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Participating in iSchool Research Your entire education has involved learning knowledge and skills that researchers have already discovered or invented. Take, for example, the CSE 142 programming language class or our INFO 200 Intellectual Foundations of Information courses. Every part of these courses is knowledge that has been carefully investigated by researchers for decades. You're learning the answers to questions that researchers like those at UW posed long ago and spent decades investigating. In contrast, research concerns questions for which we have no answers. For example, one unanswered research question we investigate in the Information School is “how can we stop fake news from spreading?” We don't know. There are lots of ideas, but most of them don't really work. Because we don't know the answer, trying to find an answer is research. If we were to ever find an answer, that would be a major discovery, and it would no longer be research. Instead, we'd start teaching the answer in INFO 200. The University of Washington is one of the most research-active institutions of higher education in the world. Its tenure-track professors, and many of its teaching-track faculty, are pushing the boundaries of knowledge every day. The Information School is part of this rich landscape, fueled by faculty, research staff, and doctoral students. We are leading the discovery of what information is and its role in the world, but also defining its role through new information technologies and experiences. Examples include inventing apps that get kids to spend more time outside, modeling how rumors spread online, and inventing new touchscreen gestures. Undergraduates can participate in this discovery. Maybe you're curious about careers in research and want to gain experience before deciding whether to pursue a Ph.D. Maybe you're just interested in supporting research before you enter the workforce. Both are reasonable ways to participate in research. The university has many resources to support undergraduates in research: - How to find research opportunities at UW. - How to get undergraduate research funding. - How to complete the required training to do research with human participants. Below are several iSchool-specific frequently asked questions to help you get started. What does the iSchool research? The iSchool does research on a broad range of topics: - Identifying, analyzing, visualizing and securing data for critical business decisions - Understanding, supporting and enhancing the interactions of youth with digital information and technology - Devising new ways to leverage an organization’s information assets to succeed in strategic goals - Promoting digital inclusion and empowering people through training and access to digital information - Investigating how to promote ethical work-life balance in the information age - Making information easier to search, browse, and understand - How to make information technology easier to access, learn, and use The best way to find out what our faculty are researching is to review the iSchool research areas page or browse the faculty profiles. Most of our faculty keep our pages up to date with our latest research. What is it like to do research? Because research is about finding answers where there are none, it can feel like stumbling around in a dark room, using your hands to search for a light. Guided by your knowledge of the room and your sense of touch, you're not entirely lost, but to find the switch, you need to wander, grasp at objects and surfaces, and navigate your way to the light. You might bump your head on the way. You might end up back where you started. Because researchers pose questions and go where the answers take them, research can involve a surprising diversity of activities. Someone investigating how people use online forums to explore their identity, for example, might find themselves reading and analyzing thousands of online communities. Someone testing ways of helping youth battle their addictions to YouTube might conduct dozens of highly sensitive interviews with adolescents and their parents. Someone inventing a new meme search algorithm might spend a year fine-tuning machine vision algorithms to index the visual content of internet memes. As a researcher, you can't control what skills are necessary to find an answer. Because research can take you unexpected places, researchers must constantly learn new skills, consult experts, return from dead ends, and sometimes give up. It requires immense resourcefulness and curiosity. Moreover, because research is about discovering truth and inventing new possibilities, researchers must also be patient: the impact of research may not come for decades, and you might not get credit for it. Researchers work for humanity on the scale of decades and centuries, not for the next fiscal quarter. Is research a good way to get skills for technology jobs? Many research skills are valuable for any career. Dealing with uncertainty, persisting after repeated failure, being objective, and clearly communicating discovery are critical to most professions. Research can also be directly valuable to technology careers. For example, if you want to be a software engineer, and you find a research project that requires engineering software in a team, the project could be a reasonable way to practice software development. If you want to be a UX designer, and you find a research project that requires some UX design, it could be a good way to get some portfolio content. If you want to be a UX researcher or data scientist, research can be excellent practice, since both roles use methods from academic research to answer questions for companies. The benefit of practicing these skills in research is that you can do them on a small team where your contributions are really central to progress. Research is not a good way to learn how to be productive in a large technology organization that is profit-focused rather than knowledge-focused. To learn how to be productive in a for-profit venture, get an internship where you work on a large team inside a software company. Can I be compensated for helping with faculty research? There are multiple ways to engage in research: - You can volunteer, unpaid. Most faculty are looking for more of a commitment than this, but some may be willing to take whatever time you can offer. - You can do an INFO 499 independent study for credit. - Faculty may hire you for an hourly position. - Faculty may have grants that pay you a stipend to support you while you do research. For example, faculty can request Research Experience for Undergraduate grants from the National Science Foundation, and fund U.S. citizens and permanent residents to do full-time research in the summer. The NSF also funds many REU Sites, which recruit many undergraduates to do research together over a summer. If you're an Informatics major, you can do a research Capstone instead of a regular Capstone. It involves as much effort as our 8-credit Capstone, but may be concentrated as full-time work over a summer, or stretched across a whole academic year. Think about whether you need or want compensation before you engage faculty about research. How do I find faculty to do research with? Faculty are often looking for smart, dedicated, creative undergraduates to support their research projects. Sometimes, you will want to work with someone you took a class with, which is a great entry point. Some faculty will even announce in class if they are looking for undergraduate research support. To find opportunities in the school yourself, begin by becoming familiar with the iSchool research areas and learn which faculty specialize in each area. Most faculty will have some description of their research interests, and many have considerable detail about recent research papers and current projects on their faculty profile. Read about those projects and read recent research. If you have similar interests, craft an email to the faculty member with the following information: - Express your interest in doing research with them - Note what you're specifically interested in doing research about - Share any skills you have that might be useful - Share why you want to do research The iSchool also arranges an annual undergraduate research recruiting night, where iSchool faculty and doctoral students seeking to recruit researchers can network with students interested in helping. We hold this at the beginning of winter quarter, in anticipation of recruiting for summer research positions and supporting research Capstones prior to the year of graduation. It's important to note that not all faculty will be available to work with undergraduates. The only way to know is to ask a faculty member if they're willing to advise you and if they have projects with work to be done. There are also countless research opportunities elsewhere on campus and at other universities. If you’re an Informatics major, watch the Informatics mailing list for opportunities elsewhere in the world. These usually occur in summer. When should I do research? There’s no right time; some students find opportunities as freshman, others just before graduation. This is especially true if you’re primarily interested in supporting research before joining the workforce. That said, research does require skills. You may need to take a few classes before a particular faculty member is ready to work with you. INFO 300 Research Methods in Informatics is a good place to start. INFO 360 Design Methods covers methods often used in HCI research. INFO 370 Introduction to Data Science covers methods typically used in research with large data sets. All of these courses are an excellent introduction to research basics. If you think you might want to get a Ph.D., the earlier you do research as an undergraduate, the better. Strong applicants to doctoral programs often have experience with research and multiple letters of recommendation from faculty, including at least one letter from someone who supervised you on research. The earlier you start, the more likely you'll be able to get good letters and have some record of research experience. Should I go to graduate school? There are many different types of graduate school, so it depends on what you want to do: - Some graduate programs are professional master’s degrees. These include degrees like our Master of Information Management, our Master of Library and Information Science, our Master of Human-Computer Interaction and Design, and our Master of Data Science. These programs are not good for getting research experience, as they focus on training you for professions in industry. - Some graduate programs are academic master’s degrees. They often involve coursework and a master’s thesis, which will usually be research. These can be good programs to get some research experience sufficient for applying to a Ph.D. program if you don’t already have research experience. One example of this is the Master of Human-Centered Design and Engineering, offered by our friends in the Department of Human-Centered Design and Engineering. - Doctoral programs are where you learn to do research. Unlike the graduate programs above, they have minimal coursework and mostly involve working closely with faculty and other doctoral students to answer research questions, culminating in a dissertation. Why get a doctorate instead of a master’s degree? There are many things you can do with a Ph.D. other than become a professor.

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Mya arenaria Linnaeus, 1758 SOFT-SHELL CLAM, EASTERN SOFT-SHELL CLAM, LONG-NECKED CLAM, STEAMER CLAM, SAND GAPER - Kingdom: Animalia - Phylum: Mollusca - Class: Bivalvia - Subclass: Heterodonta - Order: Myoida - Superfamily: Myoidea - Family: Myidae Mya arenaria has a chalky white, oval shell which is rounded at the head end and slightly pointed at the hind end. It can reach up to 15 cm in length. Young clams have a thin gray, yellow or brown tissue covering the shell, which is worn away in older clams except around the shell margins. In some areas the shells are reported to be blue-white or brownish-white rather than chalky white, and the mud the clam lives in can stain the shell rusty or black. The shell surface is roughly sculpted along uneven, concentric growth lines, and the umbo—the hump at the center of growth—is located at the middle of the hinged edge of the shell. When closed, the shells gape slightly at both the head and hind ends. The two halves of a clam shell are called valves, and in Mya arenaria the two valves are conspicuously different. On the interior of the left valve at the hinge there is a large, shelf-like, scooped-out projection, while the right valve has a pit or depression in the corresponding position on the inside of the valve. This projecting shelf distinguishes Mya arenaria from all other Pacific Coast clams except a few closely related ones discussed below. Water passes in and out of a clam through two tubes, called siphons, that protrude from the hind end of the shell. In Mya arenaria these siphons are tan or brown and are fused together into a single, thick "neck" that is oval in cross-section. When withdrawn into the shell the siphons sit in a kind of pouch formed by an infolding of the clam's outermost tissue. A curving line on the interior of the shell, called the pallial line, shows where this tissue attached to the shell; an indentation in the pallial line, which reaches to the middle of the shell in Mya arenaria, traces the outline of the pouch. Mya arenaria lives buried up to 30 cm below the surface in sand, mud and clays, often in mixtures with coarse gravel, When disturbed, it quickly withdraws its siphon into its burrow, emitting a jet of water. It is mainly found in the upper intertidal zone in bays and estuaries, but also occurs in the low intertidal and shallow subtidal zones, and on occasion is reported from deeper water. Adults can tolerate salinities down to 5 ppt, and temperatures from -2° to 28° C and can survive in an oxygen-free environment for up to 8 days. Mya arenaria spawns once or twice a year in the spring or summer, at temperatures of 10-15° C. A female may release up to a million or more planktonic eggs in a single spawning. After about 12 hours, the eggs hatch out larvae that typically spend 2-3 weeks, rarely up to 6 weeks, drifting in the plankton before settling to the bottom as tiny clams about 0.2 mm long. The newly settled clams then spend 2-5 weeks crawling and floating about, and sometimes attaching to stones or other objects, before burrowing into the sediment. Young clams can burrow back in if disturbed, but older clams, whose foot is much smaller relative to the size of the clam, cannot. Mya arenaria reaches maturity at 1-4 years and a length of 2-5 cm. It normally lives up to 10-12 years, with the maximum reported lifespan being 28 years. Mya arenaria feeds on microscopic plankton (flagellates, diatoms and bacteria) and organic detritus that it filters out of the water. A large adult calm can filter over 50 liters of water a day. Mya arenaria's predators include snails, crabs, rays, sharks, flounder, sculpin, ducks, cormorants, gulls, shorebirds, sea otter and raccoons; while jellyfish, comb jellies and fish feed on the larvae. Five species of small commensal crabs native to the Pacific Coast have been found living inside Mya arenaria. In San Francisco Bay, Mya arenaria has often been found at densities over 100, and sometimes over 1,000, clams per square meter. Several 19th century workers reported that it replaced populations of the native bent-nosed clam (Macoma nasuta) in San Francisco Bay, at least in regularly harvested clam beds. Three other species in the family Myidae have a projecting shelf at the hinge area on the interior of the left valve. Platyodon cancellatus ranges from the Queen Charlotte Islands in British Columbia to Baja California, boring into hard clay and soft stone. It grows to 7.5 cm in length, and its surface is sculpted with regular, fine concentric lines rather than the irregular, rough sculpturing of Mya arenaria. It is squared off rather than pointed at the hind end, which is covered with dark tissue. The siphons have two pairs of pointed plates near their tips, which are not present in Mya arenaria. Cryptomya californica ranges from Alaska to Peru. It has a smooth white shell, reaches 4 cm in length, and has very short siphons. It manages to live up to 50 cm under the sediment surface by sticking its siphons into the burrows of mud or ghost shrimp or the innkeeper worm, Urechis caupo. There is a very shallow indentation in the hind part of the pallial line, while in Mya arenaria the indentation is deep, reaching to the middle of the shell. Mya truncata is found in Puget Sound and northward, and also on the east coast of North America from the Arctic to Cape Cod in Massachusetts. It grows to 7.5 cm in length and, like Platyodon cancellatus, is squared off rather than pointed at the hind end. Its shell is covered with a brown, papery tissue that often extends beyond the shell. In eastern North America from Labrador to Cape Hatteras in North Carolina, in Alaska north of the Aleutian Peninsula, and in Korea, the Kurile Islands & northern Japan. On the North American Pacific coast, it has been found in Miocene and Pliocene deposits, but not in Pleistocene deposits or in aboriginal shell middens south of the Bering Sea, nor was it reported by any of the numerous collectors on the coast prior to 1874. Apparently it was extinct on this coast south of the Bering Sea by the Pleistocene. Introduction and Distribution on the Pacific Coast [with dates of first - Alaska: Kodiak Island [reported in 1969], Kenai Peninsula [collected in 1999], Prince William Sound [collected in 1964], Chatham Strait and Lynn Canal [collected in 1963-64], Ketchikan [collected in 1946] - British Columbia: Queen Charlotte Islands [collected in 1939], Prince Rupert Harbour [collected in 1955], Clayoquot Sound [reported in 1893], Barkley Sound [reported in 1966], Comox [reported in 1893], Departure Bay [collected in 1888], Mayne Island [reported in 1945], Victoria [collected in 1890] - Washington: Puget Sound [clams from Willapa Bay planted at Tacoma in 1888 or 1889], Grays Harbor [reported in 1905], Willapa Bay [planted from San Francisco Bay in 1884] - Oregon: Columbia River Estuary[collected in 1945], Nehalem Bay [collected in 1948], Tillamook Bay [collected in 1917], Netarts Bay [reported in 1954], Nestucca Bay [collected in 1917], Salmon River [reported in 1954], Siletz Bay [collected in 1917], Yaquina Bay [collected in 1917], Alsea Bay [reported in 1954], Siuslaw River [planted from Coos Bay in the 1880s], Umqua River [collected in 1943], Coos Bay [reported in 1897, possibly planted from San Francisco Bay in the 1880s] , Coquille River [collected in 1943] - California: Smith River [reported in 1977], Lake Earl [collected in 1919], Stone Lagoon [collected in 1919], Big Lagoon [collected in 1919], Humboldt Bay [reported in 1917], Eel River [collected in 1919], Ten Mile River [collected in 1919], Big River [collected in 1919], Navarro River [collected in 1919], Bodega Harbor [collected in 1916], Estero Americano [collected in 1919], Estero de San Antonio [reported in 1941], Tomales Bay [observed in 1910], Abbotts Lagoon [collected in 1919], Drakes Estero [collected in 1919], Bolinas Lagoon [collected in 1922], San Francisco Bay [collected in 1874] Mya arenaria was first collected on the Pacific Coast in San Francisco Bay in 1874, having been accidentally introduced in shipments of Atlantic oysters (Crassostrea virginica) that began in 1869. By the 1880s it was the most common clam sold in San Francisco Bay area markets (Stearns 1881), replacing the native rock cockle (Protothaca staminea) and bent-nosed clam (Macoma nasuta) in the marketplace, and by 1919 it was the only local clam sold. Public and private clam beds ranging in size from a few acres to hundreds of acres were established from Martinez and the Napa River to the South Bay, and fenced to keep out predatory bat rays and flounder. Mya arenaria was also transplanted to other Pacific Coast sites, undoubtedly with many unreported plantings. For example, Stearns (1881) asserted that "it would be a wise, public spirited act if the captains of our coasting vessels would take the trouble and incur the slight expense attending the planting of this clam at such points as their vessels touch at in the ordinary course of business." Spread to some sites may also have occurred accidentally through transplantings of oysters along the coast or with fresh introductions of oysters from the Atlantic. It is possible though less likely that Mya arenaria's appearance in some locations resulted from deliberate introductions from the Atlantic, as some authors have claimed was attempted or occurred, or from the transport of small clams in ship fouling. In Puget Sound, Mya arenaria has been collected at numerous sites from near the Canadian border to the southernmost end of the South Sound, and in the San Juan Islands [reported in 1910]. The commercial harvest was about 180 tons in Washington in 1985 and over 30 tons in Oregon in 1980. The commercial harvest in San Francisco Bay declined from 500-900 tons per year in 1889-1899, to generally above 100 tons per year in 1916-1926, to nothing after 1948, possibly due to over-harvesting, habitat loss, pollution or a decline in the market due to an increasing harvest of the Manila clam (Venerupis philippinarum). In recent decades, Mya arenaria has been found throughout San Francisco Bay from as far upstream as Collinsville and Sherman Lake to the south end of the South Bay, and as near to the mouth of the Bay as Pier 39 and Sausalito . There is a small amount of sport harvesting for food and bait. In addition to the sites listed above, there are several locations where Mya arenaria failed to establish. Mya arenaria reported in Elkhorn Slough by 1916 are apparently no longer present (Wasson et al. 2001), and a bed reported in the Russian River had disappeared by 1920.Mya arenaria from San Francisco Bay were planted in Santa Cruz prior to 1881 and in Morro Bay in 1915, but did not become established in either site. Additional Global Distribution [with dates of first record] Iceland, Norway, Sweden, Baltic Sea, Denmark, Faeroe Islands, Ireland, England, Atlantic France, Spain, Mediterranean France [reported in 1976], western Sicily, northern Adriatic Sea and the Black Sea [by 1969]. A few specimens have also been reported from the Saronikos Gulf in Greece. Other names that have been used in the scientific literature Literature Sources and Additional Information Abraham, B.J. and P.L. Dillon. 1986. Species Profiles: Life Histories and Environmental Requirements of Coastal Fishes and Invertebrates (Mid-Atlantic)—Softshell Clam. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Washington DC (Biological Report 82(11.68)); and U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Vicksburg, MS (TR EL-82-4). Carlton, J.T. 1979. History, Biogeography, and Ecology of the Introduced Marine and Estuarine Invertebrates of the Pacific Coast of North America. Ph.D. thesis, University of California, Davis, CA (pp. 518-543). Coan, E.V., P. Valentich-Scott, F.R. Bernard and P.S. Sadeghian. 2000. Bivalve Seashells of Western North America. Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History Monographs, Santa Barbara, CA. Cohen, A.N. and J.T. Carlton. 1995. Nonindigenous Aquatic Species in a United States Estuary: A Case Study of the Biological Invasions of the San Francisco Bay and Delta. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Washington, DC (p. 65-66). Emmett, R.L., S.A Hinton, S.L. Stone and M.E. Monaco. 1991. Distribution and Abundance of Fishes and Invertebrates in West Coast Estuaries. Volume II: Species Life History Summaries. ELMR Report No. 8, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration/National Ocean Service, Rockville, MD (pp. 50-54). Morris, R.H., D.P. Abbott and E.C. Haderlie. 1980. Intertidal Invertebrates of California. Stanford University Press, Stanford, CA (p. 387). Newell, C.R. and H. Hidu. 1986. Species Profiles: Life Histories and Environmental Requirements of Coastal Fishes and Invertebrates (North Atlantic)—Softshell Clam. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Washington DC (Biological Report 82(11.53)); and U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Vicksburg, MS (TR EL-82-4). http://www.nwrc.usgs.gov/wdb/pub/0168.pdf Stearns, R.E.C. 1881. Mya arenaria in San Francisco Bay. American Naturalist 15: 142-146. Wasson, K., C.J. Zabin, L. Bedinger, M.C. Diaz and J.S. Pearse. 2001. Biological invasions of estuaries without international shipping: the importance of intraregional transport. Biological Conservation 102: 143-153. CIESM - Atlas of Exotic Species in the Mediterranean Marine Life Information Network for Britain & Ireland (MarLIN) Rosario Beach Marine Laboratory: Invertebrates of the Salish Sea

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SQL Server Reporting Services Range Charts By: Scott Murray | Updated: 2015-04-07 | Comments (12) | Related: > Reporting Services Charts What exactly is a SQL Server Reporting Services Range Chart and how do I implement a range chart? A range chart is a powerful way to show two discrete values related to a single category point while at the same time showing the variance between those two values. Some data sources are well suited to showing how data values vary within a single category value. A continuous range such as a date often makes up the category; of course, several data sources come to mind when think about potential uses of range charts. One example of its use would be a chart to display the high and low temperature for a given data range; furthermore, you could add a series for locations or zip codes to such a chart. Other uses of range charts include 1) showing the daily range of stock market prices over the course of day, month, or year 2) show the high (peak) and low CPU or memory usage of a server over an hour, day, month, or year 3) showing a river's or reservoir's high and low levels over the course of a day, week, month, or year. Finally, one of the neat uses for a range chart is to display a Gantt chart. We will use the Adventure Works databases as the basis for our SSRS report examples. The 2014 versions of the regular and data warehouse databases are available on Codeplex at https://msftdbprodsamples.codeplex.com/releases/view/125550. Once you download and install the SQL Server databases, we will subsequently use SQL Server Data Tools for Business Intelligence (SSDT-BI) for Visual Studio 2013 to develop reports. You can download SSDT-BI from: http://www.microsoft.com/en-us/download/details.aspx?id=42313. Utilizing SSRS Range Charts When you design a range chart you need to be aware of a few caveats. First, if there are problems with your data in that your high value is lower than your low value, SSRS will still plot the range in its flipped form. Secondly, if you only include one value in the data set, only a single line will be shown; basically it becomes a line chart. Finally, although data markers can be turned on, they do not display correctly. You have four choices for range chart types: 1) range chart 2) column range chart 3) bar range chart 4) smooth range chart. Let us get started with an example; we will use the high and low temperatures for two cities in the US, Westerville, OH and Kennesaw, GA. A snippet of the dataset is displayed below. Next, we will drag the chart object onto the report design grid as noted next. For this example, we will develop a regular range chart as shown in the second screen print. Once the Range Chart has been added, we need to add three data point items, like most charts. First, we will add the data values to appear on the chart. Second, we will select a category, and third, select a series data item (this item is optional). In step 1, we add the high value first as shown in the first screen print below. You will notice after adding the high value that a second value line item shows up with a designation of Low. This setup can be confusing as some may assume the low value was also selected. However, you actually need to select the low value to be included in the range, LowTemp for our example. Finally, we add the category of Date and the select Location for the series. To finish our chart, we add / adjust the following items as shown in the below screen print: - Add a Chart Title - Add Axis Title for Temperature - Format the Horizontal Axis to display the dates appropriately. We also adjust the interval to 1in order to show all dates within our dataset. - We move the series legend to the bottom of the chart - Finally, the chart size is increased to allow for a good view of the chart. The final result of our range chart is displayed next. In the above screen print it is easy to see why the range chart is a good way to see extremes. Two items should be noted. First, as noted with #1 in the above screen print, the January 10th high and low values for Kennesaw, GA are inverted ( the high is lower than then low), but SSRS still displays the values with what I call a squeeze effect (like a hard candy wrapper). Notice how the range goes to zero on either side of the January 10th values. Second, when using multiple series, it is possible, as shown in #2 above, to have one range "cover over" a second range. A good alternative, shown below, is to convert this particular chart to a column chart; another alternative would be a bar chart, as illustrated in the second screen print below, although it is a bit busy. Gantt Chart... too! Following a similar pattern to the bar range chart, we could actually create a Gantt chart using a bar range chart. Using a simple table with project and task info, as displayed below, we can demonstrate one way to make a Gantt Chart. The below SQL code does several things including finding the minimum start date of the project and then determining how many days are between the first date in the SQL Server calendar (12-30-1899) and the project start date. Next the query simply retrieves the project, task, start date, end date, and duration. Next, we calculate the start date of each task as compared to the start date of the project and then add the days since 12-30-1899. We do the same calculation for the end date. These figures will be what gets plotted on the Gantt chart. Finally, the query returns the project start date value and the number of days between the start date and 12-30-1899. We will use this last value for our horizontal axis "begin value" (hint: we do not start at 0, but at the number which relates to the project start date or 42154 in the query results screen print). For the range chart we need to have numeric equivalent values, not dates; by getting the days since the beginning of the SQL Calendar, we can quickly get a high and low values for each of days, all in reference to the beginning of the SQL Server calendar. Secondly, these numeric equivalents can easily be tied back to the true date. DECLARE @PROJECTSTARTDATE DATE DECLARE @PROJECTSTARTDATEINT AS INT SELECT @PROJECTSTARTDATE = MIN(STARTDATE), @PROJECTSTARTDATEINT = DATEDIFF(DAY, 0, MIN(STARTDATE)) ,DATEDIFF(DAY, StartDate, EndDate) AS Duration ,DATEDIFF(DAY, @PROJECTSTARTDATE, StartDate) + @PROJECTSTARTDATEINT AS StartPoint ,DATEDIFF(DAY, @PROJECTSTARTDATE, StartDate) + DATEDIFF(DAY, StartDate, EndDate) + @PROJECTSTARTDATEINT AS EndPoint ,@PROJECTSTARTDATE AS ProjectStartDate This query provides the following results. You can quickly see that our start and end points are converted to a numeric value as compared back to the beginning of the SQL Server Calendar. Now, we create a Bar Range chart using the EndPoint field for the high value and the StartPoint field for the low value. Furthermore, we add Task to the Category Group (we do not use a series for this example). The next step is to make several adjustments to the horizontal axis properties as illustrated next. For the axis properties, the "Always include zero" check box is unchecked as we do not want to include day 0 (aka 12/31/1899). Next we set the Minimum value to the Project Start Date numeric equivalent or 42154. Since the dataset includes multiple rows, we use the first function to grab the first rows value. Next we adjust the Interval to 1 and the Interval type to Weeks (this value could be days or months of course); this allows us to have the horizontal axis to show weekly dates beginning with the project start date. The last step for this simple example is to adjust fill color for each task. Without making this change, all the bars will have the same color. Of course there are various ways to complete this task, however, in the below example, I simply used the Switch function to hard code the fill color based on the task name. The last steps are to add axis and chart titles and increase the size of the chart. The final result is displayed below. Range charts provide an excellent method to display both the high and low values for a category of data points. Often the category is over a date range, such as the high and low temperature during a group of days in a month. However other categories can exist, such as tasks on a Gantt chart. SSRS provides us with 4 different range charts: range, smooth range, bar, and column. Each type has its own advantages and disadvantages, but all types require a high and low value. Furthermore, although you can add data markers to your range chart, SSRS does not support their use. Range charts provide another graphical tool in your SSRS tool chest. - Review all the SSRS Charting tips - http://www.mssqltips.com/sql-server-tip-category/175/reporting-services-charts/ - Check out all of the SQL Services Reporting Services tips Last Updated: 2015-04-07 About the author View all my tips

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Matthew Adams (University of Brighton) Released in the autumn of 2014, the final installment of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change’s (IPCC) Fifth Assessment Report (AR5) restated the ‘extremely high’ likelihood that climate change is primarily caused by humans, is accelerating, is impacting extreme weather and is already affecting growing numbers of people. The headline statement was that ‘without additional mitigation efforts beyond those in place today, and even with adaptation, warming by the end of the 21st century will lead to high to very high risk of severe, widespread, and irreversible impacts globally’. These are unequivocal warnings. As the environmental scholar, Bill McKibben, puts it in a piece for the Guardian, ‘for scientists, conservative by nature, to use ‘serious, pervasive, and irreversible’ to describe the effects of climate falls just short of announcing that climate change will produce a zombie apocalypse plus random beheadings plus Ebola… But, thanks to the IPCC, no one will ever be able to say they weren’t warned’. A significant majority of the populations of wealthy nations outwardly appear to be ignoring the advancing ecological crisis, continuing their consumption patterns unabated, and failing to mount a significant public response. Meanwhile ‘new recruits’ from fast ‘developing’ nations with disposable incomes play catch-up with consumerist lifestyles, further exacerbating the crisis. We are warned, but individually and collectively we are failing to act. Why? Psychologists are identifying countless psychological ‘barriers’ that obstruct behaviour change despite knowledge about anthropogenic ecological degradation, that include perceptual, cognitive, emotional, interpersonal and group processes (see Robert Gifford’s overview). Some researchers, inspired by psychoanalysis, study how defence mechanisms act as barriers to action in the context of ecological crisis. Originally conceptualized by Freud, defence mechanisms are psychological processes aimed at avoiding, or protecting one’s self from, experiences of emotional distress, destructive impulses, or threats to self-esteem. Many – like repression, regression, projection and denial – have entered into everyday language. As a social psychologist with roots in sociology, what I find particularly fascinating is the apparent social character of these mechanisms. Clearly the threat of catastrophic planet-wide degradation is experienced at a psychological level – we respond with a complex mix of thoughts and emotions. How we think, talk and feel about these issues also relies on complex unspoken interaction norms, involving the shared management of emotions (like anxiety and embarrassment), and the mutual projection of acceptable identities that would have fascinated scholars of social interaction like Erving Goffman and Harold Garfinkel. Understanding how we (don’t) feel, talk and think about anthropogenic climate change and related crises is important in making sense of how we respond individually and collectively to it. Consider your own response – how do you feel when a conversation about climate change crops up in everyday life? I like to imagine this first question in the context of the UK television quiz Family Fortunes (Family Feud in the US). The show follows a format in which members of a family are asked in turn to guess the most popular answers to a question asked of a survey of 100 people. ‘We asked 100 people what they think about, when they think about climate change’. Two families compete to guess the most popular answers (what would you say?). It is a question that, to borrow the words of Goffman, ‘casts a shadow of sustained uneasiness’ over a social encounter. The climate change communication analyst George Marshall puts it like this: “I am consistently dropping climate change into conversations with strangers, talking about the weird weather or something similar. I’m always casual about it… but however I say it, the result is always the same: the words sink and die in mid-air and the conversation suddenly changes course. This is hard to describe, but anyone who tries it knows exactly what I mean. It is like an invisible force field that you only discover when you barge right into it. Few people ever do, because, without ever having been told, they have somehow learned that this topic is out of bounds”. The nature of this ‘invisible force field’ is elaborated upon by recent work in the social sciences that studies how defence mechanisms are supported by and shared with others (see my infographic on Flickr for a visual overview). ‘Others’ here include immediate others – friends, family, peers; but also the more physically distant ‘others’ we find in news coverage, advertising, entertainment, institutional practices. Uncomfortable emotions generated by information implicating us in ecological degradation are readily channelled into various interpersonal, group and culturally sanctioned explanations that allow us to carry on with ‘business-as-usual’ behaviour. These explanations form part of broader ‘narratives’ – so called because social scientists consider them fundamental to how we meaningfully ‘plot’ our own lives. What form do these narratives take? Rosemary Randall identifies familiar narratives in various communication forms tacking ecological crisis such as fiction, film, advertising, sustainability campaigns, news media. She notes how the consequences of ecological crisis are persistently depicted as apocalyptic whilst solutions are portrayed as technological fixes and minor behaviour modifications. Rather than thinking of these as independent, Randall claims that they are ‘parallel narratives’. Superficially at odds with each other, they are actually part of the same collectively reassuring defence. Imagining catastrophic loss engenders anxiety, but it is projected into a non-specific future – it is experienced vicariously and fatalistically. Solution narratives, on the other hand, avoid loss, and normally envisage carrying on more or less as normal through alternative technological means (e.g. nuclear fission), or even a better life following painless adjustments (‘small steps’). Other research highlights how defence mechanisms are socialized through narratives as diverse as consumerism, nationalism and religion. It seems that it is difficult to overestimate the power of collective denial narratives to shape our response. Ongoing work by George Marshall and others illustrate how, even following direct first-hand experience of extreme weather events attributed to climate change, everyday conversations and personal reflection amount to a ‘socially generated silence’; and an overwhelming tendency to avoid mention of climate change in related news media coverage. Norgaard refers to ‘socially organized denial’ as a general term for these interlocking narratives that deflect individuals and communities from acting on the implications of knowledge about environmental problems. The term might also include denialism, which refers to intentionally co-ordinated ‘campaigns of misinformation… funded by commercial and ideological interests’. Socially organized denial encapsulates both the planned and intentional activities of powerful interests, and what the rest of us might experience as more immediate, unplanned and unsolicited responses, that nonetheless reflect shared narratives. Denialism maintains and is maintained by everyday forms of collective denial. Denial narratives must be challenged. The more uncomfortable realities they obscure must be addressed. This isn’t easy. A more likely vision of the future involves, as Vinay Gupta bluntly states, a different kind of social imagination: one where the ‘we’ of relatively affluent consumer lifestyles, are ‘living in the same conditions as the people who grow your coffee’. No technological salvation, no apocalypse: ‘it’s not the end of the world: it’s rejoining the rest of the human race’. Unsurprisingly perhaps, there is very little cultural articulation of this possibility in predominant narrative frames. We need to better understand the everyday relations that contribute to the social organization of denial, and how they might be effectively breached, perhaps in part by reviving the interactionist spirit of the social sciences encapsulated by Goffman and Garfinkel. These are processes in danger of being relegated to the margins in contemporary sociology, wherever it is happy to emphasise the ‘facts of automatic, repetitive and mindless conduct’ so dear to the social engineering agendas of behavioural economists. We also need to be alert to the fact that facing loss is anxiety-inducing, and must be approached with the support of others; support that includes the struggle to develop meaningful alternative narratives to identify with collectively. In the context of socially organised denial, we should not be surprised if resistance and alternatives are often provisional, opaque or prefigurative. Engagement with social defences and related narratives, and the attempt to develop alternatives are emerging (e.g. the RSA’s seven dimensions of climate change project; Carbon Conversations, Dark Mountain Project, Mediating Change). My own research and writing is an attempt to document and engage with such attempts. A suitable collective response to our ongoing ecological crisis is unlikely unless, to quote John Holloway, ‘we can touch people’s hidden revolts, unless we can see and mark out the lines of continuity between the ubiquitous revolts of everyday life and the great uprisings’. Research that engages with how people think, feel and talk about ecological crisis do not provide a ready solution either in trying to make sense of human inaction in the face of ecological crisis, or in the push to construct interventions that will generate more sustainable behaviour. But they remind us of how essential it is that people’s struggles with the collective problems they face are the basis for genuinely progressive social change. Cited in Rowson, J & Corner, A. (2015) The seven dimensions of climate change: introducing a new way to think and talk and act. London: RSA/COIN. Available here. I have recently summarised this work in Adams, M. (2014) Inaction and environmental crisis: Narrative, defence mechanisms and the social organisation of denial. Psychoanalysis, Culture & Society. 19, 52–71. Available here. Randall, R. (2009) Loss and climate change: The cost of parallel narratives. Ecopsychology, 1(3): 118–129. Available here. See for example Kari Norgaard’s fascinating ethnographic study: Norgaard, K.M. (2011) Living in Denial: Climate Change, Emotions and Everyday Life. Cambridge: MIT Press. p. 37 in Weintrobe, S. (2012) The difficult problem of anxiety in thinking about climate change. In: S. Weintrobe (ed.) Engaging with Climate Change: Psychoanalytic and Interdisciplinary Perspectives. London: Routledge, pp. 33–47. Gupta, V. (2011) Death and the human condition. In: P. Kingsnorth and D. Hine (eds.) Dark Mountain Issue 2. Ulverston: Dark Mountain Project, pp. 76–85. See also here. John Holloway responding to Guardian review of his book Crack Capitalism (2000), available here. Matt Adams is Principal Lecturer in Psychology at the University of Brighton. His writing and research has considered various aspects of social identity, particularly in terms of inequality, class and consumption. He is currently researching the social and psychological dimensions of ecological crisis.

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Two ways to read the story - Quick Read - Deep Read ( 6 Min. ) One of the most biodiverse systems on the planet, reefs are home to roughly a quarter of all marine species. Some 6 million fishermen around the world derive livelihoods from the reefs. Reef systems help shield coastal communities from the brunt of tropical storms and serve an important role in tourism. But the world’s reefs are in trouble. In Belize, battering hurricanes, rampant oil exploration, and unchecked coastal development had ravaged its fragile reefs. By 2009, the downward spiral had become so severe for Belize’s Barrier Reef Reserve System that UNESCO put the nation’s reefs on its List of World Heritage in Danger. But then, something remarkable happened. Belize brought its reefs back from the brink of extinction. The Central American nation offers a compelling example of how a grassroots environmental movement can spur governments to enact tougher environmental laws and regulations and how, when properly applied, restorative processes can help coral recover from even the severest damage. “Belize had a willingness to chart a new course for its country,” says Fanny Douvere, coordinator for the marine program at UNESCO’s World Heritage Center. “It’s an innovative plan that resulted in a landmark conservation success, and it can serve as a model elsewhere.” A choppy half-hour boat ride from the mainland lies a narrow, ribbon-like island ringed with granular coral sand beaches. In the distance, the azure sky seems to meld with the cobalt waters. Along the beach, the gently lapping waves and shallows are tinged brown with native seagrass. It’s an idyllic setting. But the island’s real draw lies hidden beneath the waves. Under the clear, calm water, large outcroppings of chocolate-colored elkhorn and staghorn coral are entangled in a pastel wash of coral fans and sponges. Queen triggerfish, with tails like neon-blue sickles and pointed, skeptical faces, mingle with schools of yellow-tailed, horse-eye jacks. Occasionally a marine giant such as a spotted eagle ray or loggerhead turtle swims by. It’s a tranquil, otherworldly scene, like an Impressionist painting brought to life. A decade or two ago, this scene would have been impossible. Tiny Belize had a massive problem. Battering hurricanes, rampant oil exploration, and unchecked coastal development had ravaged the fragile ecosystem. By 2009 the downward spiral had become so severe for Belize’s Barrier Reef Reserve System that UNESCO put the Central American nation’s reefs on its List of World Heritage in Danger. But then something remarkable happened. Belize brought its reefs back from the brink of extinction at a time when coral around the world is under tremendous threat. As the clock ticks for the world’s coral reefs, Belize offers a compelling example both of how a grassroots environmental movement can spur governments to enact tougher environmental laws and regulations and how, when properly applied, restorative processes can help coral recover from even the most severe damage. What’s more, Belize, with its steadily growing tourism-fueled economy, sets an example of how even small, poor countries can prosper when they put environmental issues front and center. “Belize had a willingness to chart a new course for its country,” says Fanny Douvere, the coordinator for the Marine Program at UNESCO’s World Heritage Center. “It’s an innovative plan that resulted in a landmark conservation success, and it can serve as a model elsewhere.” A system in crisis One of the most biodiverse systems on the planet, reefs are home to roughly a quarter of all marine species. Some 6 million fishermen around the world derive livelihoods from the reefs, particularly in the developing world. Reef systems help shield coastal communities from the brunt of tropical storms and serve as economic buoys for tourist-dependent communities. But the world’s reefs are in trouble. One of Earth’s more ancient complex life forms, coral has proved to be very vulnerable to the higher ocean temperatures and increased ocean acidification brought on by climate change. Mass bleaching events along with disease and the increased frequency and ferocity of tropical storms have decimated reef systems. The Caribbean alone has lost up to 80% of its coral reef cover in recent decades. In Belize, reefs were being rapidly degraded by both changing environmental factors and human development. Particularly damaging was the depletion of the nation’s mangrove forests, which have a vital symbiotic relationship with the coral reefs. A lack of adequate government oversight, a regulatory framework, or a vision for future conservation exacerbated these problems. Lisa Carne, a marine biologist, recalls 2001 as the year that could have been the beginning of the end for Laughing Bird Caye. In 2001 Hurricane Iris hit southern Belize and caused massive damage on land; less obvious was the effect it had on the reefs that line the coast. Fragile reef systems are frontline natural barriers to tropical storms, and as such, often suffer grievous damage from them. Laughing Bird Caye was no exception. “It was a wasteland,” says Ms. Carne, a California transplant who started the Belize nonprofit Fragments of Hope, which focuses on restoring local coral reefs. “The caye was split in half, the trees were destroyed, and it was washed over with dead marine life. Most local guides gave it up for dead.” But Ms. Carne wasn’t ready to mourn just yet. ‘Giving nature a boost’ The devastation that Ms. Carne witnessed sparked an idea. What if she could help the reef recover by reseeding and replanting coral beds the same way landscapers replenish flower beds? She eventually founded Fragments of Hope to spearhead this enterprise. It now has some 40 employees and volunteers who, in addition to other duties, develop and maintain coral nurseries at Laughing Bird Caye and other sites in need of maintenance and recovery. These nurseries are in situ marine laboratories containing submerged grids of rebar (called tables) as well as rope lines that foster young coral until they are big and healthy enough to be transplanted onto coral reefs in need of restoration or replenishment. The focus is to target hardy, thermally tolerant coral that stands the best chance of surviving in the warming marine ecosystem. After propagating the coral, Ms. Carne’s team transplants them in tightly knit patterns that facilitate cross-fertilization during spawning, she explains. “Basically, this accelerates the natural reef recovery processes,” says Ms. Carne. “We’re giving nature a boost.” The first of their kind in Belize, these nurseries have been at the center of the coral reef renaissance at Laughing Bird Caye. However, this remarkable resurgence of coral and its accompanying marine life at Laughing Bird Caye and at other coral reefs in Belize would not have been possible without widespread public awareness of the problem, a buy-in from local communities, and a willingness on the part of the government to reprioritize the reef. “Typically in ocean conservation, everyone works in specialized areas and they don’t necessarily communicate with each other,” says Dr. Douvere of UNESCO. “In Belize what was so novel and new was that we were able to build bridges between different entities and have everybody to move forward together towards the implementation of the common vision for conservation.” Not everyone is jumping on board the save Belize’s reef campaign right away. In fact, as Ms. Carne and her team cultivated coral, legislators had been secretly selling offshore oil concessions. Those secretive deals became public right around the time that the Deepwater Horizon oil drilling rig exploded releasing 4 million barrels of oil into the Gulf of Mexico in 2010. The environmental devastation caused by this disaster was not lost on the people of Belize, some 50% of whom derive livelihoods from reef-related fishing and tourism. That coupled with the revelation that the government had been secretly greenlighting unchecked oil exploration around their reef served as a turning point in national priorities. By 2012 environmental organizations had helped mount a public referendum in which 96% of voters supported the restoration and protection of reef systems. The referendum set the stage for reform of environmental laws and regulations, and it created public awareness around the environmental dangers threatening coral reefs. The government took its cues from this public outpouring and with UNESCO’s help began to work with scientists, grassroots organizations, and nongovernmental organizations such as the World Wildlife Fund to develop a plan to tighten regulations, preserve mangrove habitats, and enact more oversight of reef systems. In 2015 Belize’s government began to implement a long-term conservation plan, and in 2017 the government took the step, virtually unprecedented around the world, of putting a moratorium on all oil exploration. In 2018 the government enacted regulations designed to protect Belize’s mangroves and national parks. These actions led UNESCO in 2018 to remove Belize from its List of World Heritage in Danger. The success was the highlight of UNESCO’s Marine World Heritage 2019 Annual Report, which hailed the effort as a model for other nations. Belize’s multilateral conservation plan was developed by the government but also drew assistance from UNESCO and nonprofits, as well as local stakeholders such as guides and tour operators. It was this environment of shared stakes and common purpose that allowed groups and individuals who didn’t ordinarily work together to unite with a common vision for the future. And that success has given new hope to marine scientists elsewhere who have been documenting the stresses facing the world’s reef systems. “If the climate continues to change at the rate that it has been then we are heading towards a pretty grim outlook for reefs,” says Andrew Altieri, staff scientist at the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute in Panama. “However, you can have an individual reef that is pretty degraded turn around dramatically if you enact the right remedies. We are constantly being surprised by the capacity for marine systems to be resilient or adaptive.”

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The technique of performing plastering work is not as easy as it might seem, this is why we have put this material together to make it more clear to understand. Whether you are a student and want to become a master in plastering or a client who wants to know the process, in this article, we’ll take you through them step by step. 1.Tools and Material You Will Need ● Hawk – a tool used to hold a plaster, mortar, or a similar material, so that the user can repeatedly, quickly and easily get some of that material on the tool which then applies it to a surface by Trowel. ● Trowel – Make sure it is a good quality. ● Bucket Trowel-You need this to scoop you plaster up with. ● Tape measure- to measure the corners and reveals when installing the beads ● Plastering snips- for cutting the beads ● Hammer – to install the beads ● Brush – Small for corners, wide to splash the wall, and cleaning brush to clean the tools. ● Paint roller- to apply primer ● Jointing knife is essential for defining a straight line and edging into tight spaces such as corners and those areas that are tight, such as between a window near the wall and the wall that is perpendicular to it. They come in a variety of shapes and sizes as needed. Angled jointing knives help reach hard to reach angles. ● Power mixer- used to mix or blend a wide range of materials ● Mixing and water bucket- You can get the big and small Gorilla tubs which are a brilliant option. There flexible and strong. ● Halogen light- It shows all the details on the surface, which helps to avoid errors ● Ladder or step ● PPE- as a plasterer it is essential to use personal protective equipment for your health and safety. You can find the details later on in the next article or visit this site http://www.citbni.org.uk/CITB/files/a5/a56c0b6f-d11a-49aa-bcf4-bf090f87189d.pdf /PAGE 27 ● Clean tap water ● Dust sheet or waterproof protection, masking tape- to protect the floor, furniture,fittings ,doors,windows etc. ● Plaster- undercoat plaster or finishing plaster ● Right Primer- we will explain later how to choose the right primer ● Angle beads, stop beads ● Joint tape- to apply on plasterboards joints or existing plaster cracks ● Nails and staples – to install the beads ● Fibreglass mesh- High strength reinforcing mesh, will be needed only if the client will request it. However, it is always good to recommend as this material helps to straighten the walls and give more chances. Plastering can be a messy job. Make sure that you use waterproof protection for floors and furniture to avoid damage. When the protection is not needed it is still good to use at least dust sheet just to keep reasonably clean during the plastering which will make it easy for you at the end. Please don’t forget to unscrew your light switches and plug sockets and cover them with a plastic sheet and masking tape to save you more work. You also need to consider removing skirting boards, dado rails, picture rails, in fact, anything that is nailed or stuck to the wall, and that may include radiator, so you need to shut the heating system off and drain it before you do that. It’s better because it saves getting plaster all over the fittings. This just makes your life a lot easier when plastering. 3. Strip all the wallpaper You need to strip all the wallpaper and make sure the wall is clear. You cannot even leave a small piece of wallpaper, because the plaster will not stick to it and will come off within a time. You don’t want any hidden problems because of a bit of wallpaper. Take your time on this. 4. Wash the walls down It is recommended but you will find out some walls doesn’t need doing this. Just don’t make a mistake while estimating the condition. As if the walls are grease you might have a problem as the plaster won’t stick to the surface! 5.Check the condition of your walls Once the wallpaper is gone, you can see the condition of the walls. Check for any loose plaster and make sure to get all off. Check areas for cracks or blown plaster make sure you scrape it off and tape the cracks. Remove any peeling paint. You do not want to risk applying plaster on not prepared walls because then it would risk falling off and you will have more work to do and an unhappy client. You also need to check to see if the previous coat of plaster is solid. We can’t plaster onto a wall that is drummy or unstable. If you tap the walls you can hear when plaster is solid to the brick. It doesn’t move, doesn’t sound hollow and definitely doesn’t fall away with pressure. ● Cracks are signs of weakness in the walls so tap around any areas that seem unstable. If any sections sound hollow or move you need to hack the old plaster off. Optionally when the condition of the surface is weak and cracked but you don’t want to touch the wall too much you can treat the walls with the Special Deep Penetrating Primer and install FibreGlass Mesh before plastering (see below) it will help strengthens the surface and prevent cracking. 6. Using the right Primer is a key to a job done well Properly preparing the surface that you want to plaster is essential if you want to achieve a great finish. The suction of the wall has an enormous impact on the finish of the work. Before you choose the right primer, you’ll need to determine if your wall has a high or low level of suction. A high suction wall will soak up moisture very quickly. This will cause your plaster to dry too rapidly, and you won’t be able to smooth it out. However, if your wall is low suction, you’ll find that your plaster struggles to bond to the surface. The plaster will be fragile and it may start to crumble. -For low suction or smooth background use Grit Bonding Agent or ThistleBond-it -For very weak condition background use Ceresit CT17 The best way to check the suction of your wall is to do a patch test. Take a small section of your wall, around 50mm x 50mm, and apply freshly mixed plaster to it. Leave the area for a few minutes. Use your finger to lightly trace a line through the plaster. During the patch test, if the plaster feels considerably drier than before, you have a high suction wall. However, if the patch has not dried you have a low suction wall. 7. Repairs before skimming – solid walls Repairing small damage areas in plaster If you removed any loose or blown plaster and prepared surface with right primer now you can apply the Base Coat Plaster (see below). If the patch has a depth of around 12mm (1/2″), you should be able to plaster it in one go; if it is more in-depth, you may have to make two applications. Otherwise, the weight of the wet plaster will drag itself away from the wall. Repairing larger damage areas in plaster a) Wet Plaster ( Float and set) Wet Plastering, known as float and set refers to the process of applying a wet plaster base to the substrate surface before the finish or skim coat. As a minimum, this is a two-stage process which in general can take longer than the dry lining or dot, and dab methods as the base coat must dry to a certain level before the finish coat can be applied. There are different base coats which can be used depending on the base material and function (see below). Type of Base Coat Plaster for internal walls: Thistle Bonding -is an undercoat plaster ideal for smooth and low suction backgrounds, including: -Dense blocks (on smooth Low-Suction blocks) – Thistle Hardwall -is an undercoat plaster with high impact resistance and quicker drying surface. Suitable for most masonry backgrounds including: – Ordinary bricks, blocks (Not on smooth Low-Suction Blocks) Type of undercoat plaster for “internal surface of external wall”: – Rendering- use sand and cement as Base Coat before skim. Suitable for externals walls, weak condition walls, area at risk of damp. -Brick or Blockworks – Thistle Hardwall -is an undercoat plaster with high impact resistance and quicker drying surface. Suitable for most masonry backgrounds including -Common bricks, blocks (Not on smooth Low-Suction Blocks) b) Dot and Dab (Dry lining) Dry Lining refers to the process used when attaching plaster-based sheet boards to either a wooden stud framework, metal stud work or direct to brick or block works using an adhesive compound in a process called dot & dab. It is popular, on both new build applications and refurbishment projects. There are many different types of board used in dry lining, each one suited to a particular purpose or need, from standard wall boards to speciality boards: -Moisture Boards: Used for bathrooms and rooms with high levels of condensation. -Fireline boards: Especially suited where additional support is required for extended fire retardation. -Soundboards: Used to reduce sound travel through walls and partitions or coupled with resilient bar can offer sound protection between floors. -Insulated Boards: Coupled with a layer of insulation these boards can be used to reduce heat loss and lower carbon emissions. Whatever the application there is a board to a suite, and using the correct board for the job makes all the difference 8. Repairs before skimming – stud walls -To repair a small area of damage you need to apply drywall compound around the hole with a putty knife. Use scissors to cut a piece of fibre glass mesh to fit over the hole, sizing the patch to extend 1 inch beyond the hole. Place the patch over the hole and press the edges firmly into the wet compound. Lets the patch dry and apply a second coat of compound if needed. -To repair a large area of damage to plasterboard, the damaged area needs to be cut out back to the joists and a new piece of plasterboard fitted. If there are any minor damp issues, they can be taken care of with some sealant used to cover the wall surface. If you have encountered some more severe moisture and damp problems, note that they will have to be solved before you carry on with your work. 9.Install of plaster Fibreglass mesh In drywall, cracks tend to follow the joints between drywall sheets, but in plaster, they can run in any direction, and they tend to appear more frequently. They occur because plaster is brittle and can’t withstand movements in the framing caused by moisture and settling. You can repair these cracks using either plaster or drywall joint compound, but they will keep coming back if you don’t tape them first with self-adhesive joint tape or by installing Fiberglass mesh to the whole plastered surface, this the best solution for the job. 10. Straighten the surface Next, make sure the surface is as level as possible – the easiest way to do this is to use a Feather Edge or Level 2m in length. Place it on the wall in various directions and check that it touches the wall at each end and that there are no significant gaps between it and the wall along its length. Any gaps 5mm or less will not unduly affect the, but anything much substantial than this could cause problems because you would see the waved surfaces especially in the corners between two walls or between wall and ceiling. If the wall is not in a level using one of Base Coat plaster (see above) to form a more level surface. 11. Make sure all preparation before skimming is done properly There are many steps involved in plastering process, each with particular requirements concerning skill, tools and materials but no matter how professionally each stage is performed the end result could be a disaster if you do not prepare the area fully before starting. ………The next step will be Applying the skim coat to walls and ceilings…….

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Jim Starkweather presented us with our first glimpse of Amusing Hobby 's Panzerkampfwagen VII Löwe contents on one of his ‘Cracking the Box’ video features. So let's have a closer look, shall we. At some point early in the war the Germans had come to the realization that a larger than life battle tank that would stand up to threats on future battlefields was needed. Even with the quick pace Blitzkrieg advances that had been made on the western front, the low countries and now Russia’s eastern front, reports had already reached the highest levels of the German high command calling for a tank that could withstand, outgun and defeat both anti-tank guns and tanks their forces had encountered and surprisingly were unable to defeat, at least not with a lot of effort. The idea of not having complete mastery of the battlefield especially did not sit well with Hitler, so by November 1941 plans had been set for development and procurement of a very heavy tank, a super tank in the 70 metric ton weight class. The weight limit for this vehicle could not surpass 90 metric tons, as this would exceed the peak amount that could be transported by railcars. The laid out specifications for this new tank called for a fabricated chassis with 140 mm thick frontal armor coupled with 100 mm thick side armor. A Daimler-Benz torpedo boat engine was chosen to achieve the specified top speed of 27 miles per / hr (43.6Km / hr). The initial specifications did not include the type of weapon that would be used but the turret would be required to be fully traversable through 360°. A five-man crew with two in the chassis and three in the turret would be required to man this vehicle. On December 17, 1941 Krupp was asked to strongly track development of the new super tank. Krupp had recently lost out on the development of the VK 30 Series vehicle (Panther) and their experience with that project would see a resembling chassis and components designed for use on the new vehicle. A month later after being tasked with development of the new super tank Krupp finalized and presented their conceptual design based on the initial requirements of the VK70.01 on January 21, 1942. A 10.5 cm Kw.K. L/70 was chosen as the weapon in the turret, this gun was rated capable of penetrating 30° 160 mm thick armor plating at a distance of over 1/2 mile (1000 m). Wa Pruef 6 advised Krupp that they would be installing the new HL 230 (800 metric horsepower) engine, in development by Maybach and scheduled for series production beginning in January 1943, into the new tank. By February 1942, Wa Pruef 6, pressured by the current war situation made a decision to promptly have two experimental vehicles completed in the 72 metric ton weight class by means of the drive train and armor – 100 mm frontal armor coupled with 80 mm thick side armor - as per the Tiger and proceed with series production without any testing thus awarding Krupp with a contract to produce and complete two developmental VK70.01 vehicles, one with turret and the second one with a test weight. Then from February to May 1942 Krupp presented no less than 6 design proposals encompassing alternative main guns, center and rear mounted turret / engine compartment, powerplant(s), a variety of drivetrains and differing armor / weight all of which were sound and practical designs. In April 1942 the name of the project was officially changed from VK70.01 to Panzerkampfwagen VII Löwe (Lion). By this period Hitler had become gripped in the development of even heavier tanks so on May 18, 1942, the contracts for the development, procurement and production of the chassis were cancelled. Two months later on July 20, 1942, Krupp was ordered by Wa Pruef 6 to halt further work on the Pz.Kpfw. VII Löwe turret. Only the official surviving design documents and end of war conversations with Krupp remain concerning this vehicle as never having been developed beyond the design proposals or line drawings. In essence this vehicle was never built, essentially a paper panzer. The box art depicts a speculative massive and menacing end of war Pz.Kpfw. VII Löwe, slowly pacing along akin to a Tiger II on steroids in search of its next target. Had this design matured and preceded into series production it would have been among the deadliest and most formidable of land based weapons that the allies would have had the misfortune of encountering on the open battlefield. Thanks to Amusing Hobby for listening to the modeling community for we now have in our mist a much-sought out and interesting modeling subject in plastic. For those that have not seen Jim's 'Cracking the Box' video here is a sampling of what's in the box. There are 13 sealed bags containing 21 injection molded part sprues, 2 PE (photo-etch) frets and a decal sheet. There are 728 total pieces with over half of these parts used for the tracks. The lower hull and instruction booklet are left unsealed. No figure(s) are included. The parts breakdown: • Lower hull • A Upper hull, front & rear armor plates, fenders • B(X2) Front, rear & outer road wheels, suspension & exhaust components, hull details • C Turret, mantel, main gun, details • D(X3) Inner road wheels, torsion bars, ammunition, suspension details • E Hull details • F Jack, tools, tow cable ends • L Front (drive) & rear (idler) wheel, turret trunnion poly locks • R Periscopes • T1(X6) Track links • T2(X5) Track link cleats • Y Etched brass fenders • Z Etched brass mesh screens, fender brackets & hull details • Decal sheet Injected molded parts: The individual parts are flash free and crisply molded, the modeler will still need to clean up a few of the parting seam lines. With the exception of some of the track link faces and a few of the suspension components (these will be hidden behind the road wheels) the parts are virtually clean of injection pin release marks and sink holes on the appearance areas of the parts. The two supplied muzzle brakes and tow cable ends benefit from slide molds so the modeler won’t need to fiddle with having to drill these parts out. The majority of the parts come molded in dark gray styrene with the track links molded in dark brown, tools are in brown and the periscopes molded in clear. The poly locks are molded in a soft rubbery (non-cementable) black plastic. The single piece domed shaped turret shell, which makes up the majority of the turret, is molded with cast texturing, as is the turrets separate chin and gun mantle. Two separate varying diameter tubular molded lengths go together to represent the10.5 cm Kw.K. L/68 sectional main gun. The modeler can then choose which of two provided muzzle brake options he or she may wish to install to the gun. The turret floor piece comes with an integrally molded ring gear but no interior is provided in the kit for the turret. To this floor piece the modeler will fix the guns' trunnions and movable elevation carriage parts but no components are provided for the rear portion of the gun. The commander’s cupola is an 11-piece affair including the 7 periscopes, the hatch can be left in the open position as well as the loaders hatch if the modeler chooses to do so. A positional multi-part loader’s periscope and rear turret protruding armored defense plate with pistol port, three lifting loops, and the mantle’s gun collar complete the turret. The upper hull is well detailed and comes with the rear decks intake / exhaust ventilation grates and antenna base all integrally molded to this single multi-sided part. Several parts make up the driver’s workable letterbox viewing hatch that installs to the separate front glacis armor plate. Three parts each make up a pair of Bosch lamps and respective support fixtures with stands. These lamps are fixed straddling each side of the glacis plate and a rectangular hinged plate covers the radio gunner’s machine gun port. Two separate front side armor extensions and their towing hooks are fixed to the front armor sides. A pair of multi-part periscopes, circular crew hatches with their lifting handles, a dome shaped armored fan exhaust cover and several small hooks for the transmission access cover finish off the front hulls deck. The crews circular hatches can be posed open and the periscopes are positional should the modeler wish to arrange them. On the hull rear deck is an engine hatch with two dome shaped armored air intakes and a lifting handle. There are also 8 small lifting hooks for both center circular exhaust grate support plates and 4 large PE lifting hooks for the engine access cover as well as water and fuel armored covers. Finishing off the rear deck are the individual PE mesh screens for the air intake / exhaust grates. Front and rear fenders are provided along with two long length horizontal side fenders with their associated fender support brackets. PE fenders and support brackets come supplied, as an option should the modeler choose not to use the plastic molded parts. There are dimpled recess guide holes along both sides of the hull for attaching all of the supplied tools including a PE stowage cover for the axe. No tow cables or their attachment hardware for the hull is supplied in the kit nor is any of this called out on the assembly instructions but surprisingly the tow cable ends are included so the modeler would have to outsource an aftermarket or suitable sized cable and associated brackets to use these and the box art could be used as reference for where to attach them. A 2m Stab antenna and antenna storage case are also not supplied. The single piece multi-sided chassis tub is crisply molded and comes with perforations on the vertical side armor plates for the torsion bars and associated components, all thanks to the slide molding process. The hull bottom comes with nicely detailed hatch plates and weld seams. To the hulls separate rear vertical armor plate the modeler will fix exhaust muffler / pipes / armored covers, multi-part jack, jack block and a pair of towing clevises. Forward drive gear housings, rear idler arm shafts, torsion bars and bump stops all come as separate parts and are well detailed. The front drive and rear idler wheels as well as the road wheels are also nicely detailed multi-part assemblies. Upon completion of the torsion bars and road wheels the modeler will have a workable suspension allowing for the completed model to be placed on an uneven ground diorama / vignette setting, this is a great move on Amusing Hobby’s part! However, I found one issue that really bothers me and that is that the rear idler shafts sit out in the open without any means for track adjustment. This is where the crews would make adjustments to bring in or add slack to the tracks and no mechanical means (housing) is provided for in the kit? This leaves an exposed sinkhole directly on the other side of where the idler shafts reside. Over four hundred pieces make up two workable double link wide 3.3ft (1000 mm) track runs. These tracks are completely new to the modeling world of large German tanks and resemble the Kgs 73/800/300 double-link tracks used on later production Tiger II’s. But these are much, much wider and will probably look very impressive on the model when assembled and installed. The design of the workable track links looks simple enough for a modeler with moderate assembly skills to successfully assemble. There are shallow pin release marks on the inside surfaces on the links with the guide horns and outside on the links without the guide horns. Those with pin marks on the inside surface should clean up easily with a few swipes of a narrow sanding stick and the links with pin marks on the outside are extremely small and shallow so these could be left alone. Assembling individual link tracks is very time consuming so to help speed the process up a track fixture is provided to aid assembly and a footnote found on the instructions advising the modeler to complete 102 links per side. Clear and easy to understand CAD line drawing assembly step instructions contained in a large stapled book format. There are 14 steps with 10 accompanying sub steps, a coloring and marking guide and a painting colors reference guild along with step-by-step instructions on applying decals. My example of the assembly instructions is written in three languages – English, Japanese and Chinese. The cover, depicting the box art, and inside cover, parts sprue layout, is both printed in color with the assembly instructions in black with blue highlights denoting referenced points on the line drawings or assembly options. The color and markings page is in grayshade, that being the only paint and marking option. The decals are nicely printed and in register providing a few optional national insignia (cross) sizes together with red numerals in white outline. With this vehicle having been no more than a conceptual design the modeler could dig into his / her spares decal sheets and drum up any number of late war paint schemes and markings if so choosing? Personally I like this kit and am happy that Amusing Hobby has presented the modeling community with a fine 3D plastic molded rendition of a vehicle that only saw the light of day on the drawing board, making for a very interesting vehicle and modeling subject with plenty of potential and possibilities. The overall basic shape of the model scales well against the original conceptual drawings, with a few minor exceptions, as do the crew openings and commander’s cupola. What the actual layout of the crew compartment, rear deck, tracks, running gear, hull components and turret or what changes the vehicle may have gone through prior to seeing actual series production is strictly conjectural and speculative. That said the kit is sprinkled with parts reminiscent of those found on Panthers and Tiger II’s. For the creative at heart or for those modelers seeking with interest in building a project reaching something authentic then this is the kit for you. The overall low parts count, with the exception of the tracks will appeal to most modelers. And who wouldn’t want an over grown big cat in the collection? References used for this review: Panzer Tracts No. 20-1 Paper Panzers ‘Panzerkampfwagen, Sturmgeschuetz, and Jagdpanzer’ by Thomas L. Jentz & Hilary L. Doyle.

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Safe Routes to School is a federal, state and local effort to enable and encourage children, including those with disabilities, to walk and bicycle to school and to make walking and bicycling to school safe and appealing. Safe Routes to School programs include education and promotional activities and engineering improvements to create a safer walking and biking environment. Communities around schools suffer from traffic congestion and the issues that come with it. Neighborhood environments suffer from toxins released by cars polluting the air we breathe. Children are becoming less active and more likely to be overweight. Safe Routes to School positively affects neighborhood and school communities through a simple solution: helping children walk and bike to school via safe routes. When this happens, neighborhoods, schools, families and communities benefit in many ways. Studies show that children who are physically active experience many benefits. Walking or biking to school is a great way for your child to get the recommended 60 minutes of physical activity per day. Getting activity through walking and bicycling helps reduce behavior problems and helps kids settle in for learning during the school day. Kids who walk or bike to school are more alert and focused and are in a better mood when school starts. Kids who are physically active also have high confidence and fewer health problems such as childhood obesity. Commuting with neighborhood friends may also serve as a fun, adventurous way to get to school! The Minnesota Safe Routes to School Resource Center is a valuable website for all Safe Routes to School partners. The center provides Safe Routes to School tools, technical resources, and information needed for all partners – including parents, teachers, students, schools, school districts, communities and others. The Resource Center contains information about the MnSRTS program, resources and tools for planning a Safe Routes to School program, success stories, information about the 6 Es of Safe Routes to School, current programs in Minnesota, and other news and events related to MnSRTS. Learn more here. Safe Routes to School improvements may include physical infrastructure changes and non-infrastructure programs. There is no state or federal law setting a legal age minimum before children can walk to school alone. You may want to contact the school district where your child attends or local police department to determine if they have a policy that prohibits children under a certain age from walking to school alone. Children vary in their readiness to handle traffic situations, such as choosing a safe time to cross a street, even if they are in the same grade. Ideally, parents are a central figure in their children's safety education. Parents have the best opportunities to effectively assess their individual child's skills and teach safe behavior. Deciding when children are ready to walk to school is less a matter of age, and more about when children have demonstrated they can safely walk and cross streets independently. For additional information about when children are ready to walk alone, see this resource developed by the National Center for Safe Routes to School, Teaching Children to Walk Safely as They Grow and Develop. Walk to School Day is an annual event held each October where students are joined by parents, school personnel, and other community members to walk and bike to school on the day of the event. Walk to School Day began as a one-day event in 1997 and has evolved into an annual celebration as part of a movement for Safe Routes to School. Today, thousands of schools from across the United States participate, including from all 50 states, the District of Columbia, and Puerto Rico. Walk to School day is held in early October of each year. A walking school bus is a group of children who walk to school on designated routes with adult supervision, while picking up kids along the route, just like a school bus. For some neighborhoods, it's a casual group walk, while others set up a formal plan with adults scheduled to walk on certain days. The 6 Es are strategies of a comprehensive Safe Routes to School Program, which include: engineering, enforcement, education, encouragement, evaluation, and equity. The most effective Safe Routes to School programs include elements of all of the 6 Es . For more information on the 6 Es, click here. There are many opportunities for involvement with Safe Routes to School! First, contact your local school or school district to learn more information and determine if they have a Safe Routes to School program or plan. If they do not, help form a team of partners and community members to create a program! The resource center has many different tools to get you started. Other opportunities include volunteering to lead a walking school bus or assist with a local Safe Routes to School event such as a bike rodeo (PDF). Minnesota Safe Routes to School provides funding and resources to community and school groups to support students walking and biking to school. Safe Routes to School is a federal, state and local effort to improve the health and well-being of children by enabling and encouraging children, including those with disabilities, to walk and bicycle to school; make bicycling and walking to school a safer and more appealing transportation option, thereby encouraging a healthy and active lifestyle from an early age; and to facilitate the planning, development and implementation of projects and activities that will improve safety and reduce traffic, fuel consumption and air pollution in the vicinity of schools. At its core, Safe Routes to School is a planning process: it's a process where local stakeholders work together to identify barriers to safe walking and bicycling to school and develop a plan to address those barriers using a combination of non-infrastructure programs and infrastructure treatments. The National Safe Routes to School Program was established in August of 2005 as part of the Safe, Accountable, Flexible, Efficient Transportation Equity Act: A Legacy for Users Act (SAFETEA-LU). Safe Routes to School funding is provided in section 1404 of this legislation, and is a Federal-Aid program of the U.S. Department of Transportation’s Federal Highway Administration. In 2012, a new federal bill, Moving Ahead for Progress in the 21st Century (MAP-21) replaced SAFETEA-LU and rolled the Safe Routes to School program into a new grant program called Transportation Alternatives Program. More info can be found on the MnDOT Safe Routes to School website. Under SAFETEA-LU, MnDOT was allocated nearly $18.6 million in federal funding for grants and statewide programs from 2006-2012. In funding years 2015-2017 MnDOT leadership also set aside federal funding for Safe Routes to School under the new federal transportation bill MAP-21, which was used for a 2015-2016 infrastructure solicitation. More information on funding is available here. In 2013, the state legislature allocated $250,000 per year for Safe Routes to School non-infrastructure programs. In 2014, the state legislature made a one-time $1 million investment to the Safe Routes to School infrastructure grant program and increased the non-infrastructure funds to $500,000 per year. The Statewide Health Improvement Program also provides local public health departments funding that can be used to support local Safe Routes to School initiatives. More information on funding is available here. A Safe Routes to School plan should describe the process by which students are encouraged and educated on the benefits of safely walking and biking to school. It should present the provisions for enforcing traffic laws in the vicinity of schools for the safety of children. It should define or prioritize the engineering requirements for infrastructure and include an evaluation of all these processes for results. Each participating school forms a local team consisting of school administrators, municipal officials, teachers, parents, student leaders, law enforcement officers and other interested community members. They work together to assess attitudes and behaviors of parents and students, analyze the physical environment leading to the school and research related policies. The teams then make recommendations and create an action plan. The benefits of Safe Routes to School programs are numerous. When routes are safe, walking or biking to and from school is an easy way for children to get the regular physical activity they need for good health. Studies have shown that physically active kids have improved mood and concentration, a stronger self-image and more self-confidence. Physically active kids also have fewer chronic health problems and report lower levels of smoking and alcohol consumption. It’s also fun! Research shows that walking or riding is children’s preferred method of getting to school. By walking with friends, children will build relationships and learn more about their neighborhood, their friends and themselves. Anyone with a passion for children's health and safety should be involved with a Safe Routes to School program. School teams can include school administrators, teachers, parents, students, law enforcement officers, representatives from the local road authority, school district transportation directors, trail and bike group representatives, parks and recreation specialists, neighborhood association members and many more! The MnSRTS Resource Center was developed to provide the tools and resources that you need to begin developing a Safe Routes to School plan. In the resource index, you will find a variety of helpful tools to get you started on your own local Safe Routes to School plan or program. For more information on grants and funding opportunities, please visit the Minnesota Department of Transportation Safe Routes to School Grants webpage. A complete list of historical grant awards and recipients since 2006 are available at the Minnesota Department of Transportation Safe Routes to School Grants webpage. You can also explore the Visualizing SRTS in Minnesota web mapping tool. The 6 Es are strategies of a comprehensive Safe Routes to School Program, which include: engineering, enforcement, education, encouragement, equity, and evaluation. The most effective Safe Routes to School programs include elements of all of the 6 Es . For complete definitions of the 6 Es, please see the glossary page. Non-infrastructure activities include public awareness and outreach campaigns, traffic and enforcement education, law enforcement near schools, training for local Safe Routes to School activities, and monitoring and documenting outcomes and trends. Infrastructure-related activities are those projects that will substantially improve the ability of students to walk and bicycle to school, including sidewalk improvements, traffic calming and speed reduction improvements, pedestrian and bicycle crossing improvements, on-street bicycle facilities, off-street bicycle and pedestrian facilities, secure bike parking, and traffic diversion near schools. The Minnesota Walk! Bike! Fun! Pedestrian and Bicycle Safety Curriculum is a two-part curriculum designed specifically for Minnesota’s schools and is structured to meet Minnesota education standards. It helps children ages five to thirteen learn traffic rules and regulations, the potential hazards to traveling; and handling skills needed to bike and walk effectively, appropriately, and safely through their community.

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A quick look at what HSTS is and how to clear it on two of the most popular browsers. HSTS stands for HTTP Strict Transport Security, it’s a web security policy mechanism that forces web browsers to interact with websites only via secure HTTPS connections (and never HTTP). This helps to prevent protocol downgrade attacks and cookie hijacking. HSTS was originally created in response to a vulnerability that was introduced by Moxie Marlinspike in a 2009 BlackHat Federal talk titled “New Tricks for Defeating SSL in Practice.” The particular vulnerability that HSTS defends against is the one illustrated by Marlinspike’s SSLStrip tool. Essentially the tool works by converting secure HTTPS connections back to unsecured HTTP ones. HSTS remedies this by communicating to the browser that an HTTPS connection should always be in place. HSTS can also help to prevent cookie-based login credentials from being stolen by common tools such as Firesheep. Unfortunately, some HSTS settings can inadvertently cause browser errors. For instance, if you’re using Chrome, you might run into: “Privacy error: Your connection is not private” (NET::ERR_CERT_AUTHORITY_INVALID). If you attempt to reach the same site on another browser and don’t run into the same issues, it could just be a problem with how the HSTS settings have affected your original browser. In that case, you will need to clear them. Here’s how to clear HSTS settings on Google Chrome and Mozilla Firefox. Clear and Forget HSTS Settings In Popular Browsers. If your browser has stored HSTS settings for a domain and you later try to connect over HTTP or a broken HTTPS connection (mis-match hostname, expired certificate, etc) you will receive an error. Unlike other HTTPS errors, HSTS-related errors cannot be bypassed. This is because the browser has received explicit instructions from the browser not to allow anything but a secure connection. HSTS settings include a “max-age” option, which tells the browser how long to cache and remember the settings before checking again. In order to immediately proceed past the error, you will need to delete your browser’s local HSTS settings for that domain. Instructions on how to do so are below. These settings need to be cleared in each browser. As a developer, you may run into this error if you are testing an HSTS configuration. In Chrome, you can receive this error on localhost. If you have deployed HSTS onto a live site for end users, it may be infeasible to correct the errors they are having depending on the size of your audience. Each user needs to delete their local HSTS settings or wait for them to expire according to the ‘max-age’ that was set. Also note that if the website is still serving the HSTS header, your browser will store it as soon as you visit the site again. So you must first stop sending that header if you don’t want the error to reoccur. Neither Chrome nor Firefox have a unique error code for HSTS errors, but the interstitial error pages will include information about HSTS. Delete HSTS Settings Note that these instructions are mainly useful for developers who were testing HSTS and now need to delete the settings. For a website you do not control, deleting your browser’s local HSTS settings will not help if the website is still serving an HSTS header as your browser will simply save the settings again on each visit/refresh. In Chrome you may see the error “NET::ERR_CERT_COMMON_NAME_INVALID.” If you click “Advanced” in Chrome the error message will include “You cannot visit domain.com right now because the website uses HSTS.” That will confirm the error is HSTS-related. On localhost you may see the error “This site can’t provide a secure connection.” In Firefox the interstitial page will read: “This site uses HTTP Strict Transport Security (HSTS) to specify that Firefox may only connect to it securely. As a result, it is not possible to add an exception for this certificate.” If you have determined the error is due to cached HSTS settings, follow the following instructions to resolve the error: How to Delete HSTS Settings in Chrome: - Navigate to chrome://net-internals/#hsts This is Chrome’s UI for managing your browser’s local HSTS settings. - First, to confirm the domain’s HSTS settings are recorded by Chrome, type the hostname into the Query Domain section at the bottom of the page. Click Query.If the Query box returns Found with settings information below, the domain’s HSTS settings are saved in your browser. Note that this is a very sensitive search. Only enter the hostname, such as www.example.com or example.com without a protocol or path. - Type the same hostname into the Delete domain section and click Your browser will no longer force an HTTPS connection for that site! You can test if its working properly by refreshing or navigating to the page. Note that depending on the HSTS settings provided by the site, you may need to specify the proper subdomain. For example, the HSTS settings for staging.yoursite.com may be separate from yoursite.com so you may need to repeat the steps as appropriate. How to Delete HSTS Settings in Firefox: We will cover two different methods for deleting HSTS settings in Firefox. The first method should work in most cases – but we also included a manual option if needed. - Close all open tabs in Firefox. - Open the full History window with the keyboard shortcut Ctrl + Shift + H (Cmd + Shift + H on Mac). You must use this window or the sidebar for the below options to be available. - Find the site you want to delete the HSTS settings for – you can search for the site at the upper right if needed. - Right-click the site from the list of items and click Forget About This Site.This should clear the HSTS settings (and other cache data) for that domain. - Restart Firefox and visit the site. You should now be able to visit the site over HTTP/broken HTTPS.If these instructions did not work, you can try the following manual method: Manual Method for Firefox If the above steps do not work, you can try the following method. Start by locating your Firefox profile folder through your operating system’s file explorer. You can find this folder through Firefox by navigating to about:support Halfway down the page, in the Application Basics section, you will see Profile Folder. Click Open Folder. Now close Firefox so that the browser does not overwrite any settings we are about to change. In your Profile folder find and open the file SiteSecurityServiceState.txt. This file contains cached HSTS and HPKP (Key Pinning, a separate HTTPS mechanism) settings for domains you have visited. It may be very disorganized. Search for the domain you want to clear the HSTS settings for and delete it from the file. Each entry beings with the domain name. Delete the entirety of the entry from the beginning of the desired domain name to the next listed domain. As an alternative, you can rename the existing file from a .txt to a .bak (in order to save the existing file, just in case) and allow Firefox to create an entirely new file on next start up. Here is an example of a simple HSTS listing: www.thesslstore.com:HSTS 0 17312 1527362896190,1,0 As mentioned, the formatting for this file can be messy. Below is a sample from my profile. Each domain’s settings are shown in a unique color to make separation clear. In this case, part of the settings for the previous domain appear the beginning in red: 1527363079029,1,0www.thesslstore.com:HSTS 0 17312 1527362896190,1,0scotthelme.co.uk:HPKP 0 17312 1498419087277,1,1,9dNiZZueNZmyaf3pTkXxDgOzLkjKvI+Nza0ACF5IDwg=X3pGTSOuJeEVw989IJ/cEtXUEmy52zs1TZQrU06KUKg=V+J+7lHvE6X0pqGKVqLtxuvk+0f+xowyr3obtq8tbSw=9lBW+k9EF6yyG9413/fPiHhQy5Ok4UI5sBpBTuOaa/U=ipMu2Xu72A086/35thucbjLfrPaSjuw4HIjSWsxqkb8=+5JdLySIa9rS6xJM+2KHN9CatGKln78GjnDpf4WmI3g=MWfCxyqG2b5RBmYFQuLllhQvYZ3mjZghXTRn9BL9q10= api.github.com:HSTS 0 17312 1527362865303,1,1 Manage Digital Certificates like a Boss 14 Certificate Management Best Practices to keep your organization running, secure and fully-compliant. Note: Re-Hashed is a regular weekend feature at Hashed Out where we select an older post to revisit. This week we take a look at the answer to one of the questions we get asked the most: How to fix SSL connection errors on Android phones.

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Volume 7, Number 1 Welcome to the American Journal of Play special issue exploring the inter-disciplinary field of cognitive neuroaesthetics, which has attracted artists and art historians, neuroscientists, psychologists, and other researchers. Special theme issues focus on important topics in the fast-developing study of play; each is guest edited by an expert on the topic; and each includes work by the leading scholars in the field. Art historian Phillip Prager assembled this issue with the help of those participating in a conference called “The Importance of Being Playful,” which he organized in 2012 under the auspices of the Minerva Foundation at the University of California, Berkeley. The issue opens with two interviews. In the first, British polymath Margaret Boden talks about the roots of human creativity and the similarities and differences of animal and machine intelligence. In the second, entomologist and photographer Mark W. Moffett discusses the meaning of playfulness in relation to his work with ants, a species that appears not ever to play. In the issue’s lead article, guest editor Prager reexamines Bauhaus art and theory in light of the neuropsychology of play. Behavioral neuroscientists Sergio M. Pellis, Vivien C. Pellis, and Brett T. Himmler report on the ways rough-and-tumble play help make rats and primates more sociable, more flexible, and more cognitively sophisticated. Psychologists Adam Eichenbaum, Daphne Bavelier, and C. Shawn Green, all specialists in perceptual learning, show how playing video games enhances perceptual and cognitive skills in game players. And psycho-analyst (and performer) Victoria Stevens provides a summary of recent research in neuroscience and the role of combinatory play in generating new ideas and artistic forms. Taken together, these articles illustrate how strongly recent scholarship links play to creativity. Margaret Boden is Research Professor of Cognitive Science at the University of Sussex, where she was the founding dean of the university’s School of Cognitive and Computing Sciences. Trained originally at the University of Cambridge and at Harvard University in medicine and the history of philosophy, she has since pursued and published in related fields such as psychology, social psychology, linguistics, neuroscience, cybernetics, control engineering, computer science, and artificial intelligence. A frequent interviewee on television and radio in the United Kingdom, she lectures widely in Europe, North and South America, and Asia. Boden is known best for two widely translated books, The Creative Mind: Myths and Mechanisms, where she draws on computational ideas to explore human intuition, and the two-volume history of cognitive science, Mind as Machine: A History of Cognitive Science, in which she investigates in a computational frame the range and latitude of consciousness itself. In this interview, Boden reflects on her diverse interests with special reference to the relationship of combinatory play to creativity and invention in science and technology, art and architecture, mathematics, philosophy, and literature. Key words: artificial intelligence; combinatory play; creativity; interdisciplinarity; invention; neuroaesthetics Mark W. Moffett is a research associate at the Smithsonian Institution and a frequent contributor to and contract photographer for the National Geographic Society, which has dubbed him the “Indiana Jones of Entomology.” While earning his doctorate in organismic and evolutionary biology at Harvard University, he studied with Edward O. Wilson, founder of the field of sociobiology, and traveled across Asia studying ants. Subsequently, Moffett served as a curator at Harvard’s Museum of Comparative Zoology and held a research position for several years at the University of California, Berkeley. In addition to having written more than one hundred articles, he is the author of The High Frontier: Exploring the Tropical Forest Canopy and Adventures among Ants: A Global Safari with a Cast of Trillions (winner of a National Outdoor Book Award in 2010) and the children’s book Face to Face with Frogs. Moffett has appeared on The Tonight Show with Conan O’Brien and The Colbert Report and has received the Lowell Thomas Award from the Explorers Club, the Distinguished Explorer Award from the Roy Chapman Andrews Society, Yale University’s Poynter Fellowship in Journalism, and Harvard’s Bowdoin Prize for writing. In this interview, Moffett reflects on his study of ants, on their social organization, and on the similarities and differences between these mindless and playless creatures and humans. Key words: ants, army ants, sociobiology, superorganisms In a review of the methodology of the Bauhaus (Germany’s famous art school of the Weimar Republic era) in light of more recent scientific research on creativity and especially in light of the work of László Moholy-Nagy, the author examines the emphasis the school placed on play and positive emotions and concludes that it evinced a highly sophisticated understanding of creative cognition half a century ahead of science. He thus questions the modernist and rationalistic paradigms into which the Bauhaus has been enshrined and discusses its true relationship to the idea of play. Key words: Bauhaus; cognition; creativity and play; László Moholy-Nagy; philosophy; photography The authors review recent research that reveals how today’s video games instantiate naturally and effectively many principles psychologists, neuroscientists, and educators believe critical for learning. A large body of research exists showing that the effects of these games are much broader. In fact, some types of commercial games have been proven to enhance basic perceptual and cognitive skills. These effects are significant enough that educators use these games for such practical, real-world purposes as training surgeons and rehabilitating individuals with perceptual or cognitive deficits. Although many individuals may still consider video games nothing more than mindless fun, the authors argue that games serve also as serious tools for good. Key words: job training and video games; video games and cognition; video games and learning; video games and the elderly Studies of rats and some primates show that rough-and-tumble play among juveniles improves social competence, cognition, and emotional regulation later in life. Most critically, such play makes animals better able to respond to unexpected situations. But not all animals engage in play, and not all animals that play appear to gain these benefits. Using a model developed by Burghardt (2005), the authors argue that there are enabling conditions—such as how behavior systems develop and the presence of surplus resources—that make play-like behavior possible. Once such behavior emerges, other enabling conditions help transform it into more exaggerated patterns of play that can be co-opted for various functions. For species living in complex social systems with an extended juvenility, play has become a tool to refine the control that the prefrontal cortex has over other neural circuits. Such control permits these animals to have more nuanced responses to a variety of situations. In short, the juvenile experience of play refines the brain to be more adaptable later in life. Key words: comparative studies; developmental benefits of play; play and adaptability; play in the animal kingdom The author considers combinatory play as an intersection between creativity, play, and neuroaesthetics. She discusses combinatory play as vital to the creative process in art and science, particularly with regard to the incubation of new ideas. She reviews findings from current neurobiological research and outlines the way that the brain activates various regions when creative, combinatory play uses conscious and unconscious cognitive and emotional processes. Key words: combinatory play, conscious and unconscious cognitive playful manipulation; creativity; stages of the creative process; neuroaesthetics “Are these parents crazy? Have they lost their grip? No. Their children face very real gates and gatekeepers through which they need to pass if they are going to achieve in ways similar to their parents” (p. 12). With this statement in the introduction to Playing to Win, Hilary Levey Friedman expresses her understanding of the behavior of the parents she interviewed in order to write Playing to Win. The book derives from Friedman’s doctoral dissertation based on her sixteen-month-long field study of families in or near an unnamed large city in the Northeast United States. Each family had at least one child of elementary school age involved in organized, competitive chess, dance, or soccer. Friedman spent time at chess tournaments, dance studios, and soccer fields, met parents there, and, through word of mouth, met other parents with children competing in these activities. She conducted open-ended interviews with parents from ninety-five different families and, in some cases, also interviewed children, teachers, and coaches to understand their perspectives. For a while now, my search for the perfect reading to introduce new students to games involved defining games as objects, as constructed things. Games are created activities bound by rules that allow only particular actions by their players, who are all trying to get somewhere, to win or to score big, or otherwise to succeed. There are ways to define games, however, that do not focus on constraints and goals. Instead, they focus on the activity of play, the interaction between players and games and gaming communities, and all the stuff around games, not the stuff of games. Yet for some reason, I never let go of my tendency to categorize and label and objectify when first introducing games. And in failing to let go of these formal definitions, I may have been introducing games to my students as decontextualized objects that stand apart as inert things, waiting to be explored and prodded. But no. That is not what games are. They do not exist except in the enactment. Pat Broadhead and Andy Burt’s Understanding Young Children’s Learning through Play is an insightful analysis of open-ended, free-choice play in the Early Years Unit (part of the United Kingdom’s Early Years Learning Framework curriculum) for children aged three through five at a primary school in York, England. The book consists of a series of vignettes that include interviews with staff members and the children’s interpretations of events as they watched themselves on video. Book chapters focus on the role of adult involvement, what can be learned from risk and conflict, and the ways in which children progress from new child to master player. The recent American worry about obesity, the lack of exercise, and unhealthy diets has elevated the subject of public fitness to a level of national discourse not seen since the early Cold War–era debates over our physical softness. Two recent works, Jonathan Black’s Making the American Body: The Remarkable Saga of the Men and Women Whose Feats, Feuds, and Passions Shaped Fitness History and Shelly McKenzie’s Getting Physical: The Rise of Fitness Culture in America attempt to inform these debates about public fitness by illustrating the arc of America’s fitness culture and its origins and role in American society. Professors of architecture and experts in sustainable design, Brenda Vale and Robert Vale place new foundations in the field of twentieth-century toys with their most recent book Architecture on the Carpet: The Curious Tale of Construction Toys and the Genesis of Modern Buildings. The authors take a nuanced approach that leads to few outright conclusions about the subject but rather to more questions about whether architecture inspires the toy or vice versa, about how toys inform child development, and about the extent to which consumer society influences toy design. Graeme Kirkpatrick’s study of aesthetic theory and video games seeks to apply aesthetic theory to what some view as a garish, popularized, and mass-produced cultural form. What do video games have to do with aesthetics after all? Kirkpatrick takes this question head on and argues that video games are a“historically specific instance of an aesthetic form,” and as such they should be viewed through the lens aesthetics to be understood (p. 1). Over the course of six chapters, Kirkpatrick discusses the newness of what games bring to aesthetics. For the author, the newness of games is a specific way of approaching the text through the body, as a participant rather than as an audience. Adam Eichenbaum is a research and teaching assistant at the University of Wisconsin-Madison and lab manager for the university’s Department of Psychology Learning and Transfer Lab. Daphné Bavelier is Research Professor of Brain and Cognitive Sciences at the University of Rochester and Head of the Bavelier Lab at the University of Geneva, Switzerland. She studies how the brain adapts to changes in experience and investigates how new media, such as video games, can foster learning and increase brain plasticity. Her more than seventy-five coauthored articles have appeared in, among others, Annual Reviews of Neuroscience, Development of Cognitive Neuroscience, Cognition, Computers in Human Behavior, Frontiers in Neuroscience, and Nature Neuroscience. C. Shawn Green is Assistant Professor of Psychology at the University of Wisconsin-Madison. His research on perceptual learning and transfer and the effects of video gaming on perception and cognition has appeared in Brain Research, Computers in Human Behavior, Current Biology, and Nature, among others. Green and Bavelier have contributed coauthored chapters to Cognitive Neuroscience, 4th Edition; SAGE Encyclopedia of Perception; Digital Media: Transformations in Human Communication; and Computer Games and Team and Individual Learning. Sergio M. Pellis is a Professor and Principal Investigator at the University of Lethbridge Canadian Centre for Behavioral Neuroscience. He has written and lectured extensively on play behavior in rodents and primates; contributed articles and chapters to many journals and books; and is the coauthor of Playful Brain: Venturing the Limits of Neuroscience, which encompasses three decades of empirical research supporting an integrated study of the multifunctionality of play and the differences that exist between the species. Vivien C. Pellis serves as Adjunct Assistant Professor at the University of Lethbridge Canadian Centre for Behavioral Neuroscience .Her research interests include play behavior in animals and humans, autism, and righting reflexes. She is coauthor of Playful Brain: Venturing the Limits of Neuroscience, as well as numerous other publications. Brett T. Himmler is a graduate student at the University of Lethbridge Canada. His extensive writings have appeared in Developmental Psychobiology, Journal of Comprehensive Psychology, and Journal of Visualized Experiments, among others. Phillip Prager is Assistant Professor in Digital Play and Aesthetics at the IT University of Copenhagen. His interdisciplinary approach interprets twentieth- century art through the lens of scientific research on creativity and play. He has worked extensively in both the film industry and academia and organized interactive exhibitions. His writings have appeared in Creativity Research Journal, Digital Creativity, and other publications. Victoria Stevens is a clinical psychologist and psychoanalyst and an adjunct member of the faculty at the Pacifica Graduate Institute in Santa Barbara and the Santa Barbara Graduate Institute for Infant and Child Development. Her areas of interest include the development and inhibition of creativity in children and adults with an emphasis on the relationship between creative thinking and the brain and cognitive processes. She has contributed to A Reader’s Guide to Affect Regulation and Neurobiology, The Psychoanalytic Review, and Psychologist/Psychoanalyst and consulted and lectured widely, particularly in California, on topics such as integrating the arts and brain-based teaching techniques; the arts, brain development, and pedagogy; and creativity, imagination, and metacognition.

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As the second book Luke addressed to Theophilus (see Luke 1:3), Acts may originally have had no title. The Greek manuscripts title it “Acts,” and many add “of the Apostles.” The Greek word translated “Acts” (praxeis) was often used to describe the achievements of great men. Acts does feature the notable figures in the early years of the church, especially Peter (chaps. 1–12) and Paul (chaps. 13–28). But the book could more properly be called “The Acts of the Holy Spirit through the Apostles,” since His sovereign, superintending work was far more significant than that of any man. It was the Spirit’s directing, controlling, and empowering ministry that strengthened the church and caused it to grow in numbers, spiritual power, and influence. Author and Date Since Luke’s gospel was the first book addressed to Theophilus (Luke 1:3), it is logical to conclude that Luke is also the author of Acts, although he is not named in either book. The writings of the early church Fathers such as Irenaeus, Clement of Alexandria, Tertullian, Origen, Eusebius, and Jerome affirm Luke’s authorship, and so does the Muratorian Canon (ca. A.D. 170). Because he is a relatively obscure figure, mentioned only 3 times in the NT (Col. 4:14; 2 Tim. 4:11, Philem. 24), it is unlikely that anyone would have forged a work to make it appear to be Luke’s. A forger surely would have attributed his work to a more prominent person. Luke was Paul’s close friend, traveling companion, and personal physician (Col. 4:14). He was a careful researcher (Luke 1:1–4) and an accurate historian, displaying an intimate knowledge of Roman laws and customs, as well as the geography of Palestine, Asia Minor, and Italy. In writing Acts, Luke drew on written sources (15:23–29; 23:26–30), and also no doubt interviewed key figures, such as Peter, John, and others in the Jerusalem church. Paul’s two-year imprisonment at Caesarea (24:27) gave Luke ample opportunity to interview Philip and his daughters (who were considered important sources of information on the early days of the church). Finally, Luke’s frequent use of the first person plural pronouns “we” and “us”(16:10–17; 20:5–21:18; 27:1–28:16) reveals that he was an eyewitness to many of the events recorded in Acts. Some believe Luke wrote Acts after the fall of Jerusalem (A.D. 70; his death was probably in the mid-eighties). It is more likely, however, that he wrote much earlier, before the end of Paul’s first Roman imprisonment (ca. A.D. 60–62). That date is the most natural explanation for the abrupt ending of Acts—which leaves Paul awaiting trial before Caesar. Surely Luke, who devoted more than half of Acts to Paul’s ministry, would have given the outcome of that trial, and described Paul’s subsequent ministry, second imprisonment (cf. 2 Tim. 4:11), and death, if those events had happened before he wrote Acts. Luke’s silence about such notable events as the martyrdom of James, head of the Jerusalem church (A.D. 62 according to the Jewish historian Josephus), the persecution under Nero (A.D. 64), and the fall of Jerusalem (A.D. 70) also suggests he wrote Acts before those events transpired. Background and Setting As Luke makes clear in the prologue to his gospel, he wrote to give Theophilus (and the others who would read his work) a “narrative of those things” (Luke 1:1) which Jesus had accomplished during His earthly ministry. Accordingly, Luke wrote in his gospel “an orderly account” (Luke 1:3) of those momentous events. Acts continues that record, noting what Jesus accomplished through the early church. Beginning with Jesus’ ascension, through the birth of the church on the Day of Pentecost, to Paul’s preaching at Rome, Acts chronicles the spread of the gospel and the growth of the church (cf. 1:15; 2:41, 47; 4:4; 5:14; 6:7; 9:31; 12:24; 13:49; 16:5; 19:20). It also records the mounting opposition to the gospel (cf. 2:13; 4:1–22; 5:17–42; 6:9–8:4; 12:1–5; 13:6–12, 45–50; 14:2–6, 19, 20; 16:19–24; 17:5–9; 19:23–41; 21:27–36; 23:12–21; 28:24). Theophilus, whose name means “lover of God,” is unknown to history apart from his mention in Luke and Acts. Whether he was a believer whom Luke was instructing, or a pagan whom Luke sought to convert is not known. Luke’s address of him as “most excellent Theophilus” (Luke 1:3) suggests he was a Roman official of some importance (cf. 24:3; 26:25). Historical and Theological Themes As the first work of church history ever penned, Acts records the initial response to the Great Commission (Matt. 28:19, 20). It provides information on the first 3 decades of the church’s existence—material found nowhere else in the NT. Though not primarily a doctrinal work, Acts nonetheless emphasizes that Jesus of Nazareth was Israel’s long-awaited Messiah, shows that the gospel is offered to all men (not merely the Jewish people), and stresses the work of the Holy Spirit (mentioned more than 50 times). Acts also makes frequent use of the OT: e.g., 2:17–21 (Joel 2:28–32); 2:25–28 (Ps. 16:8–11); 2:35 (Ps. 110:1); 4:11 (Ps. 118:22); 4:25, 26 (Ps. 2:1, 2); 7:49, 50 (Is. 66:1, 2); 8:32, 33 (Is. 53:7, 8); 28:26, 27 (Is. 6:9, 10). Acts abounds with transitions: from the ministry of Jesus to that of the apostles; from the Old Covenant to the New Covenant; from Israel as God’s witness nation to the church (composed of both Jews and Gentiles) as God’s witness people. The book of Hebrews sets forth the theology of the transition from the Old Covenant to the New; Acts depicts the New Covenant’s practical outworking in the life of the church. Because Acts is primarily a historical narrative, not a theological treatise like Romans or Hebrews, it contains relatively few interpretive challenges. Those that exist mainly concern the book’s transitional nature (see Historical and Theological Themes) and involve the role of signs and wonders. Those issues are addressed in the notes to the relevant passages (e.g., 2:1–47; 15:1–29). I. The Witness to Jerusalem (1:9–8:3) A. The Anticipation of the Church (1:9–26) B. The Founding of the Church (2:1–47) C. The Growth of the Church (3:1–8:3) 1. Apostles: Preaching, healing, and enduring persecution (3:1–5:42) 2. Deacons: Praying, teaching, and enduring persecution (6:1–8:3) II. The Witness to Judea and Samaria (8:4–12:25) A. The Gospel to the Samaritans (8:4–25) B. The Conversion of a Gentile (8:26–40) C. The Conversion of Saul (9:1–31) D. The Gospel to Judea (9:32–43) E. The Gospel to the Gentiles (10:1–11:30) F. The Persecution by Herod (12:1–25) III. The Witness to the Ends of the Earth (13:1–28:31) A. Paul’s First Missionary Journey (13:1–14:28) B. The Jerusalem Council (15:1–35) C. Paul’s Second Missionary Journey (15:36–18:22) D. Paul’s Third Missionary Journey (18:23–21:16) E. Paul’s Jerusalem and Caesarean Trials (21:17–26:32) F. Paul’s Journey to Rome (27:1–28:31) As you may be aware, the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) comes into full effect on 25th May 2018. GDPR is the new European privacy regulation, which will replace the Data Protection Act 1998 in the UK and the equivalent legislation across the EU Member States. Here at Grace to You Europe we take our data protection responsibilities very seriously and, as you would expect, have undertaken a significant programme of work to ensure that we are ready for this important legislative change. Unleashing God’s Truth, One Verse at a Time Since 1969

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- Parametric, linear phase, “what the hell is Q?!” - We break down the different types of EQs… - While explaining good practices and common use-cases. EQ’ing – probably the most common process in audio production whether it be a recording session, mixing session, live sound or mastering. Simply put an EQ (or ‘Equalizer’) is designed to add or remove certain frequencies in the sound spectrum. EQ’s can be used to tame trouble frequencies, such as removing the low end of certain instruments to clear up muddiness or used as a way of boosting other frequencies (for example, a slight boost in top-end to add clarity). Some EQ’s will be more accurate than others, allowing you to surgically remove frequencies that may be causing problems in your mix whereas others will add or remove a bigger band of frequencies allowing you to be a bit more aggressive in your mix. It can take years of practice to identify frequencies on the spectrum and learn how to use EQ to shape a sound and make your mixes glue together. It is also just as important to know when to remove a frequency as it is to know when to add a frequency. EQ’s come in many forms whether that be plugin or hardware form, and you’ll often find a producer using more than one type in any given mix. Here we take you through the different types of EQ and when to use them. A graphic EQ works by separating individual frequencies into banks of sliders which you can add or remove as needed. The more frequencies contained on a graphic EQ the more accurate the controls are. It’s not uncommon to see graphic EQ’s on older HiFi systems. Usually, a graphic EQ will contain between 7 and 31 faders, with each one representing a certain frequency. These types of EQ are great for removing problem frequencies that you may find in a mix, so it’s no surprise that they are often used in live sound engineering when ‘ringing out’ a room. As you can imagine, for a live sound engineer on tour each night will present a different sounding room, depending on the acoustic properties and even the building materials in the structure. This means that in order to get a good sound the engineer will need to calibrate the sound system with the room they are in. By using a graphic EQ, the sound engineer will usually play a reference track that they are familiar with through the P.A. system and can identify any frequency bands that need to be taken out. From here they will simply lower the fader of the corresponding frequency to remove it and clear the mix up. Similarly, this process can be used to identify and remove any unwanted frequencies that may be causing feedback. It is more common nowadays to see graphic EQ’s in live sound than it is in studio work however there are some great graphic EQ plugins if you are looking to experiment with them in your workflow. Graphic EQ’s are easy to use and intuitive, great for live sound and tuning a room, however they aren’t as accurate as a parametric EQ. - Best Free Graphic EQ Plugin: Voxengo Marvel GEQ - Best Graphic EQ Plugin: Waves GEQ Graphic Equalizer - best Graphic EQ Hardware Unit: dbx-231s Dual Channel 31-Band Equalizer A parametric EQ is the most common type of EQ you will come across when mixing in the box. Your DAW will usually come with an EQ plugin as standard and may also utilize an analyzer which displays the frequencies present in the track. This can be found in the plugin in the photo above, which is of the most popular parametric EQ of all time — the Fabfilter Pro Q3. A parametric EQ will allow you to adjust and move frequency bands, meaning you can boost or remove frequency ranges as you see fit. The parameters you will usually find are: This allows you to select which frequency you are affecting in the spectrum. The ‘Q’ will adjust the size of the band you are affecting, with the Q being the center frequency. A higher Q will affect fewer surrounding frequencies (i.e. is narrow) whereas a lower Q will affect more and is wider. So for example, removing 100Hz with a high Q may affect a range of 80-120Hz, whereas a lower Q could result in 50-150Hz being removed. A parametric EQ works by increasing or decreasing gain to add or remove frequencies. Usually, in plugin form you will be able to do this simply by clicking on the spectrum and controlling the gain with your mouse, however, there are occasions (such as automating an EQ change) where you may key a gain value instead. High Pass Filter Most parametric EQ’s will allow you to apply a High Pass Filter (HPF). An HPF utilizes a steep curve which removes a portion of the low end (and lets the higher frequencies ‘pass-through’). High Pass Filters are great for removing unwanted low-end frequency content and are often used to clear space for the bass and kick drum in a mix. Using a HPF aggressively will remove more and more of the low end, eventually resulting in the ‘telephone’ effect you often hear in pop music. Low Pass Filter A Low Pass Filter (LPF) will do the exact opposite of a High Pass Filter, using a steep curve at the high end to remove the higher frequency content. This is particularly useful if you are wanting to clear some space for higher frequency instruments such as cymbals. Parametric EQ’s are arguably the most common type of EQ when it comes to mixing, and you’ll usually find your DAW comes with one or more plugin as standard. We’d suggest getting to grips with these before purchasing 3rd party plugins. However, you will find that each plugin will have their own characteristics so if you’re ready to expand your collection of EQ’s we’d recommend the Izotope Neutron 3 which comes as a package and is favored by many producers. A shelving EQ is actually quite similar to a HPF/LPF. The term ‘shelf’ comes from the way in which the EQ parameters look. Whereas a HPF/LPF will have a steep curve, with a sudden drop off in frequencies, a shelving EQ will have a wide Q and a smooth curve which slopes to form a shelf-like shape. Some Shelving EQ’s will have the option to increase or decrease the mid-range (which is known as a ‘Bell EQ’). Shelving EQ’s are generally known for being more subtle than an HPF or LPF, removing frequencies in a much more ‘musical’ manner. Shelving EQ’s are great for achieving a smooth result, without the aggression and sudden drop off that a high pass or low pass filter generally has. As they have a wide Q they aren’t great for surgically removing small frequency ranges, but are great for boosting or removing the top and bottom end in a subtle-but-pleasing way. The standard EQ in your DAW will normally offer a shelving function. Linear Phase EQ A Linear Phase EQ works very similarly to your Parametric EQ. When adding or removing frequencies in your Parametric EQ plugins a ‘smearing’ effect is created, where any frequency you are altering comes slightly out of phase with the rest of the frequencies in the signal. By using a linear phase EQ plugin, the affected frequencies are simply nudged back in phase removing this smearing effect. Now, in theory, a Linear Phase EQ SHOULD be universally superior to a regular Parametric EQ. However, their effectiveness is often debated, with some claiming that the sound is actually a little too ‘clean’, whereas some simply prefer the characteristics and tonal qualities of their regular Parametric EQ. Linear Phase EQ can be really useful when tracking an instrument with multiple microphones, such as drums, where correct phasing is crucial (microphones that are ‘out of phase’ can create a lack of low end and sometimes when played in mono can cancel each other out altogether resulting in silence). There are both pros and cons of working with a Linear Phase EQ, and it may take a while to train your ears to really hear the difference. Some DAWs such as Logic come with their own standard Linear Phase EQ so compare the two and see if you can hear the difference. For 3rd party plugins we’d recommend checking out the free range on KRV Audio before committing to purchasing one. Think of a Dynamic EQ loosely as a cross between a Compressor and a Parametric EQ. When you make a cut or boost with a Parametric EQ then that change is continuously applied to the signal and will stay that way unless you physically amend it yourself. With a Dynamic EQ you can set a threshold (much like a compressor) so that the EQ correction only applies when the signal passes that point. So for example, you may want to tone down a Hi Hat that may be too loud, or increase a Kick Drum that is lacking punch. A Dynamic EQ is also great for removing sibilance that can be caused by heavy compression on a vocal track and can be used in place of a de-esser. The difference between this method and a compressor (or multi-band compressor) is the fact that a Dynamic EQ can add gain as well as take away meaning you can cut AND boost, as opposed to a compressor where you will only be able to reduce the dynamic range. You’ll also find a Dynamic EQ has extra controls, like a compressor, such as Threshold, Attack and Release. A Dynamic EQ is a really useful tool for adding an extra dimension to your mixes, especially if you aren’t wanting to affect the entirety of the track you are editing, and rather just want your DAW to make corrections for you in certain areas. It’s worth noting that for ‘general’ EQ’ing, this isn’t the most effective plugin — however once you learn how to apply Dynamic EQ to your mixes, you’ll start to think of EQ’ing more creatively. The EQ’ing process can make or break a track. Knowing where to EQ aggressively or subtly can create drastic differences in your final mix. You’ll probably be using a Parametric EQ day in day out, so getting to grips with the standard DAW plugins that you have is a great starting point if you’re a beginner. Training your ears to pick up on when and where you need to EQ takes years of practice but learning what types of EQ are at your disposal (and how to use them) will not only clear up your mix but also streamline your workflow.

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History of Norris Canyon For thousands of years the Ohlone/Costanoan and Seunen Indians lived in the San Ramon Valley and by 1770, their population was estimated to be approximately 10,000. Over the next 50 years, disease from European explorers and settlers brought the population to less than 2,000 and the California Gold Rush reduced their numbers even further. In the late 18th century, the area was colonized by the Spanish Empire, who established several missions to secure their claim to the land, teach natives Christianity and the Spanish way of life. In 1797, Mission San Jose, which is located in Fremont, was established and the San Ramon Valley was used as grazing land. In 1822, following Mexico's independence from Spain, the mission lands were granted to private citizens as ranchos. Don Jose Maria Amador Jose Amador was born in San Francisco in 1794 and his father, Pedro, had been on the first Spanish overland expedition to California. Jose Maria was a soldier, Indian fighter and the administrator for Mission San Jose. In 1834, Jose Amador received a grant of more than 20,000 acres and named it Rancho San Ramon. He had very large herds of cattle, horses, pigs and sheep. He had large orchards, vineyards and grew melons, corn and wheat. In 1850, California became part of the United States and land granted to Spanish soldiers was not well recognized by the U.S. courts. Jose Amador sold all his property, at very low prices and moved to a relative's home in Watsonville, where he died, destitute, at age 89. Leo and Mary Norris In 1846, Leo and Mary Norris traveled west from Missouri with 50 wagon trains of settlers. The group they were with decided to take a new route through the Sierra Nevada Mountains, but the Norris' parted company and went a different way. The other group is better known as the Donner Party. Six months after leaving Missouri, the Norris' arrived in San Francisco. In 1850, Leo Norris purchased 4,451 acres from Jose Amador. This was the first property purchased by an American in the Valley and was called the Norris Rancho. It became the namesake for Norris Canyon Road. Greenleaf Clay and David Hutchings After the American Revolution, Congress was interested in encouraging people to settle in the West. In 1785, the Public Land Survey was enacted, where the Federal Government issued land to soldiers who had fought in the American Revolution, War of 1812, on the Union side of the Civil War or in the war with Mexico. Greenleaf Clay and David Hutchings were privates with the Massachusetts Militia during the War of 1812 and acquired property in the Norris Canyon area, probably between 1850 and 1867. This property would eventually become part of Norris Canyon Estates. The Wiedemann Family Christian Wiedemann sailed from Germany, arriving in San Francisco around 1855. He was a carpenter by trade and worked at a dairy, in what is now known as Daly City. This is where he learned a general knowledge of cattle. Most of the flatland in the San Ramon Valley had been purchased by the Norris, Harlan, Glass and other families, leaving only land in the hills available, which was good for raising cattle, but limited for growing crops. In November of 1867, Christian Wiedemann purchased 160 acres of land from Greenleaf Clay, under the Scrip Warrant Act of 1856. At the same time, Wiedemann's friend, Carl Schwerin, purchased 160 acres of land from David Hutchings' widow, Hannah Hutchings. In March of 1870, Carl sold his 160 acres to Christian. Christian built a Victorian farmhouse around 1868, which had scalloped trim and a small balcony. It was built with ancient redwood taken from the Oakland area and is still occupied by the family today. House built by Christian Wiedemann. Photo circa 1888 Roxanne and Randy Lindsay have lived in the original house since 1974. Roxanne is Christian Wiedemann's great granddaughter. Wiedemann Ranch in 1888 Wiedemann Ranch in 2011 Christian raised horses, cattle, turkeys and pigs and grew hay, barley fruits and nuts. Wood cut to clear the land was sold as firewood. By 1903, Christian's property grew to 480 acres and was worth $8.00 per acre. The tallest hill, just west of Norris Canyon Estates, is named Wiedemann Hill and has an elevation of 1844 feet. Rock walls are a common sight on the Wiedemann property, as well as many other ranches and farms across the country. After the Gold Rush and the completion of the Transcontinental Railroad in 1869, there was a large group of unemployed Chinese laborers. Ranchers and farmers hired them to clear their property so they could use horse drawn plows and mowers for crops such as wheat or hay. Some rock walls are on the property lines and some are not. The two photos above are on Wiedemann Hill. Christian died in 1914, at age 80 and being a widow, left the ranch to be divided equally among his four children. His two sons, Fred and Henry, worked in the cattle and hay business, purchasing additional property in San Ramon. His two daughters, Maria and Emma lived in the house until the early 1960's. After their deaths, the house was leased to the Lenz family between 1962 and 1974. In 1974, Roxanne Wiedemann Lindsay and her husband, Randy Lindsay moved in and still live their today. Roxanne's great aunts, Maria and Emma, raised a considerable number of chickens and turkeys for sale. Fred and Henry Wiedemann continued to expand, but sometime in the 1920's, their partnership dissolved and Fred became the sole manager of Wiedemann Ranch. By 1962 the Ranch had expanded to about 4600 acres. In 1963, Fred Wiedemann died and left ownership of the ranch divided equally between his two children, Howard and Ann Marie. Ann Marie leased her part of the ranch to Howard, who continued to run the business with his son, Jeff. Howard died in 1982, shortly after being named "Cattleman of the Year." Jeff, his wife Nancy and their sons, Clayton and Christian, run the business today. According to a current NCE resident, the Wiedemann and Lindsay families are very nice people. Jeff Wiedemann and HCV Pacific Partners In the early 1980's, the City of San Ramon incorporated and several ranchers in the area wanted to be part of the General Plan for the City. Norris Canyon Estates, a 300 acre project, was presented to the San Ramon City Council, but through the efforts of a group known as "Save Our Hills", the Council voted against the project. Jeff Wiedemann went to the County planners and the same project was approved. By 1990, Jeff Wiedemann and HCV Pacific partners were rough grading the property and installing water tanks. 260 Lyndhurst Place is a five acre parcel that starts at the top of Lyndhurst and goes south to the water tanks. This was part of a larger ranch owned by the Freitas family and when the ranch was divided among the family, Susan Christensen received this parcel. The Freitas' have the ranches that are directly across from the Gatehouse and to the left, going up Norris Canyon Road. In 2006, Susan Christensen attended several homeowner meetings and made a presentation about dividing the lot into one acre parcels and building five houses. This was strongly opposed by several residents, who lived at the top of Lyndhurst, as they did not want the traffic from five more homes. The request to modify the lots was voted down by the HOA. It was later divided into two lots, but as of 2011, nothing has been done to the property. Toll Brothers Inc. In 1997, Jeff Wiedemann and HCV Pacific Partners sold 200 acres of property to Toll Brothers, who planned on building 362 homes. Toll Brothers created three areas: The Meadows, the Highlands and the Ridge. In 2005, Toll Brothers sold 73 lots to Western Pacific, who later sold them to IHP Capital Partners Inc. These lots are situated in the highest area of Norris Canyon Estates and were named after a small commune in the French Alps. IHP Capital Partners Inc. IHP Capital Partners Inc. worked with WL Homes, dba John Laing Homes, for development of the 73 lots in the Roubion subdivision. After building and selling several homes, John Laing Homes filed for bankruptcy in 2009. WL Homes / John Laing Homes John Laing Homes began in England in 1848. In 1998 John Laing merged it's U.S. operations with Watt Residential Partners and became WL Holmes, dba John Laing Homes. In 2006, the operation was purchased by Emaar Properties from Dubai, one the world's largest builders. In 2009, WL Homes and John Laing Homes filed for bankruptcy. The bankruptcy court ordered several unfinished homes sold, along with 18 vacant lots, which Toll Brothers purchased. Norris Canyon Estates consists of 343 acres, with hundreds of acres of private land and East Bay Regional Park's property surrounding it. Toll Brothers, who has 58 lots, continues to build and sell homes. IHP has 41 lots in the Roubion subdivision and is working with SummerHill Homes to complete the project. On Norris Canyon Road, across from the Wentwood Gate, is the Thomas Ranch. Built in 1884 by Joseph Rose, the 370 acre ranch produced cash crops and raised cattle. In 1904, Joseph Rose died and his daughter, Isabelle, married Louis Thomas. By 1910, Joseph's wife, Isabella and several other family members, moved to a house on "C" Street in Hayward. Louis and Isabelle Thomas moved into the ranch house, along with Isabelle's brother, Manuel Rose. Over the next 74 years, several generations of the Thomas family occupied the ranch, including Lawrence and Marjorie (Thomas) Zaharis. The current residents are Mark and Debbie (Zaharis) Chewning, who have lived there since 1984. Mark is from Portland, Oregon and Debbie is the great granddaughter to Louis Thomas. They have worked hard to restore and preserve the original ranch, which is very challenging, considering the house, barns and out-buildings are almost 130 years old.

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China is the world’s third largest state by area located in East Asia. It borders 14 states, including Russia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan. The entire eastern part of China is bordered by the Pacific Ocean. The capital is Beijing. China lies within three climatic zones: to the west and north, the climate is temperate continental; the central regions are dominated by a subtropical climate; and the southern coast and islands have a tropical monsoon climate. Late spring and early autumn are optimal for spending holidays in China. The southern regions are preferable to go to from November to December. The official language is Chinese with several dialects. In religious matters Confucianism, Taoism and Buddhism prevail. Due to its significant landscape and climate diversity combined with plenty of historical sites, China is attractive to every single tourist. This country is well placed for beach tourism (Beihai, Beidaihe, Dalian), diving (the coast of Guangdong), rafting, mountaineering, hiking and mountain biking (Guilin, Guizhou, Liuzhou, Nanning), ecotourism (Heilongjiang, Qiqihar, the province of Zhejiang), caving and other ways of spending vacation. It’s hard to find a town in China that wouldn’t have one or two historical monuments. Also, China’s present-day architecture is very attractive to tourists as well, which is as often as not the reason for visiting China. Not only Shanghai or Hong Kong, but also Daqing, Kunming, Tianjin, Wuhan, Changzhou, Zhongshan, Zhuhai, Shantou, Shenzhen and Suzhou are visited for excursions. China is famous for its centers of wellness tourism: the hot springs in Inner Mongolia and mineral springs of Wudalianchi. Macau with its incredible casinos is a cherished dream of many tourists and their travel companions. The most convenient way to take a trip to China is to fly. Many major airlines now fly to Beijing, Hong Kong, Shanghai and Guangzhou, which are the main international gateways to China. Russian carriers operate direct flights from Saint Petersburg to Harbin; from Yekaterinburg to Harbin; from Novosibirsk to Xi’an. Those travelers for whom no regular direct flights to China are available can take a transit one through major European airports. Vacationers can reach China by train from many of its neighbouring countries. One can travel from Russia or Mongolia to Beijing by the Trans-Siberian Railway; from Kazakhstan to Urumqi; from Vietnam to Guangxi; and from North Korea to Beijing. For a coach trip, regular bus services are available from Russia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Mongolia, North Korea, Myanmar, Vietnam, Laos or Nepal. There are regular ferry services from Shanghai and Tianjin to Osaka (Japan) and South Korea. Travelers from EU and CIS countries will need a visa to visit China. This can be obtained from a Chinese embassy before departure, in person or by representatives. Getting a tourist visa is easy and takes 5 to 7 working days. The special economic zone province of Hainan allows getting a visa upon arrival at the airport. However, visitors from Russia and most western countries don’t need visas to visit Hong Kong and Macau. The period of stay will depend on which country you are from. In addition, nationals of Russia can visit the city of Suifenhe visa-free for up to 15 days. Foreign currencies can be imported to China without any limitations, but in all cases these must be declared. Cash exceeding CNY 20,000 or any other foreign currencies equivalent to USD 5,000 are prohibited from exportation. The following items can be imported duty-free: - Small quantities of tobacco and alcohol - Perfumery products for personal use - 50 g of gold or silver jewelry - Consumer electronics with a total value up to CNY 2,000 - Camera, video camera, laptop or other trip necessities intended to be brought back at the end of the trip. Prohibited from importation are: - Animals, plants and products thereof - Arms, ammunition and explosives of all kinds - Radio transmitters and/or receivers Bringing out the following items is prohibited: - Manuscripts, cultural relicts, works of art (unless licensed for exportation), any souvenirs without a sales receipt. Macau customs regulations do not impose limitations on bringing in/or out currencies, works of art and other valuables. Chinese cuisine is famous for its originality and a great variety of dishes. Chinese cooking traditions vary from region to region, but rice and noodles are the two staple foods which are common to all cooking styles in China. The country is highly attractive in the context of culinary tourism, as it’s ready to offer travelers the most unusual and curious dishes that you won’t find in any other culture. Visitors to China are recommended trying the “Dragon and Tiger Fight” or Longgudou (braised wild cat and snake served in a specific way). The most famous dish of Chinese cuisine is the “Peking Duck”. Pretty known is Kung Pao chicken (chicken breast fillet fried with groundnut and chili peppers). Not to be missed are local soups and all kinds of broths. Among these, bird’s nest soup is probably the most exotic. Geng (Fujian chick soup) and turtle soup are also worth mentioning. Seafood lovers will never forget the trip to China, once they taste such culinary masterpieces by local chefs as stewed trepang, squirrel-shaped carp and Longjing prawns. Rice and noodles are the Celestial Empire’s major staple foods. Chinese people eat virtually all vegetables that are known in Europe as well as many local fruits and herbs cooked in different ways. Seasonal fresh fruits are traditionally considered to be the main Chinese desserts. Among the desserts that are eaten throughout the year, pay attention to sweet soups, grass jellies, sweet rice cakes Ang Ku Kueh and rice pastries. Tea is China’s number-one drink, often drunk with nuts, dried fruits, small sweets and berries. Besides green tea, Chinese people love white, yellow, oolong and black or red teas. There is a museum in Hangzhou dedicated to this drink. China has its own liquor-making tradition. Chinese vodka is much different from the Russian one, so not many tourists and their travel companions will like it. Also, Chinese people produce yellow and white rice wines. Rice is also used for brewing originally flavored beers. The official currency of the country is the Chinese Yuan (CNY) divided into 10 jiao; one jiao is divided into 10 fen. The Hong Kong dollar, US dollar and Euro can all be easily changed in China at banks, airports, hotels and stores. When changing money, you will need to fill a form and show your passport. If you plan to leave the country with a large sum of money, keep the exchange receipt. ATMs are widely spread all over the country; most of them will take Visa, MasterCard and Maestro. Star-rated hotels, major supermarkets and high-class restaurants accept credit cards. Exchanging traveler’s cheques are usually more favorable than changing cash, but exchangers can be found only in big cities. Outside large cities you may face problems with it. From after 2015, larger Chinese cities have adopted a VAT refund policy among overseas tourists. Currently, there are many designated tax free stores in Beijing, Shanghai, Tianjin, Fujian and other cities. To receive a refund, a minimum of CNY 500 shall be spent in one store during any one day; the refund rate will be 11% of the invoice value. Details of interest Places of interest in China China is home to 47 sites inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage list, among which the following are the most popular: - Imperial Palaces of the Ming and Qing Dynasties, including the Forbidden City and Mukden Palace in Beijing and Shenyang, the largest palace group in the world. - Mogao Caves (or Thousand Buddha Grottoes) in Gansu province, one of the ancient Buddhist sculptural sites of China. - Mount Tai in Shandong province, which was a place of an imperial cult. - Mount Huangshan in Anhui province. - Huanglong Scenic and Historic Interest Area in Sichuan province, famous for its colorful lakes, snow-topped mountains, beautiful valleys and virgin forests. - Wulingyuan Scenic and Historic Interest Area in Hunan province, covering more than 26,000 ha and consisting of many smaller national parks. - Ancient Building Complex in the Wudang Mountains in Hubei province exemplifying the architectural and artistic achievements of China’s Yuan, Ming and Qing dynasties. - Historic Ensemble of the Potala Palace in Tibet, one of the wonders of the world for its physical structure and its importance in Tibetan history;. - Mountain Resort and its Outlying Temples in Hebei province where emperors from China’s ancient Qing dynasty spent their summers. - Ancient City of Ping Yao in Shanxi province, an outstanding example of a Chinese city that has retained all its ancient features. - Old Town of Lijiang in Yunnan province, which has retained a historic townscape of high quality and authenticity. - Dazu Rock Carvings in Chongqing province, a piece of great work of Chinese grotto art, with a number of stone statues amounting to 60,000. - Fujian Tulou in south-west of Fujian province comprising 46 earth buildings construed between the 15th and 20th centuries. Also, special tourist attractions are Dandong, Baishan, Jilin, Yinchuan, Kuandian, Luoyang, Mudanjiang, Nanjing, Nanchang and Ningbo. Travelers will have an unforgettable experience in Ordos, Putian, Xinyang, Wuxi, Hailar, Hohhot and Huzhou. In addition, Henan province, Jinhua, Jinzhou, Changchun, Zhenjiang and Shaoxing are also worth visiting. A wide range of gifts are available to bring home from China: - Handmade items (Porcelain, carpets, pearls and pearl jewelry, etc.); - Original Chinese tea.

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Hurricane season in the United States usually lasts from June to November, and it’s especially important during this time to prepared for an emergency and possible evacuation with a plan that includes your pets. If you live in an area where hurricanes are known to hit land or you are currently in the path of a hurricane, you must take precautions to keep yourself, your family, and your dogs safe. It’s never too early to start preparing, so if you don’t have an emergency plan yet, now is a good time to make one. Even if you end up not needing to evacuate, it’s better to have a plan and not need it than to need a plan and not have one. Here are a few tips for preparing for a hurricane and evacuating with your dogs. Stay Informed, Alert, And Ready In any natural disaster, it is very important that you stay up-to-date on the situation and know when to evacuate, if necessary. There are several ways to go about getting notifications when a hurricane is on the way. It’s best to have more than one means of staying informed in case one method fails. Having information before and during a disaster will help you make decisions about how to keep yourself and your dogs safe. Here are a few ways to stay updated during a hurricane: - Know the risks for where you live. The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) put together a map showing where storm surges associated with hurricanes are most likely to affect people in the United States. If you live in one of the at-risk areas, you should take extra precautions and definitely have an evacuation plan. You should also keep your eye on the local news so you are aware of any storms that might be coming and any evacuations that might be necessary. - Have your phone charged and ready. In today’s age, your phone might be the best device you have for staying informed, communicating, and finding out where you need to go in a disaster. It’s always a good idea to have a charger where you can easily grab it and go. You should also consider buying an external battery in case the power goes out, so you can charge your phone on the go, or if you need some extended battery life. - Download the FEMA mobile app. This app sends you notifications about natural disasters from the National Weather Service, gives you preparedness tips, and helps locate shelters among other things. Some reviewers say the app sends too many notifications, but it’s better to be too informed than not informed at all. - The ASPCA mobile app can also help you prepare for a disaster. It can manage your dog’s health records so you have them if you need to leave in a hurry, and it provides you with resources to help you find a lost dog if you get separated. - You should have a solar-powered or crank radio, just in case your phone dies or you lose it. Set the frequency to a NOAA Weather Radio All Hazards (NWR) station. It will help you stay informed, and these stations broadcast 24/7. Make Preparations For Your Dogs Your dogs can’t prepare themselves for a hurricane, so it’s up to you to make sure they are safe and ready when the storm hits. Preparation goes beyond making sure your dogs aren’t tied up or chained outside during a storm (they shouldn’t be chained up outside without supervision, anyway). You must prepare your home for your dogs and make sure that you are ready to go if an evacuation becomes necessary. Here are some tips for making preparations for your dogs to get through a hurricane: - Keep your dogs inside before and during the storm. Arrange a place for them to go potty indoors if necessary. You can get puppy pads, faux grass, and cleaning supplies to take care of the mess. If it’s too dangerous for you to be outside, it’s too dangerous for your dogs. - Update your dogs’ microchips and identification. Make sure they have your current information and an emergency contact phone number. If you lose your dogs, this gives you a much better chance of finding them. - Get an emergency alert sticker for your front door. Many fire departments offer these stickers. The sticker allows you to list the number of pets that live in your home. If you are forced to leave your dogs behind for any reason, the sticker will let rescue workers know how many pets to look for. - Exchange contact information with your neighbor. If you are not home during an evacuation, make sure you have a neighbor or friend close to where you live who can take your dogs temporarily until you can meet up with them. Discuss this with them before an emergency occurs, and have a few backup neighbors in case they are not home. You should save their information in your phone, but also have a physical card with their information if your phone dies or you lose it. - Return the favor. If you’re able to take your neighbor’s pets in a disaster, let them know they can rely on you, too. - If you are taking shelter at home, make sure you have enough food and water for two weeks for each animal, as well as any regular medication they are taking. Owners who feed their dogs raw food or any food that requires refrigeration or cooking should be aware that the power may go out for several days, and that food could spoil. Have non-perishable canned food or dry kibble in your emergency supplies. Replace the water in your emergency supplies every two months if you don’t use it. Keep all of these supplies out of any parts of your home that may be subject to flooding. Plan Where To Go In An Evacuation If you must evacuate, you’ll need to have a safe place to go with your family that will also take in your dogs. Your whole family should be aware of where you will go in case you get separated. Several options might be available, but some might be ruled out if they are also in an area that must be evacuated or if they don’t accept pets. Many evacuation shelters prohibit animals due to health and safety regulations, so check ahead of time. Do not rely on shelters unless they specifically tell you that animals are allowed. Have a backup emergency meetup location if your first option isn’t available. Here are a few places that might be safe for you and your dogs to go if you must evacuate: - A friend or family member who lives in a safe location is likely to be the best option. Make arrangements with them ahead of time, and make sure that they have room for your dogs if you need to stay there for a while. Choose a few different friends or family members in case one isn’t able to take you in. - Return the favor. If you are able to take in dogs during a hurricane or other natural disaster, let friends and family know. Reach out on social media and tell people that you have room. It takes teamwork to keep our dogs safe. - Find hotels and motels that will allow dogs. Some may be fully booked due to the evacuation, so make sure you have several options. A few websites that let you search specifically for lodgings that allow pets include bringfido.com, expedia.com, and hotels.petswelcome.com. - If you and your family must go to a shelter or location where pets are not allowed, search the area for pet sitters, kennels, vet’s offices, or animal shelters, as sometimes these places make special arrangements for pets in cases of emergencies and natural disasters. Call ahead to make sure they have room. Pack Your Emergency Kit Whether you are taking shelter at home or need to evacuate, an emergency kit will help you provide for your dogs during a hurricane. This kit should be fairly easy to pack up and go in a hurry if need be. Keep it somewhere that is not subject to flooding. It will have items specifically for your dogs, so you’ll need to pack a separate kit for you and the humans in your family. You’ll need supplies for several days. Here are a few things you should pack in your emergency kit for your dogs: - A first-aid kit for canines. Your veterinarian will be able to provide you with some advice for your dog’s first-aid needs, but you can also click here for some info on what to include in a first-aid kit for pets. Familiarize yourself with pet first-aid in case you need to use it. - The ASPCA recommends packing three to seven days worth of food for each dog. - Medical records for each dog. Some locations require proof of vaccination before they will allow your dogs to stay. You should keep these on a USB drive for easy storage. Make sure you have recent photos of your dogs, too. - One to two week’s worth of any of your dogs’ regular medication. - Cleaning supplies. Paper towels, bags, and anything else you might need. - Disinfectant or dish soap. - Seven days worth of water for each dog. Replace every two months if it goes unused. - A crate, kennel, or carrier for each dog. Bring bedding for them, as well. - Extra supplies. Leashes, harnesses, toys, collars, food and water bowls, etc. If you have any of your dogs’ old items that you’ve replaced, you can keep the old items in your emergency kit, rather than buying new stuff just for this purpose. Evacuating With Your Dogs If you receive word that you must evacuate, do not wait, even if you don’t see signs of danger right away. Take your dogs and your emergency kit. In natural disasters, some people are forced to go right away and leave pets behind, so don’t wait until the last minute to get going. Listen to emergency workers and get your family and dogs to safety. Here are a few tips if you must evacuate with your dogs due to a hurricane: - If you are forced to evacuate in a hurry, leave all non-essential possessions behind. Nothing is worth risking your life or the lives of your dogs. - Keep your dogs on leashes or in carriers at all times. When frightened, dogs often bolt or hide. This will be a scary, stressful situation for them, and you may not have time to chase them down or look for them. - Try to keep your dogs’ feeding and medication schedules as consistent as possible. - Stay calm and don’t take risks. Your family should know what to do and where to go. You should also designate a caretaker for your dogs at all times. Don’t assume someone is watching them. Take shifts if you have to, but make sure someone always supervises and cares for them. - Keep up with the news and emergency notifications. Do not return home until emergency services inform you that it is safe to do so. What other tips do you have for keeping your dogs safe during a hurricane? What should people bring for their dogs if they must evacuate? Let us know in the comments below.

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Our first reading is the well-known story of the burning bush. It catches Moses’ eye while he is tending his father-in-law’s flock. God calls to him out of the bush and identifies himself as the Hebrews’ God. 1st Reading: Exodus 3:1-15 Our first reading is the well-known story of the burning bush. It catches Moses’ eye while he is tending his father-in-law’s flock. God calls to him out of the bush and identifies himself as the Hebrews’ God. He has heard the cry of his people and has determined to deliver them! Moses is to go back to Egypt. He protests like all good prophets, but God has made up his mind. Who is this God? Scholars have never quite known how to translate what is said. The name of this God is mystery, four Hebrew characters: YHWH. Jews traditionally have never attempted to pronounce this “name.” It appears in the English translation of the Hebrew Scriptures as Lord. 3:1 Moses was keeping the flock of his father-in-law Jethro, the priest of Midian; he led his flock beyond the wilderness, and came to Horeb, the mountain of God. 2 There the angel of the Lord appeared to him in a flame of fire out of a bush; he looked, and the bush was blazing, yet it was not consumed. 3 Then Moses said, “I must turn aside and look at this great sight, and see why the bush is not burned up.” 4 When the Lord saw that he had turned aside to see, God called to him out of the bush, “Moses, Moses!” And he said, “Here I am.” 5 Then he said, “Come no closer! Remove the sandals from your feet, for the place on which you are standing is holy ground.” 6 He said further, “I am the God of your father, the God of Abraham, the God of Isaac, and the God of Jacob.” And Moses hid his face, for he was afraid to look at God. 7 Then the Lord said, “I have observed the misery of my people who are in Egypt; I have heard their cry on account of their taskmasters. Indeed, I know their sufferings, 8 and I have come down to deliver them from the Egyptians, and to bring them up out of that land to a good and broad land, a land flowing with milk and honey, to the country of the Canaanites, the Hittites, the Amorites, the Perizzites, the Hivites, and the Jebusites. 9 The cry of the Israelites has now come to me; I have also seen how the Egyptians oppress them. 10 So come, I will send you to Pharaoh to bring my people, the Israelites, out of Egypt.” 11 But Moses said to God, “Who am I that I should go to Pharaoh, and bring the Israelites out of Egypt?” 12 He said, “I will be with you; and this shall be the sign for you that it is I who sent you: when you have brought the people out of Egypt, you shall worship God on this mountain.” 13 But Moses said to God, “If I come to the Israelites and say to them, ‘The God of your ancestors has sent me to you,’ and they ask me, ‘What is his name?’ what shall I say to them?” 14 God said to Moses, “I am Who I am.” He said further, “Thus you shall say to the Israelites, ‘I am has sent me to you.’” 15 God also said to Moses, “Thus you shall say to the Israelites, ‘The Lord, the God of your ancestors, the God of Abraham, the God of Isaac, and the God of Jacob, has sent me to you’: This is my name forever, and this my title for all generations.” This psalm is a prayer of deliverance from one’s enemies, recognizing God as the only true help. It is a practical psalm, but one that has mystical qualities. The love between God and the psalmist is intensely emotional, a love that rivals all other loves. The name YHWH does not appear in this psalm. 1 O God, you are my God; eagerly I seek you; * my soul thirsts for you, my flesh faints for you, as in a barren and dry land where there is no water. 2 Therefore I have gazed upon you in your holy place, * that I might behold your power and your glory. 3 For your loving-kindness is better than life itself; * my lips shall give you praise. 4 So will I bless you as long as I live * and lift up my hands in your Name. 5 My soul is content, as with marrow and fatness, * and my mouth praises you with joyful lips, 6 When I remember you upon my bed, * and meditate on you in the night watches. 7 For you have been my helper, * and under the shadow of your wings I will rejoice. 8 My soul clings to you; * your right hand holds me fast. 2nd Reading: 1 Corinthians 10:1-13 In this portion of 1 Corinthians 10, Paul uses incidents in the book of Numbers to teach about times of testing and the dangers of falling into idolatry. Paul’s interpretation is consistent with Jewish midrash, a method that freely uses biblical texts to form new interpretations. Passages from Numbers referred to include (in order), 11:6-9 &20:1-13 (v. 3-4); 26:65 & 14:19-20 (v.5); 11:4, 34-35 (v. 6); Exodus 32:6 (v.7); Numbers 25:1-2 (v.8), 21:5-6 (v.9); 14:2 (v.10). 10:1 I do not want you to be unaware, brothers and sisters, that our ancestors were all under the cloud, and all passed through the sea, 2 and all were baptized into Moses in the cloud and in the sea, 3 and all ate the same spiritual food, 4 and all drank the same spiritual drink. For they drank from the spiritual rock that followed them, and the rock was Christ. 5 Nevertheless, God was not pleased with most of them, and they were struck down in the wilderness. 6 Now these things occurred as examples for us, so that we might not desire evil as they did. 7 Do not become idolaters as some of them did; as it is written, “The people sat down to eat and drink, and they rose up to play.” 8 We must not indulge in sexual immorality as some of them did, and twenty-three thousand fell in a single day. 9 We must not put Christ to the test, as some of them did, and were destroyed by serpents. 10 And do not complain as some of them did, and were destroyed by the destroyer. 11 These things happened to them to serve as an example, and they were written down to instruct us, on whom the ends of the ages have come. 12 So if you think you are standing, watch out that you do not fall. 13 No testing has overtaken you that is not common to everyone. God is faithful, and he will not let you be tested beyond your strength, but with the testing he will also provide the way out so that you may be able to endure it. Gospel Reading: Luke 13:1-9 This passage (unique to Luke) foreshadows Jesus’ rejection in Jerusalem, to which he is traveling. Jesus responds first to Pilate’s murder of Galileans in or near the Temple and then the collapse of a tower in Jerusalem killing eighteen people. Both may be interpreted as punishment for sin. Jesus says those killed were not more or less sinful they anybody else. But, he says, “unless you repent, you will all perish as they did.” He probably means to emphasize the necessity of repentance in the face of death which could come at any time. The parable that follows softens this urgency of repentance, by suggesting the forbearance of God. 13:1 At that very time there were some present who told him about the Galileans whose blood Pilate had mingled with their sacrifices. 2 He asked them, “Do you think that because these Galileans suffered in this way they were worse sinners than all other Galileans? 3 No, I tell you; but unless you repent, you will all perish as they did. 4 Or those eighteen who were killed when the tower of Siloam fell on them—do you think that they were worse offenders than all the others living in Jerusalem? 5 No, I tell you; but unless you repent, you will all perish just as they did.” 6 Then he told this parable: “A man had a fig tree planted in his vineyard; and he came looking for fruit on it and found none. 7 So he said to the gardener, ‘See here! For three years I have come looking for fruit on this fig tree, and still I find none. Cut it down! Why should it be wasting the soil?’ 8 He replied, ‘Sir, let it alone for one more year, until I dig around it and put manure on it. 9 If it bears fruit next year, well and good; but if not, you can cut it down.’” The readings are taken from The New Revised Standard Version of the Bible © 1989 by The Division of Christian Education of The National Council of Churches of Christ in the U.S.A. The translation of the Psalm is from The Book of Common Prayer. Commentary on the readings is copyright © 2019, Epiphany Esources, 67 E Main St, Hornell, NY 14843, . All rights reserved. Permission granted to copy for group study. Bulletin inserts are available. Go to our website for more information.

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- Locate the passage As great as it must have been for Joseph to have all of his family in Egypt with him, the final 17 years of Jacob’s life must have gone by quickly for him. The narrator fast-forwards through those final years of Jacob’s life to the time of his death. The feature of this passage is the passing of the Patriarchal blessing from Jacob to Joseph and his sons. The blessing of the sons follows a common pattern of the younger given priority over the older. The passage is narrative. It records the conversations between Jacob and Joseph. - Determine the structure of the passage 47:27-31 – Jacob makes Joseph promise not to bury him in Egypt, but in Machpelah 48:1-7 – Jacob passes the Patriarchal blessing to Joseph 48:8-22 – Jacob blesses Ephraim and Manasseh - Exegete the passage Jacob shows discernment as the end of his life drew near. He knew that his time was short. He also discerned the blessing of the Lord on Joseph’s younger son, Ephraim, above Manasseh. Jacob had not fully experienced the promise of God to return to the land of Canaan, but trusted that God would fulfill His word. So, he convinced Joseph to promise not to bury him in Egypt, but in the cave of Machpelah where Abraham and Sarah, Isaac and Rebekah, and Leah were buried (Cf. Gen. 49:31). 48:27-28 – These verses summarized Jacob’s life in Egypt. After his relocation to Egypt, the next significant aspect in the story is Jacob’s blessing of his children and grandchildren before he died. - Jacob’s 17 years under Joseph’s care echo Joseph’s 17 years under Jacob’s care (Gen. 37:2), Mathews, Genesis 11:27–50:26, 861. and form something of an inclusion to the Joseph narrative. - Egypt was never intended to be a permanent dwelling place for Jacob. “Egypt was to Jacob and his family what the ark was to Noah—a temporary shelter from the disaster on the outside.” V. P. Hamilton, The Book of Genesis Chapters 1–17. New International Commentary on the Old Testament (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1990): 625. 48:29-31 – The narrator gives us two pictures of Jacob’s final encounters with Joseph. One initiated by Jacob and the other by Joseph. In this encounter, Jacob anticipated that the end of his life was near and called on Joseph to urge him to promise not to bury him in Egypt. - A similar oath strategy as pictured in Gen. 24:2 shows Joseph placing his hand underneath his father’s thigh to make a promise. - Joseph agrees to his father’s wish - Jacob bowed on his bed - Perhaps Jacob was bowing before the Lord. However, Jacob has already given evidence of Joseph’s authority (“If I have found favor in your sight”) and the text recorded that Jacob remembered Joseph’s dream that he would one day bow before his son (Gen. 37:11). It seems likely here (as with David in 1 Kings 1:47-48) that he is bowing before his son and also worshiping the Lord. 48:1-2 – The narrator’s account of Jacob’s blessing of Joseph and his sons presents a striking contrast to the “blessing” of his sons in Gen. 48-49. There, Jacob has honest, though not always encouraging words for his other sons. - Unlike their previous encounter, which was initiated by Jacob, this visit was initiated by Joseph - News reached Joseph that his father was sick. So, Joseph came to visit - Jacob summoned his strength and sat up in his bed to acknowledge Joseph - God appeared to me at Luz - The most telling moment in Jacob’s life was fresh on his mind as his death was imminent. - God blessed Him there, and he would now pass that blessing on to his son - Notable here is that God is not the one blessing Joseph (as with Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob). But Jacob is blessing Joseph - This may suggest why the line of Joseph is not as prominent after Joseph’s life as was the line of Judah. - Jacob does not pronounce that any royal offspring will come through Joseph, as that would have been a false promise. - Your two sons are mine - When Canaan was divided among the tribes of Jacob, Joseph was not listed as a “tribe.” Rather, his two sons, Manasseh and Ephraim, each received an inheritance. - Thus, Joseph received a “double blessing” from his father. - Rachel died beside me - Though she would not be buried alongside him, Jacob’s mind turned to the love of his life, Rachel, as he neared death. 48:8 – Who are these? - The text has already recorded that Jacob knew that Joseph had two sons, but perhaps he was unable to see clearly to recognize them (Cf. 48:10 – “his eyes were dim”) upon their arrival. Note that Jacob instructs Joseph to “bring them to me,” indicating that they were some distance away. 48:9-10 – Bring them to me and I will bless them - Joseph acknowledged his two sons as a gift to him from the Lord - The aged grandfather embraced his grandsons and kissed them. 48:11-13 – Joseph brought his sons to his father - Jacob also acknowledged the goodness of the Lord in this moment - 11 – the use of the word see (Hb. “ra’ah”) here contrasts its use in 48:10 - Jacob’s eyes were dim and he could not “see” - But, God allowed him to “see” not only his son, but his grandsons - Joseph appropriately placed his eldest son, Manasseh, near his father’s right hand, the hand which was reserved for the oldest son. 48:14-20 – Jacob blessed Ephraim and Manasseh backwards - He blessed Joseph (48:15) - Jacob crossed his arms and put his right hand on the head of Ephraim, instead of Manasseh - The blessing of Joseph brackets the blessing of Ephraim and Manasseh on both ends (48:15, 21-22). - In his blessing of Joseph, Jacob proclaims that: - God was the source of blessing - Abraham and Isaac walked before God - In his blessing of Joseph, Jacob proclaims that: - God had fed (provided for) Jacob throughout his life - Jacob acknowledged the presence of God’s angels as part of His blessing. Here Jacob may have been referring to the presence of angels at Bethel (Gen. 28:12), or his encounter with God’s angels in Mahanaim (Gen. 32:1-2), or the message from God’s angel in his strife with Laban (Gen. 33:11). Either way, Jacob recognized the significance of God’s use of angels along his journey. - See 1 Chron. 5:2 which states that Jacob’s birthright was given to Joseph. - The angel who “redeemed” me - This is the first use of the term “goël,” meaning, “to buy back or redeem” in Scripture.H. D. M. Spence-Jones, ed., Genesis, The Pulpit Commentary (London; New York: Funk & Wagnalls Company, 1909), 519. - May they “grow” into a multitude - This hapax legomenon comes from a root meaning, “fish,” and carries the idea of swarming like the fishes of the sea.Ibid., 520. - Jacob’s blessing was a blessing of his name and that of his fathers - “Let my name be upon them, and the name of my fathers ….” - Joseph “saw” - Another play on the word, “ra’ah” - Joseph objected, thinking his father was mistaken. - Joseph was “displeased” at his father’s mistake - The Hb. here “ra’a” is a homonym for the word, “to see” (Hb. “ra’ah”). - But, Jacob explained that he was doing it on purpose - Jacob acknowledged that both sons would be great, but the younger would be greater - By you, Israel will pronounce blessing - People will not only recognize Ephraim as before Manasseh, but also recognize them as unusually blessed of God 48:21-22 – I am about to die - Even though Jacob had not physically experienced God bringing him back to Canaan, he claimed by faith that God would complete His promise. He categorically affirmed that God WILL bring you back. - God will be with you - God will bring you back - Joseph was given one more portion in the land of Canaan than his brothers - Those two portions given to Joseph were divided among Ephraim and Manasseh (and subsequently further divided as ½ of the tribe of Manasseh settled on the “other side” of the Jordan. - I took from the Amorite - This is likely used here as a general term for all the land taken from the Canaanites. - Let the structure of the text drive the sermon This passage reveals the faith of the Patriarch that has climaxed near the end of his life Here, the patriarch demonstrated his faith that God would: - Bring his family back to Canaan, and - Pass on the promise given to him to his children and grandchildren Ultimately, this passage reveals how to die in faith. - We can commit our lives to God to the very end Ill. Acts 13:36 – After David accomplished God’s plan for his life, God called him home. App. That should be our goal–to accomplish God’s plan before He calls us home App. So, however much time God allows us, we should commit to seeking to accomplish His purpose App. When our time comes, will you be faithful to the Lord to the end? - We can trust God to be faithful to His Word Exp. Jacob believed that God would complete His promise to Jacob - We can pass along our faith to our family confident that the God who has been faithful to us, will be faithful also to them Exp. Jacob affirmed his faith in God to his son and grandsons. He trusted them into God’s care and affirmed to them God’s sufficient care in his life. Exp. This deathbed confession contrasts Jacob’s pronouncement to Pharaoh that his days were “few and unpleasant” (Gen.47:9). Exp. Jacob was confident that the God of his fathers, and his God, would be faithful to his grandsons as He had also been faithful to Joseph. App. What are you passing along to your children and grandchildren in faith Ill. When Paul looked at Timothy, he saw the faith of Timothy’s mother and grandmother resident in him (2 Tim 1:5). Ill. John also affirmed the joy of children walking in the faith that they have learned from their parents (3 John 1:4) - We can trust God’s ways plans over our own Exp. Every parent has big plans for their children – Joseph was no exception. But, things did not work out according to Joseph’s plan. That was probably one of the first things in Joseph’s life that did not go as he determined in many years! Exp. Even though, the blessing of Ephraim and Manasseh was not as Joseph had planned, Jacob affirmed that God would be faithful. App. Believers can live confident in their faith and they can die confident in their faith Ill. Phil 1:6 – “I am confident of this very thing, that He who began a good work in you, will perfect it until the day of Christ Jesus.” References [ + ] |1.||↑||Mathews, Genesis 11:27–50:26, 861.| |2.||↑||V. P. Hamilton, The Book of Genesis Chapters 1–17. New International Commentary on the Old Testament (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1990): 625.| |3.||↑||H. D. M. Spence-Jones, ed., Genesis, The Pulpit Commentary (London; New York: Funk & Wagnalls Company, 1909), 519.|

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How can legislation be used to promote public health? The cases of smoking and road accidents Two significantly unhealthy behaviours, namely smoking and reckless driving, are the cause of a considerable disease burden, which fell by 37% in Spain between the years 2000 and 2015. Certain legislative measures that were passed are, partly, responsible for this improvement in the health of Spaniards, but not all the measures were equal in their effectiveness. In contrast with partial regulation, the total regulation of smoke-free spaces had an immediate effect with many smokers cutting down their consumption or quitting. The effects of the driving licence points system on road accident mortality became noticeable with the 2007 reform of the Criminal Code on road safety issues. To legislate effectively against smoking and in favour of road safety, policies based on “nudges” are not sufficient. The effect of the partial laws was weak; only total restriction led to success. In recent years, one of the problems causing the greatest concern among health economists is ascertaining the most effective form of tackling the disease burden caused by unhealthy behaviours. Many diseases and illnesses that we suffer could be avoided by changing our individual behaviours. Such illnesses are associated with modifiable or preventable high-risk behaviours such as, for example, smoking and reckless driving, which are the subject of analysis in this study. Smoking and reckless driving have very high economic costs, since they consume resources that could be used for other purposes. For this reason, the comparative result of effective action against such behaviours is much higher than that of many other interventions. According to data from the Institute for Health Metrics Evaluation (IHME), some 25 thousand disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) were lost for every 100 thousand inhabitants in the year 2000 in Spain. The DALY summarises in a single indicator health-related time and quality of life. Losing a DALY is equivalent to losing one year of life in full health (for a review of the methodology and calculation of DALYs we recommend the work of Fox-Rushby and Hanson, 2001). Of the total of all health problems, 15 major groups accumulated 87% of the DALYs lost: first position went to cardiovascular disease, followed by neoplasms (tumours formed by the multiplication or abnormal growth of cells), and mental disorders and substance abuse (graph 1). In tenth position was transport injuries: 4.03% of the total disease burden for the country in that year. Smoking and driving recklessly or under the effects of alcohol or drugs were directly responsible for the loss of health in many of these illnesses: 14% and 3.41% respectively of the total DALYs lost. For example, in the year 2000, smoking, both active and passive, was considered responsible for 31.19% of the DALYs lost due to neoplasms; 19.65% of those lost due to cardiovascular disease; 43.55% in the case of chronic respiratory disease and a lower percentage for other diseases. Reckless driving or driving under the influence of alcohol and/or drugs was responsible for 70% of the 739.24 DALYs per 100 thousand inhabitants lost due to transport injuries. So in the year 2000, smoking and reckless driving constituted a public health problem of the highest order in Spain. 2. A short review of the legislative background: from nudge to restriction If health problems are the result of the surrounding environment, an idea referred to in epidemiology as the social determinants of health, then the responsibility is public. This is the reason behind the decision by the public powers to act by developing different legislative measures in the form of public health policies. In Spain, legislative activity relating to smoking and road safety issues shows a certain similarity in the process of regulation of these high-risk behaviours. In early 2000, the first measures opted to suggest minor changes in people’s behaviour by trying to correct cognitive biases, but without introducing too many prohibitions and with little punitive action. For example, in the case of smoking, health warnings were incorporated onto labels, advertising and promotion were prohibited and the partial regulation of smoking in public places was implemented (Law 28/2005). In road safety matters, TV campaigns were launched showing harrowing traffic accidents and the driving licence system involving loss of points due to traffic violations was implemented, but with administrative sanctions only (Law 17/2005). From the viewpoint of behavioural economics, the measures described above preserved freedom of choice, while promoting a more favourable option in health terms. It is what is known as the slight push or “nudge”, a gentle poke intended to remind or mildly warn someone (Thaler and Sunstein, 2008). Five years and two years later respectively, a new intervention was passed, less ambiguous in its definition and more coercive in sanctions for non-compliance, with a total restriction of smoking in closed public spaces (Law 42/2010) and all reckless driving conducts being classified as criminal offences (Law 15/2007). The intention of this study is to identify the different impacts that the legislative measures passed over the course of the fifteen-year-period from 2000-2015 on smoking and road safety, prohibitive measures and partial or total regulation, have had on changes in individual behaviours among Spaniards. The aim, therefore, is to compare nudges to restrictions. 3. Evaluation of the effectiveness of the legislative measures Contrasting the effectiveness of the legislative measures requires knowledge of the causal relationships between interventions and the results attributable to them. The type of methodology used depends mainly on the data generated or available and the purpose of the research. This study uses the data from two key indicators to measure the effectiveness of the legislative measures considered in relation to smoking and road safety: tobacco sales and road accident deaths on inter-urban routes. With regard to tobacco sales, the data correspond to the monthly series (between January 2000 and December 2015) of sales of manufactured cigarettes and rolling tobacco published by the Tobacco Market Commission of the Spanish Treasury, for the Spanish mainland and the Balearic Islands. The data on road accident mortality rates (with the same monthly periodicity, from January 2000 to December 2015) are published by the Spanish Traffic Agency (Dirección General de Tráfico). The analysis of the changes, within the respective time series, before and after the entry into force of each piece of legislation, makes it possible to assess whether the intervention has had a significant impact. In cases where there has been an impact, one would expect a change in the series tendency or a jump, either upwards or downwards, between the observations prior to and subsequent to the intervention. With regard to laws on smoking, it is seen that sales of cigarettes declined considerably between 2000 and 2015. Graph 2 shows that the first intervention (Law 28/2005) did not have a significant effect on the change in the series level, registering only a change in tendency, which acquires a negative slope: cigarette sales start to fall. The entry into force of Law 42/2010 causes a change in series level, which represents a sharp fall of 9.41% in cigarette sales, but without significant changes in the evolution of the tendency. With the aim of ordering the effects of the main variables influencing the variation in cigarette sales by importance, graph 3 shows the weight or percentage of the explanation for each of these in the variability of sales over the course of the period analysed. The most important variable corresponds to the entry into force of Law 42/2010, which explains 16.55% of the variation in sales, whereas the first intervention (Law 28/2005) explains only 6.81% of the change. Next, changes in the minimum tax provide an explanation for 14.85%, followed by seasonality and tendencies of the series, at 14.16% and 13.93% respectively. It should not be forgotten that cigarette sales are highly seasonal, with significant peaks in December and in the summer months, due to greater leisure time and sales to tourists. Also, the higher the tax burden the higher the price, a fact which, combined with a reduction in disposable income, has a negative effect on cigarette sales. In relation with the possible effect of road safety laws over the course of the period analysed, it is seen that mortality due to road traffic accidents has declined year after year. In accordance with the adjustment shown in graph 4, the entry into force of the driving licence points system does not significantly affect the behaviour of the series, neither accelerating nor slowing down the reduction in mortality; the changes appear two years later. The reform of the Penal Code that entered into force in December 2007 caused a sharp reduction, with a change of level which, deducted from the tendency of the series itself, stands at 14% of mortality due to road traffic accidents. In the road safety model, the variable analysed (deaths due to road traffic accidents) is adjusted according to number of vehicles registered; furthermore, the following control variables are incorporated into the series tendency: seasonal variations and changes in fuel prices and in the average disposable income of Spanish families. The percentage of explanation of each variable is shown in graph 5. The most important variable, with 24.63% of explanation of the variance in the mortality rate due to road traffic accidents, is the series tendency, an effect that is confused with the entry into force of the licence points system. The Spanish population appears to be increasingly aware regarding traffic and road safety issues, which is expressed as a continual decline in mortality. However, there continue to be deaths, mainly in the summer months, due to the increase in the number of road journeys. Seasonality explains 17.63% of the changes in the mortality rate. Also bearing relation to the volume of road journeys are changes in fuel prices and in family incomes. The higher the price of fuel or the lower the family income, the lower the number of road journeys taken. The changes in these two variables explain 10.58% and 10.26%, respectively, of the variance. Finally, the reform of the Penal Code of 2007 explains 13.34% of the fall in mortality due to road traffic accidents in the period analysed. In 2015, according to data from the IHME, smoking was responsible for 9.63% of the total disease burden in Spain, while driving recklessly or under the effects of alcohol and drugs was responsible for 1.09%. In relation with data from the year 2000, in 2015 some 1,400 disability-adjusted life years per 100 thousand inhabitants were no longer lost due to these two high-risk behaviours. The disease burden resulting from these behaviours was reduced by 37%. The legislative measures passed between 2000 and 2015 for the prevention and control of smoking, and to guarantee road safety are, in part, responsible for this improvement in the health of Spanish people. The regulation of smoke-free spaces without exception ensured that many smokers found an incentive to reduce or quit their cigarette consumption, as the existence of smoke-free environments contributes noticeably to the quitting process (Farkas et al., 1999). Furthermore, as the number of adult smokers diminishes and smoke-free spaces grow, the social perception of smoking also changes among minors. Ultimately, it is question of time available: the cigarettes that cannot be smoked at the workplace or during leisure times, due to smoke-free bars and restaurants, are difficult to make up for at other times. A lack of occasions to smoke makes consumption decline. In road safety matters, penalising the violation of traffic regulations increases social awareness regarding the importance of responsible driving. However, this penalisation only achieves changes in behaviours when accompanied by a deterrent sentence. The entry into force of the driving licence points system in 2005 represented a turning point with regard to the penalty system. However, the measure did not start to see results until accompanied by a real and effective penalisation of violations. With the reform of the Penal Code in 2007, the number of prosecution proceedings due to road safety offences increased considerably, from 37,697 court proceedings in 2006 to 43,926 in 2007 and 87,755 in 2008, stabilising at around 110,000 from 2010 onwards (Spanish Attorney General’s Office, 2015). The reform of the Penal Code came into force in December 2007. It is not just a case of a punishment for the violation committed but also to prevent, while the sentence lasts, the offender from re-offending. Following the 2007 reform, the number of penalties involving loss of driving licence increased by 115%. Today, in many Western countries healthcare policies are emerging based on “nudges”, a form of non-obtrusive paternalism in which alternatives are not blocked. The Spanish experience in legislative measures against smoking and road safety offers an example of how this route is not sufficient for these two high-risk behaviours. In the short term, the policies lost their initial impact. The partial regulation of smoke-free spaces and a driving licence points system, with only administrative penalisation of violations, did not generate sufficient incentives for citizens to understand the nudge and change their behaviour. Years later, this prior failure forced the modification of the initial laws in order to adopt a more coercive perspective, with the total prohibition of smoking in closed public spaces and the sanctioning via criminal proceedings of behaviours that previously only merited administrative sanctions, such as driving above certain speed limits or certain blood alcohol levels. The new laws were not in fact justified by convincing the individual that it is for his or her own good, but by the reduction in conditions that are expensive for the healthcare system and, in general, cause a deterioration in the population’s health. Partial laws had a weak effect; only total restriction worked successfully. Comisionado para el Mercado de Tabacos (2000-2015): Ventas de cigarrillos manufacturados y picadura de liar. Dirección General de Tráfico (2000-2015): Mortalidad por accidentes de tráfico. Fiscalía General del Estado (2015): Memoria Anual. Fox-Rushby, J. y K. Hanson (2001): «Calculating and presenting disability adjusted life years (DALYs) in cost-effectiveness analysis». Health Policy Plan. 16(3): 326–331. Institute for Health Metrics Evaluation. http://ghdx.healthdata.org/gbd-results-tool Thaler, R. H., y C. R. Sunstein (2008): Nudge: Improving decisions about health, wealth, and happiness, New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press. Farkas, A.J., E.A. Gilpin, J. Distefan y J. Pierce (1999): «The effects of household and workplace smoking restrictions on quitting behaviours». Tobacco Control. 8: 261-265. Percentage of the population that took at least one training course related with culture in the last year How many people participate in complementary training courses linked to culture? In 2015, 5.9% of the Spanish population underwent some training of this type. Empty Ballot Boxes in the City Suburbs Increasingly, the inhabitants of the suburbs have been choosing not to go and vote. What are the reasons that explain such extreme abstention by this collective in electoral processes? Has the new politics managed to draw greater participation from the more disadvantaged areas? Is research responding to health needs? How can we ensure that biomedical research is aligned with social needs? This article from the Social Observatory of “la Caixa” analyses how resources could be assigned efficiently. Research in Spain: the attitudes of companies, Governments and citizens Science is a very relevant activity in economic terms, which also has a very favourable social perception. However, Spain invests less in R&D than the rest of the European countries, confirming a gap between citizens' attitudes and the will of politicians and businesses. Is Spain losing out on international investment in R&D? On the global economic map drawn up by the financial crisis of 2008, the emerging countries are displacing the developed countries in the attracting of foreign investment in R&D. What factors influence this phenomenon and how does it affect countries such as Spain? You may also like Research and innovation: what are our stakes? Is it countries with resources that make the biggest investment in science? Or is it that countries that devote the most efforts to science are those that generate the greatest wealth? This is the opening question of the third "la Caixa" Social Observatory Dossier, which analyses the current social context of science and to what extent it represents a value-added contribution to our society. Environment and employment: is there a prize for clean play? The Social Observatory of “la Caixa” wonders whether it is possible to combine concern for the environment with economic growth. This study, one of the first in its field, shows a positive link between eco-innovation and the creation of employment, even in periods of recession.

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Ivan IV Vasilyevich (Russian: Иван IV Васильевич) (August 25, 1530 – March 18, 1584) was the Grand Duke of Muscovy from 1533 C.E. to 1547 C.E. and was the first ruler of Russia to assume the title of tsar. His long reign saw the conquest of Tartary and Siberia and subsequent transformation of Russia into a multiethnic and multi-confessional state, yet his life among his family and close advisors degenerated into a pathetic and disgusting biography. This tsar retains his place in the Russian tradition simply as Ivan Grozny, which translates into English as Ivan the Fearsome. He is commonly referred to in English as Ivan the Terrible. Ivan (or Ioann, as his name is rendered in Church Slavonic) was a long-awaited son of Vasili III. Upon his father's death, Ivan formally came to the throne at the age of three, but his minority was dominated by regents. Initially his mother Elena Glinskaya acted as regent. Under her leadership Moscow successfully waged wars with Lithuania, the Crimean Khanate, and the Tatars. She carried out monetary reforms, introducing the smallest unit—kopeyka. She died, however, when Ivan was only eight (it is rumored she was poisoned). She was replaced as regent by boyars (feudal aristocrats one rank below the princes) from the Shuisky family until Ivan assumed power in 1544. According to his own letters, Ivan customarily felt neglected and offended by the mighty boyars from the Shuisky and Belsky families. In one letter, he painfully recalls an episode when one drunken boyar put his dirty boots on Ivan's bed. These traumatic experiences doubtlessly contributed to his hatred of the boyars and to his mental instability. Constant struggle among the boyars formed a suspicious, cruel character in Ivan. He was known to throw cats and dogs out of the Kremlin windows, among other cruel acts. At the age of 13 he ordered that his mentor, boyarin Shuisky, be beaten to death. Ivan was crowned tsar with Monomakh's Cap at the Cathedral of the Dormition at age 16 on January 16, 1547. On February 13, he married Anastasia Romanovna. Although she was from a less prominent family, she brought love and reconciliation in his life for a while and was dearly loved by him. They had three sons—Fyodor (future tsar), Ivan (killed by Ivan IV in 1581), and Dmitriy (died in Uglitch of unknown causes)—and three daughters, giving rise to the new dynasty of the Romanov's. The early part of Ivan’s reign was one of peaceful but radical reforms and modernization. Ivan revised the law code (known as the sudebnik), created a standing army (the streltsy), introduced a new system of government (prikaz, a prototype of state departments), established a council of the nobles (known as the Zemsky Sobor, or Chosen Council), and confirmed the position of the Church with the Stoglav (Council of the Hundred Chapters), which unified the rituals and ecclesiastical regulations of the entire country. During his reign, the first printing press was introduced to Russia (although the first Russian printers Ivan Fedorov and Pyotr Mstislavets had to flee from Moscow to Grand Duchy of Lithuania). Meanwhile, diplomatic relations with England, Belgium, and Holland were established. In 1547 Hans Schlitte, the Agent of Tsar Ivan, employed handicraftsmen in Germany for work in Russia. However, all f these handicraftsmen were arrested in Lübeck at the request of Poland and Livonia. The German merchant companies ignored the new port built by Tsar Ivan on the river Narva in 1550 and delivered the goods still in the Baltic ports owned by Livonia. Russia remained isolated from sea trade. Ivan formed new trading connections, opening up the White Sea and the port of Arkhangelsk to the Muscovy Company of English merchants. He also annexed the Kazan Khanate in 1552 and the Astrakhan Khanate to the east, thus transforming Russia into a multinational and multi-confessional state. He had St. Basil's Cathedral constructed in Moscow to commemorate the seizure of Kazan Khanate. Legend holds that Ivan was so impressed with the structure that he had the architects blinded, so that they could never design anything as beautiful again. Other less positive aspects of this period include the introduction of the first laws restricting the mobility of the peasants, which would eventually lead to serfdom. The beginning of dramatic change in Ivan's personality is traditionally linked to his near-fatal illness in 1553. Ivan suspected boyars of plotting to replace him on the throne with his cousin, Vladimir of Staritsa. In addition, during that illness Ivan had asked the boyars to swear an oath of allegiance to his eldest son, an infant at the time. Many boyars refused, for doctors deemed the tsar's health too hopeless to survive. This angered Ivan and added to his distrust of the boyars. The year 1560 is traditionally marked as year of his mental and emotional breakdown. His beloved wife Anastasia Romanovna died after 13 years of marriage and Ivan blamed boyars for her death. Shortly after, his former supporters were, one by one, executed, exiled, or forced to flee, along with their families. Previously famous for his ascetic lifestyle, Ivan began to behave oppositely. He hosted lavish feasts and orgies. To overcome opposition, Ivan threatened to resign in 1564. While boyar factions contemplated what to do, the population panicked and forced them to accept Ivan's conditions—demand for dictatorial power. The next step was establishment of the Oprichnina. The Oprichnina was the section of Russia directly ruled by Ivan and policed by his personal servicemen, the Oprichniks. The whole system of Oprichnina has been viewed by some historians as a tool against the omnipotent hereditary nobility of Russia, the boyars, who opposed the absolutist drive of the tsar, while others have interpreted it as a sign of the paranoia and mental deterioration of the tsar. There followed brutal reprisals and mass murders of innocent people, including Metropolitan Philip and Prince Alexander Gorbatyi-Shuisky. The latter half of Ivan's reign was far less successful. He supported Yermak's conquest of Siberia and adopted a policy of empire-building, which led him to launch a victorious war of seaward expansion to the west, only to find himself fighting the Swedes, Lithuanians, Poles, and the Livonian Teutonic Knights. For 24 years the Livonian War dragged on, damaging the Russian economy and military while winning it no territory. Ivan's best friend and closest advisor, Prince Andrei Kurbsky, defected to Poland, deeply hurting Ivan. As the Oprichnina continued, Ivan became more mentally unstable and physically disabled. In one week, he could easily pass from the most depraved orgies to prayers and fasting in a remote northern monastery. Because Ivan gradually grew unbalanced and violent, the Oprichniks under Malyuta Skuratov soon got out of hand and became murderous thugs. They murdered nobles and peasants, and recruited men to fight the war in Livonia. Depopulation and famine ensued. What had been by far the richest area of Russia became the poorest. In a dispute with the Novgorod Republic, Ivan ordered the Oprichniks to murder the inhabitants of the city. All towns between Moscow and Novgorod were plundered. Between thirty and forty thousand people were killed. However, the official death toll only named approximately 1,500 Novgorod nobles and 1,500 peasants. Khan Devlet I Giray of Crimea repeatedly devastated Moscow region and burnt down Moscow in 1571. In 1581, Ivan beat his pregnant daughter-in-law for wearing immodest clothing, causing a miscarriage. His son, also named Ivan, upon learning of this, engaged in a heated argument with his father which resulted in the son's accidental death. This event is depicted in the famous painting by Ilya Repin, Ivan the Terrible and his son Ivan on Friday, November 16, 1581 better known as Ivan the Terrible killing his son. In the late years of his reign Ivan turned his attention again to territorial conquest, this time in the eastern direction—Siberia. In 1577, 1650 troops under the leadership of Yermak crossed over the Ural Mountains. By heavy use of muskets, which were introduced to Russian troops only decades previous, and applying tactics that restricted mobility of the famous Tatar cavalry, Yermak crushed the outnumbering Tatar troops. Within one year Siberian Khanate was conquered and Siberia became a part of Russia. Ivan died while playing chess with Bogdan Belsky on March 18, 1584, a date which had previously been prophesied for his death. When Ivan's tomb was opened during renovations in the 1960s, his remains were examined and discovered to contain very high amounts of mercury, indicating a high probability that he was poisoned. Modern suspicion falls on his advisors Belsky and Boris Godunov, who became tsar in 1598. Three days earlier, Ivan had allegedly attempted to rape Irina, Godunov's sister and Fyodor's wife. Her cries attracted Godunov and Belsky to the noise, whereupon Ivan let Irina go, but Belsky and Godunov considered themselves marked for death. The tradition says that they either poisoned or strangled Ivan in fear for their own lives. The mercury found in Ivan's remains may also be related to treatment for syphilis, which Ivan is suspected of having. Upon Ivan's death, the ravaged kingdom was left to his unfit and childless son Fyodor. The English word terrible is usually used to translate the Russian word grozny in Ivan's nickname, but the modern English usage of terrible, with a derogatory connotation of bad or evil, does not precisely represent the intended meaning. Grozny's meaning is closer to the original usage of terrible: inspiring fear or terror, dangerous, formidabl, threatening, or awesome. Perhaps a translation closer to the intended sense would be Ivan the Fearsome. The Russian people gave Ivan this nickname after he seized Kazan. All links retrieved March 10, 2018. New World Encyclopedia writers and editors rewrote and completed the Wikipedia article in accordance with New World Encyclopedia standards. This article abides by terms of the Creative Commons CC-by-sa 3.0 License (CC-by-sa), which may be used and disseminated with proper attribution. Credit is due under the terms of this license that can reference both the New World Encyclopedia contributors and the selfless volunteer contributors of the Wikimedia Foundation. To cite this article click here for a list of acceptable citing formats.The history of earlier contributions by wikipedians is accessible to researchers here: The history of this article since it was imported to New World Encyclopedia:

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Many athletes believe that optimal recovery following exercise requires hi-tech nutrition. But can everyday foods do the trick equally well? Andrew Hamilton looks at what some recent science has to say. MORE Trained, overreached or overtrained? How to avoid the recovery lottery! Using soccer as an illustration, Alan Wells explains how the risk of overreaching/overtraining and chronic fatigue can be reduced in high-achieving younger sportsmen and women For an athlete to improve his/her physical capabilities, the physical stress they experience must be sufficient to overload the targeted physiological systems. Such an approach often leads to a transient reduction in performance as temporal changes within the body such as reduced muscle glycogen, microscopic muscle damage and a reduction in neural function occur(1). However, if training programmes are designed appropriately and provide sufficient periods for recovery and rejuvenation, the process of super-compensation occurs leading to a subsequent improvement in performance (figure 1). This transient state of fatigue is termed ‘overreaching’, and is a necessary condition for elite players to experience if they are to gain performance improvements. However, when players endure high levels of physical loading without sufficient recovery the manifestation of chronic fatigue begins, a condition commonly known as overtraining (figure 1). Overtraining within elite sport is most appropriately expressed as prolonged underperformance and is identified by following symptoms: - Sub-optimal performance during training and games - Disturbed sleep pattern / difficulty sleeping - Raised resting heart rate - Loss of appetite and weight loss - Reduced physical capabilities such as lowered maximum oxygen consumption ( O2 max) or dynamic strength - Depression and lack of motivation / drive to train and play - Frequent upper respiratory tract infections Figure 1: How differing training pathways can lead to performance enhancement or overtraining Strategies to prevent overtraining Elite junior soccer players in the professional development squad are often required to play in excess of thirty competitive games during a season; with performance in these games going along way to determining if they are offered a lucrative professional contract! Furthermore, as the development of home-grown talent can be of a high asset value for a club, either as a player or a saleable commodity, strategies that can be employed to prevent the occurrence of over-training are taking on added significance. Strategy 1: Monitoring Physical Loading Fatigue development, whether it be caused by disturbances in metabolic, neural or structural homeostasis, is ultimately created by the physical loads placed upon players from training and competitive games. As soccer is a high-intensity intermittent exercise that consists of repeated dynamic actions while running considerable distances, several indicators of physical load should be considered if a true reflection of the stresses being placed upon a player is to be achieved. The analysis of heart-rate responses to training provides a measure of the internal or cardiovascular loading placed upon players. This parameter is of importance as research has shown that spending a certain period of time above 85 or 90% of heart rate maximum (HRM) produces significant improvements in both aerobic capacity )VO2max) max and the amount of high-intensity distance performed during a game(2). The use of such data has led many sport scientists setting an optimum number of minutes players must spend per training week above 85% HRM that will improve or maintain fitness, while preventing the occurrence of overtraining. Such target minutes are often aligned specifically to a player’s position and cardiovascular responder type. Although heart rate analysis provides an indication of internal stress it often does not reflect the external loading placed upon a player, as many soccer-specific activities such as accelerations/decelerations, turns and tackles are very intense but short in duration. Consequently, many teams now employ GPS technology to monitor the amount and type of physical activities players perform to ensure optimum physical status is maintained. The importance of considering both internal and external loading was highlighted in a study by Casamichana and colleagues where large discrepancies between the internal and external loads provided by different training practises were noted(3). The researchers observed that game formats with small player numbers, while providing a large internal load, do not involve high numbers of sprints and high-speed runs due to the nature of play and pitch size used. Alternatively, when player numbers and pitch sizes were increased, the internal load was reduced, reflected by less time spent above 85% HRM, whereas parameters of external loading such as distance covered at a high-intensity were significantly greater. Such data indicates that to gain a holistic measure of the physical loading placed upon players (and thus prevent overtraining), measures of both the internal and external loading must be obtained. While data from heart rate and GPS technology is a great tool to objectively assess a player’s training load, the recording of more subjective psycho-physiological measures provides an insight into how players perceive their physical status. Such data is invaluable when detecting the onset of fatigue, as one of the most common symptoms is a feeling of lethargy and a reduced desire to train or play. In specific cases, these psycho-physiological measures can highlight players who have started to find the training load too high – even though the objective data does not indicate any physical concerns. It is possible that the combination of internal, external and psycho-physiological indicators of physical stress provides the clearest and most robust measure of training load. Such an approach allows sport scientists and conditioning coaches to precisely determine which aspect of loading needs targeting to ensure a player- or indeed any athlete – stays in optimal physical condition and prevent the occurrence of over-training. Strategy 2: Programme design In sports such as soccer, which have long competitive seasons, the implementation of periodized training plans are a key strategy in the prevention of fatigue occurrence (see this article for an in-depth look at periodization). An effective periodized training plan will provide players with the correct balance of overload and recovery to allow for the continued development of physical capabilities in synergy with enhanced performance. Within elite sport, the most appropriate periodisation approach tends to provide a non-linear progression in training stress to ensure periods of overload are not performed for too long and are always followed by a recovery or de-loading period. Periodized training plans are typically broken down into four levels: - A macro-cycle is an overview of the training plan, often relating to an entire season or training year. - A macro-cycle should then be divided into smaller periods called meso-cycles that often last from 4-6 weeks, and have a specific focus or area of fitness to develop (see figure 2). - Each meso-cycle then contains micro-cycles, which often relate to a training week, and contain specific detail of the training activities and loadings. - Within each micro-cycle will be the training sessions that are to be performed, with specific content of what exercises the player will undertake. Figure 2: Example of a non-linear progression in training load for a six week meso-cycle In relation to soccer, it is necessary to not only make training plans periodized but also multi-disciplinary in nature so that they are time efficient, often incorporating two training modalities within one programme. For example, by training a player’s metabolic systems within technical/tactical coaching practises additional physical conditioning sessions do not have to be performed to enhance aerobic/anaerobic capabilities. The net outcome of such an approach is a reduction in training volume, something that will ultimately lower the training load. An interesting study conducted by sport scientists at an English professional soccer club demonstrated that a non-linear progression in training load over the course of a season can be achieved within technical/tactical coaching via the strategic selection of game format and game duration to control intensity and volume respectively(4). Heart rate and GPS data collected from various small-sided practises was used to categorise game formats into intensity bands dependent upon the overall physical load they imposed upon players. With such data the practitioners were then able to design a periodized training plan that developed the player’s capabilities while providing a non-linear progression in training load via the selection of appropriate game formats. An example of the loading bands is presented below in figure 3. Figure 3: Small-sided game formats classified into loading bands for the design of periodized multi-disciplinary training programs Strategy 3: Routine physical/physiological measures The routine measurement of certain physical parameters provides information regarding the body’s physical status, which if applied correctly, can be used to detect reductions in physical performance related to the development of chronic fatigue. As the number of measures proposed for the detection of fatigue are hugely varied, below is a summary of the tests that offer invaluable information regarding a player’s physical status. These are relatively non-invasive and practical to conduct within the hectic timetable of a professional soccer academy. Tests of neuromuscular function As maximal intensity activities such as sprints and jumps challenge the body’s capability to produce co-ordinated actions that involve high levels of power output, several practitioners have promoted their use as a measure for detecting reductions in neuromuscular function. Interestingly, a study conducted in Sweden noted that following a competitive soccer game, sprint times returned to pre-game levels significantly quicker than counter-movement jump height(5). The authors suggested that the greater mechanical complexity and involvement of the stretch shortening cycle of the counter-movement jump makes it a more sensitive test of neuromuscular fatigue than a more simplistic straight line sprint. The size of the reduction in jump height that indicates fatigue development is still unclear. It would be sensible to consider any measure in relation to the stage of the season that it is being taken. For example, during pre-season when players will experience fatigue due to concentrated periods of high volume and high-intensity training, neuromuscular function will be inhibited due to the necessary occurrence of over-reaching as the physiological systems are intentionally overloaded. In contrast, during the latter stage of the competitive season when training load is tapered, it has been suggested that a continued reduction in neuromuscular function of more than 3% might be a cause for concern(6). The simplicity of jump tests lends them to being performed on a daily or weekly basis, providing sport science practitioners with instant feedback on the neuromuscular status of their players. As mentioned in a previous section, over-training has also been shown to reduce a athlete’s endurance or metabolic capabilities. Although measures of VO2max have been most commonly used to highlight a reduction in this area of performance, the measure of aerobic capacity has previously been shown to be insensitive to changes in the training status of elite soccer players. Therefore, more specific measures of soccer fitness such as the ‘YoYo intermittent recovery test’ (YIRT) provide a more valid indicator of reductions in intermittent running capability. As the YIRT stresses both aerobic and anaerobic metabolic systems it should be used on a less frequent basis the jump test, possibly once per meso-cycle within the periodised training plan. As the distances run in the YIRT and competitive games are positively correlated, performance of the YIRT provides a clear indication of whether a player’s high-intensity running capability is at the level expected/desired for optimal game performance. Any inhibition of the body’s metabolic systems due to fatigue would have a negative impact on YIRT and hence games performance. Technological advances have now made it possible to quickly and accurately detect changes in hormone levels due to heavy and prolonged training loads. A common measure is the testosterone to cortisol (T:C) ratio obtained from a saliva sample. Testosterone is associated with muscle growth and repair; in contrast cortisol is a marker of physical stress. Therefore, any fall in the T:C ratio suggests the body is moving from a state of anabolism (growth) to catabolism (break down)(7). As anabolism occurs primarily during recovery periods, such a change in this ratio indicates the athlete needs to undergo a period of rest and rejuvenation. Interestingly however, a lowering of the T:C ratio also occurs during the process of over-reaching, which as discussed previously is often a condition elite players must experience if they are to achieve subsequent performance improvements. It might therefore be advisable therefore to interpret T:C ratios with caution and only accept very low T:C ratios as a sign of overtraining. Measures centred on how a player perceives their own physical status are easy to collect, inexpensive but yet provide invaluable data regarding the negative impact the occurrence of overtraining can have on the willingness to train at the necessary intensity. Any issue that is not addressed will have a subsequent negative impact on a player’s physical development, as a reduction in training intensity will not stress physiological systems sufficiently to maintain fitness. The collection of ‘readiness to train’ scores is an effective yet simple strategy. Players are often asked to rate from 1 to 5 how physically prepared they feel for the forthcoming days training. Scores of below 3 are a cause for concern and can be investigated further to determine if it is reduced sleep quality, appetite, muscle soreness/stiffness, tiredness/lethargy that is responsible for this perceived physical state. If monitored daily, it is then possible to determine if any subsequent changes to training load have a positive impact on how the player feels physically. 1 Br J Sports Med 1998; 32: 107-110 2 Med Sci Sports Exerc 2001; 33: 1925-1931 3 J Str Con Res 2013; 27 (2): 369-374. 2013. 4 UKSCA Professional Summer 2013: In Press 5 Med Sci Sports Exerc 2008; 40: 372 – 380 6 Neorol Clin 2008; 26: 181-194 7 Med Sci Sports Exerc 1995; 27: 231 – 237

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In my opinion A Color of His Own is a great story about being yourself and embracing what makes you you The chameleon in this story is upset that he does not have a color that is all his own He is upset and he wants to be his own unique chameleon and to feel that he is unique He goes on a leaf and thinks that finally he will have a color that is all his own, but when the leaves change, so does the chameleon He then meets another chameleon who tells him that the fact that they can change to all of these different colors makes the unique than all the other animals who only have one color.I really enjoyed reading this book and I read it to my Kindergarten class every year Leo Lionni does a great job illustrating his books which makes them easy for students to stay engaged and understand what they are reading or being read The story is simple, but has a great message that students can understand and identify with The hardest thing for kids to do now a days is too feel good about who they are and to feel that they can be themselves I feel that this book helps young kids understand that it is okay to be themselves and that just because they are not totally unique that does not mean that they are not special. Upset that he doesn t have a colour of his own, a little chameleon searches for an answer to his problem and, importantly, how he can fit in with all the other animals Having isolated himself from others because of this difference, his finds his answer in discovering that someone else is the same as him It s an interesting book but I wonder if it celebrates social segregation rather than acceptance Food for thought and I can t dismiss how much I like Lionni s watercolours. Wonderful board book with easy to follow English and Spanish text Beautiful illustrations highlight the story Makes learning colors in Spanish fun for kids and adults Pigs are always pink and elephants are always gray, so the chameleon in this story wishes he could also remain the same color at all times Even staying in the same place won t work when that place is a leaf that changes colors with the seasons and eventually falls off the tree It isn t until he meets another chameleon who faces his same dilemma that he finds resolution The other chameleon suggests that they stay together so that they would always be the same color The plot reminds me of the Dr Seuss quote, We are all a little weird and life s a little weird, and when we find someone whose weirdness is compatible with ours, we join up with them and fall in mutual weirdness and call it love I think its message is that you are never alone There will always be someone out there that can understand you This book is a Lionni masterpiece, in my opinion I love the beautiful, bright watercolor illustrations of the color changing chameleons and other animals with dominant white space on each page I enjoyed the silly color changes of the chameleon too, like when he has tiger stripes and red and white polka dots I also think this book is good for little ones who are learning color names. A color of his own by Leo Lionni is a wonderful book I love this book because of it s main idea The story is about being accepted, and learning to accept yourself He first explains that chameleons change colors with whichever object they are near, and continues on with his sad story of not being accepted After roaming around for quite a while, he runs into another chameleon The only difference was that this chameleon was much older and wiser He informs the main character that he is not afraid of being different and then offers to stick by his side They continue on being the same colors together and living happily ever after This text, belonging to the fiction genre, shows that some of us may not know what color we are, literally or metaphorically, the most we can hope for is to find someone with whom we can share all our different colors with and this chameleon does just that.As a teacher, I would use this text to send many messages to my students This delightful book captures a child s attention with simple content and colorful illustrations, while teaching them about feelings of belonging, friendship, compassion, and the most obvious colors green, red, gray, pink, yellow, and purple You may involve activities asking the students What color would you like to be if you were a chameleon This allows the students to open their minds to the many things they can be as an individual After reading A Color Of His Own I learned that Leo Lionni was born in Holland and educated in Italy He lived in many different places and learned a number of cultures and languages through his travels He was half Jewish and even as he got older, he split his time between different states Therefore, this text relates to his personal background greatly Traveling and not fitting into one place at all times is much of how the chameleon felt The other does a great job relating real life incidents to acceptance With the clever idea of a chameleon changing colors and the simple, yet engaging, illustrations, Lionni is able to covey a complex message of individualism You may not have everything you want, but you can still be happy with what you have and you have to be prepared for change If you look around, you will find others just like you that will be than happy to extend their friendship This is definitely a children s book I would recommend. Leo Lionni s A Color of His Own is a beautifully crafted tale of friendship and belonging as a chameleon searches for his own color The story begins before the copyright or title page It sets the scene for the story, with no color, only white space and black font to juxtapose the chameleon s sadness of having no color, unlike all the other animals Lionni introduces a young chameleon who, in his search for color, meets another chameleon with the same problem Together they decide to remain side by side so they may always be alike This is a classic story of friendship and the need for someone to relate to as a good friend Children of all ages will be able to connect to the books simple message and storyline This text would be useful in an introductory lesson or unit on animal adaptation in its environment as well as an artistic study of color and color variations Lionni s illustrations are subtle, yet powerful They match the message of the story and the simplistic language used to convey the importance of friendship Lionni s use of color and white space allows for the reader to connect with the book on an emotional level His use of block prints with crisp lines and washed out yet vibrant colors reflect the tone in the book Animals, plants, and the chameleons are respectively one color, oftentimes overlapped to show the chameleon s adaptation of color The various backgrounds of pure white space in these full page spreads are important to guide the readers eyes to identify how the chameleon has changed his colors The size of the book is appropriate to note as it is about half the size of the traditional children s text and clearly meant for smaller hands to turn the pages A favorite illustration is at the end of the book where the reader gets a sense of hope that the chameleon has found a true friend The final words in the book And they lived happily ever after allow readers to identify the resolution of problem through the use of a commonly known phrase often read in fairy tales This shows a sense of traditional literary vices used in nontraditional ways Dubbed as the master of the simple fable, Lionni creates a wonderful and relatable story in A Color of His Own in which young children will be able to identify with through its moralistic view of friendship. Elephants Are Gray Pigs Are Pink Only The Chameleon Has No Color Of His Own He Is Purple Like The Heather, Yellow Like A Lemon, Even Black And Orange Striped Like A Tiger Then One Day A Chameleon Has An Idea To Remain One Color Forever By Staying On The Greenest Leaf He Can Find But In The Autumn, The Leaf Changes From Green To Yellow To Red And So Does The Chameleon When Another Chameleon Suggests They Travel Together, He Learns That Companionship Is Important Than Having A Color Of His Own No Matter Where He Goes With His New Friend, They Will Always Be Alike This beautiful and simply told story about a chameleon feeling lonely because he doesn t have a fixed color, when all the other plants and animals do, is illustrated in eye catching colors that I think are meant to be appealing both to adults and children Like other reviewers have noted, these colors don t necessarily fit colors as we know them from paint sets Instead, they re wonderfully variegated, like colors actually are in nature Admittedly, most lemons are pretty bright yellow at the supermarket, but sometimes they have a slight green hue at the pointed ends, or they deepen to an orange yellow as they dry out And actual goldfish can be orange, red, black, and all other kinds of colors, while an elephant in nature is brownish grey rather than the monotone grey we re used to seeing in fabric or metal If you re worried about your kids being confused, I find that kids at age three, four, or six often have very pliant minds and are happy to compare the nuances of different choices artists make But you can always hold off on the book for a few months until you feel they have a handle on their color names, then introduce them to these richer, vibrant color choices. I LOVED reading this book by Leo Lionni A Color of His Own tells the story about a chameleon who just can t seem to stay one color All of the other animals in the story have a color that never changes, but for some reason, he always changes to blend in with his counterparts The chameleon runs into a wiser, older chameleon and asks about the problem of always changing colors After learning from the wise chameleon that their color will never be constant, they decide to stick together Everywhere the two went, they were the same color as each other, but always changing This would be an excellent story to share with a culturally diverse classroom on young students who are just now discovering differences in skin color Students can learn that no matter what color they are, they can ALWAYS be themselves and it will be just perfect Friendship has NO color that s the great message of this story This is a must have for all Pre k and Kindergarten teachers This was a great book about a lonely chameleon trying to find a find a color of his own All the other animals and things have a color of their own and he keeps changing Then he meets an older wiser chameleon who says that he will always change colors but they can do it together an never be alone The illustrations are large and brightly colored This is a good story about being yourself with bold eye catching pictures that children will love. Leo Lionni wrote and illustrated than 40 highly acclaimed children s books He received the 1984 American Institute of Graphic Arts Gold Medal and was a four time Caldecott Honor Winner for Inch by Inch, Frederick, Swimmy, and Alexander and the Wind Up Mouse Leo Lionni died in October of 1999 at his home in Tuscany, Italy, at the age of 89.Leo Lionni has gained international renown for his - 32 pages - A Color of His Own - Leo Lionni - 11 February 2017 Leo Lionni

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Whether music students find it easy or difficult to name intervals by ear, I’m sure every teacher would welcome an easy, effective and fun strategy for teaching and reviewing intervals! I developed this ‘Interval Dash’ strategy over a long period of time. I was looking for a way to incorporate several interval-naming strategies: - interval names, so students can identify them by name - the tunes that help - a visual representation of the intervals by size (distance between pitches), - colour representation of the intervals by quality (minor/major choices, as well as perfect/augmented/diminished) I wanted a flexible strategy that would allow me to begin with only a few intervals and then add more. Intervals by colour I started with a craft my students could make themselves with coloured construction paper. We made it a little at a time as we learned the intervals. Even though handmade cards don’t look as sophisticated as ones we teachers can produce and print, I feel there is educational value in the students taking an active part in making their own. To me minor intervals have a tragic quality to them, a kind of emotive sadness, and major intervals a bright, optimistic quality. Not every teacher agrees with associating intervals with emotions, but I feel this connection and my students have had success learning intervals this way. For this reason, I feel it is effective to match the intervals to colours. If you disagree, you’re free to skip this part. That’s the lovely thing about being independent teachers! We all have autonomy over how we teach. I allowed my students some choice over the colours they chose for their interval cues, but suggested: - YELLOW for perfect intervals ~ P1 (we labelled it PU), P4, P5 and P8. Yellow is a primary colour, which I feel aptly represents the purity and boldness of perfect intervals. - MELLOW for minor intervals ~ m2, m3, m6. Light blue or purple seem to visualize the feeling of these intervals. - ROSY/PEACHY for Major intervals ~ M2, M3, M6. Orange or pink seem to capture the cheerful quality of major intervals. - DEEP BLUE for the minor 7th ~ m7. This is a very bluesy interval, and it needs a strong differentiation from the Major 7th. - BRIGHT RED for the Major 7th ~ M7. This is a very steep, assertive sound. I feel it needs an aggressive colour to help tell it apart from the m7. - Notice that the m7 and M7 are similar colours to the rest of the minor and Major intervals, but ramped up a bit in hue. - GREEN for the Tritone ~ A4/d5. Green is a composite colour. This interval stands out and has an unstable quality that needs to look different from the others. After a while it started looking like a small hop scotch. Keep reading to learn how to turn this mini version into a life-sized hop scotch! It’s a FREE printable! Intervals by spatial association The cues are placed on the floor in a very specific pattern. The student sits at the base, near the Perfect Unison, and the rest of the intervals are arranged in ascending order. This visualizes the span between the two pitches that form each interval. A 3rd is a smaller interval than a 6th, and in this design, the 3rd is spatially closer to the student, signifying the smaller interval. This is very suggestive of how the intervals behave in notation, but allows the student to build a spatial-aural association without notation. Similarly, the minor and major intervals are situated side-by-side, the minor to the left and the Major to the right. This is because minor intervals are smaller, Major bigger. If you start on C and play up a minor second, then start on C again and play up a Major second, the minor doesn’t go as far right on the keyboard, and the Major goes further right. That’s why we place the Major interval to the right. Not shown is the Tritone (A4, d5), which will be discussed later. How do you introduce intervals? With the pacing of your method book? Do you follow the guidelines of a conservatory program that requires students to name only a few at a time? No problem! This teaching aid is flexible and can work with any system or any order of introducing intervals! Simply only use the cue cards your student needs, and then add on as they learn more. As your student grows, they’ll accumulate cues. This was the approach I took with my students. I’d guide them to make their own coloured cue cards with large print for the interval names and small print for the matching song titles. Each time we learned new intervals, we’d simply add on and make new cards. For each new interval, start with the sound and singing the song. For a long, long time keep interval identification in the realm of ear work and these cue cards only. After some experience you’ll be able to add the elements of identification on the keyboard and in notation, as well. To increase the chances of success, keep the choices to only a few — perhaps starting with only two and expanding from there one or two more at a time, always adding new ones over a period of time (weeks, months or years), keeping the ones already known. You’ll know that your students are ready for new intervals when they have gained confidence with the ones they’re already naming. At one point my students had learned all Perfect intervals, plus the 2nds, 3rds and 6ths. Then we added the Major and minor 7ths. When the Tritone is added, one way to visualize its pitch position between the Perfect Fourth and Fifth is to simply set it to the side and somewhat between. Kids LOVE the Tritone! How we actually play With the hand-sized interval cue cards, here’s usually how we set it up: - Each student builds their card “tower” from the smallest interval up. - Each student sits at the base of their own tower, in front of the smallest interval, so it makes sense visually. - On the cards are several bits of information: In large print, the abbreviated interval name (e.g. P5), in small print the full name (Perfect Fifth) and the tune that helps the child (Star Wars). - The teacher plays an interval on the piano from the choices, usually a melodic interval (one note after the other), and in the beginning, always up (ascending). - Students dash to clap their hand down on the card they feel names the interval. - After all students have picked a card, the teacher confirms who got it, and goes through a quick review of the song to reinforce it to anyone who didn’t get it that time. - In time, after students are more reliable naming up (ascending) intervals, add down (descending) intervals into the mix. - To add a random, chaotic element when all intervals are known, I stand with my back to the piano and play two keys I can’t see, and the students make their guesses. Kids LOVE keeping it playful. - When the game ends, students stack their interval cue cards starting always with the P1, smallest to biggest. Even this step is designed to reinforce their understanding of intervals by size. We store them with paperclips. - The printable comes with more ideas! How we made it life-size Because it started looking like a mini hop scotch, I decided to kick it up a notch and make it life-size. This was after we had already been using the hand-sized cue cards for about a year-and-a-half. Now students could use their whole bodies to jump to the interval names they heard. Because my students have been exploring intervals for so long (by sound and also on the keyboard, something not discussed in this post), I was able to let them run the game all on their own. They took turns playing intervals on the piano and guessing by ear. The original handmade cues had the tunes written on the front. This was helpful because the students were just learning their intervals. Now that we’ve progressed and they are better at identifying their intervals by ear, I’ve designed the larger format to have only the interval names and abbreviations on the front (moving song cues to the back), both for ascending and descending intervals. Get your life-size Interval Dash FREE! There are two ways you can get the Interval Dash Hop Scotch! - On my Printables page, get the download for only $8.99 (less for US, UK and EU teachers) - FREE! Blog Email followers can get it free!* Here are the features you’ll love: - Printable on 8 1/2 x 11 paper. - The PDF is printable in black and white, and won’t break the bank to print. Colour paper is cheaper than colour printing. - Designed with a playful ‘hop scotch’ aesthetic with chalk borders and font. - On the reverse side of each square, print ready-made quick reference ascending and descending cue tunes. - Each back page also comes with a blank staff where you can add your own tunes in case you prefer different ones. - Song titles and cue tunes are on the back only, for an added challenge. - Save time! While you could make this yourself, it is faster and easier to get it for FREE in your inbox! Have you seen Leapin’ Lemurs? Here’s a fun way to teach and review intervals by leapin’ on the piano keys! Get these sweet, professionally-designed lemurs for FREE, just by following my blog! Do you like this post and want more? In the side menu click “follow” to get notification of my posts each week in your inbox. I appreciate shares, comments and likes. Happy teaching! Video of the week

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Protestants have generally looked to the Englishman, John Wyclif (1330?–1384), and the Bohemian, John Hus (1372–1415) (spellings vary, e.g. Wycliffe, Huss), as the two most significant reformers before the Reformation. Occasionally it has even been suggested that they are the two witnesses of Revelation 11:3. Hus has been owned by many who are hardly evangelical Protestants. In 1913 Benito Mussolini (or his ghost writer) wrote a biography of Jan Hus, supposedly to arouse ‘a hatred of every form of spiritual and secular tyranny’! Unitarians often use the flaming chalice of the Hussites as one of their symbols, despite Hus’ commitment to the triune God. It is also interesting that, on 17 December 1999, Pope John Paul II expressed ‘deep regret for the cruel death inflicted on Jan Hus’. To understand something of John Hus, it is naturally important to understand something of his times. In 1305 Clement V refused to leave Avignon in France to take up the papal office in Rome. As a result, the papacy resided in Avignon in southern France for the next 73 years — a period which Petrarch referred to as ‘the Babylonian captivity of the church’. From 1305 to 1378 all seven popes, beginning with Clement V (1305–14), resided in Avignon and were under French domination. Of the 134cardinals who were created by the seven Avignonese popes, 112 were French (with 96 of these from Languedoc), 14 were Italian, two were English and none were German (Francis Oakley, The western church in the later Middle Ages, Cornell University Press, 1985, p.42). Some churches began to agitate for the view that a church council has more authority than any pope. So began what was called the Conciliar Movement. Worse followed for the western church. In 1378, an Italian, Urban VI, was elected as pope amidst riots, violence and doubts over his sanity. The French cardinals retaliated by electing Clement VII (Robert of Geneva, a cousin of the King of France), who returned to Avignon. The church now had two popes! The Avignon popes received support from the Scots and Spanish, whereas the emperors and the English favoured the Urbanist line. Of the ‘saints’, Catherine of Siena supported Urban, while Vincent Ferrer supported the French line. Council of Constance In an attempt to resolve this scandal, the 26 cardinals, 12 archbishops, 80 bishops, 87 abbots and 300 professors of canon law of the two obediences met at Pisa in 1409, declared both popes to be deposed, and in their place elected Alexander V, who was soon followed by John XXIII (now known as ‘anti-pope’), who apparently had once been a pirate (Carter Lindberg, The European reformations, Blackwell, 1996, p.47)! The unsurprising result was three popes in place of two. There was no alternative but to call another council, which the Elector Sigismund of Germany managed to do. It was convened at Constance, on the border of what became Germany and Switzerland, in 1414. It was undoubtedly the greatest ecclesiastical assembly of the whole Middle Ages. The chronicler, Ulrich Richental, listed two popes in attendance, five patriarchs, 33 cardinals, 47 archbishops, 145 bishops and others, including 346 comedians and 700 harlots (Oakley, p.64, n.42). Voting was conducted on a national, not an individual, basis; i.e. each nation had one vote. John XXIII was forced to flee and declared to be deposed; Gregory XII agreed to resign if he were first allowed to reconvene the council by his own papal authority (the council assented); while Benedict XIII retired to Spain to protest, for the rest of his long life, that he was the true pope. Eventually, Martin V was elected pope in 1417. No real reforms were introduced, and it was the Council of Constance which burned John Hus at the stake to show its orthodoxy. Behind Hus was the figure of John Wyclif, who for most of his working life was a don at Oxford University. In 1378 Wyclif published On the truth of Holy Scripture which declared that all Christians should know the Scriptures. The same year also saw the publication of Wyclif’s On the church, which set forth the teaching that the church consists of the elect of God. This raised the possibility that the pope might not be of the elect. In fact, Wyclif had begun to refer to the pope as the ‘Antichrist’ and ‘Man of Sin’. By 1379 Wyclif was denying transubstantiation as a ‘blasphemous deceit’ and ‘veritable abomination of desolation in the holy places’. This was a major issue in the Middle Ages, and in 1381 Oxford banished its most distinguished scholar. Wyclif sent out missionaries, called Lollards (‘mumblers’, referring to their supposedly mumbling heresy), to spread the biblical Word in the vernacular. Opposition came from men like Bishop Reginald Pecock, who told the Lollards that ‘thou shalt not find expressly in Holy Scripture, that the New Testament should be written in English to laymen’. Indubitably so, but edification requires comprehensibility (1 Corinthians 14:1-19). In any case, Wyclif was to die peacefully in 1384 and be buried in consecrated ground, until his body was exhumed in 1428, burnt, and his ashes thrown into the River Swift. John Hus’ protests In was in these turbulent times that John Hus came onto the scene. He was born about 1372. The king of Bohemia at this time (1378–1419) was Václav, sometimes called Wenceslaus. He was an unpredictable drunk, who kept dogs in his bed chambers. They killed his first wife, but his second wife, Zofie, became a supporter of Hus. The son of unknown peasants, Hus nevertheless studied at Prague University. As early as 1391 he read some of Wyclif’s writings, but in 1393 spent his last coin to buy an indulgence. Although not an exceptional student, he received his bachelor’s degree in 1393 and his master’s degree in 1396. By 1402, he was rector and preacher of the prestigious Bethlehem Chapel of the Holy Innocents. When he entered the priesthood, Hus recalled: ‘I had thought to become a priest quickly in order to secure a good livelihood and dress and to be held in esteem by men’ (V. Budgen, On fire for God, Evangelical Press, 1983, p.49). As a chess player, he was very competitive and could become angry. He also professed a fondness for rich clothing. Yet he began to preach reform in the church, and especially attacked simony — the practice of selling church offices to the highest bidder. He also viewed ‘miraculous’ appearances of Christ’s blood on communion wafers as a hoax. Unworthy priests were denounced as fornicators, parasites, money misers and fat swine. He began to campaign vigorously for the communion cup to be given to the laity — something which the medieval church had withheld. On 16 July 1410, Zbynek, the Archbishop of Prague, had the works of Wyclif (not Hus) burned in his palace courtyard. Hus mocked: ‘Such bonfires never yet removed a single sin from the hearts of men. Fire does not consume truth. It is always the mark of a little mind that it vents its anger on inanimate objects’. Zbynek excommunicated Hus three times before he (Zbynek) died, perhaps after being poisoned by his cook. In 1411 Hus was excommunicated for contumacy and non-appearance, not heresy. Cardinal Colonna had cited Hus to the papal court, but Hus had refused to go, and instead sent representatives. After an indulgence was preached in 1412, which Hus denounced as a money-making exercise, matters came to a head. An interdict was placed on Prague, which deprived all its residents of the sacraments of the church. To save the city, Hus left it. For the next two years he preached and wrote in the villages and fields of southern Bohemia. In autumn 1412, he wrote of his inner conflict as he wrestled with John 10:11-12 (‘a true shepherd does not flee’) and Matthew 10:23 (‘when they persecute you in one town, flee to the next’) (John Huss, Letters, trans. Matthew Spinka, Manchester University Press, 1972, p.75). Ever the pastor, he told the people of Prague that ‘your salvation was, is now, and shall remain my desire until my death’ (Budgen, p.185). He wrote to encourage them ‘in this corrupted age’ not to grow weary in the struggle against the Antichrist. Hus’ views had become more decided: ‘Accordingly, I humbly accord faith, i.e. trust, to the Holy Scriptures, desiring to hold, believe and assert whatever is contained in them, as long as I have breath in me’. He also wrote: ‘Finally I rest with the conviction that every word of Christ is true; and what I do not understand, I commit to his grace, in the hope that I shall understand it after my death’ (Budgen, pp. 169,170). Drawing on the teaching of Jerome, Augustine and other Church Fathers, he claimed that ‘obedience to superiors is obligatory only in lawful matters’ (John Huss, Letters, ed. by Emile de Bonnechose, trans. Campbell Mackenzie, Edinburgh, 1846, p.28). He urged believers: ‘Meditate, then, dearly beloved, on these two things — the benefits of the Saviour at his first coming, and his justice and judgment at his second advent — and fortify your hearts by grace and the cross’ (Letters, ed. de Bonnechose, p.48). Hus’ De ecclesia, published in 1413, was clearly much indebted to Wyclif. Hus even wrote that ‘the unity of the catholic church consists in the bond of predestination’. Hus only condemned unworthy popes (he listed 15 of them), and he accepted the real presence in the Eucharist, complete with transubstantiation. He never denied the intercession of saints or the existence of purgatory. On the papacy he declared, without a great deal of logic, ‘I acknowledge that the pope is the vicar of Christ in the Roman church, but do not hold it as an article of faith’ (M. Spinka, John Hus, Princeton University Press, 1968, p.176). He condemned indulgences, and stated that a wicked pope would be damned. In autumn 1414, when John XXIII convened the ecumenical council in Constance, he summoned Hus to attend. Sigismund (who was also half-brother of Václav) promised a safe-conduct to Hus to go to the council, but at Constance Hus was arrested on John XXIII’s orders — a promise given to a heretic was not regarded as binding. Hus was imprisoned for several months in a cell in theDominican monastery on an island in Lake Constance (now a luxury hotel). The conditions were so terrible and his health so poor that he nearly died. He looked to God: ‘The God of all goodness at one time consoles, at another time afflicts me, but I hope he will not forsake me in my trials’ (Letters, ed. de Bonnechose, p.92). So, he prayed, ‘O most kind Christ, draw us weaklings after thyself, for unless thou draw us, we cannot follow thee! … Give us a valiant spirit, a fearless heart, the right faith, a firm hope and perfect love, that we may offer our lives for thy sake, with the greatest patience and joy’ (Letters, trans. Spinka, p.187). Thirty charges were brought against Hus, including that he considered himself the fourth person in the Godhead! The presiding cardinal was Pierre d’Ailly — a conciliarist — and the vote on the council to condemn Hus to death was not unanimous. On 6 July 1415, at Constance cathedral, the Bishop of Lodi preached on Romans 6:6 (‘that the body of sin be destroyed’). Hus, devoid of his priestly garments, had to recant or die that very day. Hus, however, refused to recant: ‘Assuredly it is fitting for me rather to die than to flee a momentary penalty and fall into the hand of the Lord, perchance, into everlasting shame’. Hus’ motto was, ‘He who fears death loses the joy of life. Truth conquers all things’ (Budgen, p.260). He was burnt at the stake, crying out, ‘Christ, Son of the living God, have mercy on me’. He had prophesied that though they might burn a goose (‘Hus’ means ‘goose’ in Bohemian), a swan would follow — a prophecy which was remembered 100 years later, in Luther’s time. Out of the moderate Hussite wing grew the Bohemian Brethren, later known as the Moravian Brethren, who had such an influence on hymnody and missionary work, and, not least, the emergence of the Wesleyan Methodists. Hus’ conscience was bound to Scripture, and his wonderful courage was the product of his deep faith. As Luther himself put it: ‘If such a man is to be regarded as a heretic, no person under the sun can be looked on as a true Christian’ (Letters, ed. de Bonnechose, p.4).

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The four photographs by reportage photographer and artistGeorge Osodi (born 1974 in Lagos, Nigeria) are taken from two series of works: Oil Rich Niger Delta (2003-10) and DE MONEY “Ghana Gold” (2010). The Niger Delta has long been linked up to the global economy.From the 16th century onwards, the African west coast was amain centre of the transatlantic slave trade. Since the discovery of crude oil in the 1950s, a trade every bit as lucrative as it is dirty has developed in the Delta: multinational concerns pump the “black gold” out of the earth and transport it through pipelines hundreds of kilometres long to the ocean, where tankers wait under naval protection. The local population has no share whatsoever of the profits, which account for around 95% of Nigeria’s export income. At the same time, ordinary people suffer at the hands of local gangs, who are equally opposed to the oil companies and to central government, and who lay claim to a territory rich in resources. They systematically tap the pipelines and sell the crude oil thus obtained on the black market. The oil from these tapped pipelines, which often explode, trickles down into the groundwater of one of the world’s largest wetlands. The golden-yellow wall shows a small gold mine in Obuasi (Ghana).Many of these mines are operated illegally by Chinese, who use enormous machines to turn over the entire region. Thousands ofChinese migrant workers have emigrated to Ghana over the past few decades to try their luck in the gold rush. Once abandoned, the mines are combed by the African population, including children, who search feverishly for the residues missed by the industrial machines. The anode slurry obtained in this way is mixed with mercury to precipitate the gold. Guilherme Gaensly or News from the New World Wilhelm Gaensly, born in 1843 in Wellhausen (Thurgau), emigrated to Brazil with his parents in 1848. He first worked as a photographer in Salvador de Bahia but relocated his studio to São Paulo in 1895. It was here that he became an outstanding chronicler of the Brazilian coffee boom and of the burgeoning metropolis close to the plantations whose population rocketed from 47 000 to 700 000 between 1886 and 1924. The explosion was due to the many European immigrants who were brought into the country to offset the acute shortage of labour in the plantations following the abolition of slavery in 1881. Apart from the hopeful European immigrants he photographed during the final miles of their crossing or after arrival at the Santos immigration centre, Gaensly’s subjects included the coffee plantations and warehouses, or the Avenida Paulista, opened in 1892, which was lined by the villas of coffee barons. The new arrivals sent these and other images in the form of postcards to their relatives in Europe. They served as propaganda, projecting the image of a modern Brazil to the world outside and attracting investors and industrial engineers. At the same time, they were designed to persuade ordinary working people to make the leap across the Atlantic. MASP or a see-through Display Today, São Paulo is a megalopolis with a population of around 19 million and the Avenida Paulista one of its main arteries. Here, too, we find the Museo d’Art São Paulo (MASP), whose collection was assembled in Europe from 1947 onward by an Italian immigrant, Pietro Maria Bardi, on behalf of a Brazilian media tycoon. In view of the country’s internationalization, it was important to the ruling elite to demonstrate their European roots and, more generally speaking, to uphold western standards of civilization. Between 1956 and 1968, Bardi’s wife Lina Bo Bardi designed and built a freestanding glass structure with no interior walls to house the collection. Apart from this, she developed a revolutionary suspended display system consisting of glass panels weighed down by concrete blocks that presented works frontally, with no additional information (all the details could be found on the back). In stark contrast to other museums, which arrange their collections in terms of national schools of painting, chronology, genre, media or masters, the MASP allows visitors to trace their own personal route through the labyrinth of paintings. The presentation of the works as isolated pieces also reflects their status as the flotsam and jetsam of history and the course of time. They share a migratory fate. For instance, Auguste Renoir’s portrait of two children (Pink and Blue, Alice et Elisabeth Cahen d’Anvers, 1881), one of the Museum’s most popular works, was once part of a collection seized from a Jewish family. Bo Bardi’s ingenious suspension system was destroyed in the 1990s. Almost a hundred years after Gaensly, photographer Hans Günter Flieg (born 1923) emigrated to Brazil with his parents. Unlike the Gaenslys, their reason for emigrating was not work but persecution of the Jews in Germany. In São Paulo Flieg made a name for himself as one of the best industrial and advertising photographers, but the pictures he took of Bo Bardi’s legendary exhibition Bahia no Ibirapuera (1959) are of incomparable quality. The photo strip shows a gloomy image of Wilhelmine-era apartment blocks, the view from Flieg’s window in Chemnitz, which he captured on film directly before the flight from Germany on 21 November 1939. The picture adjacent to it, his first photograph in Brazil, shows a vase with a bunch of orchids. We build a museum The Museu de Arte Popular (Museum of Popular Art) in Salvador de Bahia (Brazil) existed for only a brief period, from 1960 until its closure by the military junta in 1964. It was housed in the Solar do Unhão, a cluster of 16th-century buildings with a chequered history, which had served variously as a slave centre, ammunition depot and tobacco factory. The Museum was founded by architect and designer Lina Bo Bardi, who emigrated from Italy to Brazil in 1947. In Salvador de Bahia, the former capital of the first Portuguese colonialists and centre of the slave trade, Bo Bardi found herself confronted with the interrelationship of western modernity and colonialism. Her reaction to the experience was to set up a museum that spotlighted the simple handmade products of local artisans. She bought the artefacts, which included ceramic dishes, coffee beakers made from oilcans, oil lamps and baskets, on markets in and around Salvador. For ordinary people and the social establishment, they had no value whatsoever as exhibits. In this respect, the museum differed from conventional ethnological collections. Bo Bardi’s somewhat analytical choice of presentation, which directs the gaze of museum visitors to every single item while underscoring both formal and structural relationships, was an acknowledgement both of the creative drive of the simple population and of the crude materials of which the items were made. Bo Bardi’s collection, however, was not restricted merely to displaying objects that provided an image of society: it understood society as a dynamic and changing phenomenon. This becomes clear when we look at the gigantic open staircase that Bo Bardi installed in the Museum. Although Bahia was one of the poorest regions of Brazil (and thus of the world) at that time, it was also a fertile source of Afro- Brazilian culture. The Museum staircase was a response to this culture, of which dance and movement were central elements. It was not unlike a Baroque-style open staircase, which served people both as a platform and as a backdrop. The picture taken by Gaensly, a Swiss emigrant who establishes himself as Brazil’s undisputed pioneer of photography, clearly demonstrates the kind of movement Bo Bardi’s staircase rejected. In the photograph, we see a long, snaking line of dockworkers lugging heavy sacks of coffee onto a ship. Some carry one sack, others two, but in all cases the workers’ backs are bent under their weight. The Johann Jacobs Museum dedicates a series of exhibitions to the work of Lina Bo Bardi in 2014. Guilherme Gaensly (1843-1928) took the group photograph in front of the Hospedaria de Imigrantes (immigration centre) in São Paulo in the early 20th century. Once equipped with a passport and a job, immigrants from Europe would set out from here to start their new lives. The barefooted girl to the left of the foreground grips her clothing tightly, as if it gave her something solid to hold onto, and expresses the general mood: a mixture of abashed curiosity and scepticism. The fatigue of several weeks at sea is apparent, as well as the sense of relief at having finally arrived. New arrivals sent group photographs like these as postcards to their family and relations in the old world. Like the Brazilian immigrants (or the paintings in Bo Bardi’s MASP), the small figurines on Sigmund Freud’s desktop (in the photograph by artist Lidwien van de Ven) remain firmly on the threshold. Freud arranged them himself in such a way that they faced him full on, as if they were interlocutors whose expertise he relied on in the course of his explorations into the civilizing recesses of the subconscious. Or like warders who accompanied him on his risk-fraught journeys into the psyche. The figurines come from a variety of different cultures. Chinese statuettes from the Tang dynasty, Egyptian divinities and pieces from ancient Rome are all clearly identifiable. If Freud’s personal museum appears extremely fragile, it was at the same time eminently portable and able to adapt to the history’s crueller moments. As Freud himself wrote, the “Egyptians, Chinese and Greeks” had survived his flight from the Nazis to exile in London intact. Today, his desk stands in the Freud Museum in Hampstead. Would there have been room for the small Meissen figurines on Freud’s desktop? Would they have felt at ease with all the “Egyptians, Chinese and Greeks”, or vice versa? Meissen porcelain was produced from 1710 onwards on the Albrechtsburg in Meissen an der Elbe for August the Strong (1670-1733), later known as Friedrich August I, Elector of Saxony, and from 1697 as August II, King of Poland. It came as a response to the monopoly on “white gold” held for centuries mainly by China, but also by Japan. The history of European porcelain began with its invention by alchemist and pharmacist Johann Friedrich Böttger, who had developed its precursor in the form of a hard red stoneware, known as Böttgersteinzeug, at the Saxon court in 1706. A coffee pot complete with cup and saucer by Böttger are part of the frieze at the Johann Jacobs Museum (in the hallway on the ground floor). The figurines Lady with pug dog and blackamoor servant (around 1740) and The ,Indian’ Lovers (around 1745) demonstrate the virtuoso use of materials made by Johann Joachim Kändler, the court sculptor of August the Strong. At the same time, these pieces are representative of a genre unique in the decorative arts, with motifs derived primarily from depictions of the court during the age of gallantry. The “blackamoor servant” and the Indian “flowers”, which allude to Japanese models, are the only features that hint at the complexity of the world beyond the Saxon court. Deren in Haiti Filmmaker and anthropologist Maya Deren went to Haiti for the first time in 1947 with a view to studying local dance forms. Once there, she realized that these dance forms were inseparably bound up with the religious rites and rituals of vodou. If she were to acquire a deeper understanding of vodou in all its spiritual and emotional dimensions, she would have become part of the ritual community herself. Vodou is a syncretic religion. It combines the various African religions of the slaves shipped to Haiti from 1502 onwards, the Catholicism of the Spanish and French colonial masters, and Indian beliefs brought to Haiti by Caribbean tribes who had been forced into slavery by the Spaniards. The footage produced during Deren’s participation in vodou rituals does not strictly follow the rules of scientific anthropology and does not show authentic practices of faith. Her films are more of an amalgam arising out of the confrontation and fusion of western and non-western practices, technologies and modes of depiction. Deren did not edit the stock herself. It was stored, rolled up in coffee tins, for decades at the Anthology Film Archive in New York, where Martina Kudláček eventually restored it with the help of funding from the Johann Jacobs Museum. From the 16th century onwards Haiti was a Spanish colony, where African slaves cultivated cane sugar. In the late 17th century, the western part of the island fell under French colonial rule. By the end of the 18th century, this western part (Saint- Domingue) was producing around 60% of the coffee destined for France and England as well as 40% of their sugar imports. The Haitian slave rebellion (1791-1804), which ended successfully with the defeat of Napoleon’s army in 1802 and the establishment of the first “black” republic, had been strongly inspired by the French Revolution, whose lessons were carried from Paris to Haiti by educated mulattoes. The slave uprising was triggered by a vodou religious ceremony, during which a priestess was “possessed” by a spirit – a Loa – who serves the creator deity Bon Dieu. This sprit was Erzulie Dantor, the Loa of women and children and a militant figure whose symbols included the sword and a pierced heart. The vodou banner, which is clearly in the style of depictions of Madonna, was produced in the mid-20th century at the time when Maya Deren was in Haiti. Apart from the symbols of Erzulie Dantor – a sword and dagger – the female figure also bears features – a heart – of the other central female sprit, Erzulie Freda. Unlike the belligerent Erzulie Dantor, Freda stands for love, dreams and luxury. On the lower edge of the banner we find the ritual drums that were used during religious ceremonies to summon up spirits and incite them to take possession of human beings. The Johann Jacobs Museum has scheduled an exhibition about Maya Deren’s visit to Haiti for 2014.

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Before we begin, I want to address a study that was published in the prestigious scientific journal Nature, and on the mainstream news. It claimed that “brain-training” is not effective. Huh? In spite of the quality of the journal, don’t swallow the study results. Why? Three reasons: 1) the “brain training” was only 10 minutes a day – way too short for the brain to change. You need 20-60 min./day. 2) a small sample size was used, not a large random one, so you can’t generalize, and 3) there was no monitoring the brain training; all was done at home, where presumably, people are talking to family, spacing out, and not highly vested. Listen: the brain can change, but you have to follow the rules! Okay; I got that off my chest. Now, let’s focus on something I ordinarily NEVER focus on. There are many so-called “truths” that float around in education. Some actually are true, and others are a big, smelly pile of doo-doo. For example, if you’ve been to any of my workshops lately, you know why you should NEVER buy into the myth of the “normal” kid.But for today’s newsletter, we’d got another shocker: neuroscientist Susan Greenfield said that from a neuroscience point viewpoint, the whole idea of using learning styles for teaching is nonsense. By the way, she’s not alone in believing there is no such thing as a learning style. But wait, there’s more… The Association for Psychological Science (APS) commissions panels of leading psychologists and cognitive scientists to evaluate topics of public interest, and publishes their reports in Psychological Science. In late 2009, the panel concluded that an adequate evaluation of the learning styles hypothesis – the idea that optimal learning demands that students receive instruction tailored to their learning styles – requires a particular kind of study – AND IT HAS NOT BEEN DONE. How could you “prove” learning styles. Here’s what you’d have to do: group students into the learning style categories that are being evaluated (e.g., visual learners vs. verbal learners), and then students in each group must be randomly assigned to one of the learning methods (e.g., visual learning or verbal learning), so that some students will be “matched” and others will be “mismatched.” After the learning and consolidation time, all students must sit for the same test. If the learning style hypothesis is correct, then, for example, visual learners should learn better with the visual method, whereas auditory learners should learn better with the auditory method. But Massa & Mayer, 2006 have found that this has not been done. So what does this mean? While we could say that the multiple intelligences are the “output” of a learner, the input can typically be labeled as one of the more sensory modalities (visual, auditory, olfactory, gustatory and tactile.) Besides our five most commonly known senses, one author, Diane Ackerman in The Natural History of the Senses suggested we have 19 senses (1990). Researchers like Anthony Gregorc, Neil Fleming’s VARK (visual, auditory, reading/writing, kinesthetic) Learning Style Test, Rita Dunn and Kenneth Dunn, Ned Hermann’s Brain Dominance and David Kolb (among others) have all suggested that learners have a preferred way to learn. You may have noticed that in your classroom. In fact, a literature review identified 71 different theories of learning styles (Coffield, et al. 2004). Some of the proponents use broader labels than a mere sense; these labels tell a bit about how they (the learners) like to preferentially process the information. Many of these theories have become standards in schools of education. Gregorc and Butler designed a model describing how the mind works: 1) concrete and 2) abstract; and two ordering abilities 1) random and 2) sequential. Bernice McCarthy introduced a learning style format (the “4-MAT system”) which asks the questions based on what, how, why and if. David Kolb has identified and integrated both personality and learning styles: 1) assimilators, who learn better when presented with sound logical theories to consider, 2) convergers, who learn better when provided with practical applications of concepts and theories, 3) accommodators, who learn better when provided with “hands-on” experiences, and 4) divergers, who learn better when allowed to observe and collect a wide range of information. Others claim the VAK model: visual learners have a preference for seeing (think in pictures; visual aids such as overhead slides, diagrams, handouts, etc.) Auditory learners best learn through listening (lectures, discussions, tapes, etc.) Tactile/kinesthetic learners prefer to learn via experience – moving, touching, and experiencing. For both the proponents and critics, learning styles remains one of the great conundrums in American education. Intuitively, it is hard to argue with the premise that all kids are unique. One must almost certainly agree that with many ways to learn, kids do seem to have preferences. Yet when we get to the scientific support, published in peer-reviewed journals, the evidence is weak. A recent study found research flaws (marginal quality data, poor samples, non-existent or poorly designed studies) with every major learning style (Coffield, et al. 2004.) However, a recent brain-based (fMRI) study did match up Verbalizer-Visualizer Questionnaire (VVQ) results and modality-specific subtests of the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) with location specific brain area matching using an fMRI. The results suggested that modality-specific cortical activity do underlie processing in visual and verbal cognitive styles (Kraemer et al. 2009.) But this study was the only brain-based one in the databases. Clearly, more research is needed. Let’s “flesh out” what we learned from the studies above. First, quality studies in education (large sample sizes, randomized, cross-over design, longitudinal, etc.) are very expensive and rare. So the lack of quality studies may raise an eyebrow, but unless there’s a drug being tested by a company with deep pockets, it’s hard to get the best quality for studies in education. Second, you cannot “prove” anything, only disprove it. The evidence that “disproves” learning styles is not 100% airtight, by any means. Having said that, here’s what I recommend: Something to stop doing? The vast majority of educators will tell you that learning styles are a proven fact. But they’re not. They are an unproven theory that may be useful. Stop assuming that just because other teachers say something is so, that they’re right. Stop assuming that because most everyone treats learning styles as an accepted “fact” that they are right. I have been one of those who just accepted that since “everyone” believes it, they must all be right. Learning Styles seems so intuitively easy to support and see in the classroom, that I buy into it. But there are many things that you (we all) can buy into, even if the facts are not there yet. This does not mean that you are wrong. It just means that you can’t stand on a large body of science or research to back your beliefs. What you can do is to say, “When I did it this way, it helped this student perform better.” No one can argue with those results. How you teach activates either more visual, auditory or tactile neuron assemblies. My thinking is that some sensory “classes” (visual, auditory, etc.), become desensitized and other classes become more activated. This makes them sensitized to specific stimulation. Huh? Yes, that means the more you activate a certain modality in a student, the greater the likelihood that you will change their brain’s response to it. What to do? In your teaching, continue to use a variety of teaching methods. Continue to combine visual with auditory. Be sure to add the tactile and action-based processes to learning. Continue to notice which kids respond better to which types of teaching. Ah, but nothing beats some classroom-based action research. If you’ve got a few moments, set up some experiments in your class before the year’s up and try out a few ideas like the proposed study mentioned above. You might be surprised by the results! Coffield, F., Moseley, D., Hall, E., Ecclestone, K. (2004). Learning styles and pedagogy in post-16 learning. A systematic and critical review. London: Learning and Skills Research Centre. Willingham, Daniel. Willingham: No evidence exists for learning style theories. Retrieved on February 24, 2010, from http://voices.washingtonpost.com/answer-sheet/daniel-willingham/-my-guest-today-is.html Kraemer DJ, Rosenberg LM, Thompson-Schill SL. (2009) The neural correlates of visual and verbal cognitive styles. J Neurosci. Mar 25;29(12):3792-8. Pashler, H., McDaniel, M., Rohrer, D., & Bjork, R. (2009). Learning styles: Concepts and evidence. Psychological Science in the Public Interest, 9, 105-119. Massa, L. J., & Mayer, R. E. (2006). Testing the ATI hypothesis: Should multimedia instruction accommodate verbalizer-visualizer cognitive style? Learning and Individual Differences, 16, 321–336. Glenn, David. Matching Teaching Style to Learning Style May Not Help Students. Retrieved on February 24, 2010, from http://chronicle.com/article/Matching-Teaching-Style-to/49497/ Holden, Constance. Learning with Style. Retrieved on February 24, 2010, from http://www.sciencemag.org/content/vol327/issue5962/r-samples.dtl

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A project undertaken at the School of Environmental and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, and supervised by Stephen Beatty The South West Coast Drainage Division of Western Australia contains only ten species of native freshwater fishes, of which eight are endemic to the region. The south west also contains 13 species of alien fishes, of which goldfish (Carassius auratus) are among the most important Goldfish are a particular problem in the Vasse River system, where we have been been undertaking removal programs since 2005. In project APSF 04/2, we identified, for the first time, the parasites of native and alien fishes in the south west. One of these parasites was Lernaea cyprinacea, which was introduced with goldfish and has subsequently spread to native fishes. The parasite is more prevalent, and apparently more pathogenic on native species than on goldfish. A simple epidemiological model suggests that removal of goldfish may increase the prevalence of parasitic infection on native fishes (because goldfish are less competent hosts). On the basis of this model, we have stopped goldfish control programs in rivers where the parasite is present. The predictions of the model, however, depend critically on two parameters for which we currently have no reliable estimates; the relative susceptibility to infection of goldfish and native fishes when exposed to the parasite, and the fecundity of the parasite on goldfish and native fishes. In this project, we aim to obtain estimates of these parameters and test the predictions of our epidemiological model. - Estimate the relative susceptibility of goldfish and the most common species of native fish (western pygmy perch, Nannoperca vittata) when exposed to Lernaea cyprinacea. - Estimate the relative fecundity of Lernaea cyprinacea on pygmy perch and goldfish. - Use the estimates of susceptibility and fecundity to parameterize the epidemiological model. - Test the predictions of the model in mesocosm experiments to determine whether goldfish removal is likely to increase the infection pressure of Lernaea cyprinacea on native fish species. - Test the predictions of the model in the field. - Use these results to guide goldfish control programs in Western Australia. Lernaea cyprinacea was found on fishes in three river systems in the south-west of Western Australia; the Canning River and its tributary the Southern River, in which L. cyprinacea had been previously recorded, and the Serpentine and Murray Rivers, which represent new distribution records. The species identity of L. cyprinacea was confirmed by sequencing at the 18S and 28S rDNA loci. Overall, L. cyprinacea infestation was more prevalent in native freshwater species than exotic freshwater fishes. The parasite was found on six native fish species, with a mean prevalence of 0.18 (± SE 0.04) and on three exotic fish species, with a mean prevalence of 0.02 (± SE 0.06) (Table 1). Goldfish and pygmy perch occurred together in two locations; the Canning River and the Serpentine River. Although in the Canning River there was no difference between these two species in either prevalence (Fisher exact test, P = 0.34) or intensity of infection (Kruskall-Wallis test, z = 0.72, P = 0.47), in the Serpentine River, prevalence was significantly greater in pygmy perch than in goldfish (Fisher exact test, P < 0.0001) (intensity could not be compared because no infected goldfish were found in the Serpentine River). Table 1. Prevalences (proportion of infected fish) and mean intensities of infection of Lernaea cyprinacea of fish species in the Canning, Murray and Serpentine Rivers. 95% confidence intervals in parentheses. N = total number of fish sampled. |Canning||Native||B. porosa||54||0.11 (0.05-0.23)||2.2 (1.0-3.0)| |G. occidentalis||116||0.17 (0.11-0.25)||1.3 (1.1-1.4)| |N. vittata||269||0.07 (0.05-0.11)||1.2 (1.0-1.4)| |P. olorum||25||0.08 (0.01-0.26)||1.5 (1.0-2.0)| |Alien||C. auratus||33||0.12 (0.04-0.28)||1| |G. holbrooki||367||0.003 (0-0.02)||1| |P. caudimaculatus||507||0.002 (0-0.01||1| |L. wallacei||361||0.003 (0-0.02)||1| |T. bostocki||255||0.32 (0.27-0.39)||1.3 (1.2-1.4)| |Serpentine||Native||B. porosa||15||0.33 (0.14-0.60)||1.6 (1.0-2.2)| |G. occidentalis||101||0.11 (0.06-0.19)||1.1 (1.0-1.3)| |N. vittata||20||0.55 (0.32-0.75)||2.2 (1.4-3.1)| |P. olorum||28||0.14 (0.05-0.32)||1.2 (1.0-1.5)| |T. bostocki||59||0.51 (0.38-0.64)||1.6 (1.3-2.0)| The greater prevalence on native freshwater fishes in the field may be due to a greater rate of exposure to the parasite and/or to a greater infectivity of the parasite on these species. To disentangle these possible causes, pygmy perch and goldfish were exposed to L. cyprinacea in experimental infections in the laboratory. Under these conditions, pygmy perch were significantly more likely than goldfish to be parasitised (Χ2 = 9.44, P = 0.002), with an overall prevalence for pygmy perch of 0.59 (95% CI 0.24-0.42), compared to 0.33 (95% CI 0.48-0.68) for goldfish. Mean intensity of infection was also significantly greater in pygmy perch than in goldfish (Χ2 = 4.44, P = 0.04, with a mean intensity of 3.0 (95% CI 2.4-3.8) for pygmy perch and 2.0 (95% CI 1.5-2.8) for goldfish. Mortality rate was significantly greater in pygmy perch than in goldfish (Χ2 = 29.63, P < 0.0001), with a mortality rate for pygmy perch of 0.41 (95% CI 0.27-0.55) and no mortalities in goldfish. Attached parasites appeared to be embedded much more deeply into the flesh of pygmy perch than goldfish. Mortality rate in pygmy perch, mortality was positively related to intensity (Χ2 = 18.51, P < 0.0001). The mean intensity of infection in fish that died was 3.9 (95% CI 2.6 – 5.1), compared to 2.2 (95% CI 1.6 – 2.9) in fish that survived. The greater infectivity of L. cyprinacea to pygmy perch than to goldfish may be due to differences between the fish species in defensive behaviours and/or immunological responses. Putative defensive behaviours (gulping, jerking, scraping, pecking) were observed much more frequently in infected goldfish than in pygmy perch (Fisher exact tests: for gulping, P = 0.0001; for jerking, P < 0.0001; for scraping, P = 0.06; for pecking, P = 0.01). When goldfish and pygmy perch were treated for infection and then re-exposed to the parasite, the re-infection rate for pygmy perch was 0.75 (95% CI 0.50 – 0.91, while that for goldfish was 0.39 (95% CI 0.18 – 0.62 (significantly different by Fisher exact test, P = 0.04), suggesting that the species also differ in acquired immunity to L. cyprinacea. Over all fishes the mean fecundity of attached adult female L. cyprinacea was 226.7 eggs/parasite (95% CI 142.9 – 310.4). There was no difference in fecundity of L. cyprinacea between fish hosts (Wilcoxon signed rank test, z = 1.16, P = 0.24) and no relationship between fecundity and intensity of infection (Spearman’s r = 0.01, P = 0.98). An epidemiological model was constructed, based on the “reservoir potential” model of Mather et al. (1989; American Journal of Epidemiology 130: 143-150). The competence of the ith host species to transmit infection (Ci) was defined as the number of infective stages (Ii) produced by hosts of that species per day, divided by the total number of infective stages produced by hosts of all species per day (IT). For the ith host, Ii = Di Pi (Bi/Ti) Fi, where Di is the host density, Pi is the proportion of hosts infected, (Bi/Ti) is the mean intensity (burden) of parasites per infected host per day, Ti is the mean lifespan of an attached adult female and Fi is the mean lifetime fecundity of an attached adult female. Over all hosts, IT = ΣIi. The epidemiological model was initially parameterised using estimates of prevalence and intensity of infection for naïve and recovered hosts obtained from laboratory experiments, and estimates of parasite lifespan and fecundity obtained from the literature. Using these estimates, simulation results suggested that reservoir potential (i.e. the number of infective parasite stages in the environment) is inversely related to goldfish density. These initial simulations, however, did not account for the increased mortality of infected pygmy perch compared to goldfish and therefore assumed that parasite lifespan was the same for both host species. Using differential host mortality rates to adjust parasite lifespan removed this trend, predicting no relationship between reservoir potential and goldfish density. To test these predictions, infection experiments were conducted in laboratory aquaria, stocked with either eight pygmy perch or four pygmy perch and four goldfish. Infection prevalence of pygmy perch was 0.52 (95% CI 0.42 – 0.61) in single species communities and 0.59 (95% CI 0.48 – 0.68) in mixed species communities (not significantly different by Fisher exact test, P = 0.33). Mean intensity of infection was lower in single species communities (2.0 parasites/fish, 95% CI 1.7 – 2.4) than in mixed species communities (3.0, 95% CI 2.4 – 3.9), but this difference was not quite significant (Wilcoxon signed-rank test, z = 1.89, P = 0.06). Mortality rate was also lower in single species communities (0.35, 95% CI 0.26 – 0.44) than in mixed species communities (0.41, 95% CI 0.27 – 0.56), but again this difference was not significant (Fisher exact test, P = 0.58). In the field, parasite prevalence and intensity were comapred in populations of pygmy perch from paired locations in each of the Canning and the Serpentine Rivers, where goldfish were prevalent at one location, but not found at the other location. Aside from the presence or absence of goldfish, fish community structure was similar in each pair of locations. While a comparison of only two paired locations does not permit statistical analysis of the data, there was no evidence that pygmy perch were more heavily infected when goldfish were absent (Canning River, prevalence 0.14 (95% CI 0.07-0.25) when goldfish present compared to 0.06 (95% CI 0.03-0.09) when goldfish absent; Serpentine River prevalence 0.55 (95% CI 0.32-0.75) when goldfish present compared to 0.16 (95% CI 0.07-0.32) when goldfish absent. From these results, there is no evidence that removal of goldfish will increase the prevalence or intensity of infections of L. cyprinacea in native fish species. Although native fish species are more readily infected and habour more attached parasites than goldfish, because they appear to lack both innate behavioural defenses and acquired immunity to the parasite, they also suffer greater mortality and this markedly reduces their competence in transmitting further infections.

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By Tsilla Boisselet. DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3066438 Pollination – more than having living honeybees You might have come across the photo of a supermarket with full shelves of fruit and vegetables, and then the same one without most of them, stating: “life with vs life without bees”. Knowing the importance of pollinators for food production, the losses in bee population are alarming1, 2, and scientists and world organizations and local beekeeping communities in many countries are raising awareness on our dependency on pollinators3-7. Pollinators, indeed, as their name indicate, allow the plants to fulfil their reproduction cycle by bringing the pollen to the female parts of the flowers, precursor for the formation of the fruit, that we consume. About two-thirds of the crop plants that feed the world rely on pollination8. FAO’s Director-General José Graziano da Silva reminded on the occasion of this year’s World Bee Day8 that “the absence of bees and other pollinators would wipe out coffee, apples, almonds, tomatoes and cocoa to name just a few of the crops that rely on pollination. Countries need to shift to more pollinator-friendly and sustainable food policies and systems.” The increased cultivation of crops for energy, also depending on pollination, just raises the needs3. Not only are bees sensitive to pesticides from the neonicotinoids class, but they are also dying because of diseases or the still puzzling colony collapse disorder, or killed by invasive species as the Asian hornet (Vespa velutina), a globally distributed predator of European honey bees and other insects. Pollination is a time-consuming, highly specialized service whose value can be counted in billions of dollars9-12, dispensed for free, that we compromise with more or less harmful pesticide applications since long time13, 14 and the loss of natural and diverse ecosystems15. So, if it is known that - Bees are essential for our food production, - Pesticides can kill bees, - Bee populations are dramatically shrinking, Why can’t we just deposit a couple of beehives in a field – avoiding neonicotinoids and similar treatments – to solve the pollination question? Many crop growers actually DO use beehives or bumblebee boxes in their greenhouses or fields to benefit from their action. Is it just a matter of encouraging those methods and eliminating pesticides that are dangerous to bees? Is that why there are apple fields in China that have to be still, since the 90s, entirely pollinated by hand16? Having at the same time huge numbers of blooming trees, plenty of beehives and still a collapsing fruit production does not seem to make any sense. There is still a lot to learn and information to be shared about the connection between bees, crops, wildflowers and pollination dynamics in general. Ø Did you know…? - Not all crops that need pollination do need a pollinator (wind pollination is another form of pollination common for conifers or grasses as cereals) - Some of the crops that we can consume are only seemingly pollination independent. If they are grown only for their roots or leaves they do not require pollination to be eaten. But they do if we need to produce their seeds. - Not all crops that need insect pollination can be pollinated by bees. - Pollinators can be different species of bees, flies, birds, butterflies, moths, bats and less commonly non-flying insects as beetles or ants. - Some plants are very specialized, so the disappearing of their partner is fatal for fruiting and sexual reproduction7. This is the case for the vanilla plant, a luxury item that is pollinated by hand outside of its native range. The Melipona bees, its natural pollinators, stingless species native to the Yucatàn region of Mexico, are almost extinct. Another know case is the orchid Angraecum sesquipedale whose strange features led Charles Darwin to specifically search for its pollinator – with success: he found the moth Xantopan morgani predicta. Indeed, the specificities of the flower, required precise and rare characteristics from the pollinator. - Different pollinators also react to different flower characteristics, from shape to colour to smell to seasonality. The set of flower features (colour, shape, size, nectar type and odour) that attract pollinators is called the flower’s pollination syndrome. Similarly, bees, flies, butterflies have different body shapes, habits and preferences. Therefore, even if many bees are rather generalists, they simply cannot pollinate every flower. But what about those who are perfectly fine with bees, would a hive and the reduction of bee-detrimental chemicals be enough? How do we know how many bees is enough? How can one say there are enough or not enough bees? Even in places where it is said that there are not enough, crops still get pollinated and grow fine. And if there are “enough” bees on average, are we safe? - Bees only fly that far, so the density and repartition of colonies/nesting sites is more important than the actual total number of individuals, or the size of one colony/nesting site17, 18. - Bee is often understood as Apis mellifera, the honeybee. But there are thousands of bee species, many of them that are specific to a region or a continent7, 8, 19. - Not all crops have the same pollinator number needs, and we don’t know yet the needed pollinator density of each of them. - An average density over a whole country does not mean so much, because of the heterogeneous repartition of crops and colonies. Often, they are not synchronized (different immediate interests of farmers and beekeepers). Indeed, an insufficient average does indicate that there is a real need for increase, even though a high presence of colonies over the whole territory does not imply the needs are really met everywhere3. - In calculations, wild pollinators are often not counted or little studied, so the numbers can be false. In other words, the real need is very likely to be much higher than calculated in the field because of the “hidden” pollination already taken care of. So if the field size allows it (a maximal size given by the distance for flying and foraging), the surroundings – if well preserved – will compensate for the biodiversity desert. Therefore, numbers are often a combination of estimates of present populations, the counting of beehives, the calculation of surface cultivated with crops needing pollination, estimation of the distance pollinators need to fly, comparison with previous years or decades, or with other places in the world with similar conditions. Indeed, the wild pollination – the services given by a range of wild living organisms, often solitary living insects, are a precious ally for pollination of agricultural crops. It goes beyond the multiplication of pollinated flowers because of a multiplication of the number of agents. They have different efficiencies, weaknesses and strengths, so that their action is synergetic rather than additive. Insect diversity allows for multiplied beneficial effects. - There is synergy between wild bees and introduced, cultivated ones. Between solitary and colony-living ones17, 20. - Some bee species are less affected than others by competition/predation by wasps or changing conditions18. - Some bee species are adapted to different temperatures, so a change in climate can mean some of them loose their ecological niche18, 21. - Shifts in land use and habitat fragmentation cause the decline of more specialized bee species and favour more generalist, highly mobile bee species. Can we then conclude that introducing several bee species for one crop would be the solution? A hive, and some sand or insect hotels for the others would be perfect. Why still take agricultural valuable land to plant only flowers and other economically and culinary uninteresting plants? What is biodiversity all about? - Pollination of fruit trees for example is complex because most trees are not self-fertile, i.e. they can only be pollinated by the pollen from a tree of a different variety. Moreover, the varieties need to be compatible for the precise time orchestration of flower opening and closing. Biodiversity is a complex matter and needs for fruit trees for example are not that trivial. The right combinations of trees, that are compatible with regard to their flowering times and flower opening times. The pollinator trees are often less interesting with regard to their fruits, so their economical advantage must be calculated in another way. - Bees are subject to diseases, stress and young, weak, stressed and /or unexperienced bees are less efficient than healthy, mature, strong ones. - Bees need also variety for a balanced diet to stay strong and healthy, not only the absence of chemical stress factors. - Bees need food for the whole growing season, not only during the flowering season of one single crop22. Even an organically farmed monoculture plantation can be a biodiversity desert, that, if its surface is large enough, will not support any bee pollination. In other words, vegetal diversity ensures a solid nutrition for the beneficial insects. Biodiversity in general supports several functions from nutrition, nesting, microclimate, protection among other services23. This is one of the main reasons why there is a need for hand pollination of gigantic fruit monocultures16. As the foraging range of bees is limited, the effects of this type of agriculture are visible sometimes only at a larger scale (cf. habitat fragmentation). To maintain the ecosystem functions, the pollinators and their host plants need to be both taken care of; if one loses its partner, there must be at least one alternative organism for that function. For instance, changes in climate have also consequences on fine-tuned mechanisms as flowering times, affecting pollinator survival in critical times21. This is one of the basics of resilience on ecosystem level24, 25. - Wild bees and other wild pollinators are a guarantee for a maintenance of the pollination service even in case of decline of other species. The maintenance of wild spaces with various, native plants all year round, combined with elements to host the insects in the winter or to breed, are essential on the long term, and have to be included as a necessary standard in agricultural practices, not only as a philanthropic beekeeper sustaining activity or romantic nature-lover pleasure. It ought to be a normal practice like maintaining machines in function or checking for enough water supply. To make this happen in practice, there are many steps that are still to be successfully walked and questions to be answered. A broad nature protection and conservation effort depend on a large-scale knowledge availability from farmers, over governments and industries, to consumers. How do you protect something you don’t know, something you are not able to recognize, something you think is useless, or something you mistake for dangerous? Citizen-driven conservation is a powerful tool that can be further developed. Also, some lessons can be learned from the hand pollination practice in China. Education on hand pollination instead of information about dynamics, and low-cost, efficient human pollinator did not bring back natural pollinators, as another motivation – economic viability of hand pollination – was chosen and supported with adequate training and measures. Give key knowledge, give a reason and give some first means and ways, and the potential of a broad action can be unlocked. What do YOU know about pollination? Test yourself! Can you spot all pollinators? Which plants on this list do not depend on a pollinator? How many bee species are there approximatively? 300-500 1500-2000 20’000-30’000 Answers next time… 😊 - Kevan PG and Phillips TP. The economic impacts of pollinator declines: An approach to assessing the consequences. Conservation Ecology. 2001;5:8. - Dulta PC and Verma LR. Role of insect pollinators on yield and quality of apple fruit. Indian Journal of Horticulture. 1987;44:274. - Breeze TD, Vaissière BE, Bommarco R, Petanidou T, Seraphides N, Kozák L, Scheper J, Biesmeijer JC, Kleijn D, Gyldenkærne S, Moretti M, Holzschuh A, Steffan-Dewenter I, Stout JC, Pärtel M, Zobel M and Potts SG. Agricultural Policies Exacerbate Honeybee Pollination Service Supply-Demand Mismatches Across Europe. PLoS ONE. 2014;9. - Adding Value to Agriculture with Pollination Research. - Kevan PG. Pollination: Keystone process in sustainable global productivity. Acta Horticulturae. 1991;288:103. - Allen-Wardell GP, Bernhardt R and Bitner A. The potential consequences of pollinator declines on conservation of biodiversity and stability of food crop yields. Conservation Biology. 1998;12:8. - YucatanLiving. Save the Melipona Bee! . 2019;2019. - FAO. Declining bee populations pose threat to global food security and nutrition. 2019. - D. Levin M. Value of Bee Pollination to U.S. Agriculture; 1983. - Morse RA and Calderone NW. The value of honey bees as pollinators of US crops in 2000. Bee Culture. 2001;128:1. - Gallai N, Salles JM, Settele J and Vaissiere BE. Economic valuation of the vulnerability of world agriculture confronted with pollinator decline. Ecological Economics. 2009;68:810. - Carreck N and Williams IH. The economic value of bees in the UK. Bee World. 1998;79:115. - Raine NE. An alternative to controversial pesticides still harms bumblebees. Nature. 2018; 561:40-41. - Johansen CA. Pesticides and pollinators. Annual Review of Entomology. 1977;22:177. - Kremen C, Williams NM and Thorp RW. Crop pollination from native bees at risk from agricultural intensification. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 2002;99:16812. - Partap U and Ya T. The Human Pollinators of Fruit Crops in Maoxian County, Sichuan, China. Mountain Research and Development. 2012;32:176-186. - Koh I, Lonsdorf EV, Artz DR, Pitts-Singer TL and Ricketts TH. Ecology and Economics of Using Native Managed Bees for Almond Pollination. Journal of Economic Entomology. 2017;111:16-25. - De Palma A, Kuhlmann M, Roberts SPM, Potts SG, Börger L, Hudson LN, Lysenko I, Newbold T and Purvis A. Ecological traits affect the sensitivity of bees to land-use pressures in European agricultural landscapes. Journal of Applied Ecology. 2015;52:1567-1577. - Aizen MA and Feinsinger P. Habitat fragmentation, native insect pollinators, and feral honeybees in Argentine Chaco Serrano. Ecological Applications. 1994;4:378. - Partap U and Verma LR. Pollination of Radish by Apis cerana. Journal of Apicultural Research. 1994;33:237. - Fitter AH and Fitter RSR. Rapid changes in flowering time in British plants. Science. 2002;296:1689. - Salisbury A, Armitage J, Bostock H, Perry J, Tatchell M and Thompson K. EDITOR’S CHOICE: Enhancing gardens as habitats for flower-visiting aerial insects (pollinators): should we plant native or exotic species? Journal of Applied Ecology. 2015;52:1156-1164. - Pimentel D, Wilson C, McCullum C, Huang R, Dwen P, Flack J, Tran Q, Saltman T and Cliff B. Economic and environmental benefits of biodiversity. Bioscience. 1997;47:747. - Oliver TH, Heard MS, Isaac NJB, Roy DB, Procter D, Eigenbrod F, Freckleton R, Hector A, Orme CDL, Petchey OL, Proença V, Raffaelli D, Suttle KB, Mace GM, Martín-López B, Woodcock BA and Bullock JM. Biodiversity and Resilience of Ecosystem Functions. Trends in Ecology & Evolution. 2015;30:673-684. - Allan E, Weisser W, Weigelt A, Roscher C, Fischer M and Hillebrand H. More diverse plant communities have higher functioning over time due to turnover in complementary dominant species. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 2017.

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Kaid Benfield is the director of the Sustainable Communities and Smart Growth program at the Natural Resources Defense Council, co-founder of the LEED for Neighborhood Development rating system, and co-founder of Smart Growth America. At best, noise is distracting. But the distraction can have significant consequences. About two decades ago, my friend Bob – a mover and shaker of sorts in the art world – took me to an artist’s studio in a (then, at least) scruffy area of lower Manhattan. The artist we were meeting, whose name I have long since forgotten, worked in the medium of environmental sound. His studio was full of wires, speakers in odd places, and control boards. He was working on some installations in public spaces where he would create low-volume sound that a passer-by would notice only when it stopped, meaning that to the listener the entire experience was created by memory. I was fascinated, partly because the whole idea of ambient sound was intriguing, but also because it suggested that our ability to perceive sound was less than straightforward. We’ve all had the experience of being on a plane or in a restaurant where a small child was crying loudly, wondering why the parents didn’t seem to be bothered at all. Would it have been different if it had been someone else’s child? Had they become so accustomed to it that they didn't notice or weren't affected? Not so good for our health The answers to these questions matter not just to our ability to relax and enjoy life but also to our mental and physical health. Noise is all around us and continues to worsen, according to researchers Lisa Goines and Louis Hagler, writing in a 2007 article published in the Southern Medical Journal. Sustained growth in highway, rail, and air traffic are especially concerning, say the researchers, who assert that “in a way that is analogous to second-hand smoke, second-hand noise is an unwanted airborne pollutant produced by others; it is imposed on us without our consent, often against our wills, and at times, places, and volumes over which we have no control.” Breaking up pavement in Seattle. Image courtesy Allie Gerlach, Seattle DOT. Goines and Hagler document and annotate seven adverse health effects of noise: - Hearing impairment - Interference with spoken communication - Sleep disturbances - Cardiovascular disturbances - Disturbances in mental health - Impaired task performance - Negative social behavior and annoyance reactions In the 1970s, when the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency had a noise control program, the agency established that average outdoor residential sound levels below 55 decibels (the lower end of the sound range produced by dishwashers or air conditioners) were generally acceptable. For indoors, the acceptable average levels were defined as less than 45 dB, which would appear from noise tables to be somewhere in between a “quiet library” and rainfall. (EPA’s office was subsequently dismantled by the Reagan administration.) Goines and Hagler write that it only takes 30dB, however, to disturb sleep. Cardiovascular effects begin to be seen after exposure to sounds at 65dB. Noise levels above 80 dB “are associated with both an increase in aggressive behavior and a decrease in behavior helpful to others.” Depending on the duration of exposure, hearing impairment can begin at around 85 dB, “roughly equivalent to the noise of heavy truck traffic on a busy road.” Traffic noise in the city With respect to noise pollution from vehicle traffic, consider the three very interesting images below, each showing the area containing and around one of my favorite city parks, Russell Square in London’s Bloomsbury district. London's Russell Square and surroundings. Via Google Earth. The first is a basic satellite photo obtained via Google Earth. Russell Square is in the center, the blue-roofed British Museum south and slightly to the west of it. (It is a quirky coincidence that the satellite apparently caught a jetliner flying right over the Square, one hopes at considerable distance.) Russell Square noise map. Courtesy UK Department of Environment, Food & Rural Affairs. Next, we have a map from the British government showing roadway noise levels. The purple areas along the busier streets represent average (day and night) levels above 75 dB. The pure green areas, mostly interior courtyards, are below 55 dB. The other colors are in between; notice how Russell Square itself has a noisy side and a quieter side, which is undoubtedly due to a difference in traffic volume. In general, noise goes down inside the parks and green squares, suggesting once again that good things come along with urban nature. Russell Square and surroundings nighttime noise map. Courtesy UK Department of Environment, Food & Rural Affairs. The third map shows the neighborhood at night. All is (relatively) calm. Only now do we get outdoor average ambient sound levels below 50 dB, represented by light green. This suggests that, had the government mapped daytime-only noise, the resulting map would show much higher levels than either of these, since what we have is a full average. (Go here to see the full color-coding legend and to look at other parts of the UK. You will need a postal code for the area you want to view.) So the good news is that, in the heart of a city such as London with many courtyards and parks, we can find relatively quiet places. But we need to get away from busy streets in order to do so. I suppose that should surprise none of us. But residents of New York City may not be so lucky: maximum noise levels on NYC subway platforms have been measured at 108 dB, rising to 112 dB inside the cars, according to Goines and Hagler. For comparison, that’s about the level you would expect to hear from a chainsaw at a distance of one meter. (It’s also about the level of that baby on the airplane.) At best, noise can be distracting. But the distraction can have significant consequences. Rick Weiss wrote in The Washington Post: “It was a ‘natural’ experiment in Germany that helped clinch the case [that noise interferes with learning], when the old Munich airport was shut down and a new one was opened at a distant site. Tests done on third- and fourth-graders -- before that switch, soon after it and again later on -- showed that students near the old airport initially scored lower than others on tests of memory and reading but improved after the airport closed, while their counterparts living near the new airport saw a decline in scores after the switch occurred. “Noise that invades a classroom may make it hard for students to hear the teacher, of course. But blood tests done on the Munich children helped reveal a more insidious biological mechanism through which noise wreaks much of its havoc. Children near the working airports had significantly higher levels of adrenaline and cortisol -- the body's so-called stress hormones.” Weiss’s article reports that more than 100 million Americans are regularly exposed to noise levels in excess of the 55 dB deemed by EPA to be reasonable. Not all sound is equal Which brings us back to my artist acquaintance and his attempts to manipulate ambient sound in public spaces. Writing in Next American City, Matt Bevilacqua says that acoustical experts in the new field of ambisonics are working to engineer urban soundscapes that involve "mitigating certain abrasive noises (like traffic) while emphasizing more pleasant ones (like birdsong)." The critical idea behind the efforts is not the technology but the recognition that not all sounds are created equal, even at comparable levels of loudness. Heck, I have a personal example: when NRDC’s offices changed locations a year or so ago, I moved from a very quiet corner to a very, um, lively hallway where my colleagues -- good guys every one -- seem to choose speakerphones for even ordinary one-on-one conversations. Our new quarters represent improvement over the old in many ways, but sound insulation is nonexistent. So I brought a little ambient sound machine, procured from Brookstone, into my office and sometimes use the sounds of surf, rainfall, and even thunderstorms to mask their voices. I also pull out noise-cancellation headphones, which are engineered to mask some sounds and not others, from time to time. Public spaces frequently use fountains to do the same thing. When we’re near a pleasant fountain, we can perceive our location to be quieter than it really is. Bevilacqua spoke with sound consultant Nick Antonio, who uses engineered sounds to test-market changes in the physical environment: “Antonio and his colleagues have the help of new technology that allows them to accurately portray what experiencing a hypothetical soundscape would be like. Want to hear how different a commercial street would sound if closed to traffic? How about the impact of putting a fountain in a public square (and all the singing birds it would attract)? “The significance here is that the public can get an understanding of sound that jargon-laden studies and reports simply cannot offer. Ambisonics give engineers and ordinary people a ‘common vocabulary,’ as Antonio puts it, to figure out which noises they’d want in their cities, and which noises they wouldn’t.” Much as smart growth figures out how best to locate and shape future development instead of trying to pretend that we can make it go away in a growing society, these guys are figuring out how best to shape the sounds around us rather than focusing on the less-effective strategy of trying to reduce overall sound levels without distinguishing between the pleasant and unpleasant. I find that both fascinating and encouraging, though I’m not sure how it will help with my neighbor’s annoying leaf blower. Top image courtesy Flickr user Thomas Hawk This post originally appeared on the NRDC's Switchboard blog.

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What is a trademark? A trademark is a name, a company name, a term, a logo or a combination of these that identifies a company, goods or services. The purpose of trademarks is to symbolise an origin that you associate with certain contents, such as quality, price merits and others. A trademark constitutes a monopolist right; similarly to ownership of an article of property, the trademark owner can proceed with his trademark almost exclusively as he pleases, which means that he can for instance exploit the trademark himself, he can sell it or license it to single or multiple third parties. How does a trademark comes into being? German trademarks are usually created by entering them in the trademark register kept at the German Patent and Trademark Office. This is not, however, the only possibility. In certain cases, trademark protection can come into being by means of exploitation of a name, namely in that moment when this name has become so popular that it recognised by a considerable number of people in an addressed target group who see the name as a trademark of a certain enterprise. How much does a trademark registration costs? The German Patent and Trademark Office presently charges € 300 for the application for a trademark combined with an entry in the trademark register for three classes of goods/services for a typical trademark. Trademarks are always entered for particular goods or services, which are divided into 45 classes. The official registration fee includes trademark protection for 10 years. This sum does not, however, include pre-application costs, such as possible research costs, as well as post-registration costs, such as European and international registration. Is it possible to “reserve” a trademark before actually exploiting it? It is not obligatory to exploit a trademark immediately; it can therefore be “reserved” by means of registration. It is only when five years have passed that a third party can object to the so called “non-exploitation”. The same laws can be derived in the first five years of such “reservation” as in the case of immediate exploitation. What are the advantages of a trademark registration? A registered trademark is attested in the form of a certificate for the trademark owner and results in an almost monopolist trademark protection in favour of the owner in the area applied for. The existence of a trademark right can be proven to a large degree by means of a certificate. A registered trademark can turn out to be extremely important when registering or preserving a domain name in the internet. Contrary to trademark registration, domain registration under private law does not guarantee any exclusive rights. Moreover, a trademark offers recognition among competitors. Usually, the trademark register is consulted when looking for a new name in order to avoid a name similar to one that has already been registered. Furthermore, a trademark can safeguard a company name. At entering a company name the commercial register examines merely locally whether such a name has already been entered. Even an enquiry directed at a local Chamber of Trade and Industry does not result in an examination on a nationwide level. It can therefore be sensible to secure a company name by means of a trademark. Apart from these protective and informative functions, trademarks also offer protection against counterfeit merchandise concerning services and goods. When shall a trademark be registered? You should apply for a trademark as soon as possible since the day of the application decides since when a trademark protection begins. Is a trademark search necessary prior to applying for a trademark? The filing of an application for entry in the register of trademarks is only recommended after completion of a trademark search. If there already is a similar or identical trademark for similar goods or services, a later application would usually be unnecessary. In addition, the original owner of a trademark can demand the release of a trademark by means of a caution at a fine. Are there any possible hindrances to entry? The Trademark Act specifies a number of entry hindrances. Thus, descriptive names and generic concepts (such as “computer”) cannot be registered. The same applies to certain general names, since they must be kept available or because they cannot be distinguished from one another. For example, “company consulting” for the service known in German as “Unternehmensberatung” would have to be kept available. What is trademark licensing? The owner of a trademark can “lease” his trademark, i.e. “license” it for a licence fee. Contrary to e.g. a rented flat, a trademark can be licensed as a right to as many interested parties as the owner wishes. Being a monopolist, the trademark owner can place numerous conditions, which would normally not be allowed. This results from the fact that a trademark is desired as a monopoly. How is a trademark entered? Filling in and handing in an application for a trademark registration to the German Patent and Trademark Office of leads to entering a trademark by the Trademark Office following the examination concerning certain protection hindrances. The German Trademark Act describes a number of reasons for the rejection of trademark applications. Therefore, it is important to make every possible effort to handle the trademark application professionally. What does the German Patent and Trademark Office examine? The Patent and Trademark Office examines first of all absolute and relative protection hindrances, apart from the formal examination of the application, i.e. whether all statements comply with the legal requirements and whether all fees have been paid. If no such hindrances have been stated and if the formal examination has been successfully completed, a trademark is entered into the trademark registry and published in the official journal. Within three months’ period, third parties can raise an “objection” to the trademark entry. Usually three to twelve months pass from the day of filing an application until the trademark is entered. The examination is completed within six months in the case of the so called summary examination, requiring additional fees. How much does it cost to maintain a registered trademark? A registered trademark is protected for a period of ten years starting from the day of registration without any additional charges. Each trademark can successively be extended by further ten year periods. If it turns out after ten years that a trademark should be mainained, an extension fee has to be paid to the Patent and Trademark Office. How is the representation of the trademark and its form indicated? The application must contain the representation of the trademark. Otherwise the application will not be considered effective and will not secure the seniority of the filing date. With one application, you can only apply for one trademark. Once the application has been filed, the trademark applied for, may no longer be altered. The trademark for which protection is sought must therefore be reproduced in the application in exactly the same way as it is to be protected in the future. If the position of the trademark desired by the applicant does not result automatically from the illustration, the “top” or “bottom” of each representation must be indicated by a corresponding note. If the application concerns a three-dimensional design as a trademark (three-dimensional trademark), it is possible to file up to six different views of the trademark (each four times). All views must be listed on one sheet with above. The illustration must sufficiently identify the object of protection and present completely in all essential characteristics. If a sound is to be applied for as a trademark (sound mark), in addition to a graphic representation of the trademark (representation by a stave), a sound representation of the trademark (on a diskette, compact cassette or CD) must also be attached to the application. Which forms of trademark exists? Word marks (Sec. 7 Trade Mark Regulation) are trade marks consisting of words, letters, numerals or other characters which can be represented by the usual typeface used by the DPMA. Figurative marks (Sec. 8 Trade Mark Regulation) are pictures, figurative elements or illustrations (without word elements). Word and figurative marks consist of a combination of word and figurative elements, or of words that are graphically designed. They form a subset of the figurative mark. Three-dimensional trademarks (§ 9 MarkenV) are objective trademarks, i.e. they consist of a three-dimensional design. Sound marks (Sec. 11 MarkenV) are acoustic, audible marks consisting of tones, for example a short melody. Tracer thread marks (Sec. 10 Trademark Ordinance) are usually coloured stripes or threads attached to certain products (usually cables, wires or hoses). Another form of trademark (§ 12 MarkenV) is involved if the trademark cannot be assigned to any of the aforementioned forms of trademark. For example, a colour mark consisting of a contourless colour or a combination of several colours is a recognised other form of trade mark. What must always be considered in the list of goods and services? A trade mark application must in any event contain a list of the goods and services which are to be identified by the trade mark applied for. Once the application has been filed, the list of goods and services can no longer be extended. Restrictions, however, are possible at any time. The scope of protection of a trademark depends on the goods and services for which it is protected. All goods and services are divided into 45 classes according to the “International Classification of Goods and Services for the Purposes of the Registration of Marks”. The amount of the fee to be paid for the application depends on the number of classes claimed. The goods and services to be identified by the trade mark must be named literally on the form – the indication of mere class numbers (such as “12, 22, 36”) is insufficient. The goods and services must be specified precisely so that they can be clearly assigned to the correct class of goods or services and the scope of protection of the trademark can be clearly defined in a later dispute. For example, general terms such as “accessories” or “systems” are not sufficiently defined. If indefinite terms are used, the application procedure, which typically lasts 3 to 12 months, can be considerably delayed. The DPMA’s search engine for goods and services also offers good help in drawing up a list of goods and services (http://www.dpma.de/suche/wdsuche/suchen.html), which, in addition to the terms used in the classification and the alphabetical list of the international classification, contains numerous other terms whose registration is accepted in principle by the DPMA in this form, also offers good help in drawing up the list of goods and services. Attention: Each additionally claimed class of goods or services increases the probability that owners of earlier trademarks will file an opposition against the registration of the trademark. In addition, the Trademark Act provides for an obligation to use all claimed goods and services. This means that the trademark must actually be used in the course of trade for all goods and services claimed in order to maintain the right to it. Nevertheless, it is a difficult individual question as to the scope of the list. According to the recommendation of the Patent Office, when formulating the list of goods/services you should only orientate yourself on the actual circumstances of your business orientation, your business planning or your other thematic orientation, regardless of whether less than the three classes covered by the application fee are claimed as a result. This recommendation may normally – from the Office’s point of view – seem reasonable; for applicants for signs, however, completely different tactical considerations may also have to be brought to the fore. What does examination of the application for absolute grounds for refusal mean? Further processing of the trade mark application will only take place after payment of the application fee and, if applicable, the class fees (Sec. 5 (1) Patent Costs Law). Thereafter it is examined whether the application fulfils the formal application requirements and whether there are so-called absolute grounds for refusal (Sections 36, 37 Trade Mark Law). The DPMA does not examine whether similar or identical marks have already been registered. Proprietors of earlier trade marks may only oppose the registration after the trade mark has been registered. Furthermore, it is examined whether absolute grounds for refusal within the meaning of Sec. 8 Trade Mark Law preclude the trade mark. Accordingly, signs or indications which merely describe the goods or services claimed according to their nature, quality or other characteristics and features are excluded from registration. If an absolute ground for refusal is established, the applicant will be informed of this in a notice of objection. If the ground for refusal persists even after the opinion has been taken into account, an official in the higher or higher grade of the civil service or a comparable employee may, depending on the allocation of duties, issue a decision rejecting the application as examiner. If a decision has been taken by a member of the upper grade of the civil service or a comparable employee, a reminder may be lodged against that decision, on which a member of the upper grade of the civil service or a comparable employee will then decide as a reminder examiner. An appeal may be lodged with the Federal Patent Court against the decision of a higher civil servant. The period for filing the reminder and the appeal shall be one month from the date of delivery of the order. If all formal requirements are met, the fees paid and no absolute ground for refusal is found, the trademark applied for is entered in the register and the entry published in the Trademark Gazette. The trademark owner receives a certificate of registration as well as a certificate of the other information entered in the register. What trademark owners can do against new trademarks (opposition)? Following the publication of the registration of the trade mark, proprietors of earlier trade marks which have been applied for or registered may, within a period of three months, oppose the registration of the trade mark (Sec. 42 Trade Mark Law). If one or more oppositions are received, the DPMA informs the proprietor of the challenged trade mark, who is then given the opportunity to submit his observations. After both the opponent and the proprietor of the challenged trade mark have had the opportunity to submit observations, an official of the higher civil service or a comparable employee or a civil servant of the higher civil service decides on the opposition, depending on the allocation of duties. The opposition is upheld and the later mark cancelled if there is a likelihood of confusion on the part of the public due to the identity or similarity of the opposing mark with the registered mark and the identity or similarity of the goods and services covered by the two marks (Sec. 9 (1) No. 2 Trade Mark Law). Otherwise the opposition will be rejected. The decision is again subject to a reminder or appeal to the Federal Patent Court (see above). In order to rule out oppositions as far as possible, it must be established before filing a trade mark application whether identical or similar trade marks have already been registered. Such a search also requires a legal assessment. Attention: Any information from the offices that such a trademark does not yet exist is not sufficient in any case. This is because a similarity search must be carried out; pure identity searches may at best develop significance in the trademark search. In addition, the registered trade mark may be cancelled at the request of third parties in proceedings before the DPMA due to revocation (Sections 49, 53 Trade Mark Law) or due to invalidity due to absolute grounds for refusal (Sections 50, 54 Trade Mark Law). In addition, the registered trade mark may be cancelled after the conclusion of cancellation proceedings before the ordinary courts for revocation or for the existence of earlier rights (Sections 49, 51, 55 Trade Mark Law). What does it cost to maintain the registered trademark? For a period of 10 years from the date of application, no further official fees will be charged. A trademark can be renewed as often as desired for a further 10 years. If it turns out after 10 years that the trademark is to be maintained, a renewal fee must be paid to the Patent and Trademark Office. What value does a trademark have? The value of a trademark cannot be generally determined. In principle, a registered, distinctive brand is all the more valuable the more it has established itself on the market with the target group. Newly registered trademarks can, for example, be included in a balance sheet as an asset, whereby this value initially includes the costs of registration including any ancillary costs. There are no upper limits to the value of a trademark. What do we need to protect your claim under trademark law? In addition to the exact reproduction of the claim, we require the indication of the services to be rendered with the trademark in order to formulate the list of goods and services. Please also let us know who is to become the owner of the trademark. You can do this by form, e-mail, fax or letter.

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Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Outdoor Industries/Flower Culture |Skill Level 1| |Year of Introduction: 1938| The Flower Culture Honor is a component of the Farming Master Award . 1. Define each of the followingEdit A perennial is a plant that lives for more than two years. Perennial plants are divided into two large groups, those that are woody and those that are herbaceous. All woody plants are perennials since they form woody tissue that persists from one year to the next. Woody perennials develop a woody base or root system from which the foliage and flower stems grow year after year while the plant is alive. In common usage the term perennial generally describes herbaceous perennials. Annuals die each year. Depending on your climate annuals may be for summer planting (in snow regions) or winter planting (in low deserts). These plants produce many flowers and seeds in their life cycle to help perpetuate them. As a result many annuals seem to grow back each year when it is more likely a new plant from a seed has grown in its place. Biennials are plants that live for two years. They generally take on different forms in each of these years, producing seeds only in the second year. 2. Give general instructions for making a hotbed. What is the difference between a hotbed and a cold frame?Edit A hotbed is a pile of decaying organic matter warmer than its surroundings due to the heat given off by the metabolism of the microorganisms in the decomposing pile. Hotbeds are used for composting and keeping delicate plants warm during the winter. In agriculture and gardening, a cold frame is a transparent-roofed enclosure, built low to the ground, used to protect plants from cold weather. The transparent top admits sunlight and relies on the greenhouse effect to reflect back radiant heat that would otherwise escape at night. Essentially, a cold frame functions as a miniature greenhouse season extension device. Cold frames are found in home gardens and in vegetable farming. They create microclimates that provide several degrees of air and soil temperature insulation, and shelter from wind. In cold-winter regions, these characteristics allow plants to be started earlier in the spring, and to survive longer into the fall and winter. They are most often used for growing seedlings that are later transplanted into open ground, and can also be a permanent home to cold-hardy vegetables grown for autumn and winter harvest. Cold frame construction is a common home or farm building project, although kits and commercial systems are available. A traditional plan makes use of old glass windows: a wooden frame is built 30-60 cm , and the window placed on top. The roof is often sloped towards the winter sun to capture more light, and to improve runoff of water, and hinged for easy access. Clear plastic, rigid or sheeting, can be used in place of glass. An electric heating cable, available for this purpose, can be placed in the soil to provide additional heat. 3. What is drainage? Of what importance is it?Edit Drainage is the natural or artificial removal of surface and sub-surface water from a given area. Many agricultural soils need drainage to improve production or to manage water supplies. In moist climates, soils may be adequate for cropping with the exception that they become waterlogged for brief periods each year, from snow melt or from heavy rains. Soils that are predominantly clay will pass water very slowly downward, meanwhile plant roots suffocate because the excessive water around the roots eliminates air movement through the soil. Other soils may have an impervious layer of mineralized soil, called a hardpan or relatively impervious rock layers may underlie shallow soils. Drainage is especially important in tree fruit production. Soils that are otherwise excellent may be waterlogged for a week of the year, which is sufficient to kill fruit trees and cost the productivity of the land until replacements can be established. In each of these cases appropriate drainage is used to carry off temporary flushes of water to prevent damage to annual or perennial crops. In farming drier areas, irrigation is often used, and one would not consider drainage necessary. However, irrigation water always contains minerals and salts, and these can be concentrated to toxic levels by evapotranspiration. Irrigated land may need periodic flushes with excessive irrigation water and drainage to remove these toxic minerals. 4. Name three plant pests and tell how to control them.Edit Likely to be found on new shoots and buds, aphids are soft bodied insects 1-2mm long. Often green but occasionally light-brown, and sometimes with wings, they may cover (in a colony) the complete growing tip of the plant. Aphids are most active in spring and summer and multiply at a prodigious rate feeding on the sap of the plant by piercing the plant cells via a proboscis. In large quantities they may seriously retard the growth of the plant and ruin buds. They are particularly damaging to the new shoots with subsequent damage to the emerging leaves which become malformed with much the same appearance as leaf-curl in peaches. Important natural enemies include the predatory ladybeetles and lacewings. Ladybeetles can be purchased online for controlling aphids. Insecticidal soaps are an effective chemical control, and row covers can be used early in the season to prevent infestation. Previously known as red-spider mite these arachnids prefer the underside of leaves and are difficult to see with an unaided eye. Evidence of their presence is silvering of leaves where the mites have destroyed individual leaf cells. Fine webbing and eggs on the undersides of leaves is further evidence of the presence of Tetranychus urticae. Its natural predator, Phytoseiulus persimilis, commonly used as a biological control method, is one of many predaceous mites which prey exclusively or mainly on spider mites. Like aphids, spider mites can be chemically controlled with insecticidal soap. Thrips are slim-winged insects 1mm in length, resembling fine black slivers of wood. Preferring light-coloured blooms and often appearing in plague numbers flowers are often left looking bruised and lustreless. Due to their small size, cryptophilic behavior, and high rate of reproduction, thrips are difficult to control using classical biological control. Only two families of parasitoid hymenoptera are known to hunt them, the Eulophidae and the Trichogrammatidae. More effective biocontrol agents include aphid wasps, which prey on adult thrips, as well as anthocorid bugs and Phytoseiid mites, who are small and slender enough to penetrate the crevices that thrips hide in while feeding, and prey extensively on eggs and larvae. For this reason, many growers are occasionally forced to make limited use of pesticides to control thrips populations in the field and in greenhouses. The tortryx moth Lozotaenia forsterana is a prominent pest of roses, although not the sole pest. The caterpillars are green, up to 15mm long, and can be found boring into buds or within curled leaves. When disturbed the caterpillars move swiftly, dropping to the ground on a fine thread. Damage is chewn leaves and flowers and buds with "shot holes". Caterpillars cause much damage, mainly by destroying leaves. The cotton bollworm causes enormous losses. Other species eat food crops. Caterpillars have been the target of pest control through the use of pesticides, biological control and agronomic practices. Many species have become resistant to pesticides. Bacterial toxins such as those from Bacillus thuringiensis which are evolved to affect the gut of lepidoptera have been used in sprays of bacterial spores, toxin extracts and also by incorporating genes to produce them within the host plants. Cottony cushion scaleEdit This scale infests twigs and branches. The mature female is oval in shape, reddish-brown with black hairs, 5 mm long. When mature the insect remains stationary and produces an egg sac in grooves, by extrusion, in the body which encases hundreds of red eggs. The insect causes little damage but produces copious honeydew that can cause damaging sooty mold. Natural predators include the vedalia beetle, Rodolia cardinalis which, unless disrupted by insecticides, are a very effective biological control. Ants "farm" cottony cushion scale to harvest the honeydew they produce, so controlling ants goes a long way towards controlling this scale. Ant baits placed near the plants work well for this. Adults are not effectively controlled with insecticides because the cottony egg sacs prevent the chemicals from contacting the females. Also, these pests feed on the underside of leaves making it difficult to reach them with sprayers. Plant stems can be wrapped with double-sided tape which will catch this pest in its "crawly" stage. After about a week the tape's adhesive becomes ineffective and the tape must be changed. When the tape begins catching the crawlers, insecticidal sprays can be used, as the scale is in its larval stage. However, natural predators are more effective than pesticides, so check for them before spraying. Pesticides may do more harm than good by killing the predators. Mainly found on the stems and branches of the plant, lack of control will allow the pest to spread to flower stalks and petioles. At this point the plant would be stunted, spindly and with a white, flaky crust of scales on the bark. Female Aulacaspis rosae may live for 1 year and may lay 80 eggs each with several overlapping generations living within milliimetres of the original parent. Rose scale can be controlled by spraying with a lime-sulfur solution (one part lime, nine parts sulfur). Application should be made in the winter or early spring. Leaf cutting beeEdit Leafcutter bees are 6-16mm long and mostly black with bands of light-colored hair. They chew pieces from the edges of leaves. The pieces are regular in shape, circular or oval. Damage is not often significant. 5. Give instructions for making a window box and tell its use.Edit A windowbox or window box is a container for growing plants usually positioned outside a window and supported in place by brackets on the wall below. Window boxes are often used by apartment-dwellers on higher floors, who do not otherwise have access to a garden or place to grow flowers, and allow the plants to be readily seen by those inside the property as well as outside. A window box is usually only 6"-8" (15-20 cm) deep so may not support tall plants. Access for planting and maintenance can be via the window from indoors. Before building a window box, decide where you will mount it. It should be at least as wide as the window you will mount it by or it will tend to look smallish. A window box is most easily constructed using 1"x6" pine lumber. The box should be open on the top and can be held together with nails, screws, or for the more ambitious woodworker, with a box or dovetail joint. It can be fitted with molding and painted to match the house. Once the box is put together, drill holes in the bottom to allow drainage. Line it with plastic sheeting to keep the moist soil off the wood (for the most part), and hold the plastic in place with construction staples. Trim the plastic, and cut holes in it where it lines up with the holes drilled in the bottom. Mount the window box on the house with brackets or screws. Fill with potting soil and plant your flowers. 6. Prepare the soil, fertilize, plant, and grow to maturity three different kinds of annuals.Edit In general, you should follow the directions included with the plant you buy. Dig a hole to the proper depth as instructed. You will also want to control the soil's pH (acidity). Add lime to increase pH, or add manure to decrease it. Make sure these are well mixed with the soil though, because concentrated clumps can damage your plants. You can buy pH measuring kits and test the soil yourself. The soil should be well tilled and loose. When you dig a hole to plant in, do not feel compelled to refill that hole with the same soil you removed from it. For the ambitious, there are dozens of soil recipes to choose from, combining loam, vermiculite, peat, lime, fertilizer, sand, compost, charcoal, manure, etc. You usually only need a gallon or so of soil per plant, not 40 acres of perfect dirt. Do not over fertilize, and wait four to six weeks after planting before fertilizing. Make a circle around each plant with one ounce of ammonium sulphate in the first year. After that, do the same with two ounces as soon as the plants bloom, and again one month later. Again, you should follow the instruction that come with a new plant. You will need to dig a hole to the proper depth, and usually, you will place the plant in the hole so that new soil-line matches the old soil-line. If the plant has become root bound in the container, you need to cut away the roots that are curled around the outside to allow the newer roots within the rootball to grow. Once the plant has been placed in the hole at the proper level, bury the roots. Pack the soil loosely around the root - not tightly! Lay down a layer of mulch. Mulch helps to control weeds and retain moisture. This will help in the hot summer months. Wood chips are excellent for this. Do not use leaves or sawdust, as these will wick moisture away from the plants and make it difficult for water to penetrate to the roots. Growing to MaturityEdit Water the plants after planting them, and keep them well watered afterwards. Watch for pests and take measures to control them as early as possible. You can keep the plants blooming for long periods by "dead-heading" them, that is, plucking off the blossoms as soon as they begin to wither. Dead-heading prevents the plant from producing seeds, so it will try again by making more blossoms. 7. Care for two or more perennial flowers growing outdoors for one season by fertilizing, watering, weeding, and treating for pests as needed. Maintain a written record with weekly entries, listing work done.Edit You can apply the same techniques given above for annuals to care for perennials, but with perennials, there is more impetus to get it right. If you get it right, they will come back the following year. Indeed, if you already have a bed of perennials, there is no need to plant them at all. Just fertilize and water them, and make sure you keep the pests at bay. If the plant makes it through the fall in good health, chances are excellent that it will survive the winter and be healthy again in the spring. Visit your perennials weekly, and for this requirement, jot down what you do. You can write it in a notebook, or even start a blog to record your activities. 8. Which three plant nutrients are most important to flowering plants?Edit The three most important plant nutrients are nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium. NPK fertilizers are named for the chemical symbols of these elements: N for nitrogen, P for phosphorus, and K for potassium. Fertilizers are marked with the percentage of each of these nutrients. For example, a fertilizer may be marked as 18-51-20, which means it is 18% Nitrogen, 51% Phosphorus, and 20% Potassium. You may notice that these numbers do not add to 100% - the remainder is made up of "fillers". Fillers prevent the nutrients from clumping together and "burning" the plant. 9. Identify three flowering plants adapted to each of the following conditionsEdit b. Dry soilEdit - Dusty Miller - Sweet Alyssum - Globe amaranth c. Full sunEdit - Sweet Alyssum d. Moist soilEdit - Cup flower 10. What is the purpose of a soil test?Edit The purpose of a soil test is to determine the nutrient content of the soil. This will allow the gardener to select plants that will grow best in the existing soil conditions or to determine what nutrient supplements are required to amend the soil for the intended plants. 11. Make a picture collection of ten annuals, five perennials, and two biennials. Label and know the name of each from memory.Edit - Wikipedia articles:

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A close and critical look at the effects of modern technology on human life, society and the environment indicates that technology could be ruining our civilization. This startling observation stands in contrast to the traditional belief that regarded science and technology as a God-given gift to mankind. We’ve long been taught that science and technology has brought about wonderful progress for mankind, i.e. progression towards Utopia, but it’s now looking more like an illusion of progress and may still all backfire horribly. It’s easy to produce a long list of the impressive avenues of discovery that have been opened up and the vast amount of knowledge gained through the scientific endeavour, only made possible through the use of modern technology. It seems almost miraculous, but we need to take a more sober, penetrating look and ask the right questions. We need to look at the bigger picture in order to properly evaluate the effects of technology, something only a few far-sighted observers are doing – and the result is disturbing. Firstly, consider the field of modern medicine. Fifty years ago the average lifespan in the technologically advanced nations of the world was some 50 to 60 years whereas it is now around 70 to 80 years. We rely on the ability of doctors using modern medicine to cure diseases and apply emergency treatments to prevent death in cases of near fatal accident and trauma. The success rate in terms of survival cannot be minimised but only a few gerontologists are frank and perceptive enough to admit that the quality of life among those patients who survive to a ripe old age is not so good for those extra years. Most of the elderly people live out those extra years with one or more chronic mental and/or physical disorders or handicaps and worry about the regular treatments they require, their daily lists of medication and technological contraptions to cope with their pain, discomfort, handicap and/or mental condition. Fifty years ago, those who suffered cancer, a heart attack, stroke, diabetes or serious infection died rather quickly and were spared the long drawn out process of slow deterioration and death. Note that the use of morphine for easing pain and hastening the death process in terminal patients has been around for centuries. So the care of terminal patients today should not be considered better or more humane than before the advent of modern medicine. Some shocking statistical evidence is cited by Gary Null PhD, Caroly Dean MD ND, Martin Feldman MD, Debora Rasio MD and Dorothy Smith PhD in their 2003 paper. They show that the leading cause of death in the USA is the American medical system. This is the country that spends more money per capita on medical treatment and research than any other. In spite of all the medical treatment and research, the USA has the highest per capita rate of degenerative diseases [cancer, diabetes, heart problems, Alzheimer’s disease etc] in the Western world. Dr Joseph Mercola, a medical doctor, is one of those clear-minded doctors who has raised the alert and now offers alternative treatments. Most statistical projections from respected research institutions show that in spite of medical interventions, the proportion of the world’s population with degenerative diseases is expected to double over the next 50 years. Doctors and hospitals today make very good money out of the elderly, chronically ill people and so a huge amount of money and focus is given to geriatric research and treatment for the aged. The sponsors of this research know only too well how desperate sick people and their relatives are to find a treatment that may prolong their lives. Not only do these elderly people provide a good market for the consumption of medications, technological contraptions and surgical treatments, but they also generally have the money or medical insurance to pay for them, and the longer they survive, the more health complications and side effects set in, so the use of more medicine and treatment multiples with age. It’s a very neat situation the medical system cannot resist exploiting, keeping them alive as long as possible. Because there’s such a big commercial interest in geriatrics, the negative aspect of a prolonged life is seldom acknowledged. Certainly, medical science prolongs life, but at the expense of the quality of life. It may be argued that doctors save thirty or forty times more lives than they inadvertently kill or lose through botched surgery, faulty diagnosis, incorrect drug prescriptions or side effects. However it is also extremely noteworthy that some of the healthiest and oldest populations of the modern world are those where modern technology is virtually absent – for example the Okinawans, people from the mountains of India, the Hunzas – inhabitants from the high mountain valley of Villcabamba in South America and inhabitants of South Gerogia. Obviously these people get along very well without modern medicine and technology, in fact better without these aids. Secondly, consider the way modern science and technology has multiplied the amount of food grown on the earth – machinery for ploughing, irrigating, harvesting and chemicals for fertilization and killing pests. Mass production of food has meant there’s plenty for everyone – if it were evenly distributed. But the negative aspects of this mass production are only now beginning to surface. The use of chemicals for fertilization and killing pests has caused widespread harm by exterminating the micro-organisms of the soil and water drainage eco-systems that are essential for conserving these life-sustaining systems. Likewise modern dams that were built to help drought-prone regions cause large scale irreversible damage to river and estuary eco-systems downstream, resulting in poverty, hardship and despair to hundreds of thousands of people whose livelihoods depended on preserving the original eco-systems. Large scale deforestation that technology has brought about to make way for crops and grazing is changing the climate of regions and whole continents to the point where environmentalists are warning of catastrophic long term consequences for mankind. Droughts, floods and hurricanes are causing enormous damage and destruction of properties, and landscapes as well as poverty, despair and death to hundreds of thousands of people around the world. More food – Yes, but for how much longer? And at what cost, especially to those simple, hard-working peasants who depend on the land for their very existence and who are too poor to be considered relevant by the authorities that employ the technologists who do the damage. The benefits in terms of food production are obvious but the damage being done to the environment by commercially driven technologies is too easily ignored. The lives of literally millions of people have been devastated as these modern technologies eat up the best of the continents. Furthermore, manmade fertilizers constitute a hidden health hazard for everyone – they increase the size of the crops but effectively decrease the nutritional value of the harvest. The hidden trap is that fruit and vegetables grown with hydroponics and artificial fertilizers are bigger and look delicious but typically contain lower levels of essential vitamins, micronutrients and trace elements. So while we think we are eating good, healthy food we are in fact depriving our bodies of the very means to remain fit and healthy, thanks to technology. In spite of the fact that dietary supplements [a product of modern technology] have become quite popular, degenerative diseases are on the increase all over the modern world and our poor diet is a big part of the problem. Thirdly, we need to evaluate the effects of telecommunication and mass media. We tend to think that more information and knowledge about what’s going on in the world is better for everyone. But is it? For example most people prefer NOT to know what’s hidden in their own genetic make-up, the potential diseases they may one day suffer from or their life expectancy. They don’t usually volunteer for regular medical checkups. Or they prefer NOT to watch the mainly negative news on the TV screen every evening when there’s little they can do to help or prevent all the violence and suffering they see. Sport, comedy and soap opera is much more fun. We generally prefer to live in blissful ignorance and deal with the problems one by one if and when they arise. Knowledge of all the new dangers and hazards that threaten our lives is only useful when we are able to use that information to avoid or minimize the threat but when bombarded with new threats we are unable to manage we merely experience heightened stress. To illustrate – most people would not be able to read through an expose like this one. They would find it all too gloomy and put it down after reading the first few paragraphs. One of the most notable social observations of the last century is that just about every country that has gone through a technological revolution has been characterised by rising levels of stress and stress-related disorders. So telecommunication and the mass media have both positive and negative effects. The list of hidden costs and maladies arising from the application of modern science and technology becomes longer the more one looks and the deeper one digs. Use of motorized tools in the home and/or daily television or internet use has bred a whole new generation of lazy, obese and physically unfit people with a high incidence of back problems, poor muscle tone and obesity. Sound amplifiers and portable electronic equipment with headphones cause slow but irreversible hearing loss. Plastics, solvents, chemical and mining wastes have polluted previously clean and beautiful beaches, rivers, lakes and skies. Factory emissions have destroyed forests and historical buildings through acid rain. Sonar fish finders have depleted many fishing banks and threaten hundreds of fish species with extinction. Modern weapons mean protection for us but also genocide and devastation for our enemies. Instead of modern science and technology developing into a miracle panacea and the solution to all mankind’s problems, we find there’s a dark side to nearly every benefit that modern technology brings – the overall picture is far less rosy than what might have appeared to the casual and superficial observer. A good way of assessing the total effect on society is to look at the symptoms of satisfaction of technologically advanced populations as a whole during the period of technology-driven change compared with less advanced nations; in other words to review those social statistics that indicate the sense of general well-being experienced by the individuals who make up the societies in question. If technology has a purely beneficial effect we should expect to see more technology producing more happiness and less social problems all round. In fact it’s very telling – we see the very opposite trend. During the 20th century as technology advanced, we recorded all the signs of a society slowly degenerating – crime rates and suicide rates almost doubled; domestic violence, child abuse and divorce rates almost trebled; the number of cases of mental illness have doubled. Alcohol and drug addiction rates have increased by about 50%. Obviously many people are not very happy with the modern lifestyle that technology has given them! They’re more burdened, frustrated, angry, violent, stressed or hopeless than before and the politicians don’t seem to understand why!!! Or do they just not care? Traditionally we thought that only a few evil people could misuse or pervert science and technology towards an evil end. We believed someone had to be obviously perverse to use science and technology to cause harm or ill effects, but now more and more scientists are pointing out that there are very serious side effects and unforeseen hazards involved in the large-scale use of science and technology. It is almost as if every application will eventually have some or other possibly irreversible negative reaction, the final magnitude and significance of which we have yet to discover. The full and final effect of the large-scale use of science and technology could be more devastating than the sum total of benefits we were consciously trying to achieve. We don’t yet know !!! Can we say that science and technology is really good for us? In some ways it’s quite impressive, but in other ways – a potential Frankenstein’s monster. Scientists don’t fully appreciate the significance of what they are doing with technology, especially when they modify genetic coding and tamper with nature’s intricate interconnections and balances. Our civilization has reached the stage where most people today are totally dependent on modern technology for their survival. So we need to seriously reconsider this dependency – it has taken on the characteristic of an addiction, something we can’t survive without but a dependency that may be our ruin in the end. The dominant scientific worldview is the centre of the problem. Our modern technocratic world has been educated to see nature as a threat to be dominated and controlled. We see hard work, effort and the delay of gratification as unnecessary scourge or evil to be avoided. To cure society of its addition to technology will require the recreation of an entirely new human species. The question to ask now is whether the dominant scientific worldview that has become the animation of modern man today can at this late stage be dismantled and a new human soul recreated. If our civilization does not embark on a drastic change in direction now we may end up bringing about a global catastrophe that sends us backwards a few if not several thousand years.

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topic 13 theft topic 13 theft. topic 13 theft definition ‘theft’ is defined in s.1 of the theft... out of 23 Post on 16-Dec-2015 Embed Size (px) - Slide 1 - Topic 13 Theft Topic 13 Theft - Slide 2 - Topic 13 Theft Definition Theft is defined in s.1 of the Theft Act 1968: A person is guilty of theft if he dishonestly appropriates property belonging to another with the intention of permanently depriving the other of it. - Slide 3 - Topic 13 Theft Actus reus The actus reus of theft is composed of three elements: appropriation of property belonging to another - Slide 4 - Topic 13 Theft Appropriation Appropriation is defined in s.3(1) of the Theft Act 1968: Any assumption by a person of the rights of an owner amounts to appropriation, and this includes, where he has come by the property (innocently or not) without stealing it, any later assumption of a right to it by keeping or dealing with it as owner. Appropriation includes assuming any rights of the owner, e.g. touching, moving, selling, destroying etc. - Slide 5 - Topic 13 Theft Appropriation case law (1) R v Morris (1983) The defendants assumption of any one right of the owner is sufficient to be an appropriation. This means that touching someones property is an appropriation, yet it is not theft unless the other elements defined in s.1 are present as well. In this case, changing the price of an item in a supermarket to that of a lower-priced item was considered to be an appropriation. - Slide 6 - Topic 13 Theft Appropriation case law (2) Lawrence v Metropolitan Police Commissioner (1972) An Italian student who spoke little English got into a taxi in London. The student showed the defendant (the taxi driver) an address written down. At the end of the journey, the fare was 52p and the victim offered the taxi driver 1. The driver stated it was not enough, so the victim opened his wallet and the defendant took out another 6 with the victims permission. The House of Lords unanimously decided that this amounted to theft, despite the victims consent. - Slide 7 - Topic 13 Theft Appropriation case law (3) R v Gomez (1993) The defendant worked in an electrical goods shop. He convinced the manager to sell 17,000 of goods to his accomplice.The goods were paid for using cheques known by Gomez to be worthless. The House of Lords followed the decision in Lawrence v Metropolitan Police Commissioner (1972) and confirmed that an appropriation can take place with the owners consent. - Slide 8 - Topic 13 Theft Appropriation case law (4) R v Hinks (2000) The defendant befriended a rich man of low intelligence. She convinced him to withdraw 300 a day and put it into her bank account. The majority of the House of Lords held that the 60,000 she had received from the victim was an appropriation, regardless of it being a gift. The defendants charge of theft was upheld. - Slide 9 - Topic 13 Theft Property Property is defined in s.4 of the Theft Act 1968: Property includes money and all other property, real or personal, including things in action and other intangible property. - Slide 10 - Topic 13 Theft Property case law (1) R v Kelly and Lindsay (1998) The defendants took body parts from the Royal College of Surgeons. They were found guilty of theft, even though body parts are not usually regarded as property. - Slide 11 - Topic 13 Theft Property case law (2) Oxford v Moss (1979) A student who took an exam paper, read the questions and then returned it could not be charged with theft of the information on the paper. This is due to the fact that confidential information is not regarded as property. If he had kept the exam paper, this would have amounted to theft of the paper itself. This happened in R v Akbar (2002), when a teacher was convicted of theft after she took exam papers and gave them to her students. - Slide 12 - Topic 13 Theft Belonging to another Belonging to another is defined in s.5(1) of the Theft Act 1968: Property shall be regarded as belonging to any person having possession or control over it, or having any proprietary right or interest. - Slide 13 - Topic 13 Theft Belonging to another cases (1) R v Dyke and Munro (2002) The defendants collected and kept money intended for a childrens cancer fund. They were charged with stealing money from the public who had put the money in the tins. The Court of Appeal quashed their conviction. It said that the defendants should not have been charged with stealing the money from the unknown members of the public who put it into the collection tin. Instead, they should have been charged with stealing the money from the charity, as ownership of the money had passed to the charity when it had been put in the collection tin. - Slide 14 - Topic 13 Theft Belonging to another cases (2) R v Rostron (2003) The defendant retrieved golf balls from the lake on a golf course. His conviction for theft was upheld by the Court of Appeal, which stated that it is a question of fact for the jury to decide if the golf club had abandoned the balls or if it still owned them. - Slide 15 - Topic 13 Theft Belonging to another cases (3) R v Turner (No 2) (1971) The defendant took his own car from a garage that had repaired it without paying for the repairs. He was found guilty of theft, as the garage had possession of the car, which amounted to a proprietary interest. - Slide 16 - Topic 13 Theft Mens rea The mens rea of theft requires the defendant to be dishonest and to have an intention to permanently deprive the owner of the property. - Slide 17 - Topic 13 Theft Dishonesty The Theft Act 1968 does not define the word dishonestly, but it does give some guidance in s.2(1) as to what would not be considered dishonest. - Slide 18 - Topic 13 Theft Dishonesty case law R v Small (1988) The defendant took a car that he thought had been abandoned. There was much evidence of this, in that it had been left in the same place for 2 weeks with its doors unlocked and the keys in the ignition. The car had a flat battery, no petrol and a flat tyre. The Court of Appeal quashed the defendants conviction for theft, as it was up to the jury to decide if the defendant believed that the owner could not be found after he had taken reasonable steps. - Slide 19 - Topic 13 Theft Dishonesty test The Court of Appeal established a two-stage test for dishonesty in R v Ghosh (1982). It combines both an objective and a subjective element. The jury has to answer the following questions: Has the defendant been dishonest by the ordinary standards of reasonable and honest people? If the answer is yes to the first question, the court should ask whether the defendant realised that he or she was dishonest by those standards. If the answer is yes to the second question, there is dishonesty. - Slide 20 - Topic 13 Theft Intention to permanently deprive Intention to permanently deprive is defined in s.6(1) of the Theft Act 1968: A person appropriating property belonging to another without meaning the other permanently to lose the thing itself is nevertheless to be regarded as having the intention of permanently depriving the other of it if his intention is to treat the thing as his own to dispose of regardless of the others rights; and a borrowing or lending of it may amount to so treating it if, but only if, the borrowing or lending is for a period and in circumstances making it equivalent to an outright taking or disposal. - Slide 21 - Topic 13 Theft Intention to permanently deprive cases (1) R v Velumyl (1989) A company director took money from the safe with the intention of paying it back. He was found guilty of theft because he would not return the exact money that he took. Instead, he would replace it with different money of the same value. He was not entitled to take the money and it did not matter that he was going to pay it back. - Slide 22 - Topic 13 Theft Intention to permanently deprive cases (2) R v Lloyd and Others (1985) The defendant worked at a cinema. He gave the films to his friends to copy and then returned them straight away. There was no theft because the films had not reduced in value, nor were they in a changed state, and the defendant did not intend to permanently deprive the owner of them. - Slide 23 - Topic 13 Theft Evaluation The wide interpretation of the term appropriation. Property does not include land and confidential information. The definition of belonging to another allows a person to be convicted of the theft of his or her own property. The definition of dishonesty is severely criticised by Professor Griew. View more > Speci˜ cation ?· 2018-06-13 · Topic 2 Planetary Systems 15 Topic 3 Stars 20 ... Topic 3.1 Constellations… Thieves, Larceny/Theft, Burglary, Auto Theft, and 5 FALL 05.pdf · Thieves, Larceny/Theft, Burglary,… ZoneOffenseDayNight 1 BURGLARY - RESIDENCE1 BURGLARY - THEFT FROM AUTO21 THEFT - BICYCLE 1 THEFT - PETIT1 THEFT - VEHICLE AUTO1 Topic 13 Legal aid Topic 13 Legal aid. Topic 13 Legal aid Introduction to legal aid 1.Criminal and civil funding 2.Eligibility 3.Conditional fee arrangements Wireless Power Theft Monitering - Power Theft Monitoring ... coming, then it indicates power theft. So microcontroller ... Wireless Power Theft Monitering

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Medicinal Herbs: What Do They Do And How Can You Use Them Safely? Welcome to the New Year! We made it. Last year flew by, the holidays were fun and exhausting, and we’ve seemed to stumble into 2018. Where does the time go? Along with New Years Resolutions, the new year comes with exciting new regulations in many states regarding the legalization of medicinal herbs- mainly marijuana. Now, this article isn’t going to be about cannabis or hemp, we’re going to be exploring the broader world of medicinal herbs and their benefits. Hopefully as more information and studies come are now able to be conducted about the benefits of the newly approved herbs, more attention will be drawn to other benefits. If you’re looking for a natural, holistic way to address pains, negative moods, and normal everyday stressors of an increasingly chaotic world, it may be worth taking a closer look into the cures mother nature is readiliy suppling us with. Using Herbs is Not New The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that up to 80% of the world’s population uses herbal medicine as an integral part of their primary health care. In America, up to a third of the population uses herbs regularly. The number could actually be higher considering as many as 70% of those who rely on herbs for some form of treatment are usually reluctant to disclose that information. Contrary to what many people think, most individuals who use herbs are in fact well educated and have higher-than-average incomes. That goes to show that the urban population has really embraced herbalism, it is no longer seen as a practice reserved for those who prefer a primitive lifestyle. What Are Medicinal Herbs? Medicinal herbs are plant seeds, leaves, roots, barks or flowers that are used for medicinal purposes. The process of using medicinal herbs is known as herbalism, botanical medicine or phytomedicine. It is a very reliable alternative method of treatment that stems from way back before recorded history. Ancient Egyptian and Chinese manuscripts suggest an extensive use of herbalism as a healing ritual. It in fact developed into comprehensive medical systems like Ayurveda and Unani. In total, over 30% of all plant species have been used as medicinal herbs at one time or another. The dawn of chemical analysis (19th century) made it possible for scientists to develop pharmaceutical drugs. Initially, they relied mostly on medicinal herbs as ingredients, but that faded away with time; until recently when herbs bounced back to mainstream medicine. In the USA, for instance, up to 25% of all drugs are plant-based. The number is even higher in China and India (approximately 80%). Germany has well over 700 medicines that are plant-based and an estimated 70% of physicians prescribe them frequently. What that means is that herbalism is back in mainstream medicine. It is actually safe to say that the numbers can only increase since the World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that over 21,000 plant species can be used as medicinal herbs. How Herbs Work Herbs contain certain substances that enhance good health. For example, some herbs like chamomile, dandelion and wormwood contain bitters, which when you consume benefit your liver and digestive system. Others like custard apple, adulsa, Hawthorne, green/black tea and turmeric have flavonoids. You can use them to treat inflammations and improve your circulation system. The same goes for every other herb. It contains at least one substance that has medicinal properties. Some of the substances include saponins, tannins, vitamins, minerals and mucilage just to name a few. Each of them helps the body in one way or another; so essentially you can use it for treatment, to enhance certain functions (like brainpower, digestion and many others) or defense against illnesses. Note that nowadays there are many stores that stock medicinal herbs. You can either get them in their natural form (roots, seeds, leaves, barks and what have you), as extracts, or in supplement form. But it is important to get the guidance of a professional herbalist before you buy over the counter products as some may be dangerous to your health. More on that later (including the best herbalist to get advice from), but for now let’s look at what you can treat using herbs. What Can You Use Herbs For? Most herbs are perfect for treatment of and protection against illnesses that range from headaches and stomach pains to diabetes and even hypertension. Others are better at alleviating symptoms of common conditions. For example, turmeric is an effective pain reliever that can be used to treat arthritis pain. Still, there are herbs whose main function is to enhance bodily processes. Dandelion and ginger are perfect examples, they cleanse the digestive tract and increase its efficiency in digestion and absorption. The bottom line is that every herb has some medical value. It is practically impossible to list each herb and what you can use them for but here’s a summarized overview that contains the most common and popular herbs. They are very easy to purchase or plant in your garden. Complete Guide to Medical Herbs Purposes and Uses Here is a little list to get you more familiarized with what you can use medicial herbs for. Treating wounds, boils, bruises and soreness - Cinnamon, black pepper, safflower, myrrh, arnica, sandalwood, aloe, red clover, ginseng and burdock - Burdock root, dandelion, Reishi mushroom, red clover and basil As an antibiotic - Turmeric, garlic, thyme, oregano, colloidal silver, ginger, and Echinacea - Chirayta, sandalwood, black pepper and safflower. - Marshmallow leaves and roots - Turmeric, sandalwood, aloe and sheetraj hindi Treating colds and flu - Ginger, clove, cardamom, Echinacea, eucalyptus and wild cherry. Aiding blood circulation - Chamomile, basil, calamus, ajwain, fennel, peppermint, coriander, spearmint, chrysanthemum, ginger and turmeric Adding flavor and aroma to food - Coriander, cardamom, cloves, turmeric and peppermint - Golden seal, aloe, chirayata, giloe, barberry, dong quai and ginseng Stomach pain, indigestion and heartburn - Chamomile, peppermint, fennel, lemon balm, turmeric, cayenne and artichoke leaf - Garlic, turmeric, licorice, ginger, fenugreek leaves and seeds, basil and artichoke leaf Lowering blood pressure - Garlic, basil, cinnamon, celery seed, ginger, flaxseed and hawthorn - Cloves, turmeric, cayenne, sage, rosemary, Jamaican allspice, oregano and marjoram. - Ginger, peppermint and lemon - Tea tree, garlic, cloves, olive leaf, black walnut and goldenseal. Protection against cancer - Astragalus, berberis, pau d’arco, red clover, Echinacea, cat’s claw, butcher’s broom, bloodroot and turmeric Protection from Alzheimer’s disease - Lemon balm, sage, gingko biloba, cat’s claw and ginseng Are There Any Considerations To Keep In Mind? The fact is medicinal herbs are very safe to use. They are natural and will cause very minimal side effects (if any). There is however a genuine point of concern which doesn’t come from the plants but rather how and where they are grown. Some, especially those sourced from Asian countries, may contain a higher-than-desired level of heavy metals (mercury, lead, cadmium and others). When you use them you are ingesting toxins into the body and they may eventually contribute to such conditions as liver and kidney complications/failure. In addition to that, there are some herbs that shouldn’t be used under certain conditions. For example, if you are taking prescription medication you may want to consult your doctor before using medicinal herbs as the two may interact. Also, some herbs can have a negative effect if you suffer from certain conditions. A good example is evening primrose. Do not use it if you suffer from seizures as it may increase their frequency and intensity. If you have a bleeding problem you should also avoid using ginkgo, garlic, ginger and feverfew. Other medicinal herbs that pose potential danger are: - Kava kava – highly linked with liver toxicity. - St. John’s wort – increases skin’s sensitivity to UV rays. How Can You Start Using Medicinal Herbs? The best way to go about using medicinal herbs is start by getting advice and help from a professional who understands them thoroughly. They will guide you on which herbs are safe for you and which ones could be dangerous. They will also help you get safe herbs that are free of any heavy metals. One person who can help with that is Jazmine Russell. A degree holder in Applied Psychology from NYU, Jazmine blends her academic knowledge with her expertise in herbalism to offer holistic treatment that heals physical ailments and boosts spiritual, mental and psychological development at the same time. She creates tailored herbal blends that are suitable for whatever treatment you could be looking for. For instance, if you are looking for motivation she can make a blend that will uplift your spirit and boost your mental ability as well. That is why she has a growing reputation in the world of herbalism and is the sole provider of Air&Stone’s natural crystal upcoming herb product line. It seems like this year will be the year herbs finally come more into the forground of public knowledge. If you’re ready to learn more about it for yourself and get a jump start on your own wellness, be sure to check out Jazmine’s website to find out how to use medicinal herbs in a safe and effective way.

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Smashing Through the Restraints of Tradition – A Brief Overview On The Portrayal of Women In China’s Film World A well-known Confucian edict that quite succinctly encapsulates the roles of women in Chinese society throughout history is 男尊女卑 – directly translated as men being respected and women being subordinate, and used to justify women’s subordination under men. This is reflected in their roles of a daughter serving her father, a wife serving her husband, and a mother serving her son. Such deeply entrenched traditions have been reflected in the films produced in Mainland China since its very beginning. While this undercurrent between patriarchal societies and the distorted view of women in the films they produce is prevalent throughout the world, how exactly women are portrayed in China is rather unique – owing much to the country’s history and rapid societal evolution in the last two centuries. An Extremely Brief Overview of China’s Film History and Early Portrayals of Women Despite what all the snobby sociologists and cultural studies majors would have you think, to understand cultural and film studies only really requires an understanding of a straightforward idea: that culture is a product of politics and societal relations, and they in turn are a product of economic relations. That being said, to understand China’s film – and of women’s role in them – would require a brief crash course into the country’s history and tradition. In the eighteenth century, Western imperialism came knocking on China’s door. Opium wars happened. Exploitative treaties and arrangements happened. These led to decades of humiliation and by the nineteenth century there arose a need within the country to modernise itself and for a narrative of national redemption to emerge. However, the link between using film to push this narrative wasn’t established when the medium was first introduced. Early on saw Chinese films take on a surprisingly progressive stance for women. Directed by Zhang Shichuan, China’s first narrative feature The Difficult Couple 《难夫难妻》(1913) reflects and critiques a culturally specific theme – arranged marriages – with the film’s two characters being forced to confront the archaic tradition. Another milestone comes with another of Zhang Shichuan’s film, The Orphan Rescues Grandfather《孤兒救祖記》(1923). The woman-led feature highlights the differences between how the Chinese view empowerment vis-a-vis the contemporary Western view. A wrongly accused woman is driven out of her father-in-law’s home and left to raise her son alone. She faces her situation with poise and without any disdain, raising her son to be morally sound, before being rewarded – through monetary means – for suffering silently for all those years. This fell in line with the teachings of Confucianism where the ideal woman is seen to be silent, filial, and supportive. Early Chinese cinema showed that they weren’t afraid to challenge and acknowledge the issues of women – albeit through a view still entrenched in tradition much like the rest of society. Portrayals of women would evolve with China seeing massive societal changes by the 1930s. “Women Hold Up Half The Sky” By the 1930s, China was facing armed strife – both within the inside and with the outside – and domestic film productions could no longer be warranted solely for entertainment purposes. Film was introduced to China in the late nineteenth century but it wasn’t until this period when the link between the medium and political agendas were drawn. This was especially effective with how film was (and continues to be) a readily accessible medium that transcended class – unlike its literary cousin. As such, 1951 saw the Communist Party of China ban pre-1949 Chinese films, Hollywood and Hong Kong productions in the country, and a shift towards producing movies that honed in on the suffering and triumph of peasants, soldiers and workers to align with its agendas. “Women hold up half the sky” is a phrase associated with People’s Republic of China’s founding father Mao Zedong and it is a succinct summary of how women were viewed during these times – and how they are portrayed on film. The Red Detachment of Women《紅色孃子軍》(1961) tells the story of two peasant women heading into war together with their compatriots while historical epic The East Is Red《东方红》prominently features women in its retelling of key moments of the Communist Party of China. In a sense, women in Chinese propaganda films could be seen as being equal to their male counterparts; there were different gender roles for sure but each were seen as equally important, with a larger calling everybody had to work towards. These roles are bold contrasts to the traditional patriarchal relations seen in homes and families, and a far cry from the neutered characters or damsel-in-distress that are more present in Western cinema. However, the decision to elevate the roles of these women in these films cannot be viewed solely through the prism of empowerment and equality. Rather, it could be argued that the “oppressed women” in film were used as shorthand at representing the “oppressed whole” – as the oppressed Davids to the imperialistic Goliaths – especially when men were by far the leading voices in the movement. Similarly, another point of critique arises with how women were portrayed as tools of the revolution, only highlighting their class and not their gender, leading to dehumanising portrayals that rob them of their womanhood. While the Party continues to hold a tight grip over domestically produced films, its ideological association with the industry – while still present – are no longer as blatant…most of the time. Additionally, the last decades of the century led to further commodification of film, opening up the medium to new generations of filmmakers with their own perspectives to explore. Moving Forward From The Cultural Revolution China’s Fifth Generation of Filmmakers, such as acclaimed director Zhang Yimou and He Ping, were the first batch of filmmakers to emerge after the Cultural Revolution. Their works are often interpreted as veiled critiques of both China’s history and contemporary China through period pieces. However, much like their predecessors, women continued to be used as surrogates to symbolise the suffering of China, such as with Yimou’s Ju Dou《菊豆》(1989) and Raise the Red Lantern《大红灯笼高高挂》(1991), where their characters struggle against Confucian traditions. Director He Ping’s Red Firecracker, Green Firecracker《炮打双灯》(1994) and Yimou’s Ju Dou are key examples of how contemporary Chinese filmmakers do not shirk away from sensuality or sexuality in their portrayals of women. Red Firecracker’s lead is left with her family’s firecracker factory but is forbidden to marry so that the business can stay within the family. However, she falls in love and directly challenges the archaic notions of what a woman should be – in particular, to be unquestionably filial. The Sixth Generation of Filmmakers emerged in the late 1990s with films that focused more on the marginalized of society. These films reflect the closing gap of financial inequality between the two genders in the cities of contemporary China, but how there is still a lack of progress in every other aspect. Jia Zhangke’s Unknown Pleasures《任逍遥》(2002) illuminates the lifestyle and mindset of the youths in contemporary China. Its three characters, products of China’s One Child Policy, are fed on a steady diet of both Western and Chinese popular culture, and see financial freedom as their only salvation from their aimless lives. In the film’s press kit for New Yorker Films, Zhangke shares that he wrote female lead Qiao Qiao as a reflection of modern Chinese women, who struggle between conservative tradition and modernity. This is seen with how despite embracing hedonism to a degree, the idea of becoming a mistress still comes into conflict with the character’s dormant conservatism. While women in film continued to be stand-ins for the suffering of the country, the Fifth and Sixth Generation of filmmakers expanded the scope of portrayals to embrace women issues in the modern age and humanise women in ways that even the relatively more liberal West were slow to catch up with. The Myriad of Ways Women Are Represented in Modern Chinese Cinema Here is where it gets incredibly difficult to distil the roles of women in film into neat segments given China’s enormous population and its ocean of content. Within the world of commercial films alone, women’s roles in film have been vastly polarising. The Chinese have traditionally been proud of their storied history and mythologies, which naturally leads to media based off of them to be the go-to for any filmmaker looking to make a hit. Similarly, films that are based on the ever-popular Wuxia (martial heroes) genre have also been a mainstay of modern Chinese cinema. As such, how women are portrayed in these films are largely based on how they’re remembered in history and their popular retellings. Films such as the two-parter Red Cliff《赤壁》(2008) stars female leads that represent both the loyal wife and the warrior princesses; characters who are never at the backseat of their plots – even if it it contradicts historical accounts. However, there are still bound to be films that are rather explicit in the sexualisation of women, such as with Curse of The Golden Flower《满城尽带黄金甲》(2006) and Lady of the Dynasty (2015)《王朝的女人·杨贵妃》- the latter of which was hugely popular because of an oversexualised scene. Wuxia films such as Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon《卧虎藏龙》(2000) and Hero《英雄》 (2002) is where the portrayal of women is arguably the most empowering. As with the genre, there are definitely tinges of romantic subplots that highlight its characters’ genders but for the most part, women in these films are regarded as legendary heroes dueling in the air in sword fights, treated equally or even above the men in the stories. Fair representation of women, however, has taken a backseat in recent years as blatant militaristic propaganda films such as Wolf Warrior 2《战狼2》(2017) and Operation Red Sea《 红海行动》(2018) dominates the Chinese box office. These films are men’s worlds with women being diminished to supporting characters to the over-the-top action sequences. Still, nobody should count out progress in China’s film world. Filmmakers such as Ning Ying, Li Shaohong, and Li Yu are internationally-acclaimed directors that have consistently produced films highlighting women’s issues and their viewpoints of society. The One International Women’s Film Festival was established in 2017, and the bi-annual China Women’s Film Festival launched in 2013. On International Women’s Day in 2019, articles about women directors and the greatest films by women circulated WeChat, China’s largest social network. As Vast As The Oceans The deep interlink between society’s deep-rooted patriarchy – wrongly legitimised by age-old Confucian traditions – and the film medium has led to the roles of women being subservient to men’s interest throughout most of its film history. Furthermore, this is emphasised by politics’ entanglement of the arts, and how women were used to legitimise or convey certain national narratives. While there are roles that fit the bill of being empowering through the lens of Western schools of feminism (women being seen as equal to men, women taking on leading roles, etc), this view might not be applicable when factoring the broader historical and societal context of China. Similarly, Chinese cinema also alludes to tensions with Western thinking and their different takes on empowerment with characters stories celebrating the celibacy and silent suffering of women. What seems to be the most important is how recent decades have brought women’s voice to the forefront through the works of women directors and women-led initiatives. The larger questions now for mainstream Chinese cinema would be how women can etch their perspectives onto the national narrative as it competes with the ever-popular jingoistic blockbusters, as well as how it can continue to offer paramount insights on non-Western feminism with the encroachment of Western influences. Still, given the breadth of Chinese cinema, this brief exploration only scratches the surface of how women are portrayed – especially when it has only focused on China and not of the films by the Chinese from all around the world. But those are topics for another time. – Through “Blood, Sweat and Tears, Hell or High Water”, Laos’ Growing Film Industry and First Female Director Boast Ingenuity and Determination – Parasitizing Parasite – What Singapore Can Learn From Bong Joon-ho’s Oscar Win

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In the preceding article we spoke of three distinct phases of school health education, and covered the first phase, or healthful school living. The second section, health service, includes "the examinations for disease and defect, the protective measures of first aid, vaccinations, and inoculations, and the follow-up corrective -procedures for children with defects."—"Administration of Health and Physical Education," Williams and Brownell, p. 55. In the past, this phase of the health program has perhaps received the lion's share of the nurse's attention. This is still quite proper if the aims and objectives of health service are kept in mind. "The health examination is one of the most valuable ways of providing an educational experience in healthful living which has both present and future values. It should be evaluated by the same criteria applied to other health projects. . . . Since this is to be an educational experience, it should be planned by the teacher as well as by the nurse and the physician."—Chayer, "School Nursing," p. 59. The functions of the examination have been listed as follows by Williams and Brownell, (p. 166) : 1. To determine the presence of defects. 2.To acquaint parents with the nature of these defects. 3.To secure correction of remediable defects. 4- To develop a scientific attitude toward disease and bodily disturbances. To review the whole scope of the health service, the nurse will find most helpful Chayer's "School Nursing," New York, Putnam, 1937; Morrison and Chenoweth's "Normal and Elementary Physical Diagnosis," second ed., Philadelphia, Lea and Febiger, 1932; Chenoweth and Selkirk's "School Health Problems," New York, Crofts and Co., 1930; and the pamphlet, "Health Education and Inspection for Church Schools," issued by the Educational and Medical Departments of the General Conference, Takoma Park, Washington, D. C. If Williams and Brownell's "Administration of Health and Physical Education" is available, pages 159-233 of this work would also be of value. The exact procedure for the health appraisal will depend upon the medical facilities available. Considerable screening on the part of the teacher may be advisable even before the nurse arrives. For example, if the teacher has been taught the proper technics, it is perfectly acceptable that she should give a screening test for vision. Again, if a physician is available, the nurse will complete a portion of the inspection before he arrives. In some public schools, physicians are paid from five to ten dollars an hour for school health examinations. The Home and School Association sometimes raises money for such a plan. Many localities have a Seventh-day Adventist doctor who might be willing to donate his services. Parents should be encouraged to take their children to the family physician for a health appraisal more thorough than any given at school. In such cases the family physician should be provided with the Physical Inspection Record used in the conference. Ideally, a dentist should examine the teeth. If possible, arrangements should be made for such service. The White House Conference states that if there is no physician, the nurse should make a yearly inspection of all children, including : "Testing visual acuity and eye defects. Testing hearing and inspecting for defects. Inspection of the general conditions of the mouth, teeth, gums, nose and throat, tonsils, and nasal breathing. Inspection of cervical and thyroid glands. Inspection of general condition of the bony framework. Inspection for symptoms of nervousness. Inspection for condition of the skin. General impression of the well-being of the child." —White House Conference, "The School Health Program," p. 208. Careful study of the material sent from the General Conference is invaluable and necessary if we are to have uniformity of procedure throughout our organization. Some blanks are to be revised in the near future, I understand. Nurses interested in experimentation will receive friendly encouragement from the Medical Department in Washington, D. C. For testing vision it is now recommended that the Snellen Symbol E Chart be used for all age groups. This chart can be purchased from the National Society for the Prevention of Blindness at 25 cents each if several are purchased at one time. (I have found the paper finish more satisfactory than the linen.) A metal standard for sheet music can be used for the base of a standard, which can be made of thin board and painted black, to hold the Snellen Chart. This makes possible the placing of the chart in the best location regardless of wall space. Mary Ella Chayer, in "School Nursing," gives a complete list of directions for making the vision test. (See pages 126 to 130.) On pages 134 to 139, Chayer also gives instruction regarding hearing tests. It is felt that all tests other than the audiometer are "as archaic as the use of the leech by the medical profession." Since the hard-of-hearing child is in great need of both diagnosis and treatment, provision should be made for audiometer tests in all the schools. F. M. Duckles, executive secretary, California Committee for Hard of Hearing Children, Box 173, Berkeley, California, can give information on all apparatus. He can demonstrate the Phantom Junior Hearing Aid for the child who must attend the regular classes with normal children. It is a crystal set with ear phones, and can be carried about the room as needed ($39.50 to schools). If an audiometer is not available, the nurse should study community resources in each school area to see what can be done by city or county organizations. In fact, such contacts should be made regarding many phases of the school health program. Nutrition presents such a broad field that the nurse may feel that she needs more information. The following references may prove helpful : Bogert, L. J., "Nutrition and Physical Fitness," Philadelphia, W. B. Saunders Company, 1940; Bureau of Home Economics, "Well Nourished Children," United States Department of Agriculture (free) ; Roberts, L. J., "Nutrition Work With Children," Chicago, University of Chicago Press, 1935; Rose, M. S., "Feeding the Family," New York, Macmillan. The most satisfactory chart for height and weight is the "Classroom Growth Record," National Education Association, 1201 Sixteenth Street, N. W., Washington, D. C. In place of the old-fashioned "standards" for normal weight, the chart states, "It is more important to know that a child is gaining than that he or she weighs any particular amount at a certain time." The Leland Stanford University has prepared tables based on width weight which aid in certain borderline nutritional conditions. Width may be more accurate than height as a basis for comparison with the average. In using any tables of so-called normal weight, we must keep in mind that the figures are based on averages, and must be used only to indicate trends. It will be noticed that form C-26, used for the physical inspection, provides brief space for a history of communicable diseases, immunizations, etc. If duplicates of this form are not left with the teacher, this history, at least, should be placed in her hands. It will be useful to her in dealing with day-by-day problems of illness among her students. In fact, the teacher may procure this information the first day of school when parents bring their children to register. Again, time and space do not permit a more exhaustive discussion of the health appraisal in the school. Parents should have been informed of the date of the inspection and urged to attend. After the inspection, notes regarding either defects or the lack of any defects should be sent to all parents. The nurse should remain in the community long enough to have a meeting with the Home and School Association. As many home visits should be made as time will permit. Miss Chayer says, "Home calls have three immediate purposes—self-information, or what the nurse learns ; health service, or what the nurse does ; and health education, or what the family learns. .. . To do effective teaching in the home, the nurse must plan her call in advance."—"School Nursing," p. 246. When the nurse leaves the school, she must be sure that adequate records of the condition of each child are left in the hands of the teacher, for— "In many rural situations, the nurse and the classroom teacher are responsible for the health of the child in school. Since the nurse who has a large area to cover can visit her schools only once or twice a year, the classroom teacher must be prepared to take the larger measure of responsibility."—White House Conference, Id p. Third Section—Health Education The third section of health education, that of health instruction, deals with "the materials by which children are helped to acquire health habits, learn health skills, master health knowledge, and develop health attitudes."—/bid. The key person in health education must be the teacher, who is with the children day by day, while the medical folk come and go. "The teacher is responsible for the quality of health teaching done in the school." "The 'spark plug' in this must be the classroom teacher." The nurse does have an important place, but not as it was first conceived in early programs. "When the nurse of the past started her work in the schools, health talks were among her activities for changing behaviour. At varying intervals she went into a classroom and talked to the children about their health, or about keeping clean, or about eating the right kind of food, and unfortunately, many were the pedagogical principles which she violated."—Chayer, "School Nursing," p. 20. Miss Chayer continues by pointing out a few of the most significant faults in such a plan. The aims of the teacher and the nurse were not co-ordinated; little provision was made for any continuous growth, with no connection between one health talk and the next ; and the talks were not necessarily graded to the abilities of the age groups. On the other hand there were good results. A new kind of informal teaching was introduced, a great deal of knowledge was given to the children, and the teacher became more intelligent regarding health. (Id., pp.-2o, 21.) There is certainly no objection to a nurse's giving health talks to school children if she keeps in mind that she and the teacher must co-operate at all times. "The teacher and the nurse, now having a common aim, together built up the health program, the nurse furnishing the teacher with a scientific basis for health teaching by calling attention to health shortages revealed by the health examinations and by vital statistics of the community. The nurse also contributed a wealth of source materials to help the teacher to place her health teaching on a more scientific basis."—Id„ p. 22. The nurse should interest herself in plans for health instruction as they are being carried out in the schools of her conference. She should assist the teacher in using the Gold Star Chart and the Health Habit records. She should know of the use being made of the weekly period set apart for health, and of plans for health integration. She must be familiar with literature in the field of health instruction. Bibliographies, such as the one found on pages 311 to 361 of "Health Education," Joint Committee on Health, National Education Association, 1940 edition, give abundant sources. Teachers should feel free to write to the conference nurse, between visits, for helps in health education. As -the instruction is carried on in the school, "the primary aim which the nurse and all other health workers must hold constantly before their attention is this—for every child continuous and satisfactory growth in control of conduct contributory to health."—Ibid. As the conference nurse continues her work in the church schools, she will wish to check herself as to accomplishments. This list, prepared by the National Organization for Public Health Nursing, regarding the functions of the public health nurse in the school, may aid her : 1. Participates in formulating and developing a health education program based on the needs of the pupils. 2. Assists physicians in the examination of pupils and the interpretation of findings to teachers, parents, and children. 3. Teaches the value of adequate health supervision and facilities for medical and nursing care, and assists in securing correction of defects. 4. Encourages and instructs teachers, parents, and pupils to observe and recognize deviations from normal health. 5. Assists in the control of communicable diseases through teaching the recognition of early symptoms, the importance of isolation, and the value of immunization. 6. Contributes to the maintenance of a healthful school environment—physical, emotional, and social. 7. Arranges for the care of emergencies and minor injuries and illnesses in accordance with procedures having medical approval. 8. Participates in a program for the prevention of handicaps and the care and education of handicapped children. 9. Develops relationships to co-ordinate school nursing activities with all other health forces of school, home, and community, and to promote community health resources. 10. Participates in curriculum making. Nurses who are qualified may instruct classes in principles of healthful living and care of the sick.—Public Health Nursing, February, 1938, In order to further the successful program of a nurse in a conference, the following recommendations, given by the White House Conference for the School Health Program in the Elementary Schools, are repeated for the further study of all concerned with the work : 1. The essential importance of home-school-community co-operation in any program for health education should be given great recognition. 2. The total school life should be considered from the viewpoint of child learning respecting health conduct. Time schedules should admit of health instruction's being given in its natural relationships and individualized to meet the needs of each child. 3. The various special fields which are involved in health education, such as nutrition, safety education, and social hygiene, should be more effectively integrated in the instructional and supervisory program, and not handled as separate subjects. 4. Scientific research should be carried on to determine for this age group essential health behaviors and knowledge which is necessary to rationalize behavior satisfactorily. 5. Better provision should be made for preparing the classroom teacher for her responsibilities in health education. 6. Schools should make more adequate plans for educational evaluation, from the viewpoint of total child welfare, of all services, methods, and materials offered in schools for use in health education before they are accepted and used. 7. More recognition should be given to the importance of supervision in articulating and making effective the curriculum in health education, and further investigation should be made of the relative effectiveness of different types of supervision.—Page 160. May I emphasize the importance of recommendation five in the foregoing list. Our own colleges should incorporate more health education into the teacher-training curriculum. Courses should include a thorough foundation in human physiology and hygiene, child health, first aid, physical education including methods, and, if possible, a course in home hygiene and care of the sick. All of these courses are now being offered in our colleges, but future teachers are allowed to be graduated with few if any of them in their individual programs. I should also like to recommend that the conference nurse be encouraged to continue her education in the field of public health nursing, working toward State recognition as a Public Health nurse, Furthermore, I would recommend that the conference nurse be delegated the authority for a general health program in the conference, and that she should not be removed to some other activity demanding the bulk of her time. If satisfactory work is to be done, the nurse must be allowed sufficient time for the school health program, with adequate opportunity for follow up. (End of Series)

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10 Everyday Things That Double As Deadly Weapons Look in your cupboard. What do see? What about that sharply dressed man you passed in the street? Your answers to the previous questions probably weren’t, “An armory,” and, “A heavily armed maniac.” Warfare and the quest to protect ourselves from criminal elements has seen us manipulate normal things and recreate them into weapons. This listicle contains ten of these dual-purpose items. They are not merely disguised weapons used for covert activities, since they still retain their primary purposes. 10 Belt Buckle Pistol The Nazis built all sort of things during World War II, including a belt buckle that doubled as a gun. It was called the koppelschlospistole and was invented by German officer Louis Marquis during his stay at a prisoner of war camp during World War I. The Nazis improved on the design during World War II and created it in two variants: a dual-barreled one that fired two 7.65-milimeter rounds and a four-barreled variant that fired four 5.6-milimeter rounds. Each barrel had a different trigger. The buckle pistol was said to have been made for top Nazi officers as their last line of defense if they were ever captured, although there are also claims that it was made for Nazi agents. It could be fired in two ways. One was by pulling a hidden spring that opened the buckle and exposed the barrels before firing the moment the wearer pretended to surrender. The other was by pressing a catch to expose the barrels before pulling on individual triggers to fire the shots. Twelve of the pistols were made, but it is unlikely that they were ever used in combat. Today, they are highly valued collector’s items. 9 Bob Semple Tank New Zealand and Australia quickly realized three things when World War II broke out: First, they were under the threat of a Japanese invasion. Second, neither had the capability to produce heavy weapons to repel such invasion. And third, Britain and the United States were too busy arming themselves to spare them some weapons. This dire situation forced New Zealand to look into building its own weapons. One such device was the Bob Semple tank, which in every practical sense, wasn’t even a tank. It was a Caterpillar bulldozer converted into a tank. “Converted” means that metal panels were added, along with six machine guns. Only a handful of Bob Semples were built. The “tank” had a crew of eight, whose weight, along with that of the guns and the metal panels, left it with a pitiable speed of 24 kilometers per hour (15 mph). The vehicle was also too tall at 3.7 meters (12 ft) and needed to be brought to a full stop before its gears could be changed. Japan never invaded New Zealand, so we never found out how badly the tank would have performed. However, it showed that New Zealand was determined to defend itself against Japan at all costs. 8 Key Guns The idea of building a gun inside a key sounds weird, but some inventors in the United States did just that in 1854. Back then, prisons were overcrowded places filled with violent criminals who could attack the guards trying to open their cells. So, someone came up with the idea of building a gun into the key the guard used to open the doors. There is no mention of the single-shot key guns ending prison breaks, since they were as impractical as they were weird. First, the gun lacked any sights, which automatically made accuracy a big issue. Then, it could only be fired whenever a lit cigar was used to touch the gunpowder hole at its rear. This meant the guard either had to be smoking (even if he wasn’t a smoker) or have a cigar at hand, which he could quickly light before the prospective escapees got to him. The third problem was that the prisoners trying to break out were instinctively going to try grabbing the key, even if they didn’t know it was a gun. The inventors later came up with another variant that included a trigger and no longer required the guard to smoke a cigarette. Yet, it changed nothing and even worsened the situation, since the wannabe escapees, after grabbing the key, would realize that they had a gun in their hands. 7 Poop Arrows And Bombs Human poop has been used in warfare for millenia. The Scythians engaged their enemies with arrows poisoned with a mixture of viper venom, human blood, and human feces. In the 12th century, the Chinese invented a bomb that contained a deadly mixture of gunpowder, poison, and poop. Later in the Middle Ages, some armies fired the waste of plague victims into besieged castles with the aim of infecting its inhabitants. Poop was also used during the Vietnam war when Viet Cong fighters made booby traps out of the sharpened ends of punji sticks smeared with feces. The bamboo-poop booby traps did not immediately kill American and South Vietnamese troops, but they did cause serious infections that could lead to death. Of recent, in 2009, a Russian man by the name of Aleksandr Georgievich Semenov filed a patent for a “Method of Biowaste Removal From Isolated Dwelling Compartment.” Let’s not let the name distract us; it’s actually a specialized tank shell that has space for poop. The idea is that a pressed tank crew would poop inside the explosive-filled round before inserting it in their gun and firing it at the enemy. Semevov says the shells provides “additional military-psychological and military-political effects,” but we all know he’s merely trying to invent a method of adding poop to injury. 6 Plow Gun During the US Civil War, Union farmers living near the border between the North and the South endured countless raids by Confederate soldiers. To solve this problem, in 1862, W.H. Fancher and C.M. French came up with the “New and Improved Ordnance Plow,” which is actually a creative name for a farm plow with a gun. The idea was that a Union farmer could easily aim his plow—and consequently, his gun—at Confederate troops if they ever attacked while he was plowing his farm. The weapon was never built, since it was the definition of impracticability. Besides, the Confederates weren’t idiots and would quickly realize that the plows were deadly weapons. Since they wouldn’t have been able to tell whether or not a plow had a gun from afar, they would definitely have shot at every farmer with a plow irrespective of whether or not it was weaponized. The Kubotan is a 14-centimeter-long (5.5 in) key chain/baton that was invented by Takayuki Kubota in the 1960s. It is used for hitting sensitive parts of the body and holding attackers in agonizing locks. The Los Angeles Police Department took interest in the weapon in the 1970s and even had Kubota train its female officers on its use. The weapon soon earned the secondary purpose of “dealing with” stubborn suspects. It was so good at this role that it was nicknamed the “Instrument of Attitude Adjustment.” Other security agencies like the FBI and the CIA have also adopted the Kubotan for personal defense and possibly “adjusting” the attitude of stubborn suspects. 4 Walking Canes With Guns, Swords, And Swag Etiquette of the 1850s demanded that a gentleman walk around with a cane. However, in the same 1850s, carrying a a cane was a clear sign of affluence, which made the gentlemen perfect targets for the many criminals crawling the streets. This led to the invention of dual-purpose walking canes that also served as sword sheaths. That way, a gentleman could quickly remove the sword from the cane and engage any criminal who attacked him in a sword fight. Cane swords were soon superseded by cane guns, which were just what they sound like. The most famous of these guns was a .31-caliber variant produced by Remington Arms in 1858. Another cane gun featured a handle that could be used as a buttstock. 3 Scooter And Artillery France faced several insurgencies in its Algeria and Indochina (today’s Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia) colonies in the 1950s. The insurgents had the habit of attacking French interests and leaving before the French military could mobilize sizable forces with heavy weapons. France’s solution to this was a militarized version of the Vespa scooter. It was called the Vespa 150 TAP and was exclusively made for French airborne special forces. Carried on the scooter was an M20 recoilless rifle and several rounds of ammunition. The idea was that the scooter could quickly be dispatched and airdropped to provide heavy firepower for the lightly armed French airborne forces. The weapon was not fired from the scooter but was offloaded and set up on a tripod before being put into action. About 500 of the scooters were made, and they proved more than a match for the insurgents, yet they were never used outside Algeria and Indochina. 2 A Helmet Gun That Doubled As A Cooking Utensil During World War I, Albert Bacon Pratt of Lyndon, Vermont, created an improved firearm no one asked for. The “improvement” here was the addition of a gun to a helmet to create what he called the “helmet gun.” The helmet gun lacked a trigger and instead required the operator to blow air into a tube to discharge its bullets. Targeting was automatic, since the gun was aimed at anyone or any direction the operator was facing. Automatic targeting wasn’t a good idea, but it wasn’t even the main problem with the gun. That was the recoil, which could have injured the shooter’s neck. Pratt, however, claimed he had this covered by including a spring inside the helmet that counteracted against the kick. Pratt didn’t end there. He also claimed the top of the helmet could be removed and used as a cooking utensil. Clearly, no one needed a gun on their helmet. And no one who didn’t need a gun on their helmet did need one they could use for cooking. So, the idea for the wacky helmet gun that could be used in the kitchen died a natural death. 1 Aunt Jemima Flour Bomb During World War II, George Bogdan Kistiakowsky, a soldier and scientist working for the Office of Strategic Services (OSS), the forerunner to the CIA, developed an edible baking flour that doubled as a bomb. The flour was called Aunt Jemima, after a popular brand of flour sold in the United States, and was a mixture of normal baking flour and a deadly explosive called HMX. Aunt Jemima could be baked into bread or muffins like normal flour and eaten, even though resistance fighters were severely warned against doing so, since it could cause serious stomach upset. It was supplied to Chinese resistance fighters during the war and was intended for use against the occupying Japanese forces. When the flour wasn’t baked into bread or muffins, it was made into an improvised bomb. And when it was baked into bread or muffins, the “baker” only needed to add a detonator to turn it into a bomb. Oliver Taylor is a freelance writer and bathroom musician. You can reach him at [email protected].

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Helping Your Child Sleep Helping Your Children Sleep In order for us to get restful night, we need to be relaxed. In order to relax, a number of things have to happen. First of all, we need to feel safe and secure. Obviously, if there is tension in the house - abuse, parents rowing, problems with finances or neighbours, or else problems at school or with friends, it will be much harder to relax and fall asleep. Helping them to feel safe and sound is of the utmost importance. If children hear their parents arguing, if there are financial problems, trouble with neighbors or disagreements with friends, trouble at school, they experience tension and don't feel safe. Of course it's even worse if their parents abuse them. Any one or combination of these situations won't let your children relax and enjoy a good night. People have a need to feel cozy and safe in their beds. Unfortunately, some children experience sensory integration trouble. This means they may have sensitivity to touch, proprioception, which is body position sense, or gravitational insecurity. That means if their beds are high, they will have trouble sleeping due to that sensitivity. Sometimes putting heavy blankets on them help them to feel more grounded. All of this can be helped by setting up the environment well, and also by developing a regular routine so that the body learns the signals that tell it that it is time to slow down for some sleep. Here are some suggestions: A warm bath and hot milky drink. The warm bath relaxes the body, helping the metabolism to slow down as it does not need to be so busy generating heat. Warmth also relaxes muscles. Warm milk contains an amino acid called Tryptophan which is a naturally occurring sedative. Obviously avoid drinks such as Coca Cola, tea or coffee, which all contain caffeine. Avoid also activities that are arousing or frustrating; just before bed is not the time for them to be getting upset about their homework or frustrated with their Gameboy. Have your children take a nice warm bath and maybe drink some warm milk. His or her body will start to relax and the metabolism will slow. Warm water allows the body to stop the work of keeping itself warm. The bath will also ease tension in all of the muscle groups. Warm milk has Tryptophan in it. Tryptophan is an amino acid that is a natural sedative. Drinking the milk will also help your children to wind down. It goes without saying that they shouldn't be drinking anything with caffeine. This includes Coke or Pepsi, and other soft drinks, as well as coffee or tea. Also around bedtime they should be engaging in quiet activities, not worrying about homework or playing an active computer game. Read your child a story at bedtime. Make sure that there isn't anything frightening in it. Besides having a calming effect, you are engaging in some special time together. Knowing that they are loved and cherished, tells children that their world is safe. When you're finished reading, turn on a recorded story that is peaceful and quiet. Turn off the lights and soon he'll be listening with closed eyes and drifting off. We can also play sounds that will help cover the disturbing noises and help us relax. White noise is good for drowning out the lorries and dogs. Turning on a fan or humidifier will produce that. A quiet radio in the background can also be good. You must be careful as these sounds can actually be more arousing and stressful than relaxing. This is due to the pitch and the beat. The higher frequencies energize us and the lower ones help us to relax. White noise and most radio music is high frequency. Having a cheap system with a poor bass response only makes it worse. Most popular music has a faster beat, and we like to keep time with the catchy beat. We call this "entertainment" and say that our bodies like to align with the rhythms surrounding us. Unfortunately, our heart rates mirror this behavior, and listening to a fast beat will speed it up. If we choose slow, quiet music, it will slow down. If we want to introduce sounds to drown out the disturbing ones, we need to use care. Sounds known as white noise, come from fans and humidifiers. A soothing radio program can also help lessen the effects of the dogs and lorries. Because of the pitch and the beat of the sound we introduce, we can cause more stress than relaxation, if we don't know what we're doing. Remember that the higher frequencies give us energy while the lower ones help us relax. White noise and most radio music are high frequency. If your radio is a less expensive model, then the bass response is poor, making it worse. In general, popular music is played at a fast beat. The worst type for sleeping is disco music. Most of us can't help somehow engaging with the music, by tapping or nodding to its beat. We refer to this as entertainment and tell ourselves that our bodies want to align with the rhythms of our universe. The problem is that our heart rates also align with the beat. If the music is up tempo our heart rate increases. To slow it down for sleeping we need to play slow and calming music. The ideal beat for creating a sleeping environment is 50 to 60 Hz. That matches the heart rate when we are relaxed. It should be pitched low and the rhythm should be slow. These factors will help our hearts slow their beating. Where do we look to find the appropriate sounds? Some nature recordings, such as rolling waves will do the trick, as will certain classical music. I recommend tapes or CDs that are made expressly for relaxation. Some of the best I have found are by Steven Halpern and the Sound Health Service CDs called "Relax" and "De-Stress". Play them softly in the background so as to make a gentle sound environment in the bedroom. They will also help to drown out those disrupting background noises. Some children don't sleep deeply enough and are awakened frequently. If your child has that problem, consider playing a CD on continuous play. It will calm your child throughout her sleeping period. Muted tones of blue, green and pink are often used in bedrooms. Blue is serene, green for harmony and peace, and pink is all warmth and coziness. Be careful of the blues and greens though, as they can make an atmosphere feel cold. Bright reds and yellows will fire us up and make it hard to sleep. Even though these effects are subtle and unconscious, they are very real. Think about the colour spectrum. Blue is meant for us to feel serene, green harmonious and peaceful, while pink signals warmth and feeling cozy. These quiet colours are perfect for bedrooms. Be careful with the blues and greens however, as they can also feel cold. Using yellows, reds and other lively colours in a bedroom, isn't a good idea. Even though the effects are subtle, they may get our blood flowing and keep us from sleeping. These effects are usually subconscious but that doesn't make them any less real. Be sure to consider lighting when you design a bedroom. Bright, blue or cold lights tend to wake us up. An example of these are the fluorescents. That's because they imitate the early morning sun. At twilight the sky has the warm colours of orange and red. The most relaxing lights for nighttime come from low wattage bulbs, candles, oil lamps or a nice fire. If you add these lights to pink furniture, soft and slow music, the waves on the beach you get the picture. How do we get around not putting a candle, oil light or open fire in a child's bedroom? One way is to use electric bulbs that flicker. There are also fiber optic lamps available that create a low level light, changing from one colour to another. The slow, gentle changes are relaxing, assuming that they aren't too bright. Some children like sleeping in a completely dark room. This is when the thick curtains will come in handy to screen out late night and early morning summer sun. Aroma. Smell is, in fact, the most primitive and basic of our senses. How often have you had a brief whiff of some smell that has brought certain memories and emotions to come flooding back? Smells affect our emotional state, and the right smells can help us to sleep. Recommended for sleeping are the essential oils of mandarin, chamomile roman, lavender and palma rosa. For children over five, neroli, geranium and nutmeg can be added to the list. These oils can be combined, with a mixture of mandarin, chamomile and palma rosa, and also of chamomile, geranium and nutmeg being particularly effective. The oils can be put in bath water, rubbed on the skin with massage oil, or put in the water of the humidifier. Once again, moderation is the key. It is subtlety that we are looking for, not an overpowering smell. Were you aware that our sense of smell is the most primitive of all our senses? It's true. You can most likely think of occasions when there was some scent in the air, even momentarily, that reminded you of something from your past. The experience can be quite emotional. Following that idea, it stands to reason that some aromas will enable us to fall asleep faster, and get a better rest during the night. There are several essential oils that serve that purpose specifically: mandarin, chamomile roman, lavender and palma rosa are among them. Others that are safe for children older than five are neroli, geranium and nutmeg. Combine these for your child with mandarin, chamomile and palma rosa. Mixtures including chamomile, geranium and nutmeg are considered to be the most effective. You may need to do some experimenting to find the best combination, but remember to be moderate with your mixtures. Ways to use them are in the bath water, rubbed on skin (add massage oil), or added to humidifier water. These subtle aromas can be most effective relaxation techniques. There are three ways to improve humidity. Turn the heat down and use more blankets. Remember, this can also help a child feel grounded. Add some moisture to the air with a humidifier or drape a wet flannel over the radiator. The humidifier will create white noise as well. If you put a drop or two of essential oil in the water or on the flannel, you will also create a pleasing aroma. There are three possibilities for helping to improve the humidity in the bedroom. First, consider turning the heat down and covering your child with more blankets. This also serves the purpose of helping him to feel grounded. Second, you may want to use a humidifier. They can actually fulfill two purposes; creating both moisture and white noise. The third option is to lay a wet flannel or towel over the radiator. If you add a small amount of essential oils, the child also receives the benefit of a soothing aroma. I wish you peaceful nights and happy dreams. author of Helping Your Child Sleep is Peter King more articles like: Helping Your Child Sleep Visit:- Article Helping Your Child Sleep was submitted by Peter King for publication. Back to the Free tips on Healthcare Homepage © Anthony George 2005 Helping Your Child Sleep Sponsor Love My Town

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celestial coordinates[sə′les·chəl kō′ȯrd·nəts] Celestial Coordinates(religion, spiritualism, and occult) Celestial (sky) coordinates are most easily understood by comparing them to terrestrial (earthly) coordinates. Terrestrial coordinates allow a location to be specified in terms of degrees of longitude and latitude. Celestial coordinates similarly specify location in terms of two measurements of distance, expressed in terms of degrees of a circle. Rather than measuring degrees along the surface of planet Earth, however, celestial coordinates are measured against the celestial sphere, which is the sphere created by imagining that all of the objects in the sky are stuck against the inside of a gigantic, hollow sphere, with Earth located at the exact center. There are several systems of celestial coordinates. The altitude-azimuth system begins from any given location on the Earth’s surface, and uses the horizon, the zenith, and the north-south axis as points of reference. The equatorial system uses the celestial equator and the vernal point as its primary reference points. Astronomers most often use this system. The ecliptic system uses the ecliptic and the vernal point. Astrologers most often use the ecliptic system. numbers used to specify the position of celestial objects and auxiliary points on the celestial sphere. Various systems of celestial coordinates are used in astronomy. Each is essentially a system of polar coordinates on a sphere with an appropriately chosen pole. A celestial coordinate system is given by a great circle on the celestial sphere or by its pole, which is situated at 90° from every point of this circle, together with the designation on the circle of the origin for measuring one of the coordinates. Celestial coordinate systems are called horizon, equatorial, ecliptic, or galactic systems, depending on the choice of this great circle. Celestial coordinates were already in use in remote antiquity. Several systems were described by the ancient Greek geometer Euclid (c. 300 B.C.). Hipparchus’ star catalog, which was published in Ptolemy’s Almagest, contained the positions of 1, 022 stars in the ecliptic coordinate system. In the horizon coordinate system, the primary great circle is the mathematical, or true, horizon NESW (Figure 1), and the pole is the zenith Z of the point of observation. In order to specify the position of á celestial object σ, we draw a great circle through σ and Z, which is called the vertical circle of the object. The arc Zo- along the vertical circle from the zenith to the object is called its zenith distance Z and is the first coordinate; Z may have any value from 0° for the zenith Z to 180° for the nadir Z’. Instead of z, one can use the altitude h of the object, which is equal to the arc of the vertical circle from the horizon to the object. The altitude is measured in both directions from the horizon from 0° to 90° and is positive if the object is above the horizon and negative if the object is below the horizon. With this convention, the relation Z + h = 90° always holds. The second coordinate, the azimuth A, is the arc measured eastward from the north point along the horizon to the object’s vertical circle. (In astrometry, the azimuth is often measured westward from the south point S.) This arc, NESM, measures the spherical angle at Z between the celestial meridian and the object’s vertical circle; this spherical angle equals the dihedral angle between the two planes. The azimuth can have any value from 0° to 360°. An important characteristic of the horizon coordinate system is its dependence on the point of observation, since the zenith and the horizon are determined by the direction of the plumb line (vertical), which is different at different points on the earth’s surface. Because of this, the coordinates of even a very distant object are different when observed simultaneously from various points. In the process of moving along a diurnal circle, each object intersects the meridian twice; each passage of the object through the meridian is called a culmination. At the upper culmination, Z is smallest, and at the lower culmination, Z is largest. In the course of a day, Z varies between these limits. For objects whose upper culmination is south of Z, the azimuth A varies from 0° to 360° in the course of a day. But for objects that culminate between the celestial pole P and Z, the azimuth varies within certain limits that are determined by the latitude of the point of observation and the angular distance between the object and the celestial pole. In the first equatorial coordinate system, the primary circle is the celestial equator QγQ1 (Figure 2), and the pole is the celestial pole P that is visible from a given point. In order to specify the position of an object σ, we draw a great circle, called the hour circle, through the object and through P. The arc of this circle from the equator to the object is the first coordinate—the object’s declination δ. The declination δ is measured from the equator in both directions from 0° to 90° and is taken to be negative for objects in the southern hemisphere. Sometimes, instead of the declination, we use the polar distance p, which is equal to the arc Per of the hour circle from the north celestial pole to the object; the quantity ρ can assume any value from 0° to 180°, so that the relation ρ + δ = 90° always holds. The second coordinate, the hour angle t, is the arc QM on the equator, measured from the intersection of the equator with the celestial meridian at the point Q located above the horizon in the direction of the rotation of the celestial sphere to the object’s hour circle. This arc corresponds to the spherical angle at P between the object’s hour circle and the arc of the meridian that is directed toward the south point. The hour angle of a fixed object changes from 0° to 360° in the course of a day, while the declination of the object remains constant. Since the hour angle changes in direct proportion to the time, it serves as a measure of time. The hour angle is almost always expressed in hours, minutes, and seconds of time; thus, 24 hr corresponds to 360°, 1 hr corresponds to 15°, and so forth. Both of the systems described above—the horizon and first equatorial systems—are called local systems, since coordinates in these systems depend on the point of observation. The second equatorial coordinate system differs from the first only in the second coordinate. Instead of the hour angle, the second system uses the object’s right ascension α—the arc γ M on the celestial equator measured from the vernal equinox γ to the object’s hour circle in the direction opposite to the rotation of the celestial sphere (Figure 2). This arc measures the spherical angle at P between the hour circle passing through the point T and the hour circle through the given object. Usually α is expressed in hours, minutes, and seconds of time, and it may assume any value from 0 hr to 24 hr. Since the point γ rotates along with the celestial sphere, both coordinates of a sufficiently distant, fixed object in this system are independent of the point of observation. In the ecliptic coordinate system, the primary circle is the ecliptic EγE’ (Figure 3), and the pole is the ecliptic pole Π. To specify the position of an object σ, we draw a great circle through the object and the point Π. This great circle is called the latitude circle of the given object, and the arc along it from the ecliptic to the object is called the ecliptic, celestial, or astronomical latitude β and is the first coordinate. The latitude β is measured from the ecliptic toward the north or south ecliptic poles; in the latter case, the value is taken to be negative. The second coordinate is the ecliptic, celestial, or astronomical longitude λ —the arc γM along the ecliptic from the point T to the object’s latitude circle, measured in the direction of the sun’s annual motion. It can have any value from 0° to 360°. The coordinates β and λ of points on the celestial sphere do not change in the course of a day and do not depend on the point of observation. In the galactic coordinate system, the primary circle is the galactic equator BDB’ (Figure 4), which is the great circle on the celestial sphere that is parallel to the plane of symmetry of the Milky Way as seen from the earth; the pole is the pole Γ of this great circle. The position of the galactic equator on the celestial sphere can be determined only approximately. It is usually specified by the equatorial coordinates of its north pole, which are taken as α = 12 hr 49 min and δ = + 27.4° (epoch 1950.0). To specify the position of an object σ, we draw a great circle, called a galactic latitude circle, through the object and through the point Γ. The arc of this circle from the galactic equator to the object, called the galactic latitude b, is the first coordinate. The galactic latitude may have any value from +90° to —90°; the minus sign corresponds to galactic latitudes of objects in the hemisphere in which the south celestial pole is located. The second coordinate, the galactic longitude l, is the arc DM measured along the galactic equator from the point D at which the galactic equator intersects the celestial equator to the object’s galactic latitude circle; the galactic longitude / is measured in the direction of increasing right ascension and may assume any value from 0° to 360°. The right ascension of the point D is equal to 18 hr 49 min. Coordinates in the first three systems are determined from observations that are made by using appropriate instruments. Ecliptic and galactic coordinates are obtained from the equatorial coordinates by means of calculations. In order to compare the celestial coordinates of objects observed from different points on the earth or at different times of the year (at different points on the earth’s orbit), these coordinates are referred either to the center of the earth or to the center of the sun, with parallax being taken into account. Because of precession and nutation, there is a slow change in the orientation in space of the plane of the celestial equator and the plane of the ecliptic, which define the primary circles in a number of celestial coordinate systems; the origins from which the coordinates are measured also change. As a result of this, the values of the celestial coordinates also change slowly. Therefore, in order to specify the precise location of objects on the celestial sphere, we must indicate the moment of time (the “epoch”), which determines the position of the celestial sphere and the ecliptic. The position of objects in a given celestial coordinate system proves to be affected by the aberration of light, which is a consequence of the earth’s orbital motion (annual aberration) and the observer’s motion owing to the earth’s rotation (diurnal aberration); the position is also affected by the refraction of light in the atmosphere. The celestial coordinates of an object also change as a result of the proper motion of the object. Observations of variations in celestial coordinates have led to very significant discoveries in astronomy, which are of great importance for the understanding of the universe. These discoveries include the phenomena of precession, nutation, aberration, parallax, and of the proper motion of stars. Celestial coordinates make it possible to solve the problem of measuring time and the determination of geographic coordinates of different points on the earth’s surface. Celestial coordinates find wide application in the compilation of various star catalogs, in the study of the true motions of celestial bodies (both natural and artificial) in celestial mechanics and in astrodynamics, and in the study of the spatial distribution of stars in stellar astronomy. REFERENCESBlazhko, S. N.Kurs sfericheskoi astronomii. Moscow-Leningrad, 1948. Kazakov, S. A.Kurs sfericheskoi astronomii, 2nd ed. Moscow-Leningrad , 1940.

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voir la définition de Wikipedia 1st edition cover |Publication date||September 1987| Beloved is a novel by the American writer Toni Morrison, published in 1987. Set during 1873 soon after the American Civil War (1861–1865), it is based on the true story of the African-American slave, Margaret Garner, who temporarily escaped slavery during 1856 in Kentucky by fleeing to Ohio, a free state. A posse arrived to retrieve her and her children by the Fugitive Slave Act of 1850, which gave slave owners the right to pursue slaves across state borders. Margaret killed her two-year-old daughter rather than allow her to be recaptured. Beloved's main character, Sethe, kills her daughter and tries to kill her other three children when a posse arrives in Ohio to return them to Sweet Home, the plantation in Kentucky from which Sethe had recently fled. The daughter, Beloved, returns years later to haunt the home of Sethe at 124 Bluestone Road, Cincinnati. The story opens with an introduction to the ghost: "124 was spiteful. Full of a baby's venom." The novel won the Pulitzer Prize for Fiction in 1988. It was adapted during 1998 into a movie of the same name starring Oprah Winfrey. During 2006 a New York Times survey of writers and literary critics ranked it as the best work of American fiction of the past 25 years. The book concerns the story of Sethe and her daughter Denver after having escaped from slavery. Their home, 124 Bluestone Road, Cincinnati, is haunted by a revenant, who turns out to be the ghost of Sethe's daughter. Because of the haunting—- which often involves objects being thrown around the room—- Sethe's youngest daughter, Denver, is shy, friendless, and housebound, and her sons, Howard and Buglar, have run away from home by the time they are thirteen years old. Soon afterward, Baby Suggs, the mother of Sethe's husband Halle, dies in her bed. Paul D, one of the slaves from Sweet Home, the plantation where Baby Suggs, Sethe, Halle, he, and many other slaves had worked, arrives at 124. He tries to bring a sense of reality into the house. He also tries to make the family forget the past. In doing so, he forces out the ghost of Beloved. At first, he seems to be successful, because he brings the family to a carnival, out of the house for the first time in years. However, on their way back, they encounter a young woman sitting in front of the house. She has the distinct features of a baby and calls herself Beloved. Paul D, suspicious, warns Sethe, but charmed by the young woman, Sethe ignores him. Paul D is gradually forced out of Sethe's home by a supernatural presence. When made to sleep outside in a shed, he is cornered by Beloved, who has put a spell on him. She burrows into his mind and heart, forcing him to have sex with her, while flooding his mind with horrific memories from his past. Overwhelmed with guilt, Paul D tries to tell Sethe about it but cannot and instead says he wants her pregnant. Sethe is elated, and Paul D resists Beloved and her influence over him. But, when he tells friends at work about his plans to start a new family, they react fearfully. Stamp Paid reveals the reason for the community's rejection of Sethe. When Paul D asks Sethe about it, she tells him what happened. After escaping from Sweet Home and making it to her mother-in-law's home where her children were waiting, Sethe was found by her master, who attempted to reclaim Sethe and her children. Sethe grabbed her children, ran into the tool shed and tried to kill them all, succeeding only with her oldest daughter. Sethe explains to Paul D, saying she was "trying to put my babies where they would be safe." The revelation is too much for him, and he leaves for good. Without Paul D, the sense of reality and time moving forward disappears. Sethe comes to believe that the girl, Beloved, is the daughter she murdered when the girl was only two years old; her tombstone reads only "Beloved". Sethe begins to spend carelessly and spoil Beloved out of guilt. Beloved becomes angry and more demanding, throwing hellish tantrums when she doesn't get her way. Beloved's presence consumes Sethe's life to the point where she becomes depleted and sacrifices her own need for eating, while Beloved grows bigger and bigger. In the climax of the novel, Denver, the youngest daughter, reaches out and searches for help from the black community. People arrive at 124 to exorcise Beloved. While Sethe is confused and has a "rememory" of her master coming again, Beloved disappears. At the outset, the reader is caused to assume that Beloved is a supernatural, incarnate form of Sethe's murdered daughter. Later, Stamp Paid reveals the story of "a girl locked up by a white man over by Deer Creek. Found him dead last summer and the girl gone. Maybe that's her". Both are possible by the text. Beloved sings a song known only to Sethe and her children; elsewhere, she speaks of Sethe's earrings without having seen them. The maternal bonds between Sethe and her children inhibit her own individuation and prevent the development of her self. Sethe develops a dangerous maternal passion that results in the murder of one daughter, her own “best self,” and the estrangement of the surviving daughter from the black community, both in an attempt to salvage her “fantasy of the future,” her children, from a life in slavery. However, Sethe fails to recognize her daughter Denver’s need for interaction with this community in order to enter into womanhood. Denver finally succeeds at the end of the novel in establishing her own self and embarking on her individuation with the help of Beloved. Contrary to Denver, Sethe only becomes individuated after Beloved’s exorcism, at which point Sethe can fully accept the first relationship that is completely “for her,” her relationship with Paul D. This relationship relieves Sethe from the ensuing destruction of herself that resulted from the maternal bonds controlling her life. Beloved and Sethe are both very much emotionally impaired as a result of Sethe’s previous enslavement. Slavery creates a situation where a mother is separated from her child, which has devastating consequences for both parties. Often, mothers do not know themselves to be anything except a mother, so when they are unable to provide maternal care for their children, or their children are taken away from them, they feel a lost sense of self. Similarly, when a child is separated from his or her mother, he or she loses the familial identity associated with mother-child relationships. Sethe was never able to see her mother’s true face (because her smile was distorted from having spent too much time “with the bit”) so she wasn’t able to connect with her own mother, and therefore does not know how to connect to her own children, even though she longs to. Furthermore, the earliest need a child has is related to the mother: the baby needs milk from the mother. Sethe is traumatized by the experience of having her milk stolen because it means she cannot form the symbolic bond between herself and her daughter. Because of the experiences of slavery, most slaves repressed these memories in an attempt to forget the past. This repression and dissociation from the past causes a fragmentation of the self and a loss of true identity. Sethe, Paul D. and Denver all experience this loss of self, which could only be remedied by the acceptance of the past and the memory of their original identities. Beloved serves to remind these characters of their repressed memories, eventually causing the reintegration of their selves. Slavery splits a person into a fragmented figure. The identity, consisting of painful memories and unspeakable past, denied and kept at bay, becomes a ‘self that is no self.’ To heal and humanise, one must constitute it in a language, reorganize the painful events and retell the painful memories. As a result of suffering, the ‘self’, subject to a violent practice of making and unmaking, once acknowledged by an audience becomes real. Sethe, Paul D, and Baby Suggs who all fall short of such realization, are unable to ‘remake’ their ‘selves’ by trying to keep their pasts at bay. The 'self' is located in a word, defined by others. The power lies in the audience, or more precisely, in the word - once the word changes, so does the identity. All of the characters in Beloved face the challenge of an unmade 'self', composed of their 'rememories' and defined by perceptions and language. The barrier that keeps them from 'remaking' of the 'self' is the desire for an 'uncomplicated past' and the fear that remembering will lead them to 'a place they couldn't get back from'. Beloved received the Frederic G. Melcher Book Award, which is named for an editor of Publishers Weekly. In accepting the award on October 12, 1988, Morrison observed that “there is no suitable memorial or plaque or wreath or wall or park or skyscraper lobby” honoring the memory of the human beings forced into slavery and brought to the United States. “There’s no small bench by the road,” she continued. “And because such a place doesn’t exist (that I know of), the book had to.” Inspired by her remarks, the Toni Morrison Society has now begun to install benches at significant sites in the history of slavery in America. The New York Times reported July 28, 2008, that the first “bench by the road” was dedicated July 26 on Sullivan's Island, South Carolina, which served as the place of entry for approximately 40 percent of the enslaved Africans brought to the United States. Contenu de sensagent dictionnaire et traducteur pour sites web Une fenêtre (pop-into) d'information (contenu principal de Sensagent) est invoquée un double-clic sur n'importe quel mot de votre page web. LA fenêtre fournit des explications et des traductions contextuelles, c'est-à-dire sans obliger votre visiteur à quitter votre page web ! Solution commerce électronique Augmenter le contenu de votre site Ajouter de nouveaux contenus Add à votre site depuis Sensagent par XML. Parcourir les produits et les annonces Obtenir des informations en XML pour filtrer le meilleur contenu. Indexer des images et définir des méta-données Fixer la signification de chaque méta-donnée (multilingue). Renseignements suite à un email de description de votre projet. Jeux de lettres Lettris est un jeu de lettres gravitationnelles proche de Tetris. Chaque lettre qui apparaît descend ; il faut placer les lettres de telle manière que des mots se forment (gauche, droit, haut et bas) et que de la place soit libérée. Il s'agit en 3 minutes de trouver le plus grand nombre de mots possibles de trois lettres et plus dans une grille de 16 lettres. Il est aussi possible de jouer avec la grille de 25 cases. Les lettres doivent être adjacentes et les mots les plus longs sont les meilleurs. Participer au concours et enregistrer votre nom dans la liste de meilleurs joueurs ! Jouer Dictionnaire de la langue française La plupart des définitions du français sont proposées par SenseGates et comportent un approfondissement avec Littré et plusieurs auteurs techniques spécialisés. Le dictionnaire des synonymes est surtout dérivé du dictionnaire intégral (TID). L'encyclopédie française bénéficie de la licence Wikipedia (GNU). Changer la langue cible pour obtenir des traductions. Astuce: parcourir les champs sémantiques du dictionnaire analogique en plusieurs langues pour mieux apprendre avec sensagent. calculé en 0,047s

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Pastured Poultry System Comparisons Originally published in APPPA Grit Issue 19 (Spring 2002) by Kip Glass. [The community continues to debate the merits of daily moved and day-ranged pastured poultry systems. However, a majority of producers opt for daily moved shelters for broilers for even manure distribution and protection from predators. Day range systems work well with frequent rotations for hens and turkeys, but may require additional predator protection. Your individual results and needs may vary; however, any pastured poultry system should incorporate frequent rotations to fresh, green forage.] A major debate in the pastured poultry industry is whether the moveable pen or the day ranging system is better. I decided to do a study to compare the two systems to help fuel debate. Under a Missouri Sustainable Agriculture grant, research was done in the spring and fall months of 2001. The situations we wanted to compare between the two systems were: Let me begin with a description of what the two production models are. Moveable pen is where the birds are enclosed in a floorless structure and not allowed to range from it to forage. The only forage is what is available underneath them in the pen. Food and water is placed in the pen where it is constantly available to them. The pen is moved once or twice daily to allow the birds more forage and for better manure dispersal. Day range pen is where a semi-permanent shelter with bedding houses the birds, but the birds are let out to range. An electrified netting, rotated on a regular basis, contains the birds in different paddocks around this shelter. The netting protects against ground predators. Water and food is supplied to the birds in the paddocks and in the shelter. Some of the Parameters followed were: Shelters - shelter size was 12' x 16' with 160 birds stocked into each pen during each production cycle. This allowed an average of 1.2 sq. ft per bird. The moveable pen was moved once a day until the birds reached 5 weeks of age and then twice a day until the seventh week. Half the birds (80) were harvested at 7 weeks in each shelter. The moveable pen was then moved only once a day because of low pasture impact. The Day Range pen had a door on each end, and the electrified netting was rotated around four different quadrants of the five week cycle of birds. The first quadrant had birds on it for 14 days, second quadrant-10 days, third-8 days, fourth-7 days. The netting was 165 foot long making each quadrant approximately 40' x 40'. Again, half the birds were harvested at 7 weeks of age, the other half at 8 weeks. After the harvest of the last birds the day range shelter is skidded forward to next fresh spot in the pasture to start the next batch. Pasture coverage by the moveable pen, moved on the above schedule, covered 9024 sq. ft. during the 5 weeks, the Day range pen covers 7300 sq. ft per 5 week schedule. Feed - each pen was fed the same pounds of feed each day. The feed mix used was the Fertrell broiler grower formula. Feeders in the day range areas were moved to different locations in the paddocks daily. Water - Moveable pen was supplied with 2 five gallon buckets with attached Plasson bell type waterers. The Day Range pen had a trough float valve waterer in the pasture attached to a 250 gallon water tank with supply line. Because of daytime heat, I incorporated a bell waterer in the shelter attached to a 55 gallon supply barrel. Weather & Field Conditions - two comparisons were run from early spring to early summer, and two were run from late summer to early fall. This was to balance the study over varying pasture and temperature conditions. The pasture was mainly fescue, with thinning brome, numerous broadleaf weeds, and in summer, late fall very thick lezpedeza. Labor (see time chart) As you can see from the chart there is really not significant labor time savings between the moveable pen and day range pen. Actually if the moveable pens are designed thoughtfully and light enough where they are easy to move, then there is no real strenuous labor involved with the moveable pen. With the day range pen, daily chores are easier. All you have to do is let the birds out, feed them, and put them up at night. Moving the electrified netting is very simple and is only done four times during each batch. Skidding the heavy shelter is not as time consuming, but it takes mechanical or animal means to do it. The more labor intensive part is the hauling in and out of the bedding. If you don't save it, you have to spread it on the pasture either by hand or mechanically. And if you save it to use for compost, you have to haul it away. Of course, there is a great value in the compost, especially if you have a market garden or other use for it. With the moveable pen there is a quicker turn around time of restocking the birds after the last harvest. Just move the shelter forward one spot, throw in feed and water and add the birds. In comparing the labor, I think the main perception is that there are a lot of days in the day range where we don't really do a lot, and it makes the days in which we have to do the hard work not seem so bad. More on the labor issue in the closing statements. Feed and water issues With the day range, watering is a lot easier using a large supply tank and automatic waterers. You only have to fill the main supply tank a few times each batch. With the moveable pen this could be done but would be a little more difficult as the pens are moving all the time and the supply lines would be snagging on the grass etc. But it would be doable. We elected in this study to use buckets that have to be filled every day as most people that use moveable pens do it this manner. One major issue with water in the day range group is you have to have water in the shelter during the hot days, as the birds will not even venture 3 feet out of the shelter into the sun to drink. They would rather perish in the shade then go outside to drink. As far as feed, the birds in the moveable pen consume their feed a lot quicker and I'm sure they would have eaten a lot more, in a shorter time span, if they have the feed in front of them at all times. With the day range pen if it is hot and sunny out, they will not go out very often to eat and would eat only in the mornings and then wait to the end of the day to eat as it got cooler. I'm sure this limited their total consumption, but this could be remedied by putting feeders inside. As far as the birds condition, the moveable pen birds were a little more soiled as part of the day they are in their own manure. The day range birds were noticeably cleaner. If it rained, the moveable pen could get pretty wet if water ran under the pens and soaked the birds. This can be a major problem during extended rainy spells. Aesthetically the birds roaming in the grass just looked happier and anyone else that saw the two models made that comment too. Even though the moveable pen covered more total area during each batch, effect on the pasture was significantly more noticeable. Even though in the day range pen we moved the feeders around everyday, manure dispersal was very sporadic. Since the birds spend most of the hot day and all night in the shelter, I would estimate that more than 50% of the total manure produced goes into the bedding. With the moveable pen the pasture is more evenly coated with manure. One negative factor of the day range shelter sitting 5 weeks in one spot, there is an area of pasture killed where it sat. A majority of my mortality problems, I feel, are because of my brooding facility. My conditions are too cramped, and the light level is lower than I would like. This I think has led to more than normal leg problems which I will correct next year. There really weren't any noticeable problems except for batch one. The moveable pen birds got pretty wet one chilly night and that led to later ascites problems. Hawks were a small problem for batch three, but not that bad. I know a lot of other pastured poultry producers have significant hawk problems. This is an area that needs to be addressed for many. The addition of a floor in the day range pen added a large amount to the cost of the day range pens. Also, the use of netting added over $150 to the day range cost per pen. These two factors, of course, can be amortized over several batches for several years. My bedding source was free, but in most areas that is another expense. Weight Comparisons (see chart) For the most part the day range pen lagged behind the moveable pen in weights. Batch two I can't explain why they were so close in weight. Batch three, I harvested 2/3 of the birds in the moveable pen at the seventh week because they were cockerels and would have been too big by the eighth week. This skewed the results for that batch and would have made a larger total weight for the moveable pen. I think batch four moveable pen weights were lighter because of cooler temperatures. These birds had to lie on the cool ground using up more of their feed to produce heat energy thus the lighter weights. I think that the larger weight difference between the moveable pen and the day range pen can be attributed to the feed being right in front of the birds at all times in the moveable pens. The birds in moveable pens could have consumed a lot more feed and probably reached their market weight a lot quicker if I would have given them more feed than the day range. That would be another good study to do. As with any extensive study, I guess these results bring up more questions. I think the Pastured Poultry industry needs to do more comparisons, look at more possible models. There are really good factors of each production model that I wish could be incorporated into another study. Every individual needs to assess the good and bad points of each system, and see how well it will fit into their situation of production. Maybe for those who raise under 1000 birds a year the moveable pen is more feasible, but above 1000 the day range system might be better. Do some number crunching and see if that 1/3 of a pound lighter weight will affect you very much with all your fixed costs. Let's all do some creative thinking and research and strive to improve the Pastured Poultry industry. Receive Free PDF Issue of APPPA Grit Newsletter APPPA publishes a weekly newsletter to bring tips, news, and thoughtful commentary about pastured poultry to your inbox. Subscribe and receive a free issue of our bi-monthly trade newsletter, APPPA Grit. We mail APPPA Grit to all paid members bi-monthly. Membership At a Glance We want to empower consumers to buy real pastured poultry. Become an informed consumer and get exactly what you expect.

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Mali is a net importer of petroleum products. Its energy situation is characterised by the predominance of biomass (87 %) in meeting the needs of households for cooking, and by a very low level of electrification (16 %). Access to Electricity (% of households) 2001: 9%(32% urb.); 2007: 17%.(51% urb.) Extreme poverty denies access to modern energy services to much of the population. The energy supply in Mali is very low. The newest official energy balance available shows that only 2,929 ktoe were consumed in 2000. Thereof 85 % are used as traditional sources (e.g. firewood), 14% are oil and petrol products and the electricity consumption only accounts 1% of the total energy consumption. Mali has an relatively high potential for hydropower. It is estimated in 1,000 MW with an average annual production of 5,000 GWh. But just one quarter of the potential is used. Despite changing temperatures and migrating rainfall patterns, Mali appears well placed to increase the resilience of its hydro and renewable energy systems. Plans for optimised operation of hydro plants under projected flow regimes are in place and siting maps that detail projected changes in windspeed, floodplains, and areas impacted by sea level rise exist. There are three big hydropower stations: - Centrale hydroélectrique de Sélingué with an installed capacity of 46.24MW (Kaplan-turbine) - Centrale hydroélectrique de Sotuba (Kaplan-turbine) - Centrale hydroélectrique de Félou with 680kW (Francis-turbine) - Centrale hydroélectrique de Manantali with 200MW Beside these two bigger thermal power plants exist: - Centrale thermique de Dar Salam with 36.52MW - Centrale thermique de Balingué with 23.75MW Projects for building of solar thermal plants with a capacity of more than 100 MW are being prepared although climate proofing these installations is not yet considered. Given biomass’s central role in Mali’s energy mix, more work needs to be done on researching and developing drought resistant crops. The development of alternative fuels from biomass residues would help to off-set household energy vulnerability, particularly in rural areas. The off-grid electricity supply is mainly garanteed by small diesel generators (with a capacity between 80kW to 1,220 kW). Energy Demand and Supply in the Household Sector Households (mostly rural poor) consume 86 % of Mali’s energy, (road) transport 10 %, industry (mainly mining) 3 % and agriculture 1 % (2003 figures). 80 % of total energy consumption is based on firewood and charcoal (increasing by 3 % and 10 % annually, respectively). Oil products account for 16 % (annual increase 10 %), placing a heavy financial burden on the national economy which is wholly dependent on oil imports. Mali´s Electricity Supply (1980-2006) Electricity accounts for only 3 % of Mali’s energy consumption and less than 20 % of the total population are connected to the national grid. Mali's power grid covers only a few urban areas, leaving more than 97 % of the rural population without access to electricity. However, only fractions of Mali’s huge renewable power generating potential (hydro, solar) are exploited. In recent years, the necessity of tapping these resources for rural electrification was clearly identified. The total electricity generation in 2006 was about 505 GWh and the installed capacity was 280 MW. Since 1980 the consumption increased constantly, while the installed capacity of all plants remained at the same level in the 1980s and 1990s. Recently at the beginning of the new century the pattern changed and new production facilities were build (see graph). EDM, the state energy utility, is expected to reach only 60 urban locations through the national grid. More than 97% of the rural population live without access to electricity. A very small number of households uses automotive batteries for lighting, TV and radio. Their supply is hardly possible and to recharge them long journeys (up to 120 km) to the capital of Bamako or regional and district centres are needed. In addition, the quality of charge is often deplorable. Length of Domestic Transmission and Distribution Lines 4436 km, Transnational Lines 600 km. Number and Length of Power Cuts -Number of cuts: 2006 = 56; 2007 =49 -Duration of cuts: 2006 = 35 hours; 2007 = 19 hours -Number of cuts scheduled for works 2006 = 15; 2007 = 19 - Number of cuts 2006 = 1251; 2007 = 1134 Institutional Set Up and Actors in the Energy Sector Public Institutions and Actors The Ministry for Mines, Energy and Water (MMEE) is one of the biggest and most important ministries in Mali. The MMEE is responsible for policy formulation, promotion, coordination, monitoring and evaluation. It is structured into three national directorates: AMADER is the Malian Agency for rural electrification and household energy. Therefore AMADER is one of the most immportant partner organisations for EnDev. The main task are described as follows: - Acceleration of the use of modern energy in rural and periurban areas. - Promotion of community-based forest management - Support the reform of the energy sector and related institutions Centre National d’Energie Solaire et des Energies Renouvelables (CNESOLER) The CREE is the regulation authority of the water and electricity sector. The main responsibilities are: - Assistance in the development of sector strategies - Control of tenders and grant of concessions - Approbation and control of tariffs Non Governmental Service Providers for Rural Areas in the Field of Energy Commercial Service Providers The EEM is a local branch of the South African Eskom SA. Is is responsible for the operation of the Manantali hydroelectric power plant at the Malian-Senegalese-Mauritanian border. The installed capacity is 200 MW. Société Energie du Mali (EDM-SA) The former state-owned EDM was privatized in 2000 and is now owned by the SAUR-IPS group (60 %), while 40 % of the shares remain with the state. EDM is the only concessionaire for the public electricity supply. Beside the grid-system there are 21 isolated production centres with an installed capacity of 38.4 MW. In 2006 these systems produced 101 million kWh. GTZ-Publication: Les Associations des Institutions de Microfinance Poverty Reduction Strategy The Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper (PRSP) was adopted by the previous Government in May 2002 and then reconfirmed by the new Government (GoM) in October 2002. The paper names three main as well as one pre-requisite pillar as follows: - Pre-Requisite Pillar: Accelerated and Re-Distributive Growth - Pillar 1: Promote institutional development while improving governance and participation. - Pillar 2: Develop human resources and improve access to quality basic services. - Pillar 3: Develop basic infrastructure and productive sectors. Land ownership and participation Land rights issues are linked to the national decentralised process that has been ongoing for several years. Eight laws cover the creation of municipalities one of which is the development of local government regulations and codes. In principle, rural populations will be able to (and will have to) manage their assets and ensure open land access. The general energy strategy of Mali focuses on the development of local resources such as hydropower and solar energy in order to reduce petroleum imports. In 1999, the Government of Mali (GoM) issued a policy letter with the following goals: - sector liberalisation, allowing initiatives from communities and the private sector; - institutional reforms to orient the State’s responsibility to activities of strategic and regulatory nature; - valorisation of national energy resources (renewable energy, hydroelectricity); - protection of forestry resources through sustainable exploitation benefiting rural populations; - pursuing petroleum research. The goal is improved sector efficiency, a withdrawal of the public sector from operations, and to extend service coverage. The three objectives of the National Energy Policy regarding renewable energy are: - Promotion of RE. The percentage of electricity generated by RE shall reach 6 % in 2010 and 10 % in 2015 (it was less than 1 % in 2004) - Search for financing mechanisms adapted to RE-technologies. - Ensure a sustainable setting for RE-technologies The GoM has restructured the sector by adopting a new Electricity Law and its implementation texts, which ends EDM’s monopoly and has opened the sector to competition, under a regime of transparent regulation by an independent agency. Reform processes and institutions need to be strengthened to foster a lasting competitive business environment attractive to private investors and operators. The imperative to provide energy services to the poor calls for a spectrum of energy services, innovative service delivery mechanisms, with participation by communities, NGOs and the private sector. Key Problems Hampering Access to Modern Energy Services in Rural Areas Obstacles for Grid Based Rural Electrification The existing national electrification policies are not yet ready to close the existing energy gap: EDM, the state energy utility, is expected to reach only 60 urban locations through the national grid. Mali's Agency for Domestic Energy and Rural Electrification (AMADER), whose rural electrification strategy focuses on the creation of a private sector in which public/private partnerships on a local level should take a lead role in the rural electrification process, seems to be completely surpassed by the task to provide the off-grid majority of over 700 rural communes (11.000 villages) with access to electricity. Both central state institutions have neither the capacity nor the resources to achieve their national goal. Most remote rural areas will not be targeted and even if there are no local capacities available who could implement the ambitious programmes. They also insufficiently interlink electricity provision with decentralisation politics and; fail to involve the local municipalities in planning and running the energy facilities which is crucially important to ensure their long-term sustainability. Without tapping this potential of participatory communal development, the national goal of reaching 12 % rural electrification rate by 2012 and 55 % by 2015 will be out of reach. The key problems for the grid-based electrification are: - The incoherence and imprecision of the EDM´s electricity concession´s contract - The non-execution of investment programmes by EDM - The low efficiency and high losses in EDM´s electric system - The high tariffs for rural consumers Obstacles for Off Grid Energy Technologies and Services There are some key problems for the off-grid electrification as well: - The absence of a coherence strategy for rural electrification - The absence of appropriate finance mechanisms and institutions - The lack of qualified technicians for customer service - The lack of local production/assembly capacity

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The Rocks is a ‘relic of a vanished underworld of convict days’.1 Brian Penton, Landtakers: The Story of an Epoch (1934) via Project Gutenberg When the First Fleet arrived in 1788 the area was named The Rocks by convicts who made homes here after their gruelling eight-month voyage to Australia. As the governor and his respectable entourage settled on the eastern shores of Circular Quay, those of ill repute set up thatched houses and businesses in The Rocks, and it very quickly became known as the convicts’ side of town. Now, over 200 years later, we ventured over the same well trodden pathways made many moons ago and find ourselves in one of the city’s oldest pubs. Though you may take it for granted, it is worth noting – The Rocks of today is squeaky clean. Its brightly lit alleys and streets are peppered with tourist traps and boutique restaurants. But back in 1886, this area was entirely different. [Images below courtesy of State Records NSW and State Library of Victoria] If you were to walk the streets of The Rocks back then, the stench of cured fish and other meats might have met your nostrils, along with stale tobacco, garbage and sewerage. The sounds of horses hooves, sweeping brooms and street hawkers would have filled the air as you meandered dusty unsealed roads, and the buildings and houses would have been a grimy prospect. There were no tourist traps, there were specialty shops like butcher shops, furniture stores and tailors. The dilapidated houses were lined with washing and many of the photographs of the day depict the children of The Rocks, some barefoot, curious faces peering through the glass plate negatives. There were no fancy restaurants, there were Chinese cook-shops and rowdy pubs, one of them being the place in which we all stand, the Hero of Waterloo. Legend has it that secret tunnels led from some of these disorderly public houses, including this one, all the way to the harbour. It is believed that they were used to smuggle rum and drag unsuspecting, drunken sailors to Circular Quay, so they could be put to work on the giant sail ships anchored below. The tales tell of how these poor victims would find themselves drunk at the bar before falling asleep and being dropped through a trapdoor into the cellar, where they were then dragged through the tunnel to the Quay. In The Order: 1886, the dingy streets of Victorian London feature throughout the game and in particular, there is a focus on London’s most notorious slum area. East London, often called “darkest London”, is depicted as it would have appeared during the late 1800s, covered by a blanket of fog and dimly lit by gas lamps. Contemporary descriptions paint a morbid picture, one describes Brick Lane as: Black and noisome, the road sticky with slime…Dark, silent, uneasy shadows passing and crossing – human vermin in this reeking sink, like goblin exhalations from all that is noxious around.2’Whitechapel’, The Palace Journal, 24 April 1889, Issue 76 (PDF 14.1MB) Digitised by Queen Mary University of London Library In The Rocks, the nooks and crannies were not unlike those in East London and another infamous West End slum of that time. In fact, one Sydney journalist noted in 1886, the Rocks ‘had a touch of the Seven Dials’.3’The Novelist: Sydney Illustrated‘, 16 October 1886, Australian Town and Country Journal, p. 32 Dilapidated workshops, overcrowded boarding houses, poor drainage and inadequate ventilation led to concerns that the area might encourage the spread of infectious diseases. In 1881, smallpox hit Sydney and it is believed to have originated in a home here in The Rocks, in Lower George Street.4Raelene Allen, ‘Smallpox epidemic 1881’, Dictionary of Sydney, 2008 [Images below courtesy of State Library of Victoria and State Library of NSW] And just as the slum streets in London and The Rocks were crooked, so too were those that dwelled in its darkness. The wealthy saw it as a degenerate backwater plagued by crime, ruffians, pickpockets, brothels and opium and gambling dens. Indeed, one Sydney Morning Herald article later took note of the various nationalities, and crimes, represented in the busy portside area, There were ‘scores of Chinese seamen’, ‘Poachers from England’, ‘Fenians from Erin’ and ‘cutpurses from the Strand and Cheapside’.5‘The ‘Rocks’ Of Romance’, 3 December 1949, The Sydney Morning Herald, p. 7 One lane, now known as Suez Canal (allegedly a pun on ‘sewers’), was one of the most unsavoury parts of the precinct. During the late 19th century in London, there was civil unrest due to rising unemployment and poor working conditions. An estimated 30% of London’s population were living below the poverty line, many of them crowded in the slums of East London. By this time, Whitechapel had become overcrowded and was considered a hotbed of crime and prostitution. Featured as a key location in The Order, many of the poorest families of Whitechapel lived in single-room accommodation, without sanitation and proper ventilation. It became the scene of a series of horrific murders in 1888, when the now infamous Jack the Ripper terrified Londoners with his brutality. Left wing organisations began organising public meetings and demonstrations. In February 1886, there was a major riot in Central London. The day became known as Black Monday as 10,000 protestors made their way to Hyde Park and violence and destruction ensued throughout the West End. In The Order, we see a new threat emerging through the shadows. Nicknamed the East End Army, these rebels assist the Half-Breeds in their war against the knights of The Order. Back to The Rocks, we had rebellious gangs of our own. Like the rising discord among the lower classes depicted in The Order, these Sydney gangs are thought to have arisen out of defiance against the social conventions imposed them. These characters were nicknamed ‘larrikins’ and though the word has positive connotations today, back in the 19th century, it was an insulting and derogatory label. These hooligans were tough and defiant with a distinct Cockney influence, connecting with East End culture. They formed ‘pushes’ or gangs, like the Straw Hat Push, the Forty Thieves, the Argyle Cut Push and many more.6See Melissa Bellanta, ‘Captain of the Push, and other embroideries’, 23 April 2010 They would wear bell-bottomed pants, neckerchiefs, wide-brimmed hats, short coats and high-heeled boots. Other than engaging in territorial warfare, they would assault police and pedestrians who walked through the area and would use their female companions to lure drunks and sailors into dark areas before robbing them. The poet Henry Lawson dramatically wrote his own description of one of the areas most famous gangs, the Rocks Push, echoing the supernatural, dark themes of The Order. He noted: As the night was falling slowly down on the city, town and bush, From a slum in Jones’ Alley sloped the Captain of the Push… Then his whistle, loud and shrill, woke the echoes of the ‘Rocks’, And a dozen ghouls came sloping round the corners of the blocks.7Henry Lawson, ‘The Captain of the Push’, via Australian Poetry Library Like in London, civil disturbances also occurred in Sydney during this period. In 1878, Chinese traders petitioned the government to protect them from the larrikin gangs.8Shirley Fitzgerald, ‘Chinese’, Dictionary of Sydney, 2008 This anti-Chinese behaviour was associated with trade union meetings which opposed immigration and openly advocated the use of violence. Later that year, public rallies were held and just like in London, they started in Hyde Park. Protestors marched on Parliament House and a different group numbering around 2,000 headed up Pitt Street to Dalley Street, just on the border of The Rocks where the mob attempted to torch a Chinese furniture shop. Though the late 19th century was a time for civil unrest, it was also a time of technological advancement and rapid industrialisation. A key figure during this time and a major character in The Order, is the Serbian American inventor Nikola Tesla. A true visionary and man of science, Tesla’s prolific career is evident even today. He registered more than 700 patents, including the laser beam, wireless communications and remote controlled vehicles. In the game, he assists the Order in their battle by inventing a range of sophisticated weaponry. And it turns out, Australia had its own developments on this front. Louis Brennan was an Irish-born Australian mechanical engineer and inventor. At just 22 years old, Brennan invented the underwater torpedo for coastal defence.9Mary Sandow, ‘Brennan, Louis (1852–1932)’, Australian Dictionary of Biography, National Centre of Biography, Australian National University, published first in hardcopy 1969 The torpedo was the first practical guided missile, and was propelled by counter-rotating screws driven by the unwinding of two steel wires from internal drums. It was steered by the differential action of the two wires which were wound on to drums on shore or on a ship with a steam engine. He patented his torpedo in England in 1877. Within three years, the British government invited Brennan to England to work on furthering his invention, perhaps not surprisingly, with the War Office. In 1887, Brennan was awarded £110,000 as the government argued that his torpedo was significant to the future of weapons technology, and that parts of the torpedo must be kept secret from other countries. You might also be surprised to know, the airships featured in The Order have Australian origins. In 1813 in Bombay, India a naval surgeon from London fought in a duel against his shipmate. After fatally wounding his comrade, the naval surgeon was tried for murder and found guilty. He was granted clemency and transported to Australia as punishment. The convict’s name was William Bland, and he reached the asylum at Castle Hill in Sydney in 1814.10John Cobley, ‘Bland, William (1789–1868)’, Australian Dictionary of Biography, National Centre of Biography, Australian National University, published first in hardcopy 1966 Although he was freed the following year, he was sent back to prison again, this time to Parramatta Gaol, found guilty of libel against the Governor of New South Wales, Lachlan Macquarie. Yet despite his two convictions, Bland went on to establish a private practice, pursue a career in politics and become a prominent philanthropist. And, in 1851, he designed what he called the “Atomic Ship”. Widely considered a precursor to the Zeppelin airship, which appears in The Order, Bland’s drawings included a balloon filled with hydrogen, set in motion by four screw propellors powered by steam. He believed it would reach speeds of up to 80 miles per hour and cut the trip between England and Australia from 2-3 months to 4 or 5 days! He presented a model of his design at the Crystal Palace exhibition in London.11‘Bland’s Atomic Ship’ at State Library of NSW Although his designs never came to fruition, they added to the excitement of the era of rapid change. The very idea that people could be lifted from the ground to fly and return safely was one of the many concepts that epitomised the industrial age and captured the public imagination. References [ + ] |1.||↑||Brian Penton, Landtakers: The Story of an Epoch (1934) via Project Gutenberg| |2.||↑||’Whitechapel’, The Palace Journal, 24 April 1889, Issue 76 (PDF 14.1MB) Digitised by Queen Mary University of London Library| |3.||↑||’The Novelist: Sydney Illustrated‘, 16 October 1886, Australian Town and Country Journal, p. 32| |4.||↑||Raelene Allen, ‘Smallpox epidemic 1881’, Dictionary of Sydney, 2008| |5.||↑||‘The ‘Rocks’ Of Romance’, 3 December 1949, The Sydney Morning Herald, p. 7| |6.||↑||See Melissa Bellanta, ‘Captain of the Push, and other embroideries’, 23 April 2010| |7.||↑||Henry Lawson, ‘The Captain of the Push’, via Australian Poetry Library| |8.||↑||Shirley Fitzgerald, ‘Chinese’, Dictionary of Sydney, 2008| |9.||↑||Mary Sandow, ‘Brennan, Louis (1852–1932)’, Australian Dictionary of Biography, National Centre of Biography, Australian National University, published first in hardcopy 1969| |10.||↑||John Cobley, ‘Bland, William (1789–1868)’, Australian Dictionary of Biography, National Centre of Biography, Australian National University, published first in hardcopy 1966| |11.||↑||‘Bland’s Atomic Ship’ at State Library of NSW|

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by Martha Magenta, exclusive for infoholix.net In my first article about depression, ‘Is There A Cure For Depression’, I showed that conventional medicine labels symptoms of depression as a ‘syndrome’ or ‘disorder’ for the convenience of prescribing chemical medications. I demonstrated that prescribed chemical antidepressants do not cure depression, have dangerous and sometimes fatal side effects, and have more commercial than health benefits. I concluded that therapies most likely to be successful in curing depression are holistic therapies. Research updates will focus on evidence of the efficacy of complementary and alternative (CAM) therapies in depression. This article reviews the encouraging results so far and compares them with recent developments of allopathic medicine in its attempts to find a cure for depression. The main feature of this article is an interview with the hypnotherapist Dr Frank Lea, which includes an example of his success in curing depression, using non-invasive, drug-free therapy, which respects the whole person. Encouraging research results Although our research is still in the early stages, it already shows that there is a variety of successful treatment options that can replace the $20 billion-dollar-a-year antidepressant industry.1 Some examples of therapies successful in curing depression are hypnotherapy, spiritual healing, traditional Chinese medicine and thought field therapy, to name a few. What drugs cannot accomplish in years, CAM therapies can achieve in hours. We warmly thank all those who have contributed so far and welcome more to contribute to the ongoing research. Developments in allopathic medical science While CAM has been effective for centuries in curing depression, allopathic medical science has recently invested its resources in experimental brain surgery as a solution to depression. In a Sixty Minutes video ‘Battling Depression’, Lesley Stahl interviewed patients with long-term depression that conventional methods failed to cure, who agreed to participate in the experiment as a last resort. The operation involves the insertion of a pacemaker in the patients’ chest. The pacemaker provides shock stimulus to ‘area 25’ of the brain via wires through blood vessels to electrodes implanted in the brain.2 After six months of shock stimulus, the two participants interviewed showed improvements in symptoms. However, the procedure did not constitute a cure, as none of the patients could turn off the stimulator without the depression returning. If the same mildly ‘positive results’ are reproduced in a large-scale clinical trial this year, the implantation of electrodes will create a multi billion dollar a year industry. The risks associated with the surgery are stroke, infection and unknown long-term effects. There is a clear conflict of interests since there is no evidence that the results were not due to placebo effect, yet any positive results will be used to justify profits before cure. Interview with Dr Frank Lea Profile – Introducing Dr Lea: Dr. Frank W. Lea, DD, Dip. NLP (Master Prac.), RPHH, DCMT, APHP, POSH, DASH. Developer of ‘Creative Mindpower Techniques’, Professional trainer in Advanced Hypnotherapy, Neuro-Linguistic Programming (NLP) and Stage hypnotism, Business Consultant and trainer in Conflict Management, Mediating, Stress Management, Personal and Performance Development and Life Coach. Registered Practitioner of Clinical and Holistic Hypnotherapy. A Founder Member of the Hypnotherapy Practitioners Association, Patron and Chief Advisor to the Institute of Hypnotherapy and Energy Sciences (India) and the Indian Hypnosis Association, Advanced Practitioner of Freeway-CER, Registered with the NHS and BUPA, holds Diplomas in Hypnotherapy & Psychotherapy and Advanced Stage Hypnotism, Certificates in Counselling Skills and Advanced Psycho-Sexual Therapy, Appointed Therapist for National Phobics Society and Smokebusters.3 Martha: Have you heard about brain surgery as a treatment for depression and what do you think of it? Dr. Lea: Yes, I know even nowadays occasional surgery is carried out whereby they destroy part of the brain with electrical shock. My opinion is that this is utterly stupid, almost pre-historic. To destroy part of the brain has to cause further problems and is obviously stupid and dangerous. Even though using my techniques it is possible to completely remove a memory (some therapists try making a client forget they smoked, for instance), I believe that everything is interconnected and it is unwise to interfere with any part of the memory or brain. Martha: Do you agree with the medical classification of three types of depression: ‘Major’, ‘Dysthymia’, and ‘Bi-polar Disorder’, and can you identify other types of depression? Dr. Lea: The medical profession have to label everything, if they can’t label it or put it in a bottle they deny its existence or cannot treat it. Personally I ignore any labels. Clients come to me stating they have been diagnosed with ‘acute’ or ‘manic’ depression. I listen but ignore it because whatever level or depth the so-called depression is it can be helped and the client can be lifted out of it, often in less than one hour. Martha: My research has discovered that definitions of depression as ‘disorder’ or ‘chemical imbalance’ are constructed by pharmaceuticals for the purpose of selling their products. How would you define depression? Dr. Lea: I would agree that ‘labels’ are created by pharmaceuticals and doctors for their convenience, much in the same way as there are hundreds of different phobias listed, yet to me it matters not what the phobia is of, the treatment is pretty much the same. I define depression almost as a self-inflicted habit, the habit of thinking in negative ways, the person’s perception of the world being negative or ‘bad’, even a deep lack of self-esteem or self-worth: “everything is bad”, “there is no hope”, “nothing will ever go right”. When a person thinks like this they actually make these things come true, thus strengthening their negative belief. My approach is to turn all this around and completely change their perception of life and create a truly positive frame of mind. In short, depression is a state of mind and a state of mind can easily be altered. Martha: Evidence shows that medications do not cure depression and cause horrendous side effects. Do you have experience of drug free cure of depression? Dr. Lea: I believe my previous answers show that my techniques make drugs of any kind completely unnecessary, this goes for 99.9% of all human maladies. Martha: Can you briefly explain what hypnotherapy is, and how it works? Dr. Lea: Briefly, hypnotherapy is the use of the natural state of hypnosis, sometimes called trance, which has been known about for at least four hundred years. Hypnosis, named after the Greek god, Hypnos, meaning sleep, occurs naturally in everyone, sometimes as a result of shock, stress, or during a long time of repetitive activity such as reading, driving, etc. It is like being on autopilot. In the state of hypnosis the conscious mind goes to sleep causing the subconscious mind to take over. This allows a person to access the subconscious, which is responsible for all our actions, feelings and emotions. It is the subconscious that causes us to do things we may not really want to do such as smoking, overeating, and developing fears and phobias. It affects our behaviour and so on. When a hypnotist helps a person enter the state of hypnosis and then uses that state to access the subconscious and resolve whatever issues that have been causing the problem, this is known as hypnotherapy. The miraculous effect is that once the causal issue has been dealt with, the habit or problem changes instantly just like changing a program in a computer. The power and ability of the subconscious is awesome and virtually unlimited. Using that power through the state of trance can help people achieve almost anything they want. Martha: I understand it has taken some time to develop your techniques. Can you describe how you combine hypnosis with other techniques such as NLP? Dr Lea: NLP is the art of using words and utilising the natural response to “triggers” that the subconscious uses all the time (a certain smell, sound or tune will trigger a memory for instance, an example being Pavlov’s dog salivating at the sound of a bell). This technique is powerful by itself but when used in conjunction with the state of trance where the imagination and all senses are greatly enhanced it becomes ten times more powerful, thus enabling a good hypnotist to resolve life-long problems in a few minutes. It seems like magic, almost unbelievable, but is very true. I have helped agoraphobics who have not been out in twenty years to be able to go out happily in less than fifteen minutes. Martha: Thank you so much for this information. I find your explanation of hypnotherapy very interesting – it has taught me much that I didn’t know, and also explained some things that have happened in my personal experience. Can you give detailed case histories of clients who were diagnosed and unsuccessfully treated by allopathic medicine? Dr. Lea: Here’s the first one: Depression Case Studies By Dr. Frank Lea, hypnosis, (NLP) and personal development trainer In these studies, which I shall post from time to time, I will name males as Jack and females as Jill, regardless of their real names. Jack came to see me after five years of psychiatric treatment for “manic depression”. He stated that he had attempted suicide three times in that period and that if this session with me did not help he would definitely “do himself in”. The first thing I did was to use hypnosis to completely eliminate any idea of suicide, getting his subconscious to agree that there was plenty to live for and too many people would be saddened if he were to die. Following that I used NLP techniques to discover the origins of the depression, what started the thoughts that he was useless, that life was too complicated and not worth living, etc. Then with a combination of NLP techniques, whilst utilising the immense power of hypnosis allowing Jack to enter the deep recesses of his subconscious, we dealt with those causal factors, eliminating the negative effects and building on the positive things until the causal factors were no longer important and had no negative effects on his mind. After this session Jack reported feeling exceptionally good and was motivated to get up in the mornings and begin to do things such as repairs to his home, cleaning, the garden etc., things which he had previously no interest in whatsoever – in other words he now had goals and an interest in life, which were for the last 5 years non-existent. Because of the seriousness of the original depression I arranged a second session during which we built on his newfound confidence, trust and respect for himself. He remarked that his girlfriend was amazed at the change in him and he could not understand why only an hour or so with me could achieve so much when five years with a psychiatrist only made the problems worse. I explained that this was because psychiatrists need to put a label on things, then followed tried, tested and proven not to work treatments and drugs, whereas I understand that all such problems are created by the mind for various reasons and only the mind knows why and only the mind can change things. Therefore it is only necessary to ask the mind (subconscious) why etc. then get it to agree to make the desired changes, which, provided they are for the benefit of the client, it will do instantly. A few months after this last session Jack contacted me to say he was getting married and they were moving to a new home in Cornwall where he now had a job as a woodcarver and was really looking forward to their new life.4 Depression is curable without drugs, shock or surgery Dr Lea points out on his website that the health service does not realise the many millions of pounds it could save by using skilled professionals such as himself. Evidently more needs to be done to inform the health service and the public that depression is curable without recourse to drugs, ECT or surgery. This update will be followed up with further case studies from Dr Lea and other therapists who have successfully cured depression, using non-invasive methods, without the use of drugs, for clients whom conventional medicine could not help. If you are a CAM therapist with experience of curing any kind of depression and would like to be included in this research, please send in your case histories for publication in subsequent issues. We are particularly interested in patients who have been unsuccessfully treated by primary care but successfully by a CAM therapy. Please mail to: email@example.com © By Martha Magenta 2007. 1 Joshua Kendall, ‘Talking back to Prozac’ Boston Globe, 1 February 2004: http://www.biopsychiatry.com/bigpharma/davidhealy.html 2 Lesley Stahl, ‘Battling Depression’ Nov 29, 2006: http://60minutes.yahoo.com/segment/22/depression 3 Frank W. Lea, ‘Creative Mindpower Techniques’, http://www.creativemindpower.co.uk 4 Frank W. Lea, ‘Creative Mindpower Techniques’, http://www.creativemindpower.co.uk Reprint of web pages are only allowed with explicit permission. Please request our permission by emailing us with a complete description of the intended use.

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A Brief History of Laramie, Wyoming Perched on the southeastern corner of the high Laramie Plains, Laramie, Wyo., has been the site of human activity for more than 10,000 years. Today, the town of about 30,800 is well-known for its nationally ranked university, its proximity to the Medicine Bow Mountains and recreational opportunities, and recognized as the historic place where a woman first cast a vote in a general election. In the early days, American Indians seasonally frequented the area in pursuit of big game. A French-Canadian trapper named Jacques La Ramee, sometimes spelled La Ramie, arrived in the area about 1817,and is thought to have explored the area around the Laramie River in what is now Wyoming. Euro-American settlement commenced in 1862 with the arrival of Ben Holladay’s Overland Stage line. The impending arrival of the Union Pacific Railroad on the Laramie Plains was assured when company surveyor James Evans laid out the general course of the line in 1864. The 1866 construction of Fort Sanders basically ensured settlement would continue in the area. The site of the city itself was not determined until July 1867, when Union Pacific Chief Engineer Grenville Dodge selected the location just north of the fort and located near the Laramie River. The town was apparently named for the river. Dodge had earlier ordered construction of Fort Sanders when he served as the U.S. Army’s commander of the Department of Missouri. In February 1868, railroad surveyors laid out the streets and lot lines of the new town. Settlers, anticipating the arrival of the rails, started coming to the area about the same time. Among them was Edward Ivinson, who would become the most prominent banker and philanthropist in the city’s history. Sale of city lots commenced on April 20, 1868. About the same time an announcement from the railroad’s Vice President and General Manager Thomas Durant ensured the town would have a major Union Pacific presence for the next century. Durant surprised other railroad officials and Cheyenne citizens when he announced that Laramie—not Cheyenne—would be the first location of a major repair depot with machine shops, a large roundhouse and a power plant. As the number of settlers and speculators increased, Laramie citizens determined to elect a provisional government in hopes of curtailing any impending violence. Attorney Melville C. Brown, newly arrived from Cheyenne, was elected mayor on May 2, 1868. On May 4, 1868, men working for the Casement brothers, contractors, laid track into the burgeoning town.The same day, the first locomotive arrived with residents of Cheyenne aboard, checking out the prospects for investment. Contemporary accounts indicate the town soon swelled to more than 3,000 “residents,” many only transient—typical of the end-of-tracks towns that had sprung up as the railroad built west. Rough frontier town In Laramie, violence became endemic, and the provisional government collapsed on June 12, due, as Brown said in his resignation letter, to the “incompetence” of the other elected officials. From that day until mid-October, rowdies controlled the town and trouble increased. Not content to see the town despoiled by the criminals, a vigilance committee was formed. On October 18, three men were lynched and 24 wounded, and the next morning another man was lynched. This put a stop to much of the discord. With the departure of the railroad construction crews after a few months, the town shrank to 800 residents. Viable businesses, however, were established to meet the needs of the remaining railroad workers and the increasing number of area residents employed in cattle and sheep ranching. With the violent faction gone, Laramie settled in the normal rhythms of a frontier town. Women led the way, establishing the first school in 1869. Worldwide prominence came to the town in 1870. Under the authority of Wyoming Territory’s 1869 Suffrage Act, for the first time in the world, six women in March 1870 were selected and served on a formal jury—and suffered considerable public ridicule for doing so. Six months later, on Sept. 6, 1870, a Laramie woman, Louisa Swain, became the first woman in Wyoming to vote in a general election. She was one of 93 women who voted in Laramie that day. Women were also instrumental in bringing several churches to Laramie by 1871. Further normalcy came on Jan. 13, 1874, when Laramie was officially incorporated pursuant to an act passed about a month earlier by the Wyoming Territory Legislative Assembly. A major step forward for the community occurred in 1874 when the Union Pacific announced the construction of a rolling mill on the north side of town. The mill reprocessed worn iron rails into new ones. The plant would eventually employ 300 men. This increased the already large railroad presence, which, according to the 1870 census, employed nearly a third of the 600 men in town. A surge in cattle and sheep businesses bolstered the economy of the new town. Ranches established by Philip Mandel, Thomas Alsop, Charles Hutton, Robert Homer and the Bath brothers necessitated the construction of nearby stockyards so cattle and sheep could be more easily shipped to markets. Later, the stockyards would be expanded, and the railroad would build and operate an ice plant for refrigeration of produce being transported across the country. The Union Pacific’s role in Laramie’s economy would be dominate for nearly a century. Those same ranchers and newcomers like the Willan Sartoris outfit from Great Britain, continued adding value to the livestock industry. Stock raisers relied on Laramie businesses for their needs, helping the town’s economy to grow more. Ranching reached its zenith in the 1880s, but the cattle market collapsed in 1886, dealing a blow to local business. Agriculture would continue to play a role, albeit diminished, in the Laramie economy through the remainder of its history and to the present day. The Trabing brothers, who arrived in Laramie about 1869, opened a sizable commercial enterprise to meet the financial needs of the town residents and local businesses, and soon established stores and a freighting business across large parts of the territory. Banking, necessary for any significant community progress, was guaranteed by Edward Ivinson when he purchased the only bank in town in 1871. He converted the private bank into the federally chartered Wyoming National Bank of Laramie in 1873. Ivinson remained the sole banker in Laramie until a competitor, the Laramie National Bank, opened in 1882. From Laramie’s earliest days, men scoured the mountains east and west of town in search of precious metals. Hoping to strike it rich, many invested substantial sums of money in operations which, unfortunately, showed very meager returns. Attorneys Melville Brown and Stephen Downey were in the forefront of the efforts, each eventually being nearly impoverished by their continuing failures. Downey, however, would play a very important role in the growth of the community. In 1886, while serving in the Territorial Legislative Assembly, he was largely responsible for the creation of the University of Wyoming and its location in Laramie. For these efforts, he earned the title “Father of the University.” University of Wyoming In a deal brokered with legislators from Cheyenne, Laramie gained the university and Cheyenne the permanent location of the soon-to-be state’s capital. The university opened its doors to 40 students in September 1887, marking the beginning of a new chapter in Laramie’s history. For several years from that small beginning, the University of Wyoming struggled financially, and growth of the student body was slow. Creation of the College of Agriculture enabled the university to tap into federal funds related to the Morrill and Hatch Acts, solidifying its finances. Expanded curriculum and faculty led to increasing enrollment with more than 200 students in 1905; 1,200 in 1925 and more than 2,000 in 1940. Rapid growth after World War II, caused by an influx of veterans using the GI Bill, expanded enrollment even more. With the decrease in railroad jobs in Laramie from the mid 1950s on, the University of Wyoming became the largest employer in the city with nearly 3,000 employees currently. Offering hundreds of degree programs ranging from accounting to zoology, and having received designation as a National Collegiate Athletics Association Division 1 sports program, the university provides a well-rounded educational experience for students throughout the world as well as Laramie and Wyoming residents. In 2018, UW enrollment totaled more than 12,000. Laramie’s economy, anchored by the university, is nevertheless, quite varied. Tourism, health care and retail sectors combine to provide as many jobs as the university does. Travelers seeking the recreational opportunities offered by the nearby Medicine Bow National forest both winter and summer use Laramie as a hub. City and non-governmental entities such as the Laramie Area Visitor Center and Laramie Main Street Alliance continue to push for more opportunities to further expand the area’s financial base. More offered for history buffs Laramie also offers more opportunities for the history buff than almost any other community in Wyoming: the Laramie Plains Museum, the Laramie Historic Train Depot; the Wyoming Territorial Prison State Historical Site; UW’s American Heritage Center; UW’s Emmett D. Chisum Special Collections at Coe Library;and the university’s geology, anthropology and art museums. The AHC houses nearly 70,000 cubic feet of historically important documents and artifacts and is among the largest non-governmental archives in the nation. With a staff of more than 20, the AHC serves the general public, researchers, genealogists, university students and students from elementary grades through high school who participate in Wyoming History Day. Local history is commemorated each year with Laramie Jubilee Days. The first celebration was in 1940, and on that occasion, a re-enactment of the 1870 jury was convened, “Miss Equality” was crowned and horse races were run on the west side of town. Held each year in July, the event has expanded to include a multiday rodeo and downtown activities like street dances. In 2018, the celebration will honor Laramie’s 150thanniversary. Additional events and open houses at area museums are among the special festivities planned. - Casement, John and Frances. Papers. Collection Number 00308. American Heritage Center, University of Wyoming - Downey Family Papers, 1866-1997, Collection Number 10555, American Heritage Center, University of Wyoming. - General Laws, Memorials and Resolutions of the Territory of Wyoming: Passed at the First Session of the Legislative Assembly, Convened at Cheyenne, October 12th, 1869. Cheyenne, W. T.: S.A. Bristol, Public Printer, 1870. - General Laws, Memorials and Resolutions of the Territory of Wyoming: Passed at the Second Session of the Legislative Assembly, Convened at Cheyenne November 7th,1871. N.A. Baker, Public Printer, 1872 - Hebard, Grace. Papers. Collection Number 400008. American Heritage Center, University of Wyoming. - House Journal of the Ninth Legislative Assembly of the Territory of Wyoming. Cheyenne, Wyoming: Bristol and Kane, 1886. - University of Wyoming Board of Trustees minutes. Accessed April 28, 2018 at http://www.uwyo.edu/trustees/board-meeting-archives - Wyoming State Library. "Wyoming Newspapers." Accessed April 28, 2018 at http://www.wyonewspapers.org - Albany County Historical Society. Accessed April 28, 2018 https://www.wyoachs.com/. - Bain, David Haward, Empire Express: Building the First Transcontinental Railroad. New York: Viking, 1999 - Beery, Gladys B. The Front Streets of Laramie City. Laramie, Wyo.: Albany Seniors, Inc., 1990 - Brown, Melville C. Wyoming State Archives MSS #319, “History of Albany County, Wyoming.” 1927. - Clough, Wilson Ober. A History of the University of Wyoming 1887-1937. Laramie, Wyo.: Laramie Print. Co., 1937. - Duncan, Mel. The Medicine Bow Mining Camps. Laramie, Wyo.: Jelm Mountain Publications, 1990. - Fleming, Sidny Howell. “Solving the Jigsaw Puzzle: One Suffrage Story at a Time.” Annals of Wyoming 63, no. 1. - Hardy, Deborah. Wyoming University the First 100 Years 1886-1986. Laramie, Wyo.: University of Wyoming. 1985. - Hebard, Grace Raymond. “The Frist Woman Jury.” The Journal of American History VII no. IV (1913): 1293-1341 - Herman, Marguerite. “Albany County, Wyoming.” WyoHistory.org. Accessed April 23, 2018, at https://www.wyohistory.org/encyclopedia/albany-county-wyoming. - Homsher, Lola M. The History of Albany County, Wyoming, to 1880. Lusk, Wyoming: Lusk Herald, 1965. - “Jacques La Ramee.” Wikipedia. Accessed April 23, 2018 at https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_La_Ramee. - “Laramie, Wyoming.” Wikipedia. Accessed April 23, 2018, at https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laramie,_Wyoming. - Lawrence, Amy M. From Fox Hounds to Farming: the History of the Douglas-Willan Sartoris Ranch and the Wyoming Central Land and Improvement Company. Laramie:University of Wyoming, 1995. - Mason, Mary Kay, ed. Laramie—Gem City of the Plains. Dallas, Tex.: Curtis Media Corp., 1987. - “NCAA Division 1.” National Collegiate Athletic Association. Accessed April 23, 2018, at http://www.ncaa.org/about?division=d1. - Thybony, Scott, Robert G. Rosenberg, and Elizabeth Mullett Rosenberg. The Medicine Bows: Wyoming's Mountain Country. Caldwell, Idaho: Caxton Printers, 1985. - Triggs, J.H. History and Directory of the City of Laramie. Laramie WY: Daily Sentinel, 1875 - “University of Wyoming.” U.S. News and World Report. Accessed April 23, 2018, at https://www.usnews.com/best-colleges/university-of-wyoming-3932. - Viner, Kim. Melville C. Brown, Frontier Lawyer and Jurist. Laramie, Wyoming: Kim Viner: 2015. - Viner, Kim. Rediscovering the Ivinsons.Laramie, Wyoming: Kim Viner: 2013. - Viner, Kim, West to Wyoming - The Extraordinary Life and Legacy of Stephen Wheeler Downey. Laramie, Wyoming: Kim Viner: 2018 - The AJ Russell photo of early Laramie rail yards and the photo of Old Main are from the photo library of the U.S. Geological Survey. Used with thanks. - The photo of the Ivinson Museum is from the Laramie Plains Museum. Used with permission and thanks. - The photos of Laramie in the early 1870s, the three big-wheel bicyclists and the tank cars and oil refinery are all from the American Heritage Centerat the University of Wyoming. Used with permission and thanks.

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After O’Connell’s death the revolutionary spirit, which he had opposed resolutely, increased in boldness, strength, and popularity. The French revolution in 1848, by substituting a republic in place of the deposed king Louis Philippe, caused the greatest excitement among Irish revolutionists. Smith O’Brien, the nominal leader of The Young Irelanders, for some time opposed actual rebellion. He differed from many of his impetuous followers. But, though firm, even to obstinacy, he was. more influenced by his colleagues than the steady, self-reliant O’Connell ever was. He proceeded to Paris with Meagher and other leaders to congratulate the new republic and solicit its sympathy, if not aid, in behalf of Irish independence. The French president, M. Lamartine, was a man of peace and moderation. He, like O’Connell, dreaded revolution in his own and every other country, and therefore gave his Irish visitors a most discouraging reception.* He was firmly resolved to oppose Irish disaffection towards England, which had cordially recognised the new French republic. Smith O’Brien before Lamartine presented a curious, interesting historical contrast to the Catholic Viceroy, Tyrconnel, before Louis XIV. in behalf of James the Second, and to Wolfe Tone a century later before General Hoche in behalf of an Irish republic. Yet all three petitioners solicited French aid against England in the name of Ireland. But now, for the first time in history, the French nation, through Lamartine, virtually exhorted the Irish to acknowledge British authority and expect no French assistance against it. The French Communists, however, headed by Blanqui and others, the avowed foes and secret dread of all Catholic clergy, from the Pope to the parish curate, highly disapproved of Lamartine’s words. They showed the greatest sympathy for the cause of Irish revolution. But Lamartine’s reply, evidently sanctioned by the French nation generally, gave thorough satisfaction in England. In the London comic prints he was drawn throwing, literal as well as metaphorical, cold water over the shrinking members of the Irish deputation. Yet, in spite of their disappointment, O’Brien and his friends could not bring themselves to any alliance with Blanqui, Proudhon, and the extreme or “red” republicans, who professed utter atheism. These ’48 leaders were not only more religious than French sympathisers, but more than their rebel predecessors of ’98. They had no idea of “overthrowing the altar with the throne,” the favourite idea of many French republicans, with which Tone in his diary apparently agrees. *”‘The French nation is proud of the many historical recollections which unite them with the Irish people, and it will be always ready to evince that feeling by acts. But as to other encouragements, it is not suitable (convenable) either for us to give or you to receive them. I have said this already in reference to Belgium, to Germany, to Italy. I repeat it with reference to every country which is engaged in disputes with its internal government. When one is not united by blood with a people it is not allowable to intervene in its affairs by the hand. We are at peace, and wish to remain so, with the whole kingdom of Great Britain, and not with a part of it only.’ The Irish deputation withdrew violently chagrined at these words. In the evening, Smith O’Brien and his colleagues were loudly applauded at Blanqui’s Club, the most violent in Paris, where the speech of Lamartine met with unqualified condemnation.”—Alison’s “History of Europe,” Vol. VIII. When O’Brien and his friends returned to Ireland the violence of their speeches and writings against the British government so increased, that he, with Meagher and M’Manus, were arrested, tried, convicted of high treason, and condemned to death, but only transported. Although O’Brien was called the head of the “Young Ireland “party, its chief orator was Thomas Meagher. This young man resembled Robert Emmet in eloquence and Lord Edward Fitzgerald in personal courage; but the latter quality he had no opportunity of displaying in Ireland. His eloquence, however, like that of M’Manus and others, which had so charmed Irish audiences, was manifested to the general public at their trials, and made some impression even upon British readers* Like their ’98 predecessors, these Irish revolutionists appeared at their best during adversity. Like them also, they never had the chance of displaying personal bravery in Ireland. They were, therefore, naturally but erroneously despised by some as merely “men of words.” Their easy arrests without any attempt at rescue or resistance, proved that their apparent, and, to some extent, real popularity, had aroused no vehement, devoted partisans.** Mr. Mitchel, who was transported shortly before the other leaders, was in some respects a more determined man than any of them. As a writer, his violence, amounting to positive ferocity, enraged opponents, and shocked many partisans. His language revealed the fierce energy of Tone, without the same gaiety of spirit. *The Scottish historian, Alison, was evidently surprised at their eloquent devotion to a cause practically unsupported by its adherents. O’Brien said: “I have only done that which, in my opinion, it was the duty of every Irishman to have done. And I am now prepared to abide the consequences.”—The fervent Meagher exclaimed much in the style of Robert Emmet: “With my country I leave my memory, my sentiments, my acts, proudly feeling that they require no vindication from me this day. On this spot, where the shadows of death surround me, and from which I see my early grave in an unconsecrated soil is ready to receive me, even here the hope which beckoned me on to embark upon the perilous sea, upon which I have been wrecked, still consoles, animates, enraptures me. To lift up this isle, to make her a benefactor to humanity instead of being what she is—the meanest beggar in the world—to restore her ancient constitution and her native powers. This has been my ambition, and this has been my crime. Judged thus, the treason of which I have been convicted loses all guilt, has been sanctified as a duty, and will be ennobled as a sacrifice.” Alison observes: “These are noble words, which will speak to the hearts of the right-hearted and the generous of every future age. They only make us the more regret that men actuated by such elevated sentiments should be so far misled.”—” History of Europe,” Vol. VII. **Evidently the ’48 movement, as planned by Smith O’Brien, could not be popular with average revolutionists. “It afterwards appeared that any little chance of carrying on any manner of rebellion was put a stop to by Smith O’Brien’s own resolution, that his rebels must not seize the private property of anyone. He insisted that his rebellion must pay its way, and the funds were soon out.” — McCarthy’s “History of our own Times,” Vol. II. No levity, no freak of fancy, no boasting of drunkenness or wild admiration of French theatres, which make Tone’s diary such a fantastic production, enlivened Mitchel’s bitter compositions.* Whether as a journalist or historian, only hard, vehement earnestness, bitter invective, and vicious personal abuse of the Government officials, flowed from Mitchel’s powerful pen. An eminent living Irish writer remarks that in recent Irish revolts the leaders have been Protestants. Their language, especially Mitchel’s, in reminding Irish Catholics of “Saxon ” oppression, recall Macaulay’s opinion of Walter Scott’s political sympathies. The Liberal historian censures the Tory novelist for in sentiment taking the part of ancestral foes against his own ancestors.** The Irish Catholics had certainly suffered far more from the ancestry of non-Catholic fellow-countrymen than from the British monarchy, against which Irish Protestant leaders roused their fury by the most frantic language. Mitchel especially thought, spoke, and wrote like an Irish chief mortally injured by English rule, whereas, but for it neither his religion nor race would probably have survived in Ireland. Of all the ’48 leaders none used such outrageous language as John Mitchel. Yet his style was attractive and original, owing to its eloquent, fiery earnestness. His intense energy of thought and feeling, his utter fearlessness of the powerful government against which he waged a paper war with a savage hatred unworthy of civilisation, made him the most dangerous of the ’48 leaders.*** In a London comic paper he was represented as a tiny monkey challenging the comtemptuous looking British lion to mortal combat, and exclaiming, “One of us must be put down!” Yet he was evidently more daring in behalf of the Irish people than any of them were for him. He, with the other ’48 chiefs, some personally brave, and mostly men of talent and attractive eloquence, were as easily arrested as a few pickpockets, without a blow struck or shot fired in their defence. No rescue either was attempted in their behalf. At their trials they were loudly cheered by excited mobs, and warmly praised in some local papers, but no one ventured life or limb for them. They were publicly sympathised with and publicly punished, but the idea of rescue or defence seems never to have occurred to their noisy, though not insincere admirers. *”Mitchel was the one formidable man among the rebels of ’48. He was the one man who distinctly knew what he wanted, and was prepared to run any risk to get it. He was cast in the very mould of a genuine revolutionist. He was a fanatic, clever and fearless; he would neither have asked quarter nor given it.”—M’Carthy’s “History of our own Times,” Vol. II. **”When Scott mentioned Killiecrankie he seemed utterly to forget that he was a Saxon. His heart swelled with triumph when he related how his own kindred had fled like hares before a small number of warriors of a different breed and of a different tongue.”—”History of England,” Vol. III. ***”The stern Unitarian Ulster man soon developed a decided bent in favour of what half a century before would be called French principles.’ He was republican and revolutionary. John Mitchel declared that Constitutionalism was demoralising the country. By blood and iron alone could Ireland be saved.” Sullivan’s “New Ireland,” Vol. I. Some people ignorant of Ireland thought that this practical indifference towards such men proved Irish loyalty to British rule and utter disapprobation of their conduct. But this was not the case. The religious element, always the strongest influence over Irish minds, interposed between mere applause and dangerous action, permitting, even encouraging, sympathy, but forbidding participation.* Though the chief leaders were Protestant, they yet appealed, like their predecessors in ’98, far more successfully to Irish Catholics, while influencing few coreligionists. The frequent expression of “Ireland for the Irish,” the furious appeals of Mitchel to Irish Catholics, especially about their country’s long oppression by England, roused little sympathy among Protestants. Many Irish Catholics were rather puzzled to hear ancestral wrongs called to mind and even their revengeful feelings aroused by men whose religion and race were those of their historical foes. Like the “United Irish” revolt of ’98, which the ’48 movement somewhat resembled, the revolution was checked at first by the timely arrests of its leaders** Although obedience to British rule was everywhere restored in Ireland, it was not that of contented loyalty. As in ’98, the Irish Catholic majority entrusted their political as well as religious guidance to their clergy. They believed, not unreasonably, that they were better advisers, even in political wisdom, than the enthusiastic, fanciful laymen, who, without military skill, foreign aid, or concerted plan of action, had nearly involved them in a hopeless contest with the British empire. The subsequent history of these leaders proves that, despite their many interesting qualities, they were thoroughly unpractical, differing often from each other, except in common dislike to British supremacy. In the American civil war, which armed fellow-republicans against each other, many Irish leaders, even Mitchel and Meagher, took opposite sides, thus proving how little they agreed in political questions, directly the British empire was out of sight.*** When they disappeared, Ireland, as after ’98, though passively loyal to British rule, remained for the most part discontented. Hostility between its religious denominations, though restrained by strict laws and vigilant police, still continued, occasionally revealed in riots arising from no other cause but sectarian animosity. *”One important class in Ireland, a class long accustomed to move with or head the people throughout this time, set themselves invincibly against the contemplated insurrection —the Catholic clergy. They had from the first, as a body, regarded the Young Irelanders with suspicion. They fancied they saw in this movement too much that was akin to the Continental revolutionists. At this time in 1848 the power of the Catholic priests was unshaken, was stronger than ever. Their antagonism was fatal to the movement.”—Sullivan’s “New Ireland,” Vol. I. **”Throughout the country arrests and seizure of arms were made on all hands. There was no longer any question of resistance. Never was collapse more complete. The fatal war fever that came in a day vanished almost as rapidly. Suddenly everyone appeared astounded at the madness of what had been contemplated.”—Sullivan’s “New Ireland,” Vol. I. ***”Thousands upon thousands of Irishmen fought upon either side in the great American Iliad. There is a touching story told of a battle in which a Federal Irish regiment found itself opposed to an Irish regiment on the Confederate side, and of how the two regiments refused to join battle, and passed each other with mutual cries of ‘God save Ireland.’ Of the Irish brigade that followed Meagher few came back.”—M’Carthy’s “Ireland since the Union,” Vol. II., p. 101.

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INTRODUCTION There has been extensive research done on stress and how it affects different individuals emotional and physical states. For instance, Aldwin (1994) believed that negative stress had a lot to do with the person-environment transactions and what their reactions to those were. He also believed that the level of stress that the person was experiencing had to do with the cultural background that they came from. Lazarus (1998) and Selye (1983) thought that the intrusion of stress was caused by "strain", which produced a pattern of physico-chemical responses in the glands, tissues, and vascular systems. Finally, according to Pierre Janet (1893), the memories of traumatic stress are stored at a somatic level. This allows them to be expressed through certain behavioral characteristics. The reason that I chose to do research on this topic further is because I have always been interested in how the body reacts physically to stress. This is mainly because of personal experience. I tend to worry about many things, trying to pretend or act like things don`t bother me, but they do. To elaborate, I have always wanted to find ways to overcome the stressful things that go on in my life and be able to put them out of my mind. More importantly, helping others overcome the same feelings of helplessness and other things that are associated with stress is very important to me. This is because stress will often affect an individuals health negatively. It can also leave them feeling depressed, (Anderson et al., 2002). Furthermore, the purpose behind the research that I am doing is to try to provide information stating that my hypothesis of stress affecting mental and physical health in a negative way is correct. Hopefully, my findings will compare well with others that have done research in this area. Perhaps, also I can find more information from the surveys that I give to the students. PARTICIPANTS, MATERIALS AND PROCEDURE The participants involved included a psychology 200 class that I administered the surveys to. The school that these students attend is Missouri Western State College in Saint Joseph, Missouri. The materials that I used included the surveys. The class that I gave them to had thirty-five students normally. However, only twenty-one students were there at the time. I handed out the surveys accordingly. In other words, when I looked at my information that I had collected, I had twenty-one data sheets to compare. The procedure involved some of the same types of things. The surveys were administered and the students were not given a set amount of time to finish. They were allowed to take however long was needed to answer the questions appropriately and effectively. There was a small set of instructions at the top of the survey telling them how to fill it out. I thanked them for their time after everyone had completed. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS A Pearson correlation coefficient was calculated for the relationship between physical symptoms and stress. A strong, positive correlation was found (r(19) = .485, p < .05), indicating a significant linear relationship between the two variables. Physical symptoms increase with stress. The participants had, in fact, at least once in their lives, felt helpless, depressed, or sad because of the stress that they had experienced. Therefore, the data that I retrieved concludes that the overall participants did experience negative results because of stress in their lives. DISCUSSION The results of the study clearly support the idea that stress affects physical health in a negative way. This is made evident by the fact that the scores from the surveys indicated that as stress increased, so did the physical symptoms associated with it. These findings are consistent with the results from the studies of Joseph Ciarrochi, Deane, and Anderson (2002), who stated that emotionally perceptive individuals seem to be more strongly affected by stress than ones who are less perceptive. Therefore, they experience higher levels of depression, hopelessness, and suicidal ideation. I, personally found that often times the participants involved in my study would experience an increased heart rate, clammy hands, and feelings of helplessness when they were in a stressful environment. Feelings of helplessness are a key factor in depression, and in severe cases, suicide. In addition, and to elaborate, not only does perception play a major part in stressful situations and how they are interpreted, but a sense of uncontrollability also needs to be examined. This is classified as a negative cognition response in anxiety and its defined as a feeling of helplessness due to a persons perceived inability to predict, control, or obtain desired results, (Barlow et al., 1996). Again, my results are similar to these. For instance, the people in my experiment that reported they felt they didn`t have control of what was going on in their lives experienced greater stress. Some of the participants felt physically ill before a major thing in their life that they felt was stressful. In other words, when individuals feel as if they cannot control a certain outcome or situation, they often times experience physical symptoms of stress. Therefore, my results compare well with Barlow`s research as well. Some of the possible limitations in this study that could`ve caused the results would be that perhaps the participants felt pressured, since the questions put them at minimal risk. When dealing with an abstract term or topic like stress, sometimes the people involved will not answer accurately because they are afraid of what the experimenter might think of them if they did. Also, it is an embarassing thing to admit that nausea is associated with stressful situations, because the person wants to feel and seem like a capable individual who can handle situations with a high amount of control. In addition, they might be in denial and not want to admit to themselves that they have experienced those things. Certain extraneous variables may have played a part. For example, the student might have just come from a huge exam that they were really worried about, and the last thing that they wanted to do was fill out a survey, so they just hurried through it, without really reading the questions or taking the time to figure out what the questionnaire`s topic was. It is also important to mention that most of the participants were female and they were all from a psychology class. So, it wasn`t an entirely representative, random sample, which could`ve affected the study in a negative way. It is significant to note that some of the results from the study may have been due to the conditions of that particular day. If the confouding variables indicated above had not been present, then maybe the scores would`ve, in fact, been different. If there had been more questions on the survey, then maybe the information that I found would be different. Perhaps a greater variety of questions might`ve been helpful. Also, as noted above, if there had been more male participants in the experiment, then maybe the physical symptom score would not have been as high. Females, I believe, tend to worry about things more and focus on situations, dwelling on them far more than males. So, this definitely could`ve been a determining factor for the results of the study. However, even though different circumstances would`ve brought about different information, I believe that there would have been a significant relationship with stress and negative physical symptoms associated with it. My opinion is based on the results of previous studies that have focused on this topic. Further research should be done on stress, simply because the determining factors that could potentially cause it are increasing every day, in today`s society. Therefore, knowing the causes of it and how to prevent them is crucial for everyone. Since I have found that stress affects physical health in a negative way, if people are specifically aware of how it affects them, it is easier to attack or get to the root of the problem and prevent the negative response. I believe that it is very essential to study older people, because depression is very prevalent in this section of the population. Depression, of course, is associated with feelings of helplessness, which in turn, cause stress, then causing negative physical responses. Often times, older adults are ignored in today`s society and they need to be targeted as well. A variety of ages should be included in experiments that actually create an environment that would potentially be stressful. I think that it would be interesting if the experimenter was in the hall or something (of course they would have assistants helping them), and just stopped certain people asking them things that would be "stressful". Then, after that, explain to them what was going on, and ask them if they would mind answering some questions or something of that nature. I am not certain whether this would bring about useful and helpful information, but it would be an approach that I have not heard of, and it would be interesting to see what the findings would be on that type of study. REFERENCESAnderson, S., Ciarrochi, J.& Deane, F.P. (2002). Emotional intelligence moderates the relationship between stress and mental health. Personality & Individual Differences, 32,(2), 197-209. Folkman, S.& Lazarus, R.S. (1984). Stress, appraisal, and coping. New York: Springer. Folkman, S. (1997). Positive psychological states and coping with severe stress. Social Science and Medicine, 45: 1207-1221. Kaloupek, D., Litz, B.T., Orsillo, S.M.& Weathers, F. (2000). Emotional processing in posttraumatic stress disorder. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 109 (1), 26-39. Kirsch, I. & Lynn, S.J. (1999). Automaticity in clinical psychology. American Psychologist, 54, 504-515. Mental Health: A Report of the Surgeon General. (1995 -1999). Etiology of Anxiety Disorders. Retrieved February 2, 2002, from Mental Health Online: http://www.mentalhealth.com/dis/ Sauer, M. (2001). The mindful conduit: Organizational structure, climate and individual characteristics related to stress, communication and decision processes. Dissertation Abstracts International Section A: Humanities & Social Sciences, 61 (7-A), 2807.

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makeSEA Analysis - Printing Conductive PLA from Proto Pasta with Replicator 2x - Isolation Printing Conductive PLA from Proto Pasta with Replicator 2x - isolation Now I know, how the conductive PLA from Proto Pasta can transport current. Apart from powering devices which consume more than 20-50 mA, this material could be very useful for low-power circuits. Consuming a lot of energy isn't a good idea anyway, because there are more and more electronic devices on earth, which in total waste a lot of energy. So I'm curious to see, if it's possible to design a simple PCB and check, if different wires are well isolated, if there is another material printed between. For this test I've designd two conductors, which are running in parallel for a long distance. If the material in-between is not well isolating, the leaking current is easily measurable (the shape of the isolator is like a very short conductor with a large cross-section area). The electrical circuit scheme looks like this: Because I only have regular PLA in black (printing mistakes difficult to see by eye when combined with the conductive black PLA), I started my experiments with blue ABS (230°C). What a mess, catastrophe! I really had big toubles to get a clean print. Initially adhesion to the build-plate was a problem and it heavily warped. After replacing the capton tape, increasing the temperatures (lower cooling), it did stick well, but the conductive PLA was clogging in the nozzle. Finally it worked with a build-plate temperature of 120°C, enough lubrication, and the fan blowing at the print-head (and not too much at the build-plate). But visually I could already see thet the blue ABS had black cords from the PLA (even though I had activated purge-walls, and tried with both slicers Makerbot and Simplify3D) - the resistance from all 4 contact points was approximately the same ... big FAIL! |Experiment A - ABS, 0.8 mm isolator||Experiment B - ABS, 1.6 mm isolator||Experiment C - ABS, PLA clogged nozzle| Probably the higher ABS-temperature was causing the conductive PLA to melt, and even though the idle nozzle was clean, the ABS-nozzle was moving over PLA and picked up and distributed some of the printed conductive material. So I decided to try with my red PETG which can be printed with the same temperature as PLA at 205°C. And the build-plate only needs 80°C for great adhesion during print, and simple removing from capton after print (using water-alcohol mix) ... the versed reader will notice, that I'm a big fan of PETG ;-) Unfortunately the initial experiments with PETG were not much better (Experiment D), but then I had the idea to rotate the object on the build-platform (smaller dimension oriented in x-direction). As a result the idle extrusion nozzle was moving much less over the printed area. Experiment E was the first successful print. Well recognizable the much cleaner print. |Experiment D - PETG, 1.6 mm isolator||Experiment E - PETG, 1.6 mm, rotated print||Experiments all failed with PETG, 0.8 mm| Encouraged by this success, I scaled the design down to 50% (with wires and isolators 0.8 mm wide - i.e. exactly 2 shells and no infill needed). I was set back to reality. None of these experiments suceeded. I tried with both slicers, reduced material flow and infill, but it never worked. Then I had a closer look at the nozzles (I should have taken a picture). Even thogh the printed result looked clean, the nozzle which was extruding the isolating red PETG had a messy black skirt - black conductive PLA, which it had picked up during some travel moves. Maybe the nozzle height was not well calibrated? For this reason I unloaded the materials, and reloded it right and left swapped. Same result, this time the other nozzle (again the nozzle extruding red PETG) had a black skirt. The other nozzle with the conductive PLA was always clean (resp. there was no red PETG skirt visible). Final experiments: use regular PLA as isolator (unfortunately black and not as good visible on the pictures): |Experiment F - PLA isolator 1.6 mm||Experiment G - PLA isolator 0.8 mm| Hurray! :-) both succeded. No black skirt at the nozzles after printing - all nozzles were clean, and also the prints. Here is a table with all the detailed measurements. |A1 - A2 [kOhm]||9.5||4.8||5.1||4.1||8.1||6.9||10.1| |B1 - B2 [kOhm]||9.5||5.7||3.1||5.0||11.5||10.0||16.5| |A1 - B1 [kOhm]||8.5||5.3||3.3||4.5||4'800.0||> 20'000.0||330.0| |A1 - B2 [kOhm]||4.2||6.3||3.7||3.4||4'800.0||> 20'000.0||325.0| |A2 - B1 [kOhm]||12.5||4.8||3.5||5.3||4'800.0||> 20'000.0||320.0| |A2 - B2 [kOhm]||9.1||6.5||5.1||4.9||4'800.0||> 20'000.0||315.0| |Isolator Material||ABS blue||ABS blue||ABS blue||PETG red||PETG red||PLA black||PLA black| |Isolator Temperature [°C]||230||230||230||205||205||205||205| |Isolation Width [mm]||0.8||1.6||1.6||1.6||1.6||1.6||0.8| |Wire Section Area [mm^2]||3.2||3.2||3.2||3.2||3.2||0.8| |Wire Length A [mm]||140||140||140||140||140||70| |Wire Length B [mm]||237||237||237||237||237||118.5| |Resistivity A [kOhm*mm]||0.11||0.12||0.09||0.19||0.16||0.12| |Resistivity B [lOhm*mm]||0.08||0.04||0.07||0.16||0.14||0.11| |Result / Comment||fail||fail||fail||fail||ok||success||ok, but ...| While the result E) with PETG is good, the result with PLA as isolator F) is excellent. My instrument can't measure more than 20 MOhm. Also G) is satisfactory, considering the extreme test-case. If shorter wires are used, and if it's not a circuit with very sensitive measurements, 0.8 mm thin isolators are well usable in a design. These are all my experiments to get familiar with with conductive PLA. It wasn't trivial to get this material under control: if the result looks visually OK, it doesn't yet mean that it's also electrically OK. Infill and clean extrusion is key. Basically you would want to have 100% because the inferior conductivity of the conductive PLA. But if it overextrudes, there will be a big mess, and the circuilt fails. The possibilities and combinations of slicing options are huge. After all these experiments I guess ideally the isolator was printed with a single shell, and medium-low infill. The conductor probably as well with little infill, but with a big number of shells (filling the inside along the conducting direction). Avoid travel moves over "foreign" areas for both nozzles. Optimized travel moves of the idle nozzle can only be achieved, if the circuit design is not wider than the distance between the two extruders. Simplify3D theoretically is able to be tuned individually different for both extruders, but I had problems with the purge-walls. They did fall apart during printing. Makerbot has great working purge-walls with "spew-pots", but it has much less tuning options. Conductive PLA sourced from: Compel your audience with The fastest way to publish user-generated content and collaborate using Magic Leap spatial computing. It's time to change the way you think about communicating, teaching, and design. Time to change the way you capture and curate evolving ideas. Use makeSEA + Catapult and Magic Leap spatial collaboration to share your vision and inspire your audience with content that you create. Catapult your vision, in real-time, together. It's as easy as a social media post: Enabling augmented reality (AR), mixed reality (XR), and spatial computing for everyday use.SM *Catapult requires assets saved in GLB or MP4 (standard 720p, 1080p, or 3K 360˚ spherical surround format), or a makeSCENE package for live over-the-air collaboration with shared spatial content. See the how-to guide for hints and instructions on how to easily export or convert content from most 3D authoring tools and platforms.

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What is Group B Strep? Group B Strep (GBS) is a common type of bacteria; about 20% of women in the UK carry it. It is found in the vagina and bowel and is usually not harmful to women that carry it. It is very natural and normal to carry the GBS bacteria and it’s not associated with any health risks for the carrier. As the GBS bacteria can live in the vagina babies can come into contact with GBS after waters break and during the process of giving birth. Most will be unaffected, but a small number of babies (around 1 in 2000) can develop an infection as a result. Symptoms of Group B Strep The GBS bacteria do not produce any symptoms in women during pregnancy. GBS infection in newborn babies Most (two thirds) of the GBS infections in babies are early-onset, which means that the infection occurs in the first week of the baby’s life, typically in the first 12 hours after birth. Late-onset GBS can occur seven days to three months after birth. Most babies who become infected can be treated quickly and successfully. For some babies however, complications can develop as a result of the infection. These include blood poisoning (septicaemia), infection of the lung (pneumonia) and infection of the lining of the brain (meningitis). In the long term it can cause deafness, blindness, learning difficulties and cerebral palsy. Around 1 in 10 babies who have developed a GBS infection will die. Overall this is 1 in 17,000 babies born in UK and Ireland. Is my baby at risk of GBS infection? GBS infection is more likely if: - your baby is born prematurely, (before 37 weeks of pregnancy) - you have previously had a baby who developed GBS infection - you have a high temperature during labour - more than 18 hours have passed between your waters breaking and your baby being born. Treatment for Group B Strep infection Taking the risk factors above into account, NICE guidelines say that if you have any one of the following: - If you have had a baby before who has been infected with GBS - If you have had a test during any point in your current pregnancy that has shown you carry GBS And/or if you have any two of the following: - If your waters break or you go into labour before 37 weeks of pregnancy - If your waters have broken for more than 18 hours by the time you have your baby - If you have a raised temperature in labour of more than 38⁰C during labour You will be offered antibiotics during labour to help to prevent your baby from getting the infection. The antibiotics can’t be taken before labour because the bacteria grows back very quickly and the protective effect may be gone by the time you give birth if you took them too soon. They are normally offered through intravenously (IV) for 15-30 minutes every four hours. If your waters break after 37 weeks’ of pregnancy then you will also be offered for your labour to be induced straight away rather than waiting for a period of time to see if you go into labour naturally. Antibiotics specific to treating GBS are not offered if you are having a planned caesarean section because the bacteria lives in the vagina and the baby will not come into contact with it as long as your waters have not broken before the caesarean section. GBS and water births Water births have not been shown to make infection more likely and as the antibiotics are given every four hours it should be physically possible. However some hospitals are still reluctant to allow them, possibly because of the added complication of having a cannula in your arm for the IV. Therefore it will be highly dependent on your hospital and care team whether you can still have a water birth if you are being treated for GBS infection. Find out more about having a water birth. Treating GBS in a newborn baby After your baby has been born they will be closely monitored for signs of infection. Most babies who are infected with GBS will show symptoms within 12 hours of being born. Your baby’s heart rate, respiratory rate and temperature will be checked regularly. Your baby’s general health will also be monitored. Health professionals will look at how well your baby is feeding, whether they are floppy or overly sleepy and how well they are breathing and settling. If there are any concerns about your baby’s wellbeing then they will be seen by a neonatal doctor. If GBS infection is suspected then tests will be carried out. These could be blood tests or testing some fluid from around your baby’s spinal cord. They will be fully discussed with you at the time. It will be advised for your baby to have antibiotics straight away, even before test results are available. If the test results come back as negative or the baby no longer has any symptoms for 24 hours then the antibiotics will be stopped. Whether or not your baby has a GBS infection, it is completely safe to continue to breastfeed. Symptoms of GBS infection in babies Some symptoms of GBS infection in babies include: - High or low temperature - Fast or slow heart rate - Not feeding well - Limpness or difficult to wake - Difficulty breathing Testing for GBS in pregnancy At present, not every pregnant women in the UK is offered testing for GBS on the NHS. Only women who have risk factors above are offered testing and/or antibiotics. If you are offered a test in pregnancy, then this is usually done by a vaginal swab, though it can also be detected in your urine. If you have had a swab that shows that GBS is present, treatment (antibiotics) will still be held until labour. This is because the antibiotics in pregnancy will not reduce the chance of GBS being passed to your baby and GBS can return after the course of antibiotics has been finished. If, however, you develop a urine infection during pregnancy that has shown to be caused by GBS, then you will be offered antibiotics straight away to treat the infection. Some women choose to pay to have a test privately if they don’t meet the criteria to be offered it on the NHS. If you are thinking about this, talk with your midwife so you can discuss your options first. If you decide to go through with the test, the best time to have it done is between 35-37 weeks’ of pregnancy. GBS can move around the gut and the test is only valid for about five weeks after it was taken. If the test is done earlier than this, it may not be valid by the time you go into labour. Types of tests There are different types of tests that can be used to detect GBS in pregnancy. The two main tests available in the UK are the Standard Direct Plating and the Enriched Culture Medium (ECM). If you are offered testing through your NHS care it is likely to be the Standard Direct Plating test. A vaginal swab will be taken and sent to the laboratory, you should get results back a couple of days later. A positive result is very reliable and will be recorded in your maternity notes; no matter how many weeks’ pregnant you are when the test was done. If you receive a negative result, no further action will be taken. It is possible to have a negative result but still be carrying GBS, but a repeat test would only be offered if you have developed risk factors in your pregnancy or labour. The ECM test is not widely available on the NHS so most women would need to pay for this test privately. This test involves having two swabs taken, one vaginal and one rectal. These are sent away to a laboratory and you can expect to get the results back a few days later. This test is more sensitive at identifying GBS but it is not as effective at identifying other potential bacteria and viruses that maybe present and can still give a false result. Why is GBS not routinely screened for? Testing for GBS in pregnancy is often debated and these are the reasons given by the UK National Screening Committee and RCOG as to why testing is not currently offered as a routine to all pregnant women in the UK: - Currently there is no clear evidence that routine screening would do more good than harm - Many women carry the bacteria and, in the majority of cases, their babies are born safely and without developing an infection. - Screening all women late in pregnancy cannot predict which babies will develop GBS infection. - No screening test is entirely accurate. A negative swab test does not guarantee that you are not a carrier of GBS. In other words, you may be given a negative result when in fact you do carry GBS. - The majority of babies who are severely affected from GBS infection are born prematurely, before the suggested screening test would have happened. - Giving all carriers of GBS antibiotics would mean that a very large number of women at very low risk would receive treatment they do not need. - There is a risk to the general public from overuse of antibiotics leading to strains of bacteria becoming resistant. - The long term effects of antibiotic treatment in labour on the baby are unknown. - The amount of babies affected by GBS in the UK is the same as that in countries in which testing is a routine part of antenatal care. - RCOG (2013) Group B streptococcus (GBS) infection in newborn babies. Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists https://www.rcog.org.uk/globalassets/documents/patients/patient-informat... - RCOG (2011) Group B Strep and water birth query bank. Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists, London, England https://www.rcog.org.uk/en/guidelines-research-services/guidelines/group... - Center for Disease Control Prevention (CDC) (Updated May 2016) Group B Strep (GBS) https://www.cdc.gov/groupbstrep/about/symptoms.html - PHE (2015) Enriched culture medium test for group B streptococcus infection. Position paper, Public Health England, London UK https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/fil... - NSC (2017) UK NSC group B streptococcus (GBS) recommendation. UK National Screening Committee, London, England https://legacyscreening.phe.org.uk/groupbstreptococcus ℹLast reviewed on June 30th, 2017. Next review date June 30th, 2020.

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The Metropolis in the United States and Immigration Problem Statement As recently as the past month, there has been a debate on how to deal with the perceived American immigration problem. Different people, especially politicians, have aired their diverse views on the issue. Worth noting is that the American congress has failed to address this problem via the use of legislation, thus, leaving the public and the political field to debate on the same. The two opposing sides argue on the effects that the high immigration has on the country’s economy and local economies. In fact, one side argues that the contribution is positive, while the other group argues for the opposite. It has been difficult to establish the relationship that exists between the immigration societies and their new metropolis. Only few researchers have documented the relationship between the immigrants and the economic effects on a particular metropolis. With the intention of seeking better working terms and to a place of perceived opportunity, many people have found the United States to fulfill this promise. Most of them have gotten there legally. Others have, however, worked their way around the authorities. The most discussed immigrant society in the United States is the Mexican community, which contributes a large chunk of immigrants. Most of the states in the south and bordering the country have their own share of the impact of Mexican immigrants on their society. The United States of America has witnessed an influx of immigrants in the past century, mainly from the Hispanic society and Mexico, in particular. The documentary studies show the impact that this influx has had to the local economy and the metropolis in the country. In the passage of laws to curb this perceived problem, one only wonders whether limiting the migration will benefit or further cripple the economy. The little data available on the Hispanic society in the U.S. has not been used to inform the decision-making on the same issue. This research proposal shows how the immigration rate affects the economic status of the Metropolis. It also addresses the need to have proper laws passed to cater the needs of immigrants, which will also boost the economy of each metropolis they live. Since their stay is illegal, they end up working in the low paying industries with most of them living in poverty level. Some of the children have lower English proficiency, despite their birth in the United States. This research, therefore, tries to establish the total Hispanic population and the average level of income that they earn, in order to create attention of the need to have proper immigration laws. Data and Methods The research paper uses the information and data from different studies with more information extracted from the census. The data from the census of the year 2000 and that of 2010 provides vital information on the distribution and population of immigrants in the United States, mainly the Hispanics. The census of the two years provides a comprehensive report on the race, population, age distribution, housing, social structure, and a variety of other information. In the 2000 census, the total number of counties identified was 3,219. The US government later grouped these counties into 389 metropolises (US Census Bureau 9). For the census, a questionnaire was issued consisting of the information of the respondents in a form that they understood. Some of the data collected in the census have contributed much to framing of this research paper. These data are the one that finds use in this research paper to group people into races in a bid to deduce their immigration status. The research also tries to establish the change in population of immigrants with the economic situation in the US. This goal is to be achieved by analysis of the population change as per the 2010 census and the corresponding economic performance of the affected areas. A comparison of the two censuses and various economic reports will then be made, and inferences made on the effect that immigration of the communities has had to the local economies. The following graph shows the number of illegal immigrants over fifty years until the 2010 census. Source: Department of Homeland Security Immigration Statistics. The graph shows the radical increase of immigrants in the United States in five decades. This justifies the need to have better immigration laws to avoid the economic crisis or reduction of economic fortunes contributed by the immigrants. Research Questions This research paper seeks to unravel the mystery behind the following two key questions. Its answers will be obtained using various strategies, as discussed elsewhere in the paper. I. What are the economic effects of the Mexican immigrants into the United States of America? II. What effect does the law has on immigration? Aims and Objectives The Mexican society in the United States has been increasing throughout the years. Most of the existing data are from censuses, which do not capture the complete number. One aim of this research is to establish the number of Hispanics who lives in the USA in a bid to correlate the values with the documented ones from censuses. Secondly, this research tries to establish the effects that the population of Hispanics has on the economy by citing examples of existing metropolis. The research aims to determine the effect on the average wage that the immigration of Hispanics and other groups has on the metropolis areas. The paper also aims at establishing the effects that legislation has had on immigration in the U.S. and the metropolis population in general. Many states, such as Arizona, have formulated laws to try to curb immigration, in order to avoid the effects which might lower the economic standards locally. The research establishes whether these laws have had any effect (and what the effect is) on the immigrant population. It also seeks to estblish the relationship between the native worker and the immigrant worker, and the different terms in which they are able to work. It also tries to answer the question of the average age and the commonest sex of the immigrants, the level of education, and other social characteristics. Literature Review There are various books talking about the effect of immigration on the metropolis. They agree that there is an effect on the economies of the metropolis, which is either positive or negative. It is reported that the population of immigrants totals to a large proportion of the population in most developed countries. This finding changes to a higher proportion when the workforce is considered. In the United States, for example, a large proportion of immigrants are from Central and South America with Mexicans having the greatest number. It is not surprising that any policy on immigration focuses on this population more than any other. It is estimated that the Mexican population forms over 30% of the immigrant population with all Latin Americans making up about 53% of the immigrant population (US Census Bureau 49). In the early 1970s, the population of Central Americans and Mexicans in the U.S. was less than a million people. However, this figure has considerably grown to unprecedented levels with the start of the decade marking the highest levels observed. It is reported that the immigrants of the US have a higher fertility rate compared to the natives of this country (US Census Bureau 29). This means that the average household size is larger than that of the Native Americans, thus, making their dependence rates higher. Putnam stated that there appears to be a reduction in participation of social and civic capital in the United States (2). This claim has had a significant effect on wages and salaries to the general population and the immigrant population, in particular. In determining the effects of immigration on the local economy, it is essential to consider the social capital of the population involved. Some authors have pointed this view as a necessary procedure (Marcelli and Cornelius 11), while others consider it of a lesser value in this establishment (Aguilera and Massey 2003). It is also necessary to separate the contribution that is made by the two sexes with men said to contribute more than women in the formal labor market. They are also said to have a comparatively higher wage, which may be due to the hurdles that women workers have to encounter. However, this case is of less significance, since most of the immigrants who are working are male. Gray, Jerry, and Richard Chapman found in their research that the benefit in social capital, however, for women is more on the other areas other than employment and earnings (3). Civic organizations often organize meetings aimed at helping the immigrants to earn more income and improve their standards of living. This effort has been proven to work in their advantage.However, as Putnam (34) observed, fewer and fewer immigrants attend these meetings. Therefore, they end up not benefitting. It is thought the attending these meetings that it would equip the immigrants with the necessary skills of job seeking, information gathering, and resource utilization (Putnam 20). However, this is not possible, since most of the immigrant population from Central America and Mexico is illegal. Therefore, many immigrants are afraid of attending these meetings for fear of capture. Social capital, as described by Putnam (93) in his report on the effect it has on the economic growth in Italy, is a fundamental social indicator of wage growth. For this reason, social capital has a positive association with the total earnings of the population of Mexicans, whether authorized or unauthorized (Aguilera and Massey 23). In general, the migrant population into the United States from states like Mexico and other parts of Latin America is male with an average age distribution from 15 to 65 years. In the latest survey, the population of immigrants from Mexico that is employed in the civil service is less than 80 percent with most of them doing labor-intensive jobs, such as construction and service industry. Many debates are being held on the effect of the immigrants on local economies with some people citing the fact that wages for the locals reduce or stagnate, due to a cheaper alternative labor provided by the immigrants. With these effects, however, some have also suggested that this cannot be compared to the large amount of economic gains produced by an influx of immigrants, even though the reduction in wages occurs. It has been suggested that the status of unauthorized immigrants in the U.S. is a force that shapes wages (Marcelli and Cornelius 24). This means that the number of unauthorized immigrants in the country affects the wages for the Mexicans living in the US. This effect can only be negative. Many authors have also argued on the contrary with Marcelli and Cornelius (24) suggesting that unauthorized status has a wage penalty for the immigrant population of men. In the research by the National Research Council, it was concluded that the impact of immigration is mainly on the immigrants themselves, which also has a positive correlation with the economy to which they migrate (National Research Council 23). This is in reference to the share of the economic growth that they bring to the host metropolis and the country in general. In most international migration trends, immigrants have opted to move from their home countries to a land they perceive to be greener pastures. For the Mexican and Latin Americans, America provides them with this chance. They do all within their means to get to the other side of the border. Most have, however, discovered that getting their desired jobs in the new country is not as easy, as they had imagined. They return to their home country. There is, therefore, the dilemma of risking capture along the border, finding police waiting for a person, and the idea of staying behind and continuing to endure the effects of poor economies and political poverty. Results of the Research The information collected in the research shows that the population of immigrants into the U. S. is mainly from the Latin America and Mexico, in particular. The effects that thhese immigrants bring onto the local economies have also been discussed with a general conclusion that they have added economic advantage to the metropolis. In the findings, the economic effects of immigration favored more men than women with the benefits being mainly personal. In the Metropolis that the research came across, the large number of immigrants was unauthorized, thus, providing the challenge of accounting for the economic results of immigration, as the immigrants avoided any means of estimating their income. In the area of economic contribution, the immigrants worked more in the informal sector, and the construction company mainly maintaining the cheaper rated for the jobs that the natives are unwilling to take up. Their education standards and literacy levels are lower compared to the average native, and the language of choice is Spanish with poor literary skills in English. The social outfits that were used to gauge the level of income are appropriate with the finding that the social capital is a significant indicator of the wages earned by the immigrants. Another finding is that the contributions of the immigrants have mainly been positive. There is a recorded growth in the metropolis. The immigrants have settled. This issue has been driven by the cheap and readily available labor in the region from the immigrants. The population of immigrants is also on the rise. New laws in many metropolises that meant to limit them are difficult to enforce. However, with the inception of these laws, the immigrant population has opted for settling permanently in these areas. This may create a future problem for the metropolises in the form of social responsibility. In the observations, the economic power of immigrants is increasing day by day with, more and more being legalized, and more crossing the border for the greener pastures. In the states, where a law against the immigrants and immigration has been put in place, the effects can be felt in the economy with wages going up to the advantage of the natives. However, the availability of services that were provided by the immigrants is no longer there. The only remainder is a rich metropolis without labor. This has, therefore, not worked in the way of the metropolis. It only proves the dependence that the nation has on the immigrants on the cheap labor. Another finding is that most of immigrants in the US had a different reason for moving in with some thinking that landing in the US would relieve all their problems. These people contribute to the negative effects of immigration by lowering the GDP, and depending on others, thus, increasing the dependence ratio. The economic comparison of the cities varies proportionally, since the immigrants also cause the internal migration of the US-born workers. These occur after their jobs are inhibited by immigrants who offer cheap labor. The movement results in the immigrants settling at a specific region leading to the displacement of the Native Americans. The Americans shifted out of the regions, in order to seek better opportunities or avoid the interactions of the immigrants. Conclusion There are several conclusions that can be derived from the findings of the literature review. First, there is a positive relationship between the immigrants of Mexican and Non-Mexican population in the Metropolis areas of the US. In this relationship, the local economies have a growth rate that correlates with its amount of cheap labor at their disposal. Therefore, the size of the immigrant population in the metropolis affects the economic level standards, due to the economic contributions by the immigrants. A second conclusion is that with the movement of immigrants from their country into the new Metropolis, there is a change in the social status, which is an improvement from their initial economic status. For the Mexican immigrants, the jobs performed are mainly manual and not the preference of the native population, which considers the blue-collar jobs. The immigrants, therefore, boost the local economy by providing these skills in a cheaper and more reliable manner to the designated metropolis than other metropolis without immigrants. Another conclusion that follows the literature review and findings is the contribution of the immigrant population to the working population. As seen above, the immigrant population has a significant share of the working population in the U.S. This has been the source of divisions on the immigration policy, as many fear of decrease in economic level if the State continues to undermine their effort in building the nation. Many authors agree that the immigration problem should be dealt with in a sober manner. Other authors suggest that immigrants are taking jobs from them in their own country. This leads them to conclude that the problem should be addressed by Congress and should include deportation of all the unauthorized immigrants in the metropolises, and a priority given to the natives in job opportunities. As seen above, there is a significant change in the approach given to the immigration problem after the development of laws against immigration. Most of the metropolis areas have adapted differently to the effects of immigrants, with most having a close economic relationship with the immigrants. This relationship, however, is fragile. It depends on the rate of unemployment in the native population. If the rate is high, authorities have often sought to cushion the natives by the use of laws, which are unfriendly to the immigrant society. Finally, immigration is a vital topic in the U.S. The effects that it has on the local economies vary with the region. Throughout the centuries, the effects of immigration have not been felt, as they are now. Laws against it are not as effective as the government tries to achieve its goals. This is because the immigrants have the capabilities of paying taxes and other beneficial contribution, which might boost the revenue collection for economic development. Also, all the stakeholders need the affirmative action to set up clear laws, which involve the immigrants in developments and economic growth. This gives them morale and courage to work and live in different metropolis for rapid growth of the local economy (Giovanni 2010)

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by Gonzalo Ortega “GLANCE AT THE SUN. SEE THE MOON AND THE STARS. GAZE AT THE BEAUTY OF EARTH’S GREENINGS. NOW, THINK.” ― MICHAEL BRAUNGART CRADLE TO CRADLE: REMAKING THE WAY WE MAKE THINGS The relationship between humans and their natural environment has constantly changed throughout history. However, the evolution of this relationship can’t be explained linearly based on technological advances across centuries. In any case, the way humans have responded to their natural environment must be analyzed from the specific conditions of each case. One could say that the only constant has been the push from certain groups within society to hierarchize their own interests over the rest in relation to two main subject matters. The first: how nature is explained or interpreted philosophically; and second: under what criteria are resources being exploited and used. It is from understanding these two aspects that conclusions can be drawn, for example, of the power of certain groups had to summon the labor that made it possible to erect massive menhirs with a votive character during the Paleolithic; or the impressive construction of countless stone monuments in diverse cultures of the Ancient World; as well as the evolution of cities and aqueducts to supply water, build roads, and so on. Successively, taking giant steps —which for the purposes of this text, it’s not worth going into great detail— until the arrival of the Industrial Revolution. It was by mid 18th century that a radical transformation of the way in which human beings conceived the world would take place, basically when they began to interpret everything that surrounded them as “raw material.” This was such a dramatic change, rooted to such an extent that, today, more than two centuries later, we have only begun to envision alternatives. WE ARE CURRENTLY EXPERIENCING A SINGULAR MOMENT IN WHICH THE WAY CIVILIZATION IS CONSTITUTED CAN BECOME ENTANGLED AND SENTENCE ALL LIVING THINGS. If we could establish a difference, largely arbitrary, between the primitive relationship that human beings had with their environment and our current reality, we would find perfect antonyms. In prehistory, when humans came into the scene, this relationship consisted in understanding their condition as partners of a complex reality, orchestrated from an enigmatic plane unknown to them. Today, however, the erroneous conviction that everything around us is a “resource” and that we have the right to exploit it, has reached its end. The polarization suggested here, however absurd it may seem, may serve to illustrate how variable the future may be. We are currently experiencing a singular moment in which the way civilization is constituted can become entangled and sentence all living things. Or we can turn the steering wheel towards a new scheme that makes our survival possible without affecting nature, and in the process millions of endangered species. The Anthropocene —the so-called era of man on Earth— could be a cataclysm, or a rebirth of all living things. A decade ago; Specifically in 2008, the Geological Society of London found sufficient evidence to support the thesis that the Holocene era had come to an end —with its characteristic stable climatic conditions— to make way for the Anthropocene. These types of transitions only occur every certain million years; and this time, our species has been responsible. Much is said about a much-needed new way of relating to nature. Government awareness campaigns; implementation of rules and penalties; marketing strategies (often distorted) to reduce our carbon footprint; international summits with the leaders of major industrial powers; etc. It is discussed in important forums, in the media and in social media, whether it’s true that consumers are the culprits, or if instead, it’s the corporations and governments that allow for this type of problems. And yet, a sustainable change will not be guaranteed until large industries can secure high profit margins. Therefore, water will be, for example, the “oil” of the future. As the monstrous mass of seven billion consumers, we are probably not willing to change our habits. Here is another paradox: either we cause the collapse of cities with our consumption and transportation habits; or we evolved towards newer patterns, such as working from home so to cut down the use and ownership of vehicles. The cities of the future are an enigma; We do not know which power groups will manage to place their interests above those of others. It would be wonderful to think of supply networks of clean energies for homes, as well as urban gardens that guarantee good nutrition, zero distribution expenses and packaging of perishable foods; along with the reforestation that this would imply. Solar and wind energy propelling the economy. Dreams as taken from science fiction. THESE TYPES OF TRANSITIONS ONLY OCCUR EVERY CERTAIN MILLION YEARS; AND THIS TIME, OUR SPECIES HAS BEEN RESPONSIBLE. The dream of industrialization was the cause of our current misfortune. Experts report a brutal decrease in the population of animals and insects. There are already too many endangered species. And strangely, it may be that the cause of the problem —the human being and his longing for progress— is the only solution. The same ingenuity that started coal-driven machines which polluted the environment with toxic gas emissions for decades, is finding other ways to generate energy. And the surprise has consistently been in running into much more efficient options. The moral of the story is clear: we have been doing things wrong from the beginning. We let the economic interests of a group of people set the tone, and we have obeyed blindly. For the German researcher Michael Braungart, everything comes down to the basic idea that we have been looking for the easy way out towards solving our needs, without truly considering about what we are doing. According to his vision, wonderfully explained in his book Cradle to Cradle: Remaking the Way We Make Things, dealing with our natural environment is like “good gardening; it is not about ‘saving’ the planet but about learning to thrive on it.” For Braungart, the vast majority of consumer products in the present have not been designed for human health or to have a positive impact on ecology. And not only that, but they are also unintelligent and not at all elegant. We must eliminate concepts such as “garbage” or “waste,” and start thinking about alternatives so that massive processes of production, packaging and distribution of goods are beneficial, instead of contaminant. Much like the leaves of a tree, which when detached, fall to the ground and dry, instead of hurting, they benefit. “Garbage is food,” says Braungart more as a utopian wish, than an assertion. AND STRANGELY, IT MAY BE THAT THE CAUSE OF THE PROBLEM - THE HUMAN BEING AND HIS LONGING FOR PROGRESS- IS THE ONLY SOLUTION. Maybe we had to go through the bitter gulp of toxic industrialization to understand the risks. The idea is irritating: the development of humanity might not have been possible without the help of oil, especially because of its low cost. We probably would not have been able to directly reach clean energies. Undoubtedly, humanity’s spectacular technological advances have opened our eyes. Astronaut Sigmund Jähn, of the Soyuz 29 and Soyuz 31 missions, had it clear by the end of the 1970s, when at some point he commented: “Even before my flight, I knew that our planet is small and vulnerable. Only when I saw the Earth from space, in all its ineffable beauty and fragility, did I realize that humankind’s most urgent task is to cherish and preserve it for future generations.”1 There is still much to reflect upon in order to get out of the current collective statism, load ourselves with awareness and good intentions so we can then implement a major civilizational change. The difficult thing is to take the message to segments of the population that are not usually up to date with current events, that do not read, do not debate in public, or at least in social media. It is the same passive “public” that is usually manipulated by advertising campaigns that generate the impression of “being informed.” An obvious example of this is an ultraconservative and republican group of the United States, who represented by the grotesque figure of Donald Trump, in the month of March of the year 2017 tried to prohibit the use of the concept of “climate change.” Such an aberration can only be explained as ignorance, or because it puts the interests of various polluting industries at risk. WE HAVE BEEN DOING THINGS WRONG FROM THE BEGINNING. In this slow process of removing the consumer society from its lethargy, artists and creators of different disciplines will probably be one of the most effective agents of change. Art has worked for centuries as a catalyst for ideas, often only sensitizing a few, but those who have the power of decision making that really generate change. Thus, prominent artists from different eras have contributed to the promotion of critical and/or political movements in favor of minority rights, social upheavals and cultural revolutions. In a moment of history like ours, full of contradictions and nonsense, the artists take on different subjects. But probably the Zeitgeist of the beginning of the 21st century is marked forever as the fight against climate change and the defense of ecology. A new generation of creators perceive reality in different terms: one cannot consider the current world we live in and put climate change aside. Undoubtedly, these artists pose a relevant debate that does not intend to provide defining visions or propaganda, but to diversify perspectives in order to confront the situation. How can we stop understanding our existence as a problem and begin to visualize ourselves as a solution? 1. Bereits vor meinem Flug wusste ich, dass unser Planet klein und verwundbar ist. Doch erst als ich ihn in seiner unsagbaren Schönheit und Zartheit aus dem Weltraum sah, wurde mir klar, dass der Menschheit wichtigste Aufgabe ist, ihn für zukünftige Generationen zu hüten und zu bewahren.

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Festivals in January The Great Prayer Festival (mon-lam) This is the greatest religious festival in Tibet. Originated from Tsongkpa in 1409, the founder of the Gelukpa sect. Monks from the Three Great Monastery of Tibet assemble in Jokhang for prayer to Shakyamuni’s image as if it were the living Buddha.According to the legend, in the first month of the year, Buddha conquered or converted six holy men of false religions at the joint place between Tibet and India.In the beginning, the monks from the Three Great Monastery of Tibet(Sera Monastery, Dreprung Monastery, Ganden Monastery)assembled before the statue of Shakyamuni reciting scriptures and praying for best wishes. The Prayer Festival became more and more ceremonious as time passed by. And every time the Dalai Lama was dying, the worship accumulated and the praying time lasted longer and longer. From the fiesta of DalaiV, the Great Prayer Festival was finally fixed to begin from the fourth day of the first Tibetan lunar month to the 24th(a day to pray to drive ghosts away)and 25th(a day to invite and welcome Amitabha Buddha) and it will be held on March, 8th, 2011. During the festival, lamas from the three largest monasteries gather in the Jokhang, reciting scriptures and attending an examination for the Gexi degree. Pilgrims come from every corner of Tibet and donations are offered to the monks. The 15th day of the first month by the lunar year is the day when Buddha conquered or converted six holy men of false religions. On the day the Living Buddhas and monks from the Three Great Monastery of Tibet will hold a grand religious ceremonies, reciting scriptures and praying for best wishes, making the Great Prayer Festival reach the climaxes .By nightfall colorful butter-made sculptures of figures, flowers, birds, and animals are displayed on the flower beds. The tallest flowerbeds is 10 meters high while the lowest is 6 meters high. Among the sculptures some are towering , magnificent, and greatly surprising, some are beautifully wrought and charming, some are be high up in the air like birds to fly, some are repeatedly joint like a stereopaiting. All these with the flashing of thousands of butter lamps make the street dazzlingly brilliant showing the people’s love for peace. The citizens rush down the street to appreciate the lamp offerings, the farmers circle around the lamp offerings to dance and sing throughout the night. The Large Dharma Transmission Ceremony The Large Dharma Transmission Ceremony is also called “Monlam Chenmo’ “in Tibetan.From 4th-15th day of the 1st lunar month, the festival is celebrated in honor of Lord Buddha Sakyamuni. Butter Lamp Festival The Butter Lamp Festival is celebrated oLn the 15th day of the first month every year by the Tibetan in Qinghai and Gansu provinces and it will be held on December, 19th 2011. It ‘s the last day of the Great Prayer Festival. To honor the victory of Sakyamuni in a debate against Heretics,people assemble at the Barkhor Street in Lhasa, worshiping the Buddha in the daytime and by nightfall. People usually light thousands of lamps filled with butter in an intriguing assortment of designs including immortals, animals, flying birds, beasts, and flowers.. The whole festive will last all night. People sing and dance in great joy throughout the night. Lunar February / Exorcism Festival On the seventh of the second month, those who dress up like ghosts will be driven to the other side of the Darxia River, and can’t return within seven days. Buddha Exposing Festival On the eighth of the second month, the Monasteries will conduct scripture chanting, show the giant Buddha and all kinds of treasures. During later February, another dharma ceremony comes off, which is named “Congjue” in Tibetan. The activities are similar to those of the Large Dharma Transmission Ceremony. The only difference is that “Congjue” ceremony is smaller than the other. Therefore, it is referred as the Small Dharma Transmission Ceremony. Reincarnation and transmigration of Buddha’s Warrior Attendant It is a festival on the fifth of the third month to memory the first day for the rotation of Tibetan calendar.( Fire Rabbit Year—— AD 1027) Saga Dawa Festival–the Birth of the Buddha Held by the Dragon King Pond, it was celebrated on the 15th of the fourth month for the Lord Buddha Sakyamuni’s birth, enlightenment, death and Songtsan Gambo’s wedding with Princess Wencheng sent by Tang Dynasty (618-907). The people including monks and laymen, men and women in Lhapulun don’t eat or drink or speak for a day and two nights, it is called”Niannai”festival. Sunning of the Buddha Festival The occasion is held yearly on 8th in the fourth month by the Tibetan lunar calendar in Kangding prefecture, Garze autonomous prefecture, Sichuan province. All the activities on the Festival constitute the large-scale activity of Zhuanshan (circumambulation) offerring sacrifice to gods and Buddha and praying for blessings. The San Marinese Festival According to legend, on the fifth day of the fifth month of the Tibetan calendar, people will go up the mountains to collect medicines because it is on the day that the San Marinese will scatter holy water and medicine. Lotus Buddha’s Birthday The tenth of the fifth month is the birthday of Lotus Buddha . Many places such as Xiezha of Shannan and Khaqu of Luozha will celebrate the day. Every year there will be a petty celebration and every twelve years there will be a big celebration. Paying Homage to the Holy Mountain Festival A day of sermon for Shakyamuni ,Buddhist followers wear new cassocks to worship Buddha on mountains on the fourth of the sixth month in Tibetan calendar, in Lhasa area. The Shoton Festival in Lhasa It’s one of the Tibetan traditional festivals. In Tibetan, “sho” means “Yoghurt” and “ton” means “banquet”. So Shoton Festival is also called the ‘Yoghurt Festival’. Subsequently, as the activities of Shoton Festival gradually changed into an activity with Tibetan opera as a major part, so people also called it the Tibet Opera Festival. Prior to the 17th century, Shoton had been an exclusively religious observance. The month of June on the Tibetan calendar was reserved for self-cultivation and meditation for all the monks who were not allowed to go out of monasteries until July 1, when local residents would offer alms of yogurt (Sho, in Tibetan), that’s how The Shoton Festival came into being. From around the mid-17th century, Tibetan local operas were added to festival celebrations. In the beginning of the 18th century, Norbu Lingka was built and acted as the summer palace of Dalai. Then the main site of the festival was moved to Norbu Lingka and celebrations became formalized. Accordingly, the fixed Shoton Festival was established. In the old Tibet, the activities of the Shoton Festival went like this: on the 29th of the sixth month, troupes all through Tibet would go to the Potala Palace and registered in the local government. Curt performances was given at the ceremony and then they would worship Dalai at Norbu Lingka, and returned to Dreprung Monastery in the evening. On the 30th , Zang opera would be performed all day at Dreprung Monastery. On the 1st of July, all the troupes would give performances together at Norbu Lingka. From 2nd to 5th of July, troupes from Gyantse , An’ rang、Nanmulin and Lhasa performed one day in turn. During the festival, the Gesa government took a holiday. All the officials woull assemble at Norbu Lingka and enjoyed the performances with Dalai. At noon, a banquet was given to treat all the officials, and Yoghurt was served. The residents in Lhasa and peasants from suburb would dress up ,take along food and drinks and go to Norbu Lingks for the performances. The Colorful Lingka Festival The Tibetans are a people whose love of nature has given rise to a special national custom, the Lingka Festival. The fifth month by the Tibetan calendar is the best season for Lingka, so people leave their houses and put up tents in the thick forest in Lingka, and happily enjoy the charity of nature. It is said that this festival is remembered because in the May of Monkey year, Lotus Buddha subdued all the evils and monsters in Tibet. There is another legend about this festival. Trisong Detsan intended to build Samye Monastery ,but he came across a bad moment and failed many times. Fortunately Lotus Buddha came to help found Incense Burning and Praying Festival large-scale burnt incense in the Monasteries and prayed for peace and happiness.The adverse circumstance disappeared gradually and the monastery became a success. In order to memory this custom, a great ceremony was held when the new crescent moon comes to be full(the 15th day).It is a lucky day. Meanwhile it reaches the climaxes for the Tibetans dressing their best clothes rush to Linka camping and clinic, enjoying cooking tea with butter, barley wine and much other good food. People in Qiang national minority prefecture of Alba, Sichan, by unit of family, clan or village, set up tents in the open air on 4th of May. Every family a tent with simple decorations, cook brick tea, enjoy yoghurt. They sing, dance, tell stories, play games and drink day and night. Bathing Festival In Tibet Bathing Festival starts from 6th to 12th of the seventh Tibetan month. It is believed when the sacred planet Venus appears in the sky, the water in the river becomes purest and can cure all diseases and get rid of misfortune. During the festival, Tibetan people will bring food and set up tents along rivers to take bathe in star light. The Onkor Festival (Harvest Festival) It is an occasion that Tibetans celebrate their harvest. “On” indicates “field” in Tibetan, “Kor” with the meaning of “twining round”, and “Onkor” means “twining round the highland barley”. The festival is popular in the rural areas of Shannan、Lhasa、Shigatse.In general, Onkor is celebrated at the end of the seventh month on lunar calendar just before peasants begin to reap their crops. It is said that the Onkor Festival has enjoyed a history of more than1500 years, and first became popular in the valley area of the middle and lower reaches of Yalu Tsangpo River. In order to ensure the plenteous harvest, the Tibet King sbu-de-gung-rgyal asked the hierarch of Bon religion for guidance. Following the tenets of Bon religion, the hierarch of Bon religion taught the peasants to walk around their field, beseeching the Heaven for a plenteous harvest, which is the origin of the Onkor. During the late years of the 8th century, Tibet came to the Silver Age of Tibet Buddhism when the representative sect was the Nyingmapa sect, and the Onkor activity therefore was tinged with the features of the Nyingmapa sect. In front of the procession people will hold the futures of Buddhism and recite lection. After that ,Onkor became the formal Tibetan traditional Festival. With the evolution of the time, the contents and forms of the Onkor changed continuously, including horse riding ,arrow shooting ,Zang opera etc. Now to celebrate the festival, people , old and young , will dress up, lifting ” harvest tower” made of highland barley and beating drums and gongs, singing in their odes and walk around the fields in prayers for a bumper harvest, and then followed by a horse race, arrow shooting, Zang opera and dances, together with an outdoor banquet. At this month,According to Our Tibetan Lunar Clander we don’t have any special Festival Heavenly Maid Festival also called Goddess Festival known as “the Celestial Mother Festival” or “Belha Rabzhol” in Tibetan. Each year, on the 15th of the tenth month in Tibetan calendar, religious activities are held in temples throughout Tibet,especially for Tibetan women to pray for happy marriage and true love. Grant God Festival On the 29th of the ninth month in Tibetan calendar, Buddhists go to worship Buddha, all are charitable and chant sutras. Tsongkhapa Butter Lamp Festival It is held on the 25th day of the 12th month, which is in November or December in Gregorian calendar. It is the day on which Tsongkapa, the founder of the Gelug Sect met his demise. Every house and every monastery hold light lamps on the roofs of their houses and windowsills chanting prayers in memory of Tsongkapa in the night. “Kuto” in Tibetan, falls on the 29th of the 12th Tibetan month. During this festival, to drive away evil spirits and to welcome the New Year, large -scale sorcerers’ dances take place at monasteries and in every household, people do cleaning, and decorate their houses. Tibetan New Year (Losar) The Tibetan New year, known as Losar, is the most important local festival which is celebrated for 2 weeks during the month of December and January as per the lunar calendar. Losar festival commemorates the arrival of new year, celebrated by people who live in Ladakhi or Tibet. The festival is marked with ancient ceremonies,the performance fights between good & evil, chanting and passing the fire torches through the crowds. The dance of the deer and the exciting battles between the King and his ministers make the festival more joyful. This festival is full of dancing, music and merry-making.

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Nitrous oxide no laughing matter *Watch the full story in the video player above* Once a fashionable party drug, a gas produced by cow’s urine is a growing climate problem. Eloise Gibson talks to the scientists and farmers who are leading efforts keep nitrogen in the ground and out of the atmosphere. Laughing gas was all the rage at fashionable 18th century parties, and, according to people younger and hipper than this writer, modern party-goers still make themselves giddy by inhaling the gas from whipped cream canisters. Nitrous oxide – or, to give it its chemical formula, N2O – is also sometimes administered to women in labour for temporary pain relief. But if you want to find the biggest source of laughing gas in New Zealand, you’ll need to get yourself to a farm paddock. It seems unlikely that anyone has tried to inhale this particular source of laughing gas. But, whenever you see cows on pasture, they’re producing nitrous oxide when their urine hits the soil. The gas comes about because of an imbalance between the amount of nitrogen cows excrete and how much nitrogen grass can absorb to fuel new growth. When cows wee, their urine contains concentrated nitrogen from all the plentiful grass they’ve eaten. When urine hits the ground, it lands in a patch, which now contains much more nitrogen than the small piece of pasture beneath the patch can re-absorb. That leaves a lot of nitrogen “sloshing around the place”, as Waikato University soil scientists Louis Schipper puts it. Some of this excess will be converted by microbes to nitrate, which can run off into water and harm fish and seed algal blooms. This is the form of pollution that most people probably most closely associate with farming, with headlines like those following last year’s river stock-take by the Ministry for the Environment and Statistics NZ, which found nitrogen levels were worsening at more than half (55 per cent) of monitored river sites. But there’s another, lesser-known problem that occurs, one that affects the climate. A smaller amount of nitrogen joins with oxygen atoms and enters the atmosphere as N2O —laughing gas. Each molecule of nitrous oxide is about 300 times as powerful as a molecule of CO2 at warming the planet, and, unlike methane (the other major greenhouse gas created by farming), it sticks around in the atmosphere for a very long time. That makes it both potent (like methane) and annoyingly persistent (like CO2). In all nitrous oxide makes up about 11 percent of New Zealand’s total greenhouse gas emissions, maybe more – our third most prevalent greenhouse gas after carbon dioxide and methane. Eighty percent of New Zealand’s total nitrous oxide emissions come from urine patches. According to the Parliamentary Commissioner for the Environment, our production is rising. Nitrous oxide emissions have increased by almost half since 1990, a by-product of increasing use of nitrogen-based fertilisers and more intensified dairying. As farmers applied more nitrogen to grow more grass, they increased dairy production successfully. But they also increased both emissions of nitrous oxide and nitrate run-off to water. Nitrate’s evil twin You might call nitrous oxide nitrate run-off’s evil twin. But since the two problems are connected, scientists hope that shrinking one issue will also help solve the other. None of the solutions so far would solve either problem entirely – far from it. But there have been some intriguing finds. For once, it’s not hyperbole to say that New Zealand is leading the world when it comes to measuring and finding ways to reduce nitrous oxide from farm paddocks, says Schipper. He’s part of a team running tests at a farm at Waharoa, near Matamata, where the farmers have tried some cutting-edge solutions. Ben and Sarah Troughton volunteered their farm to be a greenhouse gas research hub several years ago. The Troughton family farm is now one of the most-closely monitored working farms for greenhouse gases in the world, according to Schipper. Together, scientists and the Troughtons track every bit of feed that goes in, monitor where the cows graze, the milk that comes out, and the associated greenhouse gases from the animals and the paddocks they graze on. Waharoa in the Waikato is a perfect place to do it: In 2011, Statistics NZ said the Waikato region had the largest proportion of nitrates being leached from agriculture in New Zealand. Approximately 74.5 percent of farming leachate was from dairying; and much of the rest was from beef farming. Some of the statistics coming from the Troughton farm have been sobering, despite the fact the Troughtons make a big effort to farm gently. Ben and Sarah Troughton try to treat their paddocks and their Jersey cows respectfully, designing their milking sessions to relax the cows, treading lightly on the soil as much as possible, and, most crucially, operating with a lower stocking rate than most dairy farms in the area. Still, over a year of measurements, scientists calculated the paddocks were making about 7kg of nitrous oxide per hectare, which translates to two tons of CO2 equivalent. At an open day in April, farmers and consultants gathered at Troughton farm to hear about the latest research. One man raised his hand to ask what others were probably thinking: Given the Troughtons' comparatively low stocking rate, wouldn’t a typical dairy farm lose significantly more nitrogen than this one? “Yep,” said Schipper. The rule of thumb is that farms lose about 1 percent of their nitrogen inputs as nitrous oxide, he says. A typical, more intensive farm would almost certainly be producing more greenhouse gas than the Troughtons. Another notable finding, which would apply to any farm, was that N2O spiked alarmingly after rainfall, when the soil microbes became busy and caused a big pulse in greenhouse gases. In summer “the strength of the relationship between nitrous oxide and rainfall just blew us away,” Schipper told farmers at the open day. “I didn’t expect a relationship as clean as this.” Now the scientists are concentrating on finding solutions, and the Troughtons are determined to help, even when it means allowing the scientists to tinker with their busy operation. Recently the researchers persuaded a slightly reluctant Ben Troughton to let them rip up a perfectly good paddock and plant a new crop that might cut the nitrous oxide leakage: plaintain. This green, broad-leafed forage can be planted alongside other grassy species for cows to eat, and so far, the results look promising. It’s been trialed by researchers at several universities and by Agresearch, the crown-owned farm science company. The scientists we spoke to agreed, it’s one of the most promising nitrogen-cutting options they’ve seen. But there’s a way to go before farms like the Troughton’s could adopt it permanently. When it comes to stemming nitrogen losses, DairyNZ’s Bruce Thorrold divides the possible solutions into three groups. There’s the well-proven, the promising, and, lastly, the you-never-know-it’s-worth-a-go. In that last, worth-a-shot, category is breeding lower nitrogen cows, a project in its early infancy. “We are just working out now if there is genetic variability,” says Thorrold. “If we can select cattle with lower nitrogen in their urine or smaller urine patches… it’s simple to roll out because 95 percent of dairy cows are from artificial insemination, so it’s just a matter of choosing nitrogen-efficient bulls and in 7-10 years we can change the whole national herd.” Like a parallel bid by other scientists to breed low-methane cows, breeding for low-N cattle might only make a tiny percentage of difference to the emissions of each animal. But, if implemented across the country, the savings could be significant. Successful breeding is still very much in the “maybe” category, however. The only things in the “certain-to-work” category, says Thorrold, are shrinking the amount of nitrogen coming on to the farm (by using less fertiliser or less pre-cut cow feed) or getting cows off pastures during wet periods by laying concrete pads (at a cost of hundreds of thousands of dollars per farm). The concrete pads catch the cows’ wee so it can be distributed evenly around the paddocks later, fostering greater nitrogen absorption and lower losses. The other proven tactic, bringing in less nitrogen, means making less milk, says Thorrold. But farmers might still find they make a similar profit as before, because they’re spending less on feed and fertiliser. For farmers in places like Rotorua or Canterbury, who need to act fast to meet incoming environmental rules, these proven tactics are their best options. But there are also other, promising discoveries that might work in exciting ways. These aren’t as proven as, say, cutting fertiliser use, but they are considerably closer to reality than low-nitrogen breeding. This is where plaintain fits in, with so-called catch-crops that absorb urine. While there’s still work to do to make sure plaintain works in a real farming environment, Thorrold and Schipper agree that it’s one of the most significant discoveries to date. There are three ways in which plaintain may help cut nitrogen losses, says Cecile de Klein, from Agresearch. The first is that eating the plant reduces the concentration of nitrogen in cows’ urine. “There is definitely evidence that the concentration of nitrogen in the urine patch reduces, although the animals urinate more so there are more patches. But the reduction on concentration is larger than the increase in volume,” she says. “The second part is, if we reduce the concentration, we might reduce the percentage of nitrogen lost as nitrous oxide (because the grass can absorb more of what the cow excretes.)”. That part is still inconclusive, says de Klein, with studies going either way. But there’s a third, more intriguing possibility. “It seems the plant itself may create conditions in the soil that reduces nitrogen loss by affecting the microbes in the soil, and affecting the naturally-occurring processes that create nitrous oxide,” says de Klein. “It’s only a hypothesis, at the moment. We’re trying to disentangle the effects. But what the evidence seems to point to, is that the roots release a natural compound in the soil that acts as a natural nitrification inhibitor. The results are hinting that the plant itself is causing this effect.” Crucially, this nitrous-cutting effect seems to work regardless of what the cow eats. In other words, the reduction in greenhouse gas is independent of the fact that eating plantain reduces nitrogen in the cattle’s urine. For example, scientists in an Agresearch study funded by the New Zealand Agricultural Greenhouse Gas Research Centre poured identical cow urine on pasture they’d planted with, variously, ryegrass, plaintain and other crops. In autumn and winter, they found that nitrous oxide emissions from the plaintain-covered ground were 39 to 74 per cent less than emissions from the ground covered in ryegrass. Greenhouse gas research-watchers might remember DCD – the nitrogen-fixing fertiliser product that was once one of the great hopes for reducing nitrate leaching and greenhouse gases. A few hundred New Zealand farms started using it, hoping to save money on fertiliser as well as cutting their greenhouse impact. But DCD was rapidly withdrawn in 2013 after traces were found in milk. While there was no reason to suspect any health risk from the residue, there was no agreed safe level in milk so DCD use was put on hold noticed and, so far, it hasn’t returned to farm paddocks. Early indications are that plaintain might release a compound that’s akin to a natural equivalent to DCD, in this case from the plant itself. But if – and it’s still an if – scientists can prove it works they would still need to show farmers that plantain was cost-effective. Farmers would want to know it lasts as long in the field as ryegrass, so they don’t need to re-sow their fields too often. If it does work, plantain could slot into our grass-based farming system without needing major changes to the way New Zealand cows graze, says de Klein. She’s cautious of getting out the party banners just yet, after the lessons of DCD. But that doesn’t mean we can’t feel a little excited. “With DCD we were too quick to say ‘this is the answer’ without understanding the full consequences,” she says. “But at the moment this (plaintain) is the most promising alternative.” This story was written with help from the Aotearoa New Zealand Science Journalism Fund. Credible information is crucial in a crisis. The pandemic is pushing us into an unknown and uncertain future. As the crisis unfolds the need for accurate, balanced and thorough reporting will be vital. Newsroom’s team of journalists is working hard to bring you the facts but, now more than ever, we need your support. Reader donations are critical to what we do. If you can help us, please click the button to ensure we can continue to provide quality independent journalism you can trust.

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You will find the entire Narrativas program by clicking here. In Narrativas de Nuevo Mexico, activists and the public come together in a dialogue that enhances the citizenry of the State of New Mexico. As a group, the activists, Vicente Ximenes, MariLuci Jaramillo, Ted Martinez, Graciela Olivarez, and Julian Samora, have extraordinary stories that exemplify the benefits of an education, hard work and persistence and answer the question of what it means to be a New Mexican. More importantly, their stories illuminate their insistence on giving back to their communities, thus serving the entire nation. They are pioneers, not only of the Civil Rights Movement of the 1960s and 1970s, but they stand as examples of what an individual can do despite obstacles in their paths. All five were raised in poverty, yet their stories are rich in experience and service. These stories fill gaps left by scholarship that have eclipsed the contributions of these activists. Most importantly, these stories illustrate how they broke through barriers set by mainstream society to effect policy at national and state levels. They surmounted barriers to gender, language, and culture that could have prevented them from contributing to their country’s good. All five worked in government at a time when it was rare for Latinos to hold these positions. Their efforts challenge new generations to explore the many ways public service is essential to full participation in the national debate. The public event, Narrativas de Nuevo Mexico, began with viewing film clips, followed by a demonstration of the interactive website, and concluded with a public discussion. Each person’s story is told in a series of vignettes on the website, which coincide with a timeline of historical New Mexican and national events. The timelines are a way to demonstrate the activists’ engagement with cultural, political, and life events beginning in the early 1940s through the 1980s. While the stories are personal and address life-defining moments, the stories also tie into our national socio-cultural history. Two surviving activists gave a talk, and then the program was opened to questions from the audience. With Dr. Manuel Garcia y Griego as facilitator, the discussion was an opportunity for an open forum on bilingualism, generational differences in gender equity, political engagement, and paths to public service. The audience included the general public, school groups, and educators. Below is a short cut to the biographies of the activists. - Julian Samora Julian Samora was born March 1, 1920 in the small town of Pagosa Springs in southwestern Colorado. Samora won a Frederick G. Bonfils Foundation scholarship enabling him to attend Adams State College in Alamosa, Colorado, where he received his B.A. in History in 1942. He taught high school for one year and won fellowships enabling him to continue his education. In 1947 he earned an M.S. in Sociology from Colorado State University at Fort Collins. He had, by then, begun teaching at Adams State and continued for more than a decade (1944-1955). Samora earned a PhD from Washington University in St Louis, in Sociology and Anthropology in 1953 — the first Mexican American in this field. After two short-term teaching positions, the first of which was at Michigan State University, he accepted an associate professorship in Sociology at the University of Notre Dame in 1959. He was also a visiting professor at a number of universities, including the University of New Mexico. He conducted research on Mexican American public health issues in 1958-1959, long before there was an established field of Medical Sociology. His research, which resulted in two scholarly articles, studied the villagers in Northern New Mexico. In the spring of 1985, he retired from Notre Dame.Samora was a Mexican American renaissance scholar. Through leadership, mentorship, scholarly research, teaching, and boots-on-the-ground activism, Samora seeded the minds of a generation of Latino scholars and community leaders. Active from the early 1940s to the 1990s, Samora’s commitment to training Mexican American academics and professionals was responsible for the largest and most significant cadre of Latino scholars produced by any individual. Samora was the first Mexican American to earn a Ph.D. in sociology and the author of the first book-length study of Mexican Americans, La Raza: Forgotten Americans, published in 1966. However, Samora was most proud of the Mexican American Graduate Studies Program he founded at the University of Notre Dame. Begun in 1969, the program trained more than fifty academics and professionals before its demise at Samora’s retirement in 1985.Samora’s groundbreaking ideas opened the way for Latinos to understand and study themselves intellectually and politically, to analyze the complex relationships between Mexicans and Mexican Americans, to study Mexican immigration, and to ready the United States for the reality of Latinos as the fastest growing minority in the nation. In addition to his scholarly and pedagogical impact, his leadership in the struggle for civil rights was a testament to the power of community action and perseverance. Samora’s influence can be felt not only through the written word, but also through the many people he mentored and influenced. Samora’s impact is truly a living legacy. He was not only a pioneer in Mexican-American studies, but he was also one of the National Council of La Raza co-founders. From the beginning of his academic career, Julian Samora was deeply interested in research and presented the results of his interest in nearly 30 journal articles and in several seminal books. Among his most important publications are “Mexican-Americans in a Midwest Metropolis” (1967), Los Mojados: The Wetback Story (1971), and Gunpowder Justice: A Reassessment of the Texas Rangers (1979). As a result of his experience and expertise, Dr. Samora was invited to serve on many national boards and commissions in both the governmental and private sectors. Among the most salient are the U.S. Commission on Civil Rights, the National Institute of Mental Health, and Lyndon Johnson’s President’s Commission on Rural Poverty. Samora retired to Albuquerque, New Mexico where he died February 2, 1996. - Mari-Luci JaramilloMari-Luci Jaramillo, born in Las Vegas, New Mexico in 1928, grew up working in her father’s shoemaker shop. She worked her way through college, eventually earning a Ph.D. in curriculum and instruction in 1971. She has been an ESL (English as a Second Language) teacher, a Civil Rights advocate, a vice president of the University of New Mexico, a Deputy Assistant Secretary of State for Latin America, and is now a highly sought public speaker. On April Fool’s Day in 1977, she was asked to consider becoming the United States Ambassador to Honduras by President Jimmy Carter. Jaramillo at first thought the offer was a prank by her students, but accepted once it became clear it was a legitimate offer. She served almost three years in that position. Since her ambassadorship, Jaramillo has worked for Educational Testing Service, and served several years at the Pentagon in the Clinton Administration. She has also served on the Board of Trustees of the Children’s Television Workshop, and is a member of the National Association of Latino Elected and Appointed Officials. She also served on the Diversity External Advisory Council of the Los Alamos National Laboratory. She is presently retired and living in Albuquerque. - Ted MartinezTed Martinez was born in 1936 in the depths of the Great Depression. He was born and raised in Martineztown, a part of Albuquerque formerly known as ‘Dog Town,’ because of the many dogs in the area. His father, Luis Martinez (1897-1986), had a long family history in New Mexico and his mother, Maria Jesus Flores Martinez (1904-1987), was from Mexican. They had thirteen children, six sons and seven daughters. Born into humble circumstances, his parents stressed education and Martinez has been able earn an advanced degree. His life work has ranged from Albuquerque Journal newspaper carrier to College President, taking him from ‘the barrio’ in Albuquerque to the offices of political power in Washington D.C. After earning both a bachelor’s and master’s degree at the University of New Mexico (UNM), Martinez devoted his career to education, first as a history teacher at Rio Grande High School, then as an administrator at UNM. Along the way, he served as the first Mexican American on the Albuquerque Public Schools’ Board of Education and was on the governing board of Albuquerque Technical and Vocational Institute (now Central New Mexico), including serving as the chair of each board. Following his retirement from the University of New Mexico, Martinez decided to volunteer for the Peace Corps, spending two years in Belize. Returning to New Mexico, Martinez served as the President of TVI for five years from 1989 to 1990. Active in politics all of his life, Martinez served as campaign manager for Lt. Governor Diane Denish’s 2008 bid for governor of the state of New Mexico. - Vicente XimenesVicente Ximenes was born December 5, 1919 to a poor Mexican American family in Floresville, Texas. Out of 100 Mexican American children he began grade school with, Ximenes was only one of five to graduate from high school. Discrimination was part of their daily lives and the struggles for young Mexican American students to remain in school and to graduate were enormous. Through hard work, Ximenes saved enough money for college, where in order to stay in school, he worked a number of odd jobs just to keep his head above water. With the outbreak of WWII, Ximenes volunteers to protect the country in which he was considered a second-class citizen. After valiant service to his country, Ximenes was uneasy about the continued segregation and discrimination against Mexican Americans he saw and experienced upon his return. Ximenes became active in the Civil Rights Movement, starting the first branch of the GI Forum in New Mexico in the early 1950s. In 1961, Ximenes was selected by the Kennedy administration to serve as program officer and economist for the U.S. Agency for International Development in Quito, Ecuador, and in 1966, he was named deputy director of the Agency for International Development in Panama City, Panama. A year later, he was appointed by President Johnson as U.S. Commissioner of the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission in Washington, D. C., where he served for five years, the first Mexican American to be named to the position. President Johnson also chose Ximenes as the chairman of his new cabinet-level Committee on Mexican American Affairs. Ximenes later became the vice-president for field operations of the National Urban Coalition. Through a concerted effort, Ximenes was responsible for including Albuquerque, Austin, Santa Fe, El Paso and other cities with large Mexican American populations in President Johnson’s Model Cities Program, which jump-started affirmative action in all the federal agencies. Mr. Ximenes is retired and living in Albuquerque. - Graciela Gil OlivarezGraciela Gil Olivarez was born on March 9, 1928 in Phoenix, Arizona to a Spanish father and Mexican-American mother. Olivarez grew up in the small mining towns of Arizona populated by Mexican American miners and their families. As a high school drop out she worked at a number of jobs at a Spanish-language radio station from 1952 to 1963, including as a disk jockey, eventually becoming the director of women’s programming. As a high-profile radio announcer, Olivarez used her local fame to help Mexican Americans in Phoenix. In 1962, when the U.S. Civil Rights Commission held hearings in Phoenix, Olivarez addressed the panel, leading her work in social justice to a national arena. From 1962 to1966, she worked for the Choate foundation as a staff specialist, and sought ways to lower juvenile delinquency among Mexican-American youth. In 1963, she organized a national conference on bilingual education. During the War on Poverty, President Lyndon B. Johnson appointed her to the National Advisory Council on Economic Opportunity. In 1965, Olivarez became the director of the Arizona branch of federal Office of Economic Opportunity. Invited by Fr. Theodore Hesburgh, chairman of the Civil Rights Commission and president of the University of Notre Dame, to attend law school, Olivarez became the first woman and first Latina to graduate from the Notre Dame Law School in 1970. Olivarez taught at the University of New Mexico Law School in the early 1970s and from 1975 to 1977, Olivarez served as Secretary of the New Mexico State Planning Office, the highest-ranking woman in New Mexico government. She then went to Washington and was the highest-ranking Latina in the Carter administration as director of the Community Service Administration. Olivarez returned to New Mexico where she founded Channels 41 and 48, affiliates of Spanish International network, the first Spanish-language television stations in the country. The stations were later sold to Univision. In September of 1987, Graciela Gil Olivarez lost her battle with cancer in Albuquerque, New Mexico.

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Travellers please be aware that the Government of India has issued an advisory regarding travel restrictions in an effort to curb the spread of the coronavirus (COVID-19). All incoming travellers, including Indians, arriving from or having visited China, Italy, Iran, Republic of Korea, France, Spain, and Germany after 15th February, 2020 shall be quarantined for a minimum period of 14 days. Incoming travellers, including Indian nationals, are advised to avoid non-essential travel and are informed that they can be quarantined for a minimum of 14 days on their arrival in India. Vesak Day, Singapore Overview Vesak Day is a religious festival celebrated by Buddhists all over the world, falling in April-May every year. The most significant day in the Buddhist calendar, the Buddhists in Singapore and all over the world celebrate this day as the birth, enlightenment, and passing of the Buddha. Also known as Buddha Purnima, this festival enumerates the message of the Buddha and aims to remind devotees of their sacred duties of peace and tolerance. The Ceylonese community celebrated Vesak in its initial years, with their National Day, making it a two-day festival. It is celebrated mid-month of every fourth month of the Chinese Lunar Calendar, by the full moon day. Singapore’s Buddhist population observes Vesak Day in many pockets around the city. Witnessing the celebrations is a beautiful way to understand the culture, traditions, and heritage of the Buddhist faith. The inclusive festival is open to people of all religions, so tourists are welcome to participate in the festivities and rituals. Vesak Day is a great opportunity to learn about Buddhist practices, and appreciate the noble messages of universal peace. Observed on the fifteenth day of the fourth month of the Chinese Lunar calendar, Vesak Day venerates the birth, enlightenment, and passing of Gautama Buddha, the founder of Buddhism. It is said that these significant events occurred on the same day in different years, making Vesak Day the most important day in the Buddhist calendar; the name ‘Vesak’ derives from the Sanskrit name of said month. The Conference of the World Fellowship of Buddhists in 1950 officially decided to celebrate Vesak Day as the birthday of the Buddha. Vesak Day Celebrations and Rituals Hoisting the flag At the crack of dawn, devotees assemble at temples and monasteries in Singapore to hoist the Buddhist flag and honour the teachings of the Buddha. Monks chant the Sutras (Buddhist scriptures) and devotees sing hymns in praise of the Buddha, the Dharma (Buddhist teachings), and the Sangha (followers). Different sects, different rituals The two major Buddhist sects in Singapore are the Mahayana and Theravada. The Mahayana Buddhist monks participate in a traditional candlelight parade on Vesak Day and practise the ‘Three-Step, One-Bow’ ritual. This involves taking a step each on one knee and bowing at the third step. This is repeated for about two hours and is said to purify all three karmas at the same time – the body, mind, and speech. The ritual symbolizes the arduous journey to Enlightenment, and how grit and determination can help overcome any adversity. Watching the monks undertake this journey is a humbling, spiritual experience. The Theravada Buddhists celebrate Vesak Day in Singapore by preparing a simple yet delicious rice-milk concoction, to commemorate the last meal that the Buddha took before attaining Nirvana. This is then distributed to others as well. Most Buddhists take a vow to eat only vegetarian meals on this auspicious day. Charity Love, harmony, and peace are the themes of this day – observers of the faith are expected to spread love and prosperity around. Charity is an important part of the festivities – individuals donate whatever they can to the less fortunate, and fulfil their duties of ‘Daana’ or charity. Patrons usually visit hospitals, orphanages, and shelter homes and contribute. Buddhists believe that any good deed performed on Vesak Day bears fruit multiplied several times over. Visitors are welcome to participate in these festivities too and donate to the poor. Earlier, caged animals and birds were liberated on this day in an act of kindness, but the Singaporean government has warned against this as they may not be able to survive in the wild. Paying homage to the Buddha The many Buddhist temples and monasteries in Singapore are decked up in finery and incense during Vesak Day, to pay homage to the Buddha and honour His message of peace and love. Flowers, candles, and joss sticks are offered at the shrines to pray for universal peace. The offerings symbolize the fleeting nature of life – as the flowers wilt and candles melt, so does life wither away. The experience is contemplative and meditative. In some temples, a small idol of the Buddha is bathed in water and gilded with gold in remembrance of His divine consecration before Enlightenment. Highlight of Vesak Day The main highlight of Vesak Day festival is in its belief of reassurance of living a simple and moral life, revolving around compassion and kindness. The idea of releasing caged animals and liberating them is in itself a reason to celebrate Buddha and his teachings of peace and non-violence. The people of this faith prepare and consume only vegetarian meals as a gesture of compassion towards the voiceless beings of the earth. Even more generous acts such as mass blood donations are what truly embrace the simple, humble and giving teachings of Buddha. Where to Celebrate Vesak Day in Singapore Kong Meng San Phor Kark See Monastery Witness the candlelight parade and take part in the unique Three-Step, One-Bow ritual at Kong Meng San Phor Kark See Monastery, Singapore’s largest Buddhist temple. This parade begins at the outer courtyard of the monastery and makes its way to the inner sanctum. The temple also offers a guided tour of the premises. How to reach: The monastery is located at Bright Hill Road MRT: Take the North-South Line or Circle Line to Bishan MRT Station, and walk to Gate 3 of the monastery. Bus: Buses 52, 162, 162M, and 410 plies to Gate 3 near Bishan Bus Interchange. Mangala Vihara Temple The serene Bodhi tree at the Mangala Vihara temple is decorated with garlands, candles, and joss sticks to commemorate this sacred day. This tree signifies the very spot where the Buddha attained Nirvana and is special to followers of the faith. Also known as the Shrine of Blessings, this temple houses relics of the Buddha and his devotees that are kept on display during Vesak Day in Singapore. How to reach: The temple is located at Jalan Eunos Road. MRT: Take the East-West Line to Eunos MRT Station and walk to the Mangala Vihara Temple. Bus: Buses 15, 21, 25, 51, 55, 60, 51, 63, 93, 94, 854, and 966 ply to Jalan Eunos Bus Station. The temple is a short walk away. Buddha Tooth Relic Temple One of the most visually pleasing moments of the festival takes place at the famous Buddha Tooth Relic Temple, where more than 2,000 lanterns are lit around the premises to light up the night sky. How to reach: This temple is at South Bridge Road in Chinatown. MRT: Take the Downtown Line or North-East Line to Chinatown MRT Station. The temple is a two-minute walk away. Bus: Buses 80 and 145 ply to South Bridge Road Station; the temple is a one-minute walk away. Amitabha Buddhist Centre Amitabha Buddhist Centre has a twenty-year-old tradition of hosting Vesak Day festivities in Singapore. A ground is transformed into a carnival as fair games, food stalls, thrift stores, and a shoppers’ bazaar are set up during this time. A traditional Tibetan painting almost two storeys high is the star attraction here. How to reach:The fair is held at the ground near Aljunied MRT Station. MRT: Take the East-West Line to Aljunied MRT Station and walk to the fairground. Bus: Buses 100 and 40 take visitors to Aljunied Station. The ground is a short walk away. Sri Lankaramaya Buddhist Temple The delicious vegetarian offerings served at this Theravada temple are worth a try. Indulge in heartwarming charity and partake in this ritual at the Lankaramaya Temple, and listen to some Jataka tales too! How to reach: The temple is located at St Michael’s Road, Bendemeer. MRT: Take the North-East Line to Boon Keng MRT Station. The temple is a 10-minute walk away. Bus: Buses 13, 26, 23, 31, 65, 107, 125, 133, and 147 take visitors to St Michael’s Place Stop. The temple is a short walk away. Buddhist Library For a more relaxed and meaningful commemoration of Vesak Day in Singapore, head to the Buddhist Library and listen to saffron-clad monks wax eloquent about the teachings of the Buddha. Blessing sessions are conducted all day, and there is a flower arrangement workshop as well. A gorgeous Buddhist art exhibition is also open to the public. How to reach: The building is located at Lorong 4A in Geylang. MRT: Take the East-West Line to Aljunied MRT Station. The Library is a 5-minute walk away. Bus: Buses 20, 40, 62, 2, 13, 21, 26, 64, 84, 100, 158, 51, 67, 853, 7, 70, and 197 take visitors to the entrance of the Library.

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If you’re like me, the picture above is reminiscent of someone stabbing someone else in the neck with pen in a Quentin Tarantino movie. It’s a fair comparison: incredibly bright red liquid spurts out of a hole, sending streams of said bright red liquid up, only to sail back down. However, this particular brand of, for lack of a better word, spurting, isn’t the result of purposefully comedic SFX. Classified as a Strombolian eruption, the upwards lava explosions are caused by large gas bubbles bursting, which travel up until they reach a vent. The spurting (oh god I hate this word) effect is further emphasized by the results (also known as tephras): solid bits of lava (splatter), solid bits of bubbly lava (scoria), lava bombs (which are just as cool and badass as they sound), and whole chunks of solidified lava. To make them even cooler, Strombolian eruptions are named for the Italian island Stromboli, which has a lot of volcanoes that produce this particular kind of eruption. And you thought volcanoes couldn’t get any better. Photo courtesy of: volcanoes4. Volcanoes. 28 September 2014. 18 January 2017. <https://volcanoes4.wikispaces.com/Volcanoes>. Info courtesy of: Ball, Jessica. Types of Volcanic Eruptions. n.d. 18 January 2017. <http://geology.com/volcanoes/types-of-volcanic-eruptions/>. If you thought genetically engineering a human genome was a little freaky, you’re right. If you think it’s still cool, you’d also be right. Genetic engineering is exactly what you think it is – the engineering of genes. More specifically, it’s directly changing a genome to make a new or edited organism. This can be accomplished through molecular cloning (cloning of the desired DNA strand, and injecting the copied DNA into the organism so it replicates itself), or gene targeting (removal of a gene, adding a gene, or introducing a point mutation – like purposefully inducing a genetic mutation), but there is now a much more precise way to genetically modify an organism. It’s called CRISPR, and it is being widely regarded as a revolutionary development in science. The thing is, scientists didn’t invent it. CRISPR stands for “Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats”, and it is naturally occurring. It consists of prokaryotic DNA with repeating base sequences, and this initially puzzled scientists, until they realized that they have “spacer DNA”, which means that all these sequences are the genetic makeup of something – it was later discovered that this “something” was viruses. Cells were found to be keeping a sort of database of the DNA of certain viruses, and using proteins (Cas – CRISPR-associated proteins) to target the virus when it entered the cell. CRISPR takes certain sections of a virus’ DNA and turns it into RNA, which Cas then takes control of and carries it around the cell. If the protein encounters something that matches the RNA, Cas cuts it into two so it cannot replicate itself within the cell. Scientists mostly focus on Cas9, which is the associated protein of strep throat. Cas9 can recognize genetic sequences twenty bases long, so biologists can feed it the RNA of any desired gene and it can go and copy and paste it anywhere you want in the genome. This technique has been recently used in mice. Gene engineering mostly consists of isolating genes and messing with them a bit, to see what effect they really have on an organism. Normally, to isolate a gene, scientists would have to go through three generations of mice to get the desired phenotype, but now with CRISPR, they need only insert the gene into an embryonic stem cell and it takes one generation to see the gene. It’s also being proposed to be used in fighting inherited diseases – when you inject the copy of a certain gene, but it is non-functional, embryonic stem cells will adopt the new gene and replicate that. The generation born will have a “knocked-out” version of the gene, meaning it does not work. Using CRISPR, scientists may be capable to do the same thing with much more precision and efficiency than ever before. CRISPR is still in early development, but with more testing, it is definitely possible to witness some incredible advancement in science. However, any form of genetic engineering has always been under mass scrutiny. In 2015, scientists at major academic establishments called for the world to place a temporary ban on editing inheritable human genomes. Also, the term “genetically modified organism” has become almost synonymous with genetically modified food and crops, which are subject to ridiculous amounts of debate, mostly due to GMO-manufacturer Monsanto’s suspicious and unethical activity. CRISPR is being proposed for certain forms of gene therapy (genetic engineering in humans for clinical use), but this is even more controversial than the food. It was only in 2012 that the first form of gene therapy was permitted world-wide after the European Commission cleared the treatment, Glybera, for clinical use. (Glybera compensates for a rare genetic disease called lipoprotein lipase (LPL) deficiency, which can cause severe pancreatitis. Glybera puts the LPL gene into the cell, and it acts as a free-floating DNA strand.) Glofish – genetically engineered fish that glow Despite obvious benefits of using CRISPR and other forms of genetic engineering, it is virtually impossible to get anything out to the public. (The biggest genetic innovation that has hit the market so far is probably GloFish or blue roses.) American laws about gene engineering haven’t been updated since 1996, and much has changed since. These regulations were written with only genetically modified bacteria in mind (genetically engineered insulin made it onto the market in 1982), and it was incomprehensible that we could edit the human genome with the simple insertion of isolated RNA. CRISPR still isn’t perfect, but more research still needs to happen. And that doesn’t just apply to this specific technique – when it comes to gene engineering, anything from genetically modified food to certain forms of cancer research are up for intense debate. Although, it is still important to remember that we’ve come a long way, and it’s amazing what humans are capable now. The more we understand our genes, the better we can make ourselves. I’m not talking edited babies, with chosen hair and eye colour – I’m thinking more along the lines of completely taking the genes that cause negative mutations in humans, such as Alzheimer’s and blindness, out of the human gene pool. Concept: someone, who is obviously very magical (either with a top hat and a small black wand or a giant, pointy hat with stars on it and the most magnificent beard anyone has ever seen) pours water into a cup. The audience can clearly see the water going into the cup, can almost see the water inside the cup, yet when the magician turns the cup over, no water comes out. The magician then tells the audience the water did not come out because it’s gone (“POOF!”) into another dimension. Someone somewhere has probably just been drenched in approximately 50 mL of water. Everyone laughs. It’s a pretty strange concept. It’s impossible to make water just disappear – sure, it can change into a gas if heated, but the water disappeared almost instantly. There wasn’t any time for this magician to heat all the water up so that it disappeared, so where did it go? Someone who is not scientifically inclined may say that the concept illustrated in the first paragraph is entirely fictional, but those who care about the events of the world at an atomic level know that that’s not true. Magic can be found in the simplest of places – in this case, diapers. The sort of powder that is found in lining of diapers is called sodium polyacrylate, more commonly known as polymer powder. It’s an anionic polyelectrolyte, and is highly hygroscopic, meaning it can absorb a lot of water. In the case of sodium polyacrylate (-CH2-CH(CO2Na)), it can absorb up to 300 times its weight in water. When it comes into contact with the water, the polymer powder uses osmotic pressure to absorb all the water, so the water mixes with the powder, and the powder expands, taking the water with it. It then makes the water take on a gel consistency, as demonstrated in the video. In the video, only enough sodium polyacrylate to cover the bottom of the cup was used, and we poured about 30 millilitres in, enough to fill a quarter of the cup. Within about three to five seconds, all of the water was gel. We encountered this trick via lots of research into chemistry-based magic tricks. Apparently, it’s quite popular, which makes sense. We can’t be the only ones who have ever wondered how baby diapers never leak! This amazing, beautiful, astounding project was accomplished by the dazzling expertise of Sara Parker and Logan Willis. Because we’re awesome. In our research, we found a way to build a death ray out of a microwave. So we didn’t do that project, for fear of being contacted by the RCMP or any other investigative organizations that think death ray building is dangerous, especially when done by two sophomores. Gum B (Big League Chew) proved to have the superior bubble blowing capabilities, thus disproving our hypothesis that Gum A would produce the largest bubble, due to its tougher consistency. Gum B’s bubbles were an average of 13.3 cm larger than Gum A’s, and the time needed to chew the hum to produce the bubble was significantly shorter than Gum A. Our initial hypotheses stated that Gum A would prove to be the better gum, as it had a tougher dexterity/consistency than Gum B, and it was thought that this feature would help [the gum] sustain more pressure, such as air and physical stress, than its counterpart. However, this proved to be false as Gum B’s loose, powdery consistency turned out to be superior when it comes to blowing bubbles and stretching the gum itself. The data we collected can be described as both qualitative and quantitative, as we measured the quality of the gum (how much stress the gum can sustain) and the quantity of volume of the blown bubbles (measured the area that each bubble takes up). SI units were used in the lab (grams, seconds). Five variables that my have affected the outcome of this experiment: Time spent chewing the gum. Contents of the saliva of the Chewer (based on what they ate, how many liquids have been consumed, etc..) Time the gum was exposed to the atmosphere of the lab (chewed Gum B was exposed for less time than Gum A) Faults in measuring (human error) Unknown amount of influence of the act of practicing blowing bubbles (the theory that the more bubbles blown, the bigger they will get) The Test Subject (aka the Chewing Gum Inflation Device aka CGID aka Chloe)

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Submitted by: Brenda Robson, First Baptist Academy, Dallas, Texas UNIT: Impressionism - Printmaking Lesson: Monotype with Createx Grade level: Middle School - adaptable to higher grades (examples are 5th/6th) Createx Monotype Handbook [Archive] 36 page illustrated booklet which explains the many uses of the Createx Monotype Colors. Chapters include proper materials, techniques, troubleshooting, much more. Written by Julia and Gail Ayres. - Createx Instructions (Archive). See their other guides. See Lesson Plan from Printmaker William A. Walmsley (Archive) Short video clip (The archive of this video seems to be missing) - monoprint subtractive technique lesson - images of Walmsley's work and more. Cut Plexiglas (mylar - - acetate - or laminating film 3/4" to 1" (2 - 2.5 cm) larger than desired print - depending on width of masking tape). Clean plate with a washcloth and detergent to remove residual oils and paint. Note from Judy: I got my Plexiglas free from a local lumber company that repaired windows. Mix Createx colors with monotype base ahead of time and put colors in Mixing Trays for each table. Trays with lids work well. Colors will stay moist if you put a small damp sponge in tray. Select photographs of landscapes - or up close nature from magazines for inspirations. Make a sketch of basic shapes and plan colors using any media. Tape a border of masking tape onto printing surface. This will give you a nice clean border all around your print (tape is removed before running through the press) Brush thin layer of Createx base onto plate and allow to dry (this will help color release from plate). Put drawing/composition under printing plate. Apply color directly to the dry plate using a brush, Sponges, brayer, etc. Avoid heavy impasto strokes and buildup of paint which can spread during printing. Allow paint to thoroughly dry before transferring. Wetting the Paper For unsized papers (and thinner printing papers): (e.g. Arches 88) Prior to printing your image, thoroughly wet the paper by spray misting it with water until it is evenly damp. When paint is dry on the plate, remove excess moisture from paper with a paper towel or blotter. Then transfer image. You can put through etching press under blankets - or rub the back with the flat side of wooden spoon. For sized papers: (e.g. Rives BFK paper) Hand transfer: Soak paper for up to 4 hrs. in warm water. Press transfer: Soak for 30 mins. in warm water. Note from Judy: I used hand made paper with my students and it required very little soaking - we sprayed both sides with water bottles and blotted between towels. Hand transfer - Starting with one side, lower dampened paper on top of your plate ( this will protect the paper and help retain moisture). Push paper into the painted plate using any of the following tools: Createx Printing Pin, soft rubber Brayers, wooden spoons, rolling pin, or barren. If all areas of the image are not transferring, spray mist the back of the paper and continue rubbing until the image is transferred. Using a Speedball Press- With your plate face-up on the press bed, place dampened paper over the plate. Place acetate (or clean newsprint) over the paper to protect the blankets during the printing process. After you have run the plate through the press, gently pull away the finished print. Note: an interesting "ghost" image can sometimes be pulled by running the plate through the press a second time. These make nice images for experimental drawings/mixed media. Drying the Print Flattening and Drying- Place acetate, glassine, or wax paper on top of print. Sandwich your print(s) between sheets of Newsprint. Use a flat weighted surface to keep the paper flat while drying. Change the newsprint as it becomes damp. Easy Monotype Lessons - Trace Method and Subtractive Method When I did monotype with my student, they experimented with three approaches. Createx described above for middle school (high school approach to come), Trace method and subtractive method. Degas, Cezanne, Matisse and Picasso are some artist who have printed this way. black waterbase Block Printing Inks (or desired color), Brayers, Quality printing paper, ball point pen and/or pencil. (Note: this can also be done with oil bas printing ink) Draw on back of paper using ball point en (or pencil) - Keep hand/arm from resting on paper as smudges will transfer. Alternate - lay a drawing on top of the printing paper and trace over the lines with pen. Carefully lift paper from plate to reveal a line print. If desired - print the remaining image on the plate - for a "negative" ghost image. This can even be done after the plate dries. Use damp paper for printing and etching press. Click for larger image Detail showing paper weaving (relief piece) Roll choice of ink color ink onto plate. Scrape off image with tools (rubber nibbed scrape tool, trimmed credit card scrapers, cardboard scrapers) Place paper over plate and rub back of paper (this works well for non-objective - free form prints). For more detailed prints - plates can be allowed to dry and printed the following day using damp paper and press. An nice alternate approach is white ink on black paper. Acrylic screen printing ink works well. Use selected brayers as it is difficult to get all of the white ink off the brayer. Shown above: white on black monoprint using acrylic silk screen ink. Regular block printing ink works too - but does dry faster. Cardboard pieces were notched to create the lines. After prints were dry, Acrylic Paint was used to embellish. Paper strips were woven in. The smaller rectangle is in relief (using a piece of foam core board). This white on black idea came from Jaye Bumbaugh, professor at Bluffton University, Ohio - example was done in class "World of Art" - Master's in Education program. Monoprint using cut paper stencils Monoprints can be made by inking up cut paper shapes (wax paper shapes or acetate shapes) an laying them onto an inked Plexiglas. Shapes can be saved for making more prints (hence these are monoprints - still one of kind - but can be duplicated to a degree). Try turning the stencil shapes over onto a different color inked Plexiglas and making another print. If students don't work fast enough the ink will dry too much. In that case - wait till the ink has completely dried and print on damp paper the next day. When I did monoprints/monotypes with students, there were several activities going on in the room at any given time. Submitted by Ken Schwab, Leigh High School Monotype with Createx and Caran d'Ache crayons Plates are printed when paint is dry. Student printed on quality Rives BFK paper. More of Monotypes for High School - From Patty Knott: I do them every year and always use Createx and I always extend the activity by using chine collé (Chine collé is adding paper to the print - and running through the press - printing on the collaged paper at the same time). Last year I had them use maps. (I collect the maps from National Geographic and I have hundreds.) The Theme was "Place- Where do you want to be?" They selected a map and painted an image to go with it. Incorporating found papers is easy, especially if you have a press. Soak the found paper as you would the printing paper. I sieve Wheat Paste to the back of the found paper, place on top the printing paper and put all through the press with the plate. The bond is great and I've had none come apart yet. I've incorporated all kinds of papers from magazine images to sheet music to whatever. It's also a great way to go back and draw & paint into the print. Last year some of my students also experimented with liquid photo emulsion then monotype over that. Monotypes are a wonderful "freeing" experience. A couple of hints: I discourage brushes. The best results are anything but a brush. Sticks, Feather Assortment, sponges, small pieces of card, anything but a brush. It makes it so much more spontaneous and the resultsare often a surprise. Allow the kids to do some quick experiments so they see how the ink reacts when put through the press -- if it's too heavily applied it will "squish" (may run and/or bleed through and ruin your felts). Make sure the plate is absolutely dry before printing or it will stick Also, if the painted plate sits around for awhile dry, I find it helps to carefully put a coat of the base paint over it let dry and then print. It lifts right off. Note from Judy: I have used chine collé with middle students. We used scrap Tissue paper. Inked our plates as usual - cut tissue paper (to desired shapes - some fit the shapes of image - other did geometric shapes). Placed tissue paper on top of plate then sprinkled with wheat paste. Placed dampened paper on top and ran through the press. We got a very good bond. Submitted by: Holly Kincade, Dublin Middle School, Dublin, VA UNIT: Printmaking - Monotype - Pop Art Lesson: Self Portrait Monotype Grade level: Middle School (upper elementary) Talk to the student about color plans - present Andy Warhol Look into mirror - Draw portrait directly on mirror with black Vis-a-Vis marker (or other choice of washable overhead marker that will work on glass). Tape Plexiglas to mirror - trace over lines of portrait with black China Markers Paint portrait on Plexiglas with Sax monoprint inks or Createx. Allow to dry Option: Make some was paper masks - use brayer to ink backgrounds. Soak printing paper - blot with towels (or blotters) Place damp paper over printing plate and rub with back of wooden spoon - or run through etching press. Wash off ink and paint again with a different color plan. China Markers will not wash off. - print additional color plans. Clean up Plexiglas plates with Turpenoid to remove grease pencil when finished. Go into prints with fine line markers - or leave as color studies. NOTE: regular watercolors will work on sanded Plexiglas plates - or on plates covered with a layer of Gum Arabic (brush Gum Arabic on plates and allow to dry). Submitted by: MaryAnn Kohl UNIT: Mary Cassatt from Discovering Great Artists - Printmaking Lesson: Tempera Monoprint Grade Level: Elementary Mary Cassatt - 1845-1926 The great Impressionist painter, Mary Cassatt, lived about 100 years ago. She grew up in America, but like many artists of her time, moved to Paris to live and work as an artist. She decided to be a professional artist when she was very young, even though her family felt it was not a proper job for a young woman. But Cassatt believed in herself, studied hard, and went on to become a famous artist. The Impressionists were a group of artists who believed in painting pictures very different from the usual artwork of the time. They painted people in everyday scenes rather than posed portraits. Cassatt is famous for her painting of mothers and their children. Some of her pictures are monoprints, made by painting a picture on a flat tray, then pressing paper on top of the wet paint to make a print of the image. Young artists create monoprints with a cookie sheet, Tempera Paint, and paper. Paint a picture directly on a flat pan or cookie sheet. Use many different colors. Work fast so the paint does not get too dry. Scratch lines into the painting with a pencil or small stick, similar to finger-painting. Next, place a sheet of white paper on top of the wet painting and pat it gently with one hand. Try not to wiggle the paper. Lift the paper up and see the painted picture transferred onto the paper. This is a monoprint! (Mono means "one", and each painting makes one print.) To make another monoprint, wipe the pan clean with paper towels and repeat steps 1 through 3 Note: if paint dries - sprits paper with water and blot between towels - place damp paper on plate/surface and rub back with wooden spoon to transfer paint. If you allow paint to dry completely, be sure to soak the paper - blot then print by rubbing with wooden spoon (or run through etching press).

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October 25, 2013 TO: Heads of Federal Agencies SUBJECT: Guidance on managing social media records EXPIRATION DATE: Expires when revoked or superseded 1. What is the purpose of this Bulletin? (See end note*) This Bulletin replaces NARA Bulletin 2011-02: Guidance on Managing Records in Web 2.0/Social Media Platforms and provides high-level recordkeeping requirements and best practices for capturing records created when Federal agencies use social media. The use of social media may create Federal records that must be captured and managed in compliance with Federal records management laws, regulations, and policies. This Bulletin does not contain platform-specific social media capture guidance. 2. What is social media? Social media refers to the various activities integrating web technology, social interaction, and user-generated content. Social media includes blogs, wikis, social networks, photo libraries, virtual worlds, location-based services, and video sharing sites. Agencies use social media internally and externally to share information, support business processes, and connect people to government. 3. What are social media records? Social media allows individuals to collaborate, create, organize, edit, comment on, combine, and share content, likely resulting in the creation of Federal records. The Federal Records Act (44 U.S.C. 3301) defines Federal records as any material that is recorded, made or received in the course of Federal business, regardless of its form or characteristics, and is worthy of preservation. Social media content that meets this definition must be managed according to the applicable laws and regulations. The statute and its implementing regulations place responsibility with each agency to determine what Federal records they create or receive. Refer to 36 CFR, Chapter XII, Subchapter B, for guidance on how agencies should apply the statutory definition of Federal records. The following non-exhaustive list of questions will help agencies determine record status of social media content: - Does it contain evidence of an agency's policies, business, or mission? - Is the information only available on the social media site? - Does the agency use the tool to convey official agency information? - Is there a business need for the information? If the answers to any of the above questions are yes, then the content is likely to be a Federal record. Also, social media content may be a Federal record when the use of social media provides added functionality, such as enhanced searchability, opportunities for public comment, or other collaboration. A complete Federal record must have content, context, and structure along with associated metadata (e.g., author, date of creation). The complete record must be maintained to ensure reliability and authenticity. 4. What are the noteworthy records management challenges associated with the use of social media? Agencies face the following challenges because of the dynamic and collaborative nature of social media: - Recordkeeping in a collaborative environment; - Content located in multiple places; - Ownership and control of data that resides with a third party; - Identification of records; - Development and implementation of records schedules, including the ability to transfer and permanently delete records, apply legal holds, or perform other records management functions; - Capture of frequently updated records; - Capture of complete records in a manner that ensures their authenticity and availability; - Public expectations that all web content is both permanently valuable and accessible; and - Handling of records containing personally identifiable information (PII). 5. How should agencies address the records management challenges associated with the use of social media? Agencies must articulate clear processes, policies, and recordkeeping roles and responsibilities to ensure social media records are identified, managed and captured. Agencies should establish a social media working group comprised of records management staff, web managers, social media managers, information technology staff, privacy and information security staff, agency counsel, public affairs staff, and other relevant stakeholders. The social media working group should apply the definition of a Federal record to social media content and identify what constitutes a complete record, including the content, context, structure, and necessary metadata. This group should also review existing records schedules to determine if social media records are covered. In the absence of an applicable records schedule, records must be treated as permanent until they are scheduled. The social media working group should discuss records management issues before rolling out new social media initiatives or changing the use of current platforms. Agencies should take the following actions when establishing social media policies and procedures: - Identify what constitutes a Federal record in social media platforms; - Define ownership of content and responsibility for managing the records; - Incorporate recordkeeping practices and requirements into terms of service; - Communicate records policies so employees and the public understand how records will be managed; - Monitor the ongoing use of social media platforms to determine if that use changes the value of the records; and - Monitor any changes to third-party terms of service on social media platforms that may affect the management of records. Implementing these policies and procedures will facilitate the scheduling and capture of social media records. 6. What should agencies consider when scheduling social media content? Content on social media is likely a Federal record. Agencies must identify the official record and determine how it will be managed. Some social media records may be temporary; with a transitory, short, or long term retention. Some may even be permanent, such as a blog by an agency senior official. After an agency has identified social media content as a Federal record, it must determine whether an existing disposition authority applies, including the General Records Schedules (GRS). If the content is not covered by an existing authority, a new schedule should be developed. An agency should develop a new records schedule if social media users enhance the content by adding comments, metadata or other information that becomes part of the complete record. If agencies change the way they use a social media tool, then that may affect the record-value of the information. Agencies should consider regularly reviewing their social media tools and associated records schedules. Social media may include content which is inconsistent with an agency's comment and posting policies and may require removal from the site. Some removed content, such as spam, may be non-record while other types of content are records that must have an approved disposition authority. Agencies should consult with their agency counsel about policies for moderating content consistent with their First Amendment obligations and Federal laws. 7. How do agencies implement social media capture? Once social media content is identified as Federal records and associated with an approved records schedule, agencies must decide how to manage social media records. Temporary records whose retention is transitory or short-term may not need to be captured and can be maintained in the social media platform. Agencies should assess their business needs and evaluate risks associated with leaving these records in social media. Capture is important for temporary records with long-term retentions or for permanent records. These should be exported from the social media platform into an agency recordkeeping system. Methods to capture social media records include: - Using web crawling or other software to create local versions of sites; - Using web capture tools to capture social media; - Using platform specific application programming interfaces (APIs) to pull content; - Using RSS Feeds, aggregators, or manual methods to capture content; and - Using tools built into some social media platforms to export content. The options for successful social media capture will depend on the technical configuration of a social media platform. Agency needs may also affect which social media capture method is used. Once the agency determines the capture method, they must provide training to applicable staff on how and when to use capture tools for social media. Agencies may need to work with third-party providers to implement social media capture. 8. What are an agency's record management responsibilities when dealing with social media providers and third parties? Each agency is responsible for managing its records. At a minimum, these responsibilities include the ability to identify and retrieve Federal records that are being created and maintained on social media. Agencies should be aware that a social media provider could discontinue their service or delete information from an agency's account. Additionally, agencies may stop using a social media platform at any time. In either situation, the agency is not relieved of its records management and possible capture obligations. The agency must determine if its provider can export the complete record to the agency. If the provider cannot export a complete record, the agency is responsible for implementing capture requirements as stated in Question 7 above. If the provider can export a complete record, the agency should include a clause in the Terms of Service agreement that specifies how and when this will occur. This clause should state that export shall occur before the provider deletes or otherwise destroys the Federal records that reside on their systems. It should include instructions for notification and export requirements if the provider goes out of business or is bought by another company. Agencies will have other business and legal needs regarding capture and should work with providers to ensure these needs are met. NARA developed the following general clause for use in the standard GSA Terms of Service agreement: The Agency acknowledges that use of contractor's site and services may require management of Federal records. Agency and user-generated content may meet the definition of Federal records as determined by the agency. If the contractor holds Federal records, the agency and the contractor must manage Federal records in accordance with all applicable records management laws and regulations, including but not limited to the Federal Records Act (44 U.S.C. chs. 21, 29, 31, 33), and regulations of the National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) at 36 CFR Chapter XII Subchapter B). Managing the records includes, but is not limited to, secure storage, retrievability, and proper disposition of all federal records including transfer of permanently valuable records to NARA in a format and manner acceptable to NARA at the time of transfer. The agency is responsible for ensuring that the contractor is compliant with applicable records management laws and regulations through the life and termination of the contract. This clause does not include stipulations about capture. Therefore, agencies must determine capture-related issues and include them in agreements with providers when possible. Agencies that have contracts for cloud computing services should follow this records management guidance. They will have additional business, legal, and security requirements they should consider in the procurement process. 9. How does this Bulletin relate to the Managing Government Records Directive? NARA and the Office of Management and Budget released a Managing Government Records Directive outlining a series of goals and actions that would improve and modernize record keeping across the Government. Several actions required by this Directive will assist agencies when addressing records management challenges raised by social media. NARA will issue guidance for transferring permanently valuable social media records and will revise the existing General Records Schedules. NARA is also investigating automated technologies to manage diverse collections of digital records, including social media. 10. What other NARA guidance and resources are available? NARA has issued the following related guidance: - NARA Bulletin 2010-05 - Guidance on Managing Records in Cloud Computing Environments and Frequently Asked Questions about Managing Federal Records in Cloud Computing Environments. This Bulletin provides agency records officers with an overview of cloud computing, its benefits and concerns, and records management guidelines that agencies will need to consider when implementing cloud computing services. - NARA Bulletin 2009-02 Guidance Concerning Managing Records in Multi-agency Environments. This Bulletin provides guidance on managing records produced when Federal agencies collaborate in multi-agency environments. - NARA Guidance on Managing Web Records. This guidance assists agency officials in managing Web records, including agency program staff, webmasters, IT staff, and other agency officials who have a role in website management and administration. - Implications of Recent Web Technologies for NARA Web Guidance. This guidance explores some of the applications that characterize the emerging web and their impact on records management, including wikis, blog, web portals, and RSS. NARA has the following resources: - A White Paper on Best Practices for Social Media Capture. This NARA white paper provides best practices and a non-exhaustive list of available tools for social media capture. - Records Express Blog. The official blog of the Office of the Chief Records Officer (CRO) at NARA highlights guidance and upcoming events. It also discusses how the CRO is working with our agency partners to improve records management in the Federal government. - A Report on Federal Web 2.0 Use and Record Value. This NARA study describes how Federal agencies are using web 2.0 technologies for their mission-related activities. - Toolkit for Managing Electronic Records. This resource provides agencies with records management guidance and best practices. - Frequently Asked Questions about Records Management. This FAQ answers questions about noteworthy records management topics. NARA recognizes that the use of social media continues to evolve. NARA will continue to work with agencies to provide further resources in managing records when appropriate. Agency social media managers, content creators, and other staff should contact their agency records officers and office of general counsel to discuss social media records management issues. A list of agency records officers can be found on the NARA web site at http://www.archives.gov/records-mgmt/agency/officers-lists.html. Your agency's records officer may contact the NARA appraisal archivist with whom your agency normally works. A list of the appraisal contacts is posted on the NARA web site at http://www.archives.gov/records-mgmt/appraisal/. *NARA bulletins provide fundamental guidance to Federal agencies, who must then determine the most appropriate ways to incorporate recordkeeping requirements into their business processes and identify the specific means by which their agencies will fulfill their responsibilities under the Federal Records Act.

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What is BGP? The Border Gateway Protocol (BGP) is an interautonomous system routing protocol. An autonomous system is a network or group of networks under a common administration and with common routing policies. BGP is used to exchange routing information for the Internet and is the protocol used between Internet service providers (ISP). Customer networks, such as universities and corporations, usually employ an Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) such as RIP or OSPF for the exchange of routing information within their networks. Customers connect to ISPs, and ISPs use BGP to exchange customer and ISP routes. When BGP is used between autonomous systems (AS), the protocol is referred to as External BGP (EBGP). If a service provider is using BGP to exchange routes within an AS, then the protocol is referred to as Interior BGP (IBGP). First we need to configure some interfaces on two routers as follows: R1(config)#interface fastethernet0/0 R1(config-if)#ip address 184.108.40.206 255.255.255.0 R1(config-if)#no shutdown R1(config-if)#interface loopback 0 R1(config-if)#ip address 220.127.116.11 255.255.255.0R2(config)#interface fastethernet0/0 R2(config-if)#ip address 18.104.22.168 255.255.255.0 R2(config-if)#no shutdown R2(config-if)#interface loopback 0 R2(config-if)#ip address 22.214.171.124 255.255.255.0 So we have just configured interface fa0/0 and loopback0 on both routers. Next we will configure the BGP configuration part on R1: R1(config)#router bgp 1 R1(config-router)#neighbor 126.96.36.199 remote-as 2 The configuration is very simple with only two lines on R1. In the first line, BGP configuration begins with a familiar type of command: the router bgp command, where AS number is the BGP AS number used by that router (same as EIGRP, OSPF configuration). The next command defines the IP address of the neighbor. Unlike OSPF or EIGRP, BGP cannot discover its neighbors automatically so we have to explicitly declare them. We also have to know and declare the neighbor’s BGP AS number as well. In this case R1 wants to establish BGP neighbor relationship with R2 (in BGP AS 2) so it choose an interface on R2 (Fa0/0: 188.8.131.52) and specify R2 is in BGP AS 2 via the command “neighbor 184.108.40.206 remote-as 2“. At the other end R2 will do the same thing for R1 to set up BGP neighbor relationship. R2(config-router)#neighbor 220.127.116.11 remote-as 1 R2(config-router)#neighbor 18.104.22.168 remote-as 1 After a moment we should see a message (on each router) similar to the following, letting us know that an adjacency has been formed: *Aug 17 00:09:38.453: %BGP-5-ADJCHANGE: neighbor 22.214.171.124 Up *Aug 17 00:09:38.453: %BGP-5-ADJCHANGE: neighbor 126.96.36.199 Up So after forming BGP neighbor relationship we can verify by using the “show ip bgp summary” command on both routers: R1#show ip bgp summary BGP router identifier 188.8.131.52, local AS number 1 BGP table version is 1, main routing table version 1 Neighbor V AS MsgRcvd MsgSent TblVer InQ OutQ Up/Down State/PfxRcd 184.108.40.206 4 2 19 19 1 0 0 00:16:21 0 R2#show ip bgp summary BGP router identifier 220.127.116.11, local AS number 2 BGP table version is 1, main routing table version 1 Neighbor V AS MsgRcvd MsgSent TblVer InQ OutQ Up/Down State/PfxRcd 18.104.22.168 4 1 20 20 1 0 0 00:17:13 0 Please pay attention to the “State/PfxRcd” column of the output. It indicates the number of prefixes that have been received from a neighbor. If this value is a number (including “0”, which means BGP neighbor does not advertise any route) then the BGP neighbor relationship is good. If this value is a word (including “Idle”, “Connect”, “Active”, “OpenSent”, “OpenConfirm”) then the BGP neighbor relationship is not good. In the outputs above we see the BGP neighbor relationship between R1 & R2 is good with zero Prefix Received (PfxRcd) because they have not advertised any routes yet. How about the BGP routing table? We can check with the “show ip bgp” command but currently this table is empty! This is because although they formed BGP neighbor relationship but they have not exchanged any routes. Let’s try advertising the loopback 0 interface on R1 to R2: R1(config-router)#network 22.214.171.124 mask 255.255.255.0 As you see, unlike other routing protocols like OSPF or EIGRP, we have to use subnet mask (255.255.255.0 in this case), not wildcard mask, to advertise the routes in the “network” command. Note: With BGP, you must advertise the correct network and subnet mask in the “network” command ( in this case network 126.96.36.199/24). BGP is very strict in the routing advertisements. In other words, BGP only advertises the network which exists exactly in the routing table (in this case network 188.8.131.52/24 exists in the routing table as the loopback 0 interface). If you put the command “network 184.108.40.206 mask 255.255.0.0” or “network 220.127.116.11 mask 255.0.0.0” or “network 18.104.22.168 mask 255.255.255.255” then BGP will not advertise anything. Now the BGP routing tables on these two routers contain this route: R1#sh ip bgp BGP table version is 4, local router ID is 22.214.171.124 Status codes: s suppressed, d damped, h history, * valid, > best, i - internal, r RIB-failure, S Stale Origin codes: i - IGP, e - EGP, ? - incomplete Network Next Hop Metric LocPrf Weight Path *> 126.96.36.199/24 0.0.0.0 0 32768 i R2#sh ip bgp BGP table version is 2, local router ID is 188.8.131.52 Status codes: s suppressed, d damped, h history, * valid, > best, i - internal, r RIB-failure, S Stale Origin codes: i - IGP, e - EGP, ? - incomplete Network Next Hop Metric LocPrf Weight Path *> 184.108.40.206/24 220.127.116.11 0 0 1 i An asterisk (*) in the first column means that the route has a valid next hop. A greater-than sign (>) indicates the route has been selected as the best path to that network. The “Metric” column here is not the usual metric like in OSPF or EIGRP. It is the Multi Exit Discriminator (MED) attribute of BGP. “Weight” is another BGP attribute. The default values of both MED and Weight are 0 (as you see at the outputs above). The “Path” column shows the AS paths that prefix were sent to reach us. It would better to read the “Path” from right to left to understand which path this prefix travel to reach our router. Letter “i” is considered the starting point of the prefix and the next number is the originating AS where this prefix originated. Next numbers are the recorded paths it traveled. For example if a prefix had to travel from AS 1 -> 2 -> 3 -> 4 -> 5 (our AS) then we will see the path “4 3 2 1 i” on our router. Note: A blank AS path (only letter “i” is shown) means that the route was originated in the local AS. In the R1 output above, network 18.104.22.168/24 is originated from R1 so we see the path only has one letter “i”. One notice is on R1 the “Next Hop” is 0.0.0.0 which means this prefix is originated from the local router. On R2 the Next Hop is pointing toward the interface Fa0/0 of R1 (22.214.171.124) to which R2 will send traffic for the destination 126.96.36.199/24. Now R1 advertised prefix 188.8.131.52/24 to R2 so we can re-check R2 with the “show ip bgp summary” command to see the “Prefix received” increased to 1: R2#sh ip bgp summary BGP router identifier 184.108.40.206, local AS number 2 BGP table version is 2, main routing table version 2 1 network entries using 117 bytes of memory 1 path entries using 52 bytes of memory 2/1 BGP path/bestpath attribute entries using 248 bytes of memory 1 BGP AS-PATH entries using 24 bytes of memory 0 BGP route-map cache entries using 0 bytes of memory 0 BGP filter-list cache entries using 0 bytes of memory BGP using 441 total bytes of memory BGP activity 1/0 prefixes, 1/0 paths, scan interval 60 secs Neighbor V AS MsgRcvd MsgSent TblVer InQ OutQ Up/Down State/PfxRcd 220.127.116.11 4 1 5 4 2 0 0 00:01:36 1 Also in the routing table of R2 we will see this prefix, which is advertised with BGP from R1: R2#show ip route Codes: C - connected, S - static, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area N1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2 E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2 i - IS-IS, su - IS-IS summary, L1 - IS-IS level-1, L2 - IS-IS level-2 ia - IS-IS inter area, * - candidate default, U - per-user static route o - ODR, P - periodic downloaded static route Gateway of last resort is not set 18.104.22.168/24 is subnetted, 1 subnets B 22.214.171.124 [20/0] via 126.96.36.199, 00:00:20 188.8.131.52/24 is subnetted, 1 subnets C 184.108.40.206 is directly connected, Loopback0 220.127.116.11/24 is subnetted, 1 subnets C 18.104.22.168 is directly connected, FastEthernet0/0 This lab only mentioned about the most basic configuration of BGP and introduced two most important commands of BGP, which are “show ip bgp summary” and “show ip bgp”. In practical BGP is often much more complex with many attributes, routing policies, redistribution,… used.

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There are several reasons why you might want to block certain websites on your computer. Some websites could be spreading viruses, contain explicit content or even be trying to steal your personal data. While you may well be more than capable of avoiding these websites, but that doesn’t stand true for everyone who uses your device. In such cases, it might be best to block certain websites. There are different ways to go about blocking websites. You can choose to block websites only on specific browsers, the entire operating system, or indeed your network router. Here’s our guide on how to block websites. If you want to control access to websites on just one machine, then you can set up a block at the operating system level. This method for blocking websites is not too hard to configure and will work across browsers. How to Block Websites On Windows Computers One of the backbones of the Internet is the DNS system that translates easy to remember (and type) names such as www.google.com into equivalent IP addresses (126.96.36.199). While you use DNS servers to get to websites, your computer also has something called a HOSTS file which can have this information stored locally. This can be used to disable access to unwanted websites. We checked this method with both Windows 7 and Windows 8. 1. Make sure you have administrator access on your computer. Sign in to your PC using an administrator account and go to C:WindowsSystem32driversetc 2. Double-click the file named “hosts” and select Notepad from the list of programs to open the file. Click OK. The last two lines of your host’s file should read “# 127.0.0.1 localhost” and “# ::1 localhost”. 2a. In case you can’t edit the file, you’ll need to right-click the file labelled hosts and select Properties. Click the Security tab, select the administrator account and click Edit. 2b. In the pop-up, select the account again and check Full control. Click Apply > Yes. Now click OK in all pop-ups. 3. At the end of the file, you can add the addresses of websites to block. To do this, just add a line at the end of the file, with 127.0.0.1 and then the name of the site you want to block – this will redirect the site’s name to your local computer. 4. To block Google, for example, add “127.0.0.1 www.google.com” to the end of the file without the quote marks. You can block as many sites as you want this way, but remember you can only add one per line. 5. Repeat this step until you’ve added all websites you want to block. 6. Now close the host’s file and click Save. Reboot your computer for the changes to take effect and you’ll find that all those websites are now blocked. How to Block Websites On Your Mac Here’s how to block websites on OSX . - 1. Make sure you have administrator access to your Mac. Now open Terminal. You can find it under /Applications/Utilities/Terminal. - 2. Type sudo nano /etc/hosts and press enter. Enter the user (login) password when prompted. - 3. This will open the file /etc/hosts in a text editor. Type the name of the website in a new line in this format “127.0.0.1 www.blockedwebsite.com” (minus the quotes). For each website you want to block, start a new line and type the same command with only the name of the website being replaced. When done, press ctrl+x and then Y to save changes. - 4. Now key in the command sudo dscacheutil -flushcache and press Enter or restart your machine to make sure the websites are blocked. How to Block Websites At Browser Level Blocking a website on any browser is the easiest way to get the job done. On Firefox, you can install an add-on called BlockSite to block a website. - Install the addon, press ctrl+shift+a, and click Extensions on the left. Now click Options under BlockSite. In the pop-up, click Add and type the name of the website you want to be blocked. Repeat the process for all websites you don’t want to access. Click OK. - Now, these websites will be blocked on Firefox. You can also set a password in BlockSite to prevent others from editing the list of blocked websites. This can be done via the options menu described in the previous step. BlockSite is also available on Google Chrome. Internet Explorer lets you block websites easily. Here’s how. - Open the browser and go to Tools (alt+x) > Internet Options. Now click the security tab and then click the red Restricted sites icon. Click the Sites button below the icon. - Now in the pop-up, manually type the websites you want to block one-by-one. Click Add after typing the name of each site. When done, click Close and click OK in all other windows. Now, these websites will be blocked in Internet Explorer. How to Block Websites On Your iPhone and iPad Apple has some handy parental control tools that let you block certain websites. Here’s how. - Go to Settings > General > Restrictions. - Tap on Enable Restrictions. Now set a passcode for restrictions. This should ideally be different from the passcode you use to unlock the phone. - After the passcode is set, scroll down and tap Websites. Here you can either choose to limit adult content or allow access to specific websites only. - In specific websites only, there’s a short list of allowed websites including Discovery Kids and Disney, but you can also add sites by tapping on Add a Website. - If you tap Limit adult content, Apple blocks websites that are deemed objectionable, but you can whitelist websites by tapping on Add a Website under Always Allow, or blacklist them by tapping on it under Never Allow. - If you try to access a blocked website, you see a message telling you it is restricted. Tap the Allow Website and key in the Restrictions passcode to open that website. How to Block Websites On Your Android Phone On Android, you’ll need to edit the host’s file on your device to redirect sites you want to block. You’ll need a file manager, and a text editor – the easiest option is to use our favourite app ES File Explorer, which lets you do both things. Here’s how it works. - Install ES File Explorer Open ES File Explorer and tap the “/” button at the top. Tap on system > etc. - In this folder, you’ll see the hosts file – tap it and in the pop-up menu, tap text. In the next pop up, tap ES Note Editor. - Tap the three dots button in the top right, and tap edit. - Now, you’re editing the file, and to block sites, you want to redirect their DNS. To do this, just start a new line, and type “127.0.0.1 www.blockedwebsite.com” (without the quotes, where blocked website is the name of the site you’re blocking) for each website you want to block. For example, you’ll have to type 127.0.0.1 www.google.com to block Google. - Reboot your Android device. If that method is too complex for you, you can install an anti-virus app such as Trend Micro that lets you block websites. - Install the app and run it. Go to Options > Safe surfing. - Now swipe to Parental Controls and click “set up account”. Create an account and you’ll see an option called Blocked List in the app. Tap it, and tap Add. Now add the websites you want to block one at a time. Once that is done, you won’t be able to access these websites on your Android smartphone. How to Block Websites On Windows Phone You can’t do a full block of websites on Windows Phone, buy you can download the AVG Family Safety browser. By default, it blocks websites with malicious or explicit content, and if you purchase an AVG anti-virus licence and create an account, you can customise the list of blocked websites. How to Block Websites On Your Network If you have a Wi-Fi network in the house, then it is easier to just set up a block on unwanted websites via your Wi-Fi router. Most routers don’t have very user-friendly interfaces, so this can be a little daunting, and of course, the steps can vary for each router, but the basic process you follow is pretty similar, so if you’re just a little patient, this is actually pretty easy. Changing the wrong setting could accidentally de-activate your connection, so if you get stuck, call your ISP right away. - We tried this on a Beetel 450TC1 router provided by MTNL in Delhi, and with a Binatone Router provided by Airtel. The steps were exactly the same for both. To start, you need to go to your router’s settings. Open any browser and type 192.168.1.1 in the address bar. Press Enter. Some routers use a different address, so if this doesn’t work, check and see if it is mentioned in the documentation from your ISP. - Now you will have to enter a username and password. This would have been set up during the installation of your connection – defaults are usually username: admin, and password: password. If not, check with your ISP and get the correct username and password. - As mentioned earlier, the interface can differ. In our MTNL router, we found that we could block websites under Access Management > Filter. - Here there’s a drop-down menu called Filter type selection. We selected URL Filter and typed the website we wanted to block in the URL field below. Above this field, there is an option called Active. Here we saw two buttons, Yes and No. We selected Yes and hit Save. This blocked the website on our network. - You can create 16 lists of blocked websites, each containing 16 websites, using this method, letting you block up to 256 websites. Again, this will vary from router or router. Related: The 10 Best Websites For Kids This article originally appeared on http://gadgets.ndtv.com/internet/features/how-to-block-any-website-on-your-computer-phone-or-network-588357 by NDTV Correspondent

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The Beautiful Colors of Sugar Gliders Our sugar gliders range in colors from the standard grey and white to marvelous mosaics. All are beautiful in their own way – it is just a matter of preference on the owner’s part. No matter the color, they are all healthy and friendly pets who will make you fall in love once you have them in your home. You’ll find a more in-depth description of the various colors that TPG has to offer below: Albino- An Albino sugar glider is one that lacks some or all pigmentation. It has white fur, or very faint markings, and red to dark burgundy eyes. Albinism is caused by a mutation in one of the genes that produces melanin. This results in a complete or partial absence of the enzyme tyrosinase. Tyrosinase catalyzes the production of melanin and other pigments in the skin, hair and eyes (1). In humans, Albinism is associated with a number of vision defects, such as photophobia, nystagmus, and amblyopia (2). However, this phenomenon is not studied or followed in the general sugar glider population. This is a very rare color in Sugar Gliders and the genotype is recessive in nature, thus an albino sugar glider must possess two albino alleles to be phenotypically shown. The Pet Glider has raised many albinos, in good health, to old age. Happily, we have not observed any negative health issues related to albinism in sugar gliders. Black Face Black Beauties- Black Face Black Beauties, (commonly called BFBB in the Sugar Glider community), have an overall “black face”. They lack eye rings around the eyes, and only the nose band is visible. The lack of eye rings, as well as the overall darkness of the face and body, is what gives off the “black face” look! The whole face may appear dark or the area around the eyes very light in contrast to a very dark face. To display the BFBB phenotypically (the color they look physically), a glider needs only one allele from one parent. Considering that, breeding BFBB X BFBB can result in a melanistic glider, if the joey inherits two BFBB alleles. Melanism (derived from the Greek: μελανός (“black pigment”) (2)) is a development of the dark-colored pigment melanin in the skin or its appendages and is the opposite of albinism. Many melanistic babies have died before weaning (approx. 8 weeks old). Most have very thin tails and then coat. The cause is unknown. Because of infant mortality and an unhealthy look, it is unwise to breed BFBB to BFBB. Best practice is to breed the BFBB sugar glider to black beauties who are not related to any BFBB. They should be out crossed 6-8 generations. After being bred out with new blood, 6-8 generations, it is thought that they can then be safely bred back to a BFBB who is also bred out multiple generations. Black Beauties– Black Beauties have varying degrees of dark charcoal markings. They usually have black knuckles, and some will have a dark belly as opposed to the white belly. Black beauty(BB) seems to run in families, but is neither dominant or recessive. However, when pairing a BB with a BB it is more frequent that the offspring will themselves be Black Beauties than classic gray. Black Beauties can be seen on many different colored sugar gliders. Classic gray pairings have had Black Beauty offspring, although usually not as dark as when selectively breeding for this trait. It is common to breed a BB X BFBB when desiring BB and BFBB offspring. This pairing reduces the risk of producing melanistic offspring. Caramel: Caramels (Petaurus Breviceps Flavidus) are a different sub-species from the Petaurus Breviceps our “standard-classic” Sugar Gliders. They come from Merauke on the island Irian Jaya in Indonesia and were imported to the United States in 2009. They have a light caramel color to a light gray stripe and slightly larger ears and hands to give an overall slightly larger appearance. Some have white hands and white wrists, and their tails are usually very fluffy and generally held in a curled position (although they can straighten them as well). They can carry small objects with their tails. All our caramel gliders at The Pet Glider are 100% pure caramel, meaning that they are not crossed with the other species. (9). Caramels also tend to have a different scent than the regular gliders, they smell slightly sweeter! Caramel sugar gliders should not be crossed with our standard sugar gliders, Petaurus Breviceps. This crossing of species causes the male offspring to be sterile and the female offspring will produce more sterile males. Leucistic– Leucistic sugar gliders have white fur with black eyes. They also have very clear, or translucent, ears. This color is either completely displayed, or not present. In other words, two alleles must be present for this recessive gene to be phenotypically (physically) displayed. Example: Breeding any 100% LEUCISTIC HET (heterozygous) to another 100% LEUCISTIC HET (heterozygous) can produce Leucistic offspring (LEU + LEU alleles). Leucism is a general term for the phenotype resulting from defects in pigment cell differentiation and/or migration from the neural crest to skin, hair, or feathers during development. This results in either the entire surface (if all pigment cells fail to develop) or patches of body surface (if only a subset are defective) having a lack of cells capable of making pigment (3). Piebald- Piebald colorations are mosaic sugar gliders that have an unusual patch (or patches) of fur on their body. These patches are usually expresses as classic coloration on a mosaic sugar glider. These are in direct contrast to the mosaic coloring of the sugar glider, and can be large or very small. The spots are pigmented in shades of black or gray as determined by the genotype controlling the color of the animal. The animal’s skin underneath its coat may or may not be pigmented under the spots but the skin in the white background is not pigmented (4). Location of the pigmented spots is dependent on the migration of Melan oblasts (primordial pigment cells) from the neural crest to paired bilateral locations in the skin of the early embryo. The resulting pattern appears symmetrical only if Melan oblasts migrate to both locations of a pair and proliferate to the same degree in both locations (4). Piebaldism in Sugar Gliders is quite rare. Most Piebald’s have smaller spots or less distinctive markings. A “Wow” piebald, is a Sugar Glider with extremely distinctive large patches of normal classic coloring in direct contrast to white mosaic fur. These are extremely rare and seeing one in person makes you go “WOW”. Famous WOW Piebald’s born at The Pet Glider are: Patches (5), Damon (11), and Polka Dot (10), Kaleidoscope 6), Corkey (12), Collin (13), Spec-tacular (14) and more. Breeding gliders from a Piebald family can result in WOW pies. Red or Strawberry- Red sugar gliders have reddish (or strawberry) toned fur. This is a trait and is very uncommon. Red sugar gliders can also have garnet eyes. This mutation in sugar gliders has not been studied as extensively as other colors but does seem to be a recessive trait in which two alleles must be present to be shown phenotypically on the animal. In humans, red hair occurs naturally in 1–2% of the human population. It occurs more frequently (2–6%) in people of northern or western European ancestry, and less frequently in other populations. Red hair appears most commonly in people with two copies of a recessive allele on chromosome 16 which produces an altered version of the MC1R protein (7). In sugar gliders red can be the result of that sugar glider being heterozygous for cremeino, het for albino, or a combination of genes. Classic Coloring– Classic colored sugar gliders are gray with a black dorsal stripe. The under belly is usually white. Their coloring is striking and a favorite to many. Also called the “wild type” or “standard”, it the most common color of a sugar glider in various shades of grey, black and white. This is the most common phenotype of sugar gliders. Classic sugar gliders may be recessive carriers of either leucistic, cremeino, platinum or albino alleles. The percentage is based off the parentage. For example: a classic grey sugar glider with a parent who is cremeino and one who is classic grey, is 100% HET for cremeino. That sugar glider would be a classic colored, 100% HET for cremeino. The parents could also produce either classic or cremeino joeys. Classics can carry multiple color genetics and are an ideal candidate for breeding or for pets. Cremeino– A sugar glider with a cream colored or reddish crème colored fur, brown to red dorsal stripe & markings, and deep ruby eyes. Cremeinos were bred selectively by Flying Fur Ranch (no longer in business). Gliders with a certain look were bred together and cremeinos began to be reproduced. This color does not appear in the wild and is a recessive gene. To show phenotypically a glider must have two cremeino alleles. Having Cremeino in the background will increase the odds of producing a red or strawberry glider. Mosaic– Mosaic sugar gliders come in endless patterns, showing different amounts of white pigment on their bodies. The patterns and color are random, but that just makes them more unique! Mosaicism, involves the presence of two or more populations of cells with different genotypes in one individual, who has developed from a single fertilized egg (8). In sugar gliders, mosaicism is either present or is not present. It is co-dominant and can never be recessive or heterozygous. For example: a mosaic parent and a classic grey parent have a 50% chance of producing a mosaic offspring and a 50% chance of producing a classic colored offspring. Classic colored joeys cannot be “carriers” of the mosaic gene. Mosaic sugar gliders can also be mosaic and leucistic at the same time called a mocistic. A Mosaic sugar glider can be mosaic and cremeino at the same time called a cremeino mosaic. Platinum– Platinum sugar gliders have a light silver (powdered) body with a light dorsal stripe and markings. The three original lines of platinum’s are Haley, Silverbelle and Chance platinum. To breed a platinum sugar glider, the joey must have two platinum allele, or one platinum and one leucistic allele, to display phenotypically. EX (PLAT, LEU alleles) (PLAT, PLAT alleles) (this second combination is much rarer and can be referred to as a super platinum). Platinum’s can carry the Leucitic gene, but Leucitics do not carry the Platinum gene. Platinum sugar gliders can be both the mosaic and platinum at the same time, making them True Platinum Mosaics (called TPM). Typically, but not always, a TPM has a white “flash” mosaic marking on its neck and a white or ring tail. Ruby Leu – A Ruby Leucistic is a Leucistic and a cremeino sugar glider, (all white body) with red eyes. It is produced by both parents carrying the leucitic and cremeino genes (or the parents can be one of those colors and be heterozygous for the other color). A ruby Leucistic gets its coat color from two Leucistic alleles (one from each parent), and its eye color from either two Cremeino alleles (one from each parent). These are very rare sugar gliders and have been bred recessive to recessive to produce this trait. Ruby Plat – The Ruby Platinum will be solid white with red eyes! These are very rare sugar gliders and have been bred recessive to recessive to produce this trait. This color is produced by one parent carrying the platinum gene and the cremeino gene, and the other parent carrying the leucitic and cremeino gene. Or the parents can be phenotype for one of the colors and heterozygous for the other color. White Face Blonde– White Face Blondes refers to the lack of a black bar marking that is normally seen under the ears of the standard/classic, sugar gliders face. This gives them the “white face” look. The white-faced blonde is the second most common coat coloration in the sugar glider world. If you pair a classic colored sugar glider to a white-faced blonde you will get both white faced blonde and classic colored sugar gliders. White face blonde is a color trait that can be seen, or exist but hidden, in other colored gliders. Such as a Cremeino with a white face, a Platinum with a face, Mosaic with white face, a leucistic with a hidden white face, etc., they all lack the dark bar marking under the ears.

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Let us look into the convoluted understanding of metaphysics and the conflict between theories of different philosophers before we unveil the intellectual genius of Imam Ali. As Physics describes the world of matter and its motion through space and time, Metaphysics strives to define the subject matter. In the ocean of philosophy, metaphysics – while being more general and universal than any other science – is one of the most neglected treasures by the majority of mankind. Islam can easily boast of elucidating indispensable metaphysical aspects through the Holy Qur’an and its beautiful interpretation by none other than Imam Ali (peace be upon him) in Nahj al-Balagha. Let us look into the convoluted understanding of metaphysics and the conflict between theories of different philosophers before we unveil the intellectual genius of Imam Ali. As Physics describes the world of matter and its motion through space and time, Metaphysics strives to define the subject matter. Metaphysics or ‘beyond physics’ is the study of philosophy examining the true nature of reality, whether it is visible or not. Metaphysics also studies the concepts of being and knowing; essence and existence. Many famous philosophers such as Aristotle, Plato, Kindi, Farabi and Avicenna (ibn Sina) have defined metaphysics and tried to contradict theories of each other. Due to these differences in definitions, people have failed to understand the true significance of metaphysics. As philosophers always tend to contradict each other because there are no specific set of laws in philosophy compared to science, there is bound to be a ‘shift’ in theories about metaphysics when one compares, for example, the ideas of Aristotle and Avicenna. The fight for survival of these philosophers leaves a mystifying impression on non-philosophers – including scientists – to understand the concepts of metaphysics, resulting in a failure to interpret the hidden, beautiful meaning of the Qur’an as interpreted by Imam Ali. Here, we will examine how these philosophers tried to define God by comparing the concepts of two primary philosophers, Aristotle and Avicenna, and other philosophers who agree with one or the other. Following this, we will explain the concept of God through the metaphysical aspects of the Holy Qur’an and Nahj al-Balagha. According to Aristotle, God must be the first cause or the first principle of all the substances. Aristotle agrees that theology is an integral part of metaphysics since God is the principle of being. In his epistle, On the Aims of Aristotle’s Metaphysics, Farabi explains metaphysics as a universal science comprising general concepts as being, unity, species, accidents etc. However, Avicenna disagrees with Aristotle’s ideas and explains that the subject matter of metaphysics cannot be limited to one category. Further, he says that the proof of God can be found by modes of existence and through the argument that contingent existence requires an existence which is necessary. Avicenna’s theory of causality implies the idea of bringing into existence. Also, Avicenna escapes from the infinite ladder of the principle of principles by insisting that the whole of being has no principle, and the principle is the principle of the caused being only. More significant arguments on metaphysics of Avicenna against Aristotle can be found in the informative articles, Ibn Sina’s Concept of God and Ibn Sina’s Arguments Against God’s Being a Substance, by Dr. Legenhausen. Before becoming overwhelmed with the heavy philosophies of these great philosophers, let us not lose focus and now examine how articulately Imam Ali approaches the concept of God in his famous book through metaphysics. The philosophical perceptions of the Divine Essence and Attributes of God have been explained in a miraculous manner in Nahj al-Balagha. Many non-Shi’a Muslim writers and Qur’an interpreters are of the view that the only correct way to interpret Qur’anic verses is through experimental methods based on the secrets of natural phenomenon. These scholars of other schools believe that Shi’a scholars give less importance to experimental sciences as compared to metaphysics. Certainly, the experimental and scientific methods to deduce the meaning of the Qur’an with the help of natural phenomenon have been given justified importance, however some of the verses require more understanding of the metaphysical aspect, which will be clarified here. Despite the Qur’an asking people to reflect upon the signs of God in nature, there still remain many problems of theology that can never be explained in their true sense merely through nature or the created world. A great scholar, martyr Murtuda Mutahhari, in his must-read book, Glimpses of the Nahj al-Balagha, explains each of these aspects of metaphysics, its challenges, and solutions of explaining Qur’anic verses through the support of the works of Imam Ali. Qur’an poses many problems that cannot be solved by the experimental and scientific approach of nature alone. For example, the basic problem of the unity of God requires an in-depth philosophical analysis as done in Nahj al-Balagha. Other problems include predetermination and free-will, revelation and intuition, none of which can be explained by sole experimental methods of nature, although writers of other schools of thought wrongly stress upon the contrary. A few of the many verses of the Qur’an that require metaphysical understandings about God are: - And His is the loftiest likeness in the heavens and the earth. (30:27) - And He is God in the heavens and the earth. He knows our secrets, and what you publish. (6:3) - He is the First and the Last, the Outward and the Inward. He has knowledge of everything. (57:3) - Allah is One and Absolute. (112:1-2) - This is a scripture that We have revealed unto thee, full of blessings, that they may ponder its revelations, and that men of understanding may reflect. (38:29) Likewise, many other verses require philosophical guidance, and who can guide us better than Imam Ali? Explaining the concepts of God, Imam Ali says in Nahj al-Balagha: “God is not inside things in the sense of physical penetration and is not outside them in the sense of physical exclusion. Times do not keep company with Him, and implements do not help Him. His Being precedes times. His Existence precedes non-existence and His eternity precedes beginning. By His creating the senses it is known that He has no senses. By the contraries in various matters it is known that He has no contrary, and by the similarity between things it is known that there is nothing similar to Him. He has made light the contrary of darkness, brightness that of gloom, dryness that of moisture and heat that of cold. He produces affection among inimical things.” (Sermon 186) This truly is an extraordinary way of explaining the infinite power, being, essence and existence of God that no other philosopher can dare to challenge. Imam Ali also clarifies the metaphysical problems of time and God existing before time, by saying that His being precedes time itself. He transcends all time, number, limit and all kinds of quiddities. Further, he exerts that Divine Essence is absolute and infinite, and the ideas of limits, forms and conditions are not applicable to God. Explaining the concept of God through metaphysical interpretation of the first verse in Surah Tawheed, Imam Ali explains that Divine Unity and Oneness of God is not numerical because numerical unity implies the assumption of the recurrence of oneness of another thing or a defect being restricted to numbers. But, these verses imply that this Unity of God denotes that any multiplicity, or any second to this Unity, is invalid. Martyr Mutahhari in Glimpses of the Nahj al-Balagha cites a stunning example based on this concept. He states that if we assume our universe to be infinite, it is then not possible to entertain any other universe beyond it, because whatever we assume would be identical or a part of this universe. He further clarifies that an infinite universe of 5 dimensions will contain an infinite number of universes of four dimensions, likewise our universe with three spatial dimensions and one dimension of time. The point is that the supposition of another being similar to the Being of God (just as the supposition of another physical universe besides an infinite universe) leads to an impossible assumption because the Being of God is absolute. The same book also tells us that the concept of Divine Unity not being a numerical quantity is an entirely original Islamic concept and unparalleled in any other school. This concept is not found in the works of any early philosophers such as Farabi, Avicenna or even Aristotle. Imam Ali says: “Praise be to Allah, for Whom one condition does not proceed another so that He may be the First before being the Last or He may be Manifest before being Hidden.” (Sermon 65) This clarifies that His Manifest-ness and Hidden-ness are identical, just as His First-ness is identical with his Last-ness. These and many more metaphysical elements of Nahj al-Balagha are unique and pivotal for any discussion concerning God. These impressions as well, cannot be found in any metaphysical lesson of any other school or philosopher, including Aristotle, Plato, Avicenna and other Muslim philosophers of early Islam. One famous Indian freedom fighter, Chandrashekhar Azad, has said: “If yet your blood does not rage, then it is water that flows in your veins. For what is the flush of youth, if it is not of service to the motherland?” This passionate quote can be applied as a good metaphorical example for youth to serve not only the motherland but all of humanity, by sticking to our Holy Ahlul Bayt. It is a shame on us that despite having the genius and versatile personality of Imam Ali in our homes (reflected in Nahj al-Balagha), we fail to represent him in all fields, including philosophy and metaphysics.

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The state, as a political entity, has existed since the Peace of Westphalia in 1648, where European powers first agreed to respect each other’s sovereignty and that each state had the ultimate authority of their own given territory. This entity is the building block of international relations, and the state is still the most important authority to consider when discussing the discipline. In the last few centuries, and particularly in the last hundred years, globalisation has meant that the concept of supranationalism has become increasingly more influential, and the notion that the state is supreme is in doubt. This essay will discuss ways in which states have lost their power to other organisations, as well as showing counter-examples, where states are just as important as they ever were whilst involved in supranational organisations. In Europe, the birthplace of the state, perhaps the strongest example of its decline is to be found in the European Union. The organisation was created in the wake of the deadliest conflict in human history, World War II, to promote co-operation between states that were recent enemies, and the EU has since evolved into the first truly powerful supranational organisation. All twenty-seven EU countries must comply with certain pan-European laws that are decided upon by the organisation’s various bodies. The EU has the world’s only transnational parliament, elected by the people of the individual member states – and also has one of the largest common markets in the world, as well as a single currency, the Euro. The EU has been successful in its aims, with no major land conflict between European powers since World War II, which resulted in the EU winning the 2012 Nobel Peace Prize, and wide support in states where “the EU is perceived to improve the economic situation for nations and individuals” (Rohrschneider, 2002, p464). However, the EU also provides a good example of how states still hold more power than supranational organisations do. Several of its institutions are made up of representatives of each state, such as the European Commission, European Council and the Court of Justice. This means that each individual state wields power in these institutions, rather than the institution itself. In the Council of the European Union, qualified majority voting is used to make decisions which require 50% of the member states, 74% of votes (as each state receives a different number of votes depending on its population) and a number of states which have a total population of over 311 million to approve of a decision. The change to this voting system, introduced by the Treaty of Nice in 2003, has meant that “member-state influence is no longer felt simply in the more intergovernmental fields of foreign policy and justice and home affairs.” (Janning, 2005, p822). Not all states are subject to all European Union laws, however, and not all states participate in the organisation to the full extent that they could, maintaining some sovereignty. The notable example of this is the United Kingdom, who do not use the European single currency and receive a significant rebate, negotiated by former Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher, on their contributions to the EU. Another oft-cited organisation that is said to diminish state power is the United Nations, although in fact it’s central document, the Charter of the United Nations, seeks to “support the principle of state sovereignty and territorial integrity” (Axtmann, 2004, p262). Both of these examples show that the state does maintain some sovereignty despite being a member of these supranational/transnational bodies. It is hard to argue that the state has maintained its full sovereignty though, as some transfer of power has definitely taken place to create organisations such as the EU and UN. Global governance and policy making is increasingly important to the world with transnational threats, such as global warming, terrorism and nuclear proliferation, requiring transnational solutions. Measures such as the Kyoto Protocol, designed to reduce carbon emissions to help curb global warming, and the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons were drafted to provide worldwide protection from these dangers. The United Nations is particularly important in the creation of such treaties, with perhaps its most influential being the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, described by Pope John Paul II as “one of the highest expressions of the human conscience of our time” (Pope John Paul II, 1995, Section 2). The UN enforces its law through its International Criminal Court. These measures are good examples of an increasing desire, even from states, to forfeit some sovereignty to provide effective transnational solutions to difficult issues. International governance, at the moment, has a flaw in its theory, however. This flaw is that these international agreements need to be ratified by individual states, allowing the states to opt-out, giving them the power to act unilaterally. The NPT treaty did not “prevent Iraq, a signatory, from embarking on their own (nuclear) programme” (MccGwire, 1994, p220); and as we are seeing currently in North Korea, multiple UN sanctions have not deterred the state from conducting three nuclear weapons tests and threatening further action. States still largely control their economies, and are responsible for their successes and failures, but even this facet of the state is vanishing to an extent. Organisations such as the IMF and World Bank have been formed to provide a safety net for states that are failing financially and are in need of capital. These organisations often give out loans as financial aid, meaning that states receiving aid are responsible for paying the loans back, often with interest. But a common occurrence is that these loans are not paid back, and this shows that in this new global world, states are funding each other more than ever. In 2005, the G8 forgave a large portion of debt owed to it by the Third World in an attempt to appease the growing “Make Poverty History” movement; with the move’s effects being hotly debated (Franklin, 2008, p421). Very recently, the economic crash of 2008 has seen many European economies struggle, requiring the EU to bail out many of its member states (to stop the collapse of its single currency) such as Ireland, Portugal, Cyprus and, perhaps most famously, Greece. Globalisation has created world markets that are far more interlinked, and as such, the economies of different states are becoming increasingly integrated. Multinational corporations are perhaps the most threatening type of organisation to state rule. They operate in many countries, but can be based in any they wish, and subsequently adhere to the laws of the countries they wish. “The MNE’s ability to operate as a world-wide system combined with the limited view and scope of authority of any national government creates asymmetries of both information and jurisdiction.” (Kobrin, 2001, p7) This has led to several high-profile cases, where companies such as Starbucks have avoided paying millions of pounds in taxes. The state’s ability to control companies in its territory is severely limited in this case. In a more extreme sense, the growth of multinational terrorism has shown that states cannot deal with the threat alone. To combat Al-Qaeda, after their attack on the USA on the 11th of September 2001, the USA required the assistance of the UK and many other nations to invade Afghanistan in an effort to oust the country’s Al-Qaeda supporting government. Furthermore, the USA and allies fought Al-Qaeda insurgents in Iraq after their 2003 invasion of that country, in an attempt to further quash the organisation. Although multinational efforts have seen Al-Qaeda’s strength diminished, it still exists as a major threat (Bergen, 2008, p15), particularly in failed states in the Arabian Peninsula (specifically Yemen) and North Africa. The very nature of terrorism means that eradicating it, either through unilateral or multilateral means, is extremely difficult. Globalisation’s impact on the functions of states is clear, as it has diminished their power to a degree. However, it should be noted that the very same globalisation has made the “concept of sovereignty… a cornerstone of the global interstate system after the Second World War” (Axtmann, 2004, p262). Without the expansion of the state system as happened with decolonisation and the collapse of empires following World War II, and the fall of communism in the 80s and 90s, globalisation itself would not have happened. States are the architects of globalisation, and have kept their power because of this, it is argued. One of the state’s main function is the defence of its’ people, “the monopoly of the legitimate use of physical force within a given territory” (Weber, 1919, p1), but recent years have seen the rise of private military companies, more commonly known as PMCs, which provide military support in addition to, or in place of, state militaries. They have been used most prominently in the previously mentioned Iraq War, with up to 100,000 private troops being used by the US (Merle, 2006, p1). Non-governmental organisations are now also using PMCs to protect their workers as they carry out aid missions in dangerous places such as North Africa. The power of these companies, in future, could cause a major threat to the defence policies of states. It can definitely be said that the state is in decline from its position as the sole unit of analysis within international relations, with globalisation and resulting supranationalism being its main threat. However, even with growing transnational decision-making, the role of the state is still crucial to the world we live in. States will continue to be the most important entity in international relations and global decision making for some time to come; especially if their current role in participating in organisations such as the EU and UN are maintained. Axtmann, R., 2004, “The State of the State: The Model of the Modern State and Its Contemporary Transformation”, International Political Science Review 25 (3), p259-279, Sage Publications, Ltd. Bergen, P., 2008, “Al-Qaeda, the Organisation: A Five-Year Forecast”, Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 618, p14-30, Sage Publications, Inc. in association with the American Academy of Political and Social Science Franklin, T., 2008, “Reaching the Millennium Development Goals: Equality and Justice as Well as Results”, Development in Practice 18 (3), p420-423, Taylor & Francis Ltd. on behalf of Oxfam GB Janning, J., 2005, “Leadership Coalitions and Change: The Role of States in the European Union”, International Affairs (Royal Institute of International Affairs 1944-) 81 (4), p821-833, Wiley on behalf of Royal Institute of International Affairs Kobrin, S. J., 2001, “Sovereignty@Bay: Globalization, Multinational Enterprise, and the International Political System”, Oxford Handbook of International Business, Chapter 7, Oxford University Press MccGwire, M., 1994, “Is There a Future for Nuclear Weapons?”, International Affairs (Royal Institute of International Affairs 1944-) 70 (2), p211-228, Wiley on behalf of Royal Institute of International Affairs Merle, R., 2006, “Census Counts 100,000 Contractors in Iraq”, Washington Post Pope John Paul II, 1995, Address of His Holiness John Paul II to the Fiftieth General Assembly of the United Nations Organisation, 5th October 1995, http://www.vatican.va/holy_father/john_paul_ii/speeches/1995/october/documents/hf_jp-ii_spe_05101995_address-to-uno_en.html Rohrschneider, R., 2004, “The Democracy Deficit and Mass Support for an EU-wide Government”, American Journal of Political Science 46 (2), p463-475, Midwest Political Science Association Weber, M, 1919, Politics as a Vocation

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Growing pumpkins from seed in the home garden Do you want learn growing pumpkins from seed? yup, you are in right blog. Pumpkins can be used in savoury dishes and can also be made into a sweet. The seeds of pumpkin are healthy if roasted and they act as bright and beautiful decorations at the time of autumn. The process of growing pumpkins is simple and cost-effective as they will be able to survive in several different regions. You can also consider growing pumpkins in containers, but in this article, you can read the information below to know how to grow pumpkins successfully selecting the variety of pumpkin for plantation, finding the climatic conditions which help your pumpkin plants to survive as well as growth and harvest of your pumpkins. what are we waiting for let us dive into growing pumpkins from seed in your back yard, contianers, or on the terrace. Preparation process for the growth of pumpkins: You will have to check when is the right time for the plantation of pumpkin in your locality. The seeds of pumpkin do not undergo the process of germination in the soil which is cold, so they have to be planted after the frost has been passed. Always consider planting pumpkins at the end of the spring or the early stages of summer for harvest in autumn. Pumpkins usually take 3 to 4 months to reach the stage of maturity. Choosing an area of plantation for pumpkins: - Pumpkins will grow on vines and they require an adequate amount of space for survival. Select a place in your garden which satisfies the following requirements. - Growing pumpkins in small spaces is possible. At least 20 to 30 feet of space which is open has to be considered. Your pumpkin patch will not have to take up your entire garden. You can consider planting it beside your house, or along the fence present in your backyard. - Make sure that the area you are choosing to plant your pumpkin receives full sun. Do not select the site which is present under a tree or in any shadow. Always ensure that your pumpkins are getting a lot of sunlight throughout the day. Preparation of soil for planting pumpkins: - The soil required for the plantation of pumpkin should be well-drained. Soils which are clay-based will not be able to absorb water quickly and are not as conduction for the growth of pumpkins. Select a site which will not have standing water after heavy rainfall. - For providing your pumpkins with an additional boost, consider preparing your soil before composing it. Consider digging large holes where you can plan the plantation of pumpkins and then fill them with a mixture of compost a week before the plantation. Select your pumpkin seeds: - You can visit a local nursery or you can also consider ordering seeds online from a catalogue to make use of them in your pumpkin patch. There are several different types of pumpkins, but for the purpose of home growing, they fall into three different categories: - Pie pumpkins are the ones which are meant to be consumed. - Large pumpkins which are used for decorative purposes. These are generally carved into jack o’ lanterns. These pumpkins seeds can be consumed, but the flesh of this pumpkin will not be flavourful. - Small pumpkins which are again used for decorative pumpkins. These are also called as mini pumpkins. Plantation of pumpkins: - For growing pumpkins in raised beds, you can consider building a small mound of dirt and then plant your pumpkin seed at a depth of 1-2 inches. The hill will help in the improvement of drainage of soil and will let the heat to heat the soil quickly which will also speed up the process of germination of seeds. - Consider planting 2 or 3 seeds at a distance of a few inches from one another, in case if anyone seeds do not sprout. - Do not take into consideration which end of the seeds has to be pointed upwards. If the seeds work successfully, they will grow anyway. - If the pumpkin variety you have selected will grow along the creeping vines, then make sure that you are spacing the hills in the same row at a distance of 12 feet from each other and then space the rows at a distance of 6 to 10 feet from each other, based on the size of the pumpkin variety you have chosen. The varieties which are of “Bush-type” which grow on short vines will require a space of 8 feet from all directions. - If you have composted your soil before going with the plantation, you can consider skipping this step. If not, consider adding a thin compost layer or mulch layer in the areas where you have planted the pumpkin seeds. The compost will help in keeping the weeds away and will also nourish your pumpkin seeds. - With utmost care, the plants of pumpkin have to sprout within a week. You should not miss the Growing Jackfruit from Seeds. Caring Pumpkin plants: Watering your Pumpkin Plants - Pumpkin plants require plenty of water but make sure that you are not watering them too much. Always water your pumpkin plants when the soil is somewhat dry, instead of adding more amount of water to make your soil wet. Watering which is deep and infrequent would be the best. - When you are watering your plants, make sure that you are using plenty of water and allow to soak deep into the soil. The roots of your pumpkin plant run many inches or feet down based on the growth stage and it is essential that the water is reaching them. - Do not try to water the leaves of your pumpkin plant. This will encourage fungus growth called powdery mildew which will cause withering to the leaves leading to the death of the plant. - Watering your plant in the morning would be the best, instead of watering it at night so that the water which gets on the leaves of your pumpkin plant will have some time to get dried under the sun. - When you see that the pumpkins have started to grow and are turning to orange colour, reduce the amount of water you are using. It would be better if you completely stop watering for about one week before you are planning to harvest the pumpkins. Fertilizing your pumpkin plants - When you see that the pumpkins plants have just sprouted, you can consider adding fertilizer. This will encourage the pumpkin plant to have healthy growth. You can visit your local nursery and ask them for a fertilizer you can consider adding to your pumpkin bed. - To ensure that your pumpkins plants will give healthy pumpkins, you will have to keep monitoring them all across the growing process. - Make sure that you are weeding your pumpkin patch frequently. Do not allow the weed growth crowd out the plants of pumpkin or absorb the nutrients on which they would be required to survive. Plan the weeding a few times a week. Managing Pests and diseases - The pumpkin leaves and flowers have to be checked for beetles which will eat the tissue of the plant and will finally kill the plant. They have to be scraped off from the plant. - Make sure that you are mulching around your pumpkins to maintain the pressure of weed down and store the moisture of the soil. - Aphids are one of the pests that will cause a lot of damage to the garden plants. These pests are mostly found at the lower section of the leaves and if you are not taking proper care about them, they will kill your plants rapidly. These have to be sprayed off by making use of water in the morning times so that the leaves will have some time to dry. - If required, make use of an organic pesticide to get rid of the pests present on your plants. You can visit your local nursery or gardening centre to enquire about these products. - The pumpkins have to be in bright orange colour with a shell which is hard. The stems of pumpkin and mostly the vine itself should start to get dry or withered. - Make sure that you are not harvesting the pumpkins which are still soft. They will not be able to keep for more than a few days before they get spoiled. - Make use of a pair of garden shears for cutting the stem, by leaving it a few inches in terms of length. Make sure that you are not breaking off the stems as this will cause rotting of pumpkins. You may be interested in Growing Artichoke Hydroponically. - The pumpkins have to be stored in a place which is cool and dry. They should not be kept in a place which is humid, damp and receives direct sunlight. There is no need to refrigerate them. Pumpkins will be able to survive for many months after the harvest is done. - Before you proceed with storage, consider rinsing them with mild chlorine so that this helps in the discouragement of fungi and mould. Make use of one cup of chlorine bleach which you use for your household along with five gallons of cold water. Facts about growing pumpkins from seed: - Most of the people do not understand that the pumpkin varieties which are small will take the same time after plantation to get ready for harvest as the large pumpkins which weigh about 100 pounds. Pumpkins require between 3 to 4 months to get ready for harvest after the plantation of seeds. - Consider putting a cardboard or a piece of wood under the growing pumpkins. This will help in the elevation of pumpkins off the soggy soil for the prevention of rot. The pumpkins have to be watered at the base of the plant instead of watering over the complete patch. - One pumpkin plant will generally produce 2 to 5 pumpkins. The mini pumpkin varieties will be able to produce up to 12 or so. There will generally be more number of female fruits, but some of them will not be developed for some reason. - Consider the application of a fertilizer which is rich in the content of nitrogen once a week in the early stages of growing season for the production of a healthy plant. Once you see the formation of flowers, you can switch to a fertilizer which is rich in phosphorus content to get plenty of flowers. When you see that the actual pumpkins have started to grow, then make use of a fertilizer which is rich in the content of potassium. - The leaves of your pumpkin plants sometimes turn into yellow and this may happen due to age, deficiency of nutrients or infestation caused due to pests and diseases. - Sometimes you see that your pumpkins are falling off the vine. This will happen mostly because of poor pollination as the timeline for pollination is very narrow, i.e., for about 4 to 6 hours. If pollination will not take place at that time, the flowers will close for good and pollination never takes place. - Sometimes you see your pumpkins turning black. This black rot is caused by a fungus which will attack pumpkins and other types of cucurbits. This will lead to a disease called “gummy stem blight” on melons and cucumbers. The loss of yield takes place because of black rot. That’s all gardeners about growing pumpkins from seed in the home garden or outdoors. You may also like the Marigold Farming in Polyhouse.

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While estimates about when our stock of fossil fuels will run out differ, one thing we can be sure of is that they are a finite resource. Indeed the latest report from the Global Sustainability Institute at Anglia Ruskin University finds that the UK has: - 5.2 years of oil remaining - 4.5 years of coal remaining, and - 3 years of gas remaining Whether it’s sooner or later, renewable energy needs to fill at least some of the gap that fossil fuels leave. In this guide, we look at renewable energy and its implications and opportunities for your business. Whilst large scale renewable generators are being developed there also exists an increasing move to small-scale generation as business owners and households wake up to the advantage of self sufficiency. Renewable energy sources According to REN21 – the Renewable Energy Policy Network – about - 16% of global energy consumption comes from renewables with - 10% coming from biomass, - 3% from hydroelectricity and a further - 3% from better known renewables such as wind, solar, geothermal and biofuels. Taking each source in turn: Not only is wind the most common source of renewable energy in the UK, it’s also one of the most financially viable. This is because the energy is generated the ‘free’ source that is the power of wind. Increasing number wind farms are appearing around the country supplying the National Grid, while increasing numbers of small-scale users are choosing to generate their own electricity supply using wind turbines. Wind power is not without controversy however with many protesting about their impact on the landscape. As a result wind power is being increasingly moved to the more expensive but less offensive offshore version. Installing wind turbines requires planning permission, in addition if more than three turbines are being installed an Environmental Impact Assessment will be required. Once those obstacles have been overcome however wind is an effective way of generating power. Turbines work well across most of the UK and can operate at wind speeds of just 4 metres per second. That said, the more successful projects are in areas with average wind speeds of at least 7m/s. For small-scale generators, wind power is one of the more financially viable self-generation options and its viability is improving as technology advances. The payback period for large, freestanding turbines is estimated to be between 4-8 years. However, turbine sites are often resisted, and when there’s no wind or wind levels are below optimal, they generate no electricity, so users still need a National Grid back up. Our supplier partner Ecotricity specialises in wind energy as part of their commitment to green energy and a sustainable environment. Biomass energy is simply the burning or fermenting of organic material such as wood, straw and other crops. This makes up some 85% of this country’s renewable energy, although local smoke control regulations limits its adoption in some areas. Generally speaking, a biomass system will provide payback within 5-12 years, though this can be significantly shorter if free waste wood is available, negating the need for initial tree growth. Like wind energy, biomass is not without its controversies with claims being made that healthy trees and not waste wood are being used to generate fuel and that the importation of wood pellets and the like defeats the sustainable objective of renewable energy. Biomass energy systems can be used in combination with a combined heat and power plant to deliver both electricity and heat. However while burning biomass releases fewer emissions than fossil fuels, any system must still comply with legislation such as the Clean Air Act. Our supplier partner Haven Power specialises in biomass energy generation through the burning of wood pellets as part of their commitment to green energy and a sustainable environment. Biomass can also be converted into energy via anaerobic digestion. This is the process where organic material is broken down by bacteria being starved of oxygen in order to create gas rich in methane that is then burned to generate heat and electricity. An additional benefit of anaerobic digestion is that the solid waste called digestate can be used as compost. However an environmental permit is needed for anaerobic digestion of waste and storing biomass fuels can require a great deal of space while finding an adequate supply can also be problematic. The payback for anaerobic digestion plants is generally 5-10 years. Our supplier partner Ecotricity specialises in anaerobic digestion as part of their commitment to green energy and a sustainable environment. Photovoltaic (PV) panels convert sunlight into electricity and are available in formats including cladding, roof tiles and custom glazing. These can increasingly be seen installed on unshaded, pitched roofs. In addition Solar hot water systems take energy from the sun and transfer it by means of heat exchangers, capable of heating water up to 65°C. Solar water heating collectors are usually mounted on roofs in the same way as PV panels. You can get derive electricity and heat from solar energy but it’s unlikely to supply all the juice a business needs. Solar panels don’t need much maintenance and don’t need planning permission and can be particularly economical for businesses that use lots of hot water, like canteens. However, Solar is an intermittent technology – sunshine isn’t constant in the UK – and it can be expensive to install. Our supplier partner Ecotricity specialises in solar energy as part of their commitment to green energy and a sustainable environment. Geothermal energy and ground source heat pumps (GSHPs) Geothermal power and ground source heat pumps use heat that is naturally contained in the ground. Geothermal can be exploited in areas where the heat from the earth’s interior rises to the surface as hot springs or steam. Boreholes in the ground then harvest this. Once harvested this can provide heating or hot water and drive geothermal power plants. GSHPs use pipes to transfer heat from the ground to buildings. Water and anti-freeze is passed through pipes to absorb subterranean heat, which is then taken to the heat pump. Although they use a renewable heat source, the heat exchange mechanism is powered by gas or electricity, so GSHPs can only be classed as renewable if they get that energy from a renewable source too. GSHP is a well understood technology and can provide both heating and cooling however, installation requires major civil work, meaning it is only really viable to install at the build stage. The initial installation can also be expensive with payback periods usually more than 15 years – and will often need appropriate permissions from the Environment Agency to get started. Hydroelectric comes from water flowing through a turbine and powering a generator. This is achieved by a water wheel or turbine using the natural flow of the water, or stored water in a reservoir being passed through an underwater turbine. Conventional fission power is sometimes referred to as sustainable but this is controversial because of concerns about radioactive waste disposal and the risks of accidents. And neither is it renewable, because deposits of nuclear fuel uranium are finite. Fast breeder reactors, fuelled by uranium extracted from seawater, have a stronger case for being considered renewable. They could supply energy at least as long as the sun’s expected remaining lifespan of five billion years according to physicist Bernard Cohen. There is an alternative; nuclear fusion, this is the reaction that exists in stars. It doesn’t create the radioactive waste of fission, but sadly though this could be the long-term answer, with current technology nuclear fusion isn’t a commercially viable option. Future sources of renewable energy The idea of harvesting large amounts of power from ocean waves is gaining momentum. The Carbon Trust estimates the extent of the economically viable offshore resource in the UK at 55 TWh per year, that’s about 14% of current national demand. This is a type of technology that doesn’t rely on geothermal hotspots, but generates heat by pumping water into porous rock, a process known as hydraulic stimulation. The largest project in the world is a 25-megawatt plant being developed in the Cooper Basin, Australia, which has the potential to generate 5,000–10,000MW. Experimental solar power This is a theoretical design for the collection of solar power in space, for use on Earth. This uses nanotechnology – that is the manipulation of matter on a molecular or atomic scale – to store solar electromagnetic energy in chemical bonds by splitting water to produce hydrogen and then using CO2 to make methanol. The benefits of renewable energy for your business As well as helping reduce their contribution to climate change, the benefits for businesses include: - Exemption from paying duty under the Climate Change Levy (CCL) – this duty is a tax on the energy used by businesses. - A reduction in allowances required under the CRC Energy Efficiency Scheme – businesses generating renewable energy might be able to offset this against the number of allowances they are required to buy. - A more secure energy supply – fossil fuels won’t last forever and supply is increasingly dependent on imports. In contrast, renewable sources occur naturally, in all regions, and won’t run out. - Stable energy costs – renewable energy sources are not subject to the same price rises as fossil fuels because of this security. - Improving environmental credentials and strengthening your brand – dealing with businesses with proven environmental credentials is important to an ever-growing subset of customers and other stakeholders. - Future proofing – using renewable energy will become more widespread. Indeed, legislation is already setting targets for its use in some new developments. Switching sooner rather than later will give you a head start in renewable energy expertise. - Subsidy – a large range of subsidies are already available for businesses, these include the Feed in Tariff (FIT), the Renewables Heat Incentive (RHI), the Renewables Obligation (RO) and the soon to be launched Contracts for Differences (CfDs). Eligible businesses can therefore benefit greatly from these deals. To find our more about the grants and schemes available to businesses visit our guides to Feed in Tariff (FIT), the Renewable Heat Incentive (RHI), the Renewables Obligation (RO) and the soon to be launched Contracts for Differences (CfDs). If generating your own renewable energy isn’t an option, and it won’t be for most business, but you still want your business to go green, you could consider a green energy tariff. Some energy suppliers get all their energy from renewable sources, so opting for them means none of the energy you use comes from fossil fuels, Ecotricity are amongst the suppliers who offer this. Be aware though, by signing up for a 100% green tariff, you won’t get 100% green energy delivered to your premise (it all gets mixed together at source) but it does mean that the utility company guarantees to undertake best endeavours to generate or buy enough green and renewable energy to cover all those customers that sign up to their green tariff. However, it’s important to realise that green tariffs often cost more and the net environmental carbon benefit isn’t entirely clear. If paying more for green energy isn’t an option, then you can identify a supplier’s green credentials by studying its fuel mix. All energy suppliers are required by DECC to source some of their electricity from renewable sources and publish the percentage (known as their fuel mix) on their websites. By looking at the fuel mix data you can identify a supplier who measures up to your standards on renewable energy, where a full green deal isn’t suitable for your business needs. You might not end up with either the cheapest or the greenest plan on the market, but it does mean that you can find a compromise that suits both your business expenses and ethics. Visit our dedicated supplier pages to understand your energy suppliers’ fuel mix. To find out more about renewable and green energy and how your business can benefit call us on 0800 051 5770, we’d love to hear from you.

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Nitrous Bottle Temperature Makes A Big Difference There is at least one well-documented case of a nitrous bottle explosion that occurred due to heat. Fortunately, nitrous oxide companies are well ahead of the curve on situations like these, as any bottle produced today has a safety blow-off cap or disc installed that will safely release the pent-up pressure once it exceeds a specific psi rating before the bottle can explode. While we’d hate to speculate and falsely accuse the owner of the vehicle of any wrong-doing, tampering with or incorrectly installing the safety valves on a bottle can render these safety features useless. And in this case, the valves/discs clearly didn’t function as they were designed to. Our calculators above are based on data published in the National Institute of Standards and Technology® Database 69 - June 2005 release. Most vendors list a recommended pressure range for their systems. Applications For A Progressive Nitrous Controller Nitrous system performance is dependent on BOTTLE PRESSURE. Below 97.5°F, pressurized nitrous oxide exists as both liquid and gas phases in equilibrium. As the bottle is discharged, a small amount of the liquid phase will vaporize and the resulting gas phase will occupy the free volume. The pressure will be entirely dependent on TEMPERATURE. If the bottle is maintained at a constant temperature, the pressure will also remain constant as long as there is some liquid nitrous oxide. If the bottle is rapidly discharged, such as may occur in a high horsepower application, vaporization of liquid nitrous oxide to fill the free volume will cause the temperature and pressure to drop. THERE IS A CRITICAL TEMPERATURE & PRESSURE in chemistry, referred to as the CRITICAL POINT, above which a single substance cannot exist as a liquid or gas. Above this point, the substance becomes what is referred to as a supercritical fluid, with properties in between those of a liquid and gas. The critical point for nitrous oxide is 97.5°F and 1,051 PSI. Supercritical fluids are compressible similar to gases. Above 97.5°F, nitrous bottle pressure will depend both on temperature and density. At any given temperature above 97.5°F, the pressure will drop as nitrous oxide is discharged and the density decreases. Operating your system with the bottle above the critical point temperature can lead to erratic and unexpected results. You can use our Nitrous Bottle Pressure and Temperature Calculators to calculate the pressure and temperature relationships for any values below the critical point. Do You Really Need A Nitrous Controller? - Take A Look At The Quote Below! 'Hot' Bottle @ 106 Degrees F = 302 HP Find A U.S. Dealer Click Link Below (Opens A Pop-Up Window To Enter Your Zip Code) The following is taken from a past posting on the My350Z.com online forum. We couldn't have said it better ourselves: "Well last night I was getting on my car, I’m only spraying a 50 shot because I haven’t had time to get the 100 shot pills....... but anyways I hit the rev limiter because I don’t have a window switch and wasn’t really paying attention. Now the car sounds like it’s misfiring and when it decelerates it sounds real bubbly. I’m thinking I might have bent a valve or something." Basics Of A Nitrous Bottle Warmer & Words Of Caution Read About Our Nissan 350Z Project Vehicle Nitrous Installation - CLICK HERE The NITROUS HORSEPOWER TARGET is the increase in engine horsepower that can be expected when the nitrous system is activated. Note that some vendors and manufacturers sell kits with ratings based on rear wheel horsepower. To calculate jet sizes based on rear wheel horsepower, enter an engine horsepower value that is 15-20% higher. Nitrous Bottle Install From Our Nissan 350Z Project A further power loss occurs because the charge cooling effect diminishes. When liquid nitrous oxide (below 97.5°F) is injected, the charge cooling effect is the result of the both the latent heat of vaporization (heat energy absorbed when a liquid is vaporized) and the expansion of the resulting gas to atmospheric pressure. Supercritical nitrous oxide (above 97.5°F) has zero latent heat of vaporization, so the only cooling effect is from expansion of the fluid. Daytona Sensors™ Interactive Online Nitrous Oxide Calculation Tools The graphs on the left show the results from two of our dyno tests on our 2006 Nissan 350Z Project Car with a 100 HP nitrous system are shown below. The first test was conducted with the bottle at 88°F. The second test was conducted with the bottle at 106°F and resulted in a drop of 20 HP. A normally aspirated baseline run for this vehicle is about 240 HP. A Nitrous System Jet Calculator can help you estimate jet sizes for your system. You can use the calculated values as a starting point for tuning your system. Most Nitrous Jet Calculators we found on the Internet appear to be based on old formulas. We based our calculator on actual nitrous and fuel flow tables published in the 'Supercharging, Turbocharging and Nitrous Oxide Performance' book by Earl Davis (see link above). NOTE: The early book by Dave Vizard, (well-known & knowledgeable automotive engineer), includes extensive background information on Nitrous Oxide chemistry. However, it is somewhat out-of-date as far as applications. by Joe Pettitt Nitrous Bottle Pressure & Temperature Values 'Nitrous Oxide High Performance Manual' by Trevor Langfield (2006) By independently modulating the fuel and nitrous solenoids, you can control the AFR. This is especially useful for late model fuel injected vehicles. From Early History To Chemical Structure & Eventual Adaption For Engine Use What Happens Inside The Nitrous Oxide Bottle When It Reaches 'Critical Temperature? The NITROUS TO FUEL RATIO for most commercial kits is set in the 5.5-6.0 range (very rich) to provide a generous safety factor. A higher nitrous to fuel ratio in the range of 7.0-8.0 will generate more power. Before you recalculate the fuel jet size using a higher ratio, you should check your air/fuel ratio (AFR) using a wide-band sensor system. If your measured AFR values are below 11.5-12.0 when the system is activated, you can try using a smaller fuel jet. Go down one jet size at a time until your AFR values reach 11.5-12.0. Subscribe To Our Daytona Sensors™ eNewsletter Nitrous Oxide Injection Here's Some Solid Information & Tips We Have Assembled To Help You During Your Build NC-1™ and NC-2™ Nitrous Controllers Need Additional Daytona Sensors™ Product Tech Notes & Tips? Click 'Tech Notes' To Return To Our Main 'Tech Notes' Category Page → Nitrous Bottle Heaters And The Effect of Bottle Temperature On Performance Our Nitrous Oxide System Jet Calculator by Dave Vizard 'Supercharging, Turbocharging and Nitrous Oxide Performance' by Earl Davis (2002) It is fairly obvious that a low bottle temperature will result in reduced nitrous oxide flow and a drop in performance. But what happens in the hot summer months? As the bottle temperature increases, the pressure and resulting nitrous oxide mass flow rate will also increase until the temperature reaches the critical point at 97.5°F. Liquid flow through a metering jet is proportional to the square root of pressure. At the critical point, the pressure will be exactly 1,051 PSI. For a system that was designed to operate at a nominal 900 PSI, this corresponds to an increase in nitrous flow of about 8%. If the system was jetted rich, with enough extra fuel to provide some safety margin, this should not pose a problem. The conclusion is that bottle temperature must be maintained in an optimum range as recommended by the system manufacturer. In areas with hot summers, you might benefit from a combination bottle heater/cooler. Contact the kit manufacturer for options. When nitrous oxide transitions to a supercritical fluid at 97.5°F, distinct liquid and gas phases no longer exist. All of the nitrous oxide in the bottle becomes a homogeneous fluid phase. Above the critical temperature, orientation of the siphon tube is irrelevant. However, what happens as the nitrous oxide transitions to a supercritical fluid is very relevant. Click on the following link to the University of Leeds Supercritical Fluids website for pictures of carbon dioxide undergoing phase transition. Nitrous oxide will behave in a similar manner. Near the critical temperature, the liquid meniscus starts to disappear and the liquid and gas phases become less distinct. If you are operating your nitrous system with the bottle just below the critical temperature, the siphon tube will not consistently draw liquid and you can expect surging as the nitrous oxide mass flow rate varies. The conclusion is that the system should never be operated just below the critical temperature. Since temperature of the nitrous oxide within the bottle is difficult to measure, pressure measurements will give more accurate results. If you keep the bottle pressure at or below 1,000 PSI, you should be safe. If the bottle gets above 97.5°F in the hot summer months, you can still run your system. You will be feeding supercritical nitrous and the mass flow rate will probably drop. Unless you re-jet the system, your overall performance will decrease and the engine will tend to run rich. NC-2™ Nitrous Controller Our 350Z Nitrous Project Car Nitrous Oxide Systems - Recommended Reading Why You Need A Nitrous System Controller Most nitrous systems are designed to operate at 900-1,000 PSI. This corresponds to 85-93°F. In the winter months (or even summer if you live in a cold climate area), you will need some means of heating the bottle. Electric bottle heaters are readily available for this purpose. Depending on the manufacturer, the bottle heater is controlled by a thermostat or pressure switch. Each approach has pros and cons, but a pressure switch gives the most accurate control. Some designs use a pressure switch located downstream of the bottle valve, as this is a convenient attachment point. Above 97.5°F, the nitrous oxide exists as a supercritical fluid. As the bottle temperature increases further, so does the pressure. But the fluid density also decreases rapidly. There are additional effects that must be considered when the supercritical nitrous oxide flows through pressure drops in the system, expands, cools, and reverts back into a bubbly mixture of liquid and gas. From tests we have conducted, it appears that as the bottle temperature increases above 97.5°F, the nitrous oxide mass flow rate drops. 'Warm' Bottle @ 88 Degrees F = 323 HP Nitrous Jet Calculator Requires FIVE (5) Input Values A Progressive Controller pulse width modulates the solenoid valves and allows you to control the flow rate. The two primary applications for a progressive controller are matching nitrous system power output to vehicle requirements and independently controlling fuel and nitrous oxide flows for optimum air/fuel ratio (AFR). The Daytona Sensors™ NC-2 can be used for both applications. If you have a high horsepower nitrous system in a vehicle with limited traction, you can use time or RPM based progressive control to reduce the power output in the mid-RPM range or off the starting line to eliminate problems with wheel spin. You can also use RPM based progressive control to reduce excessive strain on the engine in the mid-RPM range. Nitrous Oxide Injection is an easy and highly cost effective performance modification, yet it is also one of the most misunderstood. And these misunderstandings usually result in very expensive engine damage. (Engines that go 'BOOM' are NOT a good thing) Many manufacturers and vendors selling Nitrous Oxide systems tend to gloss over the important details and some of the systems even lack basic safety features. Surprisingly, there is only limited information is available on Nitrous Oxide relative to automotive performance. However, here's some books that we recommend: Learn All About Nitrous Oxide

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About premenstrual syndrome Most women of reproductive age experience at least mild premenstrual symptoms at some time in their lives (O’Brien 1987). However, around 2–10% of women have premenstrual symptoms that severely disrupt daily living (O’Brien 1987, DTB 1992, Wittchen 2002). These more troublesome symptoms are usually termed ‘premenstrual syndrome’ (PMS), if they comprise recurrent psychological and/or physical symptoms that occur specifically during the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle and usually resolve by the end of menstruation (O’Brien 1987). Diagnosis of PMS is based on the presence of at least five symptoms, including one of four core psychological symptoms, from a list of 17 physical and psychological symptoms (Steiner 2001; Freeman 2001). The 17 symptoms are depression, feeling hopeless or guilty, anxiety/tension, mood swings, irritability/persistent anger, decreased interest, poor concentration, fatigue, food craving or increased appetite, sleep disturbance, feeling out of control or overwhelmed, poor coordination, headache, aches, swelling/bloating/weight gain, cramps, and breast tenderness. The cause of PMS is unknown, but hormonal and other factors (possibly neuroendocrine) probably contribute (Rapkin 19917; O’Brien 1993). The aim of conventional treatment is to improve or eliminate physical and psychological symptoms; to minimise the impact on normal functioning, interpersonal relationships, and quality of life; and to minimise adverse effects of treatment (Kwan 2009). Drugs such as spironolactone, valprazolam, metolazone, NSAIDs, buspirone and gonadorelin analogues are used to treat the main physical and psychological symptoms of PMS (Kwan 2009). Surgery is indicated only if there are coexisting gynecological problems. Freeman EW, Rickels K, Yonkers KA, et al. Venlafaxine in the treatment of premenstrual dysphoric disorder. Obstet Gynecol 2001;98:737–44. Kwan I, Onwude JL. Premenstrual syndrome. Clinical Evidence. Search date July 2009 Managing the premenstrual syndrome. DTB 1992; 30: 69-72. O’Brien PMS. Premenstrual syndrome. Oxford: Blackwell Scientific Publications, 1987. O’Brien PMS. Helping women with premenstrual syndrome. BMJ 1993;307:1471–1475. Rapkin AJ, Morgan M, Goldman L, et al. Progesterone metabolite allopregnanolone in women with premenstrual syndrome. Obstet Gynecol 1997;90:709–14. Steiner M, Romano SJ, Babcock S, et al. The efficacy of fluoxetine in improving physical symptoms associated with premenstrual dysphoric disorder. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 2001;108:462–8. Wittchen H-U et al. Prevalence, incidence and stability of premenstrual dysphoric disorder in the community. Psych Med 2002; 32: 119-32. How acupuncture can help A systematic review (Cho 2010) located ten randomised controlled trials and found some evidence to suggest acupuncture reduces PMS symptoms. However, trial quality was generally poor and further studies are needed to confirm this. (See table overleaf.) Acupuncture may help reduce symptoms of PMS by: - increasing relaxation and reducing tension (Samuels 2008). Acupuncture can alter the brain’s mood chemistry, reducing serotonin levels (Zhou 2008) and increasing endorphins (Han, 2004) and neuropeptide Y levels (Lee 2009), which can help to combat negative affective states. - stimulating nerves located in muscles and other tissues, which leads to release of endorphins and other neurohumoral factors, and changes the processing of pain in the brain and spinal cord (Pomeranz, 1987, Zijlstra 2003, Cheng 2009); - reducing inflammation, by promoting release of vascular and immunomodulatory factors Kavoussi 2007, Zijlstra 2003). Cho SH, Kim J. Efficacy of acupuncture in management of premenstrual syndrome: A systematic review. Complementary Therapies in Medicine 2010; 18: 104-11. A systematic review including 9 randomised controlled trials that assessed the effectiveness and adverse effects of acupuncture for the symptomatic treatment of PMS. Four studies reported a significant difference in reduction of PMS symptoms for acupuncture treatment compared with pharmacological treatment. Two studies reported improvements in primary symptoms within acupuncture and herbal medications groups compared with baseline. Only two trials reported information regarding acupuncture-related adverse events, which included one case of a small subcutaneous haematoma. The reviewers concluded that, although the included trials showed that acupuncture may be beneficial to patients with PMS, there is insufficient evidence to support this conclusion due to methodological flaws in the studies. |Shin KR et al. The effect of hand acupuncture therapy and hand moxibustion therapy on premenstrual syndrome among Korean women.Western Journal of Nursing Research 2009; 31: 171-86.||A pilot study that compared the effects of hand acupuncture and hand moxibustion therapy with a control group (no treatment) 22 women with PMS. After acupuncture and moxibustion treatment, there were significant reductions in overall symptom reports, and in abdominal pain and bloating, compared with both pre-treatment levels and relative to controls. Rapid mood changes were also reduced in the post-treatment period in both the hand acupuncture and hand moxibustion groups, but not in the control group. The researchers concluded that hand acupuncture and hand moxibustion therapy may be effective strategies for women to reduce PMS symptoms.| |Research on mechanisms for acupuncture in general| Cheng KJ. Neuroanatomical basis of acupuncture treatment for some common illnesses. Acupunct Med2009;27: 61-4. A review that looked at acupuncture treatment for some common conditions. It is found that, in many cases, the acupuncture points traditionally used have a neuroanatomical significance from the viewpoint of biomedicine. From this, the reviewers hypothesize that plausible mechanisms of action include intramuscular stimulation for treating muscular pain and nerve stimulation for treating neuropathies. |Lee B et al. Effects of acupuncture on chronic corticosterone-induced depression-like behavior and expression of neuropeptide Y in the rats.Neuroscience Letters 2009; 453: 151-6.||In animal studies, acupuncture has been found to significantly reduce anxiety-like behaviour, and increase brain levels of neuropeptide Y, the brain levels of which appear to correlate with reported anxiety.| |Samuels N et al. Acupuncture for psychiatric illness: a literature review. Behav Med 2008; 34: 55-64||A literature review of acupuncture for psychiatric illness, which presents research that found acupuncture to increase central nervous system hormones, including ACTH, beta-endorphins, serotonin, and noradrenaline. It concludes that acupuncture can have positive effects on depression and anxiety.| |Zhou Q et al. The effect of electro-acupuncture on the imbalance between monoamine neurotransmitters and GABA in the CNS of rats with chronic emotional stress-induced anxiety. Int J Clin Acupunct 2008 ;17: 79-84.||A study of the regulatory effect of electro-acupuncture on the imbalance between monoamine neurotransmitters and GABA in the central nervous system of rats with chronic emotional stress-induced anxiety. The levels of serotonin, noradrenaline and dopamine fell significantly, while GABA levels were significantly higher in the rats given acupuncture (P<0.05, or P<0.0). The researchers concluded that the anti-anxiety effect of electro-acupuncture may relate to its regulation of the imbalance of neurotransmitters.| |Kavoussi B, Ross BE. The neuroimmune basis of anti-inflammatory acupuncture. Integr Cancer Ther2007; 6: :251-7.||A review that suggests the anti-inflammatory actions of traditional and electro-acupuncture are mediated by efferent vagus nerve activation and inflammatory macrophage deactivation.| |Zijlstra FJ et al. Anti-inflammatory actions of acupuncture. Mediators Inflamm 2003;12: 59-69.||A review that suggests a hypothesis for the anti-inflammatory action of acupuncture. Insertion of acupuncture needle initially stimulates production of beta-endorphins, calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) and substance P, leading to further stimulation of cytokines and nitric oxide (NO). While high levels of CGRP have been shown to be pro-inflammatory, CGRP in low concentrations exerts potent anti-inflammatory actions. Therefore, a frequently applied ‘low-dose’ treatment of acupuncture could provoke a sustained release of CGRP with anti-inflammatory activity, without stimulation of pro-inflammatory cells.| |Pomeranz B. Scientific basis of acupuncture. In: Stux G, Pomeranz B, eds. Acupuncture Textbook and Atlas. Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag; 1987:1-18.| |Needle activation of A delta and C afferent nerve fibres in muscle sends signals to the spinal cord, where dynorphin and enkephalins are released. Afferent pathways continue to the midbrain, triggering excitatory and inhibitory mediators in spinal cord. Ensuing release of serotonin and norepinephrine onto the spinal cord leads to pain transmission being inhibited both pre- and postsynaptically in the spinothalamic tract. Finally, these signals reach the hypothalamus and pituitary, triggering release of adrenocorticotropic hormones and beta-endorphin.|

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The Use of Colours with Filing The colour coding of files in by no means a revolutionary concept, businesses across the World have been using colours in one format or another to categorise their files for many years. In fact, a properly managed and structured colour coding system is probably the greatest cost saving feature that has ever been developed for filing and retrieval of records. The idea behind the use of colours in a filing system is to segment the total number of files in your system to smaller blocks or groups of colour. Because the eye recognises colours more quickly than text, the use of basic colours on your files makes it many times faster to find the file you are looking for. Similarly, if a file in the sequence contains a colour that does not match, it is automatically flagged as a misfile, and is thus many times faster to locate. Can you spot misfile in the below example? Each letter or digit from 0 to 9 in the system and each letter from A – Z is assigned its own specific colour, some colours are used twice in the second half of the alphabet (but with lines). This practice of colouring, using specifically designated PMS colours for each digit or number build bands of colour in your filing system and consistency that will last for many years to come. The statistics have proven that if you save 30 minutes filing and retrieving files a day using a properly managed colour coded system, it will pay for itself within 6-12 months. The below example simply demonstrates how much more quickly the human eyes and brain recognise colours than numbers. Firstly, time yourself and see how long it takes to count the number of number ‘1s’ in the black and white diagram. Now time yourself to and count the number of yellow M&Ms, any faster? Our eyes also find it easier to recognise groups or patterns of colour, which why the KolorKode filing system works so well. The use of Colour in our day-day lives We take for granted how much we use colours in our day-to-day lives. It is a proven fact that the human eyes and brain recognise colour more quickly than the digits or characters. Our reaction and response to these colours has almost become instinctive to us. Consider the example of traffic lights, when we see a green, orange or red light, we immediately recognise whether we should go, slow down or stop. When it comes to more complex situations, we have learnt to use colours to simplify, quickly relate to and understand information. A classic example of this is train systems. The majority of cities around the World use a system of colour coding to simplify their network of train lines. The use of colours simplifies the map and enables the passenger to quickly navigate their way around and find their route more easily. The reason that the map seems so simple to understand is predominantly because of our association with the coloured lines. Imagine how much more difficult it would be to find your way around the London Underground if all of the different train lines on the above map were black? Types of Filing System There are many different configurations to consider when looking at your filing system. Your decision as to what works best for you should ultimately be based on what it is you are filing, how many files you have and how many sub-categories your system needs to be broken down in to. Detailed below are the most common types of filing systems and methods. Remember, when considering your own system, all of the below examples can tailored to suit your specific needs and requirements. Alphabetical Filing – Colour by letter This is the most popular way to file, mainly because people tend to be comfortable thinking about names. The file name can be based on a client, business name, surname, geographical or any other word based information. By attaching KolorKode labels with the first 2 or 3 letters (no more) of the file name, you will create bands of colour. An index label should then also be attached to the tab to display a full description of the file’s name/contents. The most basic and possibly most common use of this system is the medical system. The first 2 or 3 letters of the patient’s surname are used at the top of the file e.g. Smith would be SMI. This can be further broken down by using a half size (12mm) Alpha label to represent the patient’s first name e.g. John would be ‘J’. An index label is then used to display the full description of the name along with any other information e.g. date of birth ‘John Smith’ 19/04/1974′. Different coloured index labels are available to further segment the files, e.g. if there are different doctors in the surgery; e.g. Dr Mawson is blue and Dr Jones is green. The ABGOR system was invented by the founder of KolorKode in the early 1980s. The idea behind the system is to break down your files to smaller groups, thus making it easier to find files. ABGOR is typically used in conjunction with the alphabetical system and is based on the second letter of file’s name. This letter represents the colour of an index label (the label that is used to detail the full name of file). The table below demonstrates how the letters are assigned to the colours; ABGOR represents the first letter in each of the 5 colours blocks. When using the ABGOR system, your files are essentially broken down by a further 5 times. Instead of having 28 possible sections (A-Z + Mac & Mc), you will have a possible 140 different colour groups/blocks to choose from. The idea behind this is that the more groups you have, the smaller each group is, thus making easier to locate or re-insert an individual file into the system. Numeric Filing – Colour by numbers This is the perfect system if you have thousands of files in sequential order, as it makes file retrieval faster. It’s easier to find numbers compared to names. As each number is has its own colour, the total number of files is broken in to 10 groups of colour. In turn each group is then broken down by a further 10. This system works keeps on breaking down until eventually it is impossible to insert a file in the wrong place without a colour clash occurring. To make this system truly effective, a file reference or index label will need to be added to each file. There are two types of numeric labels/types of filing; single and double numbers. The idea behind (A) Single numbers are the first reference to colour group (B) Double numbers are the last ten numbers grouped into one colour allowing for easy identification and larger colour band groups. Bands of colours will be far more effective by using the double numbers as the last 2 digits. (ie: File number 2563 – Single No. 2 is Black, Single No 5 are Red and a double No. 63 is Grey). Terminal Digit Filing (2 terminal digits) Although there is no simpler way of filing than to arrange all the folders in strict numerical sequence, in certain circumstances there are two serious disadvantages to direct numerical filing:- Where there is continual and permanent transfer from the system of considerable numbers of dead folders (e.g. hospital case papers, insurance mortgage files), it is necessary periodically to close up the gaps be moving up the remaining folders in order to make full use of the available filing capacity. This procedure is both laborious and time consuming. Where reference is mainly to newly added folders, the concentration of the filing staff around one portion of the system causes congestion and delay. Terminal digit filing eliminates both these disadvantages. The aim of terminal digit filing is to ensure an even distribution of the classified units, despite drop-outs due to elapsed time or other causes. In terminal digit filing, instead of reading the numbers from left to right, it is read from right to left: i.e. the terminal – from the end. The last one, two or three digits depending on the application required, form the broadest application, or primary reference. The next group of digits being the secondary reference, the remaining digits to the left determine the actual sequence. A simple application is demonstrated as follows. One hundred Terminal digits referenced to house 10 files per index, i.e. 1000 files. ||through to 99 |Files per index Therefore, file No. 899 is filed under Terminal Digit 99, i.e. the primary reference. Having found this section, the secondary reference takes over; i.e. No. 8, so file No. 899 is in position between file 799 and 999 i.e. in numeric sequence. In a 1,000 division system the primary reference would be:- In this case folders would be filed by their three terminal digits. For example, folder 3687432 would be filed under primary reference number 432 and then in it’s secondary and tertiary locations. Subject or Admin Filing System This is the arranging of documents be given subjects. It is the filing by descriptive features instead of by name or number. Such filing involves choosing a word or phrase to indicate the subject matter or refer to one phase of it. Subject keyword filing as it is sometimes known is simply a matter of filing based on the subject matter, what the file relates to e.g. Staffing, Plant, Advertising, Banking, Legal, Tax etc. These could well be subject headings or keywords, which form the basis of the system. These files essentially become miscellaneous files within which areas are assigned a sub-category or sub division. It is recommended that a file manual is created, detailing the breakdown of categories and files. See below example: A1 Accounts (Misc.) A1 1 Assets A1 2 Banking A1 2 1 Bankwest A1 2 2 ANZ A2 Advertising (Misc.) A2 1 Yellow Pages A2 2 West Australian A2 3 Flyers P1 Purchasing (Misc.) P1 1 Bunnings P1 2 Officeworks Miscellaneous files are a great way of holding documents that have been received and either need to be stored for a short time or aren’t important enough to warrant their own file. Creating a miscellaneous system is as simple as placing one “miscellaneous” file at the beginning of each letter section e.g. ‘A’ in an alphabetical system, or at the beginning of each 1st tier category in a subject system. A different coloured file and special “miscellaneous” label can be used to differentiate it from the other files in the section and make it easier to find. Geographical filing systems operate generally by province or country, and then alphabetically or numerically by account name or number. Reasons for this type of filing can be several. Countries have different laws and licenses; a commercial enterprise may have to consider these constraints as of primary importance. Chronological filing is the filing by date. Usually you will find this used for bills of lading, copies of freight bills, cancelled cheques, also in some banks or as a reserve file. It is normally used only where there is little or no reference made to the record once the transaction is complete.

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Old and New London: Volume 2. Originally published by Cassell, Petter & Galpin, London, 1878. This free content was digitised by double rekeying. All rights reserved. The Priory of St. Mary, Spittle—A Royal Visit—The Spital Sermons—A Long Sermon—Roman Remains—The Silk Weavers—French Names, and Modern Versions of them—Riots in Spitalfields—Bird Fanciers—Small Heads—"Cat and Dog Money." The original Priory of St. Mary Spittle was founded by Walter Brune and Rosia his wife, in the year 1197. It was surrendered at the dissolution to King Henry, and at that time the hospital which belonged to the priory was found to contain one hundred and eighty beds. In place of the hospital many large mansions were built, and among these Strype especially mentions that of Sir Horatio Pallavicini, an Italian merchant, who acted as ambassador to Queen Elizabeth; and in the reign of James I. we find the Austrian ambassador lodging there. In the year 1559 Queen Elizabeth came in state from St. Mary Spittle, attended by a thousand men in harness, and ten great guns, with drums, flutes, and trumpets sounding, and morris-dancers bringing two white bears in a cart. Long after the dissolution a portion of the large churchyard of the hospital remained, with a pulpit cross within a walled enclosure, at which cross, on certain days every Easter, sermons were preached. Opposite that pulpit was a small two-storeyed building, where the alderman and sheriffs came to hear the sermons, with their ladies at a window over them. Foxe, in his "Book of Martyrs," repeatedly mentions these Spital sermons. The preaching at the Spittle seems to have been a custom of great antiquity. It is said that Dr. Barrow once preached a sermon on charity at the Spittle, before the Lord Mayor and aldermen, which occupied three hours and a half. Being asked, after he came down from the pulpit, if he was not tired, "Yes, indeed," said he, "I began to be weary with standing so long." In 1594 a gallery was built near the pulpit for the governor and children of Christ's Hospital; and in 1617 we find many of the Lords of King James's Privy Council attending the Spital sermons, and afterwards dining with the Lord Mayor, at a most liberal and bountiful dinner at Billingsgate. "It appears," says Bingham, speaking of the Spital sermons, "it was usual in those times that on Good Friday a divine of eminence should, by appointment, expatiate on Christ's passion, in a sermon at Paul's Cross; on the three days next Easter, Monday, Tuesday, and Wednesday, a bishop, a dean, and a doctor of divinity, should preach at the Spital concerning the resurrection; and on Low Sunday another learned divine was to rehearse the substance of the other four, in a fifth sermon. At this the Lord Mayor and Corporation always attended, robed in violet gowns, on Good Friday and Easter Wednesday, and on the other days in scarlet. This custom continued till the great rebellion, in 1642, when it was discontinued. However, it was revived after the Restoration, except that instead of being preached at Paul's Cross, which had been demolished, the sermons were in the choir of the cathedral. After the Great Fire they were discontinued, both at St. Paul's Church and at the Spital, and the Easter sermons were delivered at some appointed church, and at last at St. Bridget's, in Fleet Street, where they continued invariably till the late repairs of that church, when they were removed to Christ Church, Newgate Street, where they still continue." In 1576, says Stow, in treating of a brick-field near the Spital churchyard, there were discovered many Roman funeral urns, containing copper coins of Claudius, Vespasian, Nero, Antoninus Pius, and Trajan, lachrymatories, Samian ware lamps, and small images, also Saxon stone coffins. Dr. Carrsatmalsa found there a skull, which he believed to be a giant's, though others took it for an elephant's. Some of these stone coffins are still preserved in the vaults of Christ Church. Bagford, in Leland's "Collectanea," mentions the Priory of St. Mary Spittle as then standing, strongly built of timber, with a turret at one angle. Its ruins, says Mr. Timbs, were discovered early in the last century, north of Spital Square. The pulpit, destroyed during the Civil Wars, stood at the north-east corner of the square. In the map of Elizabeth's reign the Spittle Fields are at the north-east extremity of London, with only a few houses on the site of the Spital. A map published a century later shows a square field bounded with houses, with the old artillery-ground, which had formerly belonged to the priory, on the west. Culpeper, the famous herbalist, occupied a house then in the fields, and subsequently a public-house at the corner of Red Lion Court. This is the great district for silk-weavers. "Spital Square," says Mr. Timbs, "at the south-east corner, has been the heart of the silk district since 'the poor Protestant strangers, Walloons and French,' driven from France by the revocation of the Edict of Nantes, settled here, and thus founded the silk manufacture in England; introducing the weaving of lustrings, alamodes, brocades, satins, paduasoys, ducapes, and black velvets. In 1713 it was stated that silks, gold and silver stuffs, and ribbons were made here, as good as those of French fabric, and that black silk for hoods and scarves was made actually worth three hundred thousand pounds. During the reigns of Queen Anne, George 1., and George II., the Spitalfields weavers greatly increased; in 1832, 50,000 persons were entirely dependent on the silk-manufacture, and the looms varied from 14,000 to 17,000. Of these great numbers are often unemployed; and the distribution of funds raised for their relief has attracted to Spitalfields a great number of poor persons, and thus pauperised the district. The earnings of weavers, in 1854, did not exceed ten shillings per week, working fourteen to sixteen hours a day. The weaving is either the richest, or the thinnest and poorest. The weavers are principally English, and of English origin, but the manufacturers, or masters, are of French extraction, and the Guillebauds, the Desormeaux, the Chabots, the Turquands, the Mercerons, and the Chauvets trace their connection with the refugees of 1685. Many translated their names into English, by which the old families may still be known: thus, the Lemaitres called themselves Masters; the Leroys, King; the Tonneliers, Coopers; the Lejeunes, Young; the Leblancs, White; the Lenoirs, Black; the Loiseaux, Bird." Riots among the Spitalfields weavers, for many a century, were of frequent occurrence. Any decline of prices, or opposition in trade, set these turbulent workmen in a state of violent effervescence. At one time they sallied out in parties, and tore off the calico gowns from every woman they met. Perhaps the greatest riot was in 1765, when, on the occasion of the king going to Parliament to give his assent to the Regency Bill, they formed a great procession, headed by red flags and black banners, to present a petition to the House, complaining that they were reduced to starvation by the importation of French silks. They terrified the House of Lords into an adjournment, insulted several hostile members, and in the evening attacked Bedford House, and tried to pull down the walls, declaring that the duke had been bribed to make the treaty of Fontainebleau, which had brought French silks and poverty into the land. The Riot Act was then read, and detachments of the Guards called out. The mob then fled, many being much hurt and trampled on. At a yet later date mobs of Spitalfields weavers used to break into houses and cut the looms of men who were working with improved machinery. Many outrages were committed by these "cutters," and many lives lost in scuffles and fights. The older houses inhabited by the weavers have wide latticed windows in the upper storeys, to light the looms. Being nearly all bird-fanciers, the weavers supply London with singing-birds, and half the linnets, woodlarks, goldfinches, and greenfinches sold in the metropolis are caught by Spitalfields weavers in October and March. They are fond of singing-matches, which they determine by the burning of an inch of candle. Spitalfields weavers are said to have extremely small heads, 6½ or 6¾ inches being the prevailing width, although the average size of the male head in England is 7 inches. We do not know whether the weavers still continue the old clothworkers' habit of singing at their looms, as mentioned by Shakespeare and Ben Jonson. "I would I were a weaver," says Falstaff; "I could sing all manner of songs." And Cutbeard, in Ben Jonson's Silent Woman, remarks, "He got his cold with sitting up late, and singing catches with clothworkers." Spitalfields was a hamlet of Stepney until 1729, when it was made a distinct parish, and Christ Church consecrated. Among the parochial charities, says Mr. Timbs, is "Cat and Dog Money," an eccentric bequest to be paid on the death of certain pet dogs and cats. In one of the houses in Spital Square lived Pope's friend, the celebrated Lord Bolingbroke.

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Having goals is the one essential for all organizations. Goals give a sense of direction and purpose, promote enthusiasm, facilitate effective operation, reduce needless conflict, and give a clear understanding of what is expected. Indeed in an organization there are few things more powerful than the idea of a goal.1 Goals are important for another reason as well. They act as the measure by which we can tell whether something has been achieved. With out goals we have just activity, and we cannot be certain that a predetermined level of performance has been actually achieved. Set goals, and you know where you ought to go. Fail to plan, and you in fact plan to fail. You may ask, "What does goal setting have to do with nonprofit organizations, such as my church?" Ever since Peter Drucker coined the term "management by objectives" some 40 years ago, goals and goal setting have been a central feature of management theory and practice. Research has shown time and again that people and organizations that have objectives consistently outperform those who do not have any, even though they may be instructed to do their best. 2 Dale McConkey, in his book MBO for Non-profit Organizations,3 suggests that those who might question goal setting in nonprofit organizations would do well to consider the following: 1. Does the organization have a mission to perform? Is there a valid reason for its existence? 2. Can priorities be established for accomplishing the mission? 3. Can the operation be planned? 4. Does management believe it must manage effectively, even though the organization is a nonprofit one? If the answer is yes, then you do need goals. The Bible too speaks of men and women who established specific goals. Abraham envisioned "the city with foundations, whose architect and builder is God" (Heb. 11:10, NIV). Moses pressed toward the Promised Land. Hannah fasted and prayed to a son. David set about establishing the kingdom. Daniel looked forward for the liberation of his people from captivity. John the Baptist prepared the way for the Anointed One. Jesus set His eyes upon the cross. Dorcas defined her work within the needs of her community. Effective goals should have the following characteristics: 1. Specific and verifiable. To set a goal is to predict accomplishment. But accomplishment cannot be deter mined unless measurement parameters are built into the goal. When a goal is not specific enough, we cannot for mulate plans to achieve it, and we would not know what resources we will need to carry out the plans, and we will have no means to measure the accomplishment. 2. Realistic and attainable. Challenges are necessary for improvement, but a challenge must be within the range of performance capability and resource availability. Goals based on hopes, desires, and wishes are seldom realistic. 3. Clearly understood. All per sons involved in setting goals must clearly understand their respective roles in the reaching of their set objectives. Otherwise confusion and misunderstanding will frequently result. 4. Ranked by priority. Goal set ting must be preceded by a clear definition of priorities. An organization's and more so a church's resources of time, funds, and personnel are limited, and we must ensure that we devote our resources to the most important objectives. 5. Communicated in writing. A written goal promotes better under standing, avoids confusion, and serves as a constant referral point. 6. Set in prayer. A church goal cannot be taken lightly. Seeking God's guidance through prayer should precede goal setting. A prayerful atmosphere has a way of weeding away that which contradicts God's will. 7. Set in faith. A church goal merely demonstrates the faith of members regarding what God can accomplish through them. Regarding membership goals, for example, the question could be asked: How many new disciples can I trust God to win through me and my church over the next year? Church life goals Often we think of church life goals only in terms of baptism. But other significant areas of church life also deserve measurable goal setting. Some examples of time-bound goal setting in church life are: 1. By December 31, 1995, increase Sabbath school attendance by a monthly average of 10 percent over that for 1994. 2. By June 25, 1998, pay off the church mortgage. 3. During 1995, place literature in the homes of 500 new families. 4. In the first quarter of 1995, train 200 lay members in witnessing. 5. Increase the tithe monthly aver age of 1995 by 15 percent above that of 1994. 6. Increase church school teachers from three to six in the next two years. 7. By November 30, 1997, establish a new church in a neighboring vicinity with no less than 60 members. Goals and growth Thousands of churches around the world experience no growth simply because nobody established any growth goal. So says Robert Schuller.4 Adventist researchers Roger L. Dudley and Des Cummings, Jr., agree. They studied Adventist churches in Hawaii and Atlanta, Georgia, and dis covered that a higher baptismal goal increased the likelihood of a real rise in the number of local members, and that church baptismal and church growth goals were among the most significant factors that distinguished high-growth from low-growth congregations.5 The motivational theory in goal setting emphasizes the role of intentions to act as major causes of motivated behavior. 6 Actions are governed by intentions.7 If an individual makes a commitment to an objective or a desired endpoint, that resolution will in fact strongly influence the subsequent behavior of that person. Therefore, commitment is an essential component of motivation in goal setting.8 Commitment is the totality of internalized normative pressures to act in a way that meets organizational goals and interest. Commitment causes individuals to behave in ways that they believe are morally right, rather than in ways that are going to be instrumental to their own personal interests. Most people engage in church activities on the basis of duty, cooperation, support, loyalty, or recompense. These bases, however, are not strong enough to support a process in which the church will move in a prescribed direction. Studies show that a person will not truly commit to achieving a result unless that person has had a voice in determining what the result will be. Conversely, people will be more motivated to work for the success of a project if they have helped develop it. Thus high commitment and high motivation usually go hand in hand to the degree that people feel that the project is their own. Why? First, mutually formed goals tend to be both more demanding and fair than unilaterally imposed goals. Second, members who have participated in goal setting are more likely to be ego-involved in attaining those goals. Because they have made themselves responsible for the expectations in the goals, they are eager to see them fulfilled. And third, through participation members gain a better under standing of the reasons behind their goals as well as how to attain them. Setting goals for the church should have a sequence. Craig Finder9 suggests the following. First, the pastor confers and negotiates with members individually to determine church objectives for an upcoming time span. The degree to which members may participate in this goal-setting process varies ac cording to the personal styles of both pastor and members. Second, members prepare an action plan that specifies how they will pursue the agreed-upon goals. Third, both pastor and members conduct a periodic performance review to measure progress. Finally, it will be time to set new objectives for a subsequent period. As a pastor in the Inter American Division I worked with numerical goals. In that division, it's something one cannot escape. I used them and found them effective in my different responsibilities as a pastor, depart mental director, conference president, and college president. Where I am pastoring now, numerical goals are not an issue. But our church established specific goals to motivate our members. In 1992-1993 this helped bring us more than 350 baptisms, two new churches, a 25 percent increase in tithe, and the doubling of member ship and attendance. Not only did we surpass the goals set, but we gained a collective feeling of accomplishment and increased confidence. All things are subject to improper use, of course. Wrongly employed, goal setting may cause rather than solve problems. For example, if the goals are unfair, arbitrary, or unreachable, dissatisfaction and poor performance may result. If goals are set without proper quality controls, quantity overcomes quality. When goals become more important than human considerations, they become burden some, detrimental, and destructive to church community. The danger to avoid is making numerical and measurable goals an end in themselves. Goals are only a means to an end. Focusing on numbers to the exclusion of making responsible disciples can lead to unfaithfulness to our paramount goal: to disciple the church into Christlikeness. Numbers can never be substituted for rebirth through the Holy Spirit. So the issue is ultimately not whether we should have numerical and measurable goals but rather how to use them. 1. Edward Dayton and Ted W. Engstrom, Strategy for Leadership (Old Tappan, N.J.: Fleming H. Revell, 1979), p. 51. 2. See Edwin A. Locke, Gary P. Latham, and Miriam Erez, "The Determinants of Goal Commitment," Academy of Management Review 13, No. 1 (1988): 23-29. 3. McConkcy, p. 6. 4. Robert H. Schuller, Your Church Has Real Possibilities! (Ventura, Calif.: Regal Books Division, 1979), p. 72. 5. Roger L. Dudley and Des Cummings, Jr., Adventures in Church Growth (Hagerstown, Md.: ReviewandHeraldPub.Assn., 1983),p.61. 6. Richard M. Steers and Lyman W. Porter, Motivation and Work Behavior (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1991), p. 355. 7. William C. Howell and Robert L. Dipboye, Essentials of Industrial and Organizational Psychology (Chicago: Dorsey Press, 1986), p. 77. 8. Locke, pp. 23-39. 9. Craig C. Finder, Work Motivation (New York: Harper Collins Publishers, 1984), p. 172.

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aladu 1comm. a farm implement used to break up and prepare soil for planting; a plow. [The plow has one blade and one handle attached.] Natupu nan aladu te mabatu nan payoda. The plow became dull because their field is rocky. (sem. domains: 6.2.8 - Agricultural tool.) 2plowing. 2.1trans. to prepare soil for planting by using a plow; the activity itself is in view. An mun-aladu kayu nah payo yud uwani? Are you going to plow your field today? muN‑/nuN‑. 2.2trans. to prepare some specified amount of ground for planting; activity is in view. Umaladu kah puntanman hi gahhilang. Plow an area to be planted with corn. ‑um‑/‑imm‑. (sem. domains: 6.2 - Agriculture.) 3plow soil. 3.1trans. the soil being prepared for planting is in view. Kon aladuwon yu nan payo da? Are you are going to plow their field? ‑on/‑in‑. 3.2pass. the passive form which describes the soil being prepared for planting. Adi maaladu te mabatu. It cannot be plowed because it’s rocky. ma‑. 3.3trans. the plow implement is in view in the preparation of soil for planting. Ialadu yu nan ka-apya. Use the new plow. i‑/iN‑. Search results for "Agricultural tool" al-u comm. pestle for pounding rice kernels to remove husk and for pulverizing coffee beans. Madam-ot nan al-u. The pestle is heavy. Alam nan al-u ta mun-ahhud kayu. Get the pestle so that both of you can pound alternately . Waday ohan tatammak, indonak key gitang na ya mumpaypaytuk. (al-u) I held the waist, it jumped and jumped. (pestle)(riddle) Ogman di gitang na ya munpaypaytuk. (al-u) riddle: Hold its waist and it keeps on jumping. (pestle) (sem. domains: 6.2.8 - Agricultural tool.) balita 1comm. a metal rod around six feet long with one end pointed and the other end flattened for prying and excavating. Alam nan balita ta hidiyey pundulig mu nah ongal an batu. Get the crowbar and use it to move the big stone. Mungka-ut ta ke ya mahapul di balita. When we dig we need a crowbar. Sim: kabra. (sem. domains: 6.2.8 - Agricultural tool.) 2trans. to use a crowbar. Balitaon yu nan luta te makulhi. Use a crowbar in breaking the ground because the soil is hard. Adi mabalita nan ongal an batu. The crowbar cannot move the huge stone. ‑on/‑in‑, ma‑. gabyon 1comm. hoe. Nan gabyon di pun-amung mu nah lugit. Use the hoe to gather the dirt. (sem. domains: 6.2.8 - Agricultural tool.) 2intrans. to use a hoe to break up ground. Munggabyon da nah garden Juan ad uwani. They are hoeing in the garden of Juan today. muN-/nuN-. 3trans. to hoe a particular piece of ground. Gabyonon da nan ginatangan Pedro. They will hoe the land Pedro bought. -on/-in-. Language Of Borrowing: Ilocano. gapas 1comm. sickle. [A sickle is used only in harvesting lowland rice because lowland rice can be piled in the field and threshed later.] (sem. domains: 6.2.8 - Agricultural tool.) 2trans. to harvest rice using a sickle. Gapason yu nan irik hi bigat. Harvest the lowland rice tomorrow. Munggapas dah payon da Dimmolnay hi bigat. They are going to harvest the ricefield of Dimmolnay tomorrow. ‑on/‑in‑, muN‑/nuN‑. gaud 1comm. spade with a long handle; used for soil and fieldwork. Nan gaud di pangaan mun nadah holok. Use the spade in removing the grasses. Doltakom hi gaud nan makakkulhin lamut. Thrust your spade into the hard root. (for the purpose of cutting it) Sim: baung, bangbang, pala, huklay. (sem. domains: 6.2.8 - Agricultural tool.) 2trans. to use long-handled spade to remove something such as stones from a site or to prepare a site for planting; to spade. Gaudom di batu ta iwelem. Spade away the stones and throw them away. Em gaudan di payo taku. Go to spade our field. ‑on/‑in‑, ‑an/‑in‑ ‑an. 4A Change structure of object. (sem. domains: 184.108.40.206 - Plow a field.) 3intrans. to till the soil in the ricefield by use of the spade; durative activity. Munggaud dad uwani hi payon Pedlo. They are spading the field of Pedro today. Inilam an munggaud hi payo? Do you know how to spade a ricefield? Munggaud day liman linalaki nah payo. Five men are tilling the soil in the ricefield. muN‑/nuN‑. comp. ahigaud hukit₂ 1comm. a pole to pick fruit; made of bamboo; the end is cut in such a way as to form a small basket like container to hold the fruit or merely has a split end. Sim: duladul, hudpak, dunghak, hudng’ak. (sem. domains: 6.2.8 - Agricultural tool.) 2trans. to gather fruit with stick or pole. Umala kah hukit ta hukitom nan tabuyug. Get a stick and pick that pomelo. Eyak humukit hi manga. I will go and pick mangoes. ‑on/‑in‑, ‑um‑/‑imm‑. 4C Convey/bring objects toward agent. (sem. domains: 7.5.1 - Gather.) kawal 1comm. harrow; used with carabao to pulverize soil. Ginuyud nan baka nan kawal. The cow pulled the harrow. (sem. domains: 6.2.8 - Agricultural tool.) 2trans. to prepare a field with a harrow. Dahdiy e mungkawal nah payo? Who will harrow the rice field? Kawalon yu nan payo ot deyan waday liting. Harrow the field, anyway there is water. Kinawal da nan payon Miguel ad kugaban. They harrowed Miguel’s field yesterday. ‑on/‑in‑, muN‑/nuN‑. 4A Change the structure of object. (sem. domains: 220.127.116.11 - Plow a field.) otak 1comm. large single-edged knife tool, used in agricultural tasks, splitting wood, etc.; bolo An inalam nan otak? Did you bring along the bolo? Matadom nan otak mu. Your bolo is sharp. Sim: hinalung, kulukul, uwa. (sem. domains: 6.2.8 - Agricultural tool.) 2intrans. to bring along a bolo. Nun-inotak an e nanibo nah natalak an nuwang. They brought along thier bolos to look for the lost carabao. muN‑ iN‑/nuN‑ iN‑. id. kay hubil di nuwang di otak id. Maid di hilbin di adi tumadom an otak. pala 1comm. a shovel with a short handle. Nan pala di pungkaum nah lugit. Use the shovel in scooping the dirt. Alam nan pala ta gaudom nan pitok. Get the shovel and scoop the mud with it. Sim: baung, bangbang, gaud, huklay. (sem. domains: 6.2.8 - Agricultural tool.) 2trans. to shovel something with a short-handled shovel. Palaom nan lutan nitabab nah kanal. Shovel the earth that is blocking the canal. Pinala na nan lona nah kalata. He shovelled the sand on the road. Ipalam nan ka-gattang. Use the newly-bought shovel. Mumpala da handi mala-u kami. They were shovelling when we passed by. ‑on/‑in‑, i‑/iN‑, ‑um‑/‑imm‑, muN‑/nuN‑. 4D Release, remove or detach object. (sem. domains: 7.3.2 - Move something in a direction.) tabas₁ 1comm. a lowland machete with wooden handle; primarily used for cutting grass. Nan tabas di punggaat mu. Use the lowland machete to cut grass. Sim: pinahhig, kalatyaw. (sem. domains: 6.2.8 - Agricultural tool.) 2trans. to cut with lowland machete. Tabasom nadan holok nah dalan. Cut the grasses along the path. Adika mih-up ke hiya te tumabas Do not go near him because he will cut you. ‑on/‑in‑, ‑um‑/‑imm‑. Language Of Borrowing: Tagalog.

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Collaboration Between Women Supports Global Change Collaboration Between Women Supports Global Change by Leslie Temple-Thurston We have reached the moment in time when as many women as possible need to be made aware of the way in which they compete with other women. This phenomenon is hugely present in almost every woman in the Western world, just as it is with men. Competitiveness in women is usually fairly covert, disguised, taken for granted. Competition is so second nature that even the woman herself is unconscious of the fact that she is doing it! Yet, if a woman is sensitive and has good inter-personal skills and cares about her relationships with others, she can usually feel the tonality of that particular energy—and respond to it, especially if someone draws her attention to it and makes her aware of it. This indicates that many women are ready to shift this issue now. The origin of feminine competitiveness goes way back roughly 6,000 years, to the birth of Patriarchy and hierarchy, as we know it today. The peaceful Neolithic culture around the Mediterranean and Middle East, sometimes referred to as “the goddess culture”, was the first to be totally decimated by Patriarchal tribes who invaded from the North. These invaders were the so-called Indo-Europeans, who were Patriarchal in their ideology and violent and competitive by nature. With their iron weapons and horses, over a period of one or two thousand years or so, they destroyed the peaceful and mostly egalitarian Neolithic village culture, whose women had held positions of leadership, status and power in the community, especially as priestesses. The Neolithic men were mostly slaughtered, and the children and younger, more desirable women were spared death to be kept as concubines and slaves by the new “lords” of Europe and the Middle East. Competitiveness in women is usually fairly covert, disguised, taken for granted. Competition is so second nature that even the woman herself is unconscious of the fact that she is doing it! This long, slow and anguished change was the beginning of the time when women no longer had the means to support themselves through their own efforts. During the seven-thousand-year Neolithic era they had crucial roles in the survival of the village. They were skilled in a variety of useful and life-supporting activities, such as: developing horticulture and food gardens, creating pottery, taming and raising cattle, as well as having babies, supporting one another in childbirth and raising the children collectively. Later they learned how to weave cloth. Mystical skills were also very present—skills which we cannot truly understand today, because of a general lack of understanding of what constitutes a woman’s real power. Most of it has vanished from memory, deliberately suppressed and dismissed. After the completion of the fall of the Neolithic culture, women lost all their independence and creativity and became completely dependent on their Patriarchal overlords, who were the dominating conquerors. And when the Neolithic culture was completely destroyed, the men from the north began competing amongst themselves for power, land and women, who were concubines or slaves. They created the manipulation that pitted one woman against another as a way of controlling them and keeping them powerless. Women of that era were facing the predicament of “the survival of the fittest” and had to compete amongst themselves for protection, support, attention and position in the lives of these individualistic men who were now fully in charge of their well being. The old Neolithic structure where women had status and power died a violent death, and as the men from the north took over the land, the women had no choice but to compete amongst themselves for the favor of these men to ensure their own survival. The structure of life from those earlier, goddess-worshiping times, gave way to a much lower status for women and became a breeding ground for competition—which survives to this day in our own still-Patriarchal culture, and is now bred into the feminine as much as it is into the masculine. The women of today not only compete over men, but to some extent compete in the same manner as men, now that they have entered the Patriarchal working world where it is survival of the fittest in the job market. Either way, the situation is still about women trying to survive and make their way in life, although essentially without the same privileges as men. Despite the fact that feminism has come a long way in the past 50 years, this pattern of women being second-class citizens is still significantly in place. This world absolutely cannot heal as long as there is competition between men, or between women, or between men and women. Our now blighted natural world is gasping for air, essentially as a result of the competition for survival between people, nations, the genders, and the effect of human competition on nature and animals. It has got to stop soon—and our Mother Earth is now asking us women to let it go. Actually on closer examination, competition, which was so esteemed, now seems most embarrassingly sordid, small-minded, limited and redundant. Now, since we no longer need to be using this behavior for our survival, we can be reborn into a new and far healthier way of sisterhood that calls for collaboration and caring! …on closer examination, competition, which was so esteemed, now seems most embarrassingly sordid, small-minded, limited and redundant. I doubt we were meant to be competing with each other forever—it was a learning experience for sure, but as we ascend, it no longer serves us. Going forward into the new paradigm of heart-centered consciousness will inevitably change this destructive attitude for our own happiness and survival. The fact is that women no longer need to be dependent on men, and have no real reason to compete with each other. It is simply an old habit, as most of us know only too well in our souls. There are so many ways that this Patriarchal period has been exceedingly hard for women that, overall, it has been a deeply scarring and soul-destroying experience. Yet there is another, subtler and higher side to our feminine evolution. Over the millennia we have also learned something from facing the humiliation we feel about being “less than” men. While this humiliation still lives deep inside us, we have been subtly changed. We have learned and are still learning that having to face humiliation over the centuries has led us towards awakening the sublime and higher state of true humility within us. It has developed in us a huge well of strength deep within our souls, and as a result we have become survivors—and more. We have become capable of ascending into a higher dimension. We are ready! One of the problems around this significant change is that most women have a hard time seeing deeply enough into their own unconscious to access this wisdom, so it sits there waiting for us to find it. And I believe this is because of the way that competition, in its compelling relationship to survival, takes over the surface mind and inflames the ego in the day-to-day struggle to survive. Yet this struggle is a samsara—a “scar” from the past—not real in current times unless we make it so by believing it! It is simply an ancient remnant of our precarious history that we can now let go of in order to take our place in a powerful, higher reality of heart-centered consciousness and mutual collaboration. The potential exists for a beautiful sweetness to develop between women as they embrace and acknowledge one another from the heart. Women are amazing beings, and yet their personalities have been subtly distorted by the propaganda disseminated about them by the patriarchal nature of the third-dimensional world. If we want to rise up and do what our spirit is asking of us during this global transformation, we must let the patriarchal structure go. When this ancient programming is allowed to slip away, we will find that our relationships with one another will be clear, compassionate, fulfilling and hugely empowered. This will also allow the empowerment of other women around us. As we claim the truth of who we truly are now collectively, we will find that we have real, supportive solutions to offer for the overall healing of the world. Over the millennia we have also learned something from facing the humiliation we feel about being “less than” men. While this humiliation still lives deep inside us, we have been subtly changed. We have learned and are still learning that having to face humiliation over the centuries has led us towards awakening the sublime and higher state of true humility within us. In the old order women betray other women when they compete. This is completely unnecessary, especially now! Yet there are numerous examples of this kind of thing happening everywhere, all the time. I see it all around me as I do my work with people. At the very least it creates pain, alienation and separation—and of course at the grossest level, all betrayals lead to some level of war. I truly feel that now more than ever, women are poised to let this blight on their souls go in a way that I do not see most men, as yet, being ready or able to do. But it is clear that competition is a source reason that keeps humanity stuck and is why the world is falling apart. I call on all of us to be scrupulously honest with ourselves and to try and see where we are doing this subtle and not so subtle competition with many or all of the women (or men) in our lives. It is the singular most destructive issue that can foul up a relationship, or at the very least make it painfully difficult. We are moving towards equality in this world, and if women can shift this, it may help the men do the same. Not competing will allow many things to come to the surface and enrich our lives. Things like our creativity, our happiness, our self-sufficiency, our sense of our self-worth, will grow, and we will find a more intimate heart connection between all of us, in the most exquisite way. We will become capable of delighting and loving one another and being infinitely more generous towards each other. Our Mother Earth has been the playing field where greed has competed with survival as rape after rape has taken place. Let us wake up enough to no longer subtly rape each other or the Earth, in order to make ourselves feel as though we have some stature. Rather, let’s stand together in solidarity—confident of our intrinsic value—and enshrine our beloved Mother Earth in our hearts. Draw a line in the sand for the Patriarchy to shift. Why would we be afraid of giving each other credit, love, praise, and generous acceptance and of receiving love, too? We must seek and find the answers to these questions soon, so that we can find a place of real, loving acceptance inside ourselves, for one another, for life, and for a new future for this Earth and all its people. Without women making this shift now, it is hard to imagine that our Earth will survive in its current form. We are possibly Nature’s only chance of making it at this point. Now, as we enter a most severe, critical period of unknowns and potential chaos for the world and for ourselves, the time has come for us to look at the truth of who we are, and claim our capacity to create collective changes. Let’s open our hearts and learn to collaborate really soon because collaboration is based on mutuality and equality—which is where our spiritual journey is leading us—and not hang on to the old, separating way of competition from in the past.

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Ipperwash Litigation and Inquiry In 1995, First Nation activist Dudley George was shot and killed by police in Ipperwash Provincial Park at a protest seeking to protect native burial grounds and Treaty lands. Klippensteins acted for the George family in a series of successful legal actions, first against Premier Mike Harris, the province and the police, and later at the public judicial inquiry into Dudley’s death. The Ipperwash Inquiry resulted in wide ranging policy changes in policing and government, and the creation of the Ontario Ministry of Aboriginal Affairs. As a result of further representations by Sam George and Klippensteins, the Ontario Government returned the Ipperwash Park lands to First Nation control in 2009, fulfilling one of Dudley’s dreams. Eventually the Government of Ontario and local First Nations jointly erected a memorial to Dudley on the former Ipperwash Park lands where he had died. Sam George, Dudley George’s brother, was awarded the Order of Ontario for his efforts in pursuing truth and justice. In June of 2010, Toronto police conducted the largest mass arrests in Canadian history during global G20 summit meetings in Toronto. Police arrested and jailed over 1000 people, including peaceful protesters, journalists, legal observers, tourists, and bystanders. The vast majority of those jailed were eventually released with no charges, or were charged with offences that were later stayed, withdrawn, or dismissed. Ontario’s Ombudsman André Marin called the summit policing operation “the most massive compromise of civil liberties in Canadian history.” Klippensteins and Eric Gillespie are co-counsel for a class action lawsuit intended to preserve and affirm the fundamental civil rights of those individuals who were held by police without good cause, and in defence of the rights and liberties of all Canadians. For more information see: First Nation land claim for hydro dam flooding In the early frontier years of Ontario’s history, a power company built an illegal dam across a major northern Ontario river, flooding parts of the ancestral lands of the Mattagami First Nation, guaranteed to them by Treaty just a few years before. For decades, the First Nation’s letters to the government and to Ontario Hydro complaining of devastation to their harvesting livelihoods were ignored. Finally, the First Nation retained Murray Klippenstein to sue Ontario Hydro and the Canadian government for the flooding and for timber mismanagement. Ontario Hydro settled the case by agreeing to pay millions in compensation for the flooding, plus rent for future use of the land. The Canadian government subsequently agreed to further compensation for other flooding damage and timber losses. First Nations war veterans Canadian veterans returning from World War II were offered generous government assistance programmes — except for First Nations veterans, who were simply sent back to their reserves, with a fraction of the farming, housing and educational opportunities that were made available to the non-Natives at whose side they had fought. After decades of fruitless representations by First Nation veterans, Klippensteins was retained as co-counsel to sue on behalf of the Saskatchewan First Nations Veterans Associations, and to assist First Nation veterans at the national level. We began legal proceedings and organized compelling economic expert evidence. In response, the government agreed to a Round Table for discussions and the vets suspended litigation. When the Round Table produced nothing, the veterans declared that they were resuming litigation. The federal minister immediately announced in the House of Commons a $39 million compensation offer. The new offer formed the basis for further negotiations and an eventual settlement. The First Nations veterans who had been neglected for decades finally saw a measure of the recognition they had so long deserved. A Canadian documentary videographer and PhD student traveled to Guatemala and produced a short video (above) chronicling the violent forced evictions of indigenous Mayan families from their ancestral lands in Guatemala by a Canadian mining company. After the film was used by various groups to raise concerns about Canada’s mining practices abroad, Canada’s then-Ambassador in Guatemala slandered and tried to discredit the videographer by falsely stating that the video used old photographs and a paid actress. Klippensteins represented the videographer in a successful defamation lawsuit against the Ambassador and the Canadian government and won a court judgment that helped to protect the vital testimony of the Mayan Q’eqchi’ who spoke out in the film. For more information, see: Lawsuit against Canadian mining corporation over brutal shootings and rapes in Guatemala Mayan Q’eqchi’ communities living near Lake Izabal in eastern Guatemala have suffered a long history of brutal violence as a result of Canadian mining in their ancestral homeland. Klippensteins represents 13 Mayan Q’eqchi’ plaintiffs in lawsuits against Canadian mining company HudBay Minerals over brutal shootings and gang rapes committed by mine company security personnel at HudBay’s former mining project in Guatemala. These lawsuits represent one of the first attempts to hold a Canadian mining company accountable in Canadian courts for abuses committed in the developing world. For more information: Watch a video of Rosa Elbira describing what happened in her community Helping a new women’s shelter When a non-profit womens’ organization secured funding for a much needed and well-designed shelter for abused and threatened women and their children, the contractor built a lovely facility — and then sued for millions of additional construction fees. The all-women volunteer Board of Directors hired us to defend the Shelter and then stood firm through several years of fierce litigation. Shortly before trial, the contractor agreed to a settlement in which it received nothing. Protecting Good Quality, Affordable Cooperative Housing: Bridlewood Co-op Bridlewood Co-op is a co-operative housing development created in the 1970s to provide good quality, affordable homes and a supportive community to needy families who cannot afford market rent. We represented a resident of Bridlewood and the Co-operative Housing Federation of Canada in their fight against the loss of 131 units of affordable housing in the Windsor-Essex community when some residents attempted to dissolve the co-operative for their own personal profit at the expense of other needy families. In a series of successful Court actions, Klippensteins blocked their various attempts to privatize the housing development, and have ensured that Bridlewood will continue to provide good quality, affordable homes for those in need. For more information see: - Bridlewood Co-operative Inc. v. Superintendent of Financial Services, (Disallowing a proposed sale & dissolution of the co-op) - Co-operative Housing Federation of Canada v. Bridlewood et al, 2011 ONSC 3898, CanLII (Disallowing a proposed winding-up and sale of the co-op to its members, and instead appointing a Receiver) Fighting for the Rights of Cooperative Members: Matthew Co-op Matthew Co-op is a housing co-operative in the County of Simcoe, Ontario, which is home to over 100 predominantly low-income Ontarians. The County attempted to dissolve the cooperative and purchase the housing, thereby taking away the democratic and participatory rights of the co-op residents. We acted for the Co-operative Housing Federation of Canada in opposing the sale and dissolution of the co-op. The judge decided in the favour of the co-operative, and rejected the plan to sell and dissolve the co-op. The judge extensively relied on a powerful precedent we set in a previous case about the duty of fairness owed to co-operatives. Pollution Probe’s anti-greenhouse gas hearings Klippensteins has represented Pollution Probe at more than a dozen major regulatory hearings at the Ontario Energy Board and over the years has used economic and environmental expert evidence and representations to successfully push for aggressive anti-greenhouse gas measures in Ontario’s natural gas sector. As a result of the work of Pollution Probe and its expert Jack Gibbons (and one other environmental intervenor), the Energy Board has required the province’s natural gas utilities to implement major Demand Side Management (DSM) programmes which are reducing Ontario’s carbon dioxide greenhouse gas emissions by more than 21 million tonnes (46 billion pounds). Preserving a park at municipal council A public spirited environmental activist was elected to the Municipal Council of a major Ontario city on a platform of saving important park lands from imminent development. After a year of behind the scenes work, as the crucial Council vote approached, a developer who wanted to build on the park lands escalated serious conflict of interest accusations against the Councillor, apparently intending to intimidate the Councillor and defeat the park plan. We provided, on a pro bono basis, strategic advice and legal opinions countering the allegations, helping the Councillor to successfully preserve the park as a natural legacy for generations. Sandy Bell’s natural garden A Toronto musician decided that she wanted her front yard to become once again a small stretch of original Ontario meadow, with native grasses and flowers serving as a home for butterflies, bees and birds, and as an environmental educational experience for her young son and for passersby. But the City said her natural garden violated the Toronto lawn by-law, fined her and ordered her to cut it down. We went to court for her, saying that she was expressing her fundamental environmental beliefs and that the by-law violated her Charter right to do so. The Court agreed and declared the by-law void, saying that the statement made by her garden about living in harmony with nature was close to the core values underlying s. 2(b) of the Charter. Toronto was forced to amend its by-law to allow natural gardens. The case is reported in the Canadian Rights Reporter (at 39 C.R.R. (2d) 152), highlighted in Lorraine Johnson’s The New Ontario Naturalized Garden: The Complete Guide to Using Native Plants, and was featured on national television news. The Mushkegowuk Cree fight Workfare When the provincial government dramatically cut back provincial social assistance, First Nations people across the province were especially hard-hit. The Mushkegowuk Council of First Nations on the James Bay coast asked us to challenge the province’s imposition of the changes on First Nations. Using an innovative division of powers approach, the Mushkegowuk Council obtained a court order declaring that the province could not override First Nations’ right of self-government and impose workfare. The province appealed but the Court of Appeal upheld the result. Muruganandaraja Muthiah worked for a bank for many years. Despite his commitment and solid work record, he was fired without cause and without warning by the bank. We acted for Mr. Muthiah to challenge the firing. Mr. Muthiah beat the bank three times in a row – before a federally appointed adjudicator, in an appeal to the Federal Court (2011 FC 77), and in yet another appeal to the Federal Court of Appeal (2011 FCA 276). Equal Policing for First Nations Communities In early 2006, despite years of clear warnings of unsafe conditions and chronic underfunding by the federal government, a fire destroyed the dilapidated and unsafe police station in Kaschechewan First Nation in northern Ontario. Two young First Nations’ men were killed in the fire, trapped inside their cells. This case provides a horrific example of the consequences of unequal and inadequate policing in First Nations communities – conditions that would never be tolerated elsewhere in Ontario. We represented a regional First Nations government in a coroner’s inquest into these deaths. We succeeded in convincing the inquest jury to adopt many important recommendations proposed by our client, including that First Nations policing be brought up to the standards enjoyed in non-First Nations communities. Our client also filed a related human rights complaint seeking policing that is equal in quality to that found in non-First Nations communities. The federal government has raised technicalities in an attempt to block and slow down the lawsuit. It argues that policing services in First Nations communities do not need to meet the standards found in non-native communities elsewhere in Canada. In two preliminary decisions, the Canadian Human Rights Commission rejected that argument, and has decided in our client’s favour. Nearly a decade ago EnCana, one of the world’s largest natural gas producers, began a risky and experimental drilling program that required intense hydraulic fracturing for shallow coalbed methane throughout central Alberta. Hydraulic fracturing blasts open oil, gas and coal formations with highly pressurized volumes of water, sand and undisclosed chemicals. The technology has become the subject of serious government investigations throughout North America due to the danger of surface and groundwater contamination. In 2005, Jessica Ernst, an Alberta landowner, discovered that her well-water had become so contaminated with natural gas and other industry-related chemicals that it could be lit on fire. We represent Jessica Ernst in a groundbreaking environmental lawsuit against EnCana and Government regulators over the contamination of the shallow aquifer used by Jessica’s rural community for drinking water. For more information, see:

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In the context of this article I’ll be looking at the two species of camel you may be familiar with. The first is the Bactrian camel, which has two humps and is the heavier of the two. The Bactrian was native to inner Asia where extremes of cold and heat crafted an animal capable of enduring almost anything thrown at it. A clay Bactrian with a cart attached was found in modern Turkmenistan and dated to around 3,000 BCE. This has often been cited as a find which gives evidence that the Bactrian had been domesticated at that time and we meet an important point which will run throughout the initial part of this article, namely the difficulty in defining what ‘domesticated’ means and how to evidence it. Take the example of the artefact from Turkmenistan – a child’s toy might be recognition of an existing phenomena, e.g. a fire truck. It can also be the fanciful, like my niece and her many toy unicorns. Even if it did reference a practice of Bactrians hauling carts around, was this widespread or something quite rare? Horowitz argues that Bactrian camels were domesticated in the 3rd millennium BCE and that this spread west to Mesopotamia. Evidence for the camel in Sumerian culture is posited by Horowitz as existing in a list of animals from the town of Shuruppak (modern day Tell Fara) where am.si.harran translates as ‘camel’ and most probably the Bactrian. Somewhat later we have reference to the Bactrian in a love poem dating to the Old Babylonian Period (2000-1500 BC). The poem is taken from a Nippur tablet and features the goddess Inanna imploring her lover Dumuzi to bring her camel milk. The other species of camel, the dromedary, isn’t mentioned in Sumerian until late in the second millennium BCE. The word anse.ab.ba translates as ‘donkey of the sea’ perhaps because, as Horowitz concludes, that the animal was transported by sea to Sumeria. In many ways this wouldn’t be much of a surprise, the dromedary was native to North Africa and the Arabian Peninsula and a 2016 study has suggested that it was here where the animal was originally domesticated. The dromedary is quicker and carries less than it’s two-humped relative but is still an incredibly useful animal to have in desert conditions. Finding dates for the domestication of the dromedary is difficult to say the least, most experts are left to conclude with little substantial evidence. A nice example of the conundrum scholars face in this subject area can be found with the ancient Egyptians. There are tempting camel related artefacts found in ancient Egypt, yet the people of the time had no word for ‘camel’. In 2013 a study of dromedary remains in the Southern Levant did conclude that there had been no domesticated camels before 930 BCE and this caused quite a kerfuffle. Why the controversy? Well, the date of camel domestication has carried on its back the weight of a theological controversy. In Genesis 12 Abraham arrives in Egypt with camels, and the traditional date for this is around 2,000 BCE, some time before the accepted date of camel domestication in and around Egypt. As you might expect, this has caused some debate. Scholars have argued the composition for Genesis occurred in the 6th or 5th centuries BCE, at which point the camel was a known quantity and retrospectively added to Abraham’s retinue (as it was a familiar animal at the time). If so then it sits alongside the clock in Shakespeare’s Julius Caesar as an anachronism. For those who take the reference in Genesis to be taken as fact there may be a possible solution. It works on the premise that Abraham picked up some Bactrian camels on his route to Egypt from Harran (possibly modern-day Urfa in Turkey close to the Syrian border). Exactly how possible this was is difficult to assess. One thing is certain though, camels of both species were strongly associated with trade. So as cultural centres developed, and trade routes increased across Mesopotamia and into the Levant, the camel became more widespread. With the issue of camel domestication behind us we can start finding definitive camel related activity. An early example is a relief found at Tell Halaf in northern Syria and dates to the 10th century BCE. It’s the sort of image which is perfect for giving us the context of a domesticated camel, featuring a figure riding it and using a stick to help drive it along. The next encounter with camels differs is an image taken from the Black Obelisk of Shalmaneser III, an Assyrian King who reigned in the mid-9th century BCE. The camels featured here are Bactrian and they are also being given as tribute from Gilzanu, which was located in north west Iran. This places the camel as a prize commodity, something worthy of a king. It also harks back to the Bactrian camel as sourced from this area. Shalmaneser III wasn’t the only Assyrian monarch to receive camels as tribute. Assyrian kings were keen to record what they had either taken by force or been given as tribute. An early reference is found with Adad-Ninari II who reigned at the beginning of the 9th century BCE. In this instance the king was quite forward thinking as he collected female Bactrians for breeding. His son, Tukulti-Nasir-Pal also received camels in this fashion. Camels as tribute became something of a tradition with successive Assyrian rulers. The famous Tiglath-Pileser (mid-8th century BCE) fought many campaigns, and an early one sent him eastwards to the Diyala Valley (near modern day Iran). Here he took Bactrian camels and the fingers of anyone he hadn’t already impaled. Duty free was very different back in the day! Heading south to the Arabian Peninsula Tiglath-Pileser subjugated two Arabian Queens, Zabibe and then Samsi. Given that this region was where you would expect to find dromedaries it’s most likely that the one-humped variety now featured in his collection. The reason why camels were so prized is that they facilitated trade and nourished any fledgling industry or commercial expansion. They turned desert roads into caravans. But their abilities to move large amounts of stuff around also made them very handy in another context – war. The two species of camels could be assigned tasks best suited for their abilities. Bactrians were slower but larger, capable of carrying large supplies which made them near perfect for an army on campaign. Dromedaries were also pack animals yet being less cumbersome and quick (short bursts of up to 40 mph) and that made them more of a cavalry option alongside their main logistical function. In 853 BCE an alliance of Kings met Shalmaneser III of Assyria in Qarqar, north west Syria. The alliance army included 1,000 camels and given that these came from King Gindibu of Arabia we can assume that they were dromedaries. Shalmaneser III doesn’t seem to have featured any camels in his army, which would make sense if he only had access to Bactrian camels which don’t seem as useful on the battlefield (due to being slower and more cumbersome). We have depictions of camels in war from a wall relief dating to 660 BCE when Ashurbanipal the Assyrian King fought Arab forces. Here the dromedaries seem to belong to the Arab forces. In the lower panel camel riders are up seated and defeated. In the central panel they use both spears and bows, were the dromedaries used as ranged mounted units or could they fight in a melee capacity? It’s common to think of cavalry as inherently melee, but this wasn’t always the case. Take the Numidian cavalry under Hannibal which sought to avoid direct contact and instead harry and harass using their javelins. One unintended advantage was when camels became very useful in the battle of Thymbra (547 BCE), in which Cyrus, the Persian King, faced off against Croesus of Lydia. It was against the normal cavalry of Croesus that Cyrus deployed his camels. Perhaps ‘deployed’ is an unfair term, the camels had been used (as best suited) in the baggage train and they don’t seem to have been specifically trained as a military unit. Cyrus realised the danger of Croesus’ cavalry though and simply set the camels out against their more experienced foes. This might seem ridiculous, but the Lydian cavalry soon ran from the field. The reason? Horses don’t like the smell of camels. Cyrus won and much of Croesus’ defeat is framed in the famous incident with the Delphic Oracle in which Croesus asked if he should go to war with Cyrus. The Oracle replied that he’d destroy a great empire, which he did, albeit his own. Yet the battle was won in part due to the Persian camels which were able to repel the Lydian cavalry from the field. Lydia, modern day western Turkey, was now under Persian control and this brought Persian into direct contact with the Greeks. The rest, as they say, is history. The invasion of Greece by Xerxes in 480 BCE involved a huge supply train and while it’s of no surprise that camels formed part of this it apparently was a shock to the other animals encountering it. According to Herodotus (7.124ff) lions specifically attacked the camels in Xerxes’ train as it passed through Thrace, leaving other possible targets alone. Herodotus reasons that the lions in this region hadn’t encountered camels before. Whilst Thracian lions might have experienced the camel for the first-time during Xerxes’ invasion it would be naive to consider camels as something inherently new to the Greek people. Herodotus later comments on camels that “the Greeks know camels, so I will not write to describe their shape”. If we take 440 BCE as the date Herodotus wrote his Histories then it is likely the camel had been known before Xerxes’ invasion some 50 years earlier. Herodotus doesn’t just mention the camel when the poor beast is being predated upon by lions, as he also mentions them being chased by fearsome ants. In one of the more fantastical tales he tells Herodotus discusses fox-sized ants in the deserts of north west India (3.102ff). As the ants dug their burrows, they would throw up sand which had a high gold content. The local populace used three camels tied together in order to collect the valuable metal and make their escape, as no man could out run the ants. Bizarre though this may sound Herodotus may have been telling more than a scratch of truth. There is a species of marmot based in Northern Pakistan (the Himalayan Marmot) and it does indeed burrow as they make their nests. More to the point it burrows in an area rich in gold dust, and the local people (the Minaro) have been collecting the gold dust thrown up by marmosets for generations. Ants to marmosets might seem a bridge too far; that is until you find out that the ancient Persian word for ‘marmoset’ is very similar to ‘mountain-ant’. As Herodotus spoke no Persian it’s tempting to consider this story as belonging to poor translation rather than a fantastical imagination. Herodotus wasn’t the only literary figure to document the camel. Aristophanes used the association of the camel and the east to comic effect in Birds where the Persian bird is expected to arrive on one. If a punchline of 414 BCE contained a camel I think we can be reassured that the Greeks knew them quite well and certainly in the context of the East. The image below is from an Attic vase dating to the end of the 5th century and features a camel (a Bactrian – note the two humps) with a chap riding it. Everything about the image screams oriental and the rider wears the familiar attire of the Persian. Camels may have been interesting creatures to look at, but they were still ‘other’. Despite this there seems to be a grudging respect applied to them. Eudemus, a philosopher of the 4th century BCE, judged the camel as a morally upright creature albeit in a quite bizarre capacity. In a story attributed to him camels are compared to horses in the capacity of lust. The stallion is admonished for happily mounting a relative brought to it. Not so the camel who would refuse to mate with a mother, sibling or daughter. To prove this an anecdote is supplied, though this is disputed, wherein a camel was tricked into mounting its mother. Upon realising this the camel went on to kill its handler before jumping off a cliff. Aelian commented later that Oedipus should have followed the actions of the camel rather than just blind himself (HA 3.47). Approaching things from a more scientific manner Aristotle wrote on the camel in his History of Animals (Book two). In this Aristotle made several important declarations, in particular the nature of the hump in determining which was the Bactrian and which the dromedary (as we have seen this wasn’t necessarily new). In fact, the more modern name ‘dromedary’ is thought to have Greek origins, (Dromas Kamelos – or ‘running camel’). Much later Pliny offers some insight to the camel, that it is primarily a beast of burden and has some ability as cavalry. Moving back to the genre of comedy the Roman comic Plautus is happy to focus on one area of the camel which hadn’t been mentioned much – its odour. In fairness Aristophanes had mentioned a camel’s rear in Peace, albeit when the chorus describes a monster possessing one (the monster may be Cleon). Plautus’ Comedy of Asses, a quite appropriate name given the context, the character Leonida says to the trader “who gives a velvet-lined camel fart?”. In Poenulus the context of pungent camel aroma is extended to humans, Adelphasium quips that the cheaper prostitutes smell of camels. It could be possible to use the connotation in Plautus concerning the pungency of camels and use it to inform Aristophanes’ reference made in Peace. If the noxious aspect of camels was well known by the audience of his time simply referring to the rear end of one would be all that was needed. The plays of Plautus mentioned don’t have an accurate date afforded to them, we have a working range of 205 – 184 BCE. It was in this period that Rome encountered the camel outside of the world of jokes and in the more serious theatre of warfare. In 190 BCE Rome fought the Seleucids at Magnesium, in modern day western Turkey. Both Arrian (7.32) and Livy (37.44) mention archers mounted on dromedaries drawn from Arabia. These didn’t form the main part of the Seleucid force, possibly an add-on or auxiliary unit. The use of camels by an eastern army is not unusual given that this resource was drawn largely from these lands. It was in Lydia where Cyrus defeated a force with the help of camels and now it was the turn of an Eastern King to taste defeat. Rome’s next encounter was much later, at Carrhae in 53 BCE. The Roman general Crassus fought a Parthian force under their general Surena. A main tactic of the Parthian force was to hit the Roman infantry at distance with arrows. These were supplied, as Plutarch tells us, with trains of camels bringing them to the archers (Cras.25ff). Crassus was defeated, his infantry unable to close with the Parthian army amidst the continued barrage brought upon them. Plutarch also mentions the wealth of Surena and qualifies this with a mention of the thousand-camel caravan the Parthian would use when on private business. Here the link between camel and trade is continued, but we also have physical evidence of the importance of camel trade. Strabo, writing in the turn of the 1st century AD comments of a chain of cisterns which aimed to keep the camel merchants well-watered between the Nile and the Red Sea (17, 4.45). He also refers to nomads who made their living from them (16.14.18). Keeping the camel within the world of trade and war Strabo has Aelius Gallus, a prefect of Egypt of the late 1st century BCE transporting water by camel on his ill-fated campaigns. Logistically camels were superb if you could equip an army with one. When the Roman general Corbulo took a force to Armenia in AD 58 he did just that, with camels carrying rations. A final mention of the camel is with Trajan’s fantastically named ala I Ulpia dromedariorum millaria. This was a 1,000 strong mounted dromedary force stationed in Syria, most possibly in order to protect trading caravans in the area. In many ways this perfectly sums up the camel, the military use of which demanded specific conditions. However, better still for it to be used to facilitate trade and movement of goods. As Plautus and Aristophanes imply, just make sure you aren’t standing behind one for very long. A coin dating from Trajan featuring a Bactrian camel. Perhaps the image was a propaganda tool denoting wealth and trade? Horowitz, Wayne: ‘Sweeter Than Camel’s Milk’: The Camel in Sumerian, The Bactrian Camel in Genesis?. Heide, Martin: The Domestication of the Camel: Biological, Archaeological and Inscriptional Evidence from Mesopotamia, Egypt, Israel and Arabia, and Literary Evidence from the Hebrew Bible

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Quiz: What will cause world oil supply to fall? - Too little oil in the ground - Oil prices are too low for oil producers - Oil prices are too high for oil consumers leading to recession, debt defaults, and ultimately a cut back in credit availability and very low oil prices - Oil exporters are subject to civil unrest and overthrow of governments, due to low prices and/or depleting reserves - Lack of money (and physical resources that might be purchased with this money) to pull oil out of the ground. - Pollution related issues–too much smog in China; too many problems with fracking; too many problems with CO2. - The financial current system fails, and can only be replaced by one that allows much less debt. Oil prices remain too low under such a system. In my view, any answer other that the first one is likely to be at least partially right. Ultimately, the issue is that to extract oil or any fossil fuel, we have to keep the financial and political systems together. These systems can be expected to fail, far before we run out of oil in the ground. Most oil in the ground (as well as most other fossil fuels in the ground) will be left in the ground, in my view. Basing estimates of future oil production on oil reserves is likely to give far too high an indication with respect to actual future production. Even more absurd numbers come from using “resource” numbers (which are higher than reserve numbers) to make estimates of future oil production. Coal and natural gas production is likely to fall at exactly the same time as oil, because the problems are likely to be financial and political ones, not “resources in the ground” problems. Direct Application of M. King Hubbert Theory is Incorrect (a) The oil reserve estimates used are of free flowing oil reserves of the type that geologists currently were looking at. Thus, they were restricted to “cheap to extract” reserves, and (b) When Hubbert showed graphs of world oil production following a generally symmetric curve (so downslope looks like a mirror image of upslope), Hubbert showed some other source of energy supply (nuclear in his early papers, solar in later ones) rising to high levels, before world oil production ever dropped. He even talked about making liquid fuels using a huge amount of energy plus carbon dioxide and water–in other words, reversing combustion (1962). In order to ramp nuclear or solar up to these very high levels, they would need to be extremely cheap. The assumptions that M. King Hubbert makes are effectively ones that would allow the economy to continue to grow and the financial system to “hang together.” If a person looks at today’s situation, it is quite different. We do not have an alternate fuel supply that will allow the economy to continue to grow, regardless of fossil fuel consumption. The published reserves include large amounts of oil in the ground that are not of the very cheap to extract type. Extracting such oil will be impossible if oil prices are very low, or if credit availability is lacking. It is tempting for observers to look at oil reserves and assume that all is well, but this is definitely not the case. Basic issue: Future oil extraction and future substitution is uncertain One basic issue is the “iffiness” of the reported reserve and resource amounts: There is lots of oil in the ground, if we can actually get it out. Getting it out requires a combination of a financial system that allows us to do this (high enough prices for producers, adequate credit availability for producers, equity investment available if credit is not available, buyers who can afford the products) and political system that allows this to happen (citizens in countries with oil extraction not rioting for lack of food; banks open in countries trying to import oil; adequate trade connections among countries). Likewise, substitution is possible among energy products, if it is possible to overcome the many hurdles involved in doing this. There are two cost hurdles: the higher ongoing cost of the substitute and the transition cost. The transition cost gets to be very high if there are a lot of “sunk costs” that are lost–for example, if citizens are forced to quickly change from gasoline powered cars to electric cars, so that the resale value of their gasoline powered cars drops precipitously. There is also a technology hurdle: we need to have the technology to enable using the different energy source. If the cost of the substitute is higher than the cost of the original energy source, a change to the substitute will tend to make the economy shrink, because wages will “go less far”. If citizens need to pay a whole lot more for new cars, or if electricity is more expensive, citizens will cut back on discretionary expenditures. This cut-back on expenditures will lead to layoffs in discretionary sectors, and will make it more difficult for the government to collect enough tax revenue. Another basic issue: Wages don’t rise as oil (or energy) prices rise Economists would like us to believe that we just pay each other’s wages. Wages can rise arbitrarily high independently of actually creating goods and services using energy products. Unfortunately, this doesn’t seem to be true in practice. Based on my research, in the US high oil prices are associated with flat wages, in inflation-adjusted terms. Wages do not rise as fast as oil prices. Instead, wages tend to rise when oil prices are low, making goods and services affordable. Part of the problem with rising oil prices is that they radiate through the economy in many ways: in higher food prices, because oil is used to produce and transport food; in higher metal prices, because oil used in metal production; and in higher finished products, such as automobiles and new homes, because they use oil in their production. With wages not rising sufficiently, as oil prices rise, workers find they need to cutback on discretionary goods. The result is recession and job layoffs. I document this issue in the article Oil Supply Limits and the Continuing Financial Crisis, published in journal Energy in 2012. The flip side of this issue is that without wages rising as fast as the cost of oil extraction, it is hard for the selling price of oil to rise high enough to provide an adequate profit margin for oil producers. It is inadequate oil prices for oil producers that seem to be the current problem. I talk about this issue in two recent posts: What’s Ahead? Lower Oil Prices, Despite Higher Extraction Costs and Beginning of the End? Oil Companies Cut Back on Spending. Economists don’t think that prices can remain too low for oil producers. It can happen, because their model of supply and demand is not correct in a world with energy limits. Even if prices temporarily rise again, recession hits again, and we are back to low prices again. Another basic issue: Diminishing returns Diminishing returns occurs when it takes more and more energy or other resources to produce the same amount of goods. In the case of oil supply, we reach diminishing returns because companies extract the easy-to-extract oil first. Thus, the price of oil rises because the oil that can be produced cheaply is mostly gone. If we want to obtain more oil, we need to extract the more expensive to extract oil. One way to see what diminishing returns does is to think about an economy producing two kinds of goods and services: - The goods and services the consumer really wants–such as food, fresh water, transportation that takes the consumer from door to door, electronic goods, and housing that meets the person’s needs. - All of the intermediate “stuff” that goes into making the end products in (1). What happens with diminishing returns is more and more of society’s physical labor and its resources go into intermediate products, leaving less and less to produce end products, and less to actually “grow” the economy. In some sense, it is as if we are becoming less and less efficient at producing final goods and services. In my view, this is a major reason why wages stop rising as oil prices rise, and as other energy prices rise. Another basic issue: The rate of growth in energy supply is closely tied to the rate of GDP growth We use energy to make goods and services, so it stands to reason that using more energy would lead to more GDP growth. Economists don’t necessarily agree. They are sometimes of the view that the connection has only to do with “Demand”–in other words, when the economy is growing rapidly it needs more oil and energy products to support it its growth. I discuss Steve Kopits’ talk on this subject in Beginning of the End? Oil Companies Cut Back on Spending. Something that is perhaps not obvious is the fact that cheap energy supply tends to easier to ramp up than expensive energy supply. Cheap energy supply requires relatively less investment. Goods created using cheap energy supply tend to be inexpensive, making them easier to sell to consumers and more competitive in the world market. I talk about these issues in Oil Limits Reduce GDP Growth; Unwinding QE a Problem. Another basic issue: The role of debt Long term debt plays an extremely important role in the economy, because it allows consumers to buy expensive goods like houses and automobiles that they could not otherwise afford, and because it allows businesses to invest in projects before they have saved up sufficient profits from past projects to fund the new projects. It also allows governments to spend more money than they have in tax dollars. All of this purchasing power tends to prop up the price of commodities such as oil and metals, making it feasible to extract them. We had a chance to see how important a role debt plays in 2008, during the debt crisis in the second half of the year. During that period, the price of oil dropped from briefly hitting $147 barrel to the low $30s range. Major banks needed to be bailed out, and the insurance company AIG was taken over by the US government because of problems with derivatives. The big drop in oil price in 2008 was due to a drop in oil demand because of lack of credit availability. I wrote an article in 2008 about the huge impact this decrease in credit availability had on energy prices of all kinds, even uranium. A related concern relates to the fact that “borrowing from the future” — which is what we do with long-term debt, is a great deal more feasible in a growing economy than it is in a shrinking economy. There are a lot more defaults in the latter case, because people keep losing their jobs and businesses keep closing. The concern I have is that as economic growth slows, we will reach a point where long term debt becomes very hard to obtain. The lack of credit in 2008 has not been fully fixed. It was only with the help of Quantitative Easing (QE), which added more demand to the marketplace because of very low interest rates, that oil prices have been able to rise again after the drop in 2008. With the very slow economic growth we have been experiencing recently, it has been necessary to use QE to keep interest rates low enough that people can still afford to buy homes and cars. If the economy shifts from adding debt to subtracting debt, we are likely to see a huge drop in oil prices, perhaps similar to the drop in oil prices in 2008 to the low $30’s range. If this should happen again, it is not clear that the Federal Reserve would be able to find a way to make the price rise again because is already using a huge amount of stimulus, and thus has fewer options left. If oil prices drop to a low level and stay down, a large share of oil production will be discontinued. Very little new drilling will be done. Similar effects are likely to happen for other fossil fuels and for mining for metals as well. Such a drop in oil production is likely to be steep–at least as steep as when the Former Soviet Union collapsed. Oil production dropped by about 10% per year, and other energy use dropped rapidly as well. Customers such as the Ukraine and North Korea saw even steeper declines in their oil imports. Another basic issue: Government funding Governments are only possible because of the surpluses of an economy. Greater surpluses allow more government employees and more services. Mario Giampietro (2009) is one researcher who writes specifically about this issue. Furthermore, as an economy grows, rising tax revenue makes it is easy to add more programs and services. As an economy reaches diminishing returns, studies of past economies show that inadequate government funding is one of the major bottlenecks. This occurs because falling resources per capita leads to increasing disparity of wages, with new workers finding it difficult to find good-paying jobs. Governments are called on to provide more programs at precisely the time when their ability to raise sufficient funds to pay for these programs is lacking. A major factor leading to collapse is the inability of governments to collect sufficient taxes from increasingly impoverished citizens. The Two Way Escalator Problem As I see it, the economy as it is currently constructed only gives us two options: up and down. The markers of the “up escalator” are - Cheap energy - Growing energy supply - GDP growth - Wage growth - Debt growth - Growing government programs The markers of the “down escalator” are - Expensive to produce energy supply - Energy supply grows slowly - GDP Growth lags or declines - Wages lag - Outstanding debt tends to shrink - Increasing inability to fund government programs The two deal-killers with respect to these two escalators are - Moving from debt supply growth to debt supply shrinkage. This is like moving from Keynesian economics to the opposite. Or from getting a credit card with a large available balance, to having to pay back old credit card debt without adding new debt. - Increasing inability to fund government programs The above two reasons are why I expect financial and governmental problems to lead to the end of our current system. Diminishing returns is already leading to higher oil prices, and thus moving us from the up escalator to the down escalator. I am doubtful we can reestablish very widespread use of long-term debt after a collapse because by that time, the economy will clearly be shrinking. A person often hears people talk about getting rid of the fractional reserve banking system because it requires growth to maintain, but in fact, having such a system has been very helpful in enabling extraction of fossil fuels and allowing the economy to use metals and concrete in quantity. The availability of bonds for financing has been helpful as well. One essential part of today’s economy is very long supply lines. These allow very complex products to be made, using supplies from all over the world. What we found in the 2008 credit crisis is that many businesses (both large and small) in these supply chains were hit hard by lack of credit availability. I see this issue as being very difficult to solve. If it cannot be solved, we will be faced with making goods locally using smaller companies and very much shorter supply lines. It would be a different system than we have today, and would likely support a smaller world population. A lot of “peak oilers” would like to think that somehow it is possible to “get off at the mezzanine,” and have a viable economy similar to today’s with a small amount of expensive renewables, plus a continuing supply of fossil fuels. I have a hard time seeing this actually happen. One problem is the likelihood that fossil fuel supply will decline quickly because of low price. Another potential problem is a major cutback in credit availability making transactions difficult; a third issue is governmental problems, as taxes fall short of what is needed to fund programs. We could in theory get back on the up escalator if we find alternative fuels that meet all of the required specifications–very cheap; available in huge quantity, expanding year by year; can be transformed to a liquid fuel similar to oil; and non-polluting. This seems unlikely right now. Otherwise, what we do have is all the “stuff” we have today, for as long as it lasts. The economy won’t stop on a dime. We also have the ability to recycle things that we can no longer use, that might be more helpful in another place. Solar panels that people currently own will continue to function for a while (especially off-grid), and the grid will probably continue for a while. We know that many people lived in local economies, before we had fossil fuels, and it is likely to be possible again. We certainly live in interesting times.

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Three forms of action are available to the urban poor to address their needs: autonomous action (independent of the state), claim-making (making demands on the state), and co-production (working with governments and aid agencies in decentralised flexible poverty reduction initiatives) (IIED, 2008: 2). The scale and importance of autonomous action of the urban poor is often underestimated; collective action may be invisible to outsiders. Actions may include establishing savings groups, clubs and parents’ associations supporting local schools, for example. However, there are limits to the effectiveness of collective action independent of government, given the scale of the challenges and the limited resources available to the urban poor (Hasan, 2006). Low-income groups have limited capacity to collectively set up and manage infrastructure and services. In addition, given the diversity of actors in urban areas, it may be difficult to garner the necessary consensus for collective action or defuse disagreements when they arise. This is particularly challenging where conflicts of interest, political allegiances, ethnic ties, language or religion can undermine attempts to organise (Lemanski, 2008). Claim-making is the most common strategy for getting needs addressed (IIED, 2008). The history of many informal settlements is one of slow and difficult negotiation with government agencies for services, tenure and house upgrading. These claims often form the basis of clientelist relations, which are ubiquitous in urban politics (Mitlin, 2006). Citizen-led co-production refers to the joint development of public services by citizens and state. Many organisations of the urban poor have sought to shift engagement with government from making demands to offering partnership (IIED, 2008). They recognise that state agencies cannot fulfil their obligations alone, and organisations and federations of the urban poor can facilitate, design and implement cheaper and more effective responses. Principles of co-production include the following (Löffler, 2008): - Service users are seen as active asset-holders rather than passive consumers. - Collaborative relationships between staff and service users are promoted. - The focus is on delivery of outcomes rather than just ‘services’. - Co-production can be substitutive (replacing local government inputs with those from communities) or additive (adding more community inputs to professional inputs or introducing professional support to previous individual self-help or community self-organising). Types of co-production Co‐commissioning of services, which embraces: - Co‐planning of policy – e.g. deliberative participation, Planning for Real, Open Space - Co‐prioritisation of services – e.g. individual budgets, participatory budgeting - Co‐financing of services – e.g. fundraising, charges, agreement to tax increases Co‐design of services – e.g. user consultation, service design labs, customer journey mapping Co‐delivery of services, which embraces: - Co‐management of services – e.g. leisure centre trusts, community management of public assets, school governors - Co‐performing of services – e.g. peer support groups (such as expert patients) , Nurse‐Family Partnerships, meals‐on‐wheels, Neighbourhood Watch Co‐assessment (including co‐monitoring and co‐evaluation) of services – e.g. tenant inspectors, user on‐line ratings, participatory village appraisals. Source: Bovaird & Loeffler (2012: 4–5). Participatory budgeting is one example of co-production that has shown some potential in developing pro-poor policies and spending. It originated in the late 1980s in Porto Alegre (Brazil) as an experimental, consultative process driven by city government and social movements. Part of the city’s budget was determined through an annual consultative cycle (see box below). A World Bank evaluation (2008b) of participatory budgeting in Porto Alegre identified high levels of participation and a shift in capital spending towards pro-poor projects, but also highlighted monitoring problems. The process enabled citizens to influence capital investments but it failed to create space for debate. Although participatory budgeting is in its infancy in Asia and the Pacific, examples from Pune (India) and Asian Development Bank (ADB) projects in Indonesia and Pakistan show enhanced awareness of resource allocation and budgeting among citizens (UN-Habitat, 2010a). For instance, social audits facilitate community scrutiny of public expenditure and help government departments plan, manage and measure non-financial activities and monitor the impact of their social and commercial operations. In the Marshall Islands, a joint government–civil society initiative, Gender and Youth Sensitive Public Expenditure Management, aimed to increase budget allocation for women and youth. Budget analyses have also been used for advocacy and steering government priorities in favour of disadvantaged citizens. In Indonesia, the Bandung Institute of Governance Studies analysed the impact of housing policy and budgets on informal settlements, and the Coalition for Women focused budget advocacy on women’s concerns. Porto Alegre (Brazil): participatory budgeting Participatory budgeting in Porto Alegre began in 1989. Citizens present their demands and priorities for civic improvement, exerting an influence through discussion and negotiation of budget allocations. Since its inception allocations for public welfare works in the city have been made only after the recommendations of public delegates and approval by the city council. Participatory budgeting has improved the city’s facilities: sewerage and water connections increased from covering 75% of total households in 1988 to 98% in 1997. The number of participants in the process reached 40,000 per year in less than a decade, indicating success in encouraging citizen involvement. This has inspired other municipalities to follow suit: participatory budgeting has been adopted in over 1,500 cities worldwide. It has improved the accessibility and quality of services in municipalities, and empowered low-income groups. However, lack of representation of the poorest is a shortcoming that needs to be addressed. - ActionAid (2013). Women and the City II: Combating violence against women and girls in urban public spaces – the role of public services. Johannesburg: ActionAid. - Hasan, A. (2006). Orangi Pilot Project: The expansion of work beyond Orangi and the mapping of informal settlements and infrastructure. Environment and Urbanization, 18(2): 451–80. - Beall, J. (1996). Urban governance: Why gender matters. New York: UNDP. - Bovaird, T. & Loeffler, E. (2012). We’re all in this together: User and community co-production of public outcomes. (Discussion Paper). Third Sector Research Centre. Birmingham: University of Birmingham. - Chant, S. (2013). Cities through a ‘gender lens’: A golden ‘urban age’ for women in the global south? Environment & Urbanization 25(1): 9–29. - Chen, M. & Skinner, M. (2014). The urban informal economy: Enhanced knowledge, appropriate policies and effective organization (ch. 20). In S. Parnell & S. Oldfield. (eds). The Routledge handbook on cities of the global south. Abingdon: Routledge. - Combaz, E. & Mcloughlin, C. (2014). Voice, empowerment and accountability (Topic Guide). Birmingham: GSDRC, University of Birmingham. - Cooke, B. & Kothari, U. (eds.) (2001). Participation: the New Tyranny. New York: Zed Books. - D’Cruz, C. & Satterthwaite, D. (2005). Building homes, changing official approaches. London: IIED. - Duflo, E. Galiani, S. & Mobarak, M. (2012). Improving access to urban services for the poor: Open issues and a framework for a future research agenda. Cambridge, MA: Abdul Latif Jameel Poverty Action Lab. - Ganuza, E. & Baiocchi, G. (2012). The power of ambiguity: How participatory budgeting travels the globe. Journal of Public Deliberation, 8, 2. - IIED. (2008). Citizen driven action on urban poverty reduction. Environment & Urbanization Brief 17. London: International Institute for the Environment and Development. - Klugman, J., Hanmer, L., Twigg, S., Hasan, T., McCleary-Sills, J. & Santamaria, J. (2014). Voice and agency: Empowering women and girls for shared prosperity. Washington, DC: World Bank. - Lemanski, C. (2008). Houses without community: Problems of community (in)capacity in Cape Town, South Africa. Environment and Urbanization, 20(2): 393–410. - Löffler, E. (2008). Why co-production is an important topic for local government. Governance International. - Mansuri, G. & Rao, V. (2013). Localizing development: Does participation work? Washington, DC: World Bank. - Michels, A. (2011) Innovations in democratic governance: How does citizen participation contribute to a better democracy? International Review of Administrative Sciences, 77(2): 275-293. - Mitlin, D. (2006). The role of collective action and urban social movements in reducing chronic urban poverty. (CPRC Working Paper 64). Manchester: Chronic Poverty Research Centre, University of Manchester. - Mitlin, D. & Satterthwaite, D. (2012). Urban poverty in the global south: Scale and nature. Abingdon: Routledge. - IWPR (Institute for Women’s Policy Research). (2015). Gender, urbanization and democratic governance. Washington, DC: National Democratic Institute. - UN-Global Pulse. (2015). Mining citizen feedback data for enhanced local government decision-making. New York: UN-Global Pulse. - UNFPA (UN Population Fund). (2007). State of world population 2007: Unleashing the potential of urban growth. New York: UNFPA. - UN-Habitat. (2010a). 72 frequently asked questions about participatory budgeting. Nairobi: UN-Habitat. - UN-Habitat. (2013b). Streets as public spaces and drivers of urban prosperity. Nairobi: UN-Habitat. - UN-Habitat. (2015c). Municipal finance. (Habitat III Issue Paper 7). Nairobi: UN-Habitat. - Vinson, T. (2009). Social Exclusion: The Origins, Meaning, Definition, and Economic Implications of Social Inclusion/Exclusion. Australian Government Department of Education, Employment and Workplace Relations. - Williams, G., Devika, J. & Aandahl, G. (2015). Making space for women in urban governance? Leadership and claims-making in a Kerala slum. Environment and Planning, 47: 1113–31. - World Bank. (nd). Participatory budgeting in Brazil. Washington, DC: World Bank. - World Bank. (2008b). Brazil: Toward a more inclusive and effective participatory budget in Porto Alegre. Volume 1. Main Report. Washington, DC: World Bank. - UNESCAP & UN-Habitat. (2015). The state of Asian cities 2015. Urban transformations: Shifting from quantity to quality. Nairobi: UN-Habitat/UNESCAP.

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Without much doubt, Peter F. Drucker and Thomas J. Peters have shaped the idea of modern management more than any others over the last six decades. Drucker is said to have "invented" management as a discipline worthy of study—in particular, he gave management of large firms the essential tools to deal with their post-World War II enormity, complexity, and growing global reach. Tom Peters, in turn, led the way in preparing management for the current era of staggering change, starting in the mid-1970s. 1 Management is often included as a factor of production along with machines, materials, and money. According to the management guru Peter F. Drucker (1909-2005), the basic task of management includes both marketing and innovation. Practice of modern management originates from the 16th century study of low-efficiency and failures of certain enterprises, conducted by the English statesman Sir Thomas More (1478-1535). Management consists of the interlocking functions of creating corporate policy and organizing, planning, controlling, and directing an organization's resources in order to achieve the objectives of that policy.2 Table of contents |(November 19, 1909 - November 11, 2005) was a writer, management consultant, and self-described "social ecologist." His books and scholarly and popular articles explored how humans are organized across the business, government and the nonprofit sectors of society. His writings have predicted many of the major developments of the late twentieth century, including privatization and decentralization; the rise of Japan to economic world power; the decisive importance of marketing; and the emergence of the information society with its necessity of lifelong learning. In 1959, Drucker coined the term "knowledge worker" and later in his life considered knowledge work productivity to be the next frontier of management.3| The Effective Executive: The Definitive Guide to Getting the Right Things Done - The measure of the executive, Peter F. Drucker reminds us, is the ability to "get the right things done." This usually involves doing what other people have overlooked as well as avoiding what is unproductive. Intelligence, imagination, and knowledge may all be wasted in an executive job without the acquired habits of mind that mold them into results.| Drucker identifies five practices essential to business effectiveness that can, and must, be learned: * Managing time * Choosing what to contribute to the organization * Knowing where and how to mobilize strength for best effect * Setting the right priorities * Knitting all of them together with effective decision-making |The Essential Drucker - Father of modern management, social commentator, and preeminent business philosopher, Peter F. Drucker analyzed economics and society for more than sixty years. Now for readers everywhere who are concerned with the ways that management practices and principles affect the performance of organizations, individuals, and society, there is The Essential Drucker—an invaluable compilation of essential materials from the works of a management legend.| Management Rev Ed - And in 1974, with MANAGEMENT, he published the book that would come to define the field. In this seminal work, Drucker explored how managers- -in the for-profit and public service sectors alike- -can perform effectively. Examining management cases with a global eye, Drucker laid out the essentials of performance, and of how a manager interacts with their organization and the social and cultural environment in which they operate. For three decades, managers and students of business worldwide have relied on Peter Drucker to prepare themselves to meet the challenges of an ever-changing business environment. The result is a book that- -while still a fundamental work- -has also slipped substantially behind the current business climate.| The essential book on management from the man who invented the discipline. (born November 7, 1942) is an American writer on business management practices, best known for In Search of Excellence (co-authored with Robert H. Waterman Jr).4 Thomas J. Peters, "uber-guru of business" (Fortune and The Economist), is the author of many international bestsellers, including A Passion for Excellence and Thriving on Chaos. Peters, "the father of the post-modern corporation" (Los Angeles Times), is the chairman of Tom Peters Company and lives in Vermont.5 Peters states that directly after graduating with a PhD from Stanford in 1977, and returning to McKinsey, the new managing director, Ron Daniel, handed him a "fascinating assignment." Motivated by the new ideas coming from Bruce Henderson's Boston Consulting Group, Daniel noted that businesses often failed to effectively implement new strategies, so Peters "was asked to look at 'organization effectiveness' and 'implementation issues' in an inconsequential offshoot project nested in McKinsey's rather offbeat San Francisco office.6 |In Search of Excellence - The "Greatest Business Book of All Time" (Bloomsbury UK), In Search of Excellence has long been a must-have for the boardroom, business school, and bedside table. Based on a study of forty-three of America's best-run companies from a diverse array of business sectors, In Search of Excellence describes eight basic principles of management — action-stimulating, people-oriented, profit-maximizing practices — that made these organizations successful. Joining the HarperBusiness Essentials series, this phenomenal bestseller features a new Authors' Note, and reintroduces these vital principles in an accessible and practical way for today's management reader.| |Thriving on Chaos: Handbook for a Management Revolution - Published the same day as the October 19, 1987, stockmarket crash, Thriving on Chaos is focused on the turmoil requiring nothing short of a management revolution. In Thriving on Chaos, Tom declares that everything known "for sure" about management 15 years earlier is being challenged, and he forecasts (correctly) that the next 15 years would show even more change. The relatively predictable environment of the past was vanishing, requiring organizations and managers to embrace flexibility and a total love of change. Chaos and rapid change were becoming inevitable, and Tom claims that the winners of the future would deal proactively with chaos, seeing it as a source of market advantage, not a problem to be ignored.| |The Little Big Things: 163 Ways to Pursue EXCELLENCE - Business uber-guru Tom Peters is back with his first book in a decade, The Little Big Things. In this age of economic recession and financial uncertainty, the patented Peters approach to business and management—no-nonsense, witty, down-to-earth, insightful—is more pertinent now than ever. As essential for small-business owners as it is for the heads of major corporations, The Little Big Things is a rousing call-to-arms to American business to get “back to the basics” of running a successful enterprise.| (March 20, 1856 - March 21, 1915) was an American mechanical engineer who sought to improve industrial efficiency.7 American inventor and engineer who is known as the father of scientific management. His system of industrial management has influenced the development of virtually every country enjoying the benefits of modern industry. Taylor was the son of a lawyer. He entered Phillips Exeter Academy in New Hampshire in 1872, where he led his class scholastically. After passing the entrance examination for Harvard, he was forced to abandon plans for matriculation, as his eyesight had deteriorated from night study. With sight restored in 1875, he was apprenticed to learn the trades of patternmaker and machinist at the Enterprise Hydraulic Works in Philadelphia. Three years later he went to the Midvale Steel Company, where, starting as a machine shop labourer, he became successively shop clerk, machinist, gang boss, foreman, maintenance foreman, head of the drawing office, and chief engineer.8 |The Principles of Scientific Management - It seems, at first glance, like an obvious step to take to improve industrial productivity: one should simply watch workers at work in order to learn how they actually do their jobs. But American engineer FREDERICK WINSLOW TAYLOR (1856-1915) broke new ground with this 1919 essay, in which he applied the rigors of scientific observation to such labor as shoveling and bricklayer in order to streamline their work... and bring a sense of logic and practicality to the management of that work. This highly influential book, must-reading for anyone seeking to understand modern management practices, puts lie to such misconceptions that making industrial processes more efficient increases unemployment and that shorter workdays decrease productivity. And it laid the foundations for the discipline of management to be studied, taught, and applied with methodical precision.| |(1900-1993) is widely acknowledged as the leading management thinker in the field of quality. He was a statistician and business consultant whose methods helped hasten Japan’s recovery after the Second World War and beyond. He derived the first philosophy and method that allowed individuals and organisations to plan and continually improve themselves, their relationships, processes, products and services. His philosophy is one of cooperation and continual improvement; it avoids blame and redefines mistakes as opportunities for improvement.9| The Deming Management Method - Whether you're the owner of our own small business, a middle manager in a mid-sized company, or the CEO of a multinational, this book can show you how to improve your profits and productivity. How? By following the principles of The Deming Management Method.| Middle- and top-echelon managers in particular will find Dr. Deming's method provocative and controversial. He is for a total revamping of the way American managers manage. Some of his pet peeves are: managers who manage by slogans or by setting quotas, managers who don't know what their jobs are and who can't define the responsibilities of the workers under them, managers who tend to blame workers, not realizing that workers want to take pride in their work. Change, Dr. Deming beliees, starts at the top with an informed, quality-conscious management. This book includes excellent advice on how to achieve that level of management expertise in the author's analysis of Dr. Deming's famous 14 Points for Managers and his Deadly diseases of management. Dr. Deming's management techniques are all carefully explained in this detailed, step-by-step treatment of their major points and of their practical applications to everyday business life. A large portion of The Deming Management Method is devoted to practical applications of the method by some of American's most innovative firms, including Honeywell, AT&T and Campbell's Soup.

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The greatest contribution of Dawn to the creation of Pakistan was in helping to create [Mohammad Ali] Jinnah as the charismatic figure of the Quaid-i-Azam, constantly publicising the League’s activities and the demand for Pakistan. However, if the new nation were to be created, everything hinged on the League’s performance in the general elections in the cool weather of the winter of 1945-46. If the League failed to win the Muslim seats in the elections, which were fought by the League on the basis that every vote cast for the League would be a vindication that the party spoke for the Muslims of South Asia, and those Muslims demanded Pakistan, Jinnah, the demand for Pakistan and the party would have been dismissed as of no consequence by the Congress and, more importantly, the British, both in India and in London in the British parliament, where there was little sympathy or even very much serious consideration given to the idea of dividing India upon independence. The British certainly divided and ruled but they had no intention of dividing and quitting. Without victory in the general elections Pakistan would never have been created. All of the elements of the [all-India Muslim League] AIML that had been assiduously cultivated over the previous eight years were called into play for the general election. Dawn would play a central role and shift into overdrive in reporting on the elections and all those who were involved. The elections were clearly perceived to be a life-and-death struggle and preparations began early. On September 22, 1945, Liaquat Ali Khan took one of his many trips to Aligarh Muslim University to mobilise the students of the University for the coming campaign by asking them to give up their studies for a period of time and to campaign for the League. Dawn reported the speech in full as the lead story in its issue of three days later under the headlines, ‘Avoid Dark And Gloomy Future’ and ‘Time May Come For Supreme Sacrifice’. Inter alia Liaquat told the students: “Come out of your schools and colleges, whether you lose one year or not – that does not matter. Come out and support the Muslim League. I want every student to show that he is really fighting for the freedom of Muslim nation … This is only the beginning of the struggle. Time may come when the supreme sacrifice might be necessary to obtain the freedom of the nation. What good will the degrees be to you if the future is dark and gloomy. No sacrifice is too great at this moment.” This was the message that was taken to Muslims everywhere there was a copy of Dawn to read, to share with others, or for the message to be spread by word of mouth or reiterated after Friday prayers at the mosque. It was a message that Dawn took loud and clear to many parts of India and students responded to in droves. So many students showed up for Liaquat’s election fight in the United Provinces that he had to write asking that no more students be sent to his campaign. In the Punjab, too, students appeared in large numbers. This was one measure of the effectiveness of Dawn in spreading the League’s message. Dawn was, above all, the means by which Jinnah became firmly established as the Quaid-i-Azam, the ‘Great Leader’, the charismatic leader of the Muslims of South Asia. The newspaper faithfully recounted his activities, his travels, his law cases, and especially all his speeches and pronouncements. One part of this campaign to elevate Jinnah to the same stature as Gandhi was to surround him with Muslim dignitaries whenever he made a public appearance, however mundane the event, where his pronouncements would be faithfully recorded by Dawn. One such occasion was the unfurling of the flag of the ‘Jinnah Football Tournament’ held in Delhi on November 12, 1944. In his remarks, reported under ‘Muslims To Emerge A World Nation’ and ‘Quaid-e-Azam Appeals For Discipline’, on November 14, 1944, Jinnah claimed that the Muslims of India were “in the process of moulding and are being hammered out to emerge as a strong nation” and not only in India but also abroad. Team work on the football field would teach discipline which was something Muslim youth needed. After his short speech he went to the centre of the pitch and kicked the ball off to start the game! The first time, he revealed afterwards, he had ever kicked a football in his life. He lent his dignity to the spectacle, of which two of the 10 teams were called ‘Jinnah Young Friends’ and ‘Jinnah Sports Union’, until half-time. For this event the League had not only rounded up a number of Leaguers but also the Consul General for Iran. The Leaguers consisted of Liaquat Ali Khan, who was the organiser of these events and never far from Jinnah’s side at these meetings, and almost all the League members of the Central Legislative Assembly and the Council of State and a number of Muslim government employees. A photograph of Jinnah giving his talk and another of members of the delegation were printed on November 26. Dressed in Muslim attire, Jinnah’s photograph appeared in Dawn on November 20 along with a report of his address at an Id-uz-Zuha reception sponsored by the Muslim Association gathering where he said that every nation once in its life had to fail but then pick itself up. Muslims in India the past 200 years had been a fallen nation but now they were emerging as a powerful nation and he asked the audience to contribute to this emerging world: “Let us do our task in such a way that our coming generations may not be ashamed of our actions.” This meeting was followed by a tea party hosted by Dawn itself at the Imperial Hotel, an event and the names of its participants, including the Consuls General of Iran and Afghanistan, all faithfully recorded by Dawn. Hundreds of such stories in Dawn in the years leading up to the all-important general elections were published, all helping to mobilise Muslims behind the League. As Reuters fed Dawn with stories of the Second World War, it was evident the War was winding down, the elections were not far off and the campaign to establish Jinnah as its Quaid-i-Azam continued without flagging, reporting his every move and every utterance. In the same way that Congressites paid pilgrimage to Gandhi in his ashram so too Dawn recorded all of the visits made to Jinnah by figures great and small, but special attention was paid to visits paid by politicians in the areas claimed for Pakistan: Bengal, Punjab, the NWFP, Balochistan and Sindh. It was front-page news on December 2 when the ‘Sind Premier Calls On Mr. Jinnah’ for a ‘Two-Hour Talk’ on November 30. Ghulam Hussain Hidayatullah flew into Delhi after being summoned by Jinnah as he wanted to know the reason for Hidayatullah’s appointment of a non-League member to his Cabinet without consulting his League colleagues. The local League party requested Jinnah to intercede in the matter and he did so. They talked that day and G.M. Syed, President of the Sindh Provincial Muslim League, was expected to join the talks the following day as he too had been summoned by Jinnah. By reporting these visits Dawn played an important role in enhancing the importance of Jinnah in the nation’s politics. In a quite remarkable manner Jinnah, whose small political base was in Bombay, had made himself, and been made, into the most important Muslim political leader in India. The greatest battle to assert Jinnah’s authority was in the Punjab, the province considered the ‘cornerstone of Pakistan’. The year 1944 was pivotal in that regard. The Muslim leader of the Punjab Unionist Party since 1937 had been Sikandar Hayat Khan, but he died suddenly of a heart attack in December, 1942. His successor was Khizar Hayat Khan Tiwana, who was a lesser figure but determined, as were the British, that Jinnah would not control the politics of the province and be the bulwark behind the demand for Pakistan as Jinnah demanded, and that the Punjab would continue to be governed by the coalition, cross-communal, Unionist Party forged originally by the Muslim Mian Fazl-i-Husain (1877-1936) and the Hindu Jat Chhotu Ram (1881-1945) in 1923. With the early death of Fazl-i-Husain at the young age of 59 in 1936, with the death of the poet Muhammad Iqbal in 1938 and the passing of Sikander in 1942, there was no-one in the Punjab with the same stature as Jinnah. It was time to move in for the kill in the Punjab and Dawn spared no column inches in waging a ceaseless campaign of criticism and invective against the Unionist Party and its leaders. On February 3, the campaign began when the AIML Committee of Action travelled to Lahore to discuss the condition of the Punjab Muslim League and to suggest ways [in which] the party could be strengthened but it was the following month on March 18 that Jinnah inaugurated the Annual Conference of the Punjab Muslim Students’ Federation and claimed that 90 per cent of the Muslims of India, whether they were members of the League or not, were behind the party. The following day he entered into negotiations with Khizar Hayat Khan, the leader of the Unionist Party, to have the name of the ministry changed from that of the Unionist Coalition Party to the Muslim League Coalition Party and for the Muslim members of the Unionist Party to accept League party discipline. Over the next month he met with him numerous times with discussions lasting up to two to three hours on each occasion but on April 27, negotiations between the two finally broke down with Dawn faithfully recording every meeting and every take that Jinnah had on the meetings. A breakthrough for the League occurred on April 26 when Sikander Hayat Khan’s son Shaukat Hayat Khan was dismissed by Khizar because he had become close to the League and he was to become a staunch member of the League and a member of the AIML Council. This was a startling turn of events and the opportunity for the League to force a final showdown with Khizar. The press, including Dawn, covered the episode ad nauseum. On May 2, the AIML Committee of Action met in Lahore to press Khizar as hard as they could to force the issue. The following day the Convener, Liaquat Ali Khan, wrote to Khizar, asking him to explain his position with regard to the League in the province. Khizar replied six days later, arguing that the Sikandar-Jinnah Pact of 1937 was still in effect and, therefore, he recognised Jinnah as the national leader of the Muslims of India but in the province the local party was independent. This interpretation of the Pact had been widely accepted in practice but the League was now waging a campaign to destroy this understanding and to force Khizar into the League. On May 14 in Delhi the Committee met to consider Khizar’s response and asked him to respond. He did, on May 20, merely repeating his statement of May 8 that in refusing to transform his coalition into a Muslim League coalition he was operating within the parameters of the Pact. A week later the Committee was back in Lahore to announce that Khizar had been expelled from the AIML and barred from membership in the party. The lines had finally been drawn, and while the League had not imposed its will on Khizar, it had put the party in a position to wage a ceaseless campaign against Khizar, raising the question of his loyalty to his fellow Muslims, and especially with regard to the next general elections. Dawn would lead the charge. On July 8, Dawn reported the Montgomery District Muslim League’s resolution passed two days earlier which showed the tack the League was adopting toward Khizra. First, they depicted Khizar’s expulsion from the League as a defection from the “only representative political party of the Muslims namely the Muslim League [and it] is clearly against the best interests of the Millat”. In short, not to support the League was not to be a good Muslim. This was a powerful charge to level against any Muslim and partly accounts for the success of the League in mobilising support. The following day Dawn published a two-column story by its ‘Special Representative’ in which it began, “Do the Unionists want to use the Congress against the Muslim League?” Again, this raised the spectre of un-Islamic behaviour as the League depicted the Congress as a Hindu organisation. Hundreds of these kinds of articles appeared over the next three years. It would be the elections scheduled after the War that would determine whether the British would take the Pakistan demand seriously and Dawn reported on and followed the campaign closely. Excerpted from ‘Dawn & the Creation of Pakistan’, Media History 2009, SOAS, London. The writer is Professor of History, Eastern Michigan University, USA This story is part of a series of 16 special reports under the banner of ‘70 years of Pakistan and Dawn’. Read the first report, second report, third report, and fourth report or visit the archive for more.

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As your Facebook news feed fills with baby announcements and pictures, it's easy to assume that getting pregnant naturally is simple. But achieving pregnancy with ART (Assisted Reproductive Technology) is more common than we think. According to a 2015 report by the U.S. Society of Assisted Reproductive Technology, 1 million babies born in the U.S. between 1987 and 2015 were born through the use of IVF, an egg donor, or a sperm donor. A common misconception is that only women over a certain age use IVF, but women of all ages struggle with fertility challenges. Conditions such as PCOS, endometriosis, or fibroids can cause some women to be unable to get pregnant naturally or be unable to carry to term. Egg freezing, while relatively new, has opened up avenues for women to explore prolonging their fertility, however, there is still limited knowledge about the process. A recent study conducted with a cross section of reproductive age women reported that "overall, 87.2% reported awareness of egg freezing, yet only 29.8% knew what it really entails." In addition, for many women, egg freezing can be a cost-prohibitive process, making it inaccessible to certain demographics. A recent report found that only 4% of respondents who froze their eggs were African American, 4% Hispanic and 1% Middle Eastern. Our Biological Clock A girl is born with all the eggs she will ever have, approximately two million of them. By the time she begins menstruating, she will have about 400,000 remaining, and from then, about 1,000 die each month. On average, she will have approximately 12% of her reserve at age 30 and only 3% at age 40. This decline continues until she reaches menopause at an average age of 51. Technically, a woman can naturally conceive until she reaches menopause, but it becomes harder with time. From ages 30–34, a healthy woman trying to get pregnant naturally has about an 86% chance of conceiving in a year and those odds decrease slightly to 78% from ages 35–39. By the time she is well into her 40s, 90% of her eggs will be chromosomally abnormal, making it harder to conceive and increasing her risk of a miscarriage, a Down syndrome pregnancy, or an abnormal pregnancy. What egg freezing attempts to do is freeze time — that is, keep a woman's eggs at a certain point in time, when they were of higher quality. For example, if a 45-year-old woman were trying to conceive, typically, she is better benefited using the higher quality eggs she froze while at age 35. From a young age, having children has been one of my greatest life goals. While many girls dream of their wedding day, I'd fast forward to becoming a mother. I've even had the names of my future kids picked out since I was in high school. However, my dreams of motherhood juxtaposed traditional yet progressive ideals and that meant my dream would have to wait until I was in a great place in my career, had secured financial independence, and had a suitable partner to raise children with; a scenario familiar to many ambitious, family-oriented women. At 28, it seemed I had it all. I had just graduated from a top MBA program, started my post-MBA career at a top management consulting firm, and was newly engaged to who I thought was the love of my life. Life was perfect, until it wasn't. Everything came crashing down when my relationship ended. Before that happened, the plan was to have my first kid at 30 shortly after we were married, the second at 32, and the third at 34. Instead, I was so devastated that I swore off relationships for the next three years to protect myself from another heartbreak. I spent the time focused on my career and traveling. When I came out of my three-year dating hiatus, I had a moment of panic. The societal pressures of getting married had started to get to me, and I could no longer ward off the not so gentle nudges from my family that I was getting older. Though I was thriving in other aspects, I felt like I was failing in life because I was nowhere close to being married and having children. During this time, I began to put a lot of pressure on myself to make it work with whomever I was seeing because "time was ticking". It became a roller coaster of finally liking someone, emotionally investing in them, then realizing we were not a great match and having to go back to the drawing board. I no longer enjoyed dating — it felt more like a draining task with a rabid sense of urgency. I'd wonder if every guy sitting across the table from me on a date could potentially become my husband/the father of my children. But as strongly as I want to be a mother, I am also a hopeful romantic who believes in love and finding "the one" and I was not going to compromise on that. I knew I had to reset and get back to my normal self. I wanted to date (and have fun doing so), take the time to properly get to know someone, let the relationship blossom, then proceed without the pressure of stressing about the future. Yet, knowing that my fertility doesn't depend on the pace I want to take things in my relationships, when my OB-GYN reminded me during my last annual that I needed to stop procrastinating on freezing my eggs. I recall her scolding me in her own endearing way, "If you're not going to get knocked up, you need to freeze your eggs," and I knew she was right so in July, I started the process. What You Should Know About Egg Freezing More than likely, you've heard of one freezing their eggs freezing being mentioned casually, but many do not know what it really entails. Having just completed my retrieval stage, here are some things I learned about the process: Freezing your eggs does not guarantee a baby. While the success rate has been improving, outcomes will vary depending on age, genetics, reproductive history, and other lifestyle factors. Your initial tests help your doctor assess if you may be a good candidate for egg freezing. After the initial consultation, you will go through robust testing of your fertility factors, reproductive health, STI status and genetics (if selected). You will learn numbers such as your AMH, FSH, and thyroid levels, etc. The results of these tests will help the doctor assess if you should continue with the process, and if so, which medications you will need. I opted for the full panel of tests, including genetic testing and in doing so, I learned more about my body than I ever thought possible. I was tested for every disease and genetic condition imaginable, most I had never heard of. Freezing your eggs does not deplete your egg supply. Your normal reproductive cycle won't be affected because only the eggs that will be "lost" anyway through the natural process will be captured. You will continue to have your cycle as normal. Start the process when you feel most comfortable, but 'the earlier the better'. On average, 25-year-old eggs are better than 30-year-old eggs and 30-year-old eggs are better than 35-year-old eggs, etc. If you're wondering when is the best time to freeze your eggs, the general rule is now. Egg retrieval is the first stage of IVF. In a full IVF cycle, after the oocytes are retrieved, sperm is used to create an embryo in vitro, and then the embryo is implanted. If you successfully freeze your eggs, and when you are ready to use them, you will conclude the second half of the IVF process. It is not a quick process. Durations vary, but it took about three months from the time I had my initial tests to the time I had surgery for the retrieval stage. While the injections themselves last 10–12 days, some tests leading up to it can only be done at certain times of the month. Injections, injections, injections. I almost changed my mind when I realized how many needles were involved because I am terrified of them. Brace yourself, there's a lot. There are frequent to daily blood draws to test hormone levels and then every night, I injected myself three times in my abdomen between 8–10 PM for 11 days. My counter was filled with syringes, swabs and more. You cannot travel for a period of time. Throughout the three months, I was only able to squeeze in a week of work travel. As someone who loves to travel, my inability to do so felt suffocating. You have to visit the clinic frequently for blood tests and ultrasounds, hence the travel restriction. Not everyone in your life will understand your decision. If you are looking for unanimous support from friends and family, you might not get it. Some people may question your decision or even advise you to just "focus on finding a man instead". Expending your energy on trying to convince someone it is a good idea to freeze your eggs might be the wrong thing. As long as you (and your doctor) know why you're doing it, that's good enough. That said, you will need support. If you're a single, independent woman, you might be inclined to think you can do this entirely on your own, but it helps to have a support system, no matter how small. I was blessed to have the support of a couple loved ones and having them to talk to was invaluable. A great example was my best friend FaceTiming with me as I administered the injections the first day. I had called her in tears seriously doubting if I could do it, but she calmly cheered me on. Even with support, the process will often feel long, lonely and emotional. There is loneliness in the mere act of pricking yourself with needles every night and clinic visits every morning before the rooster crows. But also, due to the hormone injections, my estrogen level was incredibly high and I was very emotional. I felt proud about freezing my eggs but I also felt some sadness about having to do it at all. I'd cry when I'd see a baby, and even stayed off social media to avoid it. My normal routine was also completely thrown off track; one particularly tough morning, I got up at 4:30 AM to get to the clinic by 6 AM, but it was so packed that I was not seen till 7:30 AM, and I had an important 8 AM meeting with a 1+ hour commute. I was so overwhelmed that as soon as I stepped into my car, I burst into tears. My weight was also out of control and I lost all the definition in my abs as my ovaries expanded. I had no desire to be social — I wanted to just stay home all day. But don't worry: This part only lasts for a few mentally and physically exhausting weeks. The egg retrieval is a surgical procedure. On your retrieval day, you will arrive at the clinic, be hooked onto an IV, then proceed to the operating room. A propofol-based anesthesia will be used to knock you out. Then the surgeon uses an ultrasound probe through your vagina to retrieve the eggs. You don't feel a thing. The surgery takes less than 30 minutes, but plan to be there for three hours. You must have someone accompany you as you will not be able to drive yourself home. Give yourself time to recover. Bravo, you made it! But your body just went through a lot. Take time off work if you need to and rest. It takes about a month for you to feel fully back to normal again. After my surgery, I still felt very bloated and had days of painful cramping. I was also nine pounds heavier, due to both the IV fluids and not being able to work out for weeks. You are advised to refrain from working out (or sex) for another 1–2 weeks. You may need multiple cycles. Doctors advise freezing 6–10 eggs per live birth desired because when you are ready to use your eggs, some eggs may not survive thawing and some will not successfully fertilize into an embryo. Multiply this range by the number of kids you may want to have to get your suggested amount (e.g. 12–20 eggs for two). You will likely be unable to know if you will need more than one cycle until your first cycle is complete. As women continue to strive towards full equity in every regard, and as the average marrying age increases, the rate of women choosing to freeze their eggs also continues to increase. In the past, egg freezing was thought to be a thing that women did so they can focus on their careers, but that is changing. A recent study found that 85% of women surveyed who had frozen their eggs said they did it because they had not yet found a person with whom to raise a family. When I'm ready to start a family, I hope to conceive naturally but having my frozen eggs just in case makes me feel relieved, empowered, and less pressured in my dating. If you're also considering freezing your eggs, I commend you on making this important decision. What you are about to embark on won't be easy, but if all works well, it will be worth it. Though you might feel overwhelmed, you are not alone. You are strong and amazing — you can do it! Article originally published on Medium. Featured image by Shutterstock

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The Peace dollar is a United States dollar coin minted from 1921 to 1928, and again in 1934 and 1935. Designed by Anthony de Francisci, the coin resulted from a competition seeking designs emblematic of peace, and its reverse depicts an eagle at rest clutching an olive branch, with the legend “PEACE”. It was the last United States silver dollar to be struck for circulation. With the passage of the Pittman Act in 1918, the United States Mint was required to strike millions of silver dollars, and began doing so in 1921 using the Morgan dollar design. Numismatists began urging the Mint to issue a coin evoking peace; although they failed to get Congress to pass a bill requiring the redesign, they were able to persuade government officials to take action. The Peace dollar was approved in December 1921, completing the redesign of United States coinage which had begun in 1907. The public believed the announced design, which included a broken sword, was illustrative of defeat, and the Mint hastily acted to remove the sword from the design. The Peace dollar was first struck on December 28, 1921; just over a million were coined bearing a 1921 date. When the Pittman Act requirements were met in 1928, the Mint ceased to strike the dollars, but more were struck in 1934 and 1935 pursuant to other legislation. In 1965, the Mint struck over 300,000 Peace dollars bearing a 1964 date; these were never issued and are believed to have been melted. The Bland-Allison Act, passed by Congress on February 28, 1878, required the Treasury to purchase a minimum of $2 million in domestically-mined silver per month and coin it into silver dollars. The Mint utilized a new design by engraver George T. Morgan, striking what became known as the Morgan dollar. Many of the pieces quickly vanished into bank vaults, used as backing for paper currency redeemable in silver coin, known as silver certificates. In 1890, the purchases required under the Bland-Allison Act were greatly increased under the terms of the Sherman Silver Purchase Act. Though the Sherman Act was repealed in 1893, it was not until 1904 that the government struck the last of the purchased silver into silver dollars. Once it did, production of the silver dollar ceased. During World War I, the German government hoped to destabilize British rule over India by spreading rumors that the British were unable to redeem for silver all of the paper currency they had printed. These rumors, and hoarding of silver, caused the price of silver to rise and risked damaging the British war effort. The British turned to their war ally, the United States, asking to purchase silver to increase the supply and lower the price. In response, Congress passed the Pittman Act of April 23, 1918. This statute gave the United States authority to sell to the British government the metal from up to 350,000,000 silver dollars at $1 per ounce of silver plus the value of the copper in the coins, and handling and transportation fees. Only 270,232,722 were melted for sale to the British, but this represented 47% of all Morgan dollars struck to that point. The Treasury was required by the terms of the Act to strike new silver dollars to replace the coins that were melted, and to strike them from silver purchased from American mining companies. It is uncertain who first originated the idea for a US coin to commemorate the peace following World War I; the genesis is usually traced to an article by Frank Duffield published in the November 1918 issue of The Numismatist. In the article, Duffield suggested that a victory coin should be “issued in such quantities it will never become rare”. In August 1920, a paper by numismatist Farran Zerbe was read to that year’s American Numismatic Association (ANA) convention in Chicago. In the paper, entitled Commemorate the Peace with a Coin for Circulation, Zerbe called for the issuance of a coin to celebrate peace, stating, I do not want to be misunderstood as favoring the silver dollar for the Peace Coin, but if coinage of silver dollars is to be resumed in the immediate future, a new design is probable and desirable, bullion for the purpose is being provided, law for the coinage exists and limitation of the quantity is fixed—all factors that help pave the way for Peace Coin advocates. And then—we gave our silver dollars to help win the war, we restore them in commemoration of victory and peace. Zerbe’s proposal led to the appointment of a committee to transmit the proposal to Congress and urge its adoption. According to numismatic historian Walter Breen, “[a]pparently, this was the first time that a coin collector ever wielded enough political clout to influence not only the Bureau of the Mint, but Congress as well”. The committee included noted coin collector and Congressman William A. Ashbrook (Democrat-Ohio), who had chaired the House Committee on Coinage, Weights, and Measures until the Republicans gained control following the 1918 elections. Ashbrook was defeated for re-election in the 1920 elections; at that time congressional terms did not end until March 4 of the following year. He was friendly with the new committee chairman, Albert Henry Vestal (Republican-Indiana), and persuaded him to schedule a hearing on the peace coin proposal for December 14, 1920. Though no bill was put before it, the committee heard from the ANA delegates, discussed the matter, and favored the use of the silver dollar, as that coin had the most room for an artistic design. The committee took no immediate action; in March 1921, after the Harding administration took office, Vestal met with the new Secretary of the Treasury, Andrew W. Mellon and Mint Director Raymond T. Baker about the matter, finding them supportive, so long as the redesign involved no expense. On May 9, 1921, striking of the Morgan dollar resumed at the Philadelphia Mint under the recoinage called for by the Pittman Act. The same day, Congressman Vestal introduced the Peace dollar authorization bill as a joint resolution. Vestal placed his bill on the Unanimous Consent Calendar, but Congress adjourned for a lengthy recess without taking any action. When Congress returned, Vestal asked for unanimous consent that the bill pass on August 1, 1921. However, one representative, former Republican leader James R. Mann (Illinois), objected, and numismatic historian Roger Burdette suggests that Mann’s stature in the House ensured that the bill would not pass. Nevertheless, Vestal met with the ANA and told them that he hoped Congress would reconsider when it met again in December 1921. De Francisci was the youngest of the competitors at age 34; he was also among the least experienced in the realm of coin design. While most of the others had designed regular or commemorative coins for the Mint, de Francisci’s sole effort had been the conversion of drawings for the 1920 Maine commemorative half dollar to the finished design. De Francisci had had little discretion in that project, and later said of the work, “I do not consider it very favorably.” The sculptor based the design for the obverse design of the bust of Liberty on the features of his wife, Teresa de Francisci. Due to the short length of the competition, he lacked the time to hire a model with the features he envisioned for Liberty, and instead used his wife as model. De Francisci was born Teresa Cafarelli in Naples, Italy. In interviews, she related that when she was five years old and the steamer on which she and her family were immigrating passed the Statue of Liberty, she was fascinated by the statue, called her family over, and struck a pose in imitation. She later wrote to her brother Rocco, You remember how I was always posing as Liberty, and how brokenhearted I was when some other little girl was selected to play the role in the patriotic exercises in school? I thought of those days often while sitting as a model for Tony’s design, and now seeing myself as Miss Liberty on the new coin, it seems like the realization of my fondest childhood dream. Breen wrote that the radiate crown which the Liberty head bears is not dissimilar to those on certain Roman coins, but is “more explicitly intended to recall that on the Statue of Liberty”. De Francisci recalled that he opened the window of the studio and let the wind blow on his wife’s hair while modeling the design. Though he had employed Teresa as his model, he did not feel as though the design depicted her exclusively. He notes that “the nose, the fullness of the mouth are much like my wife’s, although the whole face has been elongated”. De Francisci submitted two reverse designs; one showed a warlike eagle, aggressively breaking a sword; the other an eagle at rest, holding an olive branch. The latter design, which would form the basis for the reverse of the Peace dollar, recalled De Francisci’s failed entry for the Verdun City medal. The submitted obverse is almost identical to the coin as struck, excepting certain details of the face, and that the submitted design used Roman, rather than Arabic numerals for the date. Baker, de Francisci, and Moore met in Washington on December 15. At that time, Baker, who hoped to start Peace dollar production in 1921, outlined the tight schedule for this to be accomplished, and requested certain design changes. Among these was the inclusion of the broken sword from the sculptor’s alternate reverse design, to be placed under the eagle, on the mountaintop on which it stands, in addition to the olive branch. Baker approved the designs, subject to these changes The revised designs were presented to President Harding on December 19. Harding insisted on the removal of a small feature of Liberty’s face, which seemed to him to suggest a dimple, something he did not consider suggestive of peace. The sculptor removed the feature at the President’s request. The Treasury announced the new design on December 19, 1921. Photographs of Baker and de Francisci examining the final plaster model appeared in newspapers, though the actual designs were not photographed; written descriptions of their content sufficed. At that time, the Treasury took the position that it was illegal for photographs of a United States coin to be printed in newspapers. Secretary Mellon gave formal approval to the design on December 20. As it would take the Mint several days to produce working dies, first strike of the new coins was scheduled for December 29. The new design was widely reported in newspapers, and was the source of intense public attention. As the press was not permitted to see the actual designs, they were forced to rely on the description in the press release, which described the reverse as “a large figure of an eagle perched on a broken sword, and clutching an olive branch bearing the word, ‘peace'”. On December 21, the New York Herald ran a scathing editorial against the new design, If the artist had sheathed the blade or blunted it there could be no objection. Sheathing is symbolic of peace, of course; the blunted sword implies mercy. But a broken sword carries with it only unpleasant associations. A sword is broken when its owner has disgraced himself. It is broken when a battle is lost and breaking is the alternative to surrendering. A sword is broken when the man who wears it can no longer render allegiance to his sovereign. But America has not broken its sword. It has not been cashiered or beaten; it has not lost allegiance to itself. The blade is bright and keen and wholly dependable. It is regrettable that the artist should have made such an error in symbolism. The sword is emblematic of Justice as well as of Strength. Let not the world be deceived by this new dollar. The American effort to limit armament and to prevent war or at least reduce its horror does not mean that our sword is broken. At the time, according to Burdette, given the traumas of the Great War, Americans were highly sensitive about their national symbols, and unwilling to allow artists any leeway in interpretation. The Mint, the Treasury, and the Fine Arts Commission began to receive large numbers of letters from the public objecting to the design. De Francisci attempted to defend his design, stating, “with the sword there is the olive branch of peace and the combination of the two renders it impossible to conceive of the sword as a symbolization of defeat”. Baker had left to visit the San Francisco Mint; the transcontinental journey took three days. Acting Mint Director Mary O’Reilly sent him a telegram on December 23, urgently seeking his approval to remove the sword from the reverse, which had been recommended by Moore and Fraser at a meeting the previous afternoon. Due to the tight timeline for 1921 strikings of the dollar, it was not possible to await Baker’s response, but on the authority of Treasury Undersecretary Seymour Parker Gilbert, who was approached by O’Reilly, the Mint proceeded with the redesign. To satisfy Harding’s executive order, the Fine Arts Commission quickly approved the change, and by the time Baker wired his approval on December 24, without being able to see the revisions, Gilbert had already approved the revised design in Secretary Mellon’s absence. A press release was issued late on December 24; it mentioned no removal, but simply stated that the broken sword which had appeared on de Francisci’s alternate reverse would not appear on the issued coin. De Francisci’s defense, combined with the press release caused Farran Zerbe, whose paper to the ANA convention helped launch the dollar proposal, to suggest that the sculptor had mistakenly thought his alternate design had been approved.

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Sea turtles are marine reptiles with a low reproductive rate and high vulnerability to predation. Like many animals on the planet, sea turtles are the victim of human activity on the world’s oceans. Below are 15 Threats to Sea Turtles and what we can do to help them survive. - Facts of Whale Shark - Facts of Blue Whale - Different between the Ocean and the Sea - Effects of Greenhouse - Climate of the Ocean 1. Illegal Sea Turtle Shell Trade Sea turtles have very attractive shells that are worth much money. For centuries, people hunt Hawksbill sea turtles for their beautiful gold and brown shells to create jewelry and other luxury items. These turtles are especially threatened in the Indian and Pacific oceans and along the Caribbean Coast. Studies estimate that hawksbill populations have declined by 90 percent during the past 100 years. The demand for shells still continues until today on the black market, especially in Japan. Bekko (Japanese for hawksbill shell) combs remain an important part of the traditional Japanese wedding dress. Besides the hawksbills, other sea turtles may be hunted for their skin to make leather goods. Beauty products are also illegal if they contain sea turtle oil. There are some efforts to combat this issue, including improve awareness about illegal shell trade, educating tourists and suppliers, international and regional anti-trade agreements, trade controls within consumer and supplier states, and team working between conservation groups and government agencies. It needs everyone’s hand to help stop taking advantages of these endangered species. 2. Harvest for Consumption In many coastal communities, especially in Central America and Asia, people hunt the sea turtles to be a source of food. During the nesting season, sea turtle hunters sweep the beaches at night looking for nesting females. They kill the female after she deposited her eggs and then take both the eggs and the meat. In Mexico, thousands of inland residents take a trip to Pacific coastal communities during the week preceding Easter. They are in search of sea turtles and other seafood. During this religious holiday, about 5,000 turtles are consumed in this region alone. In order to help stop the threat caused by human consumption, governments and conservationists have developed and tested several methods, including education, patrolling nesting beaches, relocating eggs to hatcheries, eco-tourism based on sea turtles, government-imposed limits on consumption. 3. Longline & Trawl Sea turtles are often accidentally caught, injured or killed by fishermen. Many of these injuries and deaths occur during the migration through fishing areas. The turtles are attracted to the bait, get caught on the hooks that are meant for catching fish. A long line can stretch for several miles behind boats. When the sea turtles are caught underwater in nets or on lines, they drown if they can’t reach the surface for air. They will run out of air since they are air-breathing reptiles. They can also encounter internal injuries from hooks or external injuries from entanglement. The solution to this issue is by using Turtle Excluder Devices (TED), two-dimensional net inserts with large escape openings, in shrimp and other trawl net fisheries. When you buy fish from your local grocery store, make sure that they are caught by these turtle-friendly fisheries. Tell your family and friends to purchase seafood from responsible fisheries. 4. Marine Debris There are more than 100 million marine animals killed each year due to plastic debris in the ocean. About more than 80% of this plastic comes from land that washes out from the beaches and streets. The plastic travels through storm drains into streams and rivers then flows away to the seas. Sea turtles are especially susceptible to the effects of the marine debris due to their bodies’ structure. Once the plastics get trapped in their stomach, it prevents them from properly swallowing food. The harmful decomposition of marine debris inside a turtle’s body will trap the gas and cause the sea turtles to float. The floating leads to starvation or makes them an easy target for predators. The public can help in this issue by reducing, reusing and recycling plastics, using reusable cloth bags instead of plastic bags when shopping, making sure to properly secure your garbage to prevent any fly-away plastics. It’s not necessary to release balloons into the air. They travel far and will end up in our oceans being consumed by sea turtles since they mistake them for food. 5. Natural predators In their natural habitat, sea turtles face some dangers even before they are born. When a mother arrives at the beach to spawn her dozens or hundreds of eggs, terrestrial predators like dogs, raccoons, ants, crabs, seabirds are waiting for them. They wait for the right moment to dig in the sand, pick the eggs up and eat them. Once those surviving sea turtles are born, small turtles are victims of seabirds, large fish, and even other turtles. After reaching adulthood, sea turtles are relatively immune to predation. However, the occasional shark attack is undeniable. These natural threats are not the number one reason sea turtle populations have dropped to extinction. The predation is part of the natural process that keeps the balance in the ecosystem. 6. Artificial Lighting Nesting turtles need a quiet, dark beach on which to nest. Recently, it’s getting hard to find the right place since there are many tourists, businesses and coastal residents which use the sandy beaches. Lights from these developments disrupt the females from nesting. If a female fails to nest after multiple false crawls, she will make use of less appropriate nesting spots or deposit her eggs in the ocean. Lighting near the shore can also cause hatchlings to lose their sense and wander inland, where they often die of dehydration or predation. Reducing the amount of artificial light that is visible from nesting beaches is the first step to decreasing light pollution that brings influence to the sea turtles. It’s better to use low-pressure sodium-vapor lighting instead of normal lights. The use of Turtle Safe Lighting will emit a very narrow portion of the visible light spectrum, which is less intrusive to nesting sea turtles and hatchlings. 7. Oil spills Oil spills from exploration for and transportation of oil and gas pose substantial risks to marine turtles and their habitats. The oil can get in their eyes, on their skin, and in their lungs when they come to the surface to breathe. Among the other marine animals who face the same threat, the sea turtles are more vulnerable to chemical exposure that happens indirectly through the food they eat. The important ways to solve the oil spills is by reducing oil consumption and prefer public transportation or driving energy-efficient vehicles, support renewable energy initiatives, following local codes enforcing fertilizer bans near waterways and buying organically produced food and products. 8. Sea water level rising Sea-level rise causes the loss of nesting and feeding habitats of sea turtles. Since the beaches are beginning to disappear, they can’t return to that same site decades later to repeat their ancient nesting ritual. Although the temperature change that causes the melting of polar ice caps is the reason to this sea level rise, there are some simple steps that can make a difference. We can purchase Energy-Star qualified appliances, replace incandescent light bulbs with energy-efficient fluorescents, reduce, reuse, and recycle all plastic, glass and paper waste, and also use energy efficient transportation. 9. Ocean acidification The oceans are slowly becoming more acidic as the increasing quantities of carbon dioxide (CO₂) ends up to the Earth’s atmosphere. The rise in acidity means that many species will struggle to build and maintain their skeletons or shells. A far more sinister effect is that this acidity can interfere with the growth or reproduction of all ocean creatures. This causes sea turtles feed on the unhealthy food from the unhealthy ocean. We can cut the emissions by supporting investment in alternative energy sources such as wind power and convert the coal-fired power plants to natural gas, which releases half the carbon dioxide per kilowatt generated. 10. Invasive species predation The threats of predation rise up when human involvement reaches nesting beaches. People who leave trash near the shore unwittingly call raccoons and other non-native species to the beaches to find food. Since humans are the one causing this issue, they play the main role in decreasing the threat of invasive species predation. There should be no wildlife feeding from the human. The animals will make a habit of returning to coastal areas to get food. The beach visitor should not leave their dogs and cats unattended. They should not leave any trash, especially garbage containing food. 11. Coastal armoring Coastal armoring structures such as sea walls on or adjacent to nesting beaches can prevent sea turtles to survive. Sea walls directly reduce the suitable nesting habitat. They block turtles from reaching the upper portion of the beach, causing them to nest in less-than-optimal nesting areas lower on the beach. This makes their nests more susceptible to wave action and more likely to be covered with water. It’s best to build beachfront armoring as a last resort to protect upland structures. The construction of sea walls should be far landward and off the active nesting beach as possible. 12. Beach activities Human use of nesting beaches brings negative impacts to nesting turtles, incubating egg clutches and hatchlings. Human presence on the beach is the disturbance to nesting females. There should be no one driving on sea turtle nesting beaches. The visitors need to make sure they fill in any holes they dig while visiting the beach. Any beach chairs, beach umbrellas, boats, or other beach furniture should not be on the beach each evening. 13. Ships and boats’ strikes The swimming sea turtles have been the victims of the ships and speedboats that pass by. Plenty of sea turtles get serious injuries in their carapaces (shell) because of the boat collisions. Whenever you’re going with a boat in the ocean, you need to have a marine animal spotter on board to watch the dolphins, manatees and sea turtles that may pass the waterways. Make sure you’re sticking to slow speed and now wake signs. 14. Cruise ships pollution The cruise ships produce at least 17% of the total emissions of nitrogen oxides, contributing to more than a quarter of total emissions of nitrogen oxides in port cities and coastal areas. It’s best to choose the cruise ship that is ocean-friendly. The green cruise ships have black water treatment system, reduce their 8 tons of waste generated each day, and have environmental officers on every cruise as well as eco-educated staffs. 15. Coastal erosion One way to address coastal erosion is through beach nourishment. Dredging for the sand to nourish a beach is a direct threat to sea turtles and their nearshore marine habitats. Current regulatory policies must change if there is any hope of saving sea turtles. Let there be no building structures right on the beaches. It’s necessary to re-plant native vegetation on dunes to refortify the beach. - Conservation of The Great Barrier Reef - Ways to Stop Overfishing - Endangered Animals in The Ocean - Endangered Species in Atlantic Ocean Those are 15 Threats to Sea Turtles that you need to know. Since the majority of the threats are from human activities, we have a big responsibility to solve the problem.

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As the word “chronic” suggests, this is a form of pain that persists for a very long time or is constantly recurring. In medicine, any pain that continues beyond half a year qualifies as chronic pain. There are varying degrees of chronic pain, ranging from mild to extreme, recurrent, to constant, and so on. Considering the lengthy amount of time many people spend suffering chronic pain, it is not surprising that it can also contribute to negative emotional side effects. Suffering from a kind of continuous pain only known to yourself and fellow sufferers can have a detrimental impact on mental health and personal relationships. Thus, it is critical that you take initiative and responsibility for your chronic pain and be aware of things that you can do to alleviate your suffering. Of course, when the chronic pain suffered reaches a point where you are unable to continue with your daily life, seek medical attention immediately. If more serious issues have been ruled out as the cause of your pain, here are 15 small things that you can do to relieve chronic pain: Do Not Ingest Foods Containing Solanine Solanine is a glycoalkaloid poison that is found in common foods such as potatoes, with its pesticidal properties serving to enhance the plant’s natural defenses. These backyard foods are popular and often served with meals. The source of the problem is that some people are unable to metabolize solanine; it consequently accumulates in their major organs and creates health problems for them, potentially including chronic pain. Avoid nightshade vegetables (e.g. tomatoes, eggplants, chilies, goji berries). Also avoid products/foods that utilize potato starch as this can help alleviate the chronic pain experienced by some people. Do Take Supplements Even though there has been a lot of debate about the use of natural and synthetic supplements, the consumption of either one can help to complement everyday meals that may be lacking in certain vitamins and minerals. Moreover, for people suffering from chronic pains, there are certain kinds of supplements that help with nerve functions, muscles and joint recovery. Although supplements are recommended, you should always check with your certified general practitioner for more information and to advise you accordingly. Do Light To Moderate Exercise As a sufferer of chronic pain, engaging in heavy or intense exercise would be difficult for you, but yet it is still hard to ignore the incredible benefits exercise can bring. Exercise can help to reduce your chronic pain and improve your quality of life. By exercising, you enjoy the effects of better sleep which reduces your reliance on pain medication; whilst also contributing to healthier mood with a greater release of endorphins. An ever-present beverage culturally, alcohol is drunk for a range of purposes, for enjoyment- and even for pain management. When suffering from chronic pain, it is essential to get a good night’s sleep in order for the body to be able to heal well and to avoid further physical tension accumulating. By partaking in alcohol consumption, you are depriving your body of deep sleep as alcohol is known for promoting shallow sleep. Thus, you give yourself a less restful night whilst increasing your levels of chronic pain. Distract Yourself From The Pain Another simple trick that you can do is to simply distract yourself from the pain. Albeit not a very wise choice in the long-run, the reality is that it still works for a short period of time. Upon feeling the onset of your chronic pain, turn on your favorite TV show or enjoy a board game with your loved ones. Focus on that activity and choose to ignore the pain. Eventually, the intensity of the pain should subside and you’ll emerge stronger and more prepared for future attacks. There have been plenty of reports alerting us to the risks of long-term exposure to vibrations, particularly for people suffering from chronic pain. Chiropractic research has suggested that long-term exposure to vibrations are one of the main causes of chronic pain, in particular – repetitive vibration and hand-arm vibrations. If you are currently in a job where you are regularly exposed to either type of vibration and you also suffer from regular pain attacks, it is possible that vibrations are your primary “trigger”. Take action and visit a medical professional as soon as you can in order to create an effective treatment plan. Educate Your Friends And Family About Your Condition It’s important for your family, friends and loved ones to understand your condition and the kind of pain you are suffering in order to prevent any misunderstandings, miscommunication, and also to equip them with the relevant knowledge and skills to help you when the chronic pain hits. It’s important to always talk about your feelings and experiences; this is highly recommended by psychologists since it promotes healthier mental well-being, encourages a person’s spirits, whilst allowing both you and your loved ones to be well-informed and actively involved in their pain management. Take the time to talk to your loved ones to prevent your personal life and relationships from being negatively affected by chronic pain. Join A Support Group Not only is it important to let you friends and loved ones be there for you during your time of need, there are other forms of support you can rely on, including support groups. Attend a support group for people going through chronic pain. Although you may suffer from different types and varieties of chronic pain, you’re confiding in people who understand your pain, and this can make you feel like you are less alone in your struggle. Not only do you gain pillars of support through joining such a group, but some of these people will likely be survivors of extreme chronic pain, or people who have been suffering from chronic pain for longer than you have. From these meetings, you can learn important lessons and new approaches to coping with the pain. Don’t Stress – Relax We are all human. We need to accept our limits and flaws, and learn to not be afraid to acknowledge them. By taking control of our emotional and physical health, you are taking control of your battle with chronic pain and are on the path to recovery. Have the courage to say no to activities that may tire you, and be firm when you decide on what is the best choice for your health. Schedule in activities that bring positive emotional effects like boosting your morale and don’t be afraid to customize your own schedule for maximum relaxation, because truly, it is all up to you. Once again, it is common knowledge that smoking is a health hazard and this is even more so for people suffering from chronic pain. Smoking is known for being able to increase a patient’s chronic pain and is linked to other severe diseases and health conditions. Naturally, some may turn to smoking as a stress reliever or as a form of pain management, but this does the body more harm than good as smoking can make it harder for a person to respond to chronic pain treatment. If you live with someone who smokes, consider getting an air purifier for cigarette smoke. Smoking also negatively influences a person’s perception of and sensitivity to pain. Stay away from smoking. The health benefits of drinking water are clearly established as we need water to live and our bodies consist of 75% water, and our brains, 85%. Dehydration is one of the primary causes of many illnesses and diseases, with chronic pain being one of them. It is important that we consume enough water to keep ourselves hydrated, eliminate toxins from our body and replenish any water that we have lost during this process. You need to provide your body with the essential tools it needs to fight chronic pain, and water is one of these tools. Turmeric is a household Asian spice known for its anti-inflammatory properties. This medicinal root also contains antioxidants, has been associated with cancer prevention, and due to containing curcumin, it has the ability to reduce inflammation naturally without causing any liver or kidney damage. One of the reasons why chronic pain occurs is due to the occurrence of inflammation in the body. This can lead to severe chronic pain if you ignore any form of treatment. Turmeric is particularly useful for assisting medical conditions like arthritis or sports injuries, for example. Scientific research has revealed that turmeric may also potentially aid those suffering from asthma and cancer, so go ahead and try this miraculous spice for yourself. Do Yoga And Meditate Yoga advocates for a perspective to chronic pain that involves unlearning harmful reactions to pain that only exacerbate the problem. The use of relaxation exercises can help sufferers to teach their body healthy ways to cope with pain. Relaxation has been proven to be particularly healing for sufferers of chronic pain. It switches off your stress response, reduces your stress levels and thus turns the energy within your body towards growth, repair and other beneficial health processes. Make a point to learn and practice a few yoga relaxation poses to help further your healing process. Maintain Good Posture We get so busy these days that it’s often hard to make time for any exercise, and often we forget about maintaining good posture. Whether we are at work or slouched in front of the TV, good posture is essential in fighting chronic pain. Avoid slouching (also fondly known as the “C-slump”) as slouching is known to make a person particularly vulnerable to back problems. Slouching prevents your weight from being evenly distributed between the joints and muscles in your back, and uneven weight distribution taxes the lower back muscles and tendons, thus increasing the risk of sprains and strains. Bad posture can weaken or damage your nerves and blood flow as well. Make it a point to maintain proper posture, or even just consistently sit up straight throughout the day and you’ll begin to see wonderful results. Use Heat Pads This is probably the most commonly used solution for temporary relief for your chronic pain. Simply apply cold packs or hot packs (according to your preference) to any area you feel pain to enjoy quick and effective relief. Heat packs help to direct heat to the source of pain and the heat helps to encourage greater blood flow in that area. Application of a heat pack to the source of your chronic pain will stimulate the sensory receptors in that area, impeding the transmission of pain signals to the brain, and creating pain relief. Although chronic pain may seem incredibly dreary and tiresome, with small changes to your life, and making sure that you receive professional medical advice, you can and will begin to see a great difference in your quality of life. Think about it: no one is going to be able to make that pain go away except for you. Have courage, and take the initiative to step forward and be actively involved in your healing process. Only then will you reap the fruits of what you have sowed. Featured photo credit: Pexels via static.pexels.com

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“I don’t fit in”, “I am not cool”- new predicament, we hear among youngsters today. Adolescence is a tender period in life, where molding minds and habits is easier than any other age. This is the time when teenagers are trying to fit in; fit in the ways and lifestyle of other people, so that they could be socially accepted. This abstraction to be socially desirable is so profound that teenagers most of the times do not give a moment of thought to the lifestyle they are trying to tune into. This has paved a way for alcohol, drugs and cigarettes to easily slip into the lives of the youngsters. Teenagers are very agreeable, they accept and are exciting to try new things and they delve into substances. Eventually, occasional users turn to abusers to finally addicts. The technological advancement has not only provided addictions in form of e-cigarettes, but also in the shape of social media. Addictions in various ways affect our mental, physical and emotional health which further affects our decision making capacities. While growing up when young minds are developing and are preparing for their and country’s bright future, their mental and emotional wellbeing is crucial. And, Divya Jyoti Jagriti Sansthan (DJJS) under its banner Bodh has recognized this plight of youth and is incessantly working towards their better and informed future. This workshop is not merely focused on dispensing knowledge of crisis of drug addiction in youth; rather the prime objective is to provide them with solutions. The solutions that will bring the change from within by strengthening the will power of an addict. Bodh has been conducting “SAY NO WORKSHOPS” in different schools and colleges across India and Nepal to make students aware of the pernicious consequences of substance abuse. Various activities, plays, skits and lectures form an integral part of the “SAY NO WORKSHOP”. These workshops motivate students, teachers and school staff to dismiss any offer of the substances and keep the school environment free from any usage of drug abuse. At the same time, with these workshops students are encouraged to make informed decisions for themselves and their family and friends. These workshops highlight the negative impacts of drugs and alcohol on personal lives and the society and how people eventually fall down in the vicious spirals of addictions. In the month of January, preachers and volunteers at Bodh, DJJS conducted these workshops in more than 50 schools across the country and interacting with more than 19,361 students and school staff. 1. Jodhpur, Rajasthan: About 60 people participated in these workshops where they were informed about various aspects of drug addiction and alcoholism. Students interacted with volunteers of the workshop as they were curious to know more about how they could help people who are addicts and other friends. Teachers were also encouraged to be informed of student changing behavior so that they could help children before they are in the grips of any kind of addiction. 2. Meerut, Uttar Pradesh: DJJS volunteers conducted this workshop in Bhagwati College in Meerut addressing 460 students and staff. The preachers emphasized on the importance of making informed decisions about substance abuse. The school students were also apprised of the mental health issues that come as a consequence of substance abuse and the ill-effects of smart phone addiction. 3. Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh: About 225 students and staff from two colleges namely, Sai Datta Ram Dingra Inter College and Maharaja Agrasen Inter College were part of the workshop. The students interacted with the volunteers of Bodh with enthusiasm and actively participated in the discussions after the lectures. The lectures and skits focussed on the teenage life and how they can be easily tricked into indulging in alcoholism and drug intake. Students were informed of the ways to avoid such substances. 4. Gorakhpur, Uttar Pradesh: 9 schools and colleges with more than 1700 students including teachers were a part of the say no workshop between 14th January and 21st January 2020. The intense workshops throughout the week included skits, lectures and meditation activities. Students were motivated to deal with the pressure without being dependent on substances which rather than relieving the stress puts them under life threatening conditions and trauma. They were informed of the Brahm Gyan and meditation techniques that would help them through their studies and throughout the course of their lives. The schools in which workshops were conducted are: 1) JUNIOR HIGH SCHOOL, KHUKHUNDU BAZAAR, DISTRICT- DEORIA 2) LT. KANDHAI LAL LORD BUDDHA PUBLIC SCHOOL, SUEYA, SIRISIYA, DISTRICT- SHRAWASTI 3) ABU ASHIM AZAMI INTER COLLAGE, VAZIRGANJ, PARSAUNA, DISTRICT- SHRAWASTI 4) BABA JABDAHAWA INTER COLLAGE, GHORHAURIYA, DISTRICT- SHRAWASTI 5) SHRI SHANKAR NARVADESHWAR ADARSH INTER COLLAGE, BIRZAPUR JHANTAUR, DISTRICT- DEORIA 6) ADARSH SHIKSHA NIKETAN, MAJHAWALIYA, DISTRICT- DEORIA 7) GAUTAM BUDDHA MISHAN SCHOOL, DUMARIYA, DISTRICT- DEORIA 8) SHIVA JI INTER COLLEGE, KHUKHUNDU BAZAAR, DISTRICT- DEORIA 9) SARASWATI ACADEMY, SARAYA, DISTRICT- DEORIA 5. Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh: On 10th and 11th January, ‘Say No Workshops’ were successfully conducted in 6 schools and colleges in Varanasi as well. Nearly 4000 students were targeted during these two days by various branches of DJJS in Varanasi. The students learnt about the negative social impacts, and mental and physical health hazards of substance abuse. Students took a pledge to not engage in substance abuse and help others who are already suffering from the effects of addiction. The schools under this workshops were : - TATHAGAT VIHAR SCHOOL, CHANDMARI - RAMESHWAAM MAHADEV BALIKA INTER COLLAGE, CHANDMARI - GYANODAY BALIKA INTER COLLAGE - RAJ CONVENT SCHOOL, CHANDMARI - GYANDEEP SCHOOL,CHANDMARI - CMG SCHOOL, CHANDMARI 6. Jagadhari, Haryana: Students from Guru Nanak Khalsa College were a part of this workshop. The DJJS volunteers worked with diligence to inform 140 people from this college about the spiral of drug and alcohol addiction. The teachers were informed about the change in behaviors of students and to analyze the behavioral changes associated with substance use in their colleagues as well. So that such issues can be taken care of before a person falls into the trap of addiction. 7. Sirsa, Haryana: 1365 student and teachers were beneficiaries in the workshops conducted across 4 schools in Sirsa. Along with negative impacts of addiction of drugs and alcohol, students were apprised about the ill-effects of social media and smart phones. Students actively participated in the fun and fact activities that were a part of the workshops to engage students better and impart right knowledge to them. The following schools were a part of these workshops: - SARVPALI PUBLIC SCHOOL, ELLENABAD - MAA JIWAN KIDS SCHOOL, ELLENABAD - NIVEDITA SENIOR SECONDARY SCHOOL, ELLENABAD - SIR CHOTU RAM JAT SENIOR SECONDARY SCHOOL, ELLENABAD 8. Kotkapura, Punjab: About 800 students from Vishavkarma Senior secondary school and Baba Banda Bahadur college of nursing were informed about the impact of addiction of all kinds on the development of young brains. With ever increasing cases of addiction in Punjab especially among youth, it is crucial that youngsters are provided with precise knowledge about the detrimental effects of addiction. Various activities, plays and discussion sessions were organized for staff and students so that they could understand that even one-time trial of substances could drag them into addictions. 9. Kathmandu, Nepal: DJJS volunteers reached out to schools across Kathmandu to educate and impart correct knowledge to school and college students in Kathmandu. These workshops were conducted throughout the month in different schools and Bodh provided them with well-researched and compiled information on the ways of avoiding and completely quitting drugs and alcohol. They were not only provided with the information but also provided solutions to their problems and how they could help themselves and others who are addicted to any substance through the help of DJJS. The 14 institutions that formed the part of this month round workshops are as follows: - ANSHU VARMA MADHYAMIK VIDHYALAYE, BARDIYA, JAYANAGAR - SHREE JANTA DOMI CHOUDHARY SCHOOL, LAHAN,SIRAHA - SADA SHIV MULTIPLE CAMPUS,JAYANAGAR, BARDIYA - FAMOUS UNIQUE ENGLISH MEDIUM SCHOOL,JAYANAGAR ,BARDIYA - PATRIOT ENGLISH MEDIUM SCHOOL,JAYANAGAR,BARDIYA - SHREE JANAPRIYA BASIC SCHOOL, JAYANAGAR,BARDIYA - THE VOICE ACADEMY, JAYANAGAR, BARDIYA - AADRASH VIDYA MANDIR, BARHATHAWA, SARLAHI - EDUCATION HOME HIGHER SECONDARY SCHOOL, BARHATHAWA - Shree Janajagrati Primary School, Shankarpur, Sarlah - Shree Jwalamukhi Educational Academy, Fulbari Lahan, Siraha - Shree Rama Mahanthi Yadav Janta Higher Secondary School , Sitapur, Siraha - Shree Sarswati Secondary School,Sitganga,Argakhachi - Shree Radhakrishna Boarding School, Lahan, Siraha If you would also like to conduct to conduct “SAY NO WORKSHOPS” or other discussions and lectures regarding drug abuse and addictions at your school , college or institution, contact us at www.djjs.org/bodh or follow us on www.facebook.com/djjsrehab or drop us a mail on [email protected]

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Breastfeeding is best for your baby. The WHO recommends exclusive breastfeeding for the first six months of your baby’s life. This can help to ensure that your baby will have a lower risk of allergies, a lower risk of obesity in later life, and a great start for their immune system. After the first six months, it is important that you then start to introduce some solid food to the diet. If you’re bottle-feeding however, you can start to introduce solid foods between the ages of four to six months. ** Please note the guidelines have changed – The Food Safety Authority of Ireland (2012) recommend that all babies are weaned onto solid foods at about 6 months of age, no earlier than 17 weeks and not delayed beyond 6 months (26 weeks) ** Next we will talk about the first stage of weaning. What is weaning? Weaning is really the term used to describe the introduction of solid foods for the first time to your baby. If you’re breastfeeding, it will be around six months when you can start to introduce solid food. For bottle-fed babies, between the ages of four to six months, it’s important that you do not commence weaning, or introduce solid food to your baby’s diet before the age of four months, because the digestive system is not fully developed at that stage, and you may put your baby at a higher risk of developing allergy. So after four months for bottle-fed infants, or six months for a breast-fed infant, you can start the exciting process of weaning. However, be warned, it can also be a little bit messy. What are the best foods to start for weaning your baby? One of the most popular foods is baby rice. This is because baby rice is quite a bland taste and you can mix it with your baby’s own usual milk. So, whether that’s expressed breast milk or baby infant formula, the baby will be quite used to the taste of their own milk, they will be more likely to accept the rice for you. To do this you take a package of baby rice, and just mix out a very small amount in a bowl. Now, it’s important to start weaning at a time when your baby is not really hungry for their usual milk, whether it’s their breastfeed or their bottle, because then the baby will be quite hungry and won’t be interested in starting this new and exciting process. So maybe a time between feeds when the baby is not too tired, maybe when you’re all relaxed and the house is quiet, it’s a good time to start trying weaning. The best spoon to use for the weaning is one of these flat types of spoons. It’s quite shallow, so you’re really going to get just a small amount for the baby to take and lick off the spoon with their lips. So when you take a spoonful, you don’t want too much on the spoon, don’t overfill it. Just a small amount and you will be ready to feed your baby. Now remember, have some paper towels to hand, maybe put a little bit of an extra cloth around the table, because it can be quite messy, and of course, your baby might want to put their hands in it as well. For the first few days, you’re not going to drop any of the baby’s breastfeeds or bottles, because they are still going to need the same amount of milk to get all of their energy needs. However, as weaning progresses the meals will become larger, and then you will find the baby will have less of an appetite for milk. This is the normal process of changing over from a purely milk-based diet in the early days to more of a family diet by the age of one year. Baby rice is great for the first few days, and then you can start to bring in some popular fruits and vegetables to help to introduce a wide range of tastes to your baby. Carrots are a good vegetable to introduce. Carrots can be washed, peeled, steamed or boiled. Steaming is a great way to cook the vegetables, because you’re not going to lose any of the nutrition into the water surrounding them. You should firstly steam the carrots and then puree them with a hand-held liquidiser. This is a really a great investment if you’re at the stage when your baby is going to start weaning. It’s very easy to do small quantities, and you don’t have to wash out a big, large food processor after every time when you’ve prepared a meal. Ensure that the carrots are nice and soft for the baby’s meal. This can take a little bit of time, and it’s a good idea to add a little bit of the baby’s own usual milk, again, the breast milk or formula milk into it, to allow the consistency to be a little bit smoother. So when you’ve pureed the vegetable to the right consistency, we’ll just put a little bit in here, and again, it’s a good idea to make a large quantity, and then your baby certainly won’t be using all of this in the one day, because at the moment, they’re really just using a very small amount for mealtimes. So what you can do is, you can freeze this for future use. I’m just going to show you the consistency there again, and you can see just a small amount on the spoon. With the extra that you have leftover, it’s a good idea to maybe use an ice cube tray, so you can put individual amounts of puree in here, and that can be frozen for future use. When you’ve put all your puree in here, the ice cube tray can be popped into the freezer, and then you can defrost as much as you need, as it’s required. Also, small little containers like these can be very useful. Use a small container with a lid on it and pop it into your freezer. This way you are preparing meals as you go. You can keep a little bit extra prepared, because you may find in the initial stages that really your baby is only taking a very small amount. This makes a lot more sense, in terms of your time. Then it can be defrosted as you need it. As you’re progressing from day to day with weaning, it’s a good idea to introduce a range of different vegetables and fruits, because this is going to encourage your baby to have a wide choice and preference of different foods as they get older. So root vegetables are great, so I’ve started with some carrot here today. Parsnips are a really good choice, sweet potato, butternut squash, any of those foods that are easy to puree. Don’t start with potato puree at the beginning. Because sometimes it doesn’t puree as well, but it’s great to add in as mashed potato as your baby grows and becomes more adept at eating from a spoon. So, we’re going to move on to some fruit purees now, and one of the really handy, no-cook purees is a banana; because obviously, it’s an easy one you can bring with you as you go. There is a very simple way to prepare a quick and easy snack, and introducing a new taste to your baby. Choose a nice ripe banana; black spots on a banana would suggest that it’s nice, ripe and sweet. Put the banana into a bowl. I’ll even just put in half of the banana for the moment, because again, at the early stages, the baby is really going to be just taking a very small amount. Rather than having to use any liquidiser, a ripe banana can be very easily mashed with a fork. Now, you really need to mash it quite a lot, so you can keep at it for a little while. It is best to have no lumps it will be nice and easy for the baby to take from the spoon. Remember, this is a really new experience, both for you and especially for your baby, and it’s a learned skill, so it might take them a little bit of time to get used to this new way of getting their meals, rather than their breastfeed or their bottle. Now again, you can add a little bit of the baby’s regular milk, again, so a little bit of breast milk or a little bit of infant formula, just to make it nice and smooth for the baby to take from the spoon. Ensure that you have a very nice, smooth consistency. No lumps and a nice, tasty introduction to fruits for your baby. Be adventurous. Try lots of different fruits and vegetables. Don’t just stick to the ones that you generally have at home. It might mean the whole family will start trying new fruits and vegetables at this stage. I have some avocados here, and there again, very nutritious food to include in a baby’s diet. Peel the avocado and mash it in with the banana, as the baby becomes a little bit older, and is used to different tastes. So again, a nice ripe avocado, you can generally tell if they’re ripe by squeezing just on the bottom, and if it’s nice and soft, it’s probably a good one that’s ready to eat when you bring it home. Avocado and mashed banana is really handy to take out and about with you if you’re going out for the day, throw them in your nappy bag, and wherever you end up for lunch, you can have a nutritious meal ready for baby in minutes with no cooking at all. Any food left uneaten after your baby’s mealtime must be discarded, and then at the next mealtime, start afresh. This is important for food safety, so don’t leave any uneaten food lying around. If you have any more questions about the first stage of weaning, don’t hesitate to call us on the care line, where the nutritionist will be delighted to chat with you and answer any questions you may have. The very best of luck to you.

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Electronic breakthroughs have enabled a greater understanding of the world of fish. Color sonars draw bottom contours and mark individual fish, while GPS allows anglers to electronically mark key spots, record routes, and consult digital contour maps as they drive the boat and troll. Underwater cameras let us inspect the underwater world, examine habitat features and how fish relate to them. In combination, these tools have changed the way we fish for edge panfish, making us far more efficient. One consistent observation is the way fish tend to hold near some sort of edge. Panfish, particularly yellow perch, crappie, and bluegill all fit this pattern. You may spot a pod of big bluegills just outside the edge of a deep cabbage clump. Sometimes they're holding close to the bottom, other times just under the surface. But they're near some sort of edge. As you scan the bottom, a small finger of rock appears, extending from a deep weedline, and you startle a few perch. Looking up, you may find crappies suspended above the hard-bottom spot surrounded by sand and silt. Again, edges key location. Types of Edges Bottom-oriented and cover-oriented species make more use of physical edges for resting and feeding, so walleyes and bass often share these spots with bluegills. Weededges and bottom-type transitions are the most important edges in natural lakes. In reservoirs, other important physical edges include submerged treelines or brushlines, roadbeds, and creek channels. Vegetation Edges: Weededges form where lake or reservoir depth increases and sunlight can't penetrate into the depths. In some spots, bottom type shifts from sand or silt where plants can root, to rock or gravel, yielding weedless areas. Such deep weededges are high-percentage areas for big bluegills and crappies through summer and into fall. The shallow side of a weedbed presents an edge as well. Inside edges are prime spawning sites for sunfish and sometimes crappie. Most larger panfish move deeper, though, once water temperatures approach summertime highs and baitfish and plankton are abundant on the edge of the main lake or reservoir basin. Here, other types of edges can be important. Structure Edges: In reservoirs, structural edges often define the summertime homes of crappie, and sometimes bluegills and white bass, too. Submerged roadbeds are concentration areas for summertime crappie, as are the edges of creek channels where a sloping flat meets deeper water at the flooded stream bank, often adorned with timber. While relating to this edge, groups of crappies shift vertically with time of day. Toward evening, they may move near the surface to feed on young shad, and closer to the channel edge during the day. And when cold fronts buffet the lake, crappies often move into thick brush along the channel or drop deeper into the channel, but still relating to this edge. Unseen Edges: Some edges aren't as visible with an underwater camera. Current edges, temperature clines, and features like mudlines position panfish. In rivers and the upper portions of large impoundments, current brings prey and positions it. While shad tend to school in a narrow band in fast-moving water, white bass are powerful swimmers and can attack from any angle, scattering shad in all directions. At other times, whites instinctively find the current seam where fast water meets slack. They hold close to current, burning little energy to maintain position while waiting for baitfish to swim by. Casting along this edge, retrieving in a downstream direction, can be deadly. Panfish are keenly sensitive to surrounding temperature and can follow gradients to find prime conditions for feeding, digesting, and resting. In summer, cool tributaries and springs bring milder temperatures, current, and oxygen that attract baitfish. In winter, these spots offer milder conditions that fish often seek. Heavy rains in a watershed create murky conditions that begin at the upper end of an impoundment where most inflows occur. The stained or even muddy water gradually advances downstream as a mudline, forming a sharp edge where it meets clear water. The advancing murk pushes baitfish ahead of it, and this glut of food draws white bass and crappie, along with bigger predators like stripers, bass, and walleyes. On large windblown impoundments, wave action also can create shoreline mudlines that white bass favor all year long. Chemical edges, particularly of pH and dissolved oxygen, dictate fish position, too. During summer, many ponds and small impoundments stratify thermally and chemically. Of interest to anglers is the gradual and often complete loss of oxygen in the depths of these waters by mid-summer. Even catfish are forced to suspend above the bad water or move to shallower banks. Defining this oxycline requires an oxygen meter; but if your minnows die when soaked under a float or bottom rig, you're fishing too deep. Highly fertile waters, thick with planktonic algae and vegetation, often suffer oxygen drops at night during summer. Photosynthesis ceases then and respiration by plants and animals, along with decomposition of organic matter, reduces oxygen. Early morning fishing can be slow, as fish are sluggish due to low dissolved oxygen. Action improves as the day progresses. Big waters, many of which are great producers of hefty perch, can be intimidating — so much water for fish to get lost in. Savvy anglers find that edges often are the key to finding big schools of active perch occupying the deep rolling flats of Lake Erie's Central Basin, for one prime example. Craig Lewis of Erie Outfitters in Cleveland, Ohio, guides for perch and his clients rarely go home without a full bucket. "The most important edge for our perch is a bottom transition from rock to mud," he says. "Perch often hold near the break, and at times they switch their feeding from the rock side to the mud side of the transition. In fact, one day they may be feeding on the rocky side, then switch the next day to mud. "On Erie, the best transition areas have a sharp change in bottom content. At times, we've been anchored and anglers in the bow, fishing over mud, are catching fish, while those in the stern aren't getting a bite. Perch are versatile feeders, but on Erie their favorite forage is the emerald shiner, and shiners typically school over mud bottoms. At other times, though, perch eat zebra mussels that colonize rocky areas." Top-end LCD sonars clearly display such mud-rock bottom transitions. Hard bottom gives a sharper return and you often get a double echo, even with the unit on auto-mode. With some units, you need to turn up the sensitivity until there's a second echo below the first. According to Lewis, the positioning of perch on either side of the edge can make a difference in presentation as well as location. "On rock, perch stay close to the bottom, and you must keep your baits down to get bit," he instructs. "When shiners are the target forage, perch often ride higher. But they all tend to hold at that same preferred level." In-Fisherman website editor and Staff Photographer Jeff Simpson, a Dakota native, notes the importance of edges and prey positioning to perch on smaller lakes as well. "Many of South Dakota's prime perch waters have open basin areas where perch gather during much of the year," he says. "Perch school for two reasons. First, they seem to know there's safety in numbers. "Second, larger groups of fish make it easier to find food, which typically is aggregated in confined areas but is abundant within those areas. Once the feast is found, there's plenty for all. Thus it pays for all members to hunt for the good of the group. Common prey options include shrimp, larval insects, and baitfish. "At times, it's difficult to know what has concentrated the food supply," he continues. "I often drop down a camera and drift. You may see nothing for 75 yards, then all of a sudden it's a writhing mass of green heads and black bars. They stay in that area until the food supply dwindles. These areas are what I call prey edges. "Over the years, we've found ways to create our own prey edges and draw perch in. If you catch enough small crayfish, you can chum a school of perch into your area. Toss out crayfish meat and tails and the perch find you. "Another trick," Simpson says, "is to double-anchor your boat in a productive area. Anchor off the bow with a long line to hold position. Drop a smaller stern anchor straight down and tie it off so the rocking of the boat in waves raises and lowers the anchor at the bottom. This banging creates a silt plume and dislodges food items, drawing fish to you across a broad, featureless area of the lakebed. "Once you've drawn perch in, fish as many lines as possible, as this seems to duplicate a scenario of abundant prey," he adds. "In shallow water, you can anchor and perch move to the shadow edge that the hull throws on the bottom." During summer, crappies display what biologists call "crepuscular feeding" — most activity is early and late in the day. Apparently, their large eyes enable them to see well during these times of reduced light when minnows and shad are less able to elude them. At dawn and dusk, crappies use the surface edge to trap emerging insects and small minnows, and you can spot their swirling strikes with an occasional dorsal fin breaking the top. Crappies also hold and feed at irregularities in weedlines, such as channel cuts, changes in weed type, and rocky breaks, as well as underwater points and the inside turns on either side. They use these pockets and turns to corral prey. They function well as close-range feeders, quickly sucking in small fish with their extendable, gulping mouths. As the day progresses, crappies tend to move deeper and hold farther from the weededge itself, though still relating loosely to it. They may not actively chase prey at this time, but they'll sneak up and suck in a small marabou jig or tube slowly swimming through their zone, or a live minnow set on a float rig. Midday fishing can be productive, though usually not as fast as at dawn or dusk on a sunny summer day. In clear lakes, shallow shoreline areas contain primarily small bluegills once spawning is completed. Big bluegills may move to the deep weedlines, joining crappies, walleyes, and bass, though often segregated a bit in their precise location. Crappies tend to hold nearest the surface, walleyes closest to bottom. Bass and bluegills roam the lower third of the water column along outside weededges. Pulling a small Lindy rig parallel to the deep edge accounts for big bluegills on natural lakes and weedy impondments. Bluegills are uncanny in their ability to range and feed from surface to bottom. Somehow, news spreads across an entire bay that bugs are hatching. Bluegills quickly go from being bottom-grubbers to surface feeders, and fish dimple the surface as far as the eye can see. The next day, they may be in mid-water, sipping zooplankton. After the spawn, white bass in reservoirs typically migrate down tributary creeks and feed in open water over deep reservoir basins. They forage on large schools of shad but often use the surface edge to trap baitfish. Their fast, slashing attacks seem ideal for this approach, and surface-feeding schools can be seen from June into October. Casting or trolling small crankbaits like a Shad Rap, CountDown Rapala, Bomber 5A, or 1/4-ounce Rat-L-Trap is effective, along with casting medium-sized spoons and jigs. At night, however, shad often move inshore and night-feeding white bass use main-lake points, riprap banks, bridge abutments, and offshore islands to feed. Here, casting Roadrunners, Storm Spinner Jigs, and marabou jigs, is deadly. At other times, whites feed on bottom, taking larger invertebrates that live in the upper layers of the sediment. Jigs and downsized Carolina rigs with softbaits like Case's Hellgrammite, Lunker City Hellgies, or Berkley Gulp! Alive! invertebrate baits work well. During summer, the thermocline forms an edge that panfish typically don't cross, as this cooling layer separates warm and productive surface water from the often oxygen-depleted cold depths of deep lakes and reservoirs. For most anglers, keying on edge patterns is straightforward. As predators, we are undoubtedly tuned to them as well. While some are obvious, others lie out of sight but visible via underwater lenses or detectable with other electronic tools. All are vital to fish. Tune in get in on action that will keep you on the edge of your seat this season. Custom Jigs & Spins Poppee Jig Northland Lite-Bite Bobber Northland Pro Series Lite-Bite Slip Float TC Tackle Woolly Bugger Jig

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CC-MAIN-2020-16

https://www.in-fisherman.com/editorial/water-edge-panfish/155602

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What is the Corona Virus – COVID-19 Coronaviruses (CoV) are a large family of viruses that cause illness ranging from the common cold to more severe diseases such as Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS-CoV) and Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS-CoV). The novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) is a new strain which has not previously been identified in humans. Signs of infection include respiratory symptoms such as cough, shortness of breath, difficulty breathing and fever. In more severe cases, pneumonia, severe acute respiratory syndrome, kidney failure and death can occur. Medical management of COVID 19 A limited range of drugs in support but no cure – Chloroquine proving to be effective along with anti-viral therapies. CHQ best for Ghana given its low cost and our familiarity with the drug. Government has to be persuaded to re-start mass production of CHQ and its use under strict medical guidelines. Countries currently using CHQ are the United States, China UK, Italy, France, India. Ghana needs to urgently integrate CHQ into our system of management and the government needs to move fast on this as other countries are starting to move. Need to look very closely at the current model that we intend to use to treat people - Is there anything we can change? - What can we build? - Define and rapidly construct C-19Treatments Units which are alternative to the full-scale hospital ICU - Rapid work needs to be undertaken to define what lockdown means in the Ghana context and it has to be communicated to people The physical isolation of all or parts of the population is one of the principal weapons currently being deployed to combat C-19 across the word In the absence of a vaccine or cure for the disease, and given the incredible virility of C-19 through various forms of contact, the principal weapon is the use of physical barriers at the scale of the city, the neighbourhood, the community, the block, the house, and the individual body so as to containing C-19 and halt its spread. My position on lockdown For me, whether to have a lockdown or not is not the issue. A lockdown is inevitable at a point. The real issue is how to implement and manage a lockdown within the Ghana context. The objective of a lockdown The objective would be for the nation to master the management of the disease, control its spread and if possible terminate community-acquired infections and achieve tolerable levels of clinical and hospital care that does not overwhelm our fragile health delivery system. Duration of a lockdown - Lockdown will have to last from 1 month to 3 months and perhaps more – two weeks only is completely unrealistic - We can go into lockdown now but it can only max 3- days to one-week maximum in our current situation but after that, there will be trouble - Effective lockdown requires an extremely wide range of measures to support people - Within a week after we go into lockdown, Government must come out with a comprehensive programme to address all aspects of lockdown The current visible focus of government (but a lot is happening behind the scenes) Ghana government system engaged in active case finding and contact tracing, quarantine of high-risk contacts, isolation and care for patients. Appears to be reasonably successful with suspect case isolation, rapid diagnosis, and contact tracing. Ghana system of management In an ideal world, we would have the following - sufficient test kits - well-stocked and identified isolation/quarantine hospitals/wards; - adequate number of medical personnel; medicines and vaccines, personal protection equipment like gloves, masks, gowns, shoes; disinfection mats and disinfectants; - cross-ministerial and cross-country management teams, with in-built and inter-ministerial daily meetings and briefings; - identified government spokesperson who will be the face of the management team; identified international liaison person – to liaise with other regional, continental and international governments and the WHO), - daily governmental updates to the citizenry at pre-determined times and pre-determined media channel to give them the facts (what policies are working and what changes are needed), calm nerves, explain why certain decisions have been made or may need to be changed, allay their fears and generally assure them that the government is on top of the problem and is doing all it can to return the country to normal within the shortest possible time. This is starting to happen as we speak although it is still slow. But we do have elements of a streamlined management system Problems and issues facing the Ghana government and that must be progressively mastered over the period of the lockdown – not everything can be done at once or needs to be done at once - People have mastered a particular way of life to survive over the years in normal times. What happens when all of a sudden an unplanned interruption occurs in their way of life? - Principal problem facing Ghana government is that it has to move on testing, surveillance, laboratory strengthening, emergency operations centre support, epidemiology expertise, outbreak response capacity (including risk communication and health promotion), and the ability to base decisions on data – 50,000 diagnostic kits ordered and Jack Ma also donating some – clearly not enough - Most emergency workers have no cars of their own Ambulance service is laughable - Community pharmacies are major health outlets but not yet put in shape to handle the crisis - Radio stations are the functional emergency frequencies – the government has no national system for reaching the people - It is common knowledge that for most salaried workers earning below 1k per month it difficult to cover the whole month with their salary so they are constantly running deficits - How do people have access to food and other essentials to survive if the lockdown stretches over days given our income levels, especially those who earn daily wages. Like taxi drivers, labourers etc. If they don’t go to work, they’ll starve. Most families live ‘hand to mouth’ and on a daily basis how do we assist them to cope - How do we ensure that there is enough food in the system since people would have to stock at certain points during the lockdown - How do we replenish stocks? How do we ensure the stability of prices - How many homes have fridges to preserve food and how many people can store food for a week? - Can the government make food available for people locked down in the homes - Can food be supplied for a period of months in case government want to supply at the doorstep - Most of our staples are perishable, the plantain, cassava, yam cocoyam, vegetables, fruits. What planning goes into ensuring that these supply chains are not interrupted to ensure the continuous flow of food - Those that could be stored, rice, maize, gari, sugar etc., Plans will have to be made to ensure that we have in place adequate supplies during the lockdown since imports will not be flowing as in normal times – we must build this up rapidly immediately after the first week - For salaried workers, it might be useful to activate the consumer cooperative shops that used to be in almost every workplace during the 70s, 80s and early 90s. These were run by the unions and workplace welfare committees. Government can support companies to give a special lock down ‘food basket’ on a long term credit basis to all worker - The food basket would contain key food items like, rice, oil, sugar, gari, maize. Some detergents and toiletries could be added - Community intervention would be a bigger challenge. But this is where assemblies and MPs, as well as traditional rulers, would have to prove their relevance - Government outreach would be effective also if organised professional groups are utilised like the teachers(GNAT, UTAG etc. and drivers GPRTU, PROTOA) etc - But above all Government must be careful not to single-handedly issue measures. - The government must from this week have sector-wide consultations and meetings with stakeholders and take their inputs so the final measures that are announced reflect a national consensus. That build-up alone would engender massive support and ownership that ensures concerted national action as we saw during the PNDC era Suggest a 90 Day Emergency set of Measures – Economic and Social Week 1 – Broader Economic Measures to support a lockdown - Emergency Revision of budget with tailored economic measures that are fit for purpose but requires information - A quick survey of hardest-hit segments of the economy – Tourism/Hotels/Travel / Air and Land/Traders ( small / medium / Mkt women ) - Speedy emergency clearing of raw materials from Port to pharmaceutical manufacturers at the forefront of providing drugs for supportive care - Companies that have the capacity for workers to work remotely from work site should encourage workers to work off-site from home Week 2 to Week 3 – Support Measures - Special lending rates; rollover of loans and overdrafts; - Minimum daily wage payments to workers in the segments of economy targeted and hardest hit - People whose income has dried up for the next six months. - Income support will need to be administered through the companies, trade associations, district assemblies - Large corporates – increased capital allowances/tax breaks for those who do not lay off workers - The capped discount interest rate for borrowing for the next 90 days or three months - The $100 million can about $25m (25%) be used and applied to fund some of these emergency 90-day support measures. Managing school closures – what can be done here? THE $100 MILLION CAN ABOUT $25M (25%) BE USED AND APPLIED TO FUND SOME OF THESE EMERGENCY 90 DAY SUPPORT MEASURES Health communication aspect of lockdown - Public health information currently too generic to support a lockdown – we need to go beyond basic information about C-19 that has been offered so far by the public health campaigns. Lockdown issues are different. - Currently, we are focused on “What is Ebola? How is it spread? What are the symptoms? How long does it last?” - But Lockdown phase that is coming deals with an additional set of issues – we need health messaging that addresses ‘higher-order,’ practical information to manage a lockdown for 4 weeks to six weeks - What are we going to do with compound houses? - How do I manage a family of children, including infants and toddlers, in quarantine?” - “How do I transport someone to a hospital or clinic without promoting infection?” - What does my community do with an exposed and infectious body when the health - teams do not come to collect it?” - How to properly care for sick people - How to isolate sick people - How to transport sick people safely - How to isolate corpses - How to maintain personal and household hygiene and use hygiene materials - How to make use of available PPE= - How to properly disinfect homes. - Care and management of families and young children where parents or care-givers are sick or die or are outside the home - During lockdown breaks to buy food, people need to stand apart as they line up to enter a supermarket or pharmacy – lines can be drawn showing where people need to stand Clear that heightened attention to sanitation would prohibit the spread of the virus Governmental, NGO, and bilateral support required to sponsor heightened sanitation in private and public latrines, to include the distribution of buckets, ash, and bleach for washing, and locally obtainable personal protective equipment (PPE) gear like raincoats, rain boots, and plastic bags. Lessons from Liberia and Sierra Leone The quarantines or lockdowns applied in the two countries - In Liberia, the Johnson Sirleaf government declared a state of emergency on August 7, 2014, and placed three counties (Bomi, Lofa, and Cape Mount) under quarantine four days later. Quarantines of various scales were used throughout the duration of the crisis, - Liberia took the extraordinary step of implementing a cordon sanitaire around one of the poorest neighbourhoods in the capital city, Monrovia – met by riots – we must avoid this - In September 2014 Sierra Leone imposed a three-day national shut-down, and at moments it effectively placed more than a third of its population under indefinite quarantine orders – local unrest but did not reach the scale of the protests in Liberia Important to note that COVID quarantine different from Ebola quarantine in a large number of ways. Even so lessons from these experiences that are relevant to us are as follows: - People needed to be convinced that the disease was real - A critical role of trusted local leaders, both formally appointed or selected or informally powerful and influential - Basic needs – physical and non-physical must be met for the quarantine to be successful - Defined and constructed Ebola control units which were appropriate to treatment without being full-scale hospitals or wards were highly successful– more like the field stations that you set up during wars – ETCs were critical in bringing the situation in Liberia under control - Local community and household-based structures critical to bringing Ebola under control – local social networks are essential for controlling infectious disease outbreaks – without them, formal public health and biomedical interventions will fail or will mask serious problems - Ebola was beaten by mobilizing everybody – women’s groups, youth groups, local zonal heads, political groups, clinics, church-based organizations, non-governmental organizations, and recreational clubs. - Messages had to constantly change to fit the situation - Continuity of messages and continuity of message delivery is a critical issue Are we going to bring in international partners to support us? Which international partners are we going to be bring in to support us? NGOs, Cuba, China itself

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CLEVELAND CITY GOVERNMENT. Cleveland's city government took its present shape in Jan. 1914 with implementation of a new Home Rule Charter (see HOME RULE) which increased the city's powers of self-government so that it could deal with modern, complex urban affairs. Prior to 1914, city services were provided by a combination of officers, boards, and commissions, many elected directly by the people or appointed by city council. The Village of Cleveland was incorporated by the Ohio general assembly on 23 Dec. 1814, which directed that a president, recorder, 3 trustees, treasurer, village marshal, and 2 assessors be elected by the citizens. By 1836 the population had increased sufficiently to replace the village charter with a new city charter incorporating Cleveland with a mayor-council form of government. The new city status gave it increased taxing and borrowing power. The council was preeminent at this time, with most administrative work performed in standing committees. As president of the council, the mayor could vote in case of a tie. Ohio cities depended on the state legislature to alter their form of government, and the General Assembly monitored city affairs closely. Local matters took up a great deal of the assembly's time until the General Municipal Corp. Act of 1852 was passed establishing a standard governmental structure for all municipalities. Administrative boards were given authority over certain city services. The mayor was no longer president of the council and did not appoint standing committees. In addition, more appointed positions became elected offices, such as police judge and commissioner of waterworks. As the management of urban affairs became more complex, the number of boards and commissions multiplied, and by 1891 voters recognized that such a government was inefficient. As a result, the more centralized Federal Plan was adopted, giving the mayor authority to appoint directors of public safety and public service, concentrating responsibility for these departments under one elected official. The Ohio Supreme Court, however, declared Cleveland's Federal Plan unconstitutional in 1902, making it necessary to adopt a new code. Although Cleveland enjoyed good government under Mayor TOM L. JOHNSON during the next 9 years, the desire for home rule remained strong to clarify the executive and legislative functions. A home rule amendment to the Ohio constitution, approved by voters in 1913, allowed municipalities to enact their own charters. In 1923 the voters replaced the charter with the CITY MANAGER PLAN to improve the efficiency of local government and reduce corruption. The 25-member council was elected from 4 districts by proportional representation, and a professional city manager was chosen. Continuing corruption and conflict between city council and the manager, however, ended the experiment in 1931, and the city returned to the mayor-council form and the ward principle. In 1986 Cleveland's city government was divided into 3 branches: the legislative branch, consisting of a 21-member council; the judicial branch, consisting of the municipal court and the clerk of courts; and the executive branch, consisting of the mayor, his adjunct offices, advisors, and the administrative departments. The mayor is the chief executive of the city and is responsible for enforcing the city charter, city ordinances, and the laws of the State of Ohio. He has the right to introduce legislation and may participate in the discussion, but he has no vote. The mayor supervises the administration of city services, and appoints the director of each department. The mayor and the directors constitute the Board of Control, which oversees the awarding of contracts. Adjunct offices, such as the Office of Management & Budget, formed in 1965, Personnel, Consumer Affairs, and Equal Opportunity aid the mayor in carrying out his charter-mandated duties. The Office of Consumer Affairs was created in 1972 to protect consumers from fraudulent business practices by enforcing the city's Consumer Protection code. The historical precedent for this office was the Weights & Measures Bureau, moved to Consumer Protection from the Department of Parks, Recreation & Public Properties. The director of the Office of Equal Opportunity establishes and monitors equal employment and affirmative-action policies and programs required by federal, state, and municipal law. Thirteen administrative departments reporting directly to the mayor provide the city with the full range of municipal services. The Home Rule charter provided for 6 departments, Law, Finance, Public Safety, Public Service, Public Utilities, and Public Welfare but also allowed council to create new ones by ordinance or charter amendments with the concurrence of the Board of Control. The Law Department, formed in 1903, combined the formerly elective positions of city solicitor and police prosecutor and is responsible for defending the city in all suits as well as drafting or approving legislation, contracts, and bonds. The law director is legal advisor, attorney, and counsel for the city, acting mayor when necessary, and first to succeed the mayor if he should resign. There are 2 divisions in the Law Department: the Civil Division, headed by the chief counsel, and the Criminal Division, headed by the city prosecutor. The Finance Department is in charge of the city's fiscal affairs. The Division of Accounts, which maintains Cleveland's accounting records and certifies that funds are available and appropriated for expenditure before payment is made; the Treasury Division, which serves as custodian of all moneys, deposits, and investment securities. There are also Divisions of Assessments & Licenses and Purchases & Supplies, Internal Audit, Printing & Reproduction, established in 1952 to prepare financial reports, and the Central Collection Agency, organized in 1966 to collect the municipal income tax. The Department of Public Services originated in 1836 when an ordinance was passed permitting city council to appoint a commissioner of streets. The General Municipal Corp. Act mandated a Board of Improvements consisting of the mayor, civil engineer, and 3 city commissions, all elected offices. In 1910 the mayor was given the authority to appoint a director of public service. The divisions of Streets and Engineering were combined under this department, as well as divisions for all public properties. Engineering Division designed and constructed the city's sewer system, main interceptor sewers, and the three sewage-treatment plants until 1937 when the treatment plants were transferred to the Utilities Department. In 1986 the service department had 5 divisions: the Engineering Division, which rehabilitated and maintained and inspected the city's bridges and docks, maintained the city sidewalks and did all survey work for any city property; Waste Collection and Disposal, responsible for the city's sanitation; Motor Vehicle Maintenance; Street Maintenance and Construction; and Architecture. The expenditures of the Department of Public Safety accounted for over half the total budget of Cleveland in 1986. The city's largest department, with 3,335 full-time employees, it has 5 operating divisions: Police, Fire, Emergency Medical Service, Traffic, and Dog Pound. Police and Fire were 2 separate departments until 1904, when the first Board of Public Safety was created to oversee the operations of both departments. This board was superseded by the Department of Public Safety in 1910. Early in the city's history, volunteer forces handled fire and police duties. In 1837 a fire warden was appointed for each ward. In 1862 the volunteer plan was discontinued in favor of a department headed by a chief engineer. The first Fire Prevention Bureau was organized in 1896 with 2 fire wardens, whose duties were to inspect buildings for fire hazards and note violations of ordinances. In 1986 the Fire Division operated 5 programs: Fire Prevention, Fire Suppression, Fire Communication, Fire Training Service, and Right-to-Know. Right-to-know enforces the 1985 ordinance which requires employers to inform employees of hazardous substances in the workplace. The city council appointed the first night watch in 1850, after volunteer forces proved inadequate in preserving the peace. The watchman had equal authority with the city marshal in that duty. Ohio's Metropolitan Police Act was passed in the 1866, creating a Board of Police Commissioners which passed levies to fund operations. Initiated in 1975, the Emergency Medical Service was upgraded to an all advanced life support system in 1986, providing pre-hospital emergency care and basic and advanced life support on a 24-hour basis to Cleveland's citizens. The first Board of Water Works Commissioners was elected in 1853 to preserve the public health from water-borne diseases and provide a reliable supply of water with which to fight fires; the first water flowed through the new city-owned system in September 1856. Electricity and gas were originally supplied by private companies supervised by a commissioner of franchises. Cleveland acquired electric light plants when it annexed the villages of S. BROOKLYN in 1905 and COLLINWOOD in 1910. After Cleveland's home rule charter enabled the city to own and operate public utilities, a new light plant was opened in 1914 and the Department of Public Utilities was organized, consisting of the self-supporting Water and Light & Power Divisions (see WATER SYSTEM, MUNICIPAL OWNERSHIP). In 1937 the sewage treatment plants were transferred to the Department of Public Utilities from the service department and a self-supporting Sewage Disposal Division was formed. During the post-World War II period, the new division acquired responsibility for the major interceptor sewers and sewage engineering and was renamed the Water Pollution Control Division. In 1972 all responsibility for the sewage treatment plants, interceptors, and sewage engineering was transferred to the newly organized Cleveland Regional Sewer District (known as the Northeast Ohio Regional Sewer District in 1986). The Department of Public Health & Welfare, established in 1913, was one of the first in the U.S. to deal with recreation, charities, housing, employment, and corrections, as well as public health and sanitation. At one time the department included in its operations the City Infirmary, City Farm, Workhouse, correctional institutions for both boys and girls, and Camp Cleveland. Eventually it was decided that most of the correctional and welfare institutions should be turned over either to the county or the state. In 1986 the focus of the department was on the enforcement of state and local health, environmental, and sanitation codes. That was accomplished by operating neighborhood health clinics, conducting inspections, and issuing licenses. The Air Pollution Control Division was formed in 1947 by ordinance and merged the activities of smoke abatement (which had belonged to the Division of Housing in the Public Safety Department) with the Bureau of Industrial Nuisances and the Bureau of Industrial Hygiene. The division is responsible for measuring the extent of pollutants in the air and enforcing federal, state, and local pollution regulations. Cleveland was known as the "FOREST CITY" because of its abundance of trees, and in 1898 a Department of Forestry & Nurseries was established to safeguard this asset. By 1921 it was formally known as the Department of Parks & Public Property, renamed the Department of Parks, Recreation and Public Properties in 1980. In addition to parks and playgrounds, it was responsible for airports, CEMETERIES, markets, golf courses, and swimming pools, as well as the convention center. In 1954 a Department of Port Control was established, taking over airports from the Department of Parks and Public Properties and the docks from the service department, to plan and develop the necessary airport and harbor facilities in anticipation of the St. Lawrence Seaway opening. In 1968 the port and harbor functions were transferred to the newly organized CLEVELAND-CUYAHOGA COUNTY PORT AUTHORITY, with Port Control retaining its responsibility for CLEVELAND HOPKINS and BURKE LAKEFRONT airports. A complete reorganization of Cleveland's city government was undertaken when an Operations Improvement Task Force was established in 1980 by Mayor George Voinovich to streamline the administration in the wake of DEFAULT. In its report, both capital improvements and organization changes were addressed, including a 4-year term for the mayor and members of city council. Among the departments affected was the Department of Community Development, organized in 1966. In 1980 the Operations Improvement Task Force recommended the addition of the Division of Neighborhood Revitalization to develop and implement plans for the use of federal block grant money. In addition, the Division of Rehabilitation and Conservation helped homeowners improve their properties through low-interest loans and grants; the Division of Building and Housing was responsible for enforcement of the city's building and housing codes; the Redevelopment Division reviewed and evaluated proposals to redevelop city-owned properties and managed city properties being used for commercial purposes; and the Administrative Services Division provided support services for the entire department. The Department of Human Resources & Economic Development was established in 1968 to implement programs for employment opportunities, manpower organization, and industrial development. After the Operations Improvement Task Force, Economic Development was given separate departmental status. The Department of Aging, which assisted in administering all city programs relating to older persons, evolved from the Mayor's Commission on Aging established in 1971 receiving department status in 1981. Besides the three branches of government, there are specialized boards and commissions that are appointed by the mayor and/or council to provide citizen involvement, assist in policy formation, or regulate activities of an administrative department. The Board of Building Standards & Building Appeals hears appeal cases of citizens who have grievances with the building code. The Board of Zoning Appeals performs a similar function in regard to the zoning code. The Board of Examiners of Plumbers certifies contractors to do work within the city. The 7-member City Planning Commission, established in 1915, acquired its own professional staff in 1942. The commission and its City Planning Department implemented a general plan adopted in 1949, which covers land use, transportation, recreation, and industrial, commercial, and residential development and improvement for the city. The commission also makes plans for specific improvements that it deems desirable for the city and recommends a 5-year capital-improvement budget to the mayor. The 11-member Landmarks Commission was established in 1971 to safeguard the heritage of the city by preserving sites and structures of cultural, social, economic, political or architectural history. The 6-member CLEVELAND COMMUNITY RELATIONS BOARD was organized in 1945 to improve race relations. In 1950 it was also given the authority to receive and investigate complaints of employment discrimination under the local Fair Employment Practices ordinance passed that year. The board also provided the information and skills necessary to resolve neighborhood tensions in order to establish amicable relationships among the city's diverse population. The first Civil Service Commission, made up of 3 members, appointed by the presidents of the Board of Education, city council, and the Sinking Fund Commission, took office in Jan. 1910, pursuant to the Ohio Municipal Civil Service Law. The 1913 city charter maintained the composition of the commission but vested appointing authority in the mayor. A 1967 charter amendment increased the number of commissioners to 5. The commission and staff were responsible for testing and certifying individuals in the classified civil service, maintaining personnel records, and conducting hearings for disciplinary action against city employees. The ex officio boards and commission are those whose members serve by virtue of their positions in city government, including the Sinking Fund Commission, the Board of Review for Income Tax, the Board of Review for Assessments, the Board of Sidewalk Appeals, and the Moral Claims Commission. The Sinking Fund Commission, established in 1862, accumulated funds from tax levies and income to discharge the outstanding debt of the city at maturity. It was composed of the mayor, the president of council, and the director of finance. Some of Cleveland's local government services have been regionalized to achieve the benefits of a larger tax base and to qualify for state and federal subsidies. Urban transit was provided by the privately owned CLEVELAND RAILWAY CO. for 30 years before Cleveland purchased the system in 1942 and reorganized it as the semi-independent Cleveland Transit System (CTS). CTS was operated by a 5-member Cleveland Transit Board appointed by the mayor with city council's approval. The system's steady decline in ridership was due to the popularity of the automobile and the population shift to the suburbs, which reduced revenues so that regional organization and a subsidy were necessary to keep the system in operation. On 1 Jan. 1975 the GREATER CLEVELAND REGIONAL TRANSIT AUTHORITY was organized to own and operate CTS. After a subsidy was approved by the voters in July, the SHAKER RAPID TRANSIT and numerous suburban bus lines throughout the county were added to the system. The Cleveland Metropolitan Housing Authority was established in 1933 to provide decent, affordable housing for low-income people. After World War II, area-wide housing shortages required that more public housing be built. Other regional authorities in the Cleveland area are the Northeast Ohio Regional Sewer District, the Cleveland-Cuyahoga County Port Authority, the CLEVELAND METROPARKS SYSTEM, and the NORTHEAST OHIO AREA-WIDE COORDINATING AGENCY (NOACA), a comprehensive area-wide planning organization comprised of representatives from Cuyahoga, Geauga, Lake, Lorain, and Medina counties. Mary Ellen Kollar Public Administration Library Snavely, Charles. "A History of the City Government of Cleveland, Ohio" (Ph.D. diss., 1902 WRHS)

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Despite of resounding independence, individuality in modern society is heavily dependent on person's social status. It means that belonging to a particular class of society determines the quality of communication and interpersonal relationships. Higher education obtained from a prestigious university, first-class work providing solid income that allows people to look spectacular, and the ability to participate in a variety of activities are factors that, according to Goffman, allow people to create theatre performance. The latter becomes a stage where comic or tragic plays unfold daily. This is especially true for young people today, who spend more time socializing and watching the latest events in the lives of their friends than reading books or creating something. This paper investigates the correlation between Goffman’s theory and online social networks usage. It supports the point by presenting arguments provided by leading authors in the field of sociology. With the aim to understand how Goffman's theoretical sociologic ideas presented in “The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life” are intertwined with the concept of usage of social networks and social media, it is important to understand the roots of his theoretical developments. Erving Goffman gained a reputation of acknowledged professional in micro-sociological interpretation among social scientists. He is known as a unique and esoteric thinker. Goffman applied socio-dramatic approach in his work (Smith 2006). It is important to point out that online social network is a network aimed at building online communities of people with similar interests and/or activities. Communication is conducted through the internal mail service and instant messaging. In such networks Folksonomy (cooperation of a group of people to organize the information.) is typically used. Online network can provide information about the person (date of birth, school, high school, hobbies, etc.), with a help of which a network user will be able to find others. One of the common features of social networking is a system of "friends" and "groups". Consequently, for an individual who is a part of a society, being recognized as a unique person possessing certain talents and being successful to some extent is very important. It rarely happens that one can find sentimental pictures of human misery on Facebook. Instead, online social network is overloaded with images of social interactions, travels, numerous parties at nightclubs and themed events that emphasize special status of a person, who wishes to make a positive impression on his friends. The other side of social networking is the possibility to express oneself, when people demonstrate their achievements in a particular field on their webpage (Kaplan & Haenlein 2010). It should also be pointed out that Goffman described the difference between real feelings and the way a person positions himself or herself. The main goal that is pursued by each person in interaction with other individuals or community group is creation of an appropriate impression that is favourable for the person, so called illusion. It is rather easy to create such an opinion about the person in virtual circumstances rather than during face-to-face interaction. Goffman perceives social "I" not as the property of an actor, but as the product of theatrical interaction between performers and audience. Just like in theatre, appearance, stage props, and scenery are important in social life. However, the main role, naturally, belongs to partners around the stage and the audience. When individuals interact, they want a certain understanding of their "I" to be adopted by others. However, they understand that part of the audience, or bad partners, can disrupt their performance. Social situations are a drama in miniature, during which people seek to create certain impressions (Scannell 2007). Goffman describes an important role of managing impressions during social interaction, so it is sometimes called the "theory of impression management". He believes that people will create situations to express symbolic value, through which they are able to make a good impression on others. A person wants to influence behaviour of others, especially their response. It affects not just the situation, but also forces others to feel desire to behave in accordance with his intentions (Scannell 2007). An online social network eliminates effects described by Goffman, which are caused by gestures and persons appearance during face-to-face communication. Personal homepage, for instance in Facebook or other online social network, allows its creator to promote him or her by demonstrating the best achievements and the brightest events, which happened in his/her life. Therefore, the author of the personal homepage has the ability to create an impression for readers that he/she needs. Informational content is also a result of careful deliberation of the effect that this information will have on the online community. A person can create self-presentation without any external body factors such as intonation of facial expression. Perception and interpretation of the information provided on the personal homepage may be different from different readers’ life position. However, it is structural, deliberate, and purposive and provides more control over the management of impression made by its content to the online community – friends or random users. It should be pointed that social media is a platform for users’ interaction, which takes the form of personal and common data sharing and creates the possibility to comment in virtual networks. Social media is a diversified phenomenon, including such projects as Blogger, video community Youtube, and social networks such as Facebook. Social media turned from a virtual realm for communication used in everyday life into a major project for the exchange of the latest information, news and achievements in different spheres of social life. Twitter, LinkedIn, MySpace, WordPress, Facebook, and other platforms keep multimillion audience engaged (Kaplan & Haenlein 2010). There are differences between creation and management of impressions in modern online social networks and in Goffman’s theory. Goffman considers that a person makes an efforts to create an impression on a particular audience at one specific stage in a certain situation. Modern social media allows a person to creating a self-presenting homepage to involve all audiences into one stage, which is single for the virtual space. Scannell (2007) claims that the way people communicate with each other has changed greatly. He also says that time for the interpersonal live contact is being increasingly replaced by obtaining information and experiencing emotions with a help of television and other mass media. Regarding Goffman’s theory, the author argued “Gofmann’s starting point is not the psychology of the individual but what is required of individuals for them to be social actors in interaction with one another” (p.151). Smith (2006) in his study points out that critics considered Goffman’s ideas inauthentic and predatory. The author claims “humanistic critics fault Goffman for his apparent promotion of a dark image of humans as cynical opportunists ruthlessly pursuing their amoral interests by managing impressions and controlling information” (Smith 2006, 95). However, in order to understand the importance of modern social media for self-presentation and creation of the needed impression, Goffman’s ideas can be partially applied. Goffman rejuvenates the famous ‘all the world’s a stage’ expression making an emphasis on exigencies of co-presence. Goffman’s focus on each person’s role in definite situation is fully applicable in modern online social networks. This virtual network is an opportunity for the person to be treated and perceived as he or she presented him or her to the audience by the content proposed at the personal homepage. Truly, it is easier to create an imaginary status picture, emphasizing strengths and not even giving the reader a reason to guess what the person hides at the back stage and what are his or her true thoughts and emotions. At the same time, the variance of the interpretation of the read information about personal and professional activities of the person can be controversial. Almost each representative of the modern society, especially those who desire to change their social status, have the opportunity to improve the impression of their unique individuality in social media by perfectly playing their chosen role. Mattelart and Mattelart (1998) describe the specific notion of the network. They claim that marketing, PR, and advertising are woven into the common history of human failures and victories displayed on smiling or unusual avatars on personal pages in Facebook or similar social networks. Communication becomes a calculated. Each replica is not as impulsive in live communication. It can be adjusted by means of specific amplification of emotional expression in the social network with the sole aim to create the desired impression. Baym (2010) argues that digital communication is the modern way of expressing emotions and transferring information. The author underlines, however, that, particularly in social networks, digital communication should not be understood and perceived as an impoverished version of live dialogue, where persons communicate face to face having the opportunity to impress the interlocutor by gestures, intonations, and using other body language signals. Modern digital communication is a mixture of online dialogue with expression of emotions by means of various emoticons, slang, or abbreviations supported by photos and videos, which assist in delivering of strong emotions. In digital media, face-to-face communication is combined with written communication. Baym (2010) argues that digital communication and the level of users' involvement is determined by gender, race, or familiarity with the medium. The author defines five community characteristics that include interpersonal support, shared resources and practices, shared support, and sense of space. Baym emphasizes the fact that communication has shifted from transferring information in the field of shared identity or topic to networked individualism that was more essential self-centring. Gauntlett (2011) claims that creativity and demonstration of creative results in the World Wide Web connects people in the field of interests. He says “collaboratively make interesting, informative and entertaining cultural spaces” (p.3). Creation of Web 2.0 boosted last achievements related to sharing information and creating something new in the form of communal allotment. Web 2.0 provides the possibility to users to be invited to participate in a play not only to observe the last innovative decisions, but also to change them and become engaged in the creativity process. Such products as YouTube, Facebook, Craigslist, EBay, and Wikipedia are only few examples of sites where users can contribute to its further development and variety of content. Papacharissi (2010) put an emphasis on communication theory and its correlation to social networks. The author underlines that Web 2.0, with its diversified communication opportunities, in particular social networks, picture-sharing, and video-sharing systems, wikis, reputation systems, or even action sites, supported new communication forms. Papacharissi states that “all of these forms allow ostensible peers - other users – to interact without having to disclose much about one’s offline identity or qualifications” (Papacharissi 2010). It is essential that in online social network, instead of strengthening the impression made by gestures, facial expressions, intonation in live communication, there exists an opportunity to post comments on author's web pages, in particular on the wall, thus influencing physical appearance and impression of the owner’s profile. “The effect of third-party comments and other attributes of third-party agents also extend to perceptions of individuals who created online profiles in social network system” (Papacharissi 2010, p. 28). Gofmann’s concept of theatrical place includes such components as front stage, back stage, and off-stage. Front stage is a direct space where crucial events of individual's life unfold, and the person knows that she or he will be watched and, therefore, plays the chosen role. The back stage is described as the place where the person can get rid of the mask and be himself or herself without the fear to make a false impression on the audience. Off-stage is a special place, where an individual actor meets with a representative of his target audience. In this situation person’s behaviour must be specific to create the best impression on the representative of the target audience (Smith 2006). Drawing parallels with online social networks, it should be pointed out that all these stages are present. It is easy for the personal webpage creator to make such a content using video and photo materials that will influence users in the manner to present himself or herself in a desired way. And no one can get to the back stage, where the individual is sincere. Users can only perceive the person through the prism of the material and a total picture that the person drew at his personal page. Off-stage communication takes place when an individual begins personal communication via message exchanging, information sharing, and gets involved in a dialogue with this user. Taking into account the profile of this user in virtual network, the person chooses particular strategy how to persuade this person and create desired attitude and impressions (Smith 2006). Miller (1995) argued that Goffman describes face-to-face communication as a well-known frame, which means that a person exactly knows his/her target audience, its preferences and location. Similar situation concerns not only face-to-face communication, but telephone communication too. However, the author underlines that these already known frames about the target audience are absent in the World Wide Web. Anyone can enter person’s “electronic selves” page, and established, well-known by a person frames about the target audience become lost. The author says that “sociality and interaction are necessary for us to know who we are and what we can say about ourselves to others, and much more depth and richness in electronic communication is needed before 'electronic selves' can emerge” (Miller 1995). Social life in its dramaturgical form and human interaction in this field is in the focus of Goffman’s “The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life”. Goffman appeals to impression creation and its management describing this process as the imaginary theatrical stage. Goffman argues that each person tries to create appropriate attitude to himself or herself or to the specific situation like an actor in the theatre. Such people create an illusion of feelings and emotions and they can be specific for the situation. They are purposely chosen to create the needed impression, however, at the back stage, this person can be completely different. Goffman uses concepts such as performance, appearance, setting, manner, front, back stage, off-stage and front stage in the framework of dramaturgical field. These concepts can be used to understand communication in online virtual network as a partially impoverished version of face-to-face communication due to the absence of facial expression and body language. Nevertheless, theoretical fundamental concept of interaction between particular person and his observers on stage, which is specific for each situation, is transformed today. By using social media tools each person appeals to the audience on the single stage creating unique personal self-presentation.

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The Oxford English Dictionary’s word of the year for 2015 was in fact not a word. It was the ‘Face with Tears of Joy’ emoji. This one > ? You’ll no doubt recognise it – here’s how it looks across different platforms: This feels like a significant acknowledgement that the way a large number of us communicate is shifting. It’s no longer just teenagers or younger people who are using emoji’s, hashtags and neologisms – they’ve reached the mainstream. In this post, we dig a bit deeper into how our language and communication has changed over recent years as we’ve adapted to interacting through social networks and apps, and we’ll also look at what this shift means for marketers. Let’s go! ? The functions of language Before we dive into how social media has changed the way we communicate and use language, it’s first important to understand the key functions of language. This is a subject Vyvyan Evans, Professor of Linguistics at Bangor University, explains more on over at the Oxford Dictionaries blog: “English, like any other natural language, has two major communicative functions. The first is an ideational function: to get an idea across, as when I say, It’s raining, or I love you. It also has an interactive-interpersonal function: to influence the attitudes and behaviours of others, and, in a myriad ways, change an aspect of the world’s states of affairs in the process.” Here’s how the two functions could look in marketing terms. To get an idea across: Here we have a banner from Amazon.com, very clearly letting you know there is a sale on: To influence the attitudes and behaviours: Here is a very different piece of marketing communication from Apple — this example feels far more aspirational and aims to influence our attitudes and behaviours. Whenever you’re writing, whether it’s an email, tweet or blog post, it can be great to think on these major functions: Are you trying to get a point across or influence attitudes and behaviours? More than words can say: The emoji revolution On awarding the ‘Face with Tears of Joy’ emoji the Word of the Year title, Caspar Grathwohl, president of Oxford Dictionaries, explained: “When you look back at the year in language, one of the most striking things was that, in terms of written communication, the most ascendant aspect of it wasn’t a word at all, it was emoji culture.” Emoticons have been around since 1982, but only actually moved into mainstream communication over recent years as social media has grown and emojis reached phone keyboards. Now, 6 billion emoji’s are sent every single day and according to Swyft Media, 74 percent of people in the U.S. regularly use stickers, emoticons or emojis in their online communication, sending an average of 96 emojis or stickers per day. How people are using emojis “The fact that English alone is proving insufficient to meet the needs of 21st-century digital communication is a huge shift.” – Casper Grathwohl One area Twitter have noticed a lot of emoji use is in tweets about TV, where fans can discuss what’s happening, how they feel about what they’re watching. Twitter found that the ‘Face with Tears of Joy’ emoji is by far the most popular emoji used in TV tweets: It’s typically used to convey laughter, but it doesn’t just see prominent usage in tweets about comedy programming: it’s the top emoji across all genres, as well as all times of day. Another popular emoji is: ? Signaling that users are loving what (or who!) they’re seeing on TV. Here are the top 10 emojis used across TV tweets: What this highlights is that we’ve moved beyond the simple smiley face and we’re now turning to emoji to convey extra meaning and emotion within the messages we send. How emojis are replacing words It feels like we’ve reached a point where in some cases, emojis have started to replace altogether, the words we send each other digitally, whether in an email, IM or tweet. For example, here’s how the expression of laughter has evolved: (Hat tip to Marcus for this excellent example) This evolution is backed up by a study from Instagram. What Instagram found is that many popular emoji have meanings in-line with early internet slang and have been adopted as a way to replace these words. Here are a few emoji and the slang Instagram found them to represent: - ? : lolol, lmao, lololol, lolz, lmfao, lmaoo, lolololol, lol, ahahah, ahahha, loll, ahaha, ahah, lmfaoo, ahha, lmaooo, lolll, lollll, ahahaha, ahhaha, lml, lmfaooo - ?: beautifull, gawgeous, gorgeous, perfff, georgous, gorgous, hottt, goregous, cuteeee, beautifullll, georgeous, baeeeee, hotttt, babeee, sexyyyy, perffff, hawttt - ?: #keepitup, #fingerscrossed, aswell, haha, #impressed, #yourock, lol, #greatjob, bud, #goodjob, awesome, good, #muchlove, #proudofyou, job, #goodluck Instagram also found that the rise in emoji popularity also correlates directly with the decline of internet slang: So whereas 10 years ago we may have abbreviated “that made me laugh” to “LOL”, now in 2016, we’re effectively replacing full sentences with emoji to convey the same meaning. Emoji as a way to complement words Communication is very visual and when it comes to text-based communication, “we’re babies,” explains Tyler Schnoebelen, a linguistics Ph.D. from Stanford, to NY Magazine. Schnoebelen also points out that we’re only now learning to write at the speed of talking (e.g. text or instant messages) without any physical contextual clues. He explains: If you are talking to someone face-to-face, you don’t need an additional word or symbol to express “I’m smiling” because you would, presumably, be smiling. In the 1950’s, psychologist Albert Mehrabian, determined that only 7 percent of communication is verbal (what we say), while 38 percent is vocal (how we say it) and 55 percent is nonverbal (what we do and how we look while we’re saying it). Here’s a great visual representation of this by Rob Tatman: Therefore, when we’re not communicating face-to-face, the vast majority of our communication skills are negated. Emojis have become a way to convey the tone and non-verbal context behind our texts, IMs or tweets and work amazingly alongside snippets of text as a way to give more context to a message. Take the below tweet, for example, the use of the ‘Face with Tears of Joy’ gives some key contextual clues to the text, indicating that the tweeter was laughing as they typed: 3 more ways social media has evolved the way we communicate 1. Acronyms & abbreviations As the Internet and mobile communication has grown, so has the collection of acronyms and abbrevations we use on a daily basis. My first experience of communicating in this way was through SMS when I’d use abbreviations like “spk l8r” to save valuable characters in my messages. Though, in some cases, emojis have replaced some acronyms and abbreviations, they are still very prominent in social media and have made irreversible impacts on the way we communicate. Since they were first introduced on Twitter, hashtags – clickable keywords used to categorize content – have become increasingly important to the way we communicate – both online and offline. Hashtags were intended to be, and are still used as, ways to follow conversations about a topic. For example, to keep up with news about my favorite football team I check #itfc. Hashtags have also grown into a way to express our feelings and emotions. For example, ending a tweet about going on holiday with “#NoMoreCold”, could imply excitement about heading for warmer shores. Lauren Schuhmacher explains in a Huffington Post blog post: “What we’re gaining from hashtagging is a new way to communicate ideas, more concise than ever. We can share, with one funny little symbol, a host of ideas that are merely tangential to our original thought, but that somehow manage to clarify or add to it.” “Social media is making it easier than ever to contribute to the evolution of language. You no longer have to be published through traditional avenues to bring word trends to the attention of the masses,” wrote Jon Reed on the Oxford Dictionaries blog. One of the most prominent examples of this is the word “Selfie.” The earliest use of the word was traced back to a forum post in 2002 and it wasn’t until a decade later when the word became extremely popular and even found it’s way into the dictionary. What you can see from the below graphic, though, is its meteoric rise in popularity throughout 2013: With Twitter, Facebook, Snapchat and other social media channels offering instant interaction with far-reaching audiences, it’s never been easier for words to spread and embed themselves within our day-to-day vocabulary. Katherine Connor Martin, head of U.S. Dictionaries at Oxford University Press explained to Esquire: It’s an amazing thing for lexicographers in this day and age, with things like Twitter—such unredacted, unedited speech—to see [words gaining in notoriety] in real time, as it offers a written record of what was once just oral slang. Slang is often very transient, first appearing in subcultures, and then tends to be proliferated online.” What this means for marketers: 4 ways to better communicate with your customers It feels clear that language and the way we all communicate have greatly evolved since social media hit the mainstream. What may not be so clear is how you can use this knowledge to get the edge over your competitors. Here are the top things businesses should consider: 1. Make brand interactions and engagement simple If the rise of social media, emoji and abbreviations teaches us anything, it’s that we are looking for more effective ways to communicate with each other, faster. The brands that win are the ones that will deliver amazingly simple customer experiences. For a great example of this, check out how Uber and Facebook Messenger have simplified the experience of getting somewhere: Another example is Domino’s emoji pizza delivery. Once customers have registered an ‘Easy Order’ account with Domino’s – including details of their pizza preferences – simply tweeting a pizza emoji will result in a delivery. 2. Make communication easy to follow A big part of social media success is making your brand or campaign story easy to follow. This is something Taco Bell had great success with during their campaign Nearly 33,000 people signed a virtual petition created by Taco Bell, pushing for a taco emoji to be created. When their request was accepted they celebrated with the #TacoEmojiEngine. If you tweeted @TacoBell the taco emoji + any other emoji you’d then be surprised with one of 600 unique taco inspired photos, gifs or sounds. The campaign was extremely fun, but what really made it stand out to me was how they’d brought a group of taco enthusiasts together and told the story in an easy-to-follow way across social media and their website. 3. Test, test, test Emoji and many neologisms have hit the mainstream and are becoming increasingly ingrained in popular culture. However, marketing and brand communications using emojis and newer words, phrases and abbreviations may not be for everyone. We’re in the midst of a major shift and there’s likely to be some audiences that have embraced newer forms of communication, and will respond positively to them, and there are other audiences that aren’t quite there yet. It could be good to start small, and test an approach that may work for your brand. 4. Tap into emotion in brand messages Studies have shown that brands that can connect with their buyers on an emotional level will see 2 times more impact than those who are still trying to sell a business or functional value. Try to think how the language you use and communication you send out can help build emotional connections. It could be important to remember how emoji can help convey the tone and non-verbal context behind the copy you use in any adverts or social media posts. Over to you Have you noticed social media changing the way you communicate? Have you tried any marketing campaigns using emoji? I’d love to hear your thoughts and experiences. Excited to join you in the comments! ?

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Creating Time for Equity Together In urban communities across the nation, a broad range of partners have committed to reinventing educational time together to ensure equitable access to rich learning opportunities for all young people. Denver, Los Angeles, Chicago, New York, Newark, Detroit – as some of our nation’s largest cities, these communities share many traits: urban centers, diverse communities, challenging local politics. Yet each is also unique. As varied as each city’s place on the map are the sectors, groups, and people involved in each city’s education system – teachers, school and district leaders, school designers, foundations, businesses, community organizations, researchers. Understanding school communities like these – and the people who work in them – is critical to understanding how we can best build education systems that increase life opportunities for all young people. The Time for Equity team at the Annenberg Institute for School Reform (AISR) has worked to increase that understanding by meeting with and learning from grantees of the Ford Foundation’s More and Better Learning Time initiative. This initiative aims to reinvent public schools in neighborhoods of concentrated poverty by adding and improving learning time. This approach goes beyond simply making the school day and year longer. The urban communities we work with are also reinventing how time is used both inside and outside the classroom as they seek to transform schools and communities into places where all children learn and thrive. We are both inspired and humbled by the work our partners are doing. While there is much promise and many wins in this work, it is also challenging: we are not proposing any silver bullets. Addressing the systemic inequities that have plagued our public education system for decades will require hard work and a long-term commitment to the communities and school systems being engaged. This issue of VUE aims to share both the inspiration and the challenges of this work through the stories of a cross-section of our partners in the field. Across the nation, we saw our partners using their creativity, commitment, and unique resources to create new school and system designs that challenge the what, who, and why of our public education system. Easiest to understand is the what. We learned about approaches like community schools, which surround schools in high-needs communities with a wealth of learning and support services; Generation Schools, which are reimagining the school calendar to make space for intensive learning in science, arts, and culture; and Promise Neighborhoods, which are working to create cradle-to-career pathways for young people and their families (see the sidebar for examples of more and better learning time approaches used in sites included in our study). Each approach is unique, but what links these models together is a shared commitment to ensuring equitable access for all young people to rich learning opportunities that prepare them for college, career, and civic life, particularly in the nation’s lowest-income communities. More challenging to understand is the who. In each city, the Ford Foundation staff has chosen to engage a broad range of sectors with many kinds of expertise in re-envisioning education systems. Rather than create a new brand or model of reform, the Foundation’s goal is more to amplify the promising work already emerging. AISR and Ford teams worked with grantees – including school designers, system changers, advocates and organized communities, and researchers – to identify and describe the complex, cross-sector webs they are building. The result is a theory of change that places at its center well-educated, well-rounded, and healthy students, families, and communities, served by strong and equitable schools and school systems. Surrounding this center are the multiple actors that collaborate to create an ecosystem of reform for equity.1 Each author in this issue of VUE writes from experience in a particular sector: education agencies, nonprofits, and advocates (McAfee, Torre, Schwarz, and Shah); community organizing groups (Perez, Madera, and Capers); funders (Lopez and Rivera); and researchers (Snellman, Silva, Putnam, Mirra, and Rogers). Yet each author also references the many other sectors they work with. Capers and Shah, for example, writing about community schools, show the connections between grassroots action, research, and implementation. Henry Perez and Perla Madera show us that though the work is led by community organizers, reform support partners, and school leaders, a much broader school community is engaged and touched by the development of two powerful high schools in East Los Angeles. Finally, working with our partners led us to the understanding that why people do this work is as important as understanding the what and the who. Common assumptions such as “to improve schools,” “to help kids,” “to fix communities,” and “to increase test scores” are superficial at best. At their worst they are vague, easily misunderstood, and laden with unquestioned assumptions. As researchers and practitioners, we pushed hard to go past the superficial to a deeper understanding of why people take a systems approach to education change. Why work across sectors and communities? Why do we think this can change educational opportunities for our nation’s young people? What do we hope will happen, and how will we know when we see it? We aimed to capture the breadth of the answers we received to these questions by developing the Time for Equity framework of twenty-four education indicators that reflect the broad range of conditions and outcomes articulated.2 The indicators include traditional academic measures such as test scores, grades, and graduation rates, but go far beyond them. They are organized into four broad categories: creating and sustaining the conditions for increasing education opportunities (e.g., school climate, community engagement); ensuring equitable access and implementation to programs and opportunities (e.g., student agency, support services); preparing students for college, career, and civic life (e.g., academic knowledge, student health); and scaling efforts up across systems and the nation (e.g., sustainable ecosystems of reform, widespread adoption). The indicators framework provides a broad picture of what could be measured or aimed for. But we also wanted to share the depth and promise of what we learned from grantees through this issue of VUE. Each author and organization included in these pages shares a deep commitment to equity – increasing the resources and opportunities provided to students in low-income communities of color. Likewise, the authors share a commitment to educational excellence. The breadth and scale of these changes vary, but all lead to engaged and deep learning. Luckily, we are not alone in these shared commitments. There are countless other organizations and stories we could have included in this edition; their exclusion is only due to limits of space. Each author was asked to answer the question “How do we know that our work is advancing educational equity?” and then to elaborate on both their answer and our question from the unique perspective of their sector and expertise. We pushed authors to go beyond the story of what they do or what they created; we asked them to share stories of impact that bring to life the data they routinely share in policy settings. This issue starts with researchers Kaisa Snellman, Jennifer Silva, and Robert Putnam, who use stories and statistics to illustrate the deep disparity in access to extracurricular learning opportunities between low-income and middle- to high-income youth – and why that matters. Amplifying this work is an article by researchers Nicole Mirra and John Rogers that demonstrates the stark differences in how existing learning time is experienced inside schools. They identify a series of time distractors and stressors that seriously impact the learning time in schools serving low-income students. Together, these two articles outline the inequity in educational opportunities that currently exist in our system – both inside and outside school. The next two articles illustrate how allies across a city can come together to publicly demand school models that expand the depth and amount of student learning time, and then to collaborate in the implementation of these models. Though the two models are different, they both engaged school and district leaders, teachers, partner organizations, and students in developing and implementing new models. Henry Perez and Perla Madera share the collaborative work that InnerCity Struggle has engaged in with numerous partners in one neighborhood, East Los Angeles, to increase learning opportunities in two high schools. Natasha Capers and Shital Shah describe similar cross-sector collaboration at the citywide level around the creation of community schools in New York City. They explain how and why teachers unions, community organizers, and other allies developed and advocated for the sustainable communities schools model locally and nationally. Key to the effort, the authors explain, is that community schools are not just about services or parent engagement but about transforming the teaching and learning that happen within schools. The systemic implementation of this work is explored by authors Michael McAfee from the Promise Neighborhood Institute at PolicyLink and Mauricio Torre from South Bay Community Services in Chula Vista, California, near San Diego, using the implementation of the Chula Vista Promise Neighborhood to illustrate the local impact of this important federal policy. Their conversation highlights the need to set clear goals for collective impact and then support sites in creating and monitoring that impact. An excerpt from Citizen Schools founding CEO Eric Schwarz’s new book lays out key requirements for effective teaching, including support, common planning time, communities of practice, and engagement with community experts. Finally, philanthropists Janet Lopez and Peter Rivera reflect on how strategic investments by funders can leverage change across a community through a discussion of their work in Denver and Los Angeles, respectively. In this thoughtful conversation, they humbly explore their privilege, responsibility, and limitations as funders of initiatives that advance equity. Together these voices, stories, and reflections remind us of the hope and urgency of working together to create more equitable education systems. They also remind us that each person working in this struggle has a responsibility to own our places of privilege and expertise, respect the expertise and efforts of others, and then humbly work together to bring about a more just society and school system. Examples of More and Better Learning Time Approaches Citizen Schools believes the achievement gap is driven by an opportunity gap. To close this gap, they partner with middle schools in eleven districts across seven states to expand the learning day for children in low-income communities. Citizen Schools’ “second shift” of AmeriCorps educators and community volunteers lead real-world learning projects and provide academic support in close alignment with schools, offering every student access to rich experiences and diverse social networks and helping all children to discover and achieve their dreams. Visit CitizenSchools.org National Center for Community Schools at the Children’s Aid Society The Children’s Aid Society National Center for Community Schools provides technical assistance to community schools around the country and operates sixteen schools in New York City in partnership with the New York City Department of Education. Children’s Aid provides critical services to children and their families related to health, afterschool and summer activities, youth development, legal aid and juvenile justice, homelessness, adoption and foster care, and more. Visit ChildrensAidSociety.org Coalition for Community Schools The “community schools” approach is to link a network of local organizations and institutions committed to bettering outcomes for youth. Using schools as hubs, these partners offer a range of supports and opportunities to children, youth, families, and communities. The Coalition for Community Schools at the Institute for Educational Leadership serves as the research, policy, and advocacy organization for networks of community school initiatives and for more than 150 national, state, and local partners that support community schools. Visit CommunitySchools.org ExpandED Schools by The After-School Corporation (TASC) TASC was founded in 1998 to provide after-school opportunities for K–12 students in New York City and later moved to piloting longer school days through school/community partnerships. TASC’s ExpandED Schools reimagine how time is used in schools to provide a balanced, rigorous education. ExpandED Schools increase high-quality learning time by about 35 percent, with an increase in costs of only 10 percent and provide students with more opportunities to discover and develop their talents, more support to overcome the challenges of poverty, and more time to achieve at the high levels of the global workplace. Visit ExpandedSchools.org Generation Schools Network Generation Schools in New York City and Denver stagger teacher vacations to provide more learning time for students and for teacher collaboration and planning. The approach adds twenty days to the national average school year, without increasing teachers’ total work time or overall costs compared with other schools in the city. In addition to “regular” courses, all students take rigorous, month-long, credit-bearing “intensive” courses twice a year, taught by a team of teachers and using the city as classroom: students explore college campuses, corporate boardrooms, community organizations, and public services. Visit GenerationSchools.org Linked Learning and ConnectED Linked Learning Pathways across California use expanded and reimagined time to integrate college and career preparation in a range of fields such as engineering, arts and media, and biomedical and health sciences. The schools combine strong academics; a technical or career-based curriculum; real-world experiences with local businesses, higher education, arts agencies, and community-based organizations; and personalized support for students. The approach is supported by the James Irvine Foundation, a growing number of other philanthropic and corporate investors, and a broad range of business, education, advocacy, and research partners. Visit LinkedLearning.org Promise Neighborhood Institute at PolicyLink Promise Neighborhoods are communities of opportunity that allow children to learn, grow, and succeed, based on the successful model of the Harlem Children’s Zone. Partnerships between schools, community organizations and members, and local businesses provide children with high-quality, coordinated health, social, community, and educational support from cradle to college to career. Technical assistance from The Promise Neighborhoods Institute at PolicyLink supports local leaders’ ability to achieve results through data infrastructure and leadership development; builds evidence of effectiveness; and advocates for policies that scale up and sustain Promise Neighborhoods. Visit PromiseNeighborhoodsInstitute.org TIME Collaborative of the National Center on Time and Learning In 2012, NCTL and the Ford Foundation launched the TIME Collaborative, a multistate initiative to redesign and expand educational opportunities in schools serving students living in poverty. Through the TIME Collaborative, thirty-nine schools serving 20,534 students are adding 300 hours to the school year for all students. This approach focuses on teacher development and reimagines the school day through significant changes to core instruction and new opportunities for enrichment, differentiated supports, teacher collaboration, and student leadership and apprenticeship possibilities. Funding draws on state and federal resources. Visit TimeAndLearning.org 1. For a graphic representation of this ecosystem for educational equity, see timeforequity.org/ecosystem. 2. The report on the indicators, Leveraging Time for School Equity: Indicators to Measure More and Better Learning Time, and an online tool that allows users to zero in on the indicators most relevant to their work and browse additional resources, are available at timeforequity.org.

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Hamlet enters with the troupe of actors, instructing the First Player on how to deliver the monologue Hamlet has written for him. Hamlet laments the existence of actors who overdo their performances, as well as those who try to get the laughs of the masses rather than create a role genuinely. The First Player assures Hamlet that the troupe will practice hard and deliver a performance that makes Hamlet proud. The players all leave together. Again, this passage would have been recognizable to Shakespeare’s audiences as Shakespeare’s tongue-in-cheek expression of frustration with the state of some aspects of the theater of his day. Hamlet’s critique of ingenuine actors is ironic, considering it is unclear throughout the play whether Hamlet’s own dialogue is rooted in genuine madness or merely a front to get to the truth of his father’s death. Polonius, Rosencrantz, and Guildenstern enter. Hamlet asks if the king and queen are going to attend the performance, and Polonius says they will. Hamlet urges Polonius to hurry along after the actors and let them know, and then orders Rosencrantz and Guildenstern to follow Polonius and make sure the actors quickly get ready for their performance. They obey him. Hamlet delights in ordering around the very people he most hates—he knows they’re scheming against him, but also knows they have no choice but to listen to royalty. Horatio enters, and Hamlet expresses how glad he is to see his true friend. Horatio is overwhelmed by Hamlet’s warmth, but Hamlet insists that Horatio is a loyal companion, a level-headed man, and a morally good person. Hamlet tells Horatio that, because of all these things, he is entrusting him with a secret. Tonight, Hamlet reveals, the actors are going to perform a play. Hamlet has written a new scene which mirrors exactly the circumstances of Hamlet’s father’s murder. Hamlet asks Horatio to keep his eyes carefully on Claudius during that scene to gauge his reaction. If Claudius doesn’t seem guilty, then it’s possible that he’s innocent and the ghost that appeared to Hamlet was a demon—but if he does, action must be taken. Horatio promises to do what Hamlet has asked of him. Hamlet is excited to share his plot with Horatio. He believes that he has last found an answer to his problems, and will be able to once and for all determine the king’s guilt. Hamlet is happy that he doesn’t have to decide what to do until later on in the evening—he can linger in inaction for at least a little while longer. Trumpets sound, and Claudius enters with Gertrude, Polonius, Ophelia, Rosencrantz, Guildenstern, and some other members of court. Claudius greets Hamlet and asks the prince how he’s doing. Hamlet gives a roundabout, confusing answer, then asks Polonius if he acted in plays in college. Polonius says he did—he was even good enough to play Julius Caesar. Hamlet laments how brutal Caesar’s murder was, and how wrong his murderer, Brutus, was to commit it. This passage is doubly cheeky, as it references one of Shakespeare’s other play, Julius Caesar, and features Hamlet dangling Caesar’s brutal murder in front of Claudius’s face in order to make him squirm. Rosencrantz informs Hamlet that the actors are ready. Gertrude asks Hamlet to sit by her during the performance, but Hamlet says he wants to sit next to the “more attractive” Ophelia. As he sidles in next to Ophelia, he begins taunting her with sexually explicit barbs, each of which she coolly deflects, remarking upon Hamlet’s good mood this evening. Hamlet says everyone in the room is happy—even his mother, though his father died just “two hours” ago. When Ophelia retorts that Hamlet’s father has already been dead for “twice two months,” Hamlet sarcastically states that he will cast off his mourning clothes and exchange them for “a suit of sables.” Even though Hamlet and Ophelia have had a huge fight, they must coexist with one another at court. This scene can be interpreted many ways: either Hamlet is preying upon the vulnerable Ophelia, devastating her with his harassment—or Ophelia, cool and capable, spars with Hamlet and matches his wit, proving her strength even in the face of his lack of favor. A trumpet sounds, and the pantomime preceding the play begins. The players perform a scene in which a king and queen embrace lovingly before the queen leaves the king alone to his nap. While the king is sleeping, another man steals the king’s crown, pours poison in the king’s ear, and then runs away. The queen returns to find the king dead. She grieves him, and the killer returns, pretending to grieve with her. As the dead body is carried away, the killer presents the queen with gifts, wooing her until she falls in love with him. Ophelia is put off by the pantomime, but Hamlet assures her he’s just making some “mischief.” As the First Player enters and begins the real play, Hamlet and Ophelia trade more sexually-charged barbs. The pantomime before the play—a tradition in some forms of Renaissance and Elizabethan theater—exposes the fact that the play will mirror the events of King Hamlet’s murder. Ophelia can tell what Hamlet is up to—but Hamlet attempts to distract her from ruining the performance and exposing his plan by further harassing her with lewd comments. The play begins. Two players, acting as a king and a queen, discuss how long they’ve been married and how much the love each other. The player king remarks that he has grown old and tired and will soon depart the Earth—but wants his wife to remarry and find happiness again. The player queen remarks that she should be cursed if she marries again—“none wed the second but who killed the first.” What’s more, the queen says, is that every time she kissed her new husband in her old marital bed, it would be like killing her first husband over and over again. The player king urges his wife to keep an open mind—her feelings may change once he dies—but the queen stubbornly insists that she would be condemned to a life of “lasting strife” if she were ever to marry again. The player queen’s remarks about not even being able to imagine marrying another are meant to make Gertrude squirm. Claudius is not Hamlet’s only target—Hamlet wants to use the play to call out the bad behavior of everyone around him and condemn his mother in the same breath as his uncle. As the player queen leaves the player king alone to his nap, Hamlet turns to Gertrude and asks how she’s liking the play. Gertrude responds that the queen “protests too much.” Claudius asks if what’s coming next in the play is startling or offensive, but Hamlet insists everything is “in jest”—though the play is a little garish, it shouldn’t make anyone present feel uncomfortable, since all their consciences are clear. Hamlet knows that the play is making his mother and uncle uncomfortable—but maintains that it shouldn’t, since it’s just fiction. Hamlet is blurring the line between appearance and reality, fact and fiction, as he forces the king and queen to look at their own actions head-on. A player enters the stage, portraying a character called Lucianus. Hamlet tells Ophelia that Lucianus is nephew to the king. She remarks how much Hamlet seems to know about the play, and, again, their conversation devolves into witty sexual barbs, which Ophelia cheekily deflects. Lucianus pours poison in the king’s ear, killing him, at which point Claudius stands up from his seat. Gertrude asks Claudius what’s wrong, and he announces that he is leaving. Polonius orders the players to stop the performance. Everyone but Hamlet and Horatio follows Claudius out of the hall. Hamlet’s plan has worked—the king, offended or frightened by the actions taking place on stage, has removed himself from the performance—in Hamlet’s eyes, this equates to Claudius admitting that he is guilty of his brother’s murder. Hamlet is merry and mischievous as he asks Horatio if he saw how Claudius fled at the sight of his own dirty deeds reflected on stage. Horatio agrees that Claudius seemed very guilty. Hamlet orders the players to make some music since the king didn’t care for their drama. Rosencrantz and Guildenstern reenter the hall and tell Hamlet that the king is very upset. They add that Hamlet’s behavior has greatly angered the queen, and she wants to see Hamlet in her bedroom right away. Hamlet dodges Rosencrantz and Guildenstern’s entreaties, and begins messing around with one of the player’s flutes. Hamlet feels victorious, and is sick of being bossed around and dragged about the castle based on the whims of others. He feels he is in control and powerful—he has the upper hand over both Claudius and his mother, and intends to enjoy it. Hamlet asks Guildenstern to take the flute from his hands and play a tune. Guildenstern insists he doesn’t know how to play a flute. Hamlet insists it’s an easy thing to do, but Guildenstern is still loath to take the flute from him. Hamlet accuses Guildenstern—and Rosencrantz, too—of trying to play him like a flute. He says he will not be “play[ed] upon” by either of them. Polonius enters and tells Hamlet that his mother wants to see him right away. Hamlet tells Polonius to go tell his mother that he’ll be with her shortly. Polonius goes off to inform Gertrude of the news, and Rosencrantz and Guildenstern follow him. Left alone, Hamlet remarks that it has become “the very witching time of night.” Despite the eerie atmosphere in the air, Hamlet hopes aloud that he will not be cruel towards his mother—even if he “speak[s] daggers to her,” he hopes to “use none.” Though Hamlet enjoyed seeing his mother squirm, he doesn’t actually want to hurt her. Though he condemns Gertrude for marrying Claudius, he doesn’t seem to believe she bears any guilt in what happened to her husband. Nevertheless, Hamlet admits that he is feeling reckless and unpredictable—at such an hour, anything could happen.

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Whether you are a firefighter, a medic, a police officer or a soldier you face the reality that the next call you go to, or the next mission you run may end up as your last call. Every morning when we wake up and go to the station or report for a briefing, we face the reality that there are forces outside our control that may result in our not coming back from that day’s calls/mission. In Arizona we recently witnessed 19 brave souls who faced their last callout. RIP brothers. Every day hundreds of thousands of us leave our spouses, kids, parents, siblings, and friends to respond. What do they feel about our chosen path? How do they, our loved ones, handle the very same daily scenario? Some are faced with overwhelming fear that their loved one will not return. Some recognize the reality for what it is and simply choose to not dwell on it. Some are grateful that they will finally have some time alone. So, what is the difference that makes the difference? - To answer this question we need to explore: - What is an emotion? - What causes emotions? - What can we do to control or change them? - What can we do to help our loved ones, our spouses, to be at peace with the reality of the dangers faced by our chosen occupation (volunteer or career, it doesn’t matter)? What is an emotion? Wikipedia states: “In psychology and philosophy, emotion is a subjective, conscious experience that is characterized primarily by psychophysiological expressions, biological reactions, and mental states.” The two words I would like to bring your attention to are “subjective” and “conscious”. They are subjective to the person experiencing them and they are a consciously created (this does not however necessarily mean intentional). What causes an emotion? Well, according to Tony Robbins, a 30+ year student of human behavior who has worked with more than 3 million people, says that basically an emotion is a feeling that is made up of, or more accurately created by, three things or a triad. Those three things are Focus, Language, and Physiology. Focus is defined as the topic or scenario that one’s attention is dwelling upon. Language is the sum of the words or phrases that one is using to communicate with themselves or others. Physiology is the very specific motion or position that we put our bodies into while experiencing a specific emotion. For example, the triad of the emotion called “victorious” is very different than the triad of the emotion called “defeated”. What can we do to change them? Now that we know what they are made of — Focus, Language and Physiology — we have what we need to disassemble them. When you change any one of these three, the emotion must change. It is impossible for the nervous system to hold the triad of that which makes us laugh and to hold the triad of that which makes us cry tears of sadness at the same moment. Granted some may switch back and forth rapidly, but they cannot coexist in the nervous system at the same time. When my children are grumpy, (or sometimes even my wife) I set my intention on making them laugh. With Mason, my 7-year-old, tickling is usually very effective. With my wife I often need to be more creative. But in either case it brings to their awareness that they have to choose to go back to the triad of “grumpy” after the pattern has been interrupted. The fastest and easiest part of the triad to change is Physiology. If you are feeling “down” just jump up, smile big and throw and hold your arms up high and, if you want, say something like, “I LOVE my life!!” I guarantee that your emotion will change from what is was before. If you choose to, stand up and list all the things that you are grateful for in life, all the people that you Love and all the people who Love you, and you will find your emotions change. There are cases where people have cured themselves of dis-eases like cancer simply by investing hours a day engaging in and laughing with comedy of all sorts. Another very important precursor to the experiencing of an emotion is the belief upon which the thoughts or focus is built. For example, if a person believes “Bungee jumping is inherently, unpredictably dangerous and only a crazy person would jump off a 300-foot platform with nothing but a tiny little rubber band tied to their ankle,” this person will experience one kind of emotion when they think about bungee jumping or someone they love bungee jumping. What are the beliefs that we can identify just in this statement and how can we cause the believer to question the validity of the belief upon which their thought is based? “Inherently, unpredictable”? Is that true? That it is dangerous. I suspect that the engineers who design the systems would disagree with both #1 and #2. Only a crazy person would jump… There are thousands of very sane jumpers. 300-ft platform… what if it was only 100 or 75 feet? Would that be different? “Tiny little rubber band”? What if the band was rated at 4x the expected weight and there was a backup band of equal strength? “Tied to the ankle”? What if the ankle harness system was also rated to many times the expected weight and the backup bungee was connected to a full waist and chest harness? When we can go upstream to the beliefs from which the thoughts emanate and loosen the grip of that belief on the individual then we free them to the possibility of holding a new belief which would render the previous thought or focus irrelevant. Often when we express fear of a thing, say flying or heights, it is not the flying or heights that is the real fear. It is the thought or mental image of crashing or falling that we are afraid of and the story that we make up about what it would mean. If we think about how devastated our children/family will be and how their lives would be ruined if we were not there because our plane crashed then we will have a very different feeling than if we focus on the confidence and independence we have instilled in our children and believe in their ability to adapt and how we have provided for their financial stability and have designated Loving caring guardians should we no longer be there. Get clear on what the real fear is. Then ask: - What would have to happen for that to no longer be a legitimate fear? - How can we prepare so that the concerns are mitigated? - What meaning could we give the future event that would make this emotional reaction inappropriate?” - For example, if someone cuts me off in traffic and I think, “what a selfish A$$-hole,” I feel angry. But if I think, “boy, I hope everyone is ok” or “I am sure there is a justifiable reason for him to be in such a hurry,” the emotion of anger would no longer be appropriate and would not be experienced. So how can we apply this to helping our loved ones experience less anxiety and stress over the dangers inherent to our work? Get curious about what the actual feeling or emotion is. Often times they will have to explore themselves at a level they have not done before in order to identify and name the fear. Seek to understand the root cause of the feelings. Get curious what the beliefs are that are leading to the thoughts/fears. This also takes a lot of self-honesty, deep trust and intimacy to share. This can be a beautifully connecting conversation because often our Loved ones feel understood and appreciated in a way they are not accustomed to. I have come to believe that our emotions are our guidance system and are inherent to the experience of being human. I believe that every emotion has a message for us. The message of fear is “get prepared” and the message of anger is there for self-preservation. Even animals have emotions at some level. Right? What makes us a higher order of animal? I believe it is our ability to be consciously aware of the emotion and to CHOOSE to hold it, let it go or change it. When I asked my wife what she experienced or thought as I went off to work, she said she mostly chose to not focus on it or give it much thought at all but when she did think about it she felt proud of the work I did and when the thought of “The Last Call” came into her mind she told herself, as much as she wanted me to be in her life for the rest of her life, she would be OK without me and she could be at peace with the fact that I died doing something that I was called to do. Lastly, I made a commitment to myself that I would always do what I could to ensure that those I loved would never doubt that I loved them. I would always leave my loved ones, my wife and children, with a word or action that I could live with being my last word or action towards them. I would think about them living the rest of their lives with my last words ringing in their ears and the last expression on my face being the one they remember. If I was OK with it, I would go; if not, I would fix it. It didn’t always mean it was over but they always new my Love was bigger than the issue at hand. I know it sounds cheesy but in the movie Minority Report one scene shows the intuitive woman in the house of the main character and feeling “there is so much Love in this house.” I, and my wife, consciously strive to create that energy in our home. In the movie Act of Valor, Lt. Rorke says ”… Love your life, perfect your life. Beautify all things in your life. Seek to make your life long and of service to your people. When your time comes to die, be not like those whose hearts are filled with fear of death, so that when their time comes they weep and pray for a little more time to live their lives over again in a different way. Sing your death song, and die like a hero going home.”

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The egg donation is done anonymously and altruistically from one woman to another with the aim of enabling that woman to have a child. The EUDONA Programme is a private initiative which tries to help women who want to become egg donors. The donor eggs will be used by women who can not produce their own eggs. Naturally, a woman produces one mature egg every month. If it is fertilised it becomes an embryo and develops during the pregnancy. If it remains unfertilised the egg does not develop and it leaves the woman’s body with the menstrual blood. From the time of her birth, a healthy woman has some 400,000 oocytes in her ovaries. These oocytes are primary eggs and during the woman’s fertile life only one out of every 1000 (not more than 400 in total) will mature and have the chance to be fertilised. Every month several eggs begin to develop at the same time and this process ends with their ovulation. Only one of these eggs becomes a mature egg, while the others deteriorate and lose their ability to be fertilised. The woman’s body now prepares for possible pregnancy. If the egg is not fertilised, it will be released with the menstrual blood. Egg donation is an anonymous, free and altruistic act which allows another woman to have a child. The eggs come from a natural reserve in the ovaries and would normally never be used. Therefore, although the egg donation consists of donating something from one person to another, it does not mean the definitive loss of something irreplaceable. It is also a way of taking advantage of some of those eggs which a woman will never use. The female egg carries the chromosomes of the woman whereas the spermatozoon carries those of the man. However, people are unique because at the moment of the egg fertilization the genetic information from both mother and father is mixed. This procedure ensures that the combination of the particular characteristics of the parents is always different. Moreover, maternity is a long process in which the future child has a strong bond with its mother. Throughout this process it will not only receive necessary nutrients for its development, but also immunological protection from the mother. Lastly, it is the parent’s love for the baby that is born which shapes it as a person. In other words, if donating an egg makes up an important and irreplaceable part in the making of a new person, then so does its fertilisation with semen, the happy outcome of the gestation process and the education of the new person in a family where it is wanted and cared for. Donated eggs are the only alternative that some women have to give birth to their own child. This happens in cases where there is no medical or surgical treatment which will enable the couple to have their own child. The reasons why a woman requires egg donation are diverse but they can be summed up in two large groups: either the woman does not have eggs in her ovaries, or they are of poor quality. In this first case the main reason that causes a woman not to have eggs fit for conceiving is early menopause. This sometimes comes about before the normal age, 15 or 20 years before it would normally happen. If a woman begins her menopause when she is still very young and she has not yet had a child, she will not be able to have one without a donation from a fertile woman. Epidemiological studies have shown that approximately 5% of women develop this pathology, which is much more than is imagined by many people who are unaware of this subject. In other cases the cause is medical, such as with women whose ovaries were taken out because of a tumour, for example. Once they have recovered, these women still cannot have their own children unless they use eggs donated from another woman. There are some cases in which women cannot have children because their own eggs are not capable of fertilisation. This is due to certain genetic anomalies in which the woman cannot have healthy children because the genetic make-up of her eggs is damaged. In other cases, it is not advisable from a medical viewpoint that a woman has children because there is the risk of transmitting a hereditary illness from her side of the family. This happens with certain illnesses such as haemophilia which affects the blood’s ability to clot. Egg donation can be carried out, if desired, by any healthy woman who meets the conditions established by law. Once the donor has been found and, in order to carry out the donation, the menstrual cycles of the two women must be synchronized. Therefore, the donor and the recipient must be in the same phase of their period, which is achieved through an appropriate pharmacological treatment that allows the cycle to be regulated in an easy and effective way. Any healthy woman who wishes to donate eggs can do so as long as she meets the requirements set down by the law. Once the donor has been found the menstrual cycles of both women have to be synchronized. Therefore, both the recipient and the donor have to be at the same stage of their period. This is achieved using appropriate pharmaceutical treatment which allows the cycle to be controlled in an easy and efficient way. Naturally, only one egg is produced per month in the ovaries of the woman. For this reason, and with the aim of guaranteeing the efficiency of the donation, the donor receives treatment to stimulate her ovaries so that more than one egg matures for the donation, as not all eggs are fit to be used. Some do not develop normally and do not reach full maturity, while others are not fertilized for reasons that are still unclear. Treatment is controlled by means of ultrasound and hormone tests. Later, before ovulation takes place, the eggs are collected via aspiration with an ultrasound scan. Bearing in mind that eggs cannot be preserved, the ovarian cycle of the recipient has to be synchronized with the donor’s so that they coincide in their ovulation. This is necessary both for the extraction of the eggs from the donor and for their implantation in the recipient. Therefore, the recipient undergoes pharmacological treatment which prepares her endometrium to receive and protect the embryo. The endometrium is composed of the epithelium which covers the inside of the uterus and allows the embryo to find suitable conditions for implantation. When the woman does not become pregnant, the endometrium degenerates and leaves the woman’s body together with menstrual blood. The procedure used is called in vitro fertilisation (IVF). It is a commonly used technique which helps treat fertility problems in sterile couples and involves fertilising the eggs obtained from the donor with the partner’s semen in a special medium in the laboratory. To increase the fertilisation rates, intracytoplasmic sperm injection is used (ICSI). This procedure is a very delicate microscopic manipulation, through which a sperm is manually introduced in to the interior of the egg. This egg, once fertilised, will be transferred to the recipient’s uterus. Having children is a right recognised by the Spanish Constitution. Therefore, the donation helps those women who are sterile due to pathologies or incurable conditions to become mothers. These women can therefore find a solution to their problem which otherwise would leave them no option other than to adopt. Egg donation is a procedure authorised by Spanish legislation. To be precise, there are two legal texts which regulate this practice. The Law 14/2006 on Assisted Reproduction Techniques is the judicial framework regulating the assistance medicine can offer to solve fertility problems of couples bearing in mind medical, legal and ethical aspects. The Royal Decree 412/1996 is the document which outlines this law with regard to all the aspects of the donation of female gametes (eggs). In conclusion, these documents set out that: - Egg donation for the aims authorised by the law (in this case so a sterile woman can have a child) is a free, formal, and anonymous agreement between the donor and the medical centre formalised in writing. - The law states moreover, that the donation should never have an economic or commercial benefit, and that studies and health controls should be carried out on the donors and recipients to guarantee their good health. - Egg donors should be aged between 18 and 35, be fully aware of their actions and be in a good psychophysical condition. - The donation has to be formalised through a written agreement after the donor has received all the information about the procedure to follow. - It also has to be a voluntary act undertaken by the donor under no force or deception. - Last of all, there has to be a total guarantee of privacy and all the information must be kept in complete confidentiality. - If the donor already has children, then they must have no more than six and in no case is it possible to have more than six children from donations. - Legal texts also specify that maximum physical and immunological similarities between available donors and egg recipient should be guaranteed. The legislation specifies that women can be egg donors if they wish to and if they meet the following requirements: - They should be 18 years of age and not be over 35. - Be in good psychophysical condition. - Sign the corresponding agreement. - Can legally authorise it. To be a donor they must visit a centre running a donation programme, follow a process in which they will receive all the necessary information and where their physical and psychological health will be assessed. A medical check-up is carried out on the donors to be, which includes the personal family history as well as a physical examination: - Height, weight - Complexion (pale, dark) - Eye colour (brown, blue, green, amber, black, others) - Hair colour (blond, fair, brown, black, ginger, others) - Hair type (straight, wavy, curly, others) - Blood group and Rh factor (A, B, AB, O+, others) The donors also undergo the following tests: - Blood group and Rh factor - VDRL or similar test to detect syphilis - A test to detect hepatitis - A test to detect signs of HIV - A clinical study to detect toxoplasmosis, rubella, herpes, cytomegalovirus - A clinical study to detect infection with neisseria gonorreae and chlamydia tracomatis - A clinical study to detect rubella. - A clinical study to detect infection with neisseria, gonorrhoea and chlamydia trachomatis. All this means is that donors to be undergo a free complete medical and gynaecological check-up. This health check, which is necessary to guarantee their health allows them to gain precise information about their physical condition. Being included in a donation programme allows a woman to ascertain her health condition since to be an egg donor she has to be in good health and prove this via a number of tests. Egg donation also brings with it personal satisfaction which is a private experience for every donor and which undoubtedly justifies it for many. There is also a chance that the donor will receive an economic reward for the inconvenience that the procedure may cause. If it is the donor’s wish this reward can be sent to a Non-Profit Organisation, to a home for children, or to an association which helps women, among others. When a woman wants to become pregnant and she cannot conceive with her own eggs, she can consider adopting or joining a donation programme. If she chooses donation, she is put on a waiting list and needs to wait for a female donor whose eggs can be fertilised with her partner’s semen. In this way a woman can have children who could not have been conceived without the donation. Thanks to the donation she can experience pregnancy herself. Anonymity guarantees the privacy of both the donor and the recipient and helps justify the donation itself. The donation is an act of solidarity because it is anonymous, voluntary and altruistic. That is to say, there is no direct acknowledgement or gratification on behalf of the person who benefits from it. The altruistic nature of this act makes it a donation since no gratification is expected in return. This condition, which is also included in the law, guarantees the absence of a commercial aspect in the donation and avoids possible economic exploitation. Finally, the voluntary nature of the act is required in order to avoid the donation being undertaken under any pressure and against a person’s free will. It must be clear that the donor acts voluntarily.

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Oh man, if you don’t know, your world is about to be rocked. Your mind melted. All of that. Neil Postman (1931 — 2003) was an American critic and educator. He wrote seventeen books. His most famous (and controversial) was Amusing Ourselves to Death, a screed against television and how it turns everything into banal entertainment — including education and news. Just imagine FOX News during an election cycle and you’ll get the idea. His interests were all over the place. He wrote on the disappearance of childhood, reforming public education, postmodernism, semantics and linguistics, and technopolies. He also wrote essays and lectured about lots of other things that you can find here if you scroll down long enough. He was a professor of media ecology at New York University and died in 2003. What did he say? He said a lot of things, thus those seventeen books. But here are some Big Ideas that have stuck out to me: The medium is the message. Borrowing from McLuhan, he explained that every medium — TV, radio, typography, oral transmission — changes and biases the message itself. The written word, for example, tends to bias the message towards linear thinking, logic, exposition, and delayed response. Video tends to bias towards the “peek-a-book world”: trivial content that vanishes in seconds, constantly flickering images, yet the viewer has a hard time turning away no matter the subject… because the medium is just so darn entertaining and engrossing. These biases mean that news from a newspaper and a television, even with the same subject, have two different messages. Education ≠ entertainment. Shows like Sesame Street undermine schooling — “it encourages children to love school only if school is like Sesame Street.” School is about asking questions; TV is about passive consumption. School is about the development of language; TV demands attention to images. TV is always fun and entertaining; serious education is not. Postman lamented that by equating education with entertainment children would never learn the rigorous of serious schooling. “Sesame Street doesn’t teach children to love school or anything about school,” he said. “It teaches them to love television.” Subjects should be taught as history. “Every teacher,” Postman said, “must be a history teacher.” Every subject has a fascinating history. Facts and dates are memorization, not understanding. To teach a subject without the history of how it happened “is to reduce knowledge to a mere consumer product,” he said. “It is to deprive students of a sense of the meaning of what we know, and of how we know. To teach about the atom without Democritus, to teach about electricity without Faraday, to teach about political science without Aristotle or Machiavelli, to teach about music without Haydn, is to refuse our students access to The Great Conversation. It is to deny them knowledge of their roots, about which no other social institution is at present concerned.” Fear Huxley’s future, not Orwell’s. Everyone is worried about Big Brother… but we should really fear ourselves. We live in a society where we can spend hours on devices entertaining ourselves. We have access to TV and videos in any location. We can amuse ourselves to death. To ask is to break the spell. Blind belief and passive consumption can be broken through the simple act of asking questions. “No medium is excessively dangerous if its users understand what its dangers are,” he said. Healthy skepticism is encouraged. Kids are wired to ask questions, but we often squash those tendencies. How we talk is how we think. “Any significant change in our ways of talking can lead to a change in point of view.” This is why there’s a battle over labels — abortionist or pro-choice or pro-life? Sodomite or homosexual or gay? Patriot or terrorist? The words we use convey meaning and if you can convince others to use your words, perspectives can shift. Technology is a doubled-edged sword. Technology giveth and taketh away. The printing press allowed us to codify and pass down knowledge reliability but in exchange we gave up our memories. Mobile phones gave us constant communication but now we’re always distracted and never alone. There is no such thing as a free lunch. What should I read first? I like your attitude, wanting to dig in like that. You’re a curious person. Respect. You should start with Amusing Ourselves to Death: It was published in 1985. The foreword is brilliant. It’s short, here’s an excerpt: We were keeping our eye on 1984. When the year came and the prophecy didn’t, thoughtful Americans sang softly in praise of themselves. The roots of liberal democracy had held. Wherever else the terror had happened, we, at least, had not been visited by Orwellian nightmares. But we had forgotten that alongside Orwell’s dark vision, there was another - slightly older, slightly less well known, equally chilling: Aldous Huxley’s Brave New World. Contrary to common belief even among the educated, Huxley and Orwell did not prophesy the same thing. Orwell warns that we will be overcome by an externally imposed oppression. But in Huxley’s vision, no Big Brother is required to deprive people of their autonomy, maturity and history. As he saw it, people will come to love their oppression, to adore the technologies that undo their capacities to think. What Orwell feared were those who would ban books. What Huxley feared was that there would be no reason to ban a book, for there would be no one who wanted to read one. Orwell feared those who would deprive us of information. Huxley feared those who would give us so much that we would be reduced to passivity and egoism. Orwell feared that the truth would be concealed from us. Huxley feared the truth would be drowned in a sea of irrelevance. Orwell feared we would become a captive culture. Huxley feared we would become a trivial culture, preoccupied with some equivalent of the feelies, the orgy porgy, and the centrifugal bumblepuppy. As Huxley remarked in Brave New World Revisited, the civil libertarians and rationalists who are ever on the alert to oppose tyranny “failed to take into account man’s almost infinite appetite for distractions”. In 1984, Huxley added, people are controlled by inflicting pain. In Brave New World, they are controlled by inflicting pleasure. In short, Orwell feared that what we hate will ruin us. Huxley feared that what we love will ruin us. This book is about the possibility that Huxley, not Orwell, was right. It gets even better and it’ll only take you a few hours to read it — a few hours to change your entire life. Seriously, why are you still here and not ordering it? Okay, then what? So you read AOtD and loved it. I’m not one to say “I told you so” but if I was this would totally be the place. Now you’re ready for a few more reads. - Technopoly. This is easy to get and builds on the concepts in AOtD. - The Disappearance of Childhood. - Follow up on some of the books mentioned in AOtD, especially Boorstin and Mumford. What’s online by him? The internet didn’t exist for most of Postman’s life (it was called “cyberspace” or the “information superhighway” back in his day), but there are a few things that have made its way to the interwebs: - The Educationist as Painkiller (1988) - My Graduation Speech - Propaganda (ETC Vol. 36) - Language Education in a Knowledge Context (ETC Vol. 37) - Social Science as Theology (ETC Vol. 41) - Science and the Story That We Need (First Things, 1997) - Profile of Philo Farnsworth (Time Magazine, 1999) - Technopoly with Brian Lamb in C-SPAN Booknotes (July 10, 1992 transcript) - Are We Amusing Ourselves to Death? Part 1 / Part 2 with Richard D. Heffner on Open Mind - Neil Postman on Cyberspace with Charlene Hunter Gault on PBS (1995) - Lecture to Apple employees in LA (1993) - Lecture: The Surrender of Culture to Technology (1997) - Neil Postman’s Conscientious Objections with Richard D. Heffner on Open Mind - Stirring Up Trouble About Technology, Language, and Education with Eugene Rubin in Aurora (Feb 2002) - CBC Interview (alt) Factoids about Postman He hated answering machines. He thought they were rude. He had a thing against cruise control. He once asked a salesperson, “What is the problem to which cruise control is the solution?” The salesperson responded, “It’s for people who have trouble keeping their foot on the gas petal.” Postman replied that he had never had that problem before. He also had a thing against power windows. Same reason as cruise control. What is an appendix for? Who knows. And yet, here it is. (Actually it’s probably for replenishing gut bacteria. But that’s a different kind of appendix.) All the Postman books You can see a selected bibliography on Wikipedia. I’d sure pay a dollar to know what Neil would’ve thought about Wikipedia — the thing that shouldn’t work yet works so well it’s replaced encyclopedias. Who made this? Oh hai, I’m Josh Sowin. I created this site back in 2005 because of the impact Postman had on me. These days I’m the CEO of Brainjolt, a viral content company that reaches half of America. We entertain people by telling engaging stories for social media. Sure, pass me a slice of that irony pie. But seriously, please enjoy comfort content in reasonable quantities. Life is short. Do things that matter.

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Poverty Grows Among Children of Immigrants in U.S. Poverty Grows Among Children of Immigrants in U.S. In 1970, poverty rates of children of immigrants were lower than among children of natives. But by 1980, only ten years later, this pattern had reversed itself. During the 1980s, poverty rates continued to diverge between immigrant and native families. In both 1990 and 2000, poverty rates among children of immigrants were 50 percent higher than among children of natives. As of 2000, over one-fifth of children of immigrants compared with 15 percent of children of natives and only nine percent of non-Hispanic white children were classified as poor. Among children of Mexican immigrants, the largest and most disadvantaged national origin group, one-third were poor. Child Poverty Rates, Age 0-17 These data on child poverty rates in the United States, drawn from the U.S. Census, have the key advantage of enabling comparative analysis over time. For the purposes of this article, "poverty" is a situation in which a person's family income falls at or less than the official federal poverty threshold. To understand the data in context, however, one must be also be aware of their limitations. The following context should be kept in mind: First, the size and characteristics of the U.S. immigrant population changed dramatically in the wake of the Immigration and Nationality Act amendments of 1965. Immigrant flows went from being small and relatively highly skilled and educated to a much larger and more geographically heterogeneous group, many of them (e.g., refugees) with fewer personal resources and weaker social support networks. This means that experience of immigrants who arrived in the years leading up to 1970, in the broadest of terms, are difficult to compare to that of immigrants who arrived later because of legislation and composition changes. Second, the United States shifted from an industrial to a service-based economy during this period. Many plentiful, well-paid jobs that lent themselves to immigrant skills and provided opportunities for social mobility had disappeared by 2000, with a negative impact on the income and life chances of immigrants and their children. Third, related to the issue of measuring poverty, it is important to acknowledge that this measure does not completely capture the depth or multidimensional qualities of poverty. The number of American-born individuals living in poverty has declined over time, but research also suggests that poverty has become "deeper" and complex, especially for African Americans (e.g., changing access to employment, housing, education, public transportation, health care, etc. Official Poverty Definition Fourth, these data include children of mixed immigrant/non-immigrant households. Roughly 80 percent of children of immigrants is U.S.-born, and many have at least one U.S.-born parent. It may seem that child poverty—particularly among immigrants—does not warrant much concern because immigrant families tend to be better off in the United States than the countries in which they used to live. But from the perspective of American society as a whole, the growth in immigrant child poverty is no small matter. Children of immigrants (a group that includes both the foreign-born and U.S.-born children of immigrants) are the fastest-growing segment of the U.S. population under age 18 and now comprise 20 percent of the school-aged population. Whether immigrant or native, child poverty poses a significant social problem because childhood poverty is linked to a number of long-lasting developmental and schooling problems that often translate into poor socioeconomic outcomes in adulthood. It is important to understand why immigrant child poverty has increased because today's children of immigrants will make up a large and growing portion of the U.S. labor force in the coming decades. Why Immigrant Child Poverty Increased In the United States, child poverty tends to be strongly linked to parental marital status and parental employment patterns. While these factors are important for all children, other explanations unique to the immigrant experience are critical for understanding the growth in immigrant child poverty. One such explanation focuses the fact that the types of immigrants who come to the United States have changed over the past few decades, while another focuses on how the social and economic environment immigrants encounter once they arrive in the United States has changed. Research conducted by myself with Susan L. Brown and Maxwell Kwenda at Bowling Green State University suggests that there are elements of truth in both perspectives. Changes in Immigrants. Some scholars point to changes in the characteristics of the immigrants coming to the United States as an explanation for the increase in immigrant child poverty. Economist George Borjas argues that the United States has increasingly attracted large numbers of low-skilled workers with low levels of education due to changing criteria for immigrant admissions based on family reunification, a growing welfare state, and amnesties that legalized over one-million unauthorized immigrants in the 1980s. This perspective suggests that increases in immigrant child poverty may be associated with declines in the education, experience, and skill levels of immigrant parents. The evidence on this view is mixed. Average educational levels of immigrant parents actually increased following 1970 (although not as quickly as among native parents). The percentage of immigrant parents with a college degree increased from 20 to 29 percent between 1970 and 2000, and the percentage without a high school degree declined from 34 to 30 percent. The growth in poverty among immigrant children could not have resulted from declines in immigrant parent's education because, very simply, immigrant parents' education did not decline. Perhaps more important have been declines in parental employment among immigrants. Immigrant parents with low levels of education, particularly mothers, have become less likely to be engaged in steady, full-time employment. Among immigrant married couples with a high school education or less, the percentage with at least one full-time-full-year job declined 14.5 percentage points (from 77.2 percent in 1970 to 62.7 percent in 2000), and the percentage in which both parents work (at least 1.5 full-time equivalent jobs between the two parents) declined by 5.4 percentage points. Another notable change is immigrants' shifting race/ethnic composition. Many more immigrants come from Latin American and Asian countries than in the past, and many fewer are of European origin. In the context of persistent racial discrimination, immigrant parents today may find it more difficult to gain employment and good wages due to their non-European origins. Again, the evidence for this perspective is mixed. On the one hand, child poverty levels have been and continue to be higher among racial and ethnic minority groups than among non-Hispanic whites even after accounting for differences in family structure, work patterns and educational attainment. Because belonging to racial or ethnic minority constitutes a disadvantage and a much higher proportion of immigrant parents are of non-European origin than before, this change may contribute to the growth in poverty among immigrant families. On the other hand, the disadvantages associated with race and ethnicity diminished substantially over the last three decades. In this case, the positives offset the negatives. Based on our analysis of several decades of Census data, my colleagues and I estimate that the increases in poverty that resulted from changes in immigrants' race/ethnic composition were counterbalanced by declines in poverty that resulted from reductions in the disadvantage of being non-white. Predicted Percentage in Poverty (vertical axis) by Race/ethnicity and Year The New Economy. Another explanation for the increase in immigrant child poverty relates to the fact that economic returns to education, employment, and work experience have declined. Since 1979, earnings growth has been confined to those with a college degree. Those who did not complete high school experienced a 30 percent decline in real wages. Rising wage inequality has been attributed in part the formation of an "hourglass" economy, in which jobs for skilled and semi-skilled workers in manufacturing have declined relative to both highly paid professional occupations at the top and dead-end service-sector jobs at the bottom of the pay scale. The "hourglass" structure of today's economy has made it more difficult for new arrivals—many of whom start out with low levels of education—to work their way up the job ladder. It takes more education, employment, and experience in the United States to lift children out of poverty today than 30 years ago. For example, even after accounting for other factors, poverty levels tend to be much higher for children of parents with a high school education or less than for children of parents who went to college. Even more important, poverty levels among those with low education increased significantly in the past three decades, particularly during the 1980s. Predicted Percentage in Poverty (vertical axis) by Education and Year It is important to keep in mind that the challenges of the new economy have hit immigrants especially hard because of their comparatively low educational attainments and maternal labor force participation. Despite slow improvement, immigrant parents fell behind native parents with respect to education. Furthermore, among immigrant parents with low levels of education, employment hours declined. In an economy that increasingly values higher education and in which mothers' employment has become important for keeping households financially afloat, the lack of rapid change in education and employment constitutes a severe and growing impediment for a growing number of immigrant families. Poverty increased among children of immigrants and not children of natives because native families tended to adapt more successfully to the rapidly changing economic environment. The Policy Debate Current debates about immigration tend to be divided between those advocating changes in immigrant admissions criteria and border policy as a means of increases in the economic well-being of immigrants and their children, and those advocating increasing the level of economic and social support for new arrivals. On the one hand, it is difficult to find empirical evidence to support the idea that the increase in immigrant child poverty is a direct result of changes in the types of immigrants who move to the United States. Parental education among immigrants did not decline, and the effects of shifts in race/ethnic composition were offset by convergence in poverty risks across race/ethnic groups. On the other hand, immigrant families have fallen behind native families in parental employment and education, and the lack of rapid change in employment and education have contributed to the higher poverty rates of immigrant children. An understandable policy goal might be to modify immigration admissions or border policy in ways that are more selective of immigrants with higher levels of education and parental employment, both of which have become increasingly important. However, such a strategy is almost certainly unrealistic. It would be difficult to alter the composition of immigrant flows given the strong and deeply imbedded social, economic, and political forces both in the United States and abroad that promote the in-flow of low-skilled labor and the reunification of immigrant families. A more workable strategy is to identify barriers to employment among immigrant parents (especially immigrant mothers) and educational attainment among immigrant children, and then develop and implement policies that seek to reduce these barriers.

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Filed under: Beauty & Plastic Surgery Bullous pemphigoid (BUL-us PEM-fih-goid) is a rare, persistent skin condition that usually appears as large, fluid-filled blisters (bullae) in your skin. Although anyone can develop bullous pemphigoid, it almost always affects older adults. Bullous pemphigoid occurs when the immune system mounts an attack against a thin layer of tissue below your outer layer of skin. The reason for this abnormal immune response is unknown. Drugs that suppress the immune system abnormalities of bullous pemphigoid improve symptoms, but they require careful monitoring for serious side effects. Bullous pemphigoid is rarely life-threatening, except in older individuals already in poor health or in people with otherwise poor immune system function. The primary feature of bullous pemphigoid is the appearance of blisters. Characteristics of the blisters include the following: * Blisters are large, filled with fluid and don't easily rupture when touched. * Fluid inside the blisters is usually clear but may contain some blood. * Skin around the blisters may appear normal, reddish in people with light skin color or darker than normal in people with dark skin color. * Blisters can appear anywhere on the body, but they are most often on the abdomen, groin, inner thighs and arms. Blisters are often located along creases or folds in the skin, such as the skin on the inner side of a joint. * The site of a ruptured blister may be painful or sensitive. Others symptoms include: * Hives. Raised, red or dark patches of swollen skin (hives) may appear before the development of blisters. In some cases, hives may be the only skin lesion to develop. * Itching. The affected areas of skin are usually very itchy. * Mouth sores. You may develop blisters or sores in the mouth and, rarely, on other mucous membranes. When to see a doctor If you develop unexplained blistering, hives, itching or other skin irritation — a condition not caused, for example, by a known skin allergy or contact with poison ivy — see your doctor. Because a number of conditions can cause signs and symptoms affecting your skin, it's important to get a prompt, accurate diagnosis and appropriate care. The cause of bullous pemphigoid is not well understood. The blisters and other skin irritation occur because of a malfunction in the immune system. Your body's immune system normally produces antibodies to fight bacteria, viruses or other potentially harmful foreign substances. For reasons that are not clear, the body may develop an antibody to a particular tissue in your body. In bullous pemphigoid, the immune system produces antibodies to the skin's basement membrane, a thin layer of fibers connecting the outer layer of skin (dermis) and the next layer of skin (epidermis). These antibodies trigger inflammatory activity that produces the blisters, hives and itching of bullous pemphigoid. Bullous pemphigoid usually appears randomly with no clear factors contributing to the onset of disease. A small percentage of cases may be triggered by certain treatments, including: * Prescription medications to treat rheumatoid arthritis or fluid retention * Ultraviolet light therapy to treat certain skin conditions or inflammatory disorders * Radiation therapy to treat cancer Bullous pemphigoid is more likely to occur in people who are 60 years of age and older, and it's most common in people in their 80s. Serious complications of bullous pemphigoid are more likely in older adults and in those in generally poor health. These include: * Infections at the site of ruptured blisters * Widespread infection in other tissues (sepsis) Depending on the severity and location of blisters, bullous pemphigoid may disrupt typical activities of daily living. The blisters and itching may make it difficult to: * Maintain personal hygiene * Wear certain clothing or shoes comfortably * Eat or drink if blisters or sores are in the mouth * Sleep comfortably A person may also be self-conscious or embarrassed by his or her appearance. All of these complications can affect a person's health, social interactions, physical activity and general well-being. Preparing for your appointment You'll likely start by seeing your primary care doctor if you have blisters, hives or other skin irritation. You may be referred, however, to a specialist in skin disorders (dermatologist). You may want to bring a friend or relative to your appointment. This person, in addition to offering support, can write down information from your doctor or other clinic staff during the visit. Prepare a list You should make a list to share with your primary doctor or dermatologist. This list should include: * The name and contact information of any physician you have seen recently or see regularly * Prescription medications and dosages * Over-the-counter drugs or dietary supplements you take regularly What to expect from your doctor Your doctor will likely ask you a number of questions. Be prepared to answer the following: * When did the blisters, hives or other skin problems appear? * Where are they located? * Do the blisters, hives or other areas of your skin itch? * Have you observed any oozing, draining of pus or bleeding? * Have you recently started new medications? * Have you had a fever? Tests and diagnosis Your doctor or dermatologist makes a diagnosis of bullous pemphigoid or another skin disorder based on the information you provide about symptoms, a careful examination of the skin abnormality and the results of laboratory tests. These tests include: * Biopsy. Your doctor will remove a tiny piece of skin (biopsy) from one or more sites where your skin is affected. These tissue samples are stained with specially prepared antibodies and examined under a microscope by a laboratory technician. A particular profile of immune system antibodies revealed in the tissue sample can point toward a diagnosis of bullous pemphigoid. * Blood test. A nurse or assistant may also draw a small sample of blood for a lab test. This test can identify concentrations of immune system proteins in the bloodstream that are typically elevated in people with the disorder. Treatments and drugs The goals of bullous pemphigoid treatment are to help the skin heal as quickly as possible and relieve itching. Your doctor will likely prescribe a combination of drugs that inhibit immune system activities that cause inflammation. Most people experience improvement in symptoms within a few weeks, but ongoing treatment is often necessary for several years. Corticosteroids taken as a pill (oral) are the primary treatment for bullous pemphigoid, particularly at the beginning of a treatment regimen. Some people may also be able to use a corticosteroid ointment (topical) that is applied directly to the affected skin. The side effects vary depending on whether you have oral or topical treatment. * Oral side effects. Long-term use of oral corticosteroids can cause weakening of the bones (osteoporosis), diabetes, high blood pressure, high cholesterol, cataracts and other serious side effects. * Topical side effects. Long-term use of topical corticosteroids can cause thinning of the skin and other skin problems. After your skin has healed, your doctor will gradually reduce your dosage to the lowest dose possible to keep the disease under control and minimize the risk of side effects. Immunosuppressants are drugs that inhibit the production of your body's disease-fighting white blood cells. These drugs may be used in combination with corticosteroids to minimize the risks of corticosteroid treatment. They may also be used alone, but symptom relief may take longer to achieve. Side effects of these drugs include an increased risk of infections. Immunosuppressants used to treat bullous pemphigoid include: * Azathioprine (Imuran) * Mycophenolate mofetil (CellCept) Other anti-inflammatory drugs Other drugs with anti-inflammatory properties that may be used alone or in combination with corticosteroids include: * Methotrexate (Trexall), a drug often used to treat other inflammatory skin diseases and rheumatoid arthritis * Tetracycline, an antibiotic with anti-inflammatory properties * Nicotinamide, a byproduct of a B vitamin, taken in combination with tetracycline * Dapsone (Aczone) and sulfapyridine, a combination of drugs with antibiotic and anti-inflammatory properties Monitoring side effects of corticosteroids Long-term use of corticosteroids can result in a number of serious side effects. Your doctor will monitor you closely for potential problems. He or she may adjust your dosage and prescribe treatments to manage reactions to corticosteroid treatment. Your doctor will likely prescribe daily doses of calcium and vitamin D supplements to help prevent osteoporosis induced by the treatment. The American Academy of Rheumatology recommends the following daily doses for anyone taking oral corticosteroids for more than three months: * 1,000 to 1,200 milligrams (mg) of calcium supplements * 400 to 1,000 international units (IU) of vitamin D supplements Lifestyle and home remedies If you have bullous pemphigoid, you can help take care of your condition with the following self-care strategies: * Avoid injury. The blisters of bullous pemphigoid and topical corticosteroids, if you're taking them, cause your skin to be fragile. If a blister on your skin breaks, cover it with a dry, sterile dressing to protect it from infection as it heals. * Avoid sun exposure. Avoid prolonged sun exposure on any area of the skin affected by bullous pemphigoid. * Watch what you eat. If you have blisters in your mouth, avoid eating hard and crunchy foods, such as chips and raw fruits and vegetables, because these types of foods might aggravate symptoms.

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Renewable energy from natural resources offers a way out from dependence on oil and coal to power our homes. In fact, due to advancing technological breakthroughs, increasing investment and research dollars in this sector, and declining costs for the average consumer. All these factors have contributed to making green energy more accessible and affordable for millions of people worldwide. In fact, there are many benefits and advantages of using renewable energy sources, namely solar, wind, and biogas. There are other sources of renewable energy that we could mention and talk about. But for now, we will concentrate on these three sources of green energy. Benefits of Biogas As A Renewable Energy Source Biogas is generated by anaerobic digestion, which involves decomposition of organic matter or biomass in the absence of oxygen. The process is facilitated by bacteria action. The bacteria action produces biogas, which is composed of methane and other gases (Biogas is about 60% methane). The Biogas is the natural byproduct from this decaying process, and is used to power a biogas generator. Biogas has many advantages, which includes: -Little Capital Investment Electricity generation for home use via biogas production, is actually cheap to setup because only a small amount of capital is required. For example, a farm may be self-sufficient by using plants and other biodegradable waste material generated from livestock and farm animals, to produce biogas. For urban homes, left over food scraps, vegetable and fruit peels, weeds, and grass, can be used as raw material to produce biogas. -Biogas doesn’t contribute to global warming Unlike coal, natural gas, and oil, biogas technology plays a big role in recycling biodegradable waste and material. Since biogas uses most of the plant remains and other organic waste generated by society, this helps to reduce the amount of waste dumped and stored on landfills. Hence, reducing soil and water pollution as well. 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The best thing about this is that you do not depend on anyone; you’re personally manufacturing energy drawn from the Sun. -Portable Solar Energy Solution If you ever run out of your phone battery or you urgently need a charger, a solar charger would be a perfect solution for you. In the sea of available solar mobile phone chargers, we’ve come up with the five most reliable ones. Obviously, the benefits of having a solar charger are immense. You’d be quite satisfied with something like an Anker 21W 2-Port USB Solar Charger, or an iBeek® Portable Solar Battery Charger. Both of these products have over 10 million satisfied users. FKANT 10000mAh Solar Charger comes with an awesome design. This product is for the more enthusiastic customers. It also allows charging two devices at once because it has a massive 10000mAh capacity and two ports. GRDE 15000mAh Solar Changer and CHOE 19W 2-Port Solar Phone Charge are the two chargers left on our list. 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Therefore, no instances of environmental pollution. -Lower Initial Cost Land that’s used to install wind turbines can also be utilized for agricultural purposes at the same time. This helps to lower the set-up cost. How to Choose a Wind Turbine for Your Home It’s often hard to pick the right product because people tend to oversee some important parameters. The first thing you should do is ask yourself – are wind turbines right for my home? -What You Should Consider Before Choosing: The first thing you want to determine is the size of your property and whether or not you’re able to install an air turbine. Consider the fact that you’re going to need at least 1 acre of land. People who live in areas with limited space should consider opting for solar panels instead of air turbines. After you have decided that your property would be an appropriate site for the wind turbine, you need to start thinking about the components. 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Wind turbines are mechanical devices placed under a lot of continuous stress; you need to be sure that you’re turbines have been tested. Check for warranties as well. Having a good warranty is important, because, as we said, mechanical devices tend to break under pressure. The best thing to do is to talk with a previous customer or a friend who has experience with wind turbines. To be fair, if you have enough money and space, you should consider installing small wind turbines. The efficiency is great, the durability is unbelievable, and you’ll never run out of the source. No one can monopolize the wind, so you’ll never going to have to pay for it. Best Wind Turbines – Our Top Choice All in all, Sun energy is the new industrial revolution. It’s represented as a form of a new era. Whether you go hiking or you want a charger by your side at any time, one of these will help you a lot. Don’t hesitate to try them out! I hope this information will inform you and help you to look more closely, into these renewable sources of energy. They are a great alternative source of power and electricity generation. These green sources of power can enable you to become more energy independent. Thereby, lowering the cost of your electric and energy bill . So would you like to lower your power bill significantly? Then click the button below.

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The most famous story on the effects of visualization tells of a soldier held captive during the Vietnam War. While he was in captivity, he maintained his sanity and passed the time by mentally playing 18 holes of golf every day. He walked a familiar golf course every day, feeling the sun on his back and the wind moving across the course. Each day, he played a long, perfect game of golf. When he was eventually released and returned home, he visited the same golf course he had used in his visualization sessions. He plays 18 holes and puts down the best score of his life, having not touched a club for years. This anecdote has long been used to tout the benefits of visualization, and while it’s truthfulness is questionable, mentally imagery training has since become accepted as common practice among athletes. What Is Visualization? Visualization is the practice of mentally imagining yourself performing various tasks or actions the way you would like to perform them in real-life. It’s a mental rehearsal of skills, specific gameday scenarios, racing in new venues, or performing at the top of your ability while under pressure. The idea is that if you consistently mentally rehearse sports scenarios or specific actions, physical performance of those scenarios and actions will improve. If it sounds too good to be true, it is. But only kind of. The effects of visualization are real, but the greatest impact comes when visualization is used in conjunction with a disciplined, sport-specific training schedule. If you’re new to the idea of mental training, or want a few ideas on how to update your visualization-game, read on. We’re about to break it all down. Beginning in the 1980s, visualization started to gain traction among the public thanks to sports psychologists and coaches, as well as motivational speakers and life coaches for non-athletic applications. The benefits of visualization run the gamut from physical performance improvements to mental resilience and will change depending on which athlete or psychologist you ask. Team athletes can practice new plays mentally or match themselves up against new and changing opponents. When an athlete has run through a game scenario in their head before meeting it on the court, their brain is already primed to respond optimally. They’ve started to build reactions even though it’s a new situation. This visualization focus is commonly employed by athletes who directly interact with a variety of competitors – think basketball or football players meeting a different team every week, or an MMA fighter engaging with ever-evolving opponents. For “solo” athletes like runners and triathletes, visualization allows them to see (and even “run”) a course before they get there. That way, there are minimal surprises on race day. The same goes for athletes heading to new stadiums; if they can run their pre-play routine in the new environment in their head, they’re not dealing with as much new stimulus when they want to be focusing on performance. Many athletes have also reported benefits to their mental state – they’re less nervous and anxious approaching events because they’ve already been there and seen themselves performing the way they want to. For athletes with performance anxiety, their focus and ability to “shut out” the crowd improves, along with their confidence in their ability to perform. While it may seem like a “woo-woo” mental practice, visualization is widely accepted among high-caliber athletes. At this point, you’d be hard-pressed to find a famous, successful athlete who doesn’t employ visualization at some level. Olympians across many disciplines tout the benefits of mental imagery in their training. When stakes are that high and you only get a shot once every four years, the pressure is on – and it can take its toll on an athlete’s mental state. Michael Phelps is a huge proponent of visualization (and hard work, of course). LeBron James attributes much of his success to his mental game. Arnold Schwarzenegger envisioned his future and made it a reality. No matter the sport, visualization and mental imagery can have a massive impact on an athlete’s focus and overall performance. The Link Between Visualization and Learning All those benefits sound great, but let’s be honest: the proof is in the science. While visualization is somewhat hard to measure (thought and focus are not observable, measurable actions in the traditional sense), there have been several insightful research projects. Supporting the more direct studies, there’s plenty or research into the motor cortex of the brain and its function in movement and learning. Though the science is, to date, somewhat murky, the idea of visualization necessitates at least mentioning mirror neurons. Mirror neurons were initially observed in macaque monkey populations. Scientists were investigating the role of individual neurons in the functions of hand and mouth actions – that is, what specific segments of the motor cortex are firing while the monkeys were grabbing or eating food. While observing brain activity, the researchers identified neurons that fired when a monkey grabbed food as well as firing when they merely watched someone grab food. Essentially, the brain was able to “mirror” the physical act being observed. Similar neurons have been mapped in the human brain through a series of fMRI studies. Research has been somewhat limited, but there is strong evidence to suggest that several areas of the brain work as part of a “mirror network.” The purpose of this neural network is subject to hypothesis at this point, though various theories include granting humans the ability to learn through imitation, mimic other people’s movements for social reasons, infer the meaning behind actions, and to empathize with other people. While the many explanations of mirror neurons are fascinating, it could easily become its own article. For the purpose of visualization, it is merely relevant to understand that humans have a neural system that allows neurons to fire and the brain to build connections both when observing actions and while performing them. Motor Cortex Activation Imagining yourself performing an action and actually moving both activate the motor cortex. While that may seem preposterous, it’s actually quite simple. In order to send the signal needed to contract a muscle from the brain all the way down to the muscle, a certain threshold of activation needs to be achieved. Prior to reaching that activation level, you’re still calling on the same neurons in the motor cortex – just at a lower intensity. The same area of the brain is lit up, but no muscles contract as a result. So, even when you’re pretending to perform an action (or watching someone else do it as with mirror neurons), your brain is working in the background, quietly stimulating the same areas of the motor cortex and building connections. Research Studies on Visualization It’s all well-and-good in theory, but what does the research say? (Brace yourself, it’s about to get a little wordy.) The original study heralding visualization was performed by Dr. Blaslatto at the University of Chicago. He measured the level of improvement in free throw shooting in 3 groups of players. For 30 days, one group did not practice, one group spent 30 minutes daily practicing free throws, and the last spent 30 minutes each day visualizing successful free throws. The group with no practice showed no improvement, the physical practice group improved 24%, and the group who visualized improved by 23%. While this particular study has not been re-created, there are a number of others that show the effectiveness in visualization in basketball. A small study performed at the Cleveland Clinic studied the strength gains made through physical or mental training over a course of 12 weeks. Participants either physically performed finger abduction (spreading the fingers) and elbow flexion (bicep curls) or mentally envisioned themselves going through the actions. While the group training physically saw larger gains in strength, the group performing visualization exercises saw a 35 percent increase in finger abduction strength and a 13.5 percent increase in elbow flexion strength. Researchers hypothesize that mental training increased the motor cortex signal output, creating higher levels of muscle activation and, consequently, creating more powerful muscle contractions. How to Practice Visualization Now that the value of visualization has been thoroughly espoused, it would probably be helpful to actually tell you how to do it. As with most things, there are several ways to approach this, and there’s an efficient way and an effective way. If you have questions after this explanation, sports psychologists and coaches are typically great resources on how to apply visualization to your sport specifically. Outline Your Focus As with physical practice, you need a purpose. Exercises are much more effective (and easier to plan) when you know what the end goal is. This allows you to work backwards and outline the best plan of attack. Among competitive athletes, it’s common to envision their next big event, whether that’s a race day, a big game, or a performance. Working on a specific event means that you have a venue and an environment that can be worked in to the picture, and you can envision a particular outcome – success is fairly black and white when you’re looking at obtaining a PR, getting on the podium, or hitting a certain score. Outside of prepping for a big event, athletes may choose to focus on a particularly challenge aspect of training or a difficult new skill. For runners, this may be a challenging hill on a local trail. For dancers, this may be a new turn combination. For basketball players, it might be a new technique for shooting three pointers. It’s different for everyone. The easiest way to decide what to work on is to look at your current training and event schedule, and look at what makes you most nervous or gives you the most trouble, as well as any large goals you’re working towards. Once you’ve narrowed down what you want to focus on, you’re ready to dive in. Get in the Mindset To start, find a quiet space free from distractions. This can be anything from laying on your couch in the dark to taking a moment in your car at lunch time. Some athletes choose to wear earplugs or put headphones in (without music playing) to block out sound. Take a moment to connect with your body. Check in with all your limbs and feel how you’re doing. Take a few deep breaths and close your eyes. Aim to be in a relaxed state and aware of your body. Engage Your Senses Despite the name, visualization actually requires lot more than just picturing something in your mind’s eye. To properly engage in visualization, you need to pull more of your senses in to the equation. It’s like your imagination, on steroids – you’re aiming for a fully immersive experience. Start by building your environment; this part is primarily visual. What color are the walls? What does the floor look like? Picture the lighting, the decorations, the colors, and any details you can muster. If you’ve never been to a venue before, you can usually get a decent idea from Youtube or pictures. From there, work into your other senses. What does it sound like? Does it echo, or are sounds muted? If you’re outdoors, can you hear birds? Cars? Water? Is there a crowd? Do they yell? Is there polite applause? What does it smell like? Are you in a city, with exhaust and concrete? Are you in an arena with concessions? How about a trail, with dust and dirt? Does your competition gear have a specific smell? Taste is somewhat looped into smell – most of us don’t eat while competing. However, if you can incorporate the smell of the atmosphere, or you fuel during breaks (or while running), take time to taste the food and identify the textures. Finally, what does it feel like? Both in a physical and a metaphorical sense. Address your physical traits first. What feedback do you get from the ground? Is it springy, or unyielding? Is there a breeze on your arms or sun on your back, or is it cold? Do you feel a helmet on your head, a ball in your hand, or a running belt around your waist? Then, address your touchy-feely feelings. Are you excited? Nervous? Calm and collected? Amped up? You decide how you feel based on the attitude you want on game day. Visualizing the event in the mindset you want to be in can help create that reality – you’re teaching your brain how you’d like to feel when you’re in that environment. Work Through Your Routine Now, you start the real work. Using the focus or event you’ve already picked out as a guide, run through the entire event. If you’re shooting free throws, enter the gym. Find your basketball (pay attention to how it feels in your hand). Walk to the line. Do you pass other players? Do you greet them? Set up for your first shot. Set your feet. Dribble if you prefer. Get the ball positioned correctly in your hand. Line your shot up. Flex into the legs. Push up and release the ball. Watch it travel through the air, and watch the swish. Now retrieve the ball, go back to the line, and repeat. At the end of practice, put the ball away as close to how you would in real life, and leave the gym. If you’re practicing for an upcoming race, go through all of the race day events. Maybe you start when you’re parking at the event. Go through your entire pre-race routine, including standing in line for the porta-potty (though maybe mentally fast forward that a little). Find your pace group. Get lined up. Listen to the announcement, hear the gun, and run the whole race. Focus in on seeing and feeling the course, and acknowledge the hard parts – if it’s a marathon, see yourself pushing through the wall. No matter what you’re visualizing, find a natural start and end point that helps you set the stage. It creates context and makes the experience more “real.” It’s worth mentioning that, like any valuable skill, visualization takes practice. It’s difficult at first. Similar to when people learn to meditate, you’ll find your mind wandering or notice that you’re thinking about your grocery list without understanding how you got from the basketball court to the frozen food aisle. The important thing is to not get discouraged. If you find your mind wandering, bring it back. Reset your visualization at a good “save point;” you don’t have to start over every time. As you become more disciplined and continue practicing, you’ll find that you need to reset less frequently. To help with this process, set a schedule for your visualization. Just like outlining your focus, you must be diligent and deliberate with your visualization practice to reap the rewards. Many athletes spend at least 10 minutes a day visualizing, though you can set any schedule that works for you. Review and Modify as Needed Remember, you won’t see the results immediately. Similar to physical practice, it’s going to take time to feel the impact of visualization. Don’t immediately change things if you aren’t seeing results. However, over time, there are some considerations and tweaks you can make: - Mix up the perspective. While the inclination for most athletes is to perform visualization from the first-person perspective (in your own body), there is a definite benefit to visualizing in the third-person. Especially for those in aesthetic sports (dance, gymnastics, cheer, etc.), seeing yourself perform the motions perfectly from outside your body may help eliminate imposter syndrome, or an internal belief that you’re not as good as other athletes. Even for those in more traditional sports, seeing yourself hit the perfect three or cross the finish line can make that moment feel more real. - Change the speed. As mentioned in outlining your focus, not everyone has the luxury of running their visualizations in real-time. Most of the time, we perform visualization in “fast-forward.” Occasionally, it’s worth picking a particular section of a race or a specific play that’s challenging, and running it in real-time. This allows you to slow down and engage with the environment in intimate detail, creating a more realistic model to draw on when it’s game time. - Consider guided visualization. Being able to put yourself through your paces is invaluable and doesn’t make you reliant on a coach or friend to perform visualization. However, you can also get in ruts or mentally gloss over certain parts of the activity. Having a coach run you through your events, races, or game day scenarios can benefit you in multiple ways. They’ll likely focus on slightly different aspects of the narrative, which helps you create a more thorough mental picture. It also gives your brain a break from guiding itself, allowing you to pay more attention to the feeling and focus of each movement.

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Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever (RMSF) is caused by Rickettsia ricketsii bacteria and is transmitted to humans by two primary tick vectors: the American dog tick, dermacentor variabilis, the brown dog tick, rhipicephalus sanguineus, and the Rocky Mountain wood tick, dermacentor andersoni. It is the most severe rickettsiosis of the United States with mortality rates as high as 30% in untreated cases. Despite the name of the disease, Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever is actually most common in the south Atlantic and south central parts of the United States. The CDC reports 300-1200 cases per year with a seasonal peak in the late spring and summer. The disease is most common in children, particularly those ages 5-9. RMSF cases occur throughout the United States but are most commonly reported from North Carolina, Tennessee, Missouri, Arkansas and Oklahoma. In 2003 there were outbreaks of RMSF on several Indian reservations. The rate of infection reached 150 times the national average and caused 19 deaths. The outbreak was attributed to the large population of free roaming dogs. These dogs carried the brown dog tick which is an important vector for the disease. They were able to respond to this outbreak by treating over 500 homes with pesticides that target ticks and placing long-acting tick collars on over 1000 dogs. Afterwards ticks were found on only 1% of the dogs with collars versus 69% of the untreated dogs. These measures helped reduce RMSF infection by 43% on these Indian reservations. RMSF cases in the United States In 2009 the reporting definition of Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever was broadened to include other Spotted Fever Rickettsiosis. Using these new criteria the number of cases increased from 1.7 cases per million to 14.2 cases per million over a period of 12 years. People who spend time outdoors, dog owners and native Americans who live on reservations are at higher risk of contracting a rickettsial disease. Children are also at risk because they’re lower to the ground and are more likely to partake in risk behavior such as playing in tall grass and going off trail during a hike. Signs & Symptoms Symptoms of Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever appear 3-12 days after infection and include fever, severe headache, myalgia, nausea and yellowing of the skin or eyes. In patients with central nervous system involvement confusion, seizures, dizziness and coma may develop. Late in the disease course half of the patients will develop a rash, with small red spots starting on the hands and feet and extending inward toward the trunk over time. Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever can affect the respiratory system, the gastrointestinal system, kidneys and/or heart and can lead to a variety of serious or fatal complications. Today about 5-10% of the RMSF cases results in death. Most of the fatalities occur in the very young and very old due to delayed diagnosis and treatment. - High fever - Headache (children are less likely to report a headache than adults) In children you see more often edema involving the dorsum of the hands. White blood cell counts, platelets and electrolytes tend to fall within normal limits during early illness. 2-4 days after the onset of illness - Abdominal pain - Worsening myalgia Laboratory diagnostics may show elevated liver enzymes or low platelets. Less than half of the patients develop a rash during the first 3 days after the onset of fever. Late onset rash is a risk factor for fatal outcome. The rash is characterized by small flat pink macules on the wrists, forearms, ankles and spreads to include the trunk and sometimes the palms and soles. Clinicians should never wait with treatment for a rash to appear. 5-7 days after onset of illness - High fever - Worsening abdominal pain - Worsening respiratory status The rash becomes petechial and more widespread. These symptoms are a reflection of the widespread vasculitis caused by Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever. Laboratory tests reflect worsening low platelets, elevated liver enzymes and electrolyte abnormalities such as hyponatremia. After 7 days of illness - Diffuse purpura - Necrosis of digits - Septic shock - Renal failure - Pulmonary edema - Cerebral edema - Altered mental status People who survive late illness can experience severe sequela such as necrosis necessitating amputation, persistent neurologic deficits and permanent organ damage. Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever Rash RMSF provides a diagnostic challenge for healthcare providers because early symptoms are often similar to other febrile illnesses and yet decision to treat is based on clinical diagnosis. The sudden onset of fever and headache at the beginning of illness prompts most people to visit a healthcare provider in the first few days of symptoms. Most deaths occur in the first 8 days of illness clinical consideration and early treatment during these initial encounters is critical to prevent severe disease and death. Diagnosis must often be made on the basis of the history and physical exam because the available lab tests are neither rapid nor sensitive enough and prompt treatment of RMSF is critical to a positive outcome. This can be challenging because many patients don’t recall a tick bite. Serology is used to confirm the diagnosis after treatment has been initiated. It requires a four-fold or greater rise in IgG antibody titer. Acute serum samples should be taken in the first week of illness or while exhibiting symptoms. The convalescent serum samples should be taken 2-4 weeks later. A single serology result cannot confirm RMSF infection. PCR assays are also used to detect Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever in whole blood or tissue during the first week of illness. Positive PCR results indicate the presence of rickettsia rickettsii bacteria. Rickettsias circulate in low numbers in the blood stream early in infection and a negative PCR cannot definitively rule out infection with RMSF. But PCR’s for the infection are still not widely available. Treatment is most effective at preventing death and severe disease when it is started within the first 5 days of symptoms and never wait for the rash to begin treatment. Doxycycline is the recommended treatment for RMSF in all age groups including children under 8 years. With the standard dose and duration of treatment there is no evidence that doxycycline causes teeth staining. It is most effective at preventing severe disease when started within 5 days of illness. The use of antibiotics other than doxycycline is associated with higher risk of fatality. Minimum duration of treatment is 5-7 days or at least 3 days after the fever subsides and until there is evidence of clinical improvement. Severe cases may require intravenous administration or longer treatment duration. Prophylactic use of doxycycline following a tick bite is not recommended to prevent RMSF. It may confound or delay presentation of the disease and therefore makes it more difficult to make a correct diagnosis. New tickborne ricketsial diseases continue to be recognized. Rickettsia parkeri and Rickettsia philipii are two examples of this. Rickettsia Helvetica is thought to be the “Swiss agent” that Willy Burgdorfer, the discoverer of the Lyme disease spirochete, wrote about in his personal papers about his work. These rickettsial diseases often share similar clinical features yet are epidemiologically and etiologically distinct. Rickettsia parkeri is found along the Gulf Coast and Rickettsia philipii is found along the West Coast. The spotted rash is not a common clinical finding patients that are infected with these rickettsial organisms but there will frequently develop an eschar, or necrotic area at the site of the tick bite. These other rickettsial infections usually result in mild illness of headache, myalgias, fever and swollen lymph nodes that may go undiagnosed. Rickettsias in Europe In Europe tickborne rickettsial infections are mainly caused by Rickettsia conorri, the causative agent for Fièvre Boutonneus. Fièvre Boutonneus is endemic in countries surrounding the Mediterranean Sea and it therefor also called Mediterranean spotted fever. It is transmitted by the dog tick, Rhipicephalus sanguineus. After an incubation period of 7 days the disease manifests with chills, fever, muscular and articular pains, severe headache and photophobia. The location of the bite form a black, ulcerous crust called a tache noire. At day 4 a widespread maculopapular rash appears which can become petechial over time. In Europe the disease is treated with doxycycline, macrolides and/or fluoroquinolones. But doxycycline remains the preferred treatment. Anaplasmosis is caused by Anaplasma phagocytophilum, a small, intracellular bacterium that invades neutrophils, the most abundant type of white blood cell in humans. They form bacterial microcolonies within these cells and disturb their function in the body. Most of the damage is thought to be caused by inflammatory processes. The signs and symptoms of Anaplasma infection can range from asymptomatic to fatal disease. Symptoms appear 5 to 10 days after the tick bite and include fever, chills, headache and muscle aches. Nausea, cough and arthralgia’s can also occur. Nervous system involvement can occur, most often in the form of peripheral neuropathy causing numbness and tingling. Blood tests may reveal a low number of white blood cells, low platelets and elevated liver enzymes. These abnormalities usually resolve by the second week of symptoms so absence of these abnormalities does not preclude anaplasmosis. Very early disease may be detected by PCR but a negative result does not rule it out. Laboratory technicians can examine a blood smear to look for microscopic evidence of micro colonies in the white blood cells but they are detected in only 20% of cases at this stage of the disease. Serologic testing is useful to confirm the diagnosis of anaplasmosis after 7-10 days of infection. The most common method is IFA of IgM and IgG antibodies against anaplasma phagocytophilum. In patients that present with acute febrile illness after a tick bite that is suggestive of anaplasmosis should be threated empirically with antibiotics. Laboratory testing is important for confirmation but antibiotic therapy should not be delayed until that confirmation is acquired as delay in treatment can result in severe illness and death. Doxycycline is the recommended treatment in patients of all ages including children under 8 years. The treatment duration is 10-14 days given the possibility of coinfection with Borrelia burgdorferi. Response to treatment is rapid if the patient remains febrile for 48 hours after the onset of treatment the diagnosis should be revisited. The organisms that most often cause human ehrlichiosis are Ehrlichia chaffeensis and Ehrlichia ewingii. Both are transmitted to humans by lone star ticks rather than deer ticks. E. chaffeensis infects monocytes, a type of white blood cell and is therefore referred to as human monocytic ehrlichiosis while E. ewingii infects neutrophil granulocytes and is called human ewingii ehrlichiosis. Although they invade different host cells they seem to produce similar symptoms in humans. Symptoms develop 1-2 weeks after the tick bite and most patients will have fever, chills, a severe headache and myalgias. Less common symptoms include nausea, vomiting and confusion. Most cases of ehrlichiosis are uncomplicated but it is a potentially serious disease. Hospitalization is needed in 40-50% of symptomatic patients and sometimes has a fatal outcome. Patients with a compromised immune system are at greatest risk. Blood tests may reveal low white blood cell counts, low platelets and elevated liver enzymes. PCR is 60-85% sensitive for E. chaffeensis. The sensitivity for E. ewingii is unknown but it is also the only definitive diagnostic test. Changes in antibody titers detected by IFA can confirm infection but is not useful during acute illness when treatment decisions must be made. IgG antibodies can remain high for years after infection and false positive results can be caused by other conditions including Lyme disease, Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever and Q-fever. Doxycycline is again the recommended treatment. Duration of therapy is at least 5-7 days. In severe cases doxycycline is given intravenously and treatment is often extended. Treatment should be continued in all patients for at least 3-5 days after the fever subsides and until clinical improvement is noted. Table of rickettsias |Anaplasma||Human granulocytic anaplasmosis||Anaplasma phagocytophilum||United States, worldwide| |Ehrlichia||Human monocytic ehrlichiosis||Ehrlichia chaffeensis||United States, worldwide| |Ehrlichiosis||Ehrlichia muris||North America, Europe, Asia| |Ehrlichiosis||Ehrlichia ewingii||North America| |Neoehrlichia||Human neoehrlichiosis||Neoehrlichia mikurensis||Europe, Asia| |Spotted Fever||Rickettsiosis||Rickettsia aeschlimannii||South Africa, Morocco, Mediterranean Sea| |African tick-bite fever||R. africae||Africa, West India| |Queensland tick typhus||R. australis||Australia| |Mediterranean spotted fever||R. conorii||South Europe, South/West Asia, Africa, India| |Far Eastern spotted fever||R. heilongjiangensis||Middle East, Russia, China, East Asia| |Aneruptive fever||R. helvetica||Europe, Asia| |Flinders Island spotted fever,| Thai tick typhus |Japanese spotted fever||R. japonica||Japan| |Mediterranean spotted fever-like disease||R. massiliae||France, Greece, Spain, Portugal, Switserland, Sicily, Central Africa, Mali| |Mediterranean spotted fever-like illness||R. monacensis||Europe, North Africa| |R. parkeri||East/South America| |Pacific Coast Tick Fever||R. philipii||North California, Pacific Coast| |Tickborne lymphadenopathy||R. raoultii||Europe, Asia| |Rocky Mountain spotted fever||R. rickettsii||North, Central and South America| |North Asian tick typhus| Siberian tick typhus |R. sibirica||Russia, China, Mongolia| |Lymphangitis-associated rickettsiosis||R. sibirica mongolotimonae||South France, Portugal, China, Africa| |Tickborne lymphadenopathy||R. slovaca||South/East Europe, Asia|

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There are several systemic diseases, or diseases that affect the whole body, that either display symptoms in the feet or affect the health of the feet. Common systemic diseases that affect the overall health of the feet, and the patient’s ability to walk comfortably, include gout, diabetes mellitus, neurological disorders, and arthritis. In gout, which is caused by an excessive buildup of uric acid in the body, the most common symptoms of pain, inflammation, and redness occur at the metatarsal/phalangeal joint at the base of the big toe. Any excess levels of uric acid, crystallize and are deposited in tendons, joints, and surrounding bone and muscle tissue. Gout is commonly treated with NSAIDs to relieve pain and inflammation and other drugs to lower uric acid levels in the body. Gout most commonly affects those who are overweight, have low protein diets and lead a more sedentary lifestyle. Diabetes mellitus is an increase in the level of blood sugar in which the body cannot counteract with naturally occurring insulin in the body. The three types of diabetes, Type I, Type II and Gestational Diabetes, are all signs the body is either not producing enough insulin or is not efficiently using the insulin that is produced. Gestational diabetes only affects women who are pregnant and have never, prior to pregnancy, exhibited symptoms of the disease. There are two main issues that affect the feet that are commonly caused by diabetes. They include diabetic neuropathy and peripheral vascular disease. Diabetic neuropathy can lead to damaged nerves and affect the feet through numbness and loss of sensation. Peripheral vascular disease restricts the flow of blood to the foot and can, in extreme cases, lead to the necessity of amputating the foot. Peripheral issues that are caused by diabetes and can affect the foot include athlete’s foot, nail infections, corns, blisters, bunions, severe dry skin, plantar warts and ingrown toenails. These can all be attributed to the decrease of blood flow to the foot. Neurological disorders and rheumatoid arthritis can also have severe impact on the health of the feet. Neurological disorders can affect the nerves in the main structure of the foot and cause loss of sensation and possible decreased muscle response. Rheumatoid arthritis can affect the bones and joint structures of the foot, making it impossible to walk normally without serious pain. All systemic diseases that affect the foot can effectively be treated to minimize joint and muscle damage if they are diagnosed early and treated with medication and lifestyle therapy. Diabetes patients must monitor their blood sugar levels and work with their physician to keep their levels as close to normal as possible. Rheumatoid arthritis patients should work with their physician to ensure the proper medications are being taken to reduce the amount of damage to the joints of the body. According to a study reported at the American Pain Society Annual Scientific Meeting chemotherapy induced neuropathy has been found to hurt more in the feet than in the hands making every day routine difficult. The study included 184 patients from the San Francisco Bay area completing taxane or platinum based chemotherapy where chemo-induced neuropathy was in their hands and feet. With the help of questionnaires such as the pain interference scale and brief pain inventory, chemotherapy induced neuropathy was found to cause treatment delay, decreased functioning of the feet, and poorer quality of life since the pain reduced everyday activities. When dealing with systemic disease of the feet, is extremely important to check the affected areas routinely so that any additional problems are caught quickly. For professional help, see Dr. Jon M. Sherman of Kentlands Foot and Ankle Center . Our doctor will ensure that your feet receive the care that they need. Systemic Diseases of the Feet Systemic diseases affect the whole body, and symptoms usually are displayed in the feet. This condition can make a patient’s ability to walk unbearable. Systemic diseases include gout, diabetes mellitus, neurological disorders, and arthritis. Gout – is caused by an excess of uric acid in the body. Common symptoms include pain, inflammation, and redness at the metatarsal/phalangeal joint of the base big toe. Gout can be treated by NSAIDs to relieve pain and inflammation, and other drugs that lower the acid levels in the body. Diabetes mellitus – is an increase in the level of blood sugar that the body cannot counteract with its own insulin. Failure to produce enough insulin is a factor in Diabetes. Diabetes of the Feet Diabetic Neuropathy – may lead to damaged nerves and affect the feet through numbness and loss of sensation. Peripheral Vascular Disease – can restrict the blood flow to the feet, and often times lead to amputation of the feet. If you have any questions feel free to contact our office located in Gaithersburg, MD . We offer the latest in diagnostic and treatment technology to meet your needs. Read more about Systemic Diseases of the Feet Skinnygirl founder and Real Housewives of New York star Bethenny Frankel recently broke her toe while jumping out of bed. The 44-year-old took to Instagram to show off the bruised middle toe captioned, “This idiot broke her toe jumping outta bed, but a rough paddle race Saturday was not prob.” A few days prior Frankel participated in the Paddle & Party for Pink in the Hamptons, NY where she paddle raced for charity and did not sustain any injury. Additionally, Frankel’s surrounding toes were left unharmed and were taped alongside the broken toe to use as a splint. A broken toe can be very painful and lead to complications if not properly fixed. If you have any concerns contact Dr. Jon M. Sherman of Kentlands Foot and Ankle Centers . Our doctor will treat your foot and ankle needs. What to Know About a Broken Toe Although most people try to avoid foot trauma such as banging, stubbing, or dropping heavy objects on their feet, the unfortunate fact is that it is a common occurrence. Given the fact that toes are positioned in front of the feet, they typically sustain the brunt of such trauma. When trauma occurs to a toe, the result can be a painful break (fracture). Symptoms of a Broken Toe - throbbing pain - bruising on the skin and toenail - the inability to move the toe - toe appears crooked or disfigured - tingling or numbness in the toe Generally, it is best to stay off of the injured toe with the affected foot elevated. Severe toe fractures may be treated with a splint, cast, and in some cases, minor surgery. Due to its position and the pressure it endures with daily activity, future complications can occur if the big toe is not properly treated. If you have any concerns please feel free to contact our office located in Gaithersburg, MD . We offer the newest diagnostic tools and technology to treat your foot and ankle needs. Gout, typically found in diabetic patients, is an unusually painful form of arthritis caused by elevated levels of uric acid in the bloodstream. The condition typically strikes the metatarsal phalangeal joint on the big toe; though it has been known to strike the knees, elbows, fingers, ankles and wrists—generally anywhere that has a functioning, moving joint. The high level of uric acid in a person’s bloodstream creates the condition known as hyperuricema—the main cause of gout. Genetic predisposition occurs in nine out of ten sufferers and the children of parents who suffer gout will have a two in ten chance of developing the condition as well. This form of arthritis, again noted as being particularly painful, is the leftover uric acid crystallizing in the blood stream and travel to the space between joints where they rub causing agonizing friction when the patient moves. Symptoms include: pain, redness, swelling, and inflammation. Tertiary side effects may include fatigue and fever though reports of these effects are very rare. Some patients have reported that, as the temperature drops (when you sleep for instance) the pain may intensify. Most cases of gout are easily diagnosed by a podiatrist’s assessment of the various symptoms, however there are defined tests that can be performed. A blood test to detect elevated levels of uric acid is often used as well as the use of an x-ray to diagnose visible and chronic gout. Treatment for gout simply means eliminating symptoms; non-steroid anti-inflammatory drugs or NSAIDs (Colchicine and other corticosteroid drugs, etc.) will quell the redness, the swelling, and the inflammation, however, diet, lifestyle changes, and preventative drugs are necessary to fully combat the most severe cases. Those that lead a sedentary lifestyle are at a higher risk for gout. Any amount of exercise decreases probability of repeat encounters with the condition. Also, staying away from, or reducing drastically, consumption of red meat, sea food, and fructose-sweetened drinks reduces the likelihood of chronic gout as well. As for diet, beyond what has already been mentioned, ingesting Vitamin C, coffee, and particular dairy products help on the preventative maintenance side of healthy living. While new drugs are out on the market that inhibit the body’s production of uric acid-producing enzymes, reducing or eliminating as much as possible your overall levels of uric acid will ensure you lead a gout-free life. Although rheumatoid arthritis actually attacks multiple bones and joints throughout the entire body, ninety percent of people who actually develop this condition usually do so in the foot or ankle area. Those who develop this kind of arthritis in the feet usually develop symptoms around the toes and forefeet first, before anywhere else. Rheumatoid arthritis appears to have a genetic component. If it runs in the family, then you will be more likely to develop it as well. Rheumatoid arthritis is an autoimmune disorder in which the body’s own immune system attacks the lining of the membranes surrounding the joints. This causes inflammation of the membrane lining, and the gradual destruction of the joint’s cartilage and even bone. Some of the most common symptoms that are associated with RA include pain and swelling of the feet. Stiffness in the feet is also another common symptom that people experience. Those who have RA in the feet usually feel the pain in the ball or sole of their feet. This can get to be very painful at times. A person’s joints can even shift and become deformed after a period of time. In order to properly diagnose RA in the feet it is usually necessary for a doctor or podiatrist to evaluate the area. Your doctor will also question you about your medical history, occupation, etc., to determine whether anything in your lifestyle may have triggered the condition. There are a number of tests that may be performed to help diagnose RA such as a rheumatoid factor test, although there is no one single test that will tell you for sure if you have RA. There are different X-rays that can be taken as well to determine if a person has RA in their feet. There is a range of treatment options for rheumatoid arthritis. Treatment of RA is usually a lifelong process that includes a variety of methods of treatment and therapy. Your doctor can prescribe special shoes that should help with arch support as well as heel support. A physical therapist can help those with this condition learn exercises which will keep their joints flexible. Surgery may be needed to correct some of the issues with the feet, such as bunions, and hammertoes. Fusion is usually the most successful surgical option for rheumatoid arthritis. However, people need to keep in mind that there are some risks associated with these surgeries. Rheumatoid arthritis is a condition that tends to affect women more than it does men. Many people associate rheumatoid arthritis with its classic symptoms of joint pain and joint stiffness. Aside from these signs, however, there are another nine symptoms to be aware of: fatigue, slow healing, numbness, foot issues, eye trouble, joint ache, stiffness, locked joints, and nodules. Foot issues can include the development of pain in the heel, which is due to swelling tissue. Rheumatoid Arthritis and joint pain can become very painful and debilitating if left untreated. For more information about Rheumatoid Arthritis and its symptoms, consult with Dr. Jon M. Sherman of Kentlands Foot and Ankle Center . Our doctor will assess your condition and provide you with quality foot and ankle treatment. What Is Rheumatoid Arthritis? Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune disorder in which the body’s own immune system attacks the membranes surrounding the joints. Inflammation of the lining and eventually the destruction of the joint’s cartilage and bone occur, causing severe pain and immobility. Rheumatoid Arthritis of the Feet Although RA usually attacks multiple bones and joints throughout the entire body, almost 90 percent of cases result in pain in the foot or ankle area. – Swelling & pain in the feet – Stiffness in the feet – Pain on the ball or sole of feet – Joint shift and deformation Quick diagnosis of RA in the feet is important so that the podiatrist can treat the area effectively. Your doctor will ask you about your medical history, occupation, and lifestyle to determine the origin of the condition. Rheumatoid Factor tests help to determine if someone is affected by the disease. For more information about rheumatoid arthritis please follow the link below. If you have any questions, please contact our office located in Gaithersburg, MD . We offer the newest diagnostic and treatment technologies for all your foot care needs. Many common running injuries are caused by overuse and overtraining. Several common injuries can occur due to running. When the back of the kneecap starts wearing away and starts causing pain in the knee, this is commonly referred to as runner’s knee. Runner’s knee can occur because of decreased strength in the quadricep muscles or shoes that do not offer proper support to the inside of the forefoot. Runner’s knee usually is treated with strengthening exercises focusing on the quad muscle and sports orthotic. To prevent runner’s knee, efforts should be focused on hip strengthening. Physical therapy is also beneficial in helping to learn the best exercises to heal runner’s knee. To prevent runner’s knee, strengthen the quad muscles to keep the kneecap aligned. Overtraining is one cause of a common running injury called iliotibial band syndrome, which occurs when the iliotibial band gets irritated, causing pain and discomfort to the outside knee area. Another common running injury is known as plantar fasciitis, which occurs when the bone in the foot becomes inflamed and irritated. This injury primarily causes pain in the foot. Causes can include a high arch, incorrect footwear, tight muscles and flat feet. The best way to avoid plantar fasciitis is stretching and proper footwear. Stress fractures are a common injury for runners. These fractures can occur because of overtraining, lack of calcium or running style. In runners, it is common for stress fractures to occur in several locations including the inner bone of the leg, the thighbone, the bone at the base of the spine and the toe bones in the foot. The best approach to preventing stress fractures are proper footwear maintenance and running on a surface with enough “give” to absorb some of the shock produced during running. Besides overtraining, other causes of these common running injuries are poorly fitting footwear, irregular biomechanics, and lack of flexibility and strength. The best way to avoid running injuries is to prevent them. Fortunately, each of these common running injuries can be prevented. To avoid running injuries it is highly recommended to wear only footwear that fits properly and that suits your needs. Running shoes are the only protective gear that runners have to safeguard them from injury; therefore, choosing the correct footwear for running is important. It is important, too, to think about other aspects of your running routine like training schedules, flexibility and strengthening, and tailor them to your needs in order to minimize the possibility of injury. Regular stretching before and after running should be considered also when trying to avoid running injuries. Stretching keeps muscles limber resulting in greater flexibility. Celebrity runners such as Tiki Barber, Katrina Bowden, and Uzo Aduba recently shared their marathon running tips while training for the Airbnb Brooklyn Half Marathon, TCS New York City Marathon, and the Boston Marathon. “I’ll soak in an ice tub, do lots of stretching. And I get massages on a regular basis which helps a ton,” stated Tiki Barker on his recovery. Prone to plantar fasciitis, “30 Rock” star Bowden states, “I have to roll out my feet on a plastic ball every couple of days.” This helps ease the stabbing heel pain caused by the condition. Uzo Aduba of “Orange is the New Black” recalls overrunning and developing what she thought was a fracture in her foot. Since then she has learned to pace herself and slow down in order to progress. Runners can still be prone to running injuries even with proper precautions. If you are suffering from a running injury see Dr. Jon M. Sherman from Kentlands Foot and Ankle Center . Our doctor will provide you with quality treatment and assist you with all of your foot and ankle concerns. How to Prevent Running Injuries Many common running injuries are caused by overuse and overtraining. When the back of the kneecap starts wearing out and starts causing pain in your knee, this is commonly referred to as runner’s knee. Runner’s knee is a decrease in strength in your quadriceps and can occur if you’re not wearing properly fitted or supporting shoes. To prevent runner’s knee, focusing on hip strengthening is a good idea, as well as strengthening your quads to keep the kneecaps aligned. What Are Some Causes of Running Injuries? – One cause of a common running injury is called iliotibial band syndrome. – Plantar fasciitis is also another common injury. – Stress fractures can occur from overtraining, lack of calcium, or even your running style. Best Ways to Prevent Running Injuries – Wear footwear that fits properly and suits your running needs. – Running shoes are the only protective gear that runners have to safeguard them from injury. – Make a training schedule. Adding strengthening exercises as well as regular stretching can help keep you strong and limber and can lessen the possibility of injuries. – Stretching keeps muscles limber, this will help you gain better flexibility. If you have any questions, please feel free to contact our office located in Gaithersburg, MD . We offer the newest diagnostic and treatment technologies for all your foot and ankle needs.

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