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Written on: Sep 17, 2019 By: Shari Hicks-Graham
September is the month designated for Alopecia Areata Awareness, so I thought it would be fitting to use this platform to help contribute to this cause. Alopecia areata (AA) is a common form of hair loss that is caused by inflammation and presents with characteristic circular, smooth patches without hair. We know that the emotional difficulty of having AA is great. Patients with AA have greater rates of depression and anxiety. Sometimes the disease can affect the majority of the scalp and eyebrows, drawing assumptions that the condition is life-threatening, which may leave AA patients feeling isolated and self-conscious. It is frustrating to lose control over a physical feature that is tied so closely with one’s appearance and self-esteem. These feelings are more than what can be unpacked during a visit to the dermatologist, but I try to communicate to my patients that I see their struggles and that I understand. I recommend that people with AA seek professional counseling from licensed therapists on a regular basis to help manage these normal emotions. Additionally, organizations like the National Alopecia Areata Foundation focus on patient and community education and awareness. Visit naaf.org to learn more. Now, let’s discuss some statistics, what’s going on biologically when AA happens, and how to identify and treat the condition.
Alopecia areata is an equal opportunity disease – the condition may affect children or adults of any gender or ethnicity. In the United States, the cumulative lifetime incidence is 2%. The average age at the time of diagnosis for women was 31.5 years of age, and for men 36.2 in one study.
AA is caused by inflammation that attacks the hair follicle within certain portions of hair-bearing skin. The affected areas may be small or large, and may even involve the entire scalp. These hairless patches may also involve the face and body including eyelashes, eyebrows, arms, legs, underarms, and genital skin. This inflammatory dysregulation is considered autoimmune because the body’s immune system effectively turns against itself and attacks the hair bulb portion of the hair follicle. In recent years, it has become clear that the protected zone (immune privilege) of this portion of the hair follicle is lost in AA. This causes the inflammation to disrupt the hair growth cycle and force premature cell death of the hair epithelium, leading to the resting phase and shedding of the hair.
The development of AA is often sudden and may not be obvious to the individual who is affected. Many patients have told me that it was brought to their attention by a hairdresser or barber, or they may have noticed it while grooming their own hair. People often feel a sense of irritation or itching prior to the development of a spot. Others recognize that a stressful situation may precede the development of the hair loss. Associated features seen on examination of the body include nail changes like pitting (regularly spaced dotted indentations) of the nail and redness of the underlying nail surface. People with atopic dermatitis, environmental allergies and asthma, and immune-mediated conditions like type-1 diabetes, thyroid disease, vitiligo or psoriasis are also more likely to develop AA.
There are other hair loss conditions that can look similar to alopecia areata, so it’s important to see your doctor, or even better, a board-certified dermatologist who can help differentiate between other forms of alopecia. Remember that all hair loss is not necessarily managed the same way. Telogen effluvium (generalized hair shedding) can often look like AA, so can early central centrifugal cicatricial alopecia, lupus, secondary syphilis, trichotillomania, or the less common temporal triangular alopecia. Fortunately, the inflammation of AA does not cause scarring of the scalp or affected skin, which means hair regrowth is possible. A dermatologist would be able to determine this either by examination or with a simple scalp biopsy.
Treatment options for AA include topical and injectable anti-inflammatory steroid medications, topical minoxidil, topical sensitization therapy – using an irritant to “trick” the immune system into stopping the attack at the hair follicle, even systemic medications like prednisone or methotrexate for more resistant cases. Newer medications are on the horizon called the JAK inhibitors. These targeted therapies operate to block signals that turn on inflammation in the affected areas of AA. They are currently not FDA approved for AA, but we are hopeful that they will be in the next 1-2 years.
Prognosis is extremely variable on a case-by-case basis. Without treatment, hair regrowth may occur at rates up to 60% but, for some, medical treatment may be required to see regrowth. Use of some of the aforementioned therapies have been associated with hair regrowth upwards of 80%. Unfortunately, cases with more extensive areas of involvement are more resistant to treatment. Pediatric cases are also associated with a less favorable prognosis. We are hopeful, however, that with advances in genetic research new targeted therapies will be developed that are more effective, particularly for these resistant pediatric and adult cases.
Source: J Am Acad Dermatol 2018;78:15-24
It is important to understand the many different forms of alopecia and that they are managed in different ways. Increasing awareness about AA and other types of hair loss is important not just for our own well-being and education but also to hopefully become more sympathetic to what we may see or hear others go through. Chances are high that by your 30s or 40s you have already seen or know someone dealing with AA. The good thing is, despite the high variability of outcomes for the condition, it is fairly easy for a board-certified dermatologist to specifically identify what is happening to your hair and provide some clarity on treatment options. Resolution of AA is certainly possible and we are optimistic that with ongoing research, the future is bright for those suffering with this disease.
Live free & clear,
Of course, all of our products are carried here at livso.com. Alternatively, you can also purchase our products at the following retailers, salons, and barbershops. Check back frequently as our stocklist continues to grow.
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Yes! We offer samples for $2 each on our website. Each sample includes a 0.33 oz package of each of our three products. There is no limit to the number of samples you can purchase. You may require more than one sample depending on the length and thickness of your hair and how many times you would like to use each product. Samples are a great way to introduce friends and family to the product line as well!
We fulfill orders within 48 hours and once an order is shipped, shipping time is typically 2-3 business days.
Moisturizing Shampoo - Apply to wet scalp and hair, lather and rinse. Repeat once or twice as needed. Our gentle, sulfate-free formula is intended to effectively cleanse without overdrying your hair and skin. Massaging the scalp while applying is also recommended to improve circulation throughout the scalp. Use at least weekly for best results. Be careful to avoid direct contact with eyes. View a quick tutorial video here.
Moisturizing Conditioner - Apply to scalp and hair for at least three minutes, detangle or comb gently using a wide-toothed comb, then rinse out completely. Be careful to avoid direct contact with eyes. View quick tutorial video here.
Moisturizing Lotion - Apply to scalp after washing and conditioning, before drying & styling hair. May also apply to scalp daily as a moisturizer. This product also works well on the hair itself for extra moisturization to improve manageability. View a quick tutorial video here.
The products are designed to be used at least once per week but may be used as often as three times per week depending on your hair and scalp condition and moisturizing needs.
Yes! The Moisturizing Lotion is a versatile product. Although it is formulated to be a light moisturizer applied directly to the scalp to alleviate dryness and itchiness, many use it directly on the hair for additional hydration from the roots to the tips. Men also find it useful to moisturize their beards without leaving their hair with an oily finish or strong fragrance.
Yes. Although we did not do a unique test for color safety, we are familiar with all of our ingredients and have yet to receive feedback relating to issues with use on color treated hair.
Our independent clinical trial consisted of only adult participants. Please be advised that our products do not have a tear-free formula and they were not studied for use on children. Be careful to avoid direct contact with the eyes.
LivSo was designed for people with dry itchy scalp and curly or textured hair, regardless of ethnicity or gender. If you have a textured hair type that dries out easily with typical dandruff shampoos or sulfate products, this product is for you. Curly or textured hair, by nature, requires more moisture to prevent breakage, splitting and ensure its luster. The cuticle of curly and textured hair tends to be more ruffled as opposed to flat, which prevents oil from the scalp from wicking from the root to the tip of the hair causing it to look and feel drier.
Beyond those who have dry, itchy scalp, if you have dry curly hair, our products were expertly crafted to promote scalp health and meet your hair cleansing and moisturizing needs.
To our friends with straight hair and dry, itchy scalp, LivSo products are formulated to meet your needs as well. Our line of products may feel more moisturizing than alternative products without a focus on hydration, but they will still work to alleviate dry itchy scalp.
Creating products that are safe and gentle for your skin and hair without compromising efficacy is our highest priority. We include numerous natural ingredients in all of our products but we do not focus on being all-natural because natural elements and therefore natural products may not necessarily be safe and gentle. Our products are gluten-free, paraben-free, sulfate-free, and are not derived from animals in any way.
Acetyl alcohol will not dry out your hair, in fact, it does just the opposite. Acetyl alcohol is a conditioning agent and a fatty alcohol, which actually has a moisturizing effect on the hair and skin as opposed to isopropyl alcohol, which is your common rubbing alcohol.
Glycolic acid is a valuable and effective ingredient included in our Moisturizing Shampoo and Conditioner and can increase photosensitivity on the skin. As such, we want to ensure that those with sun sensitivity are aware of its presence. We believe sunburn risk from using these products is still fairly low because the hair on the scalp protects the scalp from being exposed to direct sunlight. If you are wearing a protective style where parts of your scalp is exposed or if have a very short haircut, we advise that you apply sunscreen on any exposed areas.
Roughly two years.
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Two interesting news items related to postpartum depression popped up this past week. The first is news that researchers have identified a link between an oxytocin receptor blood marker in some women which increased their likelihood of experiencing postpartum depression. What does this mean? Well, if there were a blood test to give pregnant women to identify which ones were more likely to experience postpartum depression, we could proactively identify those women, doctors and families could put supports into place for the postpartum period ahead of time.
The second story is about a change in recommendations from the US Preventive Services Task Force about screening adults for depression. Now, if you're like me, you might be asking yourself what the US Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) is and what they do. Turns out, The Task Force is convened by Congress and reviews current clinical research to "improve the health of all Americans by making evidence-based recommendations about clinical preventive services such as screenings, counseling services, and preventive medications." This Task Force is now recommending that all adults be screened for depression because of its prevalence (1 in 10 all adults in the US will experience depression), and they specifically identified that all pregnant and postpartum women be screened.
It's great when postpartum depression gets media attention. It increases awareness of the huge number of families affected by emotional complications in pregnancy and postpartum . Screening and identifying those who are suffering is a critical first step.
However, there's an immense gap between screening and treatment. Postpartum women--particularly low-income mothers and mothers of color--obtain treatment for postpartum mood and anxiety disorders at abysmally low rates, even after they've been positively screened.
There's also a little fact in the original research about the oxytocin receptor that's interesting. The study found that there was no connection between the oxytocin receptor and risk for PPD in women who had depression during pregnancy - the link was only in women who were not depressed prenatally. Not only does depression in pregnancy increase the risk for postpartum depression, but untreated prenatal depression is also a risk factor for unfavorable pregnancy outcomes including low-birth weights and pre-term births. So, we still need to screen all pregnant women AND treat those who are depressed.
The Massachusetts legislature overturned the Governor's veto of funding for the pilot program I mentioned above. I've been asking many of you in Massachusetts to contact your legislators about this recently, so thank you for all your advocacy!
Meanwhile, Congresswoman Katherine Clark and Congressman Ryan Costello introduced legislation, the Bringing Postpartum Depression Out of the Shadows Act, to increase and improve screening AND treatment for women with postpartum depression through grants to the states to develop new programs.
What's caught your eye in the news lately related to pregnancy or postpartum emotional complications?
I went to the screening of the maternal mental health documentary, Dark Side of the Full Moon, last night, organized by Leslie McKeough, LICSW - a Lynnfield therapist - and the North Shore Postpartum Depression Task Force. The documentary highlights the experiences of several women who experienced perinatal mood and anxiety disorders, the dismal state of screening for emotional complications in pregnancy and postpartum, and the barriers to treatment for these women. Interspersed are the news stories of the lives lost to maternal mental illness while they were filming the documentary.
Women feel guilty, self-conscious, isolated, and overwhelmed when they're experiencing emotional complications in the postpartum. Supporting women with perinatal emotional complications is about more than a 10-item questionnaire, though that's a good first step. It's about more than having a therapist's phone number, though that's needed too, and hopefully many people have that therapist's number or know where to look. It's knowing that if they reveal to you how they feel, they're doing so with fear and worry about not being a good mother, about their baby being "taken away," about never feeling like themselves again.
Supporting women with perinatal emotional complications is about having effective systems of care in the community that would include
These issues, this stigma, these barriers to care are why I and three colleagues founded the Every Mother Project with the belief that every mother deserves comprehensive perinatal support. We developed a Perinatal Toolkit for women's health professionals to better understand, recognize, know how to talk about, and support women through perinatal emotional complications. We've had lactation counselors, doulas, pelvic floor physical therapists, midwives, acupuncturists and many other birth and postpartum professionals download the toolkit. Our hope is that with more training and awareness for all the myriad of people who come into contact - and often develop quite close and important relationships - with pregnant and postpartum women and new parents, more women will feel heard and understood and will be able to be connected to the right supports.
The movie didn't get into the racial and socioeconomic disparities that exist in maternal mental health, but I'd be remiss in not mentioning them here. There's been yet another study that examined stress in pregnancy and risk of postpartum depression, finding that more stress events (financial, partner, trauma, or emotional) in a woman's life was directly correlated with a higher risk for emotion complications. Other studies have identified that experiences of racial discrimination during pregnancy (which can be prevalent within medical systems) not only affect the pregnant woman's own emotional and physical health, but also impact the infant's stress physiology response. So yes, institutional racism and systemic oppression have real effects on pregnant and postpartum women of color and women in poverty, increasing their risk for perinatal emotional complications, all while making it harder for them to be identified and access treatment.
I'm so thankful for the chance to view Dark Side of the Full Moon, and that so many others did, too. We have much to do still to better support women through perinatal emotional complications - even in Massachusetts. Please, at least take a look at the trailer if you missed it. And maybe we can organize another viewing...
So, I promised to come back to the idea of intuition, how to find it and stick with it. Because, while it may feel easier to "stop the chattering mind" in order to make space for intuition in solitude, most of us aren't parenting in a peaceful, zen place away from all meddling, well-meaning voices that feed the rational mind's desire for a plan: a promise of steps to follow to succeed in raising this baby/toddler/teenager seeking - messily, noisily, and sometimes inconveniently! - to get their needs met. So, what then?
Here are three things to help tap into your own intuition:
And lastly, just a word about posts on the internet - including this one! If something I've written here resonates, fantastic. If it doesn't land well, that's ok. I strive to write the way I approach my private practice: from a supportive, nonjudgmental place. I hope you "take what works and leave the rest" from my writing and from all the rest of the internet, too!
On 6/16/14, the NY Times published two articles on maternal mental health. This was above the fold, front-page media coverage for the emotional complications that mothers face. Let's talk about the cover story: 'Thinking of Ways to Harm Her': New Findings on Timing and Range of Maternal Mental Illness.
First, a quick point about language. I don’t love that the headline led with the attention-grabbing reference to intrusive thoughts of harming a baby. And the article fell into the pattern of referencing either “postpartum depression,” which it makes the point of saying doesn’t accurately encompass the range of experiences, or “maternal mental illness,” which can come across as very medical. But the alternatives, like "perinatal mood disorders" or "emotional complications" have their limitations as well. So, I try to use a range to best speak to women's experiences. But back to the article...
Women and families shared their experiences with depression, intrusive thoughts, and anxiety, demonstrating incredible vulnerability and courage. Writer Pam Belluck discussed the new research that backs up what clinical experience tells us: that emotional complications often start in pregnancy and are not easily identified as "just” depression, but frequently include overlapping features of depression, anxiety, obsessive compulsive disorder, and bipolar disorders. She touched on some of the factors that are associated with these experiences, the prevalence, and the range in timing when symptoms arise (during pregnancy and throughout the postpartum year). And there was mention of treatment: medications, therapy, support groups, and help to address impacts on bonding and attachment, though I wish there was more exploration of what treatment looks like for women and families.
Belluck highlighted efforts to increase screening for postpartum mood disorders and the frustrating fact that more screening does not necessarily mean improved health: "A study in New Jersey of poor women on Medicaid found that required screening has not resulted in more women being treated...the law educated pediatricians and obstetricians, but did not compensate them for screening."
I am thankful that in Massachusetts we are taking some steps to increase screening. A 2010 law authorized the Department of Public Health to "develop a culture of awareness, de-stigmatization, and screening for perinatal depression." But changing a culture and eliminating stigma take time.
Even if they are given a questionnaire, new moms often hide the truth of how they're feeling from their doctors and pediatricians out of shame and fear of judgment. And an OB who sees a woman for a mere 15 minute follow up appointment at 2 or 6 weeks postpartum may feel reluctant to ask further questions because they're unsure of where or to whom they would even refer her. The Massachusetts Child Psychiatry Access Project (MCPAP) aims to address some of these barriers by expanding its focus to include maternal mental health. Starting next month, doctors will be able to call a toll-free number to speak to a care coordinator to help find a mental health provider for their patient.
MCPAP for Moms will be a great resource for doctors, but what about for mothers, their partners and families, and other providers? Granted there are some resources like the Massachusetts Postpartum Support International warmline (866-472-1897) and regional and community task forces creating systems of care for maternal mental health, but there are still gaping cracks women and families can fall through.
What I’m most hopeful about in Massachusetts is a relatively small pilot project focused on preventing postpartum depression by putting postpartum doulas who can provide support and screenings in a few community health centers. A friend and colleague, Divya Kumar, Sc.M., is a certified postpartum doula and certified lactation counselor who works in one of these community health centers. Excited about the integration of services to address maternal health, Kumar says, “We need to change the way we do this...it's not just about preventing postpartum depression, but it's about promoting postpartum wellness and overall emotional health in new moms.” When a new mom brings her baby in for his well baby visit, Kumar is able to spend time with her helping with breastfeeding challenges, screen her for postpartum depression, and if needed, refer her to the mental health clinician down the hall who can see her that same day. And this is true even if the mother is not a patient of the health center.
Plus, the community health center has midwives who also provide prenatal care so there’s the possibility for connection during pregnancy – important for the women who experience depression and anxiety during pregnancy and/or those who have a known mental health history.
"Timely screening for perinatal emotional complications can save lives—especially in a community health center lucky enough to have comprehensive postpartum support AND mental health services right under one roof. [I am] so thankful for this pilot money and for centralized, accessible services," says Kumar, "We are offering services to families where the baby is seen at the clinic even if mom is not...We have caught a couple cases of PPD that way--huge, huge victories!"
Until this pilot project can be replicated to reach more women, a woman (or someone in her family) needs the knowledge to recognize that what she's feeling isn't just new mom exhaustion, the courage to ask for help, and the resources to be able to find/afford/get to treatment. On top of all that, treatment must be specialized, connected to community-based supports, and welcoming. Dr. Kozhimannil, quoted in the article, speaks to the barriers: "There are also not enough treatment options…If a woman comes with a baby, and it’s a place treating people with substance abuse or severe mental illness, she may be uncomfortable.” (And yet, let's not forget that these are not mutually exclusive groups).
When everything falls into place, it works. Timely, accessible treatment can help. As Jeanne Marie Johnson was quoted saying, once she received help, “It’s just a whole world of difference.”
When I was looking for my office space, I thought about what it would be like for pregnant or new moms coming to see me. I looked for an office with an elevator, easy bathroom access, and parking. A chair that rocks for a breastfeeding mother, a hidden box of toys to distract an infant, water or a cup of tea to offer some comfort and hydration: these are all small ways I hope that the environment welcomes pregnant women and new mothers. And my connections to other resources—psychiatrists, acupuncturists, sleep consultants, lactation counselors, groups—form the foundation of a potential community of support for isolated new mothers and families.
Ultimately, national media coverage of perinatal emotional complications like these NY Times articles helps to decrease isolation and stigma. I hope that this leads to more screening, more treatment, and more health for mothers and families. A bow of gratitude to the women who shared their stories and to Pam Belluck for writing these pieces.
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The Battleship Potemkin (in Russian : Броненосец “Потёмкин” , Bronenossets “Potiomkin” ) is a silent Soviet film directed by Sergei Eisenstein , released in 1925 . It deals with the mutiny of the battleship Potemkin in the port of Odessa in 1905 , the insurrection and the repression which ensued in the city. The film was banned for a long time in many Western countries because of “Bolshevik propaganda” and “incitement to class violence”. It is considered one of the greatest propaganda filmsall time. He was chosen in 1958 as the best film of all time by 117 international critics at the Universal Exhibition of Brussels 1 , 2 . The film has entered the public domain in most countries of the world.
The film consists of five parts:
- “Men and worms” (Люди и черви): sailors protest against eating rotten meat.
- “Drama in the bay” (Драма на тендре): sailors and their leader Vakulintchuk revolt. The latter died assassinated.
- “Death demands justice” (Мёртвый взывает): the body of Vakulintchuk is carried by the crowd of the people of Odessa came to acclaim the sailors like heroes.
- “Odessa Stairs” (Одесская лестница): The soldiers of the Imperial Guard massacred the population of Odessa in a staircase that seems endless.
- “Meeting with the squadron” (Встреча с эскадрой): the squadron whose task is to stop the revolt of Potemkin refuses orders.
The revolt of the crew of the battleship Potemkin on 14 June 1905 ( in the Gregorian calendar ), during the Russian Revolution of 1905 , is presented as a precursor to the October Revolution ( 1917 ) and from the point of view of the insurgents.
The battleship reproduces, in the microcosm of its crew, the divisions of Russian society and its inequalities. One of the causes of the mutiny is the issue of food. The officers presented as cynical and cruel force the crew to consume rotten meat, while they themselves maintain a privileged lifestyle among the crew (scene of the dishes, “God, give me my daily bread” ).
The staircase scene
The most famous scene of the film is the massacre of civilians on the steps of the monumental staircase of Odessa (also called the Primorsky or the ” Potemkin Staircase ” ). In this scene, Tsarist soldiers in their white summer tunics seem to descend the endless staircase with a rhythmic pace like machines and shooting at the crowd. A detachment of Cossacks on horseback loads the crowd down the stairs. The victims who appear on the screen are an old woman with a pince-nez, a young boy with his mother, a student in uniform and a teenage schoolgirl. This scene lasts six minutes. The plan of a mother, who dies on the ground, releasing a pram that runs down the steps, uses aTracking before diving, revolutionary filming for the time.
In reality, this scene never took place. Eisenstein used it to dramatize the film, demonize the tsarist guard and the political power in place. In 1991 the staircase scene was taken over by Russian photographer Alexey Titarenko to dramatize human suffering during the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991 3 . However, this scene is based on the fact that there were many demonstrations in Odessa itself (and not on the stairs), following the arrival of Potemkin in his port. The London Times and the British consul reported that the troops fired on the crowd, which resulted in a significant loss of life (the exact number of casualties
Impact of the scene of the pram on culture
The theme of the landau escaping the mother and down the stairs will be taken by Brian De Palma in The Incorruptible , except that the scene is idling and in a station. Terry Gilliam in Brazil took over the scene, but this time it’s a vacuum cleaner down the steps after a maid had been killed during an exchange of gunfire subsequent to the release of Sam Lowry 4 .
It was also used parodically in The Simpsons or by Woody Allen in War and Love , as well as in Bananas , by David Zucker in Is there a cop to save Hollywood? (who actually parodies The Untouchables ), by Ettore Scola in We loved each other so much , by Dummies in The City of Fear , by Anno Saul in Kebab Connection as well as by Peter Jackson in Braindead . [ref. necessary] .
- Director: Sergei Eisenstein
- Scenario: Sergei Eisenstein from Nina Agadjanova-Chutko’s story
- Editing: Grigori Aleksandrov – Sergei Eisenstein
- Sets: Vassili Rakhals
- Deputies: A. Antonov; Mikhail Gomarov, Levshine, Maxime Schtrauch
- Director: Yakov Bliokh
- Subtitles: Nikolai Aseyev
- Music: Edmund Meisel , Dmitry Shostakovich , Nikolay Kryukov (ru)
- Photo: Edouard Tissé – Vladimir Popov
- Production: Goskino (Moscow)
- Producer: Jacob Bliokh
- Filming locations: Port and city of Odessa and Sevastopol
- Distribution: Goskino – Mosfilm
- Production format: 35 mm
- Projection format: 1.33: 1
- Country of origin: Soviet Union
- Language: Mute and inter-titles in Russian
- Genre: Historical drama
- Duration: 68 to 80 min. according to the versions
- Release dates:
- Soviet Union :(world premiere at the Bolshoi Theater in Moscow )
- France :
- United States :(first in New York )
- Grigory Alexandrov : Lieutenant Guiliarovski, second in command
- Alexander Antonov : Grigory Vakulintchouk, the Bolshevik sailor
- Vladimir Barsky : Commander Golikov
- Ivan Bobrov : Young sailor, the “blue” conscript struck during his sleep
- Julia Eisenstein : the woman with piglet
- Sergei Eisenstein : Citizen of Odessa
- Andreï Faït : A recruit
- Constantin Isodorovich Feldman : the student delegated by the revolutionaries of Odessa to the crew of Potemkin, role he had held in his existence.
- A. Glaouberman : Aba, the boy killed on the stairs
- Glotov : the antisemitic provocateur
- Mikhail Gomorov : Matushenko
- Korobei : veteran seaman, cul-de-jatte
- Alexandre Levchine : The second master, petty officer
- Marusov : an officer
- Vladimir Mikhailovich Uralsky
- N. Poltavseva : the teacher wearing an eyeglass
- Prokopenko : the mother of Aba
- Protopopov : old man
- Repnikova : a woman on the stairs
- Maxime Maximovich Strauch
- Beatrice Vitoldi : the woman with the pram
- Zerenine : the student
- Anonymous actors:
- a driver: the doctor-major
- a gardener: the pope
Genesis of the film
Battleship Potemkin is a command movie. In fact, the State Commission ordered a film to Serguei Mikhailovich Eisenstein to celebrate the twentieth anniversary of the 1905 Revolution . It is therefore a didactic work but the director has kept a great freedom of artistic creation to evoke the subject. The Soviet state decided to use the cinema as an instrument of propaganda, but the filmmakers during the period of the New Economic Policy (period of economic and political easing initiated by Lenin) were able to produce films that did not follow the letter. the line of the Communist Party. Eisenstein, who had directed the previous year a feature very noticed, La Grève, had four months to shoot and edit the film. So he reduced his starting scenario, copious “monograph of an era” written in collaboration with Nina Agadjanova, focusing the action on one episode and one: the mutiny of the sailors of a warship in the Black Sea , near from the port of Odessa, the1 .
After La Greve , released the year before, Eisenstein continues to experiment with his editing theories . Initially propaganda, like all Soviet films of the period, the film was a huge success in the Soviet Union and marked the history of cinema by its inventions and technical qualities and the epic breath given by Eisenstein.
Several sound versions have been superimposed on the silent images of Eisenstein. They are the work of Dmitry Shostakovich , Nikolai Kryukov (ru) in the restored Soviet version of 1976, and Edmund Meisel . It is the latter which was originally used. Eisenstein, however, stopped his participation with Meisel from the day when a performance in London – with a brisk rhythm lavished by Meisel – made, at one point, laugh the whole room. It is then that one realizes the importance of the concordance – or non-concordance – between image and sound.
A “new version” was shown at the Berlin Film Festival. It includes intertitles containing speeches of Trotsky , removed already at the time, it is not part of the official pantheon of communism wanted by Stalin .
The genius of editing is also his fault. Eisenstein, who had “made his hand” by going back to Western films, assimilates the power of montage to that of discourse. Today, this montage is fragmentary: it has been retouched many times for propaganda purposes by the Soviet regime .
Around the film
- “Designed to commemorate the anniversary of the failed revolution of 1905, the film was originally intended as The Year 1905 , to evoke all the events that had marked it. However, prisoner of the deadlines imposed on him – the film must be finished before the end of the year – and delayed by terrible meteorological conditions, Eisenstein decides to abandon the initial scenario and to retain only the episode of the Mutiny Potemkin, the latter having the advantage of being able to be turned on the Black Sea , where the weather is more lenient. “
- “… Its public broadcast will only be allowed in France in 1953! Until that date, it was only visible in cinematheques and film clubs. “
Two excerpts from the Ciné … club booklet whose director of the publication was Jean-François Davy .
- Julia Eisenstein, who plays the role of a woman holding a piglet, is the director’s mother.
- To learn about the historical facts about the riots in Odessa and the mutiny of Potemkin, the magazine L’Illustration , now online, provides a large amount of articles written by his special envoys and photographs taken by his reporters.
Promotional Poster Gallery
Notes and references
- ↑ a and b “The Battleship” Potemkin “” [ archive ] , on Le Monde diplomatique (accessed March 14, 2016 ) .
- ↑ ” Battleship Potemkin ” [ archive ] , on City of music .fr , (accessed January 17, 2017 ) .
- ↑ Protzman Ferdinand. “Landscape • Photographs of Time and Place”. National Geographic , 2003, ( ISBN 0-7922-6166-6 ) .
- ↑ AlloCine, ” Trivia film Battleship Potemkin – Screenrush ” [ archive ] , on Screenrush (accessed 14 March 2016 ) . | <urn:uuid:4c5f2848-a2bb-4f66-b6c2-4df7b1d85172> | CC-MAIN-2020-16 | https://www.solarmovie.eu/battleship-potemkin/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585371826355.84/warc/CC-MAIN-20200408233313-20200409023813-00474.warc.gz | en | 0.929083 | 2,588 | 3.046875 | 3 |
What are clinical studies?
Clinical studies are research studies in which real people participate as volunteers. Clinical research studies (sometimes called trials or protocols) are a means of developing new treatments and medications for diseases and conditions. There are strict rules for clinical trials, which are monitored by the National Institutes of Health and the U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Some of the research studies at the Clinical Center involve promising new treatments that may directly benefit patients. Research is vital to help us understand these factors and their complex interactions. Because of the answers research can provide, it is a powerful source of hope for people experiencing mental health conditions and their families.
Why should I participate?
The health of millions has been improved because of advances in science and technology, and the willingness of thousands of individuals like you to take part in clinical research. The role of volunteer subjects as partners in clinical research is crucial in the quest for knowledge that will improve the health of future generations. With your help, we can pave the path for future cures.
Will I be compensated?
Many clinical trials offer compensation for volunteering. Please ask if compensation is available for you.
What is a “healthy volunteer”?
A volunteer subject with no known significant health problems who participates in research to test a new drug, device, or intervention is known as a “healthy volunteer” or “Clinical Research Volunteer.” The clinical research volunteer may be a member of the community, an NIH investigator or other employee, or family members of a patient volunteer. Research procedures with these volunteers are designed to develop new knowledge, not to provide direct benefit to study participants. Clinical research volunteers have always played a vital role in medical research. We need to study healthy volunteers for several reasons: When developing a new technique such as a blood test or imaging device, we need clinical research volunteers to help us define the limits of “normal.” These volunteers are recruited to serve as controls for patient groups. They are often matched to patients on such characteristics as age, gender, or family relationship. They are then given the same test, procedure, or drug the patient group receives. Investigators learn about the disease process by comparing the patient group to the clinical research volunteers.
What are Phase I, Phase II and Phase III studies?
The phase 1 study is used to learn the “maximum tolerated dose” of a drug that does not produce unacceptable side effects. Patient volunteers are followed primarily for side effects, and not for how the drug affects their disease. The first few volunteer subjects receive low doses of the trial drug to see how the drug is tolerated and to learn how it acts in the body. The next group of volunteer subjects receives larger amounts. Phase 1 studies typically offer little or no benefit to the volunteer subjects.
The phase 2 study involves a drug whose dose and side effects are well known. Many more volunteer subjects are tested, to define side effects, learn how it is used in the body, and learn how it helps the condition under study. Some volunteer subjects may benefit from a phase 2 study.
The phase 3 study compares the new drug against a commonly used drug. Some volunteer subjects will be given the new drug and some the commonly used drug. The trial is designed to find where the new drug fits in managing a particular condition. Determining the true benefit of a drug in a clinical trial is difficult.
What is a placebo?
Placebos are harmless, inactive substances made to look like the real medicine used in the clinical trial. Placebos allow the investigators to learn whether the medicine being given works better or no better than ordinary treatment. In many studies, there are successive time periods, with either the placebo or the real medicine. In order not to introduce bias, the patient, and sometimes the staff, are not told when or what the changes are. If a placebo is part of a study, you will always be informed in the consent form given to you before you agree to take part in the study. When you read the consent form, be sure that you understand what research approach is being used in the study you are entering.
What is the placebo effect?
Medical research is dogged by the placebo effect – the real or apparent improvement in a patient’s condition due to wishful thinking by the investigator or the patient. Medical techniques use three ways to rid clinical trials of this problem. These methods have helped discredit some previously accepted treatments and validate new ones. Methods used are the following: randomization, single-blind or double-blind studies, and the use of a placebo.
What is randomization?
Randomization is when two or more alternative treatments are selected by chance, not by choice. The treatment chosen is given with the highest level of professional care and expertise, and the results of each treatment are compared. Analyses are done at intervals during a trial, which may last years. As soon as one treatment is found to be definitely superior, the trial is stopped. In this way, the fewest number of patients receive the less beneficial treatment.
What are single-blind and double-blind studies?
In single- or double-blind studies, the participants don’t know which medicine is being used, and they can describe what happens without bias. Blind studies are designed to prevent anyone (doctors, nurses, or patients) from influencing the results. This allows scientifically accurate conclusions. In single-blind (“single-masked”) studies, only the patient is not told what is being given. In a double-blind study, only the pharmacist knows; the doctors, nurses, patients, and other health care staff are not informed. If medically necessary, however, it is always possible to find out what the patient is taking.
Are there risks involved in participating in clinical research?
Risks are involved in clinical research, as in routine medical care and activities of daily living. In thinking about the risks of research, it is helpful to focus on two things: the degree of harm that could result from taking part in the study, and the chance of any harm occurring. Most clinical studies pose risks of minor discomfort, lasting only a short time. Some volunteer subjects, however, experience complications that require medical attention. The specific risks associated with any research protocol are described in detail in the consent document, which you are asked to sign before taking part in research. In addition, the major risks of participating in a study will be explained to you by a member of the research team, who will answer your questions about the study. Before deciding to participate, you should carefully weigh these risks. Although you may not receive any direct benefit as a result of participating in research, the knowledge developed may help others.
Are clinical trials safe?
There are many processes in place to ensure the highest safety standards for those entering a clinical trial. The following are areas of protection for the volunteer.
Ethical guidelines: The goal of clinical research is to develop knowledge that improves human health or increases understanding of human biology. People who take part in clinical research make it possible for this to occur. The path to finding out if a new drug is safe or effective is to test it on patients in clinical trials. The purpose of ethical guidelines is both to protect patients and healthy volunteers, and to preserve the integrity of the science.
Protocol review: As in any medical research facility, all new protocols must be approved by an institutional review board (IRB) before they can begin. The IRB, which consists of medical specialists, statisticians, nurses, social workers, and medical ethicists, is the advocate of the volunteer subject. The IRB will only approve protocols that address medically important questions in a scientific and responsible manner.
Informed consent: Informed consent is the process of learning the key facts about a clinical trial before deciding whether to participate. The process of providing information to participants continues throughout the study. To help you decide whether to take part, members of the research team explain the study. The research team provides an informed consent document, which includes such details about the study as its purpose, duration, required procedures, and who to contact for various purposes. The informed consent document also explains risks and potential benefits.
If you decide to enroll in the trial, you will need to sign the informed consent document. You are free to withdraw from the study at any time.
IRB review: Most, but not all, clinical trials in the United States are approved and monitored by an Institutional Review Board (IRB) to ensure that the risks are minimal when compared with potential benefits. An IRB is an independent committee that consists of physicians, statisticians, and members of the community who ensure that clinical trials are ethical and that the rights of participants are protected. You should ask the sponsor or research coordinator whether the research you are considering participating in was reviewed by an IRB.
For more information about research protections, see:
For more information on participants’ privacy and confidentiality, see:
- HIPAA Privacy Rule
- The Food and Drug Administration, FDA’s Drug Review Process:
Ensuring Drugs Are Safe and Effective
What safeguards are there to protect participants in clinical research?
Patient representative: The Patient Representative acts as a link between the patient and the hospital. The Patient Representative makes every effort to assure that patients are informed of their rights and responsibilities, and that they understand what the Clinical Center is, what it can offer, and how it operates. We realize that this setting is unique and may generate questions about the patient’s role in the research process. As in any large and complex system, communication can be a problem and misunderstandings can occur. If any patient has an unanswered question or feels there is a problem they would like to discuss, they can call the Patient Representative.
Patient Bill of Rights. Whether you are a clinical research or a patient volunteer subject, you are protected by the Clinical Center Patients’ Bill of Rights. This document is adapted from the one made by the American Hospital Association for use in all hospitals in the country. The bill of rights concerns the care you receive, privacy, confidentiality, and access to medical records.
Source: The Clinical Center at the National Institutes of Health.
Research is not always just about taking a new medication. You can make a difference in the advancement of scientific research in many ways. Different types of clinical research are used depending on what the researchers are studying. Below are descriptions of some different kinds of clinical research.
Treatment Research generally involves an intervention such as medication, psychotherapy, new devices, or new approaches to surgery or radiation therapy.
Prevention Research looks for better ways to prevent disorders from developing or returning. Different kinds of prevention research may study medicines, vitamins, vaccines, minerals, or lifestyle changes.
Diagnostic Research refers to the practice of looking for better ways to identify a particular disorder or condition.
Screening Research aims to find the best ways to detect certain disorders or health conditions.
Quality of Life Research explores ways to improve comfort and the quality of life for individuals with a chronic illness.
Genetic studies aim to improve the prediction of disorders by identifying and understanding how genes and illnesses may be related. Research in this area may explore ways in which a person’s genes make him or her more or less likely to develop a disorder. This may lead to development of tailor-made treatments based on a patient’s genetic make-up.
- Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act (GINA) of 2008
- National Human Genome Research Institute
- The National Advisory Mental Health Council Workgroup on Genomics
Epidemiological studies seek to identify the patterns, causes, and control of disorders in groups of people.
An important note: some clinical research is “outpatient,” meaning that participants do not stay overnight at the hospital. Some is “inpatient,” meaning that participants will need to stay for at least one night in the hospital or research center. Be sure to ask the researchers what their study requires.
Phases of clinical trials: when clinical research is used to evaluate medications and devices
Clinical trials are a kind of clinical research designed to evaluate and test new interventions such as psychotherapy or medications. Clinical trials are often conducted in four phases. The trials at each phase have a different purpose and help scientists answer different questions.
- Phase I trials
Researchers test an experimental drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time. The researchers evaluate the treatment’s safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
- Phase II trials
The experimental drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
- Phase III trials
The experimental study drug or treatment is given to large groups of people. Researchers confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the experimental drug or treatment to be used safely.
- Phase IV trials
Post-marketing studies, which are conducted after a treatment is approved for use by the FDA, provide additional information including the treatment or drug’s risks, benefits, and best use.
Examples of other kinds of clinical research
Many people believe that all clinical research involves testing of new medications or devices. This is not true, however. Some studies do not involve testing medications and a person’s regular medications may not need to be changed. Healthy volunteers are also needed so that researchers can compare their results to results of people with the illness being studied. Some examples of other kinds of research include the following:
- A long-term study that involves psychological tests or brain scans
- A genetic study that involves blood tests but no changes in medication
- A study of family history that involves talking to family members to learn about people’s medical needs and history.
Source: FDA website. | <urn:uuid:1cd5465f-fb4f-4d93-a2b2-c5e123d1dc08> | CC-MAIN-2020-16 | http://thestarr.org/faq/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585370493120.15/warc/CC-MAIN-20200328194743-20200328224743-00514.warc.gz | en | 0.945651 | 2,846 | 3.34375 | 3 |
Altman Z-Score Definition
The Altman Z-score (or simply, “Z-Score”) is a statistical measurement of one variables relationship to the mean (average) of a group of values. More specifcally, the Z-score states the number of standard deviations a variable lies from the mean of the group of values. A zero Z-score indicates that the mean of the group and the value being tested is identical. A one or negative one Z-score indicates that the value is one standard deviation from the mean. A positive one indicates that it is one standard deviation above, while a negative one indicaes that it is one standard deviation below the mean.
Z-scores are measures of an observation’s variability and can be put to use by traders in determining market volatility. The Z-score is more commonly known as the Altman Z-score.
The Altman Z-Score is the formula, consisting of five fundamental ratios, used to determine the financial condition of the company and probability for bankruptcy. The Altman Z-Score formula helps the investors to evaluate the business’s financial strength. This Formula also helps predicting the business’s bankruptcy.
A Little More on the Altman Z-Score
The Altman Z-Score determines the company’s strength by calculating its financial risk. It highlights the bankruptcy probabilities using various financial indices. The Altman Z-Score was introduced by Edward Altman, a professor at the University of New York, in 1960.
The Altman Z-Score is a valuable tool to evaluate the company’s operations. This fundamental tool measures the company’s viability in the long term, which is helpful for the capital investors to determine the company’s bankruptcy. The poor assessment of the company’s financial viability may cause investor huge lauses. The Altman Z-Score models uses multivariate statistical technique called discriminant analysis. It is used to assess the credit studies or project the movement of the treasury of a potential client.
The formula Altman Z-score
The Altman Z-score formula calculation is as follows:
Altman Z-score = 1.2 * T 1 + 1.4 * T 2 + 3.3 * T 3 + 0.6 * T 4 + 1.0 * T 5
T 1 : (Working Capital / Total Assets)
T 2 : (Undistributed profits / Total Assets)
T 3 : (EBITDA / Total Assets)
T 4 : (Stock Market Capitalization / Total Debt)
T 5 : (Net Sales / Total Assets)
How to use the Altman z-score to predict bankruptcies
The result of the Altman Z-score formula determines if the company is in the safe zone, gray zone or in danger zone.
Z-score more than 2.99 means Safe area.
Z-score between 1.81 and 2.99 means a gray area, specifying that the company may go bankrupt in the following two years.
Z-score less than 1.81 means the danger zone; i.e. Imminent bankruptcy.
The accuracy of the Altman Z-score in the prediction of bankruptcies
The Altman Z-score formula is 72% accurate two years in advance concerning the bankruptcy, with a false negative rate of 6%.
In its trial era of 31 years, the accurate rate was in between 80% and 90%, one year in advance concerning the bankruptcy, with a false negative rate in between 15% and 20%.
Hence, it can be said that the Altman Z-score formula predictions are considerably accurate. However, it is not an absolute formula, thus, must be used in parallel with a qualitative analysis of the business for more accurate predictions.
References for Altman Z Score
Predicting financial distress of companies: revisiting the Z-score and ZETA models, Altman, E. I. (2000). Stern School of Business, New York University, 9-12.
Financial ratios, discriminant analysis and the prediction of corporate bankruptcy, Altman, E. I. (1968). The journal of finance, 23(4), 589-609.
Considering the utility of Altman’s Z-score as a strategic assessment and performance management tool, Calandro Jr, J. (2007). Strategy & Leadership, 35(5), 37-43. – The analysis defines the Carton and Hofer’s findings regarding the utility of the Z‐score being a strategic analysis and performance management tool.
CAN ALTMAN Ζ-SCORE MODEL PREDICT BUSINESS FAILURES IN GREECE?, Gerantonis, N., Vergos, K., & Christopoulos, A. (2009). In Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference: Quantitative and Qualitative Methodologies in the Economic and Administrative Sciences(p. 149). Christos Frangos.
Z scores-A Guide to failure prediction, Eidleman, G. J. (1995). The CPA Journal, 65(2), 52.
Business bankruptcy prediction models: A significant study of the Altman’s Z-score model, Siddiqui, S. A. (2012). Financial ratios are the fundamental indicator of the business’s soundness, and operational and financial health. Altman proposed z-score model that combines these ratios, to predict the business’s financial viability/bankruptcy up to 2-3 years in advance. The paper highlights Altman’s studies to predict the business bankruptcy, and summarizes the research carried out by Altman to develop the z-score model. In modern economy, this model can be used to predict the bankruptcy and distress, one, two or three years in advance.
Distressed firm and bankruptcy prediction in an international context: A review and empirical analysis of Altman’s Z-score model, Altman, E., Iwanicz-Drozdowska, M., Laitinen, E., & Suvas, A. (2014). This paper reviews the previous literature on the importance and efficacy of the Altman Z-score bankruptcy prediction model and in its implication in finance and other relevant areas, globally. Analysis of 33 scientific papers published since 2000 in mainstream accounting and financial journals, has been done in the review. The paper also used a sample of international firms (from 31 European and 3 non-European countries) to evaluate the performance of the model for distress and bankruptcy prediction of the firm. Since our sample has firms that primarily belong to private sector and are non-financial, we have used the version of the z-score model developed for manufacturing and non-manufacturing firms, in our testing. The overall literature review shows that z-score performed well in most of the cases.For our most of the sample countries, the accuracy rate was around 75% , while in some cases, more than 90%.
Financial Distress Prediction in an International Context: A Review and Empirical Analysis of Altman’s Z‐Score Model, Altman, E. I., Iwanicz‐Drozdowska, M., Laitinen, E. K., & Suvas, A. (2017). Journal of International Financial Management & Accounting, 28(2), 131-171. This paper evaluates the performance classification of z-score model, especially for the banks that operate globally and must evaluate the failure risks of the firms. The performance of the model is assessed for 31 European and 3 non-European countries. Since our sample has firms that primarily belong to private sector and are non-financial, we have used the version of the z-score model developed for manufacturing and non-manufacturing firms, in our testing. The overall literature review shows that z-score performed well in most of the cases.For our most of the sample countries, the accuracy rate was around 75% , while in some cases, more than 90%.
The Altman z-score revisited, Russ, R., Peffley, W., & Greenfield, A. (2004). This study contains the research on the Altman z-score measure of bankruptcy. To Answer the criticisms of the original study, this study takes into an account a large sample, all the data from recent years, statistical methods, and the elimination of the matched pair design of the original study, for rescaling the z-score, which significantly improves the predictive power of the model in predicting bankruptcy for two years prior in advance..
Altman’s Z-Score models of predicting corporate distress: Evidence from the emerging Sri Lankan stock market, Samarakoon, L., & Hasan, T. (2003). This study evaluates the ability of three variations of the Altman’s Z-Score model (Z, Z’, and Z”) of distress prediction formed in the U.S. to determine the corporate distress in the rising market of Sri Lanka. The findings show that the models are remarkably accuracy in predicting distress using the financial ratios calculated from the financial statements in the year before the distress. The overall success rate of the z-score was 81%. The paper concludes that Z-Score models bear great potential in assessing the risk of corporate distress in emerging markets as well.
An evaluation of Altman’s Z-score using cash flow ratio to predict corporate failure amid the recent financial crisis: Evidence from the UK, Almamy, J., Aston, J., & Ngwa, L. N. (2016). Journal of Corporate Finance, 36, 278-285. This paper assesses the extension of the Z-score model in determining the viability of the UK companies; using discriminant analysis, and performance ratios to evaluate which ratios are statistically important in predicting the health of the UK companies from 2000 to 2013. The findings show that cash flow when used with the original Z-score variable, is helpful in predicting the health of UK companies. A J-UK model was established to test the health of UK companies. When compared to the Z-score model, the accuracy rate was 82.9%, which is consistent with Taffler’s (1982) UK model. | <urn:uuid:3f4cbdee-1921-48ba-90bd-955036c7e20b> | CC-MAIN-2020-16 | https://thebusinessprofessor.com/knowledge-base/altman-z-score-definition/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585370526982.53/warc/CC-MAIN-20200404231315-20200405021315-00275.warc.gz | en | 0.891796 | 2,101 | 3.4375 | 3 |
Redox Reactions Cu(s) + 2Ag+(aq) +2NO3-(aq) Cu2+(aq) + 2NO3- (aq) + 2Ag(s) Removing the spectator ions we get our net ionic equation: Cu(s) + 2Ag+ (aq) Cu2+(aq) + 2Ag (s) Copper began as a neutral atom with no charge but changes into an ion with a 2+ charge. This happens when it loses 2 electrons. Cu (s) Cu2+ (aq) + 2 eCopper was oxidized because it lost electrons. Silver went from an ion Ag+ to a neutral atom Ag. The only way this can happen is to gain electrons. It has been reduced. LEO the Lion Says GER LEO Loss of Electrons is Oxidation GER Gain of Electrons is Reduction Oxidation numbers are our system for keeping track of what gains and what loses electrons. An oxidation number is a positive or negative number assigned to an atom in a molecule or ion that reflects a partial gain or loss of electrons. Main Rules: 1. The oxidation number of a pure element (not an ion) is zero (0). 2. The oxidation number of a monatomic ion (by itself or in an ionic compound) is equal to its charge. 3. The oxidation number of hydrogen is almost always +1 when it is in a compound. HCl H +1 Cl -1 H2S H +1 S -2 4. The oxidation number of oxygen is almost always -2 when it is in a compound. Two exceptions: peroxides O is -1 oxygen with fluorine O is +2. 5. The sum of the oxidation number in a compound is zero. Example: Mn2O7 O Is -2 (rule 4) -2 x 7 = -14 total The sum of the oxidation numbers must be zero. The total of the oxidation numbers of Mn must be +14. +14/2 = +7. The oxidation number of Mn must be +7. 6. The sum of the oxidation number of a polyatomic ion is equal to the charge on that ion. Example: Cr2O7 2Oxygen - -2 x 7 = -14 The sum of the oxidation numbers must be -2 (instead of zero) as that is the overall charge on the ion. -14 + 12 = -2 +12/2 = +6 Cr The oxidation number always refers to each individual atom in the compound not the total for that element. Oxidation cannot occur without reduction Reducing Agent: substance that is oxidized Oxidizing Agent: substance that is reduced The oxidizing agent is usually the entire compound that the element that is being reduced is in, not just the element that is being reduced. Agents are always on the reactants side. Sodium metal reacts with chlorine gas: Na + Cl2 2 NaCl 0 0 Na 0 to +1 Cl 0 to -1 +1 -1 lost 1 e gained 1 e This is a redox reaction. oxidized (reducing agent) reduced (oxidizing agent) Zn + HNO3 Zn(NO3)2 + NO2 + H2O Assign oxidation #’s Is this a redox reaction? What is the oxidizing agent? Remember that an increase in the oxidation number means oxidation Decrease in the oxidation number means reduction. 4 HCl + O 2 2 H2O + 2 Cl2 element In Ox no Final Ox No e’ lost or Oxidized or gained reduced H +1 +1 0 Cl -1 0 1 - Agent - Oxidized (lost) reducing agent O 0 -2 2 Reduced (gained) oxidizing agent Observations: Cu(s) + Ag+ (aq) Cu 2+(aq) + Ag (s) Looking at the number of atoms the net ionic equation appears balanced. The charges however ARE NOT. in ox no final change in e’ change in e balance for electrons Coefficient Total Cu 0 2+ 2 lost 2 x 1 = 2 Ag +1 0 1 gained 1 x 2 = 2 Cu (s) + 2 Ag + Cu 2+ (aq) + 2 Ag (s) SnCl2 + HgCl2 SnCl4 + HgCl Sn Cl Hg Initial +2 -1 +2 Final Change Coeff +4 2 x1 -1 none +1 1 x2 SnCl2 + 2 HgCl2 SnCl4 + 2HgCl Total e 2 2 MnO41- + Fe2+ + H1+ Mn2+ + Fe3+ + H2O element in ox final ox change Mn +7 +2 5 x 1 = 5 Fe +2 +3 1 x 5 = 5 MnO41- + 5 Fe2+ + H1+ Mn2+ + 5 Fe3+ + H2O But the H and O are not balanced: MnO41- + 5 Fe2+ + 8H1+ Mn2+ + 5Fe3+ + 4H2O NH3 + O2 N O in. ox final -3 +4 0 -2 NO2 + H2O change no. atoms no. e’ balance 7 7 x 4 = 28 2 2 4 x 7 = 28 Which O does the coefficients go in front of?????? Do the N first, O in diatomic second, H last. 4 NH3 + 7 O2 4 NO2 + 6 H2O Using this method we will break an equation into the oxidation reaction and the reduction reaction. These separate equations are referred to as halfreactions because the two halves cannot occur with out the other. (or two halves make a whole) The spectator ions are removed from the equations. Each half reaction is balanced separately. Electrons are added to balance the charges. The electrons lost must equal the electrons gained. Everything is put back together including the spectator ions. Mg (s) + Cl2(g) MgCl2(s) What is oxidized? What is reduced? Mg is oxidized 0 to +2 Cl is reduced 0 to -1 Mg Mg+2 Mg Mg2+ + 2 e’ Cl2 2 ClCl2 + 2 e’ 2 Cl- electrons are equal so it is already balanced. Mg (s) + Cl2(g) MgCl2(s) Cu (s) + AgNO3(aq) Cu(NO3)2 + Ag (s) Cu Cu2+ + 2e’ Ag+ + 1 e’ Ag The electrons do not balance. Cu Cu2+ + 2e’ 2Ag+ + 2 e’ 2Ag Cu + 2Ag+ Cu2+ + 2Ag Return spectator ions: Cu (s) + 2 AgNO3(aq) Cu(NO3)2 + 2Ag (s) MnO4- + Fe2+ + H+ Mn2+ + Fe3+ + H2O Fe oxidized Fe +2 to +3 Mn reduced + 7 to +2. Fe2+ Fe3+ + 1 e’ Mn7+ + 5 e’ Mn2+ 5 Fe2+ 5 Fe3+ + 5 e’ MnO4- + 5 Fe + H+ Mn2+ + 5 Fe3+ + H2O (The hydrogen and the oxygen must be included in the half reaction and balanced.). MnO4- + 5 Fe2+ + 8 H+ Mn2+ + 5 Fe3+ + 4 H2O During redox reactions, electrons pass (flow) from one substance to another. Electrochemistry is the branch of chemistry that deals with the conversion of chemical energy to electrical energy. 1. Electrochemical Cells – spontaneous chemical reactions convert chemical energy into electrical energy. Batteries are an example. 2. Electrolytic Cells – electrical energy is used to cause nonspontaneous chemical reactions to occur. Rechargeable batteries and electroplating are examples. The electrons that are released by the oxidation half reaction are passed along to the reduction reaction. An external circuit needs to be created. Reactions will occur without one but electricity will not be created. Zn(s) + Cu2+ (aq) Zn2+ (aq) + Cu(s) zinc is oxidized (reducing agent) copper is reduced (oxidizing agent) An electrolytic solution (conducts electricity due to the presence of ions) is needed. Each beaker is a half cell. The metal strips become the electrodes. The electrodes are connected by a wire. This becomes the external circuit. A salt bridge contains an electrolytic solution. This allows the electrons to flow And becomes the internal circuit. Anode = Oxidation - post of the cell source of electrons An Ox Reduction = Cathode + post of the cell Consumes electrons Red Cat Electrons travel from the Zn anode to the Cu cathode through the wire of the external circuit. At the anode Zn2+ ions go into solution. The excess positive charges attract the negative NO3ions from the salt bridge. Electrochemical Cell Simulation External Circuit – Electrons flow from anode to cathode Internal Circuit- anions to anode; cations to cathode An entire complete cell is comprised of: 2 half-cells (electrodes in their solution) internal circuit (salt bridge and the half cells) external circuit (the wire connecting the two electrodes) When the cell reaches equilibrium, the voltage will be zero. What determines which element is oxidized and which is reduced? Metals like to lose electrons so they tend to be oxidized. Metals are arranged according to the activity series. In our cell example Zn is the anode (oxidation) while Cu is the cathode (reduction). Where are these elements on the activity series? Zinc is quite a ways higher on the series and therefore more easily oxidized. This table allows us to determine the voltage of the electrochemical cells. All values on the table are determined based on a halfreaction with a hydrogen half-cell. 2H+(aq) + 2e’ H2(g) Eo = 0.00 v • Means: 25 oC, 100 kPa, 1 mol.L-1 Positive values on this table mean that they are better at competing for electrons and will be reduced. The hydrogen will be oxidized. + → Cu(s) + H2 (g) → 2H (aq) + 2e___________________________ Cu2+(aq) + H2 (g) → 2H+(aq) + Cu(s) Cu2+(aq) 2e- + E° 0.34 V 0.00 V _____________ 0.34 V In the Table of Standard Reduction Potentials that zinc has a negative E° indicating that it is not as good at competing for electrons as hydrogen. Zn2+(aq) + 2e- → Zn(s) E° = -0.76 V Therefore if zinc and hydrogen are paired together in an electrochemical cell, the hydrogen would be reduced (gain the electrons) and zinc would be oxidized (losing electrons). To determine the net redox reaction as well as the voltage of the electrochemical cell we reverse the zinc equation (write it in oxidation form), and also reverse it's sign before adding the equations and E° together: Zn(s) → Zn2+(aq) + 2e2H+(aq) + 2e- → H2 (g) ______________________ Zn(s)+ 2H+(aq) → Zn2+(aq) + H2 (g) + E° 0.76 V 0.00 V ____________ 0.76 V We can now use the table to calculate the voltage of our zinc-copper cell as well as use the table to explain why zinc is the anode (oxidized) and copper is the cathode (reduced). Locate the Cu/Cu2+ half-reaction. Cu: Cu2+ (aq) + 2e’ Cu(s) Eo = 0.34 V Zn: Zn2+ (aq) + 2e’ Zn(s) Eo = -0.76 V The copper is larger than zinc so it will be reduced. Zinc will be oxidized. Zn Zn2+ + 2 e’ 0.076 V Cu2+ + 2 e’ Cu 0.034 V Cu2+ (aq) + Zn(s) Zn2+ (aq) + Cu (s) 1.10 V Always reverse the half reaction that will result in a positive value for Eo when the equations are added together. A positive Eo value means that the reaction is spontaneous and electrochemical cells always involve a spontaneous chemical reaction. Batteries are electrochemical cells used to generate power. Types of Batteries: 1. Dry Cells (Primary batteries) non rechargeable; electrolytes are paste not liquid; used for flashlights, radios; toys etc. Consists of a zinc case (anode) , a graphite rod (cathode) and an electrolytic paste 2. Secondary Batteries Rechargeable An example is a car battery (lead-acid). | <urn:uuid:10bebed2-67e5-4137-9bd4-6fd0fbe715ad> | CC-MAIN-2020-16 | http://slidegur.com/doc/17552/unit-powerpoint | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585370500331.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20200331053639-20200331083639-00434.warc.gz | en | 0.872542 | 2,749 | 3.703125 | 4 |
What is Excessive Sleeping?
Many of you may be surprised to know that there is also a condition known as excessive sleeping; especially the insomniacs out there will be shocked to know that some people struggle with the problem of too much sleeping. People suffering from excessive sleeping find it difficult to stay awake during daytime or doing daily work and other activities and are always bogged down by drowsiness or the need to sleep. They have to struggle to wake up in the morning and getting out of bed. There are around 20% of such adults who have excessive sleepiness so severe that it affects their daily activities.
However, there is always some sort of medical problem which causes excessive sleeping; to find out what the causes of excessive sleeping are, read on this article.
When Does Sleepiness Become A Problem? What are the Symptoms of Excessive Sleeping?
You are said to suffer from excessive sleeping when:
- You are feeling sleepy during the daytime and find it difficult to perform daily activities.
- You have difficulty in waking up in the morning.
- Taking a daytime nap does not relieve your excessive sleepiness.
Other than excessive sleeping, you may also suffer from:
- Trouble with memory or thinking.
- Loss of appetite.
- Feelings of anxiety or irritability.
What are the Causes of Excessive Sleeping?
Excessive Sleeping Caused By Not Getting Sufficient Sleep
Due to today’s hectic pace of life, many people do not get enough sleep; and this is one of the commonest causes of excessive sleepiness. Other causes of excessive sleeping include alcohol, drugs, obesity, lack of physical activity and sleeping during the day and working at night.
Excessive Sleeping Caused By Sleep Apnea
Sleep apnea is a leading cause of excessive sleeping in adults and children. Sleep apnea is a condition where the upper airway collapses for around 10 seconds when the person is asleep and this goes on for about hundreds of times every night.
A blockage in the airway causes obstructive sleep apnea. When the brain fails to transmit signals to the muscles which control the breathing then it causes central sleep apnea. As the airway reopens, patient gasps for air and snores in sleep apnea. A person suffering from sleep apnea becomes aware of this after their bed partner informs them about the problems which are going on. As sleep apnea causes interruption in breathing and the sleep of the patient is also disturbed, it causes sleepiness during daytime, when working or when in school etc. The ability to sleep anytime should not be mistaken for being a “good sleeper,” because falling asleep at work or in traffic is very hazardous. Sleep apnea should be treated immediately which will also reduce excessive sleeping.
Other problems which are caused by sleep apnea are: wide fluctuations in the heart rate and decreased oxygen levels. Sleep apnea is also associated with other medical conditions such as: Heart disease, high blood pressure, diabetes, increased hemoglobin, depression and fatigue.
Treatment for Sleep Apnea: The common treatments for sleep apnea are:
CPAP or continuous positive airway pressure is the commonest treatment used for obstructive sleep apnea. In this treatment, a nasal device is attached to a machine with a blower unit. This will help in keeping the airway open. CPAP is the most common treatment used for obstructive sleep apnea.
Oral appliance therapy consists of devices which move the lower jaw, tongue or soft palate forward. This helps in opening the airway.
Stimulant medications such as modafinil and armodafinil are given to relieve excessive sleepiness and to increase alertness in people who are not responding to CPAP alone.
Weight loss helps a lot with sleep apnea especially if you are obese. Losing the excess weight helps in decreasing the risk for sleep apnea by decreasing the fat deposits in the neck. Additionally losing weight also decreases the associated risk of leep apnea, which is heart disease.
Surgery is considered if other treatment options do not work.
Excessive Sleeping Caused By Restless Legs Syndrome
RLS is a condition where the person has a strong urge to move his/her legs and has unpleasant sensations in the legs. Restless Legs Syndrome can also cause jerky leg movements for 30 seconds during the nighttime and it can also affect other parts of the body. The symptoms of Restless Legs Syndrome occur or worsen when a person is sleeping or is at rest. As the symptoms of RLS are often worse at night, they greatly disturb a person’s sleep and this causes excessive sleepiness one should be awake. In some cases, Restless Legs Syndrome can be mistaken for insomnia.
Treatment for Restless Legs Syndrome:
Moving the Legs: The symptoms of Restless Legs Syndrome are greatly relieved by moving the legs.
Treating Any Deficiencies: Other than this, if there is deficiency of iron or vitamin B12, then taking the necessary supplements helps in relieving RLS and daytime sleeping.
Medication Changes: Sometimes, certain medications taken for cold, high blood pressure, allergies, depression and heart problems worsen Restless Legs Syndrome and cause excessive sleeping. So, you can talk to your doctor regarding changing the medication if possible.
Lifestyle Modification: It is also important to follow a healthy diet, regular exercise, do meditation, massage and hot bath for relaxing. Also, one should avoid caffeine, alcohol and nicotine.
Medications For Treating RLS: If the above steps do not benefit in relieving restless legs syndrome and excessive sleeping, then the doctor will prescribe medications for treating the symptoms of RLS and to induce deep sleep. These medications include:
- Anti-Parkinsonian Medicines, such as such as levodopa/carbidopa, pramipexole, pergolide and ropinirole.
- Anti-Seizure Medicines, such as gabapentin, carbamazepine and valproate.
- Benzodiazepines which include diazepam, clonazepam, temazepam and lorazepam.
- Opiates, such as methadone, codeine and oxycodone are prescribed for severe cases of Restless Legs Syndrome.
Excessive Sleeping Caused By Narcolepsy
Narcolepsy is a sleep disorder where the patient suffers from debilitating daytime sleepiness along with other symptoms. Narcolepsy is associated with REM (rapid eye movement) sleep. The REM periods occur during the day in narcolepsy. Patients with narcolepsy not only suffer from persistent drowsiness, but also suffer from sleep attacks that are brief, uncontrollable moments of sleep which occur without any warning. Another daytime characteristic feature of narcolepsy is cataplexy where there is sudden loss of muscle control. This can range from a slight feeling of weakness to complete body collapse. This condition can last from seconds to a minute. Cataplexy is associated with muscle immobility which is a part of REM sleep and is commonly triggered by fatigue or emotions.
When a person is suffering from narcolepsy, he/she can have insomnia or hallucinations or vivid frightening dreams and sleep paralysis. These may occur when the patient is trying to sleep or is waking up. Patients with narcolepsy will not only suffer from excessive sleeping, but will also experience depression, poor attention/ concentration and poor memory. All this occurs as a result of extreme fatigue due to daytime sleepiness and lack of good-quality sleep at night.
Treatment for Narcolepsy: These medications are prescribed for treating narcolepsy:
Antidepressants such as serotonin reuptake inhibitors or tricyclics help with hallucinations, cataplexy and sleep paralysis.
A central nervous system depressant known as sodium oxybate helps in managing cataplexy.
Stimulant medications such as modafinil, armodafinil, methylphenidate or dextroamphetamine are used to help people combat excessive sleeping, help them stay awake and be more focused and alert.
Taking a couple of naps during the day can help in improving daytime sleepiness from narcolepsy.
It is also important to follow a good diet and regular exercise program to combat narcolepsy symptoms including excessive sleeping.
Excessive Sleeping Caused By Depression
Depression is a condition where a person has persistent feelings of sadness, hopelessness, anxiety, lack of concentration, forgetfulness, lethargy, back pain and stomach problems. Excessive sleeping is one of the symptoms of depression. Depression and sleep problems go hand in hand and often share the same risk factors and will respond to same type of treatment.
Depression is also linked to different types of sleep disorders, such as insomnia, restless legs syndrome and obstructive sleep apnea. The risk of suffering from depression in patients with insomnia is about 10 times high than normal people.
Treatment for Depression: Given below are some of the effective treatments for depression:
Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) involves targeting thoughts which cause depressive feelings and replacing these negative thoughts with positive ones. Patient is also trained to change behaviors which worsen the depression.
Medications such as antidepressants, anxiolytics, mood-stabilizers, lithium or anticonvulsants are prescribed for depression associated with bipolar disorder.
Daily exercise, meditation, dietary changes which include restricting caffeine and alcohol is also very beneficial for treating depression and excessive sleeping.
Self-Care Tips For Improved Sleep Hygiene And To Combat Excessive Sleeping
These strategies help in developing good sleep habits and can be utilized to combat excessive sleeping:
- During bedtime, one should perform relaxing habits, such as meditating, taking a hot bath, drinking warm milk etc.
- It is important to follow a consistent sleep schedule and got to sleep on a fixed time daily.
- Never watch TV before sleeping or use your bed for anything else other than sleeping and sex.
- Avoid heavy meals at least 2 hours before going to sleep.
- Avoid the use of any gadgets including cell phones at least 30 minutes before sleeping.
- What Causes Sweating While Sleeping?
- What Causes Twitching While Sleeping And How To Get Rid Of It?
- What Is Hypersomnia Or Excessive Daytime Sleepiness?
- What is Sleeping Beauty Syndrome?
- What Causes Grogginess After Sleep and Ways to Stop It!
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- This article is about the concept of dragons in general throughout the series. For the specific class in Fates known simply as Dragon in Japanese, see Feral Dragon. For the final boss of Fire Emblem: The Blazing Blade see Dragon (The Blazing Blade).
Dragons (Japanese: 竜 dragon), collectively referred to as the dragonkin (Japanese: 竜族 dragon tribe), are a species of powerful and legendary giant reptiles which frequently play a significant role in the Fire Emblem series. There are numerous subspecies of dragon, each with command over a unique elemental power or other trait. In the eras in which each Fire Emblem game is set, they usually appear in the form of Manaketes, shapeshifted into a human-like form in order to preserve their strength and avoid consequences to their health.
In antiquity, Archanea was the epicenter of an advanced and enlightened dragon civilization prior to the rise of humanity, one overseen by the wisdom of the divine dragons. The dragon civilization reigned supreme and uncontested for at least three thousand years, until the species entered a period of decline: a mysterious wave of deteriorating health struck them, rendering them infertile and slowly driving them mad. In response, the dragonkin learned that the only way to survive the condition was to take the forms of humans, and so sought to convince all dragons to do so. While many (including almost all earth dragons) refused to accept this and eventually devolved into mindless beasts, others accepted the word of the dragon elders and took human forms, thus becoming Manaketes. By sealing their powers into dragonstones, Manaketes retained the ability to temporarily become dragons, but never for long owing to the risks posed to their health. Meanwhile, those dragons who shunned the Manakete form ultimately turned into wild, volatile beasts with no remaining semblance of self, and eventually came to populate the wilds of Anri's Way in the continent's untamed north. The earth dragon clans, meanwhile, engaged humanity in an aggressive war, only to be repelled and defeated by Naga and the divine dragons; at this war's conclusion the defeated earth dragons were sealed away by Naga in the Dragon's Table and remained there for millennia under the watch of one of their own kind, the Manakete Medeus.
In the following millennia as humans became the dominant power over the Archanean continent, Manaketes became the target of racism from humans in an exercise of their new-found power over the land. In their weak humanoid forms, the Manaketes were easily abused and mistreated, and were condemned to living in poverty. This ultimately led to the rise of Medeus and his Dolhr Empire, which sought to exact vengeance upon humanity for their crimes against the Manaketes and to retake Archanea as the land of the dragonkin. Although he succeeded in ruling the world for two periods of time adding up to several decades, Medeus was thrice thwarted and killed: first by Anri, then twice more by his descendant, the Hero-King Marth. During his third reign of terror, wild dragons served Medeus and his minions, Gharnef and Hardin, in fighting Marth's forces; this included a number of earth dragons, as the seal in the Dragon's Table had been progressively weakening for centuries.
It is uncertain what became of dragons in the post-Marth world. In the era of Chrom of Ylisse, Manaketes continued to exist, but little is known of what social presence they may or may not have held, other than that they are regarded as rare and mythical entities. The Anri's Way region was ultimately settled by humans to form the kingdom of Ferox, implying the wild dragon populations of the region were wiped out or relocated.
In ancient times, Elibe hosted a dragon population which coexisted peacefully with humanity. This changed with the start of the Scouring, a war waged by humans to take Elibe as wholly their own and to purge dragons from it entirely. Despite their immense power, the dragons were hindered by their lower population and far slower birth rate compared to humans, prompting the creation of a demon dragon intended to artificially bolster the number of dragons fighting in the war. In retaliation, humans forged the eight legendary weapons, extremely powerful weapons forged solely to fight dragons. As with their Archanean counterparts, the dragons of Elibe were also forced to become Manaketes as a result of the Ending Winter, a distortion of the laws of nature caused by the power of the divine weapons which resulted in dragons no longer being able to exist in their present forms. In the Scouring's aftermath, the vast majority of surviving dragons fled Elibe through the Dragon's Gate on Valor; most of those who remained took up residence in Arcadia, while one more—Jahn—hid in the Dragon Temple for the following centuries to heal wounds sustained in the Scouring. Occasionally, dragons crossed back into Elibe through the Dragon's Gate: three fire dragons were summoned through it by Nergal in the year 980.
Only two dragons are seen to still be living in Magvel during the course of The Sacred Stones, both of whom take the form of Manaketes. These two Manaketes, Morva and his adopted daughter Myrrh, are said by the people of the village of Caer Pelyn to act as watchful guardians over humans. In the original conflict with the Demon King Fomortiis in Magvel's antiquity, Morva's power was a crucial factor in ensuring the Five Heroes were able to use the Sacred Stones to defeat Fomortiis and seal him away.
For the following eight centuries, Morva remained in Darkling Woods, the last resting place of Fomortiis, to protect the world from his ongoing influence. Although Morva's role in combating Fomortiis is not acknowledged in retellings of the tale by the majority of Magvel's population, the village of Caer Pelyn holds Morva, and Myrrh by extension, in reverence for their contributions.
While Myrrh and Morva are the only living dragons seen in Magvel, the presence of reanimated dragon corpses suggests more lived there at one time. Myrrh also mentions being orphaned during the original war with the Demon King; this, the reference to Morva leading an entire tribe, along with the presence of the reanimated corpses suggests that dragons and Manaketes were significantly wiped out at some point, or simply rarely interact with humans. Myrrh initially expresses some doubts to protecting humanity like her father, possibly suggesting other dragons avoid interaction with humans.
The dragons of Tellius are but one of the tribes of laguz, shapeshifters who can take both human and animalistic forms, and so have a very different origin compared to the dragons of other lands. Like all laguz and beorc, the dragon laguz evolved from the Zunanma, an ancient race of the first non-divine sentients to dwell in Tellius. In the centuries following the Great Flood and the ensuing sealing of the dark god, the dragon tribe resided in their own nation, Goldoa, which maintained a strict policy of total isolation and neutrality. The dragon king Dheginsea believed that the dragons were too powerful to co-exist with the other races and that, to preserve the balance of peace, they must not interfere with the outside world, but nonetheless on several occasions dragons left Goldoa anyway to explore the rest of the world. Several dragons are known to have been subjected to the experiments of Izuka and transformed into Feral Ones.
Across their numerous subspecies dragons take a wide variety of forms and present great diversity in their appearances.
- Fire dragons: The most frequently seen type of dragon. Fire dragons are red in hue, typically bulky and grounded, and have the ability to wield powerful flame breath. They have a heated history of war with humanity.
- Ice dragons: Typically found dwelling in frigid regions, the ice dragons are thinner, distinctly serpentine in shape, and can exhale blasts of ice to attack.
- Mage dragons: This breed of dragon is oriented around magical powers, and are completely immune to opposing magical attacks from humans. They have a close relationship with the Earth tribe.
- In Elibe they are instead called demon dragons, a soulless one-of-a-kind breed born by transforming a divine dragon and intended solely to produce war dragons.
- Wyverns: An entirely airborne dragon species whose agility is unrivalled among the dragonkin.
- Maligs: A race of "evil dragons" sharing characteristics to the wyvern, with darker scales and glowing red eyes.
- Divine dragons: Hailed as the greatest of all the dragonkin, the divine dragons typically act as wise leaders among dragons. In Archanea, the divine dragon Naga is worshipped as a god by humanity, and has long fought to protect humans from the dangers of dragons.
- Earth dragons: A prideful breed of dragons whose might rivals that of the divine dragons. Imposing and armored, earth dragons have the ability to exhume a sinister shadow power on their foes. Historically the earth dragons have hated humans and sought to dominate them, exemplified by Medeus and Loptous.
- Shadow dragons: A twisted evolved form of earth dragons, born of dark powers. The only known shadow dragon is Medeus.
- Astral dragons: A dragon species native to the astral plane with the ability to travel between worlds and Deeprealms.
- First Dragons: A group of godlike dragons that held unimaginable power before their decline.
- Main article: Laguz
The laguz dragon tribes do not share the elemental classifications of the other dragons, and instead are divided into three castes which, while all physically similar, differ in strength, power and body color. Their relation to the dragons of other lands is unknown.
- Red dragons: A caste of dragon laguz who tend toward being bulky and physically strong.
- White dragons: An arcane dragon laguz caste which wields power more in line with the magic of humans.
- Black dragons: The rarest of the laguz dragons and their ruling caste. Black dragons are extremely powerful and possess longevity greater than any other laguz clan, and by extension vastly beyond that of beorc.
- Blight Dragon, a unique draconic form taken by the Empty Vessel, Garon, upon drawing the strength of Anankos. Looks identical to (and has the same name in Japanese as) Nohr's Dusk Dragon depiction of Anankos.
- War dragons: Artificial dragons spawned by a demon dragon such as Idunn. They all possess no emotions, and exist only to fight on the behalf of their master. All known war dragons are fire dragons.
- Necrodragons: The corpse of a dead dragon reanimated through the fell magic of a dark god such as Duma or Fomortiis.
- White dragons: A more powerful and rare variant of Necrodragons.
- In Shadow Dragon and the Blade of Light, Mystery of the Emblem, and some supplementary material, the dragon races were also given clan names which are derived from mythical reptiles: the fire dragons were called the Salamander (Japanese: サラマンダー), mage dragons were called the Basilisk (Japanese: バジリスク), and the divine dragons were called the Naga (Japanese: ナーガ). The references to all but the Naga tribe were removed in Mystery of the Emblem and Shadow Dragon, and all the dragon types introduced in Mystery of the Emblem and later, as well as the earth dragons, lack clan names in this style. However, unused and supplementary material say the earth tribe is known as the Gaia. Notably, Salamander and Naga are names of the gods of the fire and divine dragons, respectively, although the reference to Salamander was removed in the DS remake.
Etymology and other languages
|Names, etymology and in other regions|
|Language||Name||Definition, etymology and notes|
|• Dragon. Used in the dialogue of most games.|
• Transliteration of English "dragon". Used in some Shadow Dragon and the Blade of Light dialogue.
- "If you really wanna know... Tens of thousands of years ago, the dragon tribe settled down on this continent, and created a civilization. They possessed intellect and abilities far exceedin' those of humans. But suddenly, outta nowhere, their day of destruction came. At first, they couldn't bear children. Then they began to lose their minds, goin' berserk one after the next. The elders warned that the end of dragons as a species was approachin'. There was no longer any way to prevent it. However, there was one way they could survive: to discard their identities as dragons and live on as humans. The dragons fell into a panic. Those who believed the elders sealed their forms within stones and became humans. But those who couldn't throw away their pride as a dragon; those who adamantly refused to become human... They eventually lost their minds and became naught but beasts..." — Xane, Fire Emblem: New Mystery of the Emblem
- " Y'see, I don't like humans. I've got nothin' but contempt for those who treated the defenseless Manaketes like insects. So I can understand why Medeus despised you humans so. Medeus, an earth dragon prince, was the only one of his tribe who become a Manakete. And, as ordered by Naga, he guarded the Dragon's Table. But the once peaceful human race, drunk with power, began to rule with tyranny. They oppressed the dragons who had done nothin' wrong. Furious at their betrayal by humans, the Manaketes gathered in Dolhr, and they created a nation for their people. Then they fought to conquer humanity." — Xane, Fire Emblem: New Mystery of the Emblem
- "By the gods, she's a manakete... I never thought I'd see one." — Chrom, Fire Emblem Awakening
- "Tiki: The realm you call Ferox certainly brings back memories... How do the people there fare today? I remember only a cold, harsh land. Have you found a way to cope with the heavy snowfall and barren soil?
Flavia: Well, we've struggled with the harvest for generations. Honestly, it took years and years of work before the soil was worth a damn... Still, I hope we've improved it some from what you remember." — Tiki and Flavia, Fire Emblem Awakening
- "Flavia: Tiki, tell me more about the Regna Ferox you remember.
Tiki: Well, all right... After all, I slept there within the ice for several centuries. As I recall, it was a frozen hell plagued by barbarians and mage dragons. " — Flavia and Tiki, Fire Emblem Awakening
- "Jahn: When the order of nature collapsed, we dragons suffered the most. With nature weakened, we could not maintain our dragon forms. And so, we sealed our power into gemstones and took human form.
Roy: The dragonstones...
Jahn: Yes. We were utterly powerless against the humans. In human form, we were even more feeble than the humans themselves. The humans took the opportunity to slaughter us.
Roy: Why did you choose the form of humans? Why not some other shape?
Jahn: In the new order of nature, the human form required the least energy to transform into." — Jahn and Roy, Fire Emblem: The Binding Blade
- "Eirika: Demon King? Are you speaking of the legend of the Sacred Stones? The hero Grado used the power of the five Sacred Stones to defeat and seal away--
Dara: No, no, that's not right at all. Ah, how quickly did mankind forget its debt to the Great Dragon. To hear the story now, one would think humans alone brought about victory. That is a gross mistelling of the tale. Only through the Great Dragon's strength could the Demon King be sealed away!" — Eirika and Dara, Fire Emblem: The Sacred Stones
- "Mankind may have forgotten its debt, but the Great Dragon never forgets. It watches over the bones of the Demon King in Darkling Woods. It keeps the Demon King's dark brood from swarming the world of men. The Great Dragon's vigilance alone has kept us safe from their blind rage." — Dara, Fire Emblem: The Sacred Stones
- "Uh-huh... My foster father leads the dragon tribe. In the last great war... both of my true parents were killed. Morva took me in and raised me as though I were his own child." — Myrrh, Fire Emblem: The Sacred Stones
- "... My father has dedicated his life to protecting humans. For the longest time, I could not fathom why he would do this. But now, after spending time with all of you... I begin to understand how he felt." — Myrrh to Saleh, Fire Emblem: The Sacred Stones
- "しんりゅうぞく ナーガ
かりゅうぞく サラマンダー" — Malledus, Fire Emblem: Shadow Dragon and the Blade of Light
- "Haha... You came back just to die? I'm the most powerful servant of Medeus: Morzas of the Basilisk." — Morzas, Fire Emblem: Shadow Dragon and the Blade of Light
- "You there. Have you come across a young girl, one by the name of Tiki? She must be found, boy! Tiki is the last of the Naga, the divine-dragon clan. Without her powers, we cannot challenge the Manaketes who serve Medeus…" — Bantu, Fire Emblem: Shadow Dragon
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Attempting to describe the city's culture, I only came up with the collection of illustrations below. But it must be noted that these are not distinct groups. There is so much crossover, so many stereotypes being broken.
Like other Canadians, Nanaimo-ites take part in the industrialized, western consciousness — we watch our popular tv shows and we identify with the general culture of North America and the West. But, remaining slightly on the fringe of that general culture, Nanaimo has some distinct elements that make it romantic and interesting:
(The links will simply bring you down this page)
The Hudson's Bay Company was on the west coast to get sea otter furs, as far back as the end of the 18th century. The British government supported the HBC's operations in the area, with the condition that the HBC would foster colonization of Vancouver Island. Victoria was selected as the seat of the colony, but there were difficulties in generating enough income to support the colonists beyond mere subsistence, and the growing American interests down in the Oregon Territory were threatening to win the locals over to their side. Governor James Douglas was looking for a resource.
Flash backward sixty million years - the area that is now the Gulf of Georgia was a shallow tropical ocean. Huge swamps and fertile lagoons rotted and were covered over with sediments. These became vast coal fields under Nanaimo. When the colonists learned of this, there was a rush to move settlers into the mid-island region to secure a foothold and to generate wealth for the colony.
The coal seemed endless, and it was high quality, so Nanaimo grew steadily for the next half century. People came from all over the place to exploit the coal, timber, sandstone, fisheries, and each other. Imagine a bustling town described by Charles Dickens, carved out of the mossy, forested coastline of the Gulf Islands region.
North America's last Hudson's Bay Company free-standing bastion (blockhouse) is here in Nanaimo. We call it the Bastion of course, and its cannons are still fired on occasion, inviting citizens to look out across the harbour and to remember the Dutch ships that broke up under fire 150 years ago, as they tried to land on the shore and pillage the fort. (I'm just making that up — but the explosion of the Oscar in 1913 was far more exciting, anyway.)
So, what's the big deal about the Bastion? It's not that big - not a castle, not even as big as a schooner… The Bastion gets a lot more interesting as you read about its history – even those stories which don't mention the Bastion, at least are staged with the Bastion as backdrop. It stands immutably in the time-lapse while everything around it grows and crumbles.
There's a story about all of the European families being called to take shelter in this surprisingly spacious fort. An armada of 100 canoes had arrived, filled with hostile Kwakiutl warriors from the north - three of their people had been slain and they wanted to exact revenge on the local Snuneymoux. The Snuneymoux chief was renowned - a great man - and he offered himself as suitable compensation for three regular men. The Kwakiutl agreed, shot him dead, and left the area. One wonders if perhaps the bastion's armaments (cannons with grapeshot for a very effective spread) could have been used to help the Snuneymoux to fight back against the invaders. There was friendship between the settlers and the First Nation, and this would have been a suitable gesture by the colonists, to fight alongside the local first people.
The view from the Bastion during this encounter must have been surreal. The expansive harbour and distant mountains must have helped this scene to remind each European settler that they were very, very far from their homeland.
Nanaimo is thriving. Nanaimo is dead.
This is an old city (for BC), and no amount of teal-coloured paint will hide the rot at our wharfs. Nanaimo has a Pacific Northwest Gothic thing — that thing with tugboats and ravens and a cloudy sky. It's palpable as you walk downtown or explore the thunderous beaches and misty forests.
It's a "ghost town" to the extent that there was a boom and it sort of ended 60 years ago. Or at least it changed - we're no longer digging millions of tons of high-grade anthracite coal out of the ground like we did for 100 years. There were ridiculous amounts of money moving around in those days, and the streets of Nanaimo were packed by a much denser population. It must have been very cool, to be in a seaside city like Nanaimo in the days before television and cars.
The expansion of the city northward, with big-box stores and huge malls every few blocks along the highway, has drained the crowds out of the older, more interesting part of Nanaimo. Many residents never even come downtown. But that's changing.
Nanaimo is also a ghost town on account of its...ghosts. Whether or not you believe in the paranormal, you must be sensitive to the massive historic legacy everywhere you look: dilapidated buildings, old bottles poking out of colourful dirt, shorelines piled with shell middens of the first peoples. Strolling around Newcastle Island in particular, one is aware of human activity spanning a thousand years and more; the island was a longtime seasonal home for villages of native peoples, then it was crawling with Europeans and Chinese and Japanese between the 1850's and 1940's.
Many people are certain that there are real ghosts here. Hundreds of miners died underground in various explosions and accidents (fueling decades of labour disputes), and some people think the miners' subterranean ghosts hold Nanaimo in some kind of cursed state.
This region was also a great meeting place for aboriginal nations, and the site of battles and massacres. Three large Chinatowns have been here, the final one having burned completely in 1960. And our erstwhile visitor information centre, Beban House, is nationally recognized as a haunted site.
There are some other restless spirits in Nanaimo: the people addicted to hard drugs, who exist in any city — but they do seem to be more conspicuous in some parts of Nanaimo.
It can't be (and shouldn't be) ignored that Nanaimo has a major problem with poverty and bad drugs. Much of Downtown, and for a few blocks southward, there is conspicuous poverty — a lot of people are obviously very down-and-out.
The good news for visitors is that you're unlikely to be bothered by any of these people. Most of them wish to be left alone, too. Just consider them to be a part of our genuine maritime identity. You know, smugglers and pirates. Work with me here.
But for residents, this problem is serious. It must be addressed. Theft is common, there are needles in the grass sometimes, young girls are selling themselves for crystal meth. Everybody knows it's wrong, but too many of us think there's nothing we can do about it. That's wrong, too. Try any of the following:
- Avoid thinking that people with addictions deserve them. We all have some kind of baggage. Be happy yours is less burdensome. [12 years later I'm feeling a bit less tolerant]
- Stand up to injustices when you see them. You don't have to be heroic, confronting people on the street. Just be vocal in your social circles about what you think is right. Start small, and you'll feel yourself getting stronger.
- Donate to organizations which promote healing, and which lend support to people struggling to get away from the underworld.
- Be good to children.
Pirate Themes in Nanaimo
Nanaimo dabbles in "pirate" themes. Why? Because we can.
Our Gulf of Georgia (Salish Sea) is like the Caribbean was: an archipelago on the frontier, a string of lights along a dark coastline. And come to think of it, our peoples are similar to those who took to the water 400 years ago: a blend of romantics and isolationists, at odds over how to enjoy the spoils available in the beautiful wilds.
The resemblance might end there. Nanaimo is hardly Port Royal 1660, and while our Bastion was always prepared to defend us againts marauders, we never got to use its cannons offensively. However, there are many forces in Nanaimo that consciously recreate the light-hearted pirate culture of Treasure Island and Pirates of the Caribbean. And why not? We have boats, and alcohol, and open space, and money. We should really play this up more.
Some businesses are doing their part. Pirate Chips down on Front Street pays a sassy tribute to peglegs and walking the plank, and the Harbour Chandlery on Esplanade even has some sort of kids' play ship out front.
But nowhere in Nanaimo will you find anything that attempts to serve real "pirate" fare. We have no "pirate show" or even a "pirate playground", and Pirates Park has a dock, but no flags or sloops. No, everything here that's pirate is tongue-in-cheek, and that's fine with us. It's a lot of fun on the waterfront in our motley boats during the Marine Festival, or walking around Protection Island, where placenames are deliberate: Captain Morgan's Boulevard, Spyglass Lookout, Billy Bones Bay, Treasure Trail.
It's mostly thanks to Frank Ney that we can pull it off without feeling silly. He was so off-the-wall in his pirate regalia, whether it was at a child's birthday or a city council meeting. Frank was the one who had Protection Island subdivided. He also organized the Bathtub Races and was "admiral" of the Loyal Nanaimo Bathtub Society. Today, a statue of Frank Ney watches over our holy-of-holies, that most public of Nanaimo places: Swy-a-Lana Lagoon and Maffeo-Sutton Park.
This is a real music city. Not only does Nanaimo nurture the likes of David Gogo and Diana Krall, but we also keep a good stock of other musicians in the city at all times.
CHLY 101.7 FM
One extremely important centre of the music scene in Nanaimo is the independent, "campus" radio station, CHLY (101.7 FM). It really is a valuable asset for Nanaimo, disseminating an interest in everything "grassroots" while being independent and mostly non-commercial. There is so much music played on CHLY that you will never hear on the other local frequencies.
Live Music Venues
Sites for great jams are all around, but the most accessible live music is at the licensed venues downtown. Or you should look to Vancouver Island University, whose music program thrives on a steady stream of talented students and instructors. There are also numerous restaurants and cocktail lounges that bring in live acts – but currently, only the Queen's Hotel downtown has live music every night.
The Port Theatre is a classy venue that brings in all kinds of acts, from famous pianists to Pink Floyd tribute bands. Or, look at the musical events listings on HarbourLiving.ca for acts all around town.
Multicultural village square
Like most cities in Canada, Nanaimo is a hub of international activity, bringing together people from all over the world. But Nanaimo has some additional factors which create an even more cosmopolitan aspect than other Canadian cities have:
We teach English well
A lot of people come to Nanaimo to study English. Vancouver Island University hosts thousands of international students from all over the globe. It's really great to see these students out in the community, adding to the local colour!
Our lifestyle attracts all kinds
As a "destination" city with a lot of appeal, Nanaimo attracts many different kinds of immigrants. People from all over the world like clean air, mild weather, natural beauty, a high standard of living, and space to breathe.
Are you new to Nanaimo, and feeling like a fish out of water? If so, please visit our "Immigrant Welcome Centre" downtown. It's managed by the Central Vancouver Island Multicultural Society, which does all kinds of work with immigrants, including translation services, helping with government forms, family counselling, and English classes.
Gulf Island town
The gulf islands and Vancouver Island have always appealed to those who seek a quieter, slower, naturally beautiful lifestyle. Artists and artisans, naturalists, healers, shamans, singer/songwriters, visionaries and comedians, schoolteachers, tradespeople, writers of every kind and people with hobby farms – these are examples of whom you might sit beside on BC Ferries.
Nanaimo's population is diluted and varied, primarily urban – the boho artistic streak is not as concentrated as places like Saltspring and Hornby Islands. But it's certainly alive and well in Nanaimo!
First Nations town
In Nanaimo, people of aboriginal descent are not simply a memory – the native presence here is very tangible and visible, and we're proud of it. While there are certainly relics of the old native life preserved throughout the city, we are also fortunate to have a living voice from a significant population of First Nations peoples. The local nation is called Snuneymuxw, a Coast Salish people.
The culture of Nanaimo has been informed and affected in cool ways by the First Nations peoples of the past and present, and it's heartening to see that our primarily non-native governments are increasingly seeking the counsels of our aboriginal neighbours and elders. Nanaimo has a lot of resources and there is room for all to prosper if we establish a vision that is inclusive and imaginitive.
The Arts One: First Nations program at VIU provides not only a venue for aboriginal students to get formal education in matters relating to their nation and heritage; it's also open to non-natives, providing a unique opportunity for our two cultures to have some reconciliation and mutual understanding.
Of the waves of immigrants who came to BC in the nineteenth century, the Chinese are prominent for their numbers, but also for the patient industriousness with which they endured the pioneering lifestyle and the hard work of the railroads and mines.
They also endured intense bigotry from the more numerous white populations - the Chinese were also viewed as unfair competition in the labour market, because they were willing to work for cheap. The Chinese men who died in the coal mines were not even named by the bosses when they died (they show up in the accident registers as "Chinaman #42", etc). However the past fades, especially since many of the Chinese oldtimers moved away when the final Chinatown burned down in 1960. The city is also far more accepting of diverse peoples, now. It seems appropriately Chinese that those bad memories are being laid to rest, though not quite forgotten.
Landscape art gallery
Some fine landscape art ends up in the homes and galleries around Nanaimo. The local aesthetics are by turns beautiful, wild, and gloomy as the tides, which the local artists translate well into drunken, vibrant paintings. There are distinctive styles in Nanaimo which seem to derive from BC artists like E.J. Hughes and Emily Carr, and perhaps El Greco.
Arbutus trees and sandstone, driftwood-choked inlets and the wide open sea, mountain vistas and great forests all make for stunning landscapes, and local artists are gifted in reproducing some of the unique combinations of form and colour that are Vancouver Island. Visit any of the local art galleries and you'll see a lot of great styles.
Nanaimo Marine Festival (Bathtub Races)
Beginning with the Silly Boat Regatta and culminating in the bathtub races on the following Sunday, the Nanaimo Marine Festival is considered by many residents and returning visitors to be the event of the year. "There's the marine festival, and all the days in between." That kind of thing.
The International World Championship Bathtub Race (the event around which the Marine Festival revolves) is almost 50 years old. No matter what you're into, it's likely you'll find something to entertain you during this exciting Festival.
The outdoors are a huge part of our cultural identity in Nanaimo. The city is spread out along a wide hump of Vancouver Island, between the Gulf of Georgia and the mountainous center of Vancouver Island. The result is an amazing variety of outdoor recreation, from diving to mountainbiking to mountaineering and kayaking — there's even world-class spelunking.
People from all walks get out into the wilds for their entertainment. Congregations happen at trailheads and beaches, and at the pubs for wings and a pint on the way home.
The Nanaimo River is a unique jewel, providing residents and visitors with the deepest, warmest swimming holes on Vancouver Island. | <urn:uuid:eec24106-d6f8-4ad5-a8a3-f744a278cc5e> | CC-MAIN-2020-16 | https://www.nanaimoinformation.com/nanaimo-culture.php | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585371830894.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20200409055849-20200409090349-00354.warc.gz | en | 0.967067 | 3,573 | 2.5625 | 3 |
The term "Middle East" has become enormously elastic. The name originated with the British Foreign Office in the 19th century. The British divided the region into the Near East, the area closest to the United Kingdom and most of North Africa; the Far East, which was east of British India; and the Middle East, which was between British India and the Near East. It was a useful model for organizing the British Foreign Office and important for the region as well, since the British — and to a lesser extent the French — defined not only the names of the region but also the states that emerged in the Near and Far East.
Today, the term Middle East, to the extent that it means anything, refers to the Muslim-dominated countries west of Afghanistan and along the North African shore. With the exception of Turkey and Iran, the region is predominantly Arab and predominantly Muslim. Within this region, the British created political entities that were modeled on European nation-states. The British shaped the Arabian Peninsula, which had been inhabited by tribes forming complex coalitions, into Saudi Arabia, a state based on one of these tribes, the Sauds. The British also created Iraq and crafted Egypt into a united monarchy. Quite independent of the British, Turkey and Iran shaped themselves into secular nation-states.
This defined the two fault lines of the Middle East. The first was between European secularism and Islam. The Cold War, when the Soviets involved themselves deeply in the region, accelerated the formation of this fault line. One part of the region was secular, socialist and built around the military. Another part, particularly focused on the Arabian Peninsula, was Islamist, traditionalist and royalist. The latter was pro-Western in general, and the former — particularly the Arab parts — was pro-Soviet. It was more complex than this, of course, but this distinction gives us a reasonable framework.
The second fault line was between the states that had been created and the underlying reality of the region. The states in Europe generally conformed to the definition of nations in the 20th century. The states created by the Europeans in the Middle East did not. There was something at a lower level and at a higher level. At the lower level were the tribes, clans and ethnic groups that not only made up the invented states but also were divided by the borders. The higher level was broad religious loyalties to Islam and to the major movements of Islam, Shiism and Suniism that laid a transnational claim on loyalty. Add to this the pan-Arab movement initiated by former Egyptian President Gamal Abdel Nasser, who argued that the Arab states should be united into a single Arab nation.
Any understanding of the Middle East must therefore begin with the creation of a new political geography after World War I that was superimposed on very different social and political realities and was an attempt to limit the authority of broader regional and ethnic groups. The solution that many states followed was to embrace secularism or traditionalism and use them as tools to manage both the subnational groupings and the claims of the broader religiosity. One unifying point was Israel, which all opposed. But even here it was more illusion than reality. The secular socialist states, such as Egypt and Syria, actively opposed Israel. The traditional royalist states, which were threatened by the secular socialists, saw an ally in Israel.
Aftershocks From the Soviet Collapse
Following the fall of the Soviet Union and the resulting collapse of support for the secular socialist states, the power of the traditional royalties surged. This was not simply a question of money, although these states did have money. It was also a question of values. The socialist secularist movement lost its backing and its credibility. Movements such as Fatah, based on socialist secularism — and Soviet support — lost power relative to emerging groups that embraced the only ideology left: Islam. There were tremendous cross currents in this process, but one of the things to remember was that many of the socialist secular states that had begun with great promise continued to survive, albeit without the power of a promise of a new world. Rulers like Egypt's Hosni Mubarak, Syria's Bashar al Assad and Iraq's Saddam Hussein remained in place. Where the movement had once held promise even if its leaders were corrupt, after the Soviet Union fell, the movement was simply corrupt.
The collapse of the Soviet Union energized Islam, both because the mujahideen defeated the Soviets in Afghanistan and because the alternative to Islam was left in tatters. Moreover, the Iraqi invasion of Kuwait took place in parallel with the last days of the Soviet Union. Both countries are remnants of British diplomacy. The United States, having inherited the British role in the region, intervened to protect another British invention — Saudi Arabia — and to liberate Kuwait from Iraq. From the Western standpoint, this was necessary to stabilize the region. If a regional hegemon emerged and went unchallenged, the consequences could pyramid. Desert Storm appeared to be a simple and logical operation combining the anti-Soviet coalition with Arab countries.
The experience of defeating the Soviets in Afghanistan and the secular regimes' loss of legitimacy opened the door to two processes. In one, the subnational groupings in the region came to see the existing regimes as powerful but illegitimate. In the other, the events in Afghanistan brought the idea of a pan-Islamic resurrection back to the fore. And in the Sunni world, which won the war in Afghanistan, the dynamism of Shiite Iran — which had usurped the position of politico-military spokesman for radical Islam — made the impetus for action clear.
There were three problems. First, the radicals needed to cast pan-Islamism in a historical context. The context was the transnational caliphate, a single political entity that would abolish existing states and align political reality with Islam. The radicals reached back to the Christian Crusades for historical context, and the United States — seen as the major Christian power after its crusade in Kuwait — became the target. Second, the pan-Islamists needed to demonstrate that the United States was both vulnerable and the enemy of Islam. Third, they had to use the subnational groups in various countries to build coalitions to overthrow what were seen as corrupt Muslim regimes, in both the secular and the traditionalist worlds.
The result was al Qaeda and its campaign to force the United States to launch a crusade in the Islamic world. Al Qaeda wanted to do this by carrying out actions that demonstrated American vulnerability and compelled U.S. action. If the United States did not act, it would enhance the image of American weakness; if it did act, it would demonstrate it was a crusader hostile to Islam. U.S. action would, in turn, spark uprisings against corrupt and hypocritical Muslim states, sweep aside European-imposed borders and set the stage for uprisings. The key was to demonstrate the weakness of the regimes and their complicity with the Americans.
This led to 9/11. In the short run, it appeared that the operation had failed. The United States reacted massively to the attacks, but no uprising occurred in the region, no regimes were toppled, and many Muslim regimes collaborated with the Americans. During this time, the Americans were able to wage an aggressive war against al Qaeda and its Taliban allies. In this first phase, the United States succeeded. But in the second phase, the United States, in its desire to reshape Iraq and Afghanistan — and other countries — internally, became caught up in the subnational conflicts. The Americans got involved in creating tactical solutions rather than confronting the strategic problem, which was that waging the war was causing national institutions in the region to collapse.
In destroying al Qaeda, the Americans created a bigger problem in three parts: First, they unleashed the subnational groups. Second, where they fought they created a vacuum that they couldn't fill. Finally, in weakening the governments and empowering the subnational groups, they made a compelling argument for the caliphate as the only institution that could govern the Muslim world effectively and the only basis for resisting the United States and its allies. In other words, where al Qaeda failed to trigger a rising against corrupt governments, the United States managed to destroy or compromise a range of the same governments, opening the door to transnational Islam.
The Arab Spring was mistaken for a liberal democratic rising like 1989 in Eastern Europe. More than anything else, it was a rising by a pan-Islamic movement that largely failed to topple regimes and embroiled one, Syria, in a prolonged civil war. That conflict has a subnational component — various factions divided against each other that give the al Qaeda-derived Islamic State room to maneuver. It also provided a second impetus to the ideal of a caliphate. Not only were the pan-Islamists struggling against the American crusader, but they were fighting Shiite heretics — in service of the Sunni caliphate — as well. The Islamic State put into place the outcome that al Qaeda wanted in 2001, nearly 15 years later and, in addition to Syria and Iraq, with movements capable of sustained combat in other Islamic countries.
A New U.S. Strategy and Its Repercussions
Around this time, the United States was forced to change strategy. The Americans were capable of disrupting al Qaeda and destroying the Iraqi army. But the U.S. ability to occupy and pacify Iraq or Afghanistan was limited. The very factionalism that made it possible to achieve the first two goals made pacification impossible. Working with one group alienated another in an ongoing balancing act that left U.S. forces vulnerable to some faction motivated to wage war because of U.S. support for another. In Syria, where the secular government was confronting a range of secular and religious but not extremist forces, along with an emerging Islamic State, the Americans were unable to meld the factionalized non-Islamic State forces into a strategically effective force. Moreover, the United States could not make its peace with the al Assad government because of its repressive policies, and it was unable to confront the Islamic State with the forces available.
The collapse of the Soviet Union energized Islam, both because the mujahideen defeated the Soviets in Afghanistan and because the alternative to Islam was left in tatters.
In a way, the center of the Middle East had been hollowed out and turned into a whirlpool of competing forces. Between the Lebanese and Iranian borders, the region had uncovered two things: First, it showed that the subnational forces were the actual reality of the region. Second, in obliterating the Syria-Iraq border, these forces and particularly the Islamic State had created a core element of the caliphate — a transnational power or, more precisely, one that transcended borders.
The American strategy became an infinitely more complex variation of President Ronald Reagan's policy in the 1980s: Allow the warring forces to war. The Islamic State turned the fight into a war on Shiite heresy and on established nation states. The region is surrounded by four major powers: Iran, Saudi Arabia, Israel and Turkey. Each has approached the situation differently. Each of these nations has internal factions, but each state has been able to act in spite of that. Put differently, three of them are non-Arab powers, and the one Arab power, Saudi Arabia, is perhaps the most concerned about internal threats.
For Iran, the danger of the Islamic State is that it would recreate an effective government in Baghdad that could threaten Iran again. Thus, Tehran has maintained support for the Iraqi Shiites and for the al Assad government, while trying to limit al Assad's power.
For Saudi Arabia, which has aligned with Sunni radical forces in the past, the Islamic State represents an existential threat. Its call for a transnational Islamic movement has the potential to resonate with Saudis from the Wahhabi tradition. The Saudis, along with some other Gulf Cooperation Council members and Jordan, are afraid of Islamic State transnationalism but also of Shiite power in Iraq and Syria. Riyadh needs to contain the Islamic State without conceding the ground to the Shiites.
For the Israelis, the situation has been simultaneously outstanding and terrifying. It has been outstanding because it has pitted Israel's enemies against each other. Al Assad's government has in the past supported Hezbollah against Israel. The Islamic State represents a long-term threat to Israel. So long as they fought, Israel's security would be enhanced. The problem is that in the end someone will win in Syria, and that force might be more dangerous than anything before it, particularly if the Islamic State ideology spreads to Palestine. Ultimately, al Assad is less dangerous than the Islamic State, which shows how bad the Israeli choice is in the long run.
It is the Turks — or at least the Turkish government that suffered a setback in the recently concluded parliamentary elections — who are the most difficult to understand. They are hostile to the al Assad government — so much so that they see the Islamic State as less of a threat. There are two ways to explain their view: One is that they expect the Islamic State to be defeated by the United States in the end and that involvement in Syria would stress the Turkish political system. The other is that they might be less averse than others in the region to the Islamic State's winning. While the Turkish government has vigorously denied such charges, rumors of support to at least some factions of the Islamic State have persisted, suspicions in Western capitals linger, and alleged shipments of weaponry to unknown parties in Syria by the Turkish intelligence organization were a dominant theme in Turkey's elections. This is incomprehensible, unless the Turks see the Islamic State as a movement that they can control in the end and that is paving the way for Turkish power in the region — or unless the Turks believe that a direct confrontation would lead to a backlash from the Islamic State in Turkey itself.
The Islamic State's Role in the Region
The Islamic State represents a logical continuation of al Qaeda, which triggered both a sense of Islamic power and shaped the United States into a threat to Islam. The Islamic State created a military and political framework to exploit the situation al Qaeda created. Its military operations have been impressive, ranging from the seizure of Mosul to the taking of Ramadi and Palmyra. Islamic State fighters' flexibility on the battlefield and ability to supply large numbers of forces in combat raises the question of where they got the resources and the training.
However, the bulk of Islamic State fighters are still trapped within their cauldron, surrounded by three hostile powers and an enigma. The hostile powers collaborate, but they also compete. The Israelis and the Saudis are talking. This is not new, but for both sides there is an urgency that wasn't there in the past. The Iranian nuclear program is less important to the Americans than collaboration with Iran against the Islamic State. And the Saudis and other Gulf countries have forged an air capability used in Yemen that might be used elsewhere if needed.
It is likely that the cauldron will hold, so long as the Saudis are able to sustain their internal political stability. But the Islamic State has already spread beyond the cauldron — operating in Libya, for example. Many assume that these forces are Islamic State in name only — franchises, if you will. But the Islamic State does not behave like al Qaeda. It explicitly wants to create a caliphate, and that wish should not be dismissed. At the very least, it is operating with the kind of centralized command and control, on the strategic level, that makes it far more effective than other non-state forces we have seen.
Secularism in the Muslim world appears to be in terminal retreat. The two levels of struggle within that world are, at the top, Sunni versus Shiite, and at the base, complex and interacting factions. The Western world accepted domination of the region from the Ottomans and exercised it for almost a century. Now, the leading Western power lacks the force to pacify the Islamic world. Pacifying a billion people is beyond anyone's capability. The Islamic State has taken al Qaeda's ideology and is attempting to institutionalize it. The surrounding nations have limited options and a limited desire to collaborate. The global power lacks the resources to both defeat the Islamic State and control the insurgency that would follow. Other nations, such as Russia, are alarmed by the Islamic State's spread among their own Muslim populations.
It is interesting to note that the fall of the Soviet Union set in motion the events we are seeing here. It is also interesting to note that the apparent defeat of al Qaeda opened the door for its logical successor, the Islamic State. The question at hand, then, is whether the four regional powers can and want to control the Islamic State. And at the heart of that question is the mystery of what Turkey has in mind, particularly as Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdogan's power appears to be declining. | <urn:uuid:b5d7ce13-636e-49dc-b936-73cf3de753fb> | CC-MAIN-2020-16 | https://worldview.stratfor.com/article/net-assessment-middle-east | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585370510287.30/warc/CC-MAIN-20200403030659-20200403060659-00115.warc.gz | en | 0.973086 | 3,411 | 3.875 | 4 |
Importance of the Arts
Arts education has always appeared to be a contested field. Many arts tutors have argued that the subject should be in the school syllabus by emphasising its role in students’ ethical and individual personal development (Lemon & Garvis, 2013). The arts as a subject are perceived central to the idea of education being about understanding of love and learning to obtain a relevant knowledge. It is no coincident that the arts are usually linked with the thought of being educated. Hence, a knowledgeable person is believed to be concerned or involved in the arts (Plourde, 2002). Twentieth-century German theorist Ernst Cassirer assessed the importance of the arts as follows: science gives humans order in thoughts; morality gives humans order in actions; art gives humans order in the anxiety of visible, substantial and perceptible appearances (Stone, 1996). A better education includes a better arts education, introducing children and young people to have literature (novels, poems and short stories, plays), dance, visual arts, music and film. How a school focuses on the arts may be a subject for discussion, which relies on the expert teachers to have knowledge about arts. Yet, a school is still dedicated to introduce children to the most relevant forms of art in the curriculum.
In late 1980s, arts experts from the United States and the United Kingdom created the discipline-based arts education (DBAE) as a method of describing what should be integrated in an arts syllabus (Garvis & Pendergast, 2010). Rejecting the previous importance on self-expression and child-centred education, DBAE involves four different integrated areas of arts around skills and art making, chronological knowledge, visual understanding and crucial judgement, with the objective of helping students to learn to imagine like artists and art opponents do (Bamford, 2004). A visual-arts syllabus might seek, therefore, to develop skills in, and knowledge of, a variety of art techniques, including line, colour, text and form.
Importance of Different Art Forms
This section provides a discussion of four different art forms, such as art painting, art sculpture, photography and computer arts.
Art Painting: It is focused on creating pictures by using colours to a surface. Paintings can trace events as well as capture a picture of a person, place, or item; notify stories; decorate walls; and demonstrate texts (Bamford, 2004). An art painting can communicate emotions and ideas, or merely be enjoyed for its extensive qualities. Approximately 20,000 years ago, early humans used charcoal and minerals as coloured powders to construct images on cave walls (Tosun, 2000). Sometimes the colour powder was mixed with the saliva or animal fat to form a liquid, which was derived through reeds, or used with fingers. The first paintings were considered to depict hunting scenes.
Art Sculpture: This art form represents the division of the visual arts, which operates through three different elements, including a form of the artificial arts. The durable sculptural method originally used statues or figures (the removal of material) and forming (the addition of objects, as clay), in rock, metal, ceramics, wood and other substances (Rice & Roychoudhury, 2003). A wide range of materials may be used by removal, such as carving, accumulating by welding, forming, or transmitting. An art sculpture in stone exists far better than works of art in fresh materials, and frequently represents the bulk of the surviving art works (other than ceramic) from antique cultures (Martinello & Gonzalez, 1987). However, certain traditions of sculpture in wood may have been misplaced almost exclusively.
Photography: Visual impact cannot be undervalued – it is the very fundamental nature of creativity. Creative media, art photography, video and web links represent the best method to a familiar life without really being there (Falk & Dierking, 2013). In the business environment, whatever it is that they can do or work with, it is significant for companies to rapidly and efficiently communicate what they do in a way that connects with their audience. Art photography makes remembrance of special events and valuable moments dramatic (Dinham, 2011). Photography can be able to rewind time and presents a strong recall effect by looking at photos.
Computer Arts: The use of computers arts is steadily established in many science fields and subjects. This part of art and design is considered to be exciting and energetic, with new IT technologies constantly developing, allowing the advancement of new methods to communicate and mix different art and design art forms (Dinham, 2011). Understanding and keeping up to date with the transforming technological needs of the art industry is important in order for students to be flexible, adjustable and employable (Hein, 1998). It is vital that students engage with new art technologies and advance the skills, knowledge and consideration that are necessary to communicate ideas successfully in a highly economical, technical and pioneering sector.
Contextual Description of the School
The school for which the lesson plans on teaching creative arts are created is a primary school located in Fort Worth, Texas. It presents a realistic and relevantly structured art curriculum that targets the learning needs of students from grades 3-6. Learning through creative arts has been perceived as a proper way to encourage integration of students’ cognitive, emotional and sensory potential (Chomley, 2005). The main approach adopted by the school is based on active participation in the arts. Learning experiences in the arts refer to broad aesthetic experiences, constant creative engagement in different art tasks and development of adequate skills that allow students to express themselves in a distinct, creative manner. Students have a prior experience in learning arts, which serves as a strong basis for introducing relevant art concepts and principles (Dean, 1994). As a result, the school is committed to providing an art program that suits students’ learning needs.
Purpose of the Program
The purpose of the program is to foster students’ awareness of the importance of creative arts, which reflects in their social and emotional growth. Experiences in the arts would allow students to use their full potential to contribute to their local community and to society as a whole. Participation in the arts, as an approach used in the process of teaching the art lessons, can expand students’ horizons in numerous ways (Caston, 1980). The major objective that can be achieved with this program is to help students learn about diverse artistic practices. In addition, young individuals have a relevant opportunity to learn that they are part of a living, dynamic and constantly evolving culture. This assumption is important to strengthen their view and interest in the arts. Students can be encouraged to interpret different art forms and concepts creatively and critically (Garvis, 2010). This would eventually demonstrate a strong focus on their imaginative and innovative potential that they can realize in practice through specific art forms.
The first lesson plan presents the topic of art appreciation. It is intended for grades 3-6 from the described primary school. It has been assumed that students have a prior knowledge of certain art forms, mainly paintings and photographs. The main objective to be achieved with this lesson is to foster students’ understanding that every individual tends to demonstrate a different opinion or attitude toward the idea of what constitutes good art. As part of teaching strategies for this lesson, the teacher needs to use reproductions of artworks created in different styles. Moreover, the teacher should present to students a set of different shapes, including heart and house. In the beginning of the lesson, it is important to put art prints in front so that students can see them. Then, each student is given a different art shape, as they should be encouraged to explore the images in details. The shapes they are given serve as indicators of like and dislike regarding their own perception of the art prints. There should be a relevant discussion on the reasons behind students’ selection. Learning strategies are quite abstract considering the specificity of the lesson. Students may discuss certain cultural values as related to the process of perceiving and interpreting different art forms.
The second art lesson to be taught is intended for students of grade K-2 from the identified primary school. The topic of the lesson is presented as primary hands, implying the use of portfolio assessment as a major teaching strategy. It is expected that children can obtain a significant knowledge of the primary colours in the process of making primary colour handprints themselves. Practical materials needed for this lesson include markers, crayons, white drawing paper, scissors and glue. The introductory stage of the lesson is dominated by a discussion of the three primary colours, respectively red, yellow and blue. Students need to be taught to grasp this basic concept in art. When students are ready to follow the practical part of this lesson, the teacher provides them with a white drawing paper so they can trace their hands on the paper. Another step of the teaching strategy is to request the students to colour the printed hands in primary colours. Moreover, students need to glue their hands on the construction paper as well as cut out the handout. In this way, they learn an essential practical art skill of making different shapes and colours. The use of students’ portfolio assessment allows the teacher to focus on learners’ progress because it is monitored in a structured way-from beginning to end.
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Caston, E. (1980). The object of my affection: Commentary on museumness. Art Education,
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Backing Our Creativity Education and the Arts Research Policy and Practice. Victorian College of the Arts, Melbourne.
Dean, D. (1994). Museum exhibition: Theory and practice. London: Routledge.
Dinham, J. (2011). Delivering authentic arts education. South Melbourne: Cengage.
Falk, J. H. & Dierking, L. D. (2013). The museum experience revisited. Walnut Creek, CC: Left
Garvis, S. (2010). An investigation of beginning teacher self-efficacy for the arts in the middle
years of schooling (years 4-9). PhD Thesis. School of Music: University of Queensland.
Garvis, S. & Pendergast, D. (2010). Supporting novice teachers and the arts. International
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Hein, G. (1988). Learning in the museum. London: Routledge.
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teaching. School Science and Mathematics, 100, 374-379. | <urn:uuid:bbda9dbc-be18-4dc8-9b69-505baf2f464e> | CC-MAIN-2020-16 | https://awfulessays.com/creative-arts.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585371606067.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20200405150416-20200405180916-00474.warc.gz | en | 0.938678 | 2,448 | 3.65625 | 4 |
The fundamental ideas in John Dewey’s 1913 essay, Interest and Effort in Education, are as true today as they were when he published it more than a century ago. His key point was that interest can motivate students to undertake efforts that may not be immediately engaging, and once they are engaged, they will start to develop skills and knowledge, leading to intellectual growth and development. The importance of interest and motivation is reflected in A Framework for K–12 Science Education, which states that “Learning science depends not only on the accumulation of facts and concepts, but also on the development of an identity as a competent learner of science with motivation and interest to learn more” (NRC 2012, p. 286).
This emphasis on students’ attitudes and self-concept is certainly not a surprise to teachers. Both classroom teachers and afterschool and summer program facilitators know that engaging their students’ interest is essential for learning to occur. Yet, only cognitive learning is routinely assessed. One reason why it is uncommon to assess students’ attitudes is that they are not generally included in education standards. The Next Generation Science Standards acknowledge the importance of attitudinal goals (NGSS Lead States 2013), but did not include them as capabilities for assessment. Nonetheless, even though attitude changes are not valued in the same way as cognitive accomplishments, there are good reasons for assessing them. That is especially true in afterschool and summer programs, where getting kids interested in STEM (science, technology, engineering, and math) is often the primary goal; but it is also important in classrooms, so that teachers can find out what activities and teaching methods inspire their students.
Although it is common to “take the temperature” of the class by observing the level of activity in the room and listening to students’ conversations, assessing changes in each student’s interest, motivation, and identity as a STEM learner is uncommon. Observing student engagement alone does not pick up more subtle changes in attitudes, or differences between boys and girls, or the views of quieter students. The Common Instrument Suite for Students (CIS-S) was designed to do just that. Although it was initially developed for use outside of school, it is of equal value in the classroom.
The Common Instrument Suite for Students
One way to know what young people are thinking or feeling is to ask them using a self-report survey. There are many such instruments in the literature that use various formats and types of questions, usually designed to evaluate a particular program. As a way of helping program leaders and evaluators take advantage of the tools that have already been developed, The PEAR Institute: Partnerships in Education and Resilience, located at McLean Hospital, an affiliate of Harvard Medical School in Boston, Massachusetts, collected existing assessment instruments and made them available through a website: Assessment Tools in Informal Science (ATIS). Each of the 60 tools on the ATIS website have been vetted by professional researchers, briefly described, categorized, and posted so they are searchable by grade level, subject domain, assessment type, or custom criteria. In addition, links are provided to the papers where the actual instruments reside so it is easy to access the tools once a user of the website has chosen one that could be useful.
ATIS is a free service developed by The PEAR Institute with support from the Noyce Foundation. Although ATIS solved one problem—the need to develop new measurement instruments for every program evaluation—there was another problem that ATIS alone could not solve. At the time, the Noyce Foundation was providing millions of dollars in funding to several large youth organizations to infuse STEM into their camps and clubs. Each organization had its own evaluator, and each evaluator used a different tool to measure impact. As long as different instruments were being used to evaluate different programs, it was not possible to compare results and determine which programs and approaches were most effective at getting kids interested in STEM and helping them develop an identify as a STEM learner. Ron Ottinger, executive director of the Noyce Foundation (now called STEM Next) asked an important question: Why not bring together the directors and evaluators to see whether they could agree on the use of one of the instruments from the ATIS website?
In July 2010, we (Sneider and Noam) facilitated a two-day meeting of several grant directors and evaluators to examine the instruments on the ATIS website to see whether we could agree on one that would be used to measure the impact of each program. The participants agreed that they all wanted youth to develop positive attitudes toward engaging in STEM activities, but none of the existing instruments were acceptable. Most were too long or applied exclusively to specific programs. Eventually the group developed a new self-report survey for student engagement that was composed of 23 items. One of us (Noam and The PEAR Institute) tested and refined the instrument on behalf of the team, eliminating questions that did not contribute significantly to its reliability. The final result was the Common Instrument (CI), a brief but highly valid and reliable self-report survey—now only 14 items—that takes only five minutes to complete, but captures students’ degree of engagement by asking them to indicate their level of agreement or disagreement with a set of statements, such as “I like to participate in science projects” (Noam et al. 2011).
Over the next few years, practitioners, funders, and policy makers asked whether the CI could be extended to measure other dimensions of STEM attitudes, such as knowledge and interest in STEM careers, identification as someone who can “do” STEM, and voluntary participation in STEM-related activities. Other leaders asked whether the CI might also be expanded to include outcomes related to 21st-century/social-emotional skills such as critical thinking, perseverance, and relationships with peers and adults. New items were developed and tested to measure these additional dimensions. The result was the valid and reliable CIS-S. Evaluators can use just the questions from the CIS related to STEM engagement or include additional sets of questions to measure any of the other dimensions. All nine dimensions, with accompanying sample questions, are shown in Table 1. A survey that measures all nine dimensions has 57 items, which usually takes about 15 minutes for students to complete and can be used from fifth grade and up. The shorter, 14-item version is recommended for third grade and up. The complete instrument has also been tested for validity, reliability, and potential gender and multicultural bias (Noam et al., unpublished manuscript). Importantly, all scales of the CIS-S have national norms by age band and gender, so every child and every program can be compared to a representative sample. This makes the instrument truly common, so that there are markers with which one can assess local conditions without having to collect control group data. Each user benefits from all the data that were collected previously and contributes to the common data pool. The database now has more than 125,000 responses to the CI and CIS-S.
The Common Instrument Suite for Students (CIS-S)
Recently, the PEAR team created a survey for STEM facilitators and teachers in the afterschool space. This self-report survey, called the Common Instrument Suite for Educators (CIS-E), includes questions on
- the training and professional development that educators have received and desire to receive,
- their STEM identity and levels of interest and confidence in leading STEM activities,
- their perceptions of growth in their students’ STEM skills and confidence,
- their self-assessment of the quality of STEM activities that they present, and
- their interactions with colleagues.
The survey consists of about 55 questions and takes less than 15 minutes to complete.
To help the organizations that are using these instruments, PEAR developed a dynamic data collection and reporting platform, known as Data Central. The automated platform produces an online data dashboard that displays actionable results shortly after collection is complete. Evaluators and practitioners can use these results to improve their programs and share with funders. The data reporting system also enables program leaders to compare their programs with thousands of afterschool and summer programs nationwide.
Program quality and impact: A study across 11 states
Dimensions of Success (DoS) is an observation instrument described in a companion article in this issue, “Planning for Quality: A Research-Based Approach to Developing Strong STEM Programming.” The instrument guides observers in examining the quality of STEM instruction through 12 dimensions of good teaching practices—such as strong STEM content, purposeful activities, and reflection. These qualities are equally important in classrooms as they are in afterschool and summer programs. With a two-day training, program leaders and teachers can learn to use the instrument themselves, so they do not have to hire a professional evaluator. Research studies have shown that the instrument produces reliable results, as two people trained in the use of DoS obtain very similar results when independently rating a lesson (Shah et al. 2018).
DoS and the CIS-S and CIS-E instruments were used in a study of 1,599 children and youth in grades 4–12 enrolled in 160 programs across 11 states (Allen, Noam, and Little 2017; Allen et al., unpublished manuscript). Observers conducted 252 observations of program quality, and children and youth participating in the observed activities completed the CIS-S. Results show that high ratings of quality measured using the DoS instrument are strongly correlated with positive outcomes on the CIS-S, particularly with items related to positive attitudes about engagement in STEM activities, knowledge of STEM careers, and STEM identity.
- 78% of students who participated in high-quality programs said they are more engaged in STEM.
- 73% of students said they had a more positive STEM identity.
- 80% of students said their STEM career knowledge increased.
Not only did participation in high-quality STEM afterschool programs influence how students think about STEM, but more than 70% of students across all states also reported positive gains in 21st-century skills, including perseverance and critical thinking. And youth regularly attending STEM programming for four weeks or more reported significantly more positive attitudes for all instrument items than youth participating for less time. These findings provide strong support for the claim that high-quality STEM afterschool programs yield positive outcomes for youth.
Pre–post tests are not essential to measure changes in attitudes
Traditionally, self-report instruments such as the CIS-S are administered as pretests and posttests. That is, the youth in the program to be evaluated are given a list of statements such as “I get excited about science” before the program begins and then again, a month or two later, after the program is over. It is not unusual for there to be no change or even an apparent drop in interest or engagement, even when interviews show that the children enjoyed the program a great deal. One way to explain this result is that participants’ reference points change between the start and end of the program. Research studies have shown that a better way of measuring change in attitudes and beliefs is to administer a self-report survey only at the end of the program (using what is called a retrospective survey method) by asking participants to reflect on how the program affected their levels of interest, engagement, and identity (Little et al., Forthcoming). The retrospective method not only has the advantage of being more accurate when measuring change in attitudes and beliefs over time, but it also avoids asking children to fill out a questionnaire at the start of an afterschool or summer program, which may dampen their enthusiasm. It also removes the challenge of matching pretests and posttests and has the very practical effect of cutting the cost of data collection in half.
An especially important feature of the CIS-S is that it is eminently practical. The assessment process is very brief, it only needs to be administered once at the end of a program, and it can be used by children as young as third grade.
Providing this new set of tools has accomplished more than simply making program evaluation easier and less expensive. As illustrated by the 11-state study, when used in conjunction with the DoS observation tool, the CIS-S makes it possible to view the links between program quality and youth outcomes, and to determine which aspects of STEM programs are most influential in student growth. Given the importance of students’ interest, motivation, and self-confidence for acquiring knowledge and skills in all settings, the CIS-S can become as useful to classroom teachers as it has been to afterschool and summer STEM facilitators.
The authors gratefully acknowledge the Noyce Foundation (now STEM Next Opportunity Fund), as well as the Charles Stewart Mott Foundation and the National Science Foundation for their support in developing these assessment instruments. We also want to acknowledge Dr. Patricia Allen for her careful reading, critique, and intellectual support of this paper.
Dimensions of Success is based upon work supported by the National Science Foundation under Grant No. 1008591. Any opinions, findings, and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Science Foundation.
ReferencesClick here to expand the list of references
Allen, P.J., G.G. Noam, T.D. Little. 2017. Multi-state evaluation finds evidence that investment in afterschool STEM works. STEM Ready America. http://stemreadyamerica.org/multi-state-evaluation-finds-evidence-that-investment-in-afterschool-stem-works.
Allen, P.J., G.G. Noam, T.D. Little, E. Fukuda, R. Chang, B.K. Gorrall, and L. Waggenspack. Unpublished manuscript. From quality to outcomes: A national study of afterschool STEM programs. Science Education.
Dewey, J. 1913. Interest and effort in education. Cambridge, MA: Riverside Press. http://openlibrary.org/books/OL7104169M/Interest_and_effort_in_education.
Little, T.D., R. Chang, B. Gorrall, and E. Fukuda. Forthcoming. The retrospective pretest–posttest design redux: On its validity as an alternative to traditional pre–post measurement. International Journal of Behavioral Development.
National Research Council (NRC). 2012. A framework for K–12 science education: Practices, crosscutting concepts, and core ideas. Washington, DC: National Academies Press.
NGSS Lead States. 2013. Next Generation Science Standards: For states, by states. Washington, DC: National Academies Press. www.nextgenscience.org/next-generation-science-standards.
Noam, G.G., P.J. Allen, G. Sonnert, and P. Sadler. Unpublished manuscript. Validation of The Common Instrument: A brief measure for assessing science interest in children and youth. Belmont, MA: The PEAR Institute.
Noam, G.G., D. Robertson, A. Papazian, and M. Guhn. 2011. The Common Instrument Suite: Background and summary information about the assessment tool. Boston, MA: Program in Education, Afterschool, and Resiliency; Harvard University; and McLean Hospital. www.thepearinstitute.org/common-instrument-suite.
The PEAR Institute. 2017. A guide to PEAR’s STEM tools: Common Instrument Suite and dimensions of success. Boston, MA: Program in Education, Afterschool, and Resiliency; Harvard University; and McLean Hospital. www.thepearinstitute.org/stem.
The PEAR Institute. 2018. Assessment tools in informal science Boston, MA: Program in Education, Afterschool, and Resiliency; Harvard University; and McLean Hospital. http://pearweb.org/atis.
Shah, A.M., C. Wylie, D. Gitomer, and G.G. Noam. 2018. Improving STEM program quality in out-of-school-time: Tool development and validation. Science Education 102 (2): 238–59. https://doi.org/10.1002/sce.21327. | <urn:uuid:b80f891a-7070-4704-8ad3-d6ee31e178fe> | CC-MAIN-2020-16 | http://csl.nsta.org/2019/07/the-common-instrument-suite/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585371803248.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20200407152449-20200407182949-00074.warc.gz | en | 0.950186 | 3,367 | 4 | 4 |
Patching is the process of deploying software updates. Often, these updates are resolving critical security vulnerabilities that can potentially be exploited by attackers. For organizations, patching is a critical element of good cybersecurity practices – and ensuring that all devices are compliant is essential.
A growing number of cybersecurity regulations are creating standards for patch management, and enterprises from every industry are going to need better patch compliance.
What is patch compliance?
To put it simply, patch compliance refers to the number of devices on your network that are “compliant” – meaning that the machines have been successfully patched or otherwise remediated against new threats. Deploying patches does precious little if none of your devices are compliant, so keeping tabs on the success and reach of your patch deployment efforts is a critical step for a strong patch management strategy. Organizations of every size may be affected by an array of issues that can hinder their patching efforts, ranging from low endpoint visibility to the end of support for commonly used software and servers.
While there are many variables that can affect the success of patch deployment, there is also no shortage of solutions and steps organizations can take to ensure their patching efforts are working – and that all devices and systems are compliant.
Consider system software upgrades for patch compliance
There are lots of reasons why organizations choose to forego system software upgrades, even when the software they're using will no longer be supported or receive necessary security updates. According to cyber experts, there are many challenges organizations may face: Smaller companies may not have the resources for a full OS upgrade, while updates for large-scale enterprises require substantial research and planning ahead of time.
Another big concern for just about every organization is the potential for software upgrades to impact operational workflow. But experts agree that systems that go without being upgraded are a significant threat to an organization's cybersecurity. While the potential hit to operational workflow may seem like a huge sacrifice, it is going to be a minor inconvenience compared to the wreckage of a data breach or ransomware attack.
Recently, Microsoft ended support for Windows 7 and Server 2008 – which means Windows 7 and Server 2008 users will no longer receive necessary patches for critical cyber vulnerabilities. Even though Microsoft has been hounding users to upgrade their operating systems to Windows 10 for months, current estimates suggest that 20 percent of people using Microsoft are running Windows 7.
That means at least one out of every five Microsoft users is running unsupported software. Failure to upgrade comes with many risks. Unsupported software is not updated nearly as often, which means vulnerabilities are not getting remediated – leaving the door wide open for attackers. Scammers may even launch targeted phishing attacks, luring Windows 7 users into opening their malicious emails with “warnings” about their unsupported software.
Continued use of unsupported software doesn't just hinder your overall patch compliance; it can affect your compliance with GDPR, PCI and HIPAA requirements as well.
It's important to note that system software is not the only software that needs to be updated. Third party applications also need to be updated regularly. Applications like Java or Adobe can be home to significant cyber vulnerabilities, and if you're not updating your apps or using the latest version, these vulnerabilities can be exploited by attackers too. All software and applications need to be updated regularly in order to achieve compliance with new regulatory standards.
Patching and cybersecurity standards
If the devices on your organization's network aren't receiving necessary security updates, it can affect your compliance with critical cybersecurity standards and regulations. A number of government institutions and agencies have created sets of stringent cybersecurity standards to protect data and privacy. In the U.S., even different states may have different laws regarding how organizations must protect private or sensitive digital information. There are multiple prominent regulatory agencies that include some kind of patch compliance as part of their security standards.
For example, PCI, or the Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard, is a set of security regulations that dictate the technical and operational standards businesses must follow to ensure credit card information given by cardholders is properly protected. Businesses that store, process, or transmit credit card data are required to be PCI compliant.
And PCI requirement 6.1 dictates that organizations need to “deploy critical patches within a month of release” in order to maintain their compliance.
Similarly, the EU's General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR), also requires a rigorous patching protocol for its security standards to be met to secure data. And for healthcare organizations, there are HIPAA regulations, which also call for stringent patching practices.
Poor patch compliance on your network can substantially impede your regulatory compliance. If your devices aren't getting patched, then they're out of patch compliance – and your organization may be out of compliance with industry-specific cybersecurity standards. For example, if you're a healthcare provider, failure to patch could put you out of compliance with HIPAA.
But out-of-date system software isn't the only concern when it comes to keeping your network up to snuff on security updates. Deploying patches is only the beginning; ensuring every device receives them successfully is the next step.
What to know about endpoint visibility
Guaranteeing that every device on your network is successfully receiving patches for critical vulnerabilities is essential to achieving sufficient patching compliance. But limitations in endpoint visibility and lack of inventory can be a real hindrance to the process of ensuring all devices are compliant.
Experts agree that creating an inventory of everything on your network – including all devices and third party software – is a crucial element of cyber hygiene best practices. But it is also a critical step to achieving full visibility over endpoints.
With a complete inventory, organizations can keep track of and secure all their assets more easily. A living inventory of devices and applications that are kept up-to-date gives organizations valuable information for overall cybersecurity – after all, you can't secure it if you don't know you have it.
Achieving full endpoint visibility also necessitates the ability to “see” all your endpoints in real time. With modern patching platforms, users can see the endpoints on their network, no matter where they are located, as well as take action to remediate threats as needed. Full endpoint visibility gives users the ability to see what's happening on every device regardless of its location – so you can see what patches deployed successfully and what devices need more attention, in real time.
Endpoints represent a substantial portion of the network for many organizations. Ensuring that all endpoints are receiving necessary security updates in a timely manner is critical to overall patch compliance. By maintaining visibility over endpoints, you can ensure that every device is updated and kept in compliance.
Achieve compliance with automated patch management
Automated patch management makes the process of patch compliance more accessible for organizations of any size. Automated patching solutions like Automox make it possible for users to patch across all devices – regardless of operating system, location or third party application – from a single interface.
Automated patching helps organizations ensure that patches for critical vulnerabilities don't end up getting delayed or forgotten about entirely. Many regulations call for patches to deploy within a certain time frame – and automated patching solutions can help users ensure patches are getting deployed in a timely fashion. Manual patching protocols can make it difficult to adhere to the time restraints on patches set forth by regulations like PCI, but automated tools make the process of deploying patches and keeping records more streamlined.
Legacy patch management solutions and manual patching processes can make the process of record keeping overly complex – particularly if an organization is using multiple operating systems and third party applications. But with modern, automated solutions, users can compile data and keep accurate records of their patch compliance with relative ease. Instead of having to pull data from multiple systems, solutions like Automox allow users to do and see everything from a single dashboard.
Automated patching solutions improve patching confidence, give users full visibility over their entire network, and can also include detailed reporting – all of which is critical to patch compliance. And with automation, faster patch deployment is more accessible. Current estimates suggest that malicious actors can weaponize a known vulnerability in as little as seven days, and zero-day vulnerabilities are already being exploited in the wild at the time of disclosure. Meanwhile, estimates also suggest that it can take an average of up to 102 days for organizations to patch for critical vulnerabilities.
Time is of the essence when it comes to patching; that's why several cybersecurity regulatory guidelines contain stipulations concerning time to patch. Patching is good, but patching faster is better. With a cloud-native, automated patch management solution like Automox, users can remediate zero-day vulnerabilities within 24 hours and take action against other critical vulnerabilities within 72 hours. Time is a luxury of the past; today's cyber attackers are moving faster and growing more sophisticated at a record pace – and many organizations need to do more in order to keep up. With automated patching tools, IT professionals can do more in less time.
The importance of patch management compliance
Automated patch management tools are a great option for ensuring patch management compliance. While “patch compliance” refers to the number of devices that have successfully received security updates, “patch management compliance” refers to cybersecurity regulations and standards regarding patch management.
There are many agencies which require organizations to implement a routine patching process, complete with full documentation. As previously stated, regulatory standards like PCI and GDPR often have stipulations regarding patch timing and frequency. Patch management compliance casts a much wider net: In addition to regulations regarding time-to-patch and patch frequency, standards for visibility, reporting, and documentation are also being set.
In other words, keeping track of the patches you've deployed is no longer enough. Regulations are growing more thorough, prompting organizations to keep in-depth documentation of a variety of reports and assessments. These can include regular baseline assessments of your network and its devices, non-compliant device reports, patch status and compliance reports, vulnerability assessments, and much more.
Patch management compliance requires organizations to do more than just patch. In order to meet the standards of cybersecurity regulations, companies must have a documented patching protocol and conduct regular reports and analyses – as well as maintain an inventory of all assets and have visibility over those devices. While regulations may not explicitly state that things like full endpoint visibility are a must, being able to see your endpoints and monitor their patch status is crucial to overall patch compliance.
Keeping your devices patch compliant will help your organization achieve overall patch management compliance, no matter what industry standards or regulations you have to meet. Using an automated patch management solutions supports patch compliance across all devices, and can help organizations ensure they are compliant with the cybersecurity regulations relevant to their industry.
About Automox Automated Patch Management
Facing growing threats and a rapidly expanding attack surface, understaffed and alert-fatigued organizations need more efficient ways to eliminate their exposure to vulnerabilities. Automox is a modern cyber hygiene platform that closes the aperture of attack by more than 80% with just half the effort of traditional solutions.
Cloud-native and globally available, Automox enforces OS & third-party patch management, security configurations, and custom scripting across Windows, macOS, and Linux from a single intuitive console. IT and SecOps can quickly gain control and share visibility of on-prem, remote and virtual endpoints without the need to deploy costly infrastructure.
Experience modern, cloud-native patch management today with a 15-day free trial of Automox and start recapturing more than half the time you're currently spending on managing your attack surface. Automox dramatically reduces corporate risk while raising operational efficiency to deliver best-in-class security outcomes, faster and with fewer resources. | <urn:uuid:a40510ec-f3b2-4a39-8039-9074919bab8c> | CC-MAIN-2020-16 | https://blog.automox.com/patch-compliance | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585370506988.10/warc/CC-MAIN-20200402143006-20200402173006-00353.warc.gz | en | 0.946543 | 2,389 | 2.515625 | 3 |
Drug Addiction and the Enabler
It is not uncommon in most cases of addiction in Lehman that the individual's habit is influenced entirely or in part by somebody in their immediate environment. An enabler is either a knowing or unaware participant in the individuals struggle with drug addiction, and is someone who makes their addiction possible or easier to prolong. The act of enabling is typically carried out out of "concern" or "worry", but is more harmful than good in the end. A good example of an enabler is a family member or partner who gives a drug addicted individual any kind of financing, housing, and may even help the person to get their drugs in some way. The logic behind this is often that the enabling is helping the person to be in a safe and secure situation, rather than being on the streets or in harmful situations.
Enablers are typically the crucial component in an addicted persons life which makes addiction possible. Reversely, enablers can also be the key to helping someone get off of drugs by discontinuing the enabling behaviors. As soon as the enabling has been stopped, drug addicted individuals will often realize that it is no longer possible to continue their habit and will reach a crisis point. This is why an enabler must recognize the situation immediately and instead of prolonging the individual's addiction, get them into an effective drug rehabilitation program in Lehman. Only then will both the enabler and the drug addict be able to go on with their lives in a much healthier and sane manner.
What is Drug Rehab?
Drug rehab in Lehman is sometimes an addicts only solution to ever recover from addiction, because all other attempts at quitting have failed. If they don't choose to seek treatment at a Lehman drug rehabilitation facility, the alternatives often include intense suffering not only for oneself but for one's friends and family. This can also consist of legal problems and a general deterioration of one's life in general.
What should be realized is that addiction is a complicated condition that requires treatment. A quality rehabilitation program offers the intensive treatment needed which handles all areas of the addicted person's life so that they can see clearly and respond to situations in their lives analytically. For example, if there was abuse in one's childhood or from one's partner, this could easily predispose someone to drug addiction. Social inequities commonly result in substance abuse, so that individuals can "get the edge off" and feel more comfortable and accepted in social settings. Drug rehab helps resolve these types of issues, which are the real reasons the individual began using drugs in the first place. Once these issues have been handled through drug rehab, the person will be able to make it through life without using drugs as a crutch.
How Much Does a Drug Rehab Cost?
It can be difficult enough to get someone to want help and agree to enter a drug treatment program in Lehman. Finding the money to pay for drug treatment can often be a challenge, but one that can be overcome if one considers the many possibilities available in Lehman. Depending on which drug rehabilitation option is chosen, the cost of drug rehabilitation can vary considerably from program to program. Some outpatient and short term drug treatment programscenters]]] for example may be state or federally funded and may even be free of charge. These types of programs are also commonly the least effective however, a fact which should be considered over cost.
More long term drug rehab centers in Lehman which have proven to be the most effective are residential and inpatient drug treatment centers which require a stay of at least 90 days. These types of drug rehab programs are typically more costly due to the fact that these facilities are private drug rehab programs and provide their clients with all food and shelter for the duration of their stay. These programs typically cost anywhere from $4000 to $20,000, depending on the length of stay and the amenities offered.
Drug Treatment and Detox for Withdrawal Symptoms
One of the reasons drug addicted individuals find it difficult to stop using drugs once they start using them, is because of physical and psychological dependency that inevitably develops when the person uses them long enough. It no longer becomes a matter of "willpower" because their bodies and minds will actually punish them both physically and mentally if they stop using drugs. This is called drug withdrawal, and is a major roadblock for individuals who wish to stop using drugs. Addicts will become extremely ill during withdrawal and can even die in in some cases, because seizures and strokes can occur with certain drugs and with alcohol. Depression is a very typical withdrawal symptom, which can become so severe that the person may commit suicide.
To reduce certain withdrawal symptoms and to make detox a safer process, it is suggested that drug addicted individuals who wish to quit do so in a suitable environment such as a drug rehab facility. Drug treatment facilities in Lehman can not only medically monitor the person through the detoxification process and help alleviate and reduce withdrawal symptoms, but also ensure that the individual doesn't relapse back into drug use. After detoxification has been completed, addiction professionals in Lehman will then ensure that all underlying psychological and emotional issues tied to the individual's addiction are addressed so that they stay off of drugs once they leave the drug rehabilitation facility.
Do I Need a Drug Rehab Center
Individuals in Lehman can get captured in the routine of addiction so quickly, that before they know it their addiction has spun out of control and they can no longer control their behavior or choices relating to their drug use. One day a person may be using drugs "socially" and within just a brief amount of time, almost nothing else seems to be important. This is because drugs induce both bodily and psychological dependence that causes men and women to make drugs a lot more important than anything else in their lives.
Although this can be difficult to comprehend for most who don't have a problem with drugs, individuals that are "good" people can quickly get caught up in the cycle of addiction; a cycle that can hardly ever be stopped without correct treatment at a drug rehab program in Lehman. At a drug rehab program, individuals will be able to first detox safely and control withdrawal symptoms with the aid of specialists and medical staff. More importantly, they will be able to handle points which brought on their drug use such as all psychological and emotional issues. Layer by layer these concerns can be resolved, so that there is no probability the person will fall prey to drug abuse once again in the future.
Drug Addiction and Codependency
Drug addiction and codependency go together, and many family members and loved one's of addicts in Lehman find themselves enthralled in an addicted individual's addiction. This can go so far that it reaches the level where the codependency is an addiction in itself. Addiction sometimes leads to both the drug addicted person and those closest to them to develop these unhealthy codependent relationships, which can lead to great emotional pain and ultimately ruin these relationships completely. Codependency can be tricky to recover from, especially when those affected forget how to perform normally in the relationship and become fully absorbed in drug addiction and its consequences.
The only way to quit and recover from drug addiction and codependency is to seek treatment at a drug rehab facility. Many times, it is not only essential for the person who is actually using drugs to find treatment, but also for the men and women in their lives who have become codependent to seek out treatment as well. There are many drug rehab programs in Lehman which not only handle drug addiction but unhealthy codependency, which can help repair these relationships and prepare friends and family for a far more healthy relationship once treatment is finished.
What are Different Drug Rehab Options?
For individuals who are addicted to drugs, trying to beat the habit on one's own can be a losing battle. Usually the only true solution is professional drug treatment at a drug rehab facility in Lehman. Because there are many things to be considered when selecting an effective drug rehab center, it is helpful to know what different drug rehab options are available in Lehman and which one will prove most effective in each particular situation.
Many drug rehabilitation centers in Lehman are based on the belief that addiction is a disease. While this type of drug rehab option may be effective for some, there are drug rehab options which effectively treat and entirely resolve addiction during the course of rehabilitation so that drug addiction never plagues the person again. In effect, these drug rehab options have proven time and time again that in fact addiction is not a disease but a condition that is 100% treatable and curable.
Most drug rehab options that treat addiction in this way are in-patient and residential drug treatment programs which provide different types of counseling, behavioral therapy and drug education over an extended period of time, typically 90 days or more. Treatment is delivered until the recovering addict is able to leave treatment knowing that they will never feel the need to use drugs again and can make the fresh start they deserve.
Drug Intervention and Drug Treatment Programs
Drug intervention and drug rehab in Lehman are invaluable tools that can help families and loved ones of drug addicted individuals. Addiction can take over a person's will, mind and body to the point where they cannot help themselves, and this often reaches a point of crisis where they will need an intervention from those who love and care about them. In Lehman, drug treatment programs work with professional interventionists who can help organize and supervise drug interventions so that the addicted individual can finally find his way to recovery.
Most drug interventions can be orchestrated and held within a matter of days or even hours as needed, and professional interventionists are trained and knowledgeable in dealing with even the toughest cases to get individuals into drug treatment. The alternatives are grim, and most individuals who don't receive such an intervention will lose their lives to addiction. Once the person is confronted by means of a drug intervention, they will understand how much love and concern their families and loved ones have for them and what they stand to lose if they don't get help. Once the addicted individual can see solutions rather than addiction problems, they will more often than not accept treatment help and start their path to recovery.
Do I Need a Lehman Drug Rehabilitation Program?
Sometimes it is difficult to know if a person in Lehman is in need of a Drug Rehab Program. Since most drug addictions start with casual or social use, it is often hard to tell when a particular person has crossed over into full blown addiction.
With drug addiction, some common symptoms and behaviors exist that can help loved ones to decide if an individual is in need of a Drug Treatment Program in Lehman, Pennsylvania.
Behaviors and Signs of Drug Addiction:
If you or someone you care about in Lehman, PA. exhibits one or more of the above signs and symptoms of drug addiction, there is a need for Drug Rehab in Lehman. Usually people in Lehman who are caught in the grips of addiction feel hopeless. But, there is hope for addicts- hope through drug rehabilitation. An effective Drug Treatment Program can help an individual to recover from addiction and allow them to take back control of their lives.
20 local and nearby drug treatment listings in Lehman, Pennsylvania: | <urn:uuid:38a637e7-b18c-404d-a8f6-ac4c83e2ebae> | CC-MAIN-2020-16 | https://www.drug-overdose.com/Lehman-PA-local_and_nearby_treatment_listing_directory.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585370508367.57/warc/CC-MAIN-20200402204908-20200402234908-00233.warc.gz | en | 0.961548 | 2,277 | 2.515625 | 3 |
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