union forces would strike, Smith and Taylor ordered their men – some of whom had seen little or no action – to be prepared to move at a moment’s notice. By April 1, Union forces had captured Grand Ecore and Nachitoches and were moving upriver. Taylor’s Confederate forces shadowed the bluecoats, but were not strong enough to challenge them. A desperate call went out for additional forces. Responding to the call to defend Shreveport, several Texas units hurried forward from other posts. Some of these included men from Caldwell County, including Company K of the 17th Texas Volunteer Infantry Regiment and units of DeBray’s 26th Texas Cavalry. As the Union cavalry and infantry moved toward Shreveport, Banks’ forces became stretched out over miles of Northern Louisiana’s primitive roads. The main supply line for the area remained the Red River, and Union ground forces stayed well within range of the covering fire from the flotilla on its right. However, near Mansfield, Louisiana, the driest road in that swampy area curved away from the river – and out of the range of Porter’s fleet. As Banks’ men moved away from the river, the rebels chose to launch an attack, hoping to have enough men in place before Banks could get his forces organized in that vulnerable location. The Southern defenders formed a defensive line at a site called Sabine Crossroads (near the town of Mansfield). Brigadier General Thomas Green arrived soon after with cavalry units to support Taylor, and to also reconnoiter the Union lines. Also Known as Sabine Crossroads General Alfred Mouton’s division, made up of Texans and Louisianans, moved in on the Confederate left. “Walker’s Greyhounds,” a Texas division commanded by John G. Walker, and Colonel William G. Vincent’s Louisiana cavalry brigade also helped form the line. Mouton’s men moved forward late in the afternoon of April 8, but the general was soon killed and his men repulsed. But Walker’s Texan’s wrapped around the Union left, flanked it, and broke their line. Panicked Union soldiers broke and ran. Union commanders tried to form a second defensive line. This too was broken, and the rebels pursued the Union forces until a hastily assembled third defensive line. This last line held, and the rebels’ advanced halted. As Civil War battles went, Mansfield was a small one. Union losses were put at 113 dead, 581 wounded, and 1541 captured. But the Southerners benefited from a huge haul of supplies, horses and mules, and artillery as well as from a big boost in morale following the victory. Taylor decided to press his advantage. On April 9, the advancing rebels met the Union forces again, this time at Pleasant Hill. Pleasant Hill was only a small village of 12 or so huts with a small, bare knoll in the middle of the settlement that gave Banks’ men good defensive positions. Yet lack of fresh water prevented him from holding the area for long. The rebels began reconnoitering around noon prior to launching their attack. Instead of a single assault against one section of the Union line, the greycoats struck the entire line at once. The Union center and right bowed in, but finally held. A second attack stalled when late arriving Confederate forces, including General Hamilton Bee’s men, and those of DeBray’s Texas Brigade, were ambushed on their way to support the attack. Bee showed incredible courage in rallying his men, and DeBray was seriously wounded. By the time they could extract their units, many of their men had been killed and wounded. The battle finally ended at 1 a.m. Although Banks called Pleasant Hill a victory, this was an exaggeration. The Confederate advance had been halted, but the rebels still blocked the road toward Shreveport. The Union forces, lacking water, withdrew, and continued their retreat back toward Alexandria. For all intents and purposes, the Red River campaign was over. General lack of confidence in Banks’ competence had by now eroded any chance he had at regrouping and attempting to achieve any of the campaign’s objectives. Taylor wanted Walker’s Texans to assist his forces in hounding the Yankees back toward Alexandria, hoping to rout the withdrawing invaders. Instead, Kirby Smith sent Walker’s division to assist other troops trying to trap Union General Steele’s force, which was still en route from Little Rock. Short of food and supplies, and nearly surrounded at Camden, Arkansas, Steele refused to move any further south after becoming aware of Banks’ failure, and he turned his men around and headed back North. Walker’s men headed the chase but were defeated at the Battle of Jenkins’ Ferry. Later, Taylor would bitterly claim that Kirby Smith’s failure to provide adequate forces prevented him from striking a death blow to Banks’ and Porter’s forces. The Red River Campaign had turned into a muddled mess. Banks’ window of opportunity closed permanently when Sherman and Grant required him to release all soldiers detached from Vicksburg no later than May 1. Porter’s naval forces were now on their own on a river with falling water levels surrounded by rebels. The admiral now focused on saving his ironclads and other ships from destruction or capture. Next: A grand engineering feat by a Wisconsin logger saves the Union naval forces.

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These soldiers were students of the S-20 Japanese Language school in West Vancouver, and they were part of a group that was deployed to Southeast Asia in October 1945 to work for SEATIC (Southeast Asia Translator Interrogator Centre). They included five of the first six Nisei S-20 graduates; the six Nisei began their studies at S-20 in July 1945 and graduated at the end of September 1945. The assistance of Dr. Frank Haley in confirming the identities of the individuals in the photograph is sincerely appreciated. Top (Left to right): Sadao Nikaido, Ferdnand Leduc, Howard McDonald, Frank Haley. Bottom: Roy Ito, Bill Hunter, Tad Ode, Shig Oue, Eiji Yatabe. Roy Matsui, who is not in this photograph, was the sixth Nisei graduate. Photo courtesy: Yatabe Family Collection. To prove their loyalty to Canada, two generations of Nikkei fought in the World Wars to gain rights for their community. They did this while facing constant prejudice and discrimination in Canada. The first generation, the issei, served in the First World War. The second generation, the nisei, served in Second World War, as well as the wars in Korean and Vietnam. Asian Immigration to Canada The first known Japanese immigrants came to Canada in 1877. Almost all Japanese immigrants settled in B.C., working as fishermen, loggers and labourers in sawmills. Few crossed east of the Rockies. In 1907, immigration increased, with 8,125 Japanese, 1,300 Chinese and 2,000 East Indians arriving in B.C. These arrivals caused unease among the white population and racist politicians perceived these new arrivals as a threat and spoke out, creating the Asiatic Exclusion League. In B.C., people of Asiatic origin were prevented from working in professions or holding positions in Parliament. The greatest dishonour was the denial of the vote to those from Japan, China, India, and even to Canadian Aboriginals. The First World War Many Canadians would be surprised to learn that Japanese Canadians fought in the First World War. Over 200 Japanese Canadians volunteered for the Canadian Army. They wanted to prove their loyalty to their adopted country, where they were denied the right to vote and experienced racism in their day-to-day lives. The Canadian Japanese Association, representing Japanese in Canada, organized training for the group between January and March of 1916 in Vancouver. Their offer of service was rejected in B.C., but in Alberta, issei and some nisei volunteers joined Canadian battalions of the British Army and were sent to Europe to fight. Fifty-four of these men died during the war, and 92 were wounded. Thirteen were awarded Military medals for bravery. They fought in major battles such as Vimy Ridge, Hill 70, the Somme and Passchendaele. Members of Legion Branch 9 at the Japanese Canadian War Memorial in Stanley Park, Vancouver on May 29,1939. Included in this photo are Masumi Mitsui, Sainosuke Kubota, Saburo Shinobu and former MLA Lt. Col. Nelson Spencer. Mitsui, Kubota and Shinobu plus Noboru Murakami (not in this photo) obtained the vote for Japanese Canadian First World War veterans on April 1, 1931 at the B.C. Legislature; Nelson Spencer (commander of a First World War battalion that included many Japanese Canadians) was an MLA who supported the veterans’ attainment of the franchise on that occasion. Photo courtesy: Roy Kawamoto. On April 9, 1920, the third anniversary of the Battle of Vimy Ridge, a cenotaph was unveiled at Stanley Park in Vancouver honouring the Japanese Canadians who fought in the First World War. It was built, at a cost of $15,000, solely from donations from the Japanese Canadian community. It wasn’t until April 1, 1931 that, by just one vote, the B.C. Legislature granted the franchise to First World War veterans of Japanese origin. This was through the intense and persistent efforts of four issei who went to Victoria to lobby the members of the legislative assembly. It was a bittersweet moment for the veterans, who had struggled for so long, on and off the battlefield. Finally they were able to vote, but the rest of the Japanese Canadian population remained disenfranchised. In the same year, Japan seized control of Manchuria. Japan was poised for imperial expansion. It withdrew from the League of Nations, signed treaties with Germany and Italy in 1937 and then commenced open war with China. Once atrocities committed by Japan in China became public knowledge, west coast Canadians became increasingly suspicious of Japanese Canadians. In Vancouver, there were boycotts of Japanese products and loud anti-Japanese demonstrations. B.C. politicians shouted: “They are the enemy; they have to be watched; they are not to be trusted; they should be controlled.” The Second World War Photograph from the 1967 S-20 and Nisei Veterans Centennial Reunion, October 7, 1967, King Edward-Sheraton Hotel, Toronto, Canada. Photo courtesy: Yatabe Family Collection. In 1939, when Canada declared war against Germany, the Japanese Canadian newspaper, The New Canadian, devoted a full page to the issei who had fought for Canada during the First World War. Nisei were reminded of the sacrifices made, including the 54 men who did not return. The Japanese Canadian Citizens League sent a telegram to Prime Minister Mackenzie King that pledged loyalty and offered the services of all Japanese Canadians to the war effort. Once again, the nisei had the chance to serve their country like the issei before them, and to prove that they were loyal Canadians. Nisei Harry Hiromi Tanaka, from Port Essington, B.C., enlisted in the Canadian Army on Oct. 28, 1941. Shortly after, on Dec. 7, 1941, Japan attacked Pearl Harbor. On Feb. 24, 1942, an order-in-council gave the federal government the power to intern all “persons of Japanese racial origin.” Japanese Canadians living across the coast of B.C. were interned in prison camps, sent to road camps, sugar beet farms or PoW camps. Issei veterans were among those interned. From 1942 until 1945, nisei were banned from participating in the Canadian Forces, although many tried very hard to enlist. Despite the ban, 32 nisei served in the Canadian military at this time. Nisei outside of B.C. had been able to enlist before Pearl Harbor. Many experienced combat in Europe. Some were the sons of issei First World War veterans. In 1944, the High Command turned its sights to the war in the South Pacific. Demand for Japanese Canadians in the Canadian Forces came from outside Canada. Australia and Britain were in dire need of Japanese-speaking translators in Southeast Asia to question Japanese PoWs and to translate Japanese documents. Canada was the only place in the British Empire at the time with any Japanese-speaking population. When Japanese Canadians volunteered to go to war, they were urged to sign up as members of the British army so that they could not demand the vote when they returned from the war. Twelve Japanese Canadians volunteered in this way. Under pressure from the British War Office, in January of 1945, the Canadian War Cabinet agreed to enlist Japanese Canadians in the Canadian Army. There were 148 recruited Japanese Canadians who had been interned by the government they were pledging to serve. There were some nisei who enlisted that were disowned by their families, who were very bitter over the internment. The greatest regret of the recruits was that enlistment was for linguistic purposes only. Enlistment began in March in Toronto. Nisei recruits were placed in two groups – the “India group” under the British officer Captain Mollison, and the S-20 group. The India group included the 12 Nikkei who had previously volunteered, plus 23 soldiers who were sent to India soon after. The S-20 group of 51 recruits received four months of basic training in Brantford, Ont., plus Japanese language training at the Vancouver S-20 School. Although their issei parents spoke Japanese, less than 25 per cent of the nisei at the language school could speak Japanese. Just two drafts of qualified graduates from the S-20 school saw overseas service. They worked in the Far East theatre with the War Crimes Investigation Force and the U.S. occupation in Japan. A few nisei worked in Washington D.C. Thirty graduates of the S-20 school and a similar number of nisei who did not attend S-20 served in India, Burma, Siam, the Dutch East Indies, French Indochina, Hong Kong, Japan, Singapore and Malaya, sometimes with the British Forces Southeast Asia Command (SEAC). Their jobs included interrogating surrendered Japanese soldiers (to determine who had committed war crimes), psychological warfare, broadcasting of radio messages, translating and interpreting documents. When the nisei returned home after the war, they still faced the same restrictions as before. At the end of the Second World War, Japanese Canadians were given two choices: disperse east of the Rocky Mountains or be “repatriated” to Japan. Many settled east of the Rockies. In 1946, almost 4,000 former internees (about 2,000 of whom were aging issei and 1,300 of whom were children under 16 years-old) sailed to Japan. They arrived in a wartorn country ravaged by bombs and food shortages. Many had never set foot in Japan before. Canadian opinion on Japanese Canadians was starting to change after the war. The government’s deportation policy was met by protests by organizations including journalists, civil libertarians and church groups. In 1947, the Federal Cabinet revoked the legislation to deport the remaining Japanese Canadians. In 1948, Japanese Canadians were granted the right to vote federally. In March 1949, Japanese Canadians were granted the right to vote provincially in British Columbia. A week later, they were free to return to B.C. Few possessed the means or inclination to return. The provincial franchise had long remained an impossible dream for Japanese Canadians. No one expected it to be granted so suddenly. Was it the service of the nisei that achieved the franchise for all Japanese Canadians? That is unlikely. After the war, changes swept through Europe, Asia, Africa, the Americas and Canada. Roy Ito, in his book We Went to War, writes: “In the newly created United Nations, Canada pledged to support fundamental human rights, the dignity and worth of the human person, and the equal rights of men and women. Racial prejudice and animosity were no longer popular.” While the franchise wasn’t earned directly through the service of the nisei, their story is still well worth telling. Despite experiencing prejudice and alienation by their own country, they chose to follow the path of issei soldiers, on a quest to be treated equally as Canadians. They wished to prove their loyalty to Canada, and that’s exactly what they did.

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The Strategic Communication Imperative of the International Union for Standardization Globalization and the need to support international decision-making July 2, 2014 The International Union for the Advancement of Science and Technology (IUFASTC) is a panel of about 600 scientists and engineers, including about 30 engineers, and about 60 scientists, scientists and engineers from all around the world focusing on the need to make sustainable solutions that maximise the benefit to the environment and society. It is an active and collaborative gathering of scientists and engineers working together on a wide range of solutions that includes: Improving the environment Helping the environment using technology Improaling the energy use using renewable energy Improves the competitiveness of the economy using competitive energy It has a global mission to support the development of sustainable, economically sound solutions to the global environmental crisis. Current and future trends in energy use While we do not know whose is the best way forward, and for whom does the need for energy equality fall? There is an urgent need for a clear, scientific and public consensus on the need for a sustainable energy policy. This is important, as we are a growing number of scientists, engineers and scientists who believe that the best way to solve the energy crisis is to make the world a sustainable place, where there is no environmental degradation. Recent scientific findings have shown that energy efficiency is a much-needed first step for both the modern and sustainable use of electricity. Therefore, we need to be careful about the path that we are taking. A new generation of renewable energy is urgently needed, as the world needs to be sustainable in the future. The need for a better use of energy is not confined to the planet as it is in other parts of the world. We have to make sure that we can improve the way we use electricity, that we can use new technologies and that we can generate more energy by harnessing the power of the existing resources. We need to make sure we have the knowledge and the ability to adapt to our environment. We need to make a number of changes to the way we do our energy use. I would like to hear if you have any ideas Whether you believe in the need for an energy policy, or if you believe it is not an issue for global climate change? Let me know in the comments section below. March 10, 2014 The International Partnership for Sustainable Development (IPSTED) is a global, multilateral, international consortium of 20 member countries, which is based in the United Kingdom. The joint effort on climate change and energy is being supported by the European Union, the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank. Over the past few years, I have put together a set of reports on the need of energy for the world. Some of them are: The Case for Energy Equivalence of Coal The Energy Efficiency of Coal The Reactive Energy Efficiency of the Coal The Heat-Sink Efficiency of the Water-Sink The Report on Emissions from Coal Energy I am pleased to report that the report on energy efficiency of coal is a major subject to be discussed in the coming months. The report represents a significant step forward in the area of energy efficiency. The report includes: a) How the Energy Efficiency of coal is related to the use of coal; b) WhatThe Strategic Communication Imperative (SCI) is an international initiative to improve the health and safety of the world’s most important communication systems. It was initiated in 1992 by the Organization of American States to provide a global approach to the health and security of the world. This initiative is one of the strongest ever to be initiated by the United States. SCI is an international, multi-national initiative to improve coordination between the United Nations, the International Organization for Standardization (ISO), and related international organizations, to identify and address the challenges in the Global Communication Systems (GCS). SCIU is a multi-national organization of higher education and research in the United States, Europe, and South America. The SCI is co-founded by the United Nations General Assembly (UNGA) and the International Organization of Students (IOS). The SCI seeks to strengthen the health and quality of communication by promoting a global approach in the 21st century. In 2016, SCIU formed a new initiative to launch a new Global Communication Systems Initiative, whose goals are to increase the number of communication systems worldwide, to improve the safety and health of the world’s communication systems and to create a new system of communication. A • The Strategic Communication Initiative (SCI). • A • All • The SC SCIO The Semiannual Report on the Strategic Communication Framework (SCIF) is an initiative which aims to provide a clear and accessible framework for the implementation of the SCI. It is an international multi-national effort to improve the international communication system in the United Nations. The SCI is an intergovernmental initiative to improve communications systems, strengthening coordination and improving the technical quality of the communication systems. This report is designed to provide a broad overview of the SCFIC and to provide recommendations for future work. The report is also accompanied by a series of recommendations for improvement. Each SCI initiative is associated with a number of goals. The goals are: • Developing a framework for the development and assessment of communication systems and their management, including the quality of the communications, as well as the infrastructure and communications capacity of the system; • Improving the quality of communication of the Internet and other systems, including those that depend on Internet data. • Building a new Internet infrastructure that makes it possible for Internet users to live in the world‘s real-time communications that are built with a global capacity and that have access to the Internet. These goals are not exclusive to the SCI initiative itself. Each SCI initiative also aims to strengthen the Internet‘s capacity to become a global communications system. If SCI is successful, it will be an important contribution to the global communication system. There will be a need for a more efficient communication system to respond to changing global communications systems, and therefore, a more efficient and reliable communication system. THE SCI OF THE OCEAN The objective of the SCIF is to provide a framework for evaluating and improving the quality and reliability of communication. It is a multi, multi-joint initiative to develop a framework for important source and evaluation of the SCIs. To achieve the objectives of the SCIS, the SCI will consist of: The World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) (“the Web Consortium”)The Strategic Communication Imperative of the Future The Strategic Communication Initiative (SCI) was launched in 2008 to provide a framework for the development of the future of communication in the Information and Communication technologies (ICT) industry. The SCI is the first in a series of ongoing initiatives to address the Strategic Communication Initiative’s (SCI’s) objectives, policies, and goals. SCI‘s mission statement is: The innovation of the next generation of communication technologies and their applications requires the development of a platform that is flexible, flexible, new and innovative to the needs of its users. It is important to note that the SCI seeks to provide a platform that can be targeted and/or evaluated for the specific needs of a given user. This includes the development of an ICT application that can be used to present information in a short, single-step environment, and the development of ICT applications that can be integrated with existing information and communication technologies. To help this ICT application, we need to be able to deliver to users the information needed to meet their needs, and the information needed with the capability to communicate with other users. This is because ICT applications can be used in the context of different industries and they can be used for different purposes. In this context, it is important to be able and do what is needed by the user. Porters Five Forces Analysis The SCIs are funded by a variety of funding click resources as defined by the ICT Policy, the ICT Working Group and the ICT Campaign. ICT Applications The ICT Application is a software development platform that can support ICT applications. It is a set of programmatic components that can be applied to a given application or service. As an example, the SCI can be used as a web application or a web portal for a service. As a result, the SCIs can be used by people with a similar problem, such as customers of a company or a company’s click for more info In a web application, the SCIS can be used with the ICT Application to create a website for a company. The SCIS can then be used to create and manage the web portals for a company or company’S management. The application can use a web protocol that can be implemented in a web browser or a browser with a web page. The web protocol can be implemented with a web browser and/or with a web server. There are two types of web protocols. The web application protocol is a type of protocol that can include a HTTP protocol, or a web server and a web page protocol. A web application protocol can also include a web browser, a web server, and/or a web page, client side web sites. That is because the SCI’S is an ICT-based application. The SCI can also be used as an ICT client in the case of a web portal. A Web application provides a web page for a company to create a service that includes a web server that can work with the company’ s web page and the web portal. The web portal can be used using a web server or a browser. BCG Matrix Analysis An ICT Client The web browser, web server and web server can be used together as a web client, a web browser client, or a browser-based web portal. They can also be the web client used by the SCI. A web client can also be an ICT protocol that can use a Web browser and/ or a browser that can work on websites in a web server as well as a web server using a web browser. The web client can be used on a server or a web browser that can be run on a web server but web clients can also be run on the web server using web browsers and web servers. For example, the web client can work with a web site to create a business/service and/or to create a social/welfare program. Using a Web browser The Web browser has the advantage of being able to support web sites in a web mode. The web browser can be used between web sites, web browsers and a web server for a business/company. When the web browser, the web server and the web server are connected, an ICT Web server can be connected. Case Study Help

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Color management is very important in the screen-printing marketplace. The key is getting each color right based on the substrate in use, whether the job involves spot colors or separated colors. Predicting exactly how specific inks will print—given the transparency of the ink, the color and physical characteristics of the material being printed on, and the chemistry of the pigments being used—is a big part of the challenge. Color management has become more and more a scientific process in recent years, but it still is not a simple one. Color management is very important in the screen-printing marketplace. The key is getting each color right based on the substrate in use, whether the job involves spot colors or separated colors. Predicting exactly how specific inks will print—given the transparency of the ink, the color and physical characteristics of the material being printed on, and the chemistry of the pigments being used—is a big part of the challenge. Color management has become more and more a scientific process in recent years, but it still is not a simple one. The essential problem is that screen printers work with such diverse materials, inks, and processes that it’s difficult to do the testing and evaluation necessary to manage all of the variables involved. But help is definitely available. The Pantone guide The Pantone Solid Color Guide is one tool that every screen shop should have. It contains more than 1100 Pantone Solid colors. The guide is printed on white paper, but it still serves screen-printing operations as a starting point for achieving the correct color. At the very least, it’s a reference that indicates the color the customer expects to get in the finished product. However, the guide won’t tell you how to get there when fabric bleed, ink transparency, and other factors are working against you. In many cases, the screen-printing process is so different from printing on white paper that other means, such as white overprints, changing the color print order, and so on, are the only effec- tive answers. To help with the special needs of screen printers, Pantone also makes special swatch books for printing on plastics and textiles. Tricks for visualizing color You have plenty of options for visualizing how a color will actually look on a finished product. Software, such as Adobe Photoshop, can allow print providers to simulate a colored background and can even allow the user to simulate transparency. The process can be hit or miss until you determine which transparency setting will approximate the actual look of the inksets you are using, but it can get you reasonably close. Best of all, once you are satisfied that you can create a file that will consistently simulate the final printed piece, you can use those settings to create inkjet proofs or soft proofs so your customer can approve the job before a single screen is created. Soft proofs are digital color proofs that you can send to the customer electronically in JPEG or PDF format. The caveat here is that both you and your customer must be using color-calibrated monitors to assure you are both looking at the same thing. Monitor-color calibration is probably the easiest and least expensive first step to color management. A product like the new Huey from Pantone sells for less than $100 and does a good job of keeping your CRT or LCD monitors consistent. You even get a regular reminder to check the calibration in case you’re one of the many people who tends to let things ride. The keys to color management Calibration and consistency are the keys to effective color management. In the proofing stage, that means all of the processes involved in creating the proof need to be monitored on a regular basis (daily calibration is often needed). Inkjet proofing devices have become increasingly popular because of their consistency. Some new inkjet devices, notably Hewlett-Packard’s Z series of inkjet printers, have built-in spectrophotometers to make the calibration process quick and painless. They actually calibrate themselves automatically whenever needed. A good spectrophotometer is a basic component of any device-calibration system. The price of these units has come down into the range where even small print providers can afford them. One of the industry standard spectrophotometers, X-Rite’s GretagMacbeth EyeOne (the same type of unit found in the HP Z printers), sells for around $700. More automated versions sell for about twice the price. Spectrophotometers pay for themselves over time by keeping the process consistent and eliminating errors and remakes. Knowing exactly how your equipment prints and monitoring any changes is critical to increasing production efficiency. The more time you can save in tweaking color, the more productive your employees and machinery will be. Color management is more than hardware, though. Good software is important for profiling and maintaining your color workflow. Many of today’s digital Raster Image Processors (RIPs) are designed to use profiles created to the standards of the International Color Consortium (ICC). These profiles are designed to compare how a printing device actually prints in comparison to known color targets. Basically, you output a color grid consisting of known and measured color values and print them on the device you’re profiling. The color-profile process You can make different profiles for each of the substrates on which you print—or if you’re printing on a wide variety of materials, you might group similar materials into one overall profile. Clearly, the more specific the profile you create, the more accurate and consistent your color will be. Once you print the color grid on your device, use a spectrophotometer to read the printed color values. Profiling software compares the printed piece with the known color values. The profile is actually the software’s best attempt to match the output of the printing device to the known values. What it attempts to do is correct the output to match the original as closely as possible. In truth, it will never be an exact match. All print- ing devices are a little bit different (Figure 1), even those that are made in the same factory at the same time. To create the profile, the operator reads the individual color squares on the printed target (Figure 2), and the software compares the values read with the known color values of the original image. There can be anywhere from a couple hundred to a few thousand squares to be read, and the more squares on the target, the better the profile will be. It is easy to see why it can pay to buy an auto- mated reader. Reading small, individual squares by hand is tedious and time consuming, not to mention error prone. The quality of your calibration and profile depends a lot on the software, targets, and spectrophotometer used, as well as the color algorithms plugged into the software. In general, the more you pay for software and hardware, the better the profile. But it’s also true that even the most basic machines offer pretty good results. What is color gamut? Another way to describe color gamut is the color space in which every color-sensing device operates. The device could be a human eye, a computer monitor, or a printing press. You might be surprised to learn that no two people see color exactly alike. And even though a spectrophotometer is better at seeing color than the human eye is, it’s even true that two different machines will read the exact same color grid slightly differently. Every printing device has a specific color gamut—the widest range of colors it can possibly print, given the inks and substrates used in the process. The screen-printing process often uses brighter, more opaque inks than the commercial printer, and that’s an asset when it comes to printing brilliant spot colors or using fluorescents or other specialty inks. But that asset can quickly become a real problem when it comes to printing process color, something that we’ll cover a bit later. For now, the important point is that perfect color is often a technical impossibility. The science of color management is much more about controlling color and keeping it consistentent than it is about making perfect color. When a color is out of gamut, that means there is simply no way a specific machine with specific inks and specific substrates can duplicate that specific color. What ink manufacturers attempt to do is provide consistent colors—but remember that different ink companies use different pigments to create similar colors, and these different pigments can have different effects on different substrates. For color management, it’s reasonable to stick with one ink manufacturer. Of course, in the real world, that is often difficult or impossible to do. An important thing many screen printers often fail to take note of is the effect of viewing conditions on color perception. You’ve certainly had the experience of looking at fall foliage while driving along with sunglasses on. When you remove them, the color can shift pretty dramatically. The same is true of viewing color under fluorescent or incandescent lighting. To keep things consistent (remember, color management is all about consistency), the printing industry has agreed—for the most part—on a standard viewing-light condition of 5000° K. This is a fairly pure, white light that closely resembles daylight viewing conditions. Of course, daylight varies too! But for the purposes of viewing color, it is desirable to use special fluorescent lighting that outputs light at 5000° K. Many print shops have viewing booths on site so that colors may be examined under controlled conditions (Figure 3). Having said that, it is also true that these lighting conditions would make no sense at all for many screen printers. A small change in light temperature can make a huge change in how we perceive certain colors. That’s why it’s important to view the colors under the conditions that the end-user will view them. So if you’re delivering P-O-P signage to Wal-Mart, you’ll want to view color under Wal-Mart’s lighting conditions. Aid from the trenches Ink manufacturers have chased the tail of changing color gamut all their lives, and they are a great source of information and tools for keeping things in control and for keeping you as close to perfect color as science will allow. They know very well all the variables you deal with and have a good handle on how different substrates respond to different ink pigments. Screen-printing ink companies provide great resources for managing color in the context of screen printing. Many have even created their own swatch books, similar to the ones from Pantone, but using their own inks. Virtually every ink company has its own custom color-matching system. Trade associations also offer training for those who are interested in the fine points of color management. For example, SGIA offers seminars, and PIA/GATF holds an annual color-management conference. Note that members of these organizations who wish to attend seminars and other events may be eligible for reduced rates. Printing in four-color process offers its own unique challenges, more so for the screen printers who work with both spot and process colors on the same piece. You might also have occasion to convert spot colors into process colors for printing. If so, you may have been profoundly disappointed that the conversions came out looking muddy or flat. It’s not a probem with your output device, but an issue of color gamut. You simply cannot reproduce a significant number of Pantone solid colors with process-color inks. Pantone makes a color-swatch book called Color Bridge (Figure 4). It clearly shows the effects of converting spot colors to process colors. The book also shows each Pantone Spot color alongside the best possible CMYK conversion of that color. And while this book can be a useful tool to have in a screen-printing shop, remember that the book is printed on white paper with offset-printing-ink pigments, so your results will be somewhat different. You can also add other colors to the process inkset. Supplementing CMYK with orange and green allows you to print using the Hexachrome sys¬tem and significantly expand the gamut of color that you can print. But doing so also creates new problems. If you go to a Hexachrome system, all of the color profiles created for CMYK go out the window and must be redone with the new inks. The same goes if you wish to use rhodamine red instead of magenta or some other variation. Any time you change the mix, you change the color gamut and thus the profile. But the good news is that ICC color profiles for CMYK inks work very well in a color-managed system. Using these profiles offers consistency and repeatability, and in this business, those two factors lead to profitability. Color change is but one factor that can cause a screen printer to create a new color profile. Changes in mesh count or tension, screen exposure, dot shape or angle, line count, ink pigments (and ink manufacturer), squeegee profile or durometer, printing speed, and other variables may require the creation of a new color profile to get optimum results. You must monitor these variables carefully in a color-managed workflow because relatively minor changes can have substantial effects. Not a lost cause Many of you might conclude that color management is too expensive and too time consuming. And for some operations, that may well be true. If every job you print uses different inks, different processes, different operators, different presses, and so on, it just might not be worth it to invest in the hardware and software needed for color management. But for most screen printers, comprehensive color management is most likely time and money well spent. Color management can substantially cut make-ready time when your color is right where you expect it to be on the first print. Consistent proofs also make for happy customers, and not having to adjust colors in the middle of a run makes for happy press operators. You can start with baby steps. At the very least, you’ll benefit from calibrating all of the monitors in your shop. When it comes to creating press profiles, start with the press that’s your biggest producer. You might be surprised how much more productive you can make that press with color management. And if you find a small investment makes a big difference, you can bring the profiling process to all of the output devices in the shop (and don’t forget color management also is a great tool for input devices like scanners and digital cameras). Color management has proven to be an effective tool for increasing efficiency and consistency in the printing process. For screen printers, that kind of enhancement looks very good in the color of the bottom line. Stephen Beals has been involved in prepress production for more than 30 years and currently works as the digital-prepress manager for Finger Lakes Press, Auburn, NY. He also is a regular contributor to The Big Picture magazine. Headlines2 weeks ago Failing T-Shirt Company Becomes a $40 Million Business Headlines2 weeks ago Screen Shop Sued by Apparel Company Headlines4 weeks ago Screen Shop Owner Arrested on Child Sex Charges Headlines4 weeks ago Apparel Printer Makes 4th Acquisition in Last Year Shop Management3 weeks ago Shirt Happens: 20 Ways You Can Use Humor to Build Your Screen Shop Brain Squad2 weeks ago 17 Screen Printers Name Misconceptions About Heat Transfer Printing Shop Management3 weeks ago Breaking Down the 6 Potential Buyer Types for Your Screen Printing Business Andy MacDougall4 weeks ago Squeegeerama 2022 and Dan Stiles Partner for an Electric Event

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By Janaka Perera Reproduced with kind permission from the National Gem and Jewellery Authority In the early 20th Century and before , Sri Lanka’s industries had to depend solely on coal and fuel oil imported at considerable expense . None gave thought to the fact that in the island’s mountain streams was a gift more precious than her famed gems, imported coal or oil. It was left to Devapura Jayasena Wimalasurendra, whose 134th birth anniversary falls on September 17th to make that great discovery. The story of D.J Wimalasurendra who performed the ‘miracle’ of turning water into electricity goes back to the early days of the last Century when the British had intemed Boer Prisoners at Diyatalawa, following their defeat in the South African war (1899- 1902). Sri Lanka’s central hills were then dense jungle except for the tea plantations. Testing the soil in the area at the time were two men . One of them was engineer Wimalasurendra whom the colonial government had appointed to look for gold deposits. The other was his assistant-a Boer prisoner, who was also an engineer.His engineering skills had earned him greater freedom than his fellow prisoners . The two men had earlier looked for gold in the Kelani Valley. Walking through hill country jungle the tired engineers could hear the roar of the Laxapana- Aberdeen water falls. After arriving there the Boer quenched his thirst with the cascading water . He then called called Wimalasurendra who was enjoying the scenery. ‘Wimalasurendra’, the foreigner said ,”there may be no gold in this soil but there could be gold in the water, I am sure of it. His words set Wimalasurendra thinking . As they walked away from the spot his mind was already working on an idea. He wondered why this vast resource of water was allowed to go to waste and not harnessed for peoples use . But he was not asked to submit any plans or estimates for a hydro-electric scheme. More than a decade later in 1918, Wimalasurendra delivered a key note address to the Engineering Association of Ceylon, “On the Economics of Power Utilization in Ceylon” . Here he indicated that the harnessing of the Mahaweli river , Kehelgamu Oya and Maskeli Oya for hydropower development would inaugurate an industrial era for this country. It was an idea that most people had not dreamed of at that time. He listed several industries which could be established by exploiting hydro-electric power . He also envisaged the electrification of railways- something this country is yet to achieve nearly 90 years after the idea was first mooted. Strangely the only people skeptical about these projects and scoffed at him were among the engineering fraternity- especially Wimalasurendra’s colleagues in the now-defunct Public Work’s Department (PWD) the very institution to which he belonged. His supervisors frowned at his ideas . Others poured scorn at him for what they called his “Journeys into the realms of fantasy” .One European boss of his department had transferred him to a remote area where he would have no access to scientific literature , data and statistics that inspired his dreams . But Wimalasurendra’s views fired the imagination of such men of stature as Sir James Peiris, Sir Marcus Fernando, Sir Ponnambalam Ramanathan, Armand de Souza and D.R. Wijewardene founder of the Lake House Group of Newspapers. Yet the services of this brilliant civil and electrical engineer- a colossus who dwarfed those around him -were never acclaimed while he was still in public service . He had a rough exterior but was a sympathetic man who readily recognized the merit of others. Born in Galwadugoda, Galle on September 17th ,1874 ,D.J was the son of Don Juan Devapura Jayasinghe Wimalasurendra, a master craftsmen and of Cecilia Jayawardena. Wimalasurendra senior represented Sri Lanka at a craftsmen exhibition in England and was invited to the Buckingham Palace , where he presented Queen Victoria with a device made of Ivory, which when mechanically operated spanned out into a coconut flower. Highly impressed the Queen asked him what he wanted in return and he replied he wished to be a mudilayar. She then and there conferred on him the title. It was the first time in the colonial era the rank of mudilayar was conferred on a Sri Lankan by a reining British Monarc. Usually the rank was conferred with an appellation indicating the vocation of the recipient . No such distinction was made in the case of Mudaliyar Wimalasurendra. His son , D.J was educated at Ananda College , Colombo and passed his Cambridge Senior with distinctions in pure and applied mathematics. Thereafter he joined the government factory as an apprentice engineer . Thereafter he joined the government factory as an apprentice engineer .As a boy he had made several mechanical gadgets which won him government awards . As a result the colonial rulers realized there was ample talent in the country and established an engineering branch at the Ceylon Technical College, Colombo. Young Wimalasurendra was among the first to join. It was primarily due to his efforts that the colonial government in later years established the Ceylon Electrical Department (which during the post-independence era , became the first electricity board). Wimalasurendra who became its Chie Electrical Engineer , was later appointed the Department’s Deputy Diector. He entered Faraday House , London in his middle age and passed the AMIEE examination being placed first in the first class. He covered the syllabus in less than half the time . The principal of Faraday House held him as an example to other students. (Faraday House was named after the English scientist who invented the first dynamo). The Stanley Power House , which was Wialasurendra’s brainchild was named after Sri Lanka’s then British Governor Sir Herbert Stanley who ceremonially opened the power station. The hydro-electricity scheme at Black Pool , Nuwara Eliya and the Kandy Water Augmentation Scheme were Wimalasurendra’s pet projects. Work on the Aberdeen-Laxapana scheme commenced in 1924 but was suspended 1927 due to unforeseen circumstances. The power house was constructed in 1938 and the work officially resumed on February 18th , 1940, a red letter day in our history. The then minister of communication and works , Major J. L. Kotalawala (Later Prime Minister Sir John) performed the opening ceremony . The first stage of the scheme was harnessing the Kehelgamu Oya to generate 25000 kilowatts of power . Although the project was expected to be completed within four years , the outbreak of World War II in September 1939 delayed the work. In the 1950’s when the project was nearing completion Wimalasurendra’s was in the twilight years of his life . but the 75 year old retired electrical engineer was determined to see for himself the progress of the scheme initiated by him. Afterall he could not forget that day nearly 50 years ago when he watched the Laxapana- Aberdeen waterfall with the Boer prisoner while the two of them were testing the hill country’s soil for gold deposits, and this was the “GOLD” they discovered. Visiting the project site Wimalasurendra boarded a trolley moving on tracks laid through the tunnel that was been constructed for chanelling water from the Kehelgamu Oya to Lakshapana . As the trolley carrying him emerged from the other end of the tunnel there was a loud cheering and applause from the crowd waiting there to greet him . Addressing those present the veteran engineer said that although he was not so fortunate to supervise the completion of the project , he was glad to witness others completing the work he had begun thus realizing the dream he had half-century ago . He told those present that he was now ready to depart this world happily when the call came . One of Wimalasurendra’s remarkable civil engineering feats was the “loop in the loop” at Demodara in the hill country. The European engineers summoned him when they found that they had to bore through 11 miles of hill’s and rocks to put the railway line- a formidable task. Wimalasurendra’s had a look around the place and reduced the milage to three and a half miles by having the “loop in the loop”. It was he who designed the gold plated , gem studded pinnacle of the Ruwanmeli Seya and participated in the pinnacle laying ceremony. He did all this without any remuneration . When Wimalasurendra was serving as District Engineer, Udapusellawa , he received a telegram fro the Lake House Chairman D.R Wijewardene asking for his assistance for operating a new rotary press that Wijewardene had bought . The British engineer who came to install the machine had failed to do the job properly causing it to deliver the newspapers in shreds. Wijewardene had consulted many engineers in Colombo and none of the could set it right. As soon as Wimalasurendra arrived he had one look at the machine and called for its manual . Glancing through the book with a thinly disguised smile of sarcasm he merel fidgeted with some screws. The next moment the newspapers had come out at the rate of 40000 per hour!. A little known fact about this remarkable man was that he was a Pali and German Scholar and translated Buddhist Text’s from Pali into German. These were highly appreciated at the time. On August 10th 1953, Wimalasurendra- father of Sri Lanka’s hydroelectric power -passed away at the age of 78.

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Russian icebreaker and research vessel Kapitan Dranitsyn in the Arctic Ocean, north of western Russia in September 2006. Photo: NOAA Climate Program Office Global climate change affects the Arctic region more than any other part of the world – the Arctic is warming up to seven times faster than mid-latitudes.1) While eco-activists and environmental organizations point out that this process is a threat to the whole world, oil and gas companies see a great opportunity in developing their offshore projects on the continental shelf due to several reasons. Firstly, the melting of glaciers and sea ice provides access to the new oil and gas fields2) that are estimated to account for 5.3 percent and 21.7 percent of the global proved oil and gas reserves.3) Secondly, a longer ice-free period reduces the costs of exploration and production activities.4) Thus, the Arctic has a potential for hydrocarbon’s energy development and hence the problem of affiliated pollution is acute. Scientific research is mostly concerned with the remote sources of Arctic pollution. However, the ongoing oil and gas extraction on the Arctic continental shelf has already had a devastating impact on the composition of the Arctic atmosphere. One of the main sources of Arctic air pollution is gas flaring – the practice of burning associated gas, a common byproduct of oil extraction. The joint study of Norwegian, Finnish, and Russian scholars concluded that in the Arctic region gas flaring contributes to a much larger share of total black carbon emissions: in fact, it accounts for 42 percent of all Arctic black carbon surface concentrations, when the global average is only 3 percent.5) It is essential to highlight that the method of gas flaring is used at the Prirazlomnoye field, the only Russian project on the Arctic shelf.6) In 2021 140.57 million m3 were flared on the Prirazlomnaya offshore platform.7) The pollutants released during the gas flaring and other oil and gas exploration activities on the Arctic shelf facilitate the warming of this region, which has implications for the biodiversity in the area and the lives of at least 5 million people,8) including the Indigenous peoples. Therefore, the issue of the pollution related to oil and gas extraction on the Arctic shelf is worth consideration. The search for oil and gas deposits in the continental sector of the Russian Arctic started almost a century ago. In 1930, the world’s first oil field in the Arctic, Chibyuskoye, was discovered in the Komi Republic and its development started immediately. In 1935, new extraction methods for the Arctic hydrocarbon reserves were tested for the first time at a large Yareg deposit. At the same time, oil prospecting was organized in the eastern regions of the Soviet Arctic, in the north of Siberia. Consequently, in 1948, the Scientific Research Institute of Arctic Geology was established in Leningrad.9) A decade later oil searches were also launched in Alaska, the USA. The first small deposits were discovered on land at the turn of the 1940s-1950s: Barrow (gas field) – in 1949, Umiat (oil) – in 1950. In 1965, the Poinot Thompson oil and gas field was discovered and mothballed without exploration. The deposit was explored only in 1977 and turned out to be gigantic: its reserves amounted to 3 trillion m3 of gas and 400 million tons of oil. The first offshore field of Gwydir Bay on the northern shelf of Alaska was discovered in 1969. The largest offshore fields on this shelf are Endicott (80 million tons of oil) and Point McIntyre (83 million tons of oil and 17 billion m3 of gas).10) Today, Russia is among the three world leaders in hydrocarbon production and more than 90 percent of all its gas and about 10 percent of its oil come from deposits in the Russian Arctic. In 2014 The Gazprom Neft Oil Company began developing the field in the Pechora Sea and exploring the large Dolginsky oil field, which is located 110 km from the mainland coast. On the other hand, the USA joined this “hydrocarbon race” in the Arctic and gave an impetus to offshore oil production in 1987. Currently, there are 9 fields at the Endicott deposit being developed. In other words, the oil and gas extraction on the Arctic continental shelf is becoming a matter of national energy security for both countries.11) Common features of Russian and American approaches to the problem Increased attention to the oil and gas resources of the Arctic has been observed since the mid-2000s, after the publication of data on the hydrocarbon potential of the United States. While oil prices were rising, “Arctic optimism” reigned everywhere, and large-scale oil production in the Arctic was expected to start soon. At that time, the political aspect was strong in Russian plans for the development of the Arctic shelf: Russia sought to prove that it was an energy power capable of creating a hydrocarbon province in the polar seas to replace the aging Western Siberia. After 2014, Russian oilmen began to reduce plans for oil production in the Arctic seas. Under the conditions of sanctions and low prices, the relevant ministries began to perceive the prospects for the development of the northern shelf more realistically.12) Thus, they indirectly admit that Russia is not ready for environmentally safe development of the Arctic region, especially in the polar seas located east of the Urals. Many experts and oil companies have previously taken a balanced view of the possibility of large-scale oil production in the polar seas, pointing out that Russia has not yet exhausted the potential of the old regions. After all, Arctic waters are very different. It is worrying that the draft Energy Strategy of Russia until 2035 says: “development of the hydrocarbon potential of the continental shelf of the Arctic seas and northern territories is the most important geopolitical and technological challenge for the oil and gas complex of Russia”13) while forgetting about the environmental challenge, which is equally important in this region. In 2016, the Ministry of Natural Resources introduced a temporary moratorium on the issuance of offshore production licenses until the obligations under already issued licenses are fulfilled.14) But in August 2018, the Ministry of Natural Resources opposed the lifting of the moratorium on the issuance of Arctic licenses, indirectly confirming that Russia no longer seeks intensive development of offshore hydrocarbons in the Arctic. It seems that the strategic priorities of the government are shifting towards the hydrocarbon potential of the land. In 2016, the governments of Canada and the United States issued a joint statement announcing a permanent ban on drilling new oil and gas wells in the Atlantic and Arctic Oceans. The ban covers vast areas off the coast of Alaska in the Chukchi Sea and almost the entire Beaufort Sea. Obama and Canadian Prime Minister Justin Trudeau said in a joint statement that the ban is to protect the Arctic economy and ecosystem.15) The US President explained that even the highest safety standards cannot protect the region from oil spills, while cleanup opportunities are limited due to natural conditions. Obama used a 1953 law that allows the President of the United States to restrict drilling and mining in some regions. This law does not provide that the president can lift the already imposed restrictions. It was difficult for the administration of President-elect Donald Trump to lift the ban imposed by Obama, for this, it was necessary to challenge such an interpretation in the courts. Trump, who replaced Obama, had high hopes for Alaska. He allowed offshore oil production by canceling four documents signed by his predecessor. And the 46th American leader, Joseph Biden, immediately imposed a moratorium on the lease of oil and gas sites. Joe Biden has made it clear that the environment is among the priorities of his administration. Biden’s plan to combat global warming includes three important aspects that are also significant for Russia: achieving a 100% clean energy economy by 2050, integrating climate change into US foreign policy, as well as concerning trade, developing a low-carbon manufacturing sector in every state.16) Stability in the Arctic is important not only from the point of view of environmental protection or energy development, but also for security reasons, and the United States will not take this issue lightly.17) Instead of viewing these efforts as a threat to its national interests, Moscow could direct its influence in the Arctic towards resolving contradictions and combating climate change. Already today, the EU is discussing the introduction of duties on carbon dioxide emissions and possible mechanisms for their regulation, which will also affect Russia.18) According to V. Chuprov (Greenpeace Russia Energy Program Manager), Russia is also realizing that oil and gas production on the shelf of the Arctic seas is an economically and technologically overwhelming task. The latest version of the Energy Strategy of Russia until 2035 puts projects for the development of the Arctic beyond the horizon of 2035. Russian geologists clearly say that oil production at depths of more than 40-50 meters in ice conditions is impossible with current technologies.19) There is a serious problem in international relations caused by Russia’s actions in Ukraine that may stall progress in the Arctic region. Oil instruction in the north will become more active since the EU is moving away from Russia’s oil and gas, and Norway plans to provide energy to Europe, exploiting more of the Arctic’s resources.20) U.S., Canada, Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway and Sweden are boycotting any meeting on the topics of climate change and the Arctic and have put a pause on Arctic Council activities.21) Given these events, the question of “Arctic exceptionalism” arises – the idea of prioritizing the safety of the environment over political disagreements in other areas.22) Current state of the problem Meanwhile, oil and petroleum products pollute the environment on a large scale, as they are characterized by great mobility. Every year, the area of damaged land increases by 10,000 hectares. According to some experts, only during the construction of the main pipeline, 500 hectares of damaged land are accounted for every 100 km of the route.23) At the same time, the rate of restoration of local plant communities in the Arctic is significantly lower than in more southern regions, and technologies for recultivation of polluted lands are ineffective. In addition, in practice, reclamation is carried out only along existing roads and does not affect the territories located outside the roadside sections. Often there is not a real reclamation, but its imitation: the oil-filled areas are sprinkled with sand, after which the oil remains in the soil, getting into groundwater and freshwater reservoirs, and then into the Arctic Ocean. Only with river runoff, several hundred thousand tons of petroleum products are annually carried into the seas of the Arctic Ocean. As a result, the concentration of pollutants in many areas of the Barents, White, Kara, and Laptev Seas is already 2-3 times higher than normal.24) The development of liquid hydrocarbon deposits on the Arctic shelf of Russia continues. In the period up to 2025, the volume of oil production at the Prirazlomnoye field is expected to increase to 5 million tons. In the period up to 2030, in an optimistic scenario, oil production will be established at the Dolginsky field, as well as, possibly, at 1-2 more offshore fields. Also, in the period up to 2025, geological exploration is planned at the licensed sites. At least 10 operating license areas for the development of hydrocarbon raw materials are located in the Pechora Sea. The licenses issued are designed for a period up to 2025-2046. The total recoverable resources of 10 license areas in the Pechora Sea may amount to about 600 million tons of oil and 161 billion cubic meters of gas. At the same time, most of the license areas contain mainly oil deposits.25) The elimination of oil spills in ice conditions is a separate issue, which many environmentalists and designers are currently working on. The issue is extremely acute due to the difficulties that arise during the liquidation of oil in an ice environment and at subzero temperatures. After all, the use becomes impossible if the oil gets under the ice cover. To solve this issue, further research is needed with the use of empirical studies, based on which new technical methods of oil collection will be developed or existing ones will be improved. Implications for biodiversity and Indigenous peoples The Arctic contains some of the world’s largest untapped oil and gas reserves. However, oil extraction poses a considerable risk to Arctic ecosystems and communities. Exploration, drilling, and offshore oil production can threaten the fish and marine mammals that Arctic Indigenous peoples depend on. If their number is decreasing, then the Indigenous peoples of the Arctic will face grave challenges with secure access to food. Whales and other marine mammals are exposed to harmful underwater noise that prevents them from navigating, finding mates, and foraging in the dark Arctic waters.26) Marine ecosystems in the Arctic are particularly vulnerable to oil spills from explosions, pipeline leaks, or shipping accidents. The lack of infrastructure and the remoteness of the Arctic means that spill response could take days or weeks. The Arctic has short summers, low temperatures, and limited sunlight, so Arctic Ocean ecosystems could take decades to recover from damage.27) The development of oil and gas fields can also harm fisheries and tourism. Furthermore, the cost of drilling oil wells in the Arctic does not bring economic benefits. Responsibility for cleaning and accidents is high compared to the return on investment, and the benefits to Arctic communities are small. At the moment, Arctic governments are subsidizing oil and gas production rather than investing these funds in a renewable future. Arctic oil and gas production contributes even more to the climate crisis due to increased greenhouse gas emissions. The Arctic states currently have one of the world’s largest carbon footprints. They accounted for over 21 percent of global CO2 emissions in 2016.28) Measures to resolve the issue Solving the problem of oil spills in the Arctic, where the elimination of pollution is not only difficult, but sometimes impossible, where the restoration of ecosystems is much slower, and the onset of irreversible consequences is more likely, is possible only by eliminating the cause. And where this is not possible, it is necessary to establish a full-fledged system of rescue and rehabilitation of animals affected by oil pollution.29) Protecting the biodiversity of the Arctic region is possible by targeted habitat protection, scaring and preventive trapping of birds, and also by promoting the restoration of populations affected by oil pollution. One solution is the creation of nature reserves and other types of specially protected natural areas. Rehabilitation centers for birds are already in use, for example in the Northern Caspian.30) Although the center functions successfully, we need to aim at increasing the number of animals that could be held in the center at once. Currently, the number is around 100-200 birds a day. A separate problem concerning the health and wellness of the Indigenous population is caused by the consumption of hydrocarbons contained in the meat of local birds and animals.31) It seems that the only possible way to protect the immune and endocrine systems of local people is to have them change their eating habits and provide them with uncontaminated food. This should be a priority, as the consumption of hydrocarbons is associated with mutations and cancer.32) Now that we have mentioned the possible solutions to the consequences of oil pollution, it is important to talk about preventive measures, such as oil spill response systems. The climatic conditions of the Arctic are an obvious factor in reducing the effectiveness of most oil spill response technologies. Typical Arctic conditions affecting oil spill response operations include the presence of various types of sea ice, extremely low temperatures, limited visibility, strong sea waves, and wind. The establishment of proper infrastructure for liquidating oil spills is necessary to protect the Arctic environment.33) Reagent encapsulation technology has great potential. The main advantages of this technology are the efficiency of neutralization of contaminated soil in comparison with other neutralization technologies and the inexpensiveness of the reagent, which is construction lime widely produced in Russia.34) Global climate change and oil pollution threaten the Arctic’s environment and its Indigenous peoples. Although there are multiple efforts made by the governments of the eight Arctic states (Canada; Denmark; Finland; Iceland; Norway; Russia; Sweden; and the United States) and non-Arctic states to protect the biodiversity of the Arctic and prevent the melting of sea-ice, the current political issues caused by Russia’s actions in Ukraine pose a great threat to all cooperation in the region, which is vitally important to the future of the Arctic. Implementing new technologies, proposed for liquidating oil spills, require investments and united efforts from all of the countries despite the ongoing conflict. The authors are affiliated with Lomonosov Moscow State University, Saint Petersburg State University and United World College Dilijan. Wise (formerly TransferWise) is the cheaper, easier way to send money abroad. It helps people move money quickly and easily between bank accounts in different countries. Convert 60+ currencies with ridiculously low fees - on average 7x cheaper than a bank. No hidden fees, no markup on the exchange rate, ever. How to access the offer? 1- Click here 2- Select “Register'' 3- Enter your email address, create a password, and select your country of residence 4- Fill out the required personal information, and the free first transfer offer will be applied automatically. 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Depression is a serious mental illness that can impact your life in many ways. It can be difficult to deal with, but with the right tools and resources, you can manage your illness and live a happy, healthy life. In this comprehensive guide, we will discuss all aspects of it, including its symptoms, causes, treatment options, and more. We hope this guide will help you understand and cope with your depression. - 1 What Is Depression? - 1.1 Causes - 1.2 Symptoms - 1.3 Negative Impact Of Depression - 1.4 What Are The Treatment Options Of It? - 1.5 What Are The Therapy Options For Treating It? - 1.6 Medications To Take Help With Depression - 1.7 When To Get Professional Help? - 1.8 Why Helping With Depression Is Difficult? - 1.9 How To Help Yourself With Depression? - 1.10 How Can I Help A Friend Or Family Member With Depression? - 2 Conclusion - 3 A Word From Therapy Mantra What Is Depression? Depression is a mental illness that causes feelings of sadness and hopelessness. It can affect how you think, feel, and behave. Depression can make it hard to do the things you used to enjoy. It can also cause problems with sleeping, eating, and thinking. You might think about suicide too. Also, depression is one of the most common mental illnesses. Each year, it affects millions of people. Depression can occur at any age, but it often starts during young adulthood or middle age. Women are more likely than men to experience depression. The cause of depression is not fully understood. However, it seems to be related to changes in brain chemistry. These changes may be due to a combination of genetic, environmental, and psychological factors. - Genetics: Depression may be passed down from parents to children. - Environmental: Traumatic life events, such as the death of a loved one, can trigger depression. - Psychological: Negative thinking patterns and low self-esteem can lead to depression. Depression has many symptoms, which can vary from person to person. Some common symptoms include: - Feeling sad or hopeless most of the time: Some people with depression may not show much emotion at all, while others may cry a lot. - Feeling restless and/or anxious: A person with depression may feel restless- think about how you feel when you can’t sit still, or have trouble sleeping. Some people with depression may also experience anxiety- feeling extremely nervous. - Difficulty concentrating: It can be harder to pay attention in class or during meetings at work when you’re depressed. - Changes in eating or sleeping habits: Some people with depression eat more, some eat less; some sleep all the time, others can’t sleep at all. These changes may be significant or minor; they can also come and go. - Feeling tired or having little to no energy: Some people describe having no energy- they just feel “drained” most of the time or like everything is an effort. When you’re depressed, even little things may feel like a lot of work. - Not being interested in activities that you used to enjoy: When people are depressed, they often have trouble doing things they once enjoyed. It may feel like it’s just not worth it to you anymore. - Feeling “down” or negative: When people are depressed, it’s common to have negative thoughts about things like your appearance, how much you’re able to do, and the future. - Bad or restless feelings about yourself: You may feel like you’re a bad person, that nothing good will happen to you, or that you’ll never feel good again. - Changes in weight or appetite - Restlessness and irritability: It’s common for people to feel agitated when they’re depressed- this is often called “restless.” You may become easily frustrated, anxious, or irritated. Negative Impact Of Depression Depression is a very serious condition that should not be taken lightly. If it is not addressed properly, it can lead to many other problems, such as suicide. Various studies have shown that depression causes more disability than any other medical illness. The World Health Organization (WHO) has also found that 1 in 10 people suffer from some form of clinical depression. Each year, about 800000 people commit suicide worldwide. Almost everyone will get sick with a crippling disease at least once in their lifetime. About one-fifth of Americans will suffer from clinical depression at some point in their lives. Teenage girls are four times more likely than boys to develop a major depressive disorder. Clinical depression is the number one mental health problem in America. It is more common than any other illness. Depression can take different forms which include dysthymic disorder and bipolar disorder. Depressive disorders are the most common mental illness. They make people disabled for longer than any other mental disorder. Depression can have a lot of negative effects on people. It can make it hard for them to socialize or do well in school or at work. Some people might even try to kill themselves because of their depression. Also, depression can lead to other problems. These can include risky sexual behavior, increased risk for cardiovascular disease (including heart attacks), obesity, and increased age (over 35) at the first episode of psychosis. People with depression may also have a higher rate of substance abuse and be less able to do daily activities. People who suffer from clinical depression should seek help from their doctors as soon as possible. Treatment is more effective when it is given early. The sooner it starts, the less likely it will have a negative impact on one’s life. Depression can make you feel really sad. This sadness can make it hard for you to talk to your friends, and it might also cause physical problems like making your body hurt or making it hard for you to get a job. People who are depressed might even try to do something that will cause them to die. Finally, your depressed mood may cause you to neglect your hygiene or have trouble sleeping or eating properly. Sometimes you can’t get out of bed. Sometimes you are too tired and it’s hard to sleep. On other days you feel like your body is moving around a lot while you’re not doing anything. What Are The Treatment Options Of It? There are many different treatment options for depression. The best option depends on the cause of your depression and how severe it is. - Therapy: Therapy, or counseling, is often recommended for people with depression. therapy can help you understand your thoughts and emotions better, which can help you manage your depression. - Medication: Antidepressants are medications that can be prescribed to treat depression. These medications work by changing the levels of serotonin in the brain. - Lifestyle Changes: Making some lifestyle changes can also help improve your moods and relieve symptoms of depression. Some healthy lifestyle habits include exercise, adequate sleep, and a balanced diet. What Are The Therapy Options For Treating It? There are many different types of therapy that can treat depression. The best type of therapy depends on the cause of your depression and how severe it is. Some common therapies include: - Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT): CBT is a type of therapy that focuses on changing the thoughts and behaviors that contribute to depression. - Interpersonal Psychotherapy (IPT): IPT is a type of therapy that focuses on improving relationships and communication skills. - Psychodynamic Therapy: Psychodynamic therapy is a type of therapy that explores the emotional roots of depression. - Exposure-Based Therapy: exposure-based therapy involves gradually exposing people to things that make them anxious or fearful. This can help reduce anxiety and depressive symptoms. Medications To Take Help With Depression These are a few medicines that you can prefer to get help with depression 1. Celexa Citalopram 2. Paxil Paroxetine 3. Zoloft Sertraline 4. Aventyl Nortriptyline 5. Prozac Fluoxetine 6. Pamelor Trimipramine 7. Effexor Venlafaxine 8. Serzone Nefazodone 9. Tofranil Imipramine 10. Paxil CR Paroxetine 11. Wellbutrin Bupropion 12. Pexeva Paroxetine 13. Remeron Mirtazapine 14. Strattera Atomoxetine 15. Cymbalta Duloxetine 16. Symbyax Fluoxetine & Olanzapine When To Get Professional Help? If you are experiencing any of the symptoms of depression, it is important to seek professional help. Depression can be a serious illness and one should. Also, if you are unsure of where to find help, your doctor can provide you with referrals to mental health professionals in your area. Also, if you or someone you know is experiencing thoughts of suicide, please call the National Suicide Prevention Lifeline. Why Helping With Depression Is Difficult? Depression is a complex condition that can be difficult to manage. This is partly because it can cause many different symptoms, which can vary from person to person. Additionally, people with depression may not feel like they have the energy or motivation to seek treatment. It’s also important to note that it is often accompanied by feelings of shame and guilt. This can make it difficult for people to open up about their condition and seek help. However, it’s important to remember that this is a treatable condition. Hence, with the right treatment, you can manage your symptoms and improve your quality of life. If you are struggling with depression, don’t hesitate to reach out for help. Also, the suicide prevention lifeline is available 24/11 and can provide you with support and resources. How To Help Yourself With Depression? There are many different ways to cope with depression. However here are a few tips: - Talk to someone you trust about how you’re feeling. Having someone to vent your feelings can really help, even if it’s a friend or family member. The person that you talk to doesn’t even need to be able to give you advice, they just need to be there for you. - Join a support group or online community for people suffering from the same illness. This is a great way to make friends and meet people who understand what you are going through. Many support groups have their own set of coping skills, and you’ll be surprised how much they can help. - Find a hobby or activity that interests you. Whether it’s reading, dancing, cooking, do it wholeheartedly. - Exercise and stay active. This helps by releasing endorphins in the brain, which elevates mood. - Don’t make any major life changes when you’re depressed. Losing a job, moving house, or splitting up with someone are all things that should be avoided while you’re depressed. When the fog lifts you will have the time to decide what you want to do next. - Challenge negative thoughts and replace them with positive ones. When you feel like never wanting to get out of bed and face the world, remember that this is a temporary thought. How Can I Help A Friend Or Family Member With Depression? If you know someone who is suicidal, there are certain things you can do to help. However here are a few tips: - Talk to them about their feelings and listen without judgment. Let them know that they are not alone and that you care about them. - Listen to their problems. Be there for them and listen carefully. Sometimes people just need an ear to listen. - Learn about the warning signs of suicide so you can recognize them when it is happening. - Show them that you care and want to help. Listen, Listen, Listen. I know it sounds simple but people who have depression feel alone and very isolated. One can prevent suicide if someone feels that somebody misses them. - Let them know that you love them. Let them know that you are there for them. Don’t ever feel awkward about calling a professional or telling a trusted friend. If you feel that telling them to get help will make their situation worse then get help for them. - Encourage them to seek professional help. If someone is suicidal, they need help right away. Encourage a friend or family member to seek that help. You can also call your local crisis lines, hospital emergency room, or your local police department. - Remember that someone who is suicidal needs professional help. You cannot cure them there is no magic pill. Don’t try to say that you are their friend and they should feel better. - Provide support and stay with them until professionals arrive. People who are suicidal need professional help. Do not leave the person’s side until professionals arrive. Depression affects everyone differently. If you or a loved one is experiencing it, please reach out for help and talk to someone about your feelings. There are many resources available that can provide expert advice on how to cope with this difficult time in life. Also, getting the support of a mental health professional who understands what you’re going through can be very helpful in overcoming it. A Word From Therapy Mantra Your mental health — your psychological, emotional, and social well-being — has an impact on every aspect of your life. Positive mental health essentially allows you to effectively deal with life’s everyday challenges. Also, at Therapy Care, we have a team of therapists who provide affordable online therapy to assist you with issues such as depression, anxiety, stress, relationship, OCD, LGBTQ, and PTSD. You can take our mental health test. You can also book a free therapy or download our free Android or iOS app.

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Dental 101: Teeth Care Tips It is a lifetime of care for you to achieve healthy teeth. This means taking the right steps every day to provide care and attention to them. This is essential as you get to prevent oral problems and live a healthy life in the process. While it can sound easy to many people, keeping up with the daily routine can prove a challenge. Having information on the best every day teeth care tips becomes beneficial and more reason to know and understand them. Brush Regularly but Gently The information and knowledge that people have are brushing teeth twice as it helps remove plaque and bacteria and helps keep teeth clean. As much as this is among the every day teeth care tips you can apply, it will only be effective when using the correct technique. Most people fail to take care of their teeth due to incorrect techniques. You should brush your teeth using small circular motions and top of every tooth for almost 2 to 3 minutes. You should avoid sawing in motions. Learning the correct techniques becomes beneficial and helps you keep your teeth healthy. For effective teeth cleaning, you should avoid brushing too hard or using a toothbrush with hard bristles. This is essential as you will avoid causing damages to the tooth enamel and gums. When you damage the enamel or gums, you will end up with tooth sensitivity, gum erosion, and permanent damage to the protective layer of enamel on the teeth. Look for a toothbrush with soft bristles and make sure to change every three months or when the bristles start to look frayed. Floss Once a Day Flossing is the best way to removing plaque and bacteria from the teeth, especially where your toothbrush cannot reach. With effective flossing, you are in a position to prevent bad breath and cases of tooth cavity. This is because you remove debris and food particles that usually get trapped between the teeth with ease. Protecting your teeth enamel also becomes effective when you consider flossing as you pay attention to them during the activity. Flossing has long-term benefits, and the more you keep it up, the easier it is to have healthy and productive teeth. Flossing is among the best every day teeth care tips that you and your family can consider. While flossing, you should be gentle by pushing the floss all the way down to the gumline before hugging the tooth and starting moving in up and down motions. You should, however, be aware not to snap the floss while moving up and down your tooth as this can cause pain. It will also be hard to remove plaque and other food particles when you snap. You should consider asking for help and guidance from your dentists, especially if you think about flossing as a first-timer. With effective guidance and regular flossing having healthy teeth becomes a reality. See Your Dentist Regularly It is a recommendation from the experts that you should visit a dentist every six months for an intensive checkup. During the routine dental checkup, you will manage to clean your teeth, remove the hardened tartar, and remove plaque. With regular dental visits, you also get a chance to check on the signs of gum disease, cavities, and other oral health issues. Your dentist will also recommend using dental X-rays to check on extensive issues such as cavities once in a while. You should understand that regularly seeing your dentist is still among the best every day teeth care tips that you can utilize with your family. It is significant that your children and adolescents stick to regular dental visits as they are much susceptible to getting cavities. As an adult, it is still important to see your dentist more often, even when you practice good dental hygiene every day. A frequent dental checkup is a good way of confirming the health status of your teeth and that of your family’s. You should plan for dental visits with your family and also when you notice changes in your mouth. Reduce Sugary Foods and Starch Intake It is a fact that excessive sugar consumption can lead to cavities and other adverse oral health problems. Reducing sugar and starch intake is also among the every day teeth care tips that work best for you. You should note that experts recommend a limited intake of sugar to below 10 percent of the daily calories. When you lower the sugar intake level, it also means reducing the risk of cavities becomes possible. You also reduce the chances of developing further dental health problems when the sugar intake is minimal. Children and young adults are the risk factor of developing cavities due to high sugar intake. It is important to keep your children in check and reduce the risk of developing oral health issues. You should always consider dental service to help you gather more knowledge on the right food to take and effectively reduce the sugar intake. Professional input from your dentist will guide you toward maintaining healthy teeth and living a productive life. Crackers, chips, pasta, and bread are among the starchy foods you should seek to avoid or limit their intake. When you take these foods, the debris remains in your mouth and later breaks down into simple sugar. There is a risk of tooth decay, especially when you are not disciplined enough to brush your teeth daily. Experts recommend that you eat more vegetable and fiber-rich fruits and less sugary or starchy foods. Opt for Water Instead of Sugary Drinks How often do you drink water in a day? It is common to see people drinking water during or after eating meals. This is also the case when exercising or after going for a run. It is, however, recommended that you keep up with constant water intake to replenish and refresh your body even with less rigorous exercise. This is also among the every day teeth care tips that will help you lead a productive life. People prefer sugary drinks to water but, in most cases, end up developing oral health issues. Cavities and tooth decays are the common issues that come with a high intake of sugary drinks. Experts recommend daily or constant drinking water or unsweetened tea and only consider sugary drinks occasionally when taking meals. Taking sugary drinks can be dangerous, mostly to children who are starting to shade their teeth. If your child develops oral health issues at a young age, it is advisable to consider wisdom teeth removal before it becomes an emergency. Get in touch with your dentist as this will make it easier to understand know and understand the steps to take. The earlier you visit a dentist, the easier it becomes to take care of your child’s oral health. Don’t Neglect Your Tongue You should understand that plaque can build up to your tongue. This can lead to mouth odor and result in oral health issues that can dictate you seek emergency dental care. You should always keep your tongue in mind when brushing your teeth, which will work in your interest. However, you should be gentle when dealing with your tongue because the chances of hurting yourself and causing canker sores are high. Canker sores are oral health problems that not affect your tongue and the inner lining of your mouth but can also cause a lot of pain and discomfort. You must look for soft-bristled brushes to use not only for your teeth but also for your tongue. You should explore the market and seek guidance from local dentists on the best brush to use, especially for your kids. Ensuring that your family follows effective oral hygiene is among the best every day teeth care tips that will work for you. It is essential to always seek a second opinion from dental care specialists to provide the right care to your loved ones, especially the kids. Always Use Fluoride Toothpaste Among the every day teeth care tips, using fluoride toothpaste is on the top. Many people suffer from dental and oral health problems because of using the wrong type of toothpaste. Most people focus on elements in toothpaste that enhance whitening and contain flavors than what protects the teeth. As much as there are several versions and types of toothpaste in the market, you should also settle for one that contains fluoride. Fluoride remains the mainstay in oral health as it comes with several benefits. You should be keen on the type of toothpaste you use, especially if you or your child has a dental problem. It will be possible to retain the suitability of these tooth aids when you are careful with the type of toothpaste you and your family uses. You should also note that if you or any of your family members have dental fillings, using fluoride toothpaste becomes essential. While it is tempting to use other types of toothpaste in the market, it is advisable to seek the opinion and counsel of your dentist to avoid related dental and oral health problems. Consider Mouth Wash The use of mouth is common and among the best, every day teeth care tips you can utilize with your family and loved ones. The use of mouth wash is beneficial for your oral health because it helps reduce the amount of acid in the mouth that would rather lead to tooth decay and cavities. Secondly, it helps clean the areas in your teeth and mouth that are hard to brush, especially around the gums. Thirdly, it helps re-mineralize the teeth and makes them stronger and productive. When you are looking to bring things to balance in your mouth, using mouthwashes becomes the best route to follow. You should understand that there are several types and brands of mouthwash that you can get in the market. Seeking guidance from your dentist on the best type or specific mouthwash recommendations is a necessary step. This is vital as it will also be easier to find mouthwashes that are best for children and those for adults when you have professional guidance. You can also consider a prescription for mouthwash, especially if you have diagnosed dental or oral problems. Book an Appointment With an Orthodontist Some dental and oral health problems only call for specialized care and attention. As much as you have confidence in the services your dentist provides, when the issue involves orthodontics, you should look for specialized care. An orthodontist is the right professionals, and you should book an appointment for further tests and dental care. For instance, if you or your child needs braces, it will be prudent and consult and seek the services of orthodontists. You are sure of getting the right care and attention when you see an orthodontist for your oral health problem. You should also note that visiting an orthodontist will help ascertain if any medical malpractice is the cause of your dental health issues, especially in severe cases. It will be easier to look for a medical malpractice attorney and pursue a case against the dentist or healthcare provider responsible. While this can be a rare case, it is still possible, especially if you seek to take care of your needs and specifically maintain healthy teeth. It will be easier to file compensation claims with an attorney, especially if the negligence of the dentist leads to further damages to your health or that of your loved ones. Dental care is essential to everyone because, to a larger extent, it will determine your overall health status. You should also note that dental care involves more than brushing your teeth twice a day. When you know how to take care of your teeth, leading a productive life becomes easier. Note that dental care differs in adults and children and more reason to have the right information and guidance. With the different every day teeth care tips you can consider, having such information becomes beneficial in the long run. Using mouthwash, fluoride toothpaste, avoiding sugary foods and drinks, going for regular dental checkups, and flossing once a day are among the best every day teeth care tips that you should keep in mind. You should also visit an orthodontist when you or your children require specialized dental care. Understand that with these effective dental and teeth care tips handling complementing other aspects of your health becomes easier.

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Ura: 17 definitions Ura means something in Hinduism, Sanskrit, Buddhism, Pali, the history of ancient India, Marathi, Jainism, Prakrit, Hindi, biology. If you want to know the exact meaning, history, etymology or English translation of this term then check out the descriptions on this page. Add your comment or reference to a book if you want to contribute to this summary article. Images (photo gallery) (+117 more images available) Ayurveda (science of life)Source: Wisdom Library: Local Names of Plants and Drugs Ura [उरा] in the Marathi language is the name of a plant identified with Falconeria insignis Royle from the Euphorbiaceae (Castor) family having the following synonyms: Sapium insigne, Falconeria malabarica, Excoecaria insignis. For the possible medicinal usage of ura, you can check this page for potential sources and references, although be aware that any some or none of the side-effects may not be mentioned here, wether they be harmful or beneficial to health.Source: gurumukhi.ru: Ayurveda glossary of terms Ura (उर):—[uraḥ] Thorax. The part of the human body enclosed by the ribs and sternum. The major seat of Kapha. Āyurveda (आयुर्वेद, ayurveda) is a branch of Indian science dealing with medicine, herbalism, taxology, anatomy, surgery, alchemy and related topics. Traditional practice of Āyurveda in ancient India dates back to at least the first millenium BC. Literature is commonly written in Sanskrit using various poetic metres. India history and geographySource: Mandala Texts: Yakchoe: The Grand Festival of Ura Village Ura refers to the village Ura Makrong in Bhutan.—Ura is named after Urgyen Guru Rinpoche, also known as Padmasambhava, the great Indian mystic credited with bringing Buddhism to Bhutan in the 8th century. Older people in the region still call the valley Urbay, the hidden valley of Urgyen Rinpoche. Ura Makrong, as the term suggests, is the main village. The village is also known as Dozhi, or four sections, as Ura village is composed of four administrative divisions through which it is traditionally organized and run. A thriving community, the village produced leading religious figures, statesmen, scholars and artists throughout Bhutan’s history. The history of India traces the identification of countries, villages, towns and other regions of India, as well as royal dynasties, rulers, tribes, local festivities and traditions and regional languages. Ancient India enjoyed religious freedom and encourages the path of Dharma, a concept common to Buddhism, Hinduism, and Jainism. Languages of India and abroad Pali-English dictionarySource: BuddhaSasana: Concise Pali-English Dictionary ura : (m.; nt.) the breast; chest.Source: Sutta: The Pali Text Society's Pali-English Dictionary Ura, (m. nt.) & Uro (nt.) (Sk. uras) — 1. the breast, chest.—Cases after the nt. s. -declension are Instr. urasā Th. 1, 27; Sn. 609; & Loc. urasi Sn. 255; J. III, 148; IV, 118, also urasiṃ J. III, 386 (= urasmiṃ C.). Other cases of nt. a-stem, e.g. Instr. urena J. III, 90; PvA. 75; Loc. ure D. I, 135; J. I, 156, 433, 447; PvA. 62 (ure jāta; cp. orasa).—Vin. II, 105 (contrasted with piṭṭhi back); IV, 129; J. IV, 3; V, 159, 202; Nd2 659; Pv IV. 108; DhA. III, 175; DA. I, 254; DhsA. 321; PvA. 62, 66.—uraṃ deti (with Loc.) to put oneself on to something with one’s chest, fig. to apply oneself to J. I, 367, 401, 408; III, 139, 455; IV, 219; V, 118, 278.—2. (appld. ) the base of a carriage pole Vv 6328 (= īsāmūla VvA. 269). Pali is the language of the Tipiṭaka, which is the sacred canon of Theravāda Buddhism and contains much of the Buddha’s speech. Closeley related to Sanskrit, both languages are used interchangeably between religions. Marathi-English dictionarySource: DDSA: The Molesworth Marathi and English Dictionary urā (उरा).—m A low and flat place (in a river) appearing at low water; a shallow or shoal. --- OR --- ūra (ऊर).—m (ura S) The breast. Pr. urīṃ kēśa māthāṃ ṭakala What is gained in one way is lost in another. ūra kāḍhūna cālaṇēṃ To strut haughtily or pompously. ūra daḍapaṇēṃ, g. of s. To sink or be oppressed at heart; to lose courage or spirit (through envy, fright, bashfulness &c.) ūra dabaṇēṃ-basaṇēṃ-phāṭaṇēṃ-ulaṇēṃ To be alarmed or amazed. ūra dāṭaṇēṃ or bharaṇēṃ g. of s. To have infarction or stuffing in the chest. 2 To be overcome with violent emotion (as of sorrow, affection &c.) ūra pikaṇēṃ g. of s. To have one's throat stuffed with thick phlegm. 3 To be chest-strained from wearisome teaching or speaking or other fatiguing labor. ūra phuṭaṇēṃ g. or acc. of s. and m pl To arrive at the age at which the breasts form--a female. ūra phōḍaṇēṃ To make great efforts. 2 g. of o. To knock up by overworking; to make to chestfounder. ūra baḍaviṇēṃ To clap the breast (in admiration, self-congratulation, or compunction). urālā hāta lāvaṇēṃ To assert determination, or self-confidence, or truthfulness. urā pōṭāvara ucalaṇēṃ To lift, carry, perform, do, with vehement effort. urāvara asaṇēṃ To be in authority over. urāvara ghēṇēṃ To take up (any hard or great matter) to perform. urāvara dhōṇḍā ṭhēvaṇēṃ To repress one's feelings; to put a force upon one's self. urāvara basaṇēṃ (To lie upon one's breast.) To be imperatively incumbent or urgent--a duty: to be felt as a load or check. urāvara hāta ṭhēvaṇēṃ or lāvaṇēṃ or ṭhēvūna or lāvūna sāṅgaṇēṃ or bōlaṇēṃ To promise or protest vehemently: also to aver or affirm truly, positively, assuredly. urāsīṃ dharaṇēṃ To beseech humbly and earnestly. 2 To clasp and hug affectionately. urīṃ ḍōṅgara ghēṇēṃ To undertake a great work: also to take great pains or trouble. And urīṃ ḍōṅgara purīṃ kāṭhyā ghēṇēṃ (To carry a hill upon one's breast, and to drag out thorny bushes from the freshes of the river) is to undergo hard labor, and to adopt all variety of expedients (to obtain a living &c.) urīṃ pōṭīṃ karaṇēṃ To strain hard; to exert one's self; to strive strenuously. urīṃ pōṭīṃ dharaṇēṃ To embrace with ardor of affection. Used generally, as dādā bābā karaṇēṃ and similar phrases, signifying To use persuasive, endearing, or mollifying arts. urīṃ phuṭaṇēṃ or bharaṇēṃ To be chestfoundered; to knock up (from exertion). --- OR --- ūra (ऊर).—f (urvarita S) Deficiency &c. Used as uratā f q. v. 2 Remainder or residue; the portion left or the portion remaining over. 3 n m (Or aura for pura) A flood or a river-fresh.Source: DDSA: The Aryabhusan school dictionary, Marathi-English ūra (ऊर).—m The breast. f Remainder; defici- ency. ūra kāḍhuna cālaṇēṃ Strut haughtily. ūra dāṭaṇēṃ-bharaṇēṃ Be overcome with violent emotion (as of sorrow). urālā hāta lāvaṇēṃ To assert determination or self-confi- dence or truthfulness. urāvara hāta ṭhēvaṇēṃ or lāvaṇēṃ or ṭhēvūna or lāvūna sāṅgaṇēṃ To promise or protest vehemently. To aver or affirm positively or assuredly. ūra phōḍaṇēṃ, ūrīṃ ḍōṅgara ghēṇēṃ, ūrīṃ pōṭīṃ karaṇēṃ To make great efforts, to strain hard, to strive strenu- ously. urāśīṃ dharaṇēṃ Clasp and hug affee- tionately. urīṃ phuṭaṇēṃ Be chest-founder- ed; knock up (from exertion). Marathi is an Indo-European language having over 70 million native speakers people in (predominantly) Maharashtra India. Marathi, like many other Indo-Aryan languages, evolved from early forms of Prakrit, which itself is a subset of Sanskrit, one of the most ancient languages of the world. Sanskrit dictionarySource: DDSA: The practical Sanskrit-English dictionary Ura (उर).—a. Going (Ved.). -raḥ A sheep. --- OR --- Urā (उरा).—Ved. A ewe. अवीरे क्रतौ वि दविद्युतन्नोरा न मायुं (avīre kratau vi davidyutannorā na māyuṃ) Ṛgveda 1.95.3.Source: Cologne Digital Sanskrit Dictionaries: Edgerton Buddhist Hybrid Sanskrit Dictionary Ura (उर).—(s) [, womb? So according to Senart on Mahāvastu i.199.10 = ii.3.8 (verse), ed. divasāni sapta māsā ca daśa tasyā uram otaret. The meter is bad even so; mss. in i.199.10 read udare-m-, which suggests a form of udara, the word we should expect; I find no record of ura(s) in the required meaning Perhaps the orig. had something like…daśa tasyodar’ (for tasyā udaram or udare) otaret.]Source: Cologne Digital Sanskrit Dictionaries: Shabda-Sagara Sanskrit-English Dictionary Ura (उर).—Sautra root. (urati) to go.Source: Cologne Digital Sanskrit Dictionaries: Cappeller Sanskrit-English Dictionary Ura (उर).—[masculine] [Name] of a Ṛṣi; °— = uras or ūrṇā. --- OR --- Urā (उरा).—[feminine] a ewe.Source: Cologne Digital Sanskrit Dictionaries: Monier-Williams Sanskrit-English Dictionary 1) Urā (उरा):—[from uraṇa] a f. a ewe, [Ṛg-veda viii, 34, 3; x, 95, 3.] 2) b See under uraṇa, [column]2. [Sanskrit to German] Sanskrit, also spelled संस्कृतम् (saṃskṛtam), is an ancient language of India commonly seen as the grandmother of the Indo-European language family (even English!). Closely allied with Prakrit and Pali, Sanskrit is more exhaustive in both grammar and terms and has the most extensive collection of literature in the world, greatly surpassing its sister-languages Greek and Latin. Hindi dictionarySource: DDSA: A practical Hindi-English dictionary Ura (उर) [Also spelled ur]:—(nm) see [hṛdaya]. Prakrit-English dictionarySource: DDSA: Paia-sadda-mahannavo; a comprehensive Prakrit Hindi dictionary Ura (उर) in the Prakrit language is related to the Sanskrit word: Uras. Prakrit is an ancient language closely associated with both Pali and Sanskrit. Jain literature is often composed in this language or sub-dialects, such as the Agamas and their commentaries which are written in Ardhamagadhi and Maharashtri Prakrit. The earliest extant texts can be dated to as early as the 4th century BCE although core portions might be older. Kannada-English dictionarySource: Alar: Kannada-English corpus Ura (ಉರ):—[noun] the fore or ventral part of the body between the neck and the abdomen; the chest; the breast; the bosom. Kannada is a Dravidian language (as opposed to the Indo-European language family) mainly spoken in the southwestern region of India. See also (Relevant definitions) Starts with (+244): Ura Makrong, Ura Yakchoe, Urabanem, Urabasavi, Urabatthi, Urabatti, Urabbha, Urabbhia, Urabbhijja, Urabbhiya, Urabheta, Urabhinna, Urabhra, Urabhrasarika, Urabhriya, Urac, Uraca Panjara, Uraca Takhata, Uracakka, Uracalli. Ends with (+2231): Abandhura, Abhangura, Abhasura, Abhayapura, Abhayayura, Abhilashankura, Abhimanyupura, Abhipura, Abhrapura, Abhura, Acalagaura, Acalapura, Acaradura, Acaryadura, Acatura, Acaura, Acchaniura, Acchasura, Accura, Achalapura. Full-text (+175): Uras, Uraga, Urashchada, Uraska, Urastas, Uroja, Urasija, Urograha, Urahkshaya, Urashi, Urobhushana, Uroghata, Urastrana, Urasiloman, Chati, Uramathi, Uro, Urabanem, Orasa, Urapanem. Search found 22 books and stories containing Ura, Urā, Ūra; (plurals include: Uras, Urās, Ūras). You can also click to the full overview containing English textual excerpts. Below are direct links for the most relevant articles: Rig Veda (translation and commentary) (by H. H. Wilson) Bhakti-rasamrta-sindhu (by Śrīla Rūpa Gosvāmī) Puranic encyclopaedia (by Vettam Mani) Garga Samhita (English) (by Danavir Goswami) Buddhist records of the Western world (Xuanzang) (by Samuel Beal) Chapter 7 - Country of Su-tu-li-sse-na (Sutrishna) < [Book I - Thirty-Four Countries] Trishashti Shalaka Purusha Caritra (by Helen M. Johnson)

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Author: Mihai Avram | Date: 4/9/2020 As it becomes easier to be a developer, and hardware becomes faster, technology advances and evolves rapidly. This rapid change gave rise to the No Code and Low Code software movements. This is because many developers have started creating tools to make their lives and the lives of other developers easier, and publishing their results in the process. No Code is here to stay as it makes the process of solving problems much faster and cheaper, hence we must at least do our homework and understand it. This short guide will hopefully give us an idea of where to begin to learn about No Code and what the popular platforms and tools are in this space as of now. What is No Code A No Code tool is usually a piece of software that can complete a specific task very quickly and efficiently, which can be plugged in, to work with the other software features of your product, project, or business. An important artifact of a No Code tool is that it usually requires very little coding skills to set up. Tools like these can be very powerful because instead of having to spend a lot of time and resources to solve a problem, you can instead use a tool which is very often cheaper, and faster. A good use case for explaining this is the following: Let’s say you are the owner of a factory that produces N95 Surgical Masks to help with the COVID-19 pandemic. You may own a few data sources that store information about areas where they need to be delivered, along with buyer prices for each region. Now let’s say you wanted to know which areas have the highest demand of the N95 masks you produce but also yield a profit margin that allows your business to be sustainable. You could hire a data analyst or create a few complex SQL queries to answer this question. Alternatively, you could use a No Code tool called Obviously AI which you connect to your data sources and simply ask the following question “What regions have the highest demand of N95 masks and are also profitable” – if set up correctly, the Obviously AI tool should be able to generate a response and report back a solution within seconds. Notice how you did not need to spend much time or resources to solve this problem? That is the value proposition of the No Code movement. What is Low Code A Low Code tool is very similar to a No Code tool with the only difference being the development aspect. In a Low Code tool, some programming expertise is still expected from the user; however, the coding process is simplified. One could argue that MySQL Workbench is a good example of this because it provides a Graphical User Interface (GUI) that allows one to configure the database more intuitively, rather than having to write everything using the command line as is done traditionally. Even writing queries may be quicker and faster with syntax correction, and other query assist/optimization methods which MySQL Workbench provides. Popular No Code Tools and Platforms Let’s now look into some of the most prevalent No Code tools and organizations that are offering such services. This list was curated by searching various No Code aggregation lists and gauging the popularity and usefulness of the platforms from there. Zapier – The glue of the web Zapier is considered the glue of the web. The platform provides integrations for different disconnected parts of your workflow to connect, and does this very well. For instance, you could do the following things with Zapier, and this is just the tip of the iceberg as they have a plethora of app and workflow integrations: - Sharing blog posts to social media automatically - Sync up notes on different note-taking platforms (e.g. Evernote, Trello, Asana, etc.) - Turn e-mails into items on your to-do list - Get a summary of information for a period of time Nintex – Task automation for teams and businesses Nintex is a task automation tool similar to Zapier, however, it is catered more for business workflow automation. You can think of Nintex as the glue of business workflows all using various custom automations built and managed by the Nintex team. Here are some examples of what Nintex can automate which are common business use cases: - Client onboarding - Proposal management - Pitch deck creation - Quality assurance - Customer service - Incident management - Account closures - And much more… AppSheet – Create multi-platform apps from Excel Sheets AppSheet is a platform that allows the creation of functional and powerful apps simply from documents such as Excel or Google Sheets. The apps can include powerful features such as GPS coordinates, offline data access, and conditional logic. Hence, AppSheet is a very powerful way to quickly build fully functional prototypes without the need to write any code. Appian – Low-code automation software solutions Similar to AppSheet, Appian automates the creation of apps from logical workflows that can be configured using the Appian software. This means that apps can be built with very little code and mostly just workflows and configurations. What is more, is Appian gives customers the flexibility to host their software anywhere they wish, and also take advantage of their powerful security features and reporting analytics for every app they create. Salesforce – All in one customer resource management platform Salesforce is an industry leader in customer resource management (CRM). They do this with specialized software to track and manage sales, marketing, commerce, engagement, productivity, and more. Salesforce has many integrations for improving and managing customer relationships. Here are a few examples: - Using AI to predict and forecast sales metrics - Deliver customer journeys that are personalized for every individual and can include various digital points such as a user’s e-mail, social network profile, and more - Automate a customer’s subscription and billing Finally, Salesforce even provides custom solutions to various industries such as Financial Services, Healthcare, and Philanthropy. Retool – Quick internal tool builder Retool provides an interactive interface where one can create any internal tool with drag and drop features and configurable options. The integrated tools can be as simple as a report retrieved from a database and as complex as an interactive display that can trigger various processes of your project or business. Retool is very powerful because it can integrate with virtually any API or data source, and can display this information in a user-friendly way almost akin to an app or a program. Here are some examples of what Retool can be used for: - A report that shows various information from your database in production - An administration panel for a Firebase app whereby information can be created, changed or deleted - A panel which can display problematic orders, and issue refunds to the customers with Stripe Webflow – All in one web design platform Shopify – All inclusive marketplace management solution Shopify touts itself as the de facto eCommerce platform where anybody with an eCommerce idea could host, manage, and grow their eCommerce operations. Shopify lets you launch a site, manage your inventory and products, take care of pricing and payments, and even ship and market your products. All of this is done through the Shopify platform with friendly guides so that you can get started with little knowledge about running an eCommerce business. Fiverr – Service for custom solutions built by freelancers Fiverr is one of many freelancer recruiting platforms that pairs up business owners and funded projects with talented people that can work for such projects. The way it works is it allows a project owner who has a solution they need to solve, to search for that service on Fiverr based on their needs in terms of talent and pricing. The project owner can then select a freelancer whose criteria matches what the project owner wants, they get matched up, and the freelancer helps the project owner with that problem. Fiverr offers services in regards to programming, graphic design, copywriting, translating, film editing, and much more. Almost any problem can be solved with this platform given that you have the budget to pay for a freelancer to help you. What is more, is that Fiverr is just one of such project/freelancer matching platforms, there are many more – with some other notable ones being Upwork, Freelancer.com, or Toptal. Here’s a portal to some notable freelancer platforms compiled by the team at G2. Bubble – Build full-fledged applications with very little code Bubble offers a powerful feature-set that allows anybody to prototype, build, iterate, host, and launch an app with little to no coding experience. Bubble gives the users full control of the design and logic of their app. This is achieved through drag-and-drop designing on the Bubble interface as well as configurable logic such as showing a text field when a button is clicked. Here are some examples of apps you can build with bubble: - A social network site that allows users to share photos and videos - A marketplace website - An administration panel for patients of a health organization Obviously AI – Get the benefits of data science and analytics without having to write code Obviously AI makes it very simple to solve analytics and AI problems by using columnar data or spreadsheets (e.g. Google Sheets, Airtable, or Excel). The way it works is by having all your data that you are tracking in a traditional row/column format, link the data with Obviously AI, then ask Obviously AI a question. The service will then load, clean, and analyze your data to predict and answer your question, all automatically using AI. Here are some examples of questions that Obviously AI can answer, provided you have the related data. - Which customers are likely to buy again? - What is the age and education level of a customer paying more than $1,000 - How many cases of the coronavirus (COVID-19) will there be in Idaho in a few months? WordPress – All in one solution for creating and managing any type of website WordPress is a website builder that claims to power about 36% of the web. What this means is about one in three websites use WordPress in one way or another. Similar to Shopify, WordPress allows a user to create their website by simply selecting or buying customizable website templates. Moreover, there are hundreds of useful plugins that can track the traffic on your site, allow users to contact you, mitigate security issues, and much more. WordPress can host your service on their servers and even allows you to create any website, blog, eCommerce site, eLearning site, and much more, all with little to no coding. No Code Aggregators and Communities The following sites offer No Code exploration services, summaries of new No Code tools, courses, lessons, email lists, and much more if you want to learn more about No Code. Makerpad – The most popular no code service aggregator Makerpad is a leader in providing No Code solutions to individuals and businesses. They have a community of over 10,000 people, hundreds of lessons about how to use various No Code technologies, as well as a support program to help anybody who would like to build a custom solution for a problem they may have using No Code. Makerpad also serves as a No Code exploration tool whereby a user can search and filter for any type of No Code tools based on what their needs are and can get a lot of credits for using those tools if they subscribe to the Makerpad membership. NoCode – The best free no code exploration service NoCode is a great place to explore different No Code tools depending on whatever problem you may want to solve. This platform can also give discounts and credits for No Code tools and can keep you up to date on the latest tools and trends with minimal effort. The greatest advantage of this platform is that it is absolutely free to join, and can be a very affordable way to get integrated with the No Code community and infrastructure. Zeroqode – The most powerful site template provider Zeroqode provides templates for powerful dynamic sites for specialized use cases. This includes, for instance, sites that have optimized upvote/downvote systems, recommendation sites like Airbnb, business-ready sites with beautiful fully loaded admin panels, payment integrations with stripe, and more. Albeit expensive with a lot of fully working sites and solutions costing around $100, there are over 100 different customized already-working sites for different purposes, which can solve most solutions that businesses are looking for. Most of these sites are written using Bubble.io which is a very powerful visual website builder. Zeroqode also allows users who purchase their templates to edit them to their choosing and take courses about how to build and customize such custom sites. Finally, Zeroqode also provides a support team that can help with creating, tweaking, and customizing such sites and templates. All in all, Zeroqode is a great tool for powerful and cheap one-size-fits-all solutions. Well there you have it, now you have most of the insights to be fairly enlightened about this growing movement. If you want more information, you can check out these websites which compile a sizable amount of No Code platforms so you can keep exploring! G2 No Code Platforms – (link) Gartner Report Low Code Application Platforms – (link)

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As the world grapples with the devastation of the coronavirus, one thing is clear: The United States simply wasn’t prepared. Despite repeated warnings from infectious disease experts over the years, we lacked essential beds, equipment, and medication; public health advice was confusing, and our leadership offered no clear direction while sidelining credible health professionals and institutions. Infectious disease experts agree that it’s only a matter of time before the next pandemic hits, and that could be even deadlier. How do we fix what COVID-19 has shown was broken? In this Mother Jones series, we’re asking experts from a wide range of disciplines one question: What are the most important steps we can take to make sure we’re better prepared next time? Christina Hemphill Fuller is an environmental exposure scientist and epidemiologist focused on the intersection of air pollution, public health, and racial justice. Her expertise has taken on even greater relevance as the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention has confirmed that Black and Latino communities have experienced some of the worst effects of COVID-19, being three times as likely to become infected as white people, and nearly twice as likely to die. The Georgia State University professor says it’s not a coincidence that these communities also face more pollution in their daily lives, which makes them more vulnerable to a range of health problems, including lung damage. Fuller’s area of specialty is in a type of air pollution called ultrafine particles, which can lodge deep in the lungs and could make people more likely to experience severe effects of COVID-19. On the health effects of air pollution: Air pollution has been known for a long time to be associated with different diseases and conditions linked to respiratory disease, but it’s also linked to heart attack, heart disease, and lung cancer, in addition to pregnancy outcomes like preterm birth and babies being born early and babies being born smaller. It’s definitely known that air pollution, particularly particulate matter, is associated with poor health outcomes. Air pollution many times concerns PM2.5—particulate matter as less than 2.5 microns in diameter—and also ozone. And both of those are regulated by the Clean Air Act. On why Black people are disproportionately affected: There are many studies that have documented that communities with more Blacks or Hispanics have higher air pollution, and that’s because industries are placed there on purpose. The first study to talk about that was Toxic Waste and Race, way back in 1987, and updated in 2007. This study looked at hazardous waste facilities all around the country and found that the most important predictor was race, and the second was income. There are some differences between urban communities and rural communities. One that’s really important that I study a lot is traffic. Definitely in urban communities a lot of air pollution that we’re concerned about comes from traffic. So being close to a highway or major roads that has lots of cars and trucks on it, you’re going to have high air pollution exposure. A lot of the times those run through communities of color, leading to high air pollution exposures in those neighborhoods. In addition to that, we have our energy production, so natural gas and coal-fired power plants are also disproportionately in communities of color and low-income communities. There are other types of industries, like a car body shop and dry cleaners, that are smaller producers, but they do produce air pollution and those are also disproportionately in color or low-income communities. In rural areas, traffic may be less of an issue, but you have other types of industry and power generation still disproportionately in communities of color. On the challenges of pinning down the impact of air pollution in a pandemic: If you were to do a search for air pollution and heart disease, or air pollution and respiratory disease, you will find thousands and thousands of studies. But if you look at whether air pollution makes you susceptible, and that’s what the field of public health calls “effect modification,” you’re going to find maybe tens, twenties of those. Let’s pick PM2.5, because PM2.5 is widely studied. We’ll do a study and record what the PM2.5 levels are, and then you’ll look at how many people die from a heart attack, how many people get a particular respiratory disease, or how many people get lung cancer due to that exposure. We can really say that exposure to particulate matter is related to development of asthma, because there’s just so much data. The research that I’ve been doing is people who are under high stress. So if you are under high stress and you’re exposed to air pollution, you have an even higher risk of heart disease. That’s putting two effects together. For COVID-19 there are a couple of studies that have come out—one is the Harvard study by Dr. Francesca Dominici of Harvard: If you have high exposure to air pollution, is that going to increase your risk of contracting COVID 19 and having worse outcomes? What we’re concerned about is susceptibility: When your lungs already damaged by having chronic exposure to particulate matter, then you’re going to be more susceptible to other diseases versus if you were just exposed to that disease, and your lungs weren’t already damaged. People who are living in areas where the air pollution is high already had damage and they actually are having worse health outcomes versus people who live in places where air pollution is low, who are more resilient when they’re exposed to the virus and they’re less likely to have severe COVID-19. On the problem of ultrafine particles: Air pollution is such a mix of chemicals, and we only monitor for a few, and then we regulate for even fewer. Particulate matter are either solid or liquid droplets suspended in air and we regulate for those that are smaller than 2.5 microns, and smaller than than 10 microns. The EPA monitors for PM2.5 and PM10. But a particular one that I study is called ultrafine particles, and those are less than 100 nanometers in diameter. There is no regulation around that. Over recent years, the studies have shown that ultrafine particles are really, really important for public health. And you have to measure for them specifically. If you put a PM2.5 monitor next to a busy highway, you’re not going to detect the really small particles. You’d have to monitor those specifically and those are really high next to roads. They potentially are more damaging than PM2.5, because they are very small. They have a lot of surface area where lots of other chemicals can stick to. And then they can go down deeply into your lungs all the way where you actually have the gas exchange between oxygen and the air to your body. So they can get very deep into your lungs and causing damage there is a lot worse than causing damage in the upper airways. If you count the number of particles that are in urban air, about 90 percent of them are going to be ultrafine particles. They’ve been linked to heart disease, cancer, asthma, other respiratory diseases, Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease, and preterm birth. And they’re not being captured right now in our regulatory system. On the big changes our leaders could make to cut pollution before the next pandemic: We need to maintain and strengthen our environmental laws and regulations: Over 100 regulations have been rolled back in the last three years. We need to have our elected officials stop permitting these facilities to be in communities color, and to be highly concentrated. If you map these polluting facilities, they are clumped up in different areas, and those areas are low income communities of color. We know that there’s an issue, but we’ve got to do something about it. In relation to the built environment, we can change how we design our cities, as more of us are moving into cities. We should have cleaner buildings, achieving zero carbon or as close to that as possible, buildings that are energy efficient, and buildings that have green roofs. There are places in Europe and in other countries that are having car-free days, making different roadways into pedestrian-only and doing more to encourage biking and walking. Those are structural things that need to be done. A few cool hacks we can use in the meantime: There are more tools people can use to understand pollution in their neighborhoods. If you make it really personal to them, they are more likely to support changes. Usually when they’re picking sites for compliance with the Clean Air Act, they’re putting monitors in what we call urban background locations. Those are locations that are far away from some of the major sources, so it’s going to be the lowest concentration in the urban setting. There are some lower-cost air pollution monitors that do a pretty good job of measuring air pollution. People can buy them for a couple hundred dollars and see what it is by their house. The Clean Air Act is wonderful and has led to many positive changes, but the EPA still may not tell you what’s outside of your house. And so if we’re able to get more people monitoring outside of their houses, then they will have more knowledge about what air pollution is. That’s really important for communities of color that are already have really high air pollution. They can show their elected officials, “Hey, the pollution here is really bad. And it’s affecting us: our asthma rates are high.” We really need to empower people to have knowledge and to advocate for themselves. That’s really important. With traffic pollution, in particular, in areas where we can’t necessarily remove a highway, we could reduce the impact that it has on the neighboring communities by putting in a barrier of trees there. It’s not only that green environments are wonderful for mental health, but they also can reduce the pollution that is coming off that roadway and affecting people who live next to it. There’s thousands of schools across the country that are right next to highways, and kids are playing outside next to the road. But if we’re able to put something there like a tree barrier, they actually have been shown to reduce pollution. That’s a study that I’m doing right now figuring out in the southeast, in Atlanta in particular, what that can look like to get the most benefit.

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Northern Ontario covers 90% of the area of Ontario, but has only 6% of its population—about 730,000 people. With the exception of the Greater Sudbury municipality, all of northern Ontario's land is divided into districts. These districts include vast tracts of sparsely-populated territory where public services are provided by the government of Ontario. - 1 Dryden — home of Maximillian the Moose, an 18 ft (5.5 m) tall statue - 2 Elliot Lake — a former mining boomtown that now seeks to attract tourists and retirees - 3 Kenora — a vacation resort town - 4 North Bay — calls itself the "gateway to Northern Ontario" - 5 Sault Ste. Marie — the starting point for the Agawa Canyon tour train - 6 Greater Sudbury — Northern Ontario's largest city - 7 Temiskaming Shores — a popular retirement and recreational destination - 8 Thunder Bay — the metropolis of the northwest - 9 Timmins — its main attractions are mining tours and outdoor recreation - 1 Blue Lake Provincial Park — a 2314-ha pak for hiking, canoeing and birding - 2 Lake Superior Provincial Park — spectacular and diverse scenery, and the Agawa Pictographs - 3 Manitoulin Island — the world's largest freshwater island - 4 Pimachiowin Aki — a mixed (natural and cultural) UNESCO World Heritage Site - 5 St. Joseph Island — popular as camp and cottage country - 6 Pukaskwa National Park — its 60-km Coastal Trail offers a challenging but rewarding wilderness experience along the steep Lake Superior coastline - 7 Wabakimi Provincial Park — one of the world's largest boreal forest reserves, almost the size of Puerto Rico Ontario is Canada's most populous province, with nearly 40 percent of the country's population, but most of Ontario's 13.5 million people live in southern communities along the Windsor-Quebec corridor. This leaves the rest of the province very sparsely populated, with Northern Ontario's few people spread across a vast area which spans two time zones. Don't expect to drive across all of Northern Ontario in a day; it's 1,000 mi (1,600 km) of Trans-Canada Highway from North Bay to the Manitoba border and a few communities (mostly on Indigenous lands around Hudson Bay) have no intercity road access at all. Most of Northern Ontario sits on the Canadian Shield, a vast rocky plateau. As a result, the region's main businesses are mining and forestry, although tourism also plays a role in the economy. Its main population centres are Greater Sudbury in the east, and Thunder Bay in the West. In the early 20th century, Northern Ontario was often called "New Ontario", although this name fell into disuse because of its colonial connotations. (In French, however, the region may still be referred to as Nouvel-Ontario, although le Nord de l'Ontario and Ontario-Nord are now more commonly used.) There are several small francophone communities in Northern Ontario, but English speaking travellers shouldn't encounter any issues with language since most of those living in these communities are bilingual (English-French). There are also many communities that speak mainly Cree or Ojibwa (Aanishenabe), though there are usually English speakers there as well. Air Canada Express provides daily service from Toronto Pearson International Airport (YYZ IATA) to Sudbury, Sault Ste. Marie, Timmins and Thunder Bay from Toronto (Thunder Bay also served from Winnipeg, Manitoba). Westjet flies to Thunder Bay from Toronto. Bearskin Airlines (based in Thunder Bay) provides services to various smaller communities in Northern Ontario, including Red Lake, Dryden, Sioux Lookout and Kenora from Winnipeg, Manitoba. Porter Airlines flies to Timmins, Thunder Bay, Sudbury and Sault Ste. Marie from Toronto City Island Airport (YTZ IATA). The 2 main routes through Northern Ontario are Highways #11 and #17. They diverge at North Bay with Highway 11 going north and Highway 17 going west to Sault Ste. Marie then north from there. Both highways continue westward toward Manitoba, with a few points where there is only one road. The Trans-Canada Highway distance from North Bay to the Manitoba border is approximately 1650 km (1050 mi). Via Rail provides service from Toronto to Parry Sound and Sudbury Junction (10 km from the city), and continues through Northern Ontario with stops at Hornepayne, Longlac, Sioux Lookout and several minor stops, to Winnipeg, Manitoba and westward. While the former Ontario Northland passenger rail service from Toronto to North Bay and Cochrane, Ontario has been replaced by a bus, there is passenger rail service from Cochrane to Moosonee on the Polar Bear Express. Ontario Northland operates the following routes in the region as of Sep 2021: - Toronto - Barrie - North Bay - Toronto - Parry Sound - Sudbury - North Bay - Timmins - Cochrane - Sudbury - Timmins - Hearst - Ottawa - North Bay - Sudbury - Sudbury - Sault Ste. Marie - Thunder Bay - Sault Ste. Marie - Thunder Bay - Winnipeg Kasper Bus serves western areas as of Sep 2021: - Thunder Bay-Longlac - Thunder Bay-Sioux Lookout-Winnipeg - Thunder Bay-White River Car rental services are available in most of the larger centres, including Kenora, Red Lake, Thunder Bay, Nipigon, Terrace Bay, Marathon, Sault Ste. Marie, Sudbury, Timmins, and North Bay. In Northern Ontario, a car is a must if you wish to get from place to place. In most cases, you will be driving the Trans-Canada Highway (a cross-Canada network of highways, often offering more than one route), either on Highway 17 or Highway 11. Highway 17 follows a more southerly route hugging Lake Superior, while 11 ventures northward at North Bay and heads through a less populous region of the province (avoiding the winds off of the Great Lakes, so this route is popular with truckers) before heading southwards. Highways 11 and 17 run concurrently from the Nipigon River west to the Thunder Bay region, a single point of failure. To the west, 11 heads to the US border at Rainy River while Trans-Canada 17 continues west to Manitoba. The heavy logging trucks that are common on the roads here take a long time to stop. Be sure to give them a lot of space, as cutting one off is a quick ticket to a collision that you will lose. Ontario Northland operates the Polar Bear Express railway between Cochrane and Moosonee, on the Hudson Bay shore, hauling mostly locals (the railway is the only method of overland access for many isolated Northern communities) and freight, plus some tourists. This train is one of the few remaining in North America that lets you flag it down to get picked up. Northbound trains leave Cochrane at 9AM four days a week, arriving in Moosonee at 2:20PM. Going the other way, trains depart Moosonee at 5PM and return to Cochrane at 11:30PM. - Ouimet Canyon, near Dorion, is 100 metres (330 ft) deep, 150 metres (490 ft) wide and 2 km (1.2 mi) long. It is protected as part of Ouimet Canyon Provincial Park. - Aguasabon Falls and Gorge near Terrace Bay is a 30-m (100-foot) waterfall that was created as a spill basin for a generating station. It offers tourists an amazing view through a wheelchair accessible boardwalk that overlooks the falls. - Kay-Nah-Chi-Wah-Nung Historical Centre (Manitou Mounds) 33 km from Rainy River, is one of the most significant centres of early habitation and ceremonial burial in Canada. The centre offers interpretive tours and galleries, a collections space with over 16,000 artifacts, a gift shop that showcases artwork by local Indigenous artists, and a restaurant that serves traditional Ojibway cuisine. - M.S. Kenora cruise is a great way to experience the splendour of Lake of the Woods. The cruise passes by Coney Island beach, through the scenic channels south of Kenora, and returns through the exciting ‘Devil’s Gap’, a channel guarded by a mythical rock bearing its name. Bald eagles and wildlife can also be sighted. - Fort William Historical Park in Thunder Bay is a recreation of the days of the North West Company and the Canadian fur trade circa 1815. It offers a look at fur trade life, culture, rafts, medicine, business, domestic life and heritage farming. - Agawa Canyon Tour Train is a very popular scenic one-day rail excursion to Agawa Canyon Park, 114 railway miles north of Sault Ste Marie. There is a three-hour stopover at the canyon where there are hiking trails and a railway museum. The train has dining cars, dome cars, and regular coach cars. - Science North is a science education centre in Sudbury with an IMAX theatre, a butterfly gallery, a robotics lab, and interactive exhibits on geology, animal biology and other areas of science. There are some amazing scenic drives in Northern Ontario, especially Highway 17 from Sault Ste Marie is particularly beautiful, as are both the Highway 11 and Highway 17 routes from Thunder Bay to Kenora. Northern Ontario has a lot of provincial parks, some for day use only and others that have camping facilities. There are 3 large ones accessible by highways: Quetico Provincial Park; Lake Superior Provincial Park and Kakabeka Falls Provincial Park. Wabakimi Provincial Park is not accessible by highway, but is accessible from The Canadian passenger rail line (which can be flagged down, and features a baggage car that can handle canoes). There is one national park: Pukaskwa National Park (pronounced "puck-a-saw"; just south of Marathon) which offers day use and overnight facilities. No motorized boats are allowed to be used in the park except those that access the park from Lake Superior. Many towns through the region have outfitters who will equip you with everything you need for fishing, hunting or snowmobiling trips, and can provide guides, or organize the whole trip for you, often to remote private lodges, some accessible only by float planes. Cell/mobile phone service is not available on many stretches of highways through the region, even those most travelled (Highways 11 and 17). You will have service in and around cities and towns, but you should bring some emergency supplies in the case of a breakdown, such as water, blankets, and food. Black flies and mosquitoes are abundant throughout Northern Ontario. To protect yourself when camping or hiking, wear long sleeve shirts (white or brightly coloured), thick socks, and long pants (tuck the pants into the socks), and apply insect repellent containing DEET. A mosquito net can be nicer than applying repellent to your face. Also some type of bug netting in your tent is advised. Flies are most active at dawn and dusk between mid-June and late July. Winter driving in the North can be treacherous, given the inclement winters here. Be prepared to adjust or cancel travel plans should the weather conditions require it. West to Manitoba; south to Minnesota, the Upper Peninsula of Michigan, Central Ontario and Eastern Ontario; east to the Abitibi-Témiscamingue region of Quebec; or, if you have access to an aircraft, north to Nunavut.

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Many Muslims believe that the term “Muslim” and “Mu’min” are interchangeable and have the same meaning. However, according to the Quran, many people are Muslims (including some Jews and Christians) but not all Muslims are Mu’mins. A “Muslim” (Submitter) by definition is anyone who submits or surrenders their will to the one true God. This is irrespective of whether or not they believe in the Quran or prophet Muhammad. A “Mu’min” (Believer), in the context of the Quran, is one who believes in - The one true God - All of God’s angels - All of God’s scriptures including the Torah, Injeel, and Quran - All of God’s messengers including Abraham, Moses, Jesus, and Muhammad One may be a Muslim (Submitter) but not yet be a Mu’min (believer) as true faith has not yet entered their hearts. This is proven in verse 49:14. |قَالَتِ الْأَعْرَابُ آمَنَّا ۖ قُل لَّمْ تُؤْمِنُوا وَلَٰكِن قُولُوا أَسْلَمْنَا وَلَمَّا يَدْخُلِ الْإِيمَانُ فِي قُلُوبِكُمْ ۖ وَإِن تُطِيعُوا اللَّهَ وَرَسُولَهُ لَا يَلِتْكُم مِّنْ أَعْمَالِكُمْ شَيْئًا ۚ إِنَّ اللَّهَ غَفُورٌ رَّحِيمٌ| |The desert Arabs say, “We believe!” Say, “Do not say you believe; but only say, ‘We have submitted our wills to God (as Submitters / Muslims),’ as belief has not yet entered your hearts. But if you obey God and His Messenger, He will not deprive you anything of your deeds: for God is Oft-Forgiving, Most Merciful.” (49:14)| Therefore, being a Muslim (Submitter) first is a pre-requisite for acquiring belief to become a Mu’min (believer). Verse 7:143 shows the example of prophet Moses when he became a Mu’min (believer). Verse 2:260 shows the example of prophet Abraham who asked to have his heart strengthened so that he could become a Mu’min (believer). There are many proofs in the Quran of people who lived before prophet Muhammad and were Muslim. - Prophet Noah (10:72) - Prophet Solomon (27:31, 27:42) - Prophet Lot (51:36) - Prophet Abraham (3:67) - Disciples of Prophet Jesus (3:52) - Prophet Joseph (12:101) - Prophet Jacob’s children (2:133) - Pharaoh’s magicians (7:126) None of these people could have known of the Quran or the coming of prophet Muhammad, yet they are described as Muslims (Submitters). Therefore, being a Muslim (Submitter), according to the Quran, does not require belief in the Quran or prophet Muhammad. It just requires submitting one’s will to the one true God. As a matter of fact, during the time of prophet Muhammad some people amongst the People of the Book (Jews and Christians) did believe in Muhammad and they, therefore, were Mu’mins (believers) even though they were still Jews and Christians. |وَإِذَا سَمِعُوا مَا أُنزِلَ إِلَى الرَّسُولِ تَرَىٰ أَعْيُنَهُمْ تَفِيضُ مِنَ الدَّمْعِ مِمَّا عَرَفُوا مِنَ الْحَقِّ ۖ يَقُولُونَ رَبَّنَا آمَنَّا فَاكْتُبْنَا مَعَ الشَّاهِدِينَ| |And when they hear what has been revealed to the Messenger, you see their eyes overflowing with tears because of what they have recognized of the truth. They say, “Our Lord, we have believed, so register us among the witnesses. (5:83)| |وَإِنَّ مِنْ أَهْلِ الْكِتَابِ لَمَن يُؤْمِنُ بِاللَّهِ وَمَا أُنزِلَ إِلَيْكُمْ وَمَا أُنزِلَ إِلَيْهِمْ خَاشِعِينَ …| |And there are, certainly, among the People of the Book, those who believe in God, in the revelation to you (Muhammad), and in the revelation to them (Torah, Injil), bowing in humility to God …. (3:199)| People who believed in the previous scriptures, including Jews and Christians, were already Muslims. |الَّذِينَ آتَيْنَاهُمُ الْكِتَابَ مِن قَبْلِهِ هُم بِهِ يُؤْمِنُونَ وَإِذَا يُتْلَىٰ عَلَيْهِمْ قَالُوا آمَنَّا بِهِ إِنَّهُ الْحَقُّ مِن رَّبِّنَا إِنَّا كُنَّا مِن قَبْلِهِ مُسْلِمِينَ| |Those to whom We gave the Scripture before it – they are believers in it. And when it is recited to them, they say, “We have believed in it; indeed, it is the truth from our Lord. Indeed we were, [even] before it, Submitters (Muslims).” (28:52-53)| - Proof Muslim Women Don’t Have to Cover Their Hair - Proof the Hadith is Not Valid Islamic Law - Muslims Are Performing the Hajj Wrong - Muslims Are Wrong About Zakat - Lailat Al-Qadr Is Not What You Think It Is - Most Muslims Start & End Fasting At the Wrong Time - Islamic Misconceptions About the Call to Prayer (Adhaan) - Most Muslims Are Wrong About Various Aspects of Prayer - Islamic Ablution (Wudhu) Is Simpler Than Many Muslims Think - Muslims Don’t Need to Perform Ablution (Wudhu) Before Touching the Quran - Deferring Matters of Islamic Law to Religious Scholars Is Not Permissible. Studying and Understanding the Quran is Required. - Proof That the Quran Is Complete and That the Hadith Books Are Not Needed - Prayer Among Jews, Christians, and Muslims – A Quranic Analysis - The Testimony (Shahadah) to Convert to Islam is Inaccurate - Categories of People According to the Quran - Jews and Christians Are Actually Muslims - Abraham, Not Muhammad, Was the Founder of Islam - Jewish, Christian and Islamic Scriptures - The Fallacy That Descendants of Prophet Muhammad Are Superior to Everyone Else - Islamic Prophets, Messengers & Scriptures - What is God’s Name – A Quranic Analysis - Aliens Do Exist – A Quranic Analysis - Most Muslims Are Asian, Not Arab - Proof That Relatives (Wives, Children, Descendants, etc) of Islamic Prophets, Including Muhammad, Are Not Automatically Righteous - There Is No Punishment for Blasphemy in Islam - Proof That Arabic is Not a Holy or Superior Language - Proof That Prophet Muhammad Is Not Exclusive or Superior to Other Prophets - Muslims (Submitters) and Mu’mins (Believers) Are Not the Same Thing - Most Jews, Christians, and Polytheists Are Not Infidels (Kafir) - There Is No Quranic Proof That Zamzam Water Is Blessed Holy Water - Muslims Are Not Allowed To Force Others To Practice Islam. So Why Do Muslims & Islamic Governments Keep Doing It? - If You Are a Sunni or Shia Muslim, Then You’ve Violated Islamic Law - Contrary to Extremist Belief, Muslims Are Allowed To Sing and Listen to Music - Muslims Are Allowed To Have Statues and Photos of People in Their Homes - Dogs Aren’t Impure. Muslims Are Allowed to Have Pet Dogs. - Muslims Are Allowed to Pay Interest, e.g. on a Car or Home Loan - Prophet Muhammad Was Not Illiterate. He Could Read and Write. - Jesus is Dead & He Ain’t Comin’ Back – A Quranic Analysis - Many Muslims Are Wrong About Getting Help From Others on the Day of Judgment - Wills and Inheritance Law According to the Quran - Most Muslims Are Wrong About Halal Food - Circumcision Is Not Required Among Muslim Boys / Men - Muslim Women Are Not Exempt From Congregational Friday Prayers - Muslim Women Are Not Exempt From Fasting, Praying, etc During Menstruation - The Quran Doesn’t Support a Strictly Vegetarian Diet - Summary of the Quran - إثبات أن الحديث ليس شرعاً إسلامياً صالحاً - إثبات أن النساء المسلمات لسن بحاجة لتغطية شعرهم - Bukti Hadits Tidak Valid Hukum Islam - Kekeliruan Bahwa Keturunan Nabi Muhammad Lebih Unggul Dari Semua Orang Lain

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Explain how different types of organisational structure may affect organisational behaviour. Support your analysis by referring to the literature and by comparing and contrasting two different organisations. Just as the environment impacts each individuals behaviour it is typical of an organisation’s structure to impact its employee’s behaviour. There have been many different studies which illustrate the impact of the organisation’s structure on human behaviour, such as the studies of Henry Ford, Taylors taylorism theory and the Hawther studies and work conducted by the likes of Koike and Darrah. To answer the question of how structure may affect organisational behaviour we must first define what organisational structure and behaviour is. Organizational structure defines how job tasks are formally divided, grouped and coordinated and includes many elements such as the hierarchical level, the span of control, the chain of command, span of control, formalization, centralization and decentralization. Organisational behavior is simply the norm for how is meant for the people to behave in the organisation they belong and this can differ from organisation to organisation depending on how the structure and the culture of the organisation is, this includes the studies of psychology, communication and management. The structure of an organisation includes many elements as mentioned before, these elements all highlight the types of structure of an organisation has and impact the behavior of the organisation. Firstly the Hierarchal levels is quite self-explanatory, and just basically means the amount of levels of authority found in an organisation and it can be either very tall or very short, very tall meaning many different hierarchy levels with different levels of managers and many levels between the employees and the owners, and a Flat Hierarchical organisation would be the opposite of that and have only a few levels between the employees and owners. The second element to an organisation’s structure is the span of control. If an organisation has a high span of control then this means it his many employees who report to on manager, flat hierarchies usually have many employees reporting to on manager meaning it has a high span of control and the opposite is expected from an organisation with a tall hierarchical structure. The third element to the structure of an organisation is the chain of command. This is quite self-explanatory in its definition as it is the line of authority in the organisation from its lowest part to its highest and sets out specifically who reports to whom. The fourth element of an organisation is formalisation. This is the degree in which employees specific tasks are set out, some organisations will have a clear outline and way for the employees to preform there everyday tasks and questions on whether employees should have a clear job definition. Some organisations will give their staff more freedom to do their tasks than other whereas some will have a clear cut way of doing things and will be told when how their tasks will be performed, the degree of control will vary from organisation to organisation. The fifth element to consider when analysing an organisations structure is work specialization. The sixth element is centralisation and decentralisation, this considers the question as to where the decision making power lays. The more centralised an organisation is the more power the top management have for decision making, the more decentralised an organisation is the more power lower level branched out managers have for decision making, therefore we can see that centralisation basically questions where the decision making power in an organisation lays. The final element of an organisations structure is departmentalisation, which illustrates the method in which an organisation sets out its separate departments and the way the jobs and tasks are performs based there functions, or product they intend to sell, process or type of process and customers and what the organisation needs. Therefore this illustrates that organizational structure is not just the physical structure of an organization but also the way they work the way the tasks and roles are set out for the employees to make the organisation as effective as it can be There are many different organisation structures which include the bureaucratic structure, the matrix structure, simple structure, organic structure, functional structures and divisional structures, which according to leading theoretical authority will all have different types of organisational behavior, to analyse how an organisations structure and all its elements impact organisational behaviour I have chosen two organisations to compare and contrast to highlight the differences and there effects. The two organisations I have chosen are the Aldo Group and The Chill Factor. I have chosen these two organisations as I am quite familiar with both organisa tions and have personal knowledge on how they are structured and how they work, giving me the ability to compare and contrast them more analytically. It will also be important to analyse the organisations culture as it is closely linked to an organisations structure and behaviour and could be used to support or argue against some of the leading research highlighting the relationship between organisation behaviour and structure. Firstly the Aldo group structure is seen to be quite a beaurecratic organisation to support this it is necessary to refer to the literature in terms of it structure and its elements, and how is has impacted the organisations behaviour and culture. The company structure consists of a tall hierarchy in which there are several sales people, sales assistants, assistant managers, a manager for each store, a district manager, supervisors, heads of office, president and CEO, this shows a tall hierarchy and a short span of control as there would be up to 4-5 employees in each store report to the assistant manager and store manager, supporting the argument that the organisation is a beoracratic one. Further analyzing Aldo’s structural elements it is clear that it follows the same pattern of a beaurocratic structure. The chain of command used at the organisation is quite a restricted one where most of the employees are of a low level of command as most of the organisations employees consist of sales and sale assistants who most take managerial permission when making most of the decisions an example for this comes from past experience working at Aldo where a request as simple as making changes to the stock room would need permission from the store manager. Therefore it is quite clear that due to the structure that the Aldo organisation indicates that Aldo will show some beurocratic behavior. According to leading theorists such as Frederick Taylor who stated that a beurocratic organisation would follow five principles firstly it would find the one “best way” to perform each task, carefully watch each worker to each task, closely supervise workers, and use reward and punishment as motivators, and the task of management is planning and control. Therefore the links here between the behaviour and structure is quite clear as from the first three elements of Aldo’s structure of a tall hierarchy, a narrow span of control and high chain of command illustrate taylors theory is supported in that the staff would be closely supervised and will be carefully watched while performing their tasks which would arguably impact the bahviour by enforcing them to do things the organisations way where strict rules apply. When considering the formalisation element of the Aldo organisation the group like to uphold a strong conservative way of doing things, the group stand behind a strong line of morals and have certain expectancies of employees. The salespeople and assistants are expected to dress in a certain manner each season to suit the Aldo image; there is a strict process of how things are done. This can be emphasised by the technology used in the stores to ensure certain procedures are followed and also by the collective goals each sales team in each store is given. Learn the difference between scientific management and administrative management The extent of formalisation and the emphasis of the organisations attempt to control the method in which the employees behave and do the work needed of them is shown in the recruitment system as each new recruit is needed to watch a video instructing then on how to approach customers and how not to approach them, this demonstrates taylors principle of having a “set way” of doing things, however this is enforced in a friendly manor in which the organisation attmepts to make the employee feel like he is part of the aldo group and the organisation which is purposely done to ensure loyalty and good behaviour, therefore something as simple as a video which is enforced on every new employee as part of the organisations structure can have a high impact in how the behaviour is expected to be in the organisation. This also further argues in favour of taylors theory and supporting his principle of having the workforce closely supervised and also supports Max Webber’s expansion on taylors theory which focuses on creating clear lines of authority and control as is the case in Aldo. The last element to consider when analysing aldos structure is on whether it is centralised or decentralised. It is typical of a burocratic organisation to have a centralised organisation where all the devision making is reserved for those in charge, analysing the tall hierarchy of Aldo and due to previouse experience working there it is easy to notice that major decisions would be taken by positions held much higher up in the company as it is rare for the average employee such as a sales assistant to ever meet the decision maker in an organisation such as this. According to leading theorists this can have a major impact on the behaviour in an organisation. Whereas the Chill factor arguably has a simple structure which is very different from the Aldo one. Chill factor has a very flat hierarchy where there are quite a number of employees and very few managerial position. there are many ski and snow boarding instructers, and a manager in the slope department of the organisation and there would be a specialist at the rock climbing wall, therefore the hierarchy in quite a short one as there are no district managers or supervisorts as it is quite a small orgonisation and clearly has a different structure to an organisation such as Aldos. It also has a short span of control as there are many employees who would report to one manager. Apposed to this chill factor has a different structure where there is a chain of command however it is quite a short on as instructors are trusted to teach visitors how to ski in a fun and professional manner without the need of supervisors or assistant and would not regurely need to report to a manager or someone of a higher position. Mayo and Roethlisberger in the late 1920’s at the Western Electric plant in Hawthorne, New York (Mayo, 1933). While manipulating conditions in the work environment (e. g. , intensity of lighting), they found that any change had a positive impact on productivity. The act of paying attention to employees in a friendly and nonthreatening way was sufficient by itself to increase output. Uris (1986) referred to this as the “wart” theory of productivity. Nearly any treatment can make a wart go away–nearly anything will improve productivity. “The implication is plain: intelligent action often delivers results” (Uris, 1986, p. 225).

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Protected cruisers, a type of naval cruiser of the late-19th century, gained their description because an armoured deck offered protection for vital machine-spaces from fragments caused by shells exploding above them. Protected cruisers resembled armored cruisers, which had in addition a belt of armour along the sides. From the late 1850s, navies began to replace their fleets of wooden ships-of-the-line with armoured ironclad warships. However, the frigates and sloops which performed the missions of scouting, commerce raiding and trade protection remained unarmoured. For several decades, it proved difficult to design a ship which had a meaningful amount of protective armour but at the same time maintained the speed and range required of a "cruising warship". The first attempts to do so, armored cruisers like HMS Shannon, proved unsatisfactory, generally lacking enough speed for their cruiser role. During the 1870s the increasing power of armour-piercing shells made armouring the sides of a ship more and more difficult, as very thick, heavy armour plates were required. Even if armour dominated the design of the ship, it was likely that the next generation of shells would be able to pierce such armour. The alternative was to leave the sides of the ship vulnerable, but to armour a deck just below the waterline. Since this deck would be struck only very obliquely by shells, it could be less thick and heavy than belt armour. The ship could be designed so that the engines, boilers and magazines were under the armoured deck, and with enough displacement to keep the ship afloat and stable even in the event of damage. Cruisers with armoured decks and no side armour became known as "protected cruisers", and eclipsed the armoured cruisers in popularity in the 1880s and into the 1890s. HMS Shannon was the first warship to incorporate an armoured deck; hers stretched forward from the armoured citadel to the bow. However, Shannon principally relied on her vertical citadel armour for protection. By the end of the 1870s ships could be found with full-length armoured decks and little or no side armour. The Italian Italia class of very fast battleships had armoured decks and guns but no side armour. The British used a full-length armoured deck in their Comus class of corvettes started in 1878; however the Comus class were designed for colonial service and were capable of only a 13-knot (24 km/h; 15 mph) speed, not fast enough for commerce protection or for fleet duties. But even while the Comus class were building the four ship Leander-class cruisers. Ordered in 1880 and rated as second-class cruisers, these ships combined the speed of the Iris-class dispatch vessels with a heavy armament, reduced rig and armoured deck. "Leander and her three sisters were very successful and may be seen as the ancestors of most [Royal Navy] cruisers for the rest of the century and beyond. Their general configuration was scaled up to the big First Class cruisers and down to the torpedo cruisers, whilst traces of the protected deck scheme can even be recognised in some sloops." He believed the Esmeralda was the swiftest and most powerfully-armed cruiser in the world. Happily ... she had passed into the hands of a nation which is never likely to be at war with England, for he could conceive no more terrible scourge for our commerce than she would be in the hands of an enemy. No cruiser in the British navy was swift enough to catch her or strong enough to take her. We have seen what the Alabama could do ... what might we expect from such an incomparably superior vessel as the Esmeralda[?] The breakthrough in protected-cruiser design came with the Chilean cruiser Esmeralda, designed and built by the British firm Armstrong at their Elswick yard. Esmeralda had a high speed of 18 knots (33 km/h; 21 mph) (dispensing entirely with sails), and an armament of two 10-inch (254 mm) and six 6-inch (152 mm) guns. Her protection scheme, inspired by the Italia class, included a full-length protected deck up to 2 inches (51 mm) thick, and a cork-filled cofferdam along her sides. Esmeralda set the tone for cruiser construction for the years to come, with "Elswick cruisers" on a similar design being constructed for Italy, China, Japan, Argentina, Austria and the United States.[full citation needed] The French Navy adopted the protected-cruiser concept wholeheartedly in the 1880s. The Jeune École school of thought, which proposed a navy composed of fast cruisers for commerce raiding and torpedo boats for coastal defence, became particularly influential in France. The first French protected cruiser was Sfax, laid down in 1882, and followed by six classes of protected cruiser – and no armoured cruisers. The Royal Navy remained equivocal about which protection scheme to use until 1887. The large Imperieuse class, begun in 1881 and finished in 1886, were built as armoured cruisers but were often referred to as protected cruisers. While they carried an armoured belt some covered only 140 feet (43 m) of the 315-foot (96 m) length of the ship, and the belt was also submerged below the waterline at full load. The real protection of the class came from the armoured deck 4 inches (100 mm) thick, and the arrangement of coal bunkers to prevent flooding. These ships were also the last armoured cruisers to be designed with sails. However, on trials it became clear that the masts and sails did more harm than good. The masts, sails and rigging were removed and replaced with a single military mast with machine-guns. The next class of small cruisers in the Royal Navy, the Mersey class of 1883, were protected cruisers, but the Royal Navy returned to the armoured cruiser with the Orlando class, begun in 1885 and completed in 1889. However, in 1887 an assessment of the Orlando type judged them inferior to the protected cruisers and thereafter the Royal Navy built only protected cruisers, even for very large first-class cruiser designs, returning to armoured cruisers only in the late 1890s with the Cressy class, laid down in 1898. The sole major naval power to retain a preference for armoured cruisers during the 1880s was Russia. The Imperial Russian Navy laid down four armoured cruisers and one protected cruiser during the decade, all large ships with sails.[full citation needed] Around 1910, armour plating began to increase in quality and steam-turbine engines, lighter and more powerful than previous reciprocating engines, came into use. Existing protected cruisers became obsolete as they were slower and less well protected than new ships. Oil-fired boilers were introduced, making side bunkers of coal unnecessary but losing the protection they afforded. Protected cruisers were replaced by "light armoured cruisers" with a side armoured belt and armoured decks instead of the single deck, later developed into heavy cruisers. The Austro-Hungarian Navy built and operated two classes of protected cruisers. These were two ships of the Kaiser Franz Joseph I class and three of the Zenta class. The Royal Navy rated cruisers as first, second and third class between the late 1880s and 1905, and built large numbers of them for trade protection requirements. For most of this time these cruisers were built with a "protected", rather than armoured, scheme of protection for their hulls. First class protected cruisers were as large and as well-armed as armoured cruisers, and were built as an alternative to the large first class armoured cruiser from the late 1880s till 1898. Second class protected cruisers were smaller, displacing 3,000–5,500 long tons (3,000–5,600 t) and were of value both in trade protection duties and scouting for the fleet. Third class cruisers were smaller, lacked a watertight double bottom, and were intended primarily for trade protection duties, though a few small cruisers were built for fleet scout roles or as "torpedo" cruisers during the "protected" era. The introduction of Krupp armour in six inch thickness rendered the "armoured" protection scheme more effective for the largest first class cruisers, and no large first class protected cruisers were built after 1898. The smaller cruisers, unable to bear the weight of heavy armoured belts retained the "protected" scheme up to 1905, when the last units of the Challenger and Highflyer classes were completed. There was a general hiatus in British cruiser production after this time, apart from a few classes of small, fast scout cruisers for fleet duties. When the Royal Navy began building larger cruisers (less than 4,000 long tons, 4,100 t) again around 1910, they used a mix of armoured decks and/or armoured belts for protection, depending on class. These modern, turbine powered cruisers are properly classified as light cruisers. The French Navy built and operated a series large variety of protected cruisers classes starting with Sfax in 1882. The last ship built to this design was Jurien de la Gravière in 1897. Main article: List of protected cruisers of Germany The German Imperial Navy (Kaiserliche Marine) built a series of protected cruisers in the 1880s and 1890s, starting with the two ships of the Irene class in the 1880s. The Navy completed only two additional classes of protected cruisers, comprising six more ships: the unique Kaiserin Augusta, and the five Victoria Louise-class ships. The type then was superseded by the armored cruiser at the turn of the century, the first of which being Fürst Bismarck. All of these ships tended to incorporate design elements from their foreign contemporaries, though the Victoria Louise class more closely resembled German battleships of the period, which carried lighter main guns and a greater number of secondary guns. These ships were employed as fleet scouts and colonial cruisers. Several of the ships served with the German East Asia Squadron, and Hertha, Irene, and Hansa took part in the Battle of Taku Forts in 1900 during the Boxer Rebellion. During a deployment to American waters in 1902, Vineta participated in the Venezuelan crisis of 1902–1903, where she bombarded Fort San Carlos. Long since obsolete by the outbreak of World War I, the five Victoria Louise-class vessels briefly served as training ships in the Baltic but were withdrawn by the end of 1914 for secondary duties. Kaiserin Augusta and the two Irene-class cruisers similarly served in reduced capacities for the duration of the war. All eight ships were broken up for scrap following Germany's defeat. Main article: List of protected cruisers of Italy The Italian Regia Marina (Royal Navy) ordered twenty protected cruisers between the 1880s and 1910s. The first five ships, Giovanni Bausan and the Etna class, were built as "battleship destroyers", armed with a pair of large caliber guns. Subsequent cruisers were more traditional designs, and were instead intended for reconnaissance and colonial duties. Some of the ships, like Calabria and the Campania class, were designed specifically for service in Italy's colonial empire, while others, like Quarto and the Nino Bixio class, were designed as high speed fleet scouts. Most of these ships saw action during the Italo-Turkish War of 1911–1912, where several of them supported Italian troops fighting in Libya, and another group operated in the Red Sea. There, the cruiser Piemonte and two destroyers sank or destroyed seven Ottoman gunboats in the Battle of Kunfuda Bay in January 1912. Most of the earlier cruisers were obsolescent by the outbreak of World War I, and so had either been sold for scrap or reduced to subsidiary roles. The most modern vessels, including Quarto and the Nino Bixio class, saw limited action in the Adriatic Sea after Italy entered the war in 1915. The surviving vessels continued on in service through the 1920s, with some—Quarto, Campania, and Libia, remaining on active duty into the late 1930s. The Royal Netherlands Navy built several protected cruisers between 1880 and 1900. The first protected cruiser was launched in 1890 and called HNLMS Sumatra. It was a small cruiser with a heavy main gun; four years later a larger and more heavily armed protected cruiser was commissioned, which was called HNLMS Koningin Wilhelmina der Nederlanden. In addition to these two cruisers, the Dutch also built six protected cruisers of the Holland class. The Holland-class cruisers were commissioned between 1898 and 1901, and featured, besides other armaments, two 15 cm SK L/40 single naval guns. The Dutch protected cruisers have played a role in several international events. For example, during the Boxer Rebellion two protected cruisers (Holland and Koningin Wilhelmina der Nederlanden) were sent to Shanghai to protect European citizens and defend Dutch interests. The Imperial Russian Navy operated a series of protected cruisers classes (Russian: Бронепалубный крейсер, Armored deck cruiser). The last ships built to this design where the Izumrud class in 1901. The Spanish Navy operated a series of protected cruisers classes starting with Reina Regente class. The last ship built to this design was Reina Regente in 1899. The first protected cruiser of the United States Navy's "New Navy" was USS Atlanta, launched in October 1884, soon followed by USS Boston in December, and USS Chicago a year later. A numbered series of cruisers began with Newark (Cruiser No. 1), although Charleston (Cruiser No. 2) was the first to be launched, in July 1888, and ending with another Charleston, Cruiser No. 22, launched in 1904. The last survivor of this series is USS Olympia, preserved as a museum ship in Philadelphia. The reclassification of 17 July 1920 put an end to the U.S. usage of the term "protected cruiser", the existing ships were classified as light or heavy cruisers with new numbers, depending on their level of armor. A few protected cruisers have survived as museum ships:

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Computer Crime and Intellectual Property Section Criminal Division - 299 pages - July 2009 Searching and Seizing Computers Without a Warrant The Fourth Amendment limits the ability of government agents to search for and seize evidence without a warrant. This chapter explains the constitutional limits of warrantless searches and seizures in cases involving computers. The Fourth Amendment states: The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated, and no Warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause, supported by Oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized. According to the Supreme Court, a “‘seizure’ of property occurs when there is some meaningful interference with an individual’s possessory interests in that property,” United States v. Jacobsen, 466 U.S. 109, 113 (1984), and the Court has also characterized the interception of intangible communications as a seizure. See Berger v. New York, 388 U.S. 41, 59-60 (1967). Furthermore, the Court has held that a “‘search’ occurs when an expectation of privacy that society is prepared to consider reasonable is infringed.” Jacobsen, 466 U.S. at 113. If the government’s conduct does not violate a person’s “reasonable expectation of privacy,” then formally it does not constitute a Fourth Amendment “search” and no warrant is required. See Illinois v. Andreas, 463 U.S. 765, 771 (1983). In addition, a warrantless search that violates a person’s reasonable expectation of privacy will nonetheless be constitutional if it falls within an established exception to the warrant requirement. See Illinois v. Rodriguez, 497 U.S. 177, 185-86 (1990). Accordingly, investigators must consider two issues when asking whether a government search of a computer requires a warrant. First, does the search violate a reasonable expectation of privacy? And if so, is the search nonetheless permissible because it falls within an exception to the warrant requirement? B. The Fourth Amendment’s “Reasonable Expectation of Privacy” in Cases Involving Computers 1. General Principles A search is constitutional if it does not violate a person’s “reasonable” or “legitimate” expectation of privacy. Katz v. United States, 389 U.S. 347, 361 (1967) (Harlan, J., concurring). This inquiry embraces two discrete questions: first, whether the individual’s conduct reflects “an actual (subjective) expectation of privacy,” and second, whether the individual’s subjective expectation of privacy is “one that society is prepared to recognize as ‘reasonable.’” Id. at 361. In most cases, the difficulty of contesting a defendant’s subjective expectation of privacy focuses the analysis on the objective aspect of the Katz test, i.e., whether the individual’s expectation of privacy was reasonable. No bright line rule indicates whether an expectation of privacy is constitutionally reasonable. See O’Connor v. Ortega, 480 U.S. 709, 715 (1987). For example, the Supreme Court has held that a person has a reasonable expectation of privacy in property located inside a person’s home, see Payton v. New York, 445 U.S. 573, 589-90 (1980); in “the relative heat of various rooms in the home” revealed through the use of a thermal imager, see Kyllo v. United States, 533 U.S. 27, 34-35 (2001); in conversations taking place in an enclosed phone booth, see Katz, 389 U.S. at 352; and in the contents of opaque containers, see United States v. Ross, 456 U.S. 798, 822-23 (1982). In contrast, a person does not have a reasonable expectation of privacy in activities conducted in open fields, see Oliver v. United States, 466 U.S. 170, 177 (1984); in garbage deposited at the outskirts of real property, see California v. Greenwood, 486 U.S. 35, 40-41 (1988); or in a stranger’s house that the person has entered without the owner’s consent in order to commit a theft, see Rakas v. Illinois, 439 U.S. 128, 143 n.12 (1978). UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE [DISTRICT] IN THE MATTER OF THE SEARCH OF INFORMATION ASSOCIATED WITH [[EMAIL ADDRESSES]] THAT IS STORED AT PREMISES CONTROLLED BY [[EMAIL PROVIDER]] Case No. ______ affidavit IN SUPPORT OF AN APPLICATION FOR A SEARCH WARRANT 256 Searching and Seizing Computers I, [AGENT NAME], being first duly sworn, hereby depose and state as follows: INTRODUCTION AND AGENT BACKGROUND 1. I make this affidavit in support of an application for a search warrant for information associated with certain accounts that is stored at premises owned, maintained, controlled, or operated by [EMAIL PROVIDER], an email provider headquartered at [PROVIDER ADDRESS]. The information to be searched is described in the following paragraphs and in Attachment A. This affidavit is made in support of an application for a search warrant under 18 U.S.C. §§ 2703(a), 2703(b)(1)(A) and 2703(c)(1)(A) to require [EMAIL PROVIDER] to disclose to the government records and other information in its possession pertaining to the subscriber or customer associated with the accounts, including the contents of communications. 2. I am a Special Agent with the [AGENCY], and have been since [DATE]. [DESCRIBE TRAINING AND EXPERIENCE TO THE EXTENT IT SHOWS QUALIFICATION TO SPEAK ABOUT THE INTERNET AND OTHER TECHNICAL MATTERS]. 3. The facts in this affidavit come from my personal observations, my training and experience, and information obtained from other agents and witnesses. This affidavit is intended to show merely that there is sufficient probable cause for the requested warrant and does not set forth all of my knowledge about this matter. 4. [Give facts establishing probable cause. At a minimum, establish a connection between the email account and a suspected crime. Also mention whether a preservation request was sent (or other facts suggesting the email is still at the provider)] 5. In my training and experience, I have learned that [EMAIL PROVIDER] provides a variety of on-line services, including electronic mail (“email”) access, to the general public. Subscribers obtain an account by registering with [EMAIL PROVIDER]. During the registration process, [EMAIL PROVIDER] asks subscribers to provide basic personal information. Therefore, the computers of [EMAIL PROVIDER] are likely to contain stored electron ic communications (including retrieved and unretrieved email for [EMAIL PROVIDER] subscribers) and information concerning subscribers and their use of [EMAIL PROVIDER] services, such as account access information, email transaction information, and account application information. 6. In general, an email that is sent to a [EMAIL PROVIDER] subscriber is stored in the subscriber’s “mail box” on [EMAIL PROVIDER] servers until the subscriber deletes the email. If the subscriber does not delete the message, the message can remain on [EMAIL PROVIDER] servers indefinitely. 7. When the subscriber sends an email, it is initiated at the user’s computer, transferred via the Internet to [EMAIL PROVIDER]’s servers, and then transmitted to its end destination. [EMAIL PROVIDER] often saves a copy of the email sent. Unless the sender of the email specifically deletes the email from the [EMAIL PROVIDER] server, the email can remain on the system 8. An [EMAIL PROVIDER] subscriber can also store files, including emails, address books, contact or buddy lists, pictures, and other files, on servers maintained and/or owned by [EMAIL PROVIDER]. [NOTE: Consider consulting the provider’s law enforcement guide or contacting the provider to identify other types of stored records or files that may be relevant to the case and available from the provider. If there are such records, specifically describe them in the affidavit and list them in Section I of Attachment B.] 9. Subscribers to [EMAIL PROVIDER] might not store on their home computers copies of the emails stored in their [EMAIL PROVIDER] account. This is particularly true when they access their [EMAIL PROVIDER] account through the web, or if they do not wish to maintain particular emails or files in their residence. 10. In general, email providers like [EMAIL PROVIDER] ask each of their subscribers to provide certain personal identifying information when registering for an email account. This information can include the subscriber’s full name, physical address, telephone numbers and other identifiers, alternative email addresses, and, for paying subscribers, means and source of payment (including any credit or bank account number). 11. Email providers typically retain certain transactional information about the creation and use of each account on their systems. This information can include the date on which the account was created, the length of service, records of log-in (i.e., session) times and durations, the types of service utilized, 258 Searching and Seizing Computers the status of the account (including whether the account is inactive or closed), the methods used to connect to the account (such as logging into the account via [EMAIL PROVIDER]’s website), and other log files that reflect usage of the account. In addition, email providers often have records of the Internet Protocol address (“IP address”) used to register the account and the IP addresses associated with particular logins to the account. Because every device that connects to the Internet must use an IP address, IP address information can help to identify which computers or other devices were used to access the 12. In some cases, email account users will communicate directly with an email service provider about issues relating to the account, such as technical problems, billing inquiries, or complaints from other users. Email providers typically retain records about such communications, including records of contacts between the user and the provider’s support services, as well records of any actions taken by the provider or user as a result of the communications. INFORMATION TO BE SEARCHED AND THINGS TO BE SEIZED 13. I anticipate executing this warrant under the Stored Communications Act, in particular 18 U.S.C. §§ 2703(a), 2703(b)(1)(A) and 2703(c)(1)(A), by using the warrant to require [EMAIL PROVIDER] to disclose to the government copies of the records and other information (including the content of communications) particularly described in Section I of Attachment B. Upon receipt of the information described in Section I of Attachment B, governmentauthorized persons will review that information to locate the items described in Section II of Attachment B. 14. Based on my training and experience, and the facts as set forth in this affidavit, there is probable cause to believe that on the computer systems in the control of [EMAIL PROVIDER] there exists evidence of a crime [and contraband or fruits of a crime]. Accordingly, a search warrant is requested. 15. This Court has jurisdiction to issue the requested warrant because it is “a court with jurisdiction over the offense under investigation.” 18 U.S.C. 16. Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. § 2703(g), the presence of a law enforcement officer is not required for the service or execution of this warrant. Appendix I 259 REQUEST FOR NONDISCLOSURE AND SEALING 17. [IF APPROPRIATE: The United States requests that pursuant to the preclusion of notice provisions of 18 U.S.C. § 2705(b), [EMAIL PROVIDER] be ordered not to notify any person (including the subscriber or customer to which the materials relate) of the existence of this warrant for such period as the Court deems appropriate. The United States submits that such an order is justified because notification of the existence of this Order would seriously jeopardize the ongoing investigation. Such a disclosure would give the subscriber an opportunity to destroy evidence, change patterns of behavior, notify confederates, or flee or continue his flight from prosecution. [Note: if using this paragraph, include a nondisclosure order with warrant.]] 18. [IF APPROPRIATE: It is respectfully requested that this Court issue an order sealing, until further order of the Court, all papers submitted in support of this application, including the application and search warrant. I believe that sealing this document is necessary because the items and information to be seized are relevant to an ongoing investigation into the criminal organizations as not all of the targets of this investigation will be searched at this time. Based upon my training and experience, I have learned that online criminals actively search for criminal affidavits and search warrants via the internet, and disseminate them to other online criminals as they deem appropriate, e.g., by posting them publicly online through the carding forums. Premature disclosure of the contents of this affidavit and related documents may have a significant and negative impact on the continuing investigation and may severely jeopardize its effectiveness.] Subscribed and sworn to before me on [date]: UNITED STATES MAGISTRATE JUDGE 260 Searching and Seizing Computers Place to Be Searched This warrant applies to information associated with [EMAIL ACCOUNT] that is stored at premises owned, maintained, controlled, or operated by [EMAIL PROVIDER ], a company headquartered at [ADDRESS].

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