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Design Research in Month 6 utilized the city of Wake Forest to define and build a city brand project from the ground up. City Branding was a problem-solving project that needed a facelift due to historic issues that once plagued the region. To increase revenue with a new city re-brand there needed to be a new market to approach. While researching the historic district and roots of Wake Forest, North Carolina, there were hundreds of years of decimated Native Americans and slave plantations that plagued the region. At first, Wake Forest seemed like a quiet and peaceful town. However, a story of mass genocide and forced labor almost collapsed the project. Instead of abandoning the city brand project that seemed to be a massive design problem, more research was conducted on both secondary and primary methods creating differentiation between competing areas within the place brand project called North Main Street. Each phase of the project required students to synthesize their findings and provide cross referencing ideas and different points of views. Questions as to, “Why design research matters” and understanding different research methods helped to formulate new ideas to take the city and turn it into a culturally non-biased aware campaign. No longer would Wake Forest College get the credit for building a beautiful street named N. Main Street. The credit would go to the Native Americans and Black slaves who used their lives to build the University and city. By creating a design research plan and formulating imagery from nearby cities a new vision was portrayed that eventually would become a brand informative video. Empathy mapping would be the only route that could take a city of despair and remodel it with a new campaign built on social equality and awareness, not architecture. Using a comparative analysis chart helped to list the qualities of the location and two locations that were in direct competition to the chosen city. The chart was effective in listing qualities of the areas and allowing us to find the zig and the zag. “The key to unlocking the Zag within N. Main Street was to use “Generative learning” The ability to learn how to do new things. “Most of all,” said Gerstner, “it requires that the organization do something different, value something more than it has in the past, acquire skills it doesn’t have.” (Neumeier) “Brand is a term closely linked to a product or place’s image and reputation in that it “captures the idea of reputation observed, reputation valued and reputation managed” (Anholt, 2010, p. 20). PLACE BRANDING N. MAIN ST. Research was conducted on both secondary research, primary research and creating differentiation between competing areas within a place brand project called N. Main Street. Each phase of the project required findings that provided cross referencing ideas and different points of views. The combined information helped to define the scope of the N. Main Street project by specifying why design matters. Understanding different research methods was also done to pull out the place brand awareness in the surrounding neighborhoods and intermediate street. Other factors that were covered were tools for research, creating a design research plan, synthesizing and presenting findings as well as the research to inform design decisions. The main goal was to research and discover facts about N. Main St. and the surrounding competition in order to create a competitive analysis that would help to define and grow the neighborhood. Building brand equity into a place was much more than a logo. Developing a strong and dynamic brand creates a solid foundation for your company, but the success of that brand over the long term depends on your brand equity. (Keller) In order to build a successful brand equity campaign, you must dive into the consumers feelings in regard to your place brand or product. The following pyramid of questions from Keller’s brand equity model is another highlight that helped the project to gain incite into the rebuild. SOFTWARE AND TECHNICAL USE Shot with DJI Mavic Pro 2, Canon 6d, Canon 7D, MX Ronin. Edited with Adobe Photoshop, Adobe Illustrator, Adobe After Effects and Adobe Premiere. BRAND EQUITY - BRAND ANALYSIS - EMPATHY MAPPING To find the brand equity in N. Main Street it was vital to understand the difference between negative and positive, weak and strong brand qualities in a brand. Outlining the six-stage brand development model was key in separating the locations brand equity. “The six-stage brand development model is used to help assess whether your brand has the necessary characteristics, and measure its equity:” SOFTWARE AND TECHNICAL USE Adobe Illustrator, Adobe Photoshop “For place branding to be successful, it needs to be understood as a strategic, holistic concept which goes beyond creating logos, slogans and marketing. Robert Govers and Frank Go (in their 2009 book) put it as follows: The following examples were used in my video to help find the ‘genius loci’ in my project, the spirit of the place.” ZAG: The Number-One Strategy of High-Performance Brands “When everybody zigs, zag,” says Marty Neumeier in this fresh view of brand strategy. ZAG follows the ultra-clear “whiteboard overview” style of the author’s first book, THE BRAND GAP, but drills deeper into the question of how brands can harness the power of differentiation.- how to turn your brand’s “onliness” into a “true line” to drive synergy” (Neumeier) My first attempt at the onliness statement was too in depth. Too broad. Narrow it down, follow the diagram that Neumeier displays as very simple, short and to the point. “The statement should convince a potential customer why your brand is the brand they should join or buy from. It should be crisp and concise in order to communicate your value swiftly. It needs to be able to be digested in seconds. Good value propositions position brands, products or services effectively helping them highlight a point of difference from their competition.” DIFFERENTIATION BRAND AS A SYSTEM Differentiation is important for consumers so that everything is not branded the same as other competitors. Create differentiation between your product and the other guys and you will find innovative thinking that creates differentiation. What was different between N. Main St. place brand and the surrounding areas? Simply put, N. Main St. place brand came first. Finding the Zig and Zag was easy as the other two competitive communities were developed much later and did not hold the story. This main factor created an intriguing air of mysticism and fueled the beginning of a powerful story with a past! “N. Main Street” is superior than the surrounding areas because the history dates back hundreds of years and is authentic and original. SOFTWARE AND TECHNICAL USE Photography by: Doug White shot with Canon 6D THE BRAND GAP, I showed that brand-building isn’t a series of isolated activities, but a complete system in which five disciplines—differentiation, collaboration, innovation, validation, and cultivation—combine to produce a sustainable competitive advantage. My intent with ZAG is to zoom in on differentiation to reveal the system within the system. – Marty Neumeier – The comparative analysis chart helped to list the qualities of the location and two nearby locations that were in direct competition with each other. The chart was effective in listing qualities of the areas and allowing us to find the zig and the zag. “The key to unlocking the Zag within N. Main Street will be to use “Generative learning” is learning how to do new things. “Most of all,” said Gerstner, “it requires that the organization do something different, value something more than it has in the past, acquire skills it doesn’t have.” (Neumeier) THE DESIGN PROBLEM WITH MAIN ST. A problem statement is important to a design thinking project, because it will guide you and your team in the right direction that will eventually tell a story. (Dam – Siang) “The problem statement provides a focus on the specific needs that you have uncovered.” In researching N. Main Street and the surrounding areas, facts were uncovered that told the story of the fist slaves to inhabit N. Main Street and the nearby plantation. Article link Realizing the design issue and the need to create a NEW and POSITIVE outlook on the area, The story of Wake Forest and its origin came to fruition. Who really wants to focus on the past and deaths? Burying the past will only hurt N. Main Street and the surrounding areas, so the decision was made to shoot an informational brand cultural awareness video telling people of its historic history. Recently the center of Fayetteville’s marketplace was all over the news as protesters tried to burn down the infamous old market house. Fayetteville’s Market House (Part 1): Accounts of slave auctions under the arches (The Fayetteville Observer) It is important to create empathy within the project so that further incidences do not surface. Two possible solutions would be to rename the location in honor of the labor that built it, this very act would add “Awareness” “Empathy” Secondly, provide an event or a rebrand proposition to give the land back to the Indians and black Americans. NEUMEIER, M. (2021) The Enemies of Innovation Place Brand Observer (2021) Brands and Branding: Definition, Concepts, Theory MindTools (2021) Keller’s Brand Equity Model NEUMEIER, M. (2003) The Brand Gap DAM,R. SIANG, Y. (2020) Define and Frame Your Design Challenge by Creating Your Point Of View and Ask “How Might We” The Fayetteville Observer (2020) Fayetteville’s Market House (Part 1): Accounts of slave auctions under the arches Wake Forest Historical Museum (2019) From Slavery to Freedom in Wake Forest

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This post may contain affiliate links. We may earn money or products from the companies mentioned in this post. New pet parents who aren’t familiar with puppies will often worry when their pup is breathing very quickly, and even experienced dog owners might wonder to themselves, “Why do puppies breathe fast?” This is normal for a puppy’s biological system, which is different from ours and causes dogs to breathe about twice as fast as humans, but what if your puppy seems to be breathing faster than normal, even for them? This could be a natural response to a stressful situation, or it could be a sign of something more concerning. How do you know the difference? Read on as we take an in-depth look at dog breathing, starting with what exactly is normal and why dogs breathe so much faster than humans. We’ll then look at the normal situations in which you can expect your dog’s breathing to accelerate for a brief period of time. Finally, we’ll look at signs that your puppy’s fast breathing might be something abnormal, what might be causing it, and other signs to look out for. Contents & Quick Navigation How Fast Do Dogs Breathe? Dogs do breathe faster than humans. While most humans have a respiration rate of between 12 and 20 breaths per minute when at rest, for dogs it can be almost double that. Dogs can breathe anywhere from 15 to 35 times per minute while at rest and still be considered in the normal range. Smaller dogs tend to breathe faster than larger dogs. You can expect big dogs to be at the lower end of the spectrum and your toy and miniature breeds to be at the higher end. It is a good idea to occasionally count your dog’s breaths for a minute when you aren’t concerned about them. This will give you a baseline for what is “normal” for your dog so that you have something to compare it to when you do have cause for concern. During and after exercise, you will find that your dog’s breathing increases significantly, even as much as ten times. They might have a respiratory rate of between 100 and 350 breaths per minute after a game of chase, but this should last no longer than about 10 minutes once they have returned to a restful state. Why Do Dogs Breathe So Fast? The reason that dogs breathe so fast in comparison to humans is that this is how they manage their body heat. They can’t put on a sweater if they feel chilly or turn on a fan to fight the heat. They also can’t sweat, so breathing is the only way that they have to regulate their temperature. Quick breathing allows air to circulate around their body and for heat to escape via their upper respiratory tract, tongue, and mouth. A little bit of quick breathing can get their body back to a comfortable temperature quickly. What if your dog has bad breath? Read our guide here. When Is It Normal For Dogs To Breathe Heavily? While your dog’s resting respiratory rate should be stable at somewhere between 15 and 30 breaths per minute, there are occasions in which is it is normal for their respiratory rate to increase considerably, at least for a brief period of time. During And After Exercise As we have already said, it is completely normal for your dog’s respiratory rate to increase as much as ten times when they are playing, and it will remain high for a while afterward as they get their body back to a comfortable temperature. As long as your dog’s breathing doesn’t look painful, you shouldn’t worry about very fast breathing during exercise. It should take them a maximum of about ten minutes of rest to return to normal breathing post-exercise. If it takes longer than this, it can be a sign that they are being overexercised and you might want to tone things down on your next outing. Puppies can’t resist a bit of fun and may push themselves too hard to keep up with you, even when they are exhausted. In High Temperatures When it is hot, your dog might start breathing quickly to lower its temperature. You will probably notice them doing other things to keep cool, such as finding a cool piece of ground to lay their belly on. It might be completely normal for them to have elevated breathing for several hours on a really hot day. While your dog is doing their best to manage their temperature, they are at risk of heat exhaustion if they are kept in the heat for too long. Think about things that you can do to help them lower their temperature. Make sure they have access to shade, a cool spot, or make a fan available for them to sit in front of, and make sure they have plenty of cool water to sip. It can be strange to see your dog breathing faster than normal when they are sleeping, but this is often nothing to worry about. Dogs often have active dreams of chasing their favorite prey or playing with other pups. If they are getting a good workout in their sleep, their respiratory rate might rise as if they are actually doing those things. There will usually be other signs that accompany this type of dreaming such as whining and the occasional leg twitch. Also, when they wake up, their breathing should return to normal pretty quickly. Try not to wake them up while they are having one of those dreams. Just as it is disconcerting for you to be woken when you are in deep REM sleep, the same is true for your dog. Stress And Anxiety You might find that when you first bring a puppy home, they are breathing pretty fast. This can be the result of stress and anxiety associated with adapting to their new home. It is pretty normal and will pass over time. Think about it; they have been taken away from their mother and littermates and have been plunged into an unfamiliar environment with lots of people who want to cuddle them. They are going to be stressed out! This should pass within about a week. Other signs that your dog or puppy might be stressed out include frequent yawning, drooling, licking, pacing, shaking, a general inability to stay still, excessive shedding, and hiding away from people in the household. While adapting to a new home is the most common cause of stress in puppies, for adult dogs being left at home alone for extended periods of time is the most common cause of stress. Having someone drop in and pass time with your dog during the day if you are out of the house for extended periods can make a big difference to their mental health. Read our advice on how to help your new puppy adapt to their new home here. When To Worry About Accelerated Breathing? If your dog seems to have extended periods of accelerated breathing for no apparent reason, you might start to be concerned. The first thing to do is to count their breathing to get a feel for just how fast their breathing is, and compare it to what is normal for them. If you can’t identify a cause, like the heat, it is time to speak to your vet and get a diagnosis for what might be happening. Pay particular attention to breathing issues when it comes to brachycephalic dog breeds –dogs with flat, squished faces– as breathing issues may be one of the first symptoms that they develop. Below are the most common medical conditions associated with accelerated breathing, and the other accompanying symptoms you can expect to notice if they are affecting your dog. As well as rapid breathing, other common symptoms of asthma in dogs include sudden difficulty breathing, persistent coughing, heavy panting with mouth open, a bluish color to the gums, loss of appetite, and loss of energy. Lung cancer only tends to be common in older dogs. As well as rapid breathing, other common symptoms include coughing, lethargy, vomiting, weight loss, hair loss, loss of appetite, lameness, fever, and gastrointestinal ulcers. This is a highly contagious respiratory disease among dogs that usually gets passed around when a large number of dogs come into contact like they do in kennels. As well as rapid breathing, expect to see a strong cough, runny nose, sneezing, lethargy, loss of appetite, and low fever. This is a disease that can make it difficult for your dog to close off their windpipe when they are eating and drinking, which can result in a variety of issues. As well as rapid breathing you will probably notice a strange noise when they are inhaling, a change in the sound of their bark, a blue discoloration around the tongue and gums, and coughing or gagging while eating or drinking. Dogs can be affected by a variety of windpipe issues, including pressure on the windpipe and tracheal collapse. As well as rapid breathing, you will notice coughing, vomiting, and gagging, as well as blueness around the mouth. Bacterial Or Fungal Respiratory Infection As well as breathing difficulties, if your pup has picked up a respiratory infection you can expect to see snorting and sneezing, discharge around the nose and eyes, foam around the mouth, high fever, loss of appetite, weight loss, fatigue, and lethargy. If your dog has been exposed to smoke which they have inhaled, in addition to rapid breathing you can expect to see coughing and wheezing, red or irritated eyes, lethargy, weakness, and foaming around the mouth. Increased breathing can be one of the various symptoms that your dog displays when they are in some kind of pain, as a kind of stress response. You can also expert shaking, flattening of the ears, whining, low posture, whimpering, excessive licking or scratching of a specific area, reluctance to play or move, or a loss of appetite. If your dog has picked up a parasite, such as heartworms, rapid breathing can be one of the symptoms. You may also see diarrhea, vomiting, scooting, a distended abdomen, weight loss, decreased activity, and a dull coat. A compressed lung, or pneumothorax, is an accumulation of air outside the lungs but inside the chest walls. This prevents the lungs from inflating properly. Pressure on the lungs due to compression can cause accelerated and abnormal breathing. You may also notice a dull sound associated with their breathing, coughing, and hypoventilation. A hernia is when the contents of a dog’s abdomen push through a hole or a weak area in the muscle walls. It can be congenital, or the result of an accident. When your dog is suffering from a hernia, as well as a bulge at the site of the hernia and rapid breathing you may notice vomiting, loss of appetite, drooling, and other general signs of pain. Anemia occurs when a dog cannot produce enough red blood cells or hemoglobin. This can affect several vital body functions. Dogs suffering from anemia often breathe quickly. They will also likely have pale gums, seem weak and lethargic, and have very dark-colored stools. Certain medications can cause your dog to start breathing quickly. This side effect should be listed on the medication along with other symptoms to look out for. Symptoms Of Concern In addition to the speed, the main symptoms to be concerned about in connection with breathing are: - Breathing with the mouth open - Noticeably labored breathing - Any blueness around the tongue and gums - An unusually low or high body temperature - Any other respiratory signs such as coughing or sneezing - Inactivity or lethargy - Weight loss or loss of appetite - Any changes in their regular stool - Any general signs of pain How fast should my dog be breathing? A resting respiratory rate of between 15-35 breaths per minute is considered normal for dogs. Smaller dogs tend to breathe faster and larger dogs slower, Your dog may breathe faster after exercise, when it is very hot, or when they are stressed, but breathing faster than this for extended periods or no apparent reason is a reason for concern. Do puppies breathe fast when they are sleeping? It is more usual to see puppies breathing fast when they are sleeping than adult dogs. This is because they sleep more, and also because they are processing so many more new experiences. This means that they are more likely to have the kind of intense, active dreams that cause their bodies to respond to their dream as if they are active in real life. You will probably notice other signs of this type of dreaming, such as whining, growling, and twitching limbs. The accelerated breathing should only last a few minutes and should stop when they wake up. Do puppies have a fast heart rate? Dogs nearly always have a somewhat faster heart rate than humans, with the average adult dog having a resting heart rate of 60-140 beats per minute as opposed to 60-100 beats for humans, but growing puppies’ hearts are even faster. Newborn pups can have a heart rate of around 220 beats per minute. It will slow down as they grow, but stay high at around 160-200 beats per minute for the first six months or so of their lives. When you notice that your dog is breathing a lot faster than you, this is nothing to worry about. The resting respiratory rate of your dog should be about twice as fast as yours. When they are recovering from exercise or dealing with extreme heat, you can expect their breathing to increase significantly, by as much as ten times. This is still nothing to worry about as long as it doesn’t last for more than a few minutes. They may also breathe faster if they are dealing with stress or anxiety, or having a very active dream. If your dog is consistently breathing at more than 35 breaths per minute for no discernable reason, though, this can be a symptom of a variety of problems from pneumonia, to parasites, to pain. It is time to consult your vet and watch out for other symptoms of what could be going on with your dog. Have you dealt with a dog suffering from accelerated breathing? Share your experience with the community in the comments section below. Save To Pinterest Top Picks For Our Dogs - BEST PUPPY TOY We Like: Snuggle Puppy w/ Heart Beat & Heat Pack – Perfect for new puppies. We get all of our Service Dog pups a Snuggle Puppy. - BEST CHEW TOY We Like: KONG Extreme – Great toy for heavy chewers like our Labrador Retrievers. - BEST DOG TREATS We Like: Wellness Soft Puppy Bites – One of our favorite treats for training our service dog puppies. - BEST FRESH DOG FOOD We Like: The Farmer’s Dog – A couple months ago we started feeding Raven fresh dog food and she loves it! Get 50% off your first order of The Farmer’s Dog. For a list of all the supplies we get for our new service dog puppies check out our New Puppy Checklist on the PuppyInTraining.com blog. Why Is My Puppy Breathing Fast? Should I Be Worried? was last modified: March 12th, 2022 by

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If we continue with more of the same, we can kiss 1.5°C goodbye. Even 2 degrees may be out of reach. And that would be catastrophe. This is madness. Addiction to fossil fuels is mutually assured destruction. — UN Secretary-General António Guterres Our Climate Crisis Christiana Figueres, a former UN climate chief and co-author of The Future We Choose: Surviving the Climate Crisis, says that we’re caught between joy and despair. We can be grateful that pledges by countries to reduce emissions made since the Paris agreement could keep global warming within 2°C. That is a huge improvement on where we’d be headed without these efforts but it doesn’t even come close to the 1.5°C goal and will lead to a world that will not be livable for vast swaths of humanity. Christiana comments, “So we are caught between two truths, and two deep feelings in our bones: outrage and optimism. Both are valid responses and both are necessary.” South Asia is at the forefront of places in the world where climate change could make life become unbearable before the end of the century. Temperatures have recently soared to dangerously high levels in India and Pakistan. While this part of the world is no stranger to extreme heat, scientists say that recent heat waves have been worsened by climate change. The high temperatures are increasing the danger of fires, contributing to the predicted 20% decrease in the regional wheat harvest, and the danger of river flooding caused by rapidly melting glaciers in the Himalayas. A scientific study at Princeton University finds that marine life will be decimated by 2300 at the current pace of global warming. That would be on par with the mass extinction that wiped out the dinosaurs. On the other hand, if we can rein in emissions to keep within the upper limit of the Paris climate agreement, it would reduce ocean extinction risks by more than 70 percent. Rising groundwater levels and intensifying rains, exacerbated by climate change, are creating overflowing septic tanks and back-yard drain fields. This causes smelly, unhealthy wastewater to collect in yards and back up into homes, creating vexing problems for homeowners and local governments. The problem is especially pronounced in the coastal middle peninsula of Virginia, which local people refer to as suffering from a “soggy socks” problem. In a related story, the National Trust for Historic Preservation has placed colonial Jamestown on a list of the country’s most endangered historical places because it is losing its battle with rising water levels caused by climate change. Politics and Policy Maryland just passed one of the most aggressive climate laws in the US. It mandates reducing greenhouse gas emissions in the state to 60 percent below 2006 levels by 2031 and sets a 2045 deadline for achieving net-zero greenhouse gas emissions across the state’s economy. Central to that effort will be reducing energy use in buildings, which are responsible for about 40 percent of Maryland’s carbon emissions. California recently announced its plan to phase out all new gas-powered cars by 2035. Under the proposed plan the state will require 35 percent of new passenger vehicles sold in 2026 to be powered by batteries or hydrogen before making it mandatory for all passenger vehicles less than a decade later. If enacted, the plan will mark a big clean energy transition as 12.4% of new vehicles sold in California are currently zero-emissions. Sen. Joe Manchin, a proponent of the Mountain Valley Pipeline (MVP), praised the recent Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) approval of the MVP plan to bore under streams and wetlands at 120 locations in West Virginia and Virginia after the original plan to cross these areas by open trenching had been rejected. The approval is, however, contingent on the success of other permitting processes that are being held up in court. In another development, Sen. Manchin and Republican lawmakers have publicly denounced FERC for adopting rules requiring energy regulators to consider new gas pipelines’ effects on climate change and environmental justice. In response to the political pressure from Manchin and Republicans, FERC backtracked and voted to recategorize the policies as mere drafts that wouldn’t apply to new gas projects. Part of the reason for the new rules had been court rulings that FERC had ignored climate change and environmental justice in its approval of projects. In an even more recent development, Sen. Manchin and several of his colleagues in Congress have begun talks to gauge bipartisan interest in a climate deal. One policy that has been repeatedly mentioned in these talks is some form of carbon pricing legislation. The Virginia Department of Environmental Quality recently rolled out several major changes to the management of stormwater runoff from solar farms, saying prior policies may have underestimated the impact of stormwater runoff. The solar industry worries that the policy shift could dampen efforts to build renewable energy, but some local officials and environmental groups say it could help to better account for how precipitation, which is increasing in both frequency and intensity due to climate change, interacts with solar farms. As part of President Biden’s bipartisan infrastructure bill, Virginia will receive $31.8M this fiscal year to fund projects to cut down on carbon emissions. Executive Director of VA Clean Cities, Alleyn Harned says it’s a step in the right direction because “transportation is our leading source of greenhouse gases in the commonwealth and in the country and in Harrisonburg. And for us to be able to see some light at the end of the tunnel with a valued federal program like this really presents a lot of great opportunities.” The sales of electric vehicles have been rising in the first quarter of this year while just about every other category is falling. This surge was enough to double EVs’ share of the market to 5.2 percent, up from 2.5 percent in the first quarter of 2021. Virginia generated more electricity from the sun than from coal in 2021. This is a first for our state, which ranked number four in the country in solar installation last year. A Virginia legislative bill that creates a property tax exemption for residential and mixed-use solar energy systems up to 25 kilowatts was signed into law by Gov. Glen Youngkin. The bill expands clean energy choice for consumers and promotes the local solar industry. It attracts businesses and creates jobs in our state. For some unknown reason, local state house delegates Tony Wilt and Chris Runion both voted against the bill. In a move that runs counter to his top priority of lowering Virginian’s cost-of-living, Gov. Glen Youngkin vetoed an overwhelmingly bipartisan bill aimed at lowering the electric consumption of veterans, low-income, elderly and disabled ratepayers. The bill targets energy savings by focusing energy efficiency projects on those homes that are the most dilapidated and difficult to weatherize. In a bid to show that it is working to increase the domestic oil supply as prices surge in the wake of the Russian invasion of Ukraine, the Biden administration announced plans to resume selling leases for new oil and gas drilling on public lands. This violates a signature campaign pledge made by Mr. Biden to climate activists when he was running for office. Low-income households in the US spent an average of 8.1 percent of their income on energy costs, compared to 2.3 percent for wealthier households. That’s why poor families often need to pull back on other expenses, like medicine, groceries, or childcare to cover their energy bills. One consistently overlooked aspect of our nation’s affordable housing crisis is the staggering number of homes occupied by poor families that require substantial repairs before they are eligible for federal weatherization funds. To address this, a bipartisan group of Pennsylvania state legislators is putting forward the Whole-Home Repairs Act, providing a legislative solution to the problem. It will do so by providing eligible residents with grants up to $50,000 to make needed home repairs. Small landlords could apply for the same amount in forgivable loans. In an effort to bring down the price of gasoline, President Biden recently visited Iowa to announce his plan to accelerate the production of ethanol from corn. This is at a time when poor people around the world are suffering because the price of food grains around the world are skyrocketing because of the war in Ukraine. The amount of corn it takes to fill an SUV with ethanol could feed a person for a year. Environmental activist Bill McKibben is stepping away from some of his other involvements to help launch a new organization, called Third Act, aimed at engaging activists over age 60. He is in that age bracket himself and said that “he’s become convinced that his generation should more actively join the climate movement, following in the footsteps of a galvanized youth. He noted that Americans his age and older have a large share of the country’s financial assets and a tendency to vote in high numbers, giving them political power.” Using commercial solar installations as pastureland for sheep is proving beneficial for farmers and solar operators, while sequestering carbon and improving soil health. Still in its infancy, such combined use of solar sites makes sense on various levels. Flocks of sheep are already grazing contentedly under and around solar panels in Virginia and other states. Levels of methane in the atmosphere have been increasing steadily over the past 15 years. Last year they rose by a record amount over the year before for the second year in a row. Most methane spews from oil and natural gas operations, sometimes through unintentional leaks. Other sources of methane include livestock, landfills, and the natural decay of organic material in wetlands. While it is less abundant and not as long-lasting as carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, it has more potent near-term effects. That makes quickly cutting down methane emissions crucial to combating global warming. Your household can cut down on its carbon emissions by switching from your old gas range to a new super-efficient induction electric range. You’ll be surprised by how quickly and precisely it heats—beating a gas range on both counts. It also eliminates the indoor pollution of a gas range. Click here to learn more about cooking with an induction range. Or you can ask me about how I like our induction range. CAAV Steering Committee

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By MICHAEL SCHREIBER In an earlier article (June 10, 2019), we discussed Capt. Charles Sandgran and raised the strong possibility that he might have died in a battle with pirates off the coast of Cuba. Another sea captain with a connection to Gloria Dei (Old Swedes’) Church, who encountered a pirate in the same region, was Capt. Oliver Brooks. But unlike Sandgran, Brooks lived to tell the tale. In the early 19th century, the West Indies was infected with pirates, and a swarm of them used Cuba as a base. Jean Lafitte was one of the most famous of the group, working in conjunction with the American pirate William Mitchell, who wore a patch over his eye. Another notorious cutthroat working out of Cuba, known for his violence, was called Diabolito; he was killed in a bay along the coast of Cuba in 1823 by the U.S. Navy’s “Mosquito Fleet,” which had been sent to help curtail piracy in the region. Oliver Brooks had an initial run-in with pirates in November 1819, when a raider named Bervasto and his men boarded his brig, the Elizabeth Ann, of the Cuban coast. Around the same time, another Philadelphia mariner, Capt. Martin of the schooner Bee, said that Bervasto had also boarded his vessel and “politely opened the main hatchway and took out 4 bbls of flour and 4 bbls of potatoes, and then genteely left him” (Philadelphia Gazette, Dec. 23, 1819). In November 1822, Oliver Brooks was walking in a Havana street when he met a pirate captain on the street in the act of acquiring material to fit out his ship. Brooks and the outlaw recognized each other because, some years earlier, Brooks had caught him in the midst of a raid and had turned him over to the authorities—who clapped him in irons. So when they met years later in the street, the pirate declared to Capt. Brooks that he would get his revenge. He blockaded Havana harbor with his pirate schooner, which had 70 men aboard. From Morro Castle, at the entrance to the harbor, the vessel was clearly visible, lurking just off the coast. The pirate sent word that he was lying in wait for Brooks, and would pursue him even up to the Delaware River if need be. After several days, Brooks was able to sail safely from the harbor while guarded by a special convoy provided by the Spanish General of Marines, and he returned to Philadelphia with the Elizabeth Ann. Four years later, his wife, Eleanora, died at age 28, and was buried here in the Gloria Dei churchyard. Oliver Brooks lived until 1848, and was interred at the old Ronaldson’s Cemetery at Ninth and Bainbridge, where the bodies of his second wife Sarah and the rest of their family also rested until the land was converted into a playground in the early 1950s. Buried treasure in Philadelphia? Pirates during the early 19th century, just as today, were often considered in the public eye as romantic heroes—living the kind of free and adventurous life that others could never experience. Bookstalls sold piles of potboilers about the exploits, real and imagined, of these swashbucklers of the sea. John Fanning Watson, in his “Annals” of Philadelphia history, written in the 1820s with subsequent enlarged editions until 1844, wrote about the driving interest of many Philadelphia residents in finding buried treasure supposedly left by the pirates of more ancient times. Parties roamed the areas along the Delaware with spades and shovels trying to find chests of gold allegedly left by Captain Kidd and Blackbeard and other buccaneers. Watson wrote in the 1844 edition, for example, of a discovery of treasure in the neighborhood of Gloria Dei, “at the southernmost end of Front Street.” The famous patriot of the American Revolution, Timothy Matlack, then in his old age, told Watson that he had been shown an oak tree at the site, on which the letters KLP were carved. Matlack told him that he saw the stone that had covered the treasure at the home of the alleged finder. Supposedly, the man had been directed to the treasure by a sailor in a hospital in England. Watson also wrote that several people had confirmed for him that “at the Sign of the Cock in Spruce St., about 35 years ago, there was found in a pot in the cellar a sum of money of about $5000.” (The tavern called The Sign of the Cock was situated in an old wooden building on the south side of Spruce St., two doors east of Front St.) Even a century earlier, in 1729, Benjamin Franklin had written, “This odd humor of digging for money, through a belief that much has been hid by pirates formerly frequenting the river, has for several years been mighty prevalent among us insomuch that you can hardly walk half a mile out of the town on any side, without observing several pits dug with that design, and perhaps some lately opened.” Hijacking of the Susquehanna In 1837, these romantic preoccupations with the buccaneers had an influence on public opinion when word came to Philadelphia that the Susquehanna, a packet ship to Liverpool, had been hijacked by pirates off the capes of the Delaware. The Susquehanna was the luxury liner, the QE2 of her day, with many wealthy Philadelphians on board, and a hundred more in steerage. The company that booked her promised that she would leave port promptly on the 20th of every second month for Liverpool. Moreover, the ship was towed down the Delaware by a steamship, enabling her to reach the open sea on the same day that she left port. On October 20, 1837, after the pilot boat had left the Susquehanna at the mouth of Delaware Bay, the pilots managed to observe the ship approached by a low-slung schooner, painted all black, and bristling with men. They watched the schooner come abreast of the Susquehanna, and men seemed to be boarding her. The pilots returned to dock and the news soon spread to Philadelphia and up and down the East Coast about the raid on the Susquehanna by piracy. Ships were quickly launched from Philadelphia, from New York, and from the Chesapeake to search for the marauders, fearing that they had kidnapped some of the notable passengers and stolen the gold that was rumored to have been aboard. The U.S. Navy also joined the search. Newspapers in Philadelphia and around the country ran the headline, “Audacious piracy!” and for the next month featured articles on the nefarious affair. Rumors were the meat of many of the articles. Some people recalled seeing Jean Lafitte’s former confederate, the notorious pirate and killer William Mitchell, on the streets of Philadelphia; others said that he appeared to be fitting out a black-colored schooner. That rumor turned out to be largely true. Mitchell had been in prison in Philadelphia on charges by one of his wives of bigamy, but he was not released until June 23, 1837, a month after the reported attack on the Susquehanna. Two days after the attack, a columnist named JUNIUS wrote the following in the National Gazette: “The bold and audacious capture of this noble packet, almost within sight of our very doors, has thrown the community into a state of excitement not to be conceived by those at a distance. “I ask the American people—I ask our distressed and sympathizing community—to hear me, when I assert, and I hope to prove to them, that this distressing event is owing to the negligence and inefficiency of one of the President’s Cabinet … the Secretary of the Navy. “Would such an event have occurred on the coast of Great Britain, France, the Mediterranean, or on any part of the coast of Europe? I will answer no; their cruisers are out attending to their duties.” It wasn’t long, however, before a couple of vessels had arrived in U.S. ports that reported having sighted the Susquehanna at sea. They said that all seemed well with the famous ship. Even then, however, many refused to believe that the report of the pirate attack had been bogus. The news came from Maryland that people had sighted the timbers of a ship washed up on a beach, and it was suggested that it was perhaps the remains of the doomed Susquehanna. Nevertheless, reports eventually got back to Philadelphia that the Susquehanna had docked in Liverpool right on schedule, and all the passengers were safe and oblivious to the panic that had arisen on their behalf in the States. A month later, when the Susquehanna returned to its homeport, the story came out about what had taken place in October. The black schooner, the captain related, had belonged to fishermen who were selling fresh-caught shellfish, and the steward had loaded crates of the delicacies onboard in order to stock up his larder for the voyage. A columnist for one of the Philadelphia newspapers summed up the affair by remarking, perhaps remorsefully, that the days of Blackbeard, Captain Kidd, and other buccaneers was long gone. Blackbeard in Philadelphia Of course, a century earlier, when the city of Philadelphia was quite young, pirates not unlike those of Treasure Island were a relatively common sight right off our coast. Edward Teach or Thatch, better known as Blackbeard, appeared in these parts in the summer of 1717. Blackbeard reportedly had visited Philadelphia two years earlier as a mate and was said by some to have a wife and family here. It was rumored that Blackbeard was known in the taverns of the Philadelphia waterfront, and frequented a tavern run by a Swedish woman down in Marcus Hook. In the autumn of 1717, Blackbeard captured a 16-gun French slave ship that he dubbed Queen Anne’s Revenge and converted into the lead ship of his pirate fleet. The Philadelphia mayor at the time, Jonathan Dickinson, mentioned a vessel belonging to Blackbeard with a similar name, but there is a good chance that it was a different ship. Dickinson spoke about Blackbeard in a couple of letters on file at the Pennsylvania Historical Society. Dickinson’s own son, Joseph, had witnessed an attack by Blackbeard off Cape May. On Oct. 21, 1717, Dickinson wrote that the pirate was “yet at our capes, plundering all that comes, cutting away their masts, and letting them dive ashore.” Dickinson said that, based on the report of his son and others, Blackbeard had spared one ship, which contained passengers, but in general, the river was completely blocked up. By that time, Blackbeard had seized six or seven ships in Delaware Bay, according to James Logan, who succeeded Dickinson as mayor, in a letter to the governors of New York and New Jersey that warned them to be on guard. Around the same time, the Boston News-letter carried an article based on accounts of Blackbeard’s pirate attacks outside Delaware Bay. The article described how Blackbeard took several vessels coming inbound, including one that had come from Liverpool and Dublin with about 150 passengers, including many indentured servants. The pirates threw the entire cargo of the ship overboard, except for a few articles that they fancied. Then the pirates captured two snows that were headed outbound. One was commanded by William Spafford (who many years later built the large house that still stands on the northwest corner of Front and Bainbridge St. and is slowly being renovated). Spafford was carrying barrel staves for Ireland, while the second snow, the Sea Nymph, carried wheat for Portugal. The pirates threw all the wheat into the ocean and converted the Sea Nymph into a pirate ship, while putting all of the passengers onto Spafford’s vessel—after having dumped the barrel staves into the sea. The following year, Blackbeard was killed in a battle off the coast of North Carolina, and his severed head was displayed on a pole. Nearly 300 years later, in 1996, researchers discovered a shipwreck in North Carolina, which after intense archaeological examination, is thought to be the remains of Blackbeard’s Queen Anne’s Revenge. Over 250,000 artifacts have been found in the wreck, including 31 cannons, two anchors, pages of a book that were used as wadding in a cannon, and small ceramic and metal objects like spoons and one coin made of brass—but no chests full of pirates’ gold so far. And further investigation has also been done on the life of Blackbeard himself. It is thought by some researchers that Blackbeard turned to piracy after having served as a privateer in the Caribbean during Queen Anne’s War, which ended in 1714. In 2015, historian Gaylus Brooks, under the auspices of the North Carolina Office of Archives and History, found evidence that seems to counter much of the bloodthirsty villainy that has been attributed to the pirate. Records suggest that Blackbeard, Edward Teach, was an educated aristocrat whose family owned a slave plantation in Jamaica, and likely the grandson of an Anglican minister. Brooks blames many of the lurid tales about Blackbeard to a book about him, written by a man called Nathaniel Mist called “A General History of the Robberies and Murder of the Most Notorious Pyrates,” which was published in 1724, six years after Blackbeard was killed. Protection for the city After Britain and France declared war on each other once again, in 1743, French privateers—who operated similarly to pirates but with legal backing—found good hunting grounds in Delaware Bay. A favorite trick was to run up English colors, and then signal for a pilot. They then captured the pilot and his boat, and when other vessels entered the bay, the privateers would approach them in the innocent looking pilot boat, which made them easy prey. But Philadelphia captains soon outfitted their own privateering vessels. Two of them, the ship Pandour and the brigantine George, went to sea in 1743, and aspiring crew members were told that they could sign up at the tavern called the Sign of the Boatswain and Call, which was originally called the Blue Anchor, possibly the oldest building in Philadelphia. It was located at the corner of what is now Front and Dock Streets, where the Holiday Inn wants to build a new 30-story tower. I imagine that the archeological diggings at the site might be extremely interesting. In May 1748, a Spanish brigantine, the St. Michael, with a crew of 160 men and carrying 34 guns, entered Delaware Bay and proceeded up the Bay in order to capture a large merchantman that they had sighted and to loot and burn the town of New Castle. Fortunately, an English seaman named George Proctor, who had been impressed onto the St. Michael in Havana, escaped during the night, and after much difficulty, succeeded in convincing the authorities in New Castle that the brigantine, which had put up English colors, was really a Spanish privateer. Proctor later told the Pennsylvania Provincial Council that “the Spanish Captain is of a savage, barbarous disposition, & declared frequently that he wou’d rob, plunder, & burn whatever he cou’d.” However, after she was fired upon by people in New Castle and by an armed merchantman in the river, the St. Michael retreated. In the meantime, the alarm had gone up to Philadelphia that the city was in danger of attack. The British had sent a sloop of war, the Otter, to combat the privateers, but the ship required repairs and was unseaworthy. The captain then suggested that the Otter’s cannons be removed and placed in shore batteries to protect Philadelphia. The smaller of the two batteries was placed on Society Hill at Lombard St., while the principle one, later called “The Old Fort,” was located on high ground just south of this church, near what is now Washington Avenue.

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“What you are, you are by accident of birth; what I am, I am by myself. There are and will be a thousand princes; there is only one Beethoven”. Ludwig van Beethoven Ludwig van Beethoven- (1770 – 1827) was a German composer and pianist. A crucial figure in the transition between the Classical and Romantic eras in Western art music, he remains one of the most famous and influential of all composers. His best known compositions include 9 symphonies, 5 concertos for piano, 32 piano sonatas, and 16 arrangements for string quartets. He also composed other chamber music, choral works, and songs. Beethoven’s medical history can be reconstructed in remarkable detail thanks to his prominence and the consequent abundance of contemporary primary sources. Among these are reports written by Beethoven’s physicians, the conversation books which deafness obliged him to use from 1818 on and finally, Beethoven’s own letters to friends and family and the memoirs written by them. By scouring these sources for references to Beethoven’s hearing loss and to his other ailments, as well as his eating and drinking habits, it has been possible to obtain a fairly complete picture of developing deafness and of his other afflictions. Around 1796, by the age of 26, Beethoven began to lose his hearing. He suffered from a severe form of tinnitus, a "ringing" in his ears that made it hard for him to hear music; he also tried to avoid conversations. The cause of Beethoven's deafness is unknown. But no fewer than forty historical sites attribute his possible deafness to the following. “The father was syphilitic, the mother tuberculous. Of the four children born, the first was blind, the second died, the third was deaf and dumb, and the fourth was also tuberculous.” At about the same time as his hearing loss began, he noticed that his digestion also began to suffer. In an attempt to solve his own medical problems, he began to develop a liking for alcoholic beverages. Beethoven died on 26 March 1827 at the age of 56. An autopsy revealed significant liver damage, which may have been due to his heavy alcohol consumption. The autopsy also revealed considerable dilation of the auditory and other related nerves. Examination did reveal the presence of arteriosclerosis, (plaque), in the auditory arteries. The exam did not reveal that his deafness was due to damage to the auditory nerve, (sensori-nerve), or thickening and fixation of the bones which conduct sound through the middle ear, (otosclerosis). Additionally, some scientists have surmised that Beethoven may have been infected with Syphilis. But none of the classic symptoms of Syphilis such as swelling and irritation of the auditory nerves were present. There is also continuing debate about the possible other causes of Beethoven’s death: alcoholic cirrhosis, Typhus, infectious hepatitis. Lead poisoning, sarcoidosis and Whipple’s disease have all been proposed. The symptoms Beethoven exhibited in 1821 indicated that he contracted viral hepatitis at about the time and the progress of his liver disease was probably hastened by his continued consumption of considerable quantities of wine, beer, and spirits, ignoring as was his custom, his doctors’ directions. Much later, when all hope of his recovery had gone, his doctors let him have iced alcoholic beverages that gave him great relief. But the accumulated historical evidence also shows that Beethoven was not an alcoholic/. During the last five years of his life, his condition deteriorated steadily and there were increasing signs of hepatic, liver, failure that was in the end, a contributing factor in his death TYPHUS: So let us examine these scenarios one by one. It was known that Beethoven had chronic active hepatitis that could have been related to alcoholism or to an infection with Typhus which is caused by a Rickettsial bacterial. Let us examine the possibility of Typhus. Typhus was rampant in Europe during Beethoven’s lifetime. During Napoleon's retreat from Moscow in 1812, more French soldiers died of typhus than were killed by the Russians. Without treatment, death may occur in 10 - 60% of patients with Typhus. Patients over age 60 have the highest risk of death. Symptoms of Typhus include: abdominal pain, backache, dull red rash, extremely high fever (105 - 106 degrees Fahrenheit), which may last up to 2 weeks, hacking, dry cough, headache joint and muscle pain, nausea, and vomiting. None of the conversation diaries indicated that Beethoven exhibited the majority of these symptoms. SYPHILIS: Let us reexamine the idea of Syphilis. Several experts indicate that it was congenital syphilis – probably passed down from his father – that was the source of Beethoven’s ill health. Congenital syphilis does not usually affect its victims until they are in their 20s, which is consistent with when Beethoven started noticing his hearing problems. In fact, with the exception of his kidney problems, syphilis could explain all of Beethoven’s various ailments. Untreated Syphilis that has reached the tertiary stage, (or the third stage), often inflames the meninges, ( the outer coverings of the brain), This meningo-vascular syphilis would account for the frequent migraines that plagued Beethoven and for the condition of the auditory arteries that provide blood to the auditory nerves and the remaining parts of the ears. The use of Mercury as a treatment for Syphilis was common during Beethoven’s time and the symptoms of mercury intoxication along with the symptoms of advanced Syphilis could account for all of the patient’s symptoms. However, scientists in 2005 and 2011 have examined samples from Beethoven’s remains and looked for the presence of mercury, which would have suggested that Beethoven received medical treatment for syphilis. ALCOHOLISM: Alcoholism could be directly connected to the subject’s hepatitis. Beethoven’s alcohol of choice was usually wine that had been sweetened with sugar of lead, lead (II) acetate. Like other lead (II) salts, lead (II) acetate has a sweet taste, which led to its use as a sugar substitute throughout history. The ancient Romans, who had few sweeteners besides honey, would boil grape juice in lead pots to produce a reduced sugar syrup. This syrup was used to sweeten wine and to sweeten and preserve fruit. This process continued well into the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. It is possible that lead (II) acetate or other lead compounds leaching into the syrup might have caused lead poisoning in anyone consuming it. It is possible that as a result of this use of alcohol he developed lead poisoning accompanied by a severe inflammation of the intestine which later gave rise to severe intestinal pains. Initially, lead poisoning can be hard to detect — even people who seem healthy can have high blood levels of lead. Signs and symptoms usually don't appear until dangerous amounts have accumulated. SARCOIDOSIS: Sarcoidosis is next on the list of suspects, Sarcoidosis is the growth of tiny collections of inflammatory cells in different parts of your body — most commonly the lungs, lymph nodes, eyes and skin. Doctors believe sarcoidosis results from the body's immune system responding to an unknown substance, most likely something inhaled from the air. Alternatively, signs and symptoms of sarcoidosis may last for years and sometimes lead to organ damage. For many people, sarcoidosis begins with these signs and symptoms: fatigue, fever, swollen lymph nodes, weight loss. From the conversation diaries of Beethoven these were not the most troubling of his symptoms. WHIPPLE’S DISEASE; Whipple’s disease is a rare, systemic infectious disease caused by the bacteriumTropheryma whipplei. The most common symptoms are diarrhea, abdominal pain, weight loss, and joint pains. Sometimes, the joint pains occur many years before any digestive tract symptoms develop; they tend to involve the large joints but can occur in any pattern and tend not to damage the joint surface to the point that the joint becomes deformed. Fever and chills occur in a small proportion of people. 10–40% of people with Whipple's disease have problems related to involvement of the brain; the symptoms relate to the part of the brain that is affected. The most common problems are dementia, memory loss, confusion, and decreased level of consciousness. Eye movement disturbances and myorhythmia (rapidly repetitive movements of the muscles) of the face, together referred to as oculomasticatory myorhythmia, are highly characteristic for Whipple's disease. Weakness and poor coordination of part of the body, headaches, seizures, as well as a number of more uncommon neurological features, are present in some cases. Beethoven had none of the neurological symptoms associated with Whipple’s disease. The evidence for examination comes from the friends and visitors that before and after his death clipped locks of his hair, some of which have been preserved and subjected to additional analysis, as have skull fragments removed during the 1862 exhumation. Some of these analyses have led to controversial assertions that Beethoven was accidentally poisoned to death by excessive doses of lead-based treatments administered under instruction from his doctor. Hint from the master ;) Lead is a cumulative poison. In adults only 5%-10% of the ingested lead is absorbed with the remainder eliminated. One lead is absorbed by the body it is bound to the red blood cells and finally the cortical bone. Depending on the time of death during the poisoning event the location of the lead in the body will be indeterminate. Half- life of red blood cells is 30-60 days, soft tissue 30-60 days and bone 10-20 years +. Concentrations in soil frequently range from 150 mg/kg to as high as 10,000 mg/kg same as 150 to 10,000 ppm at the base of a home painted with lead based paint. Lead accumulates slowly in the body and even low doses can eventually lead to poisoning. 95% of lead in body is deposited in the bones and teeth while 99% of lead in blood is associated with erythrocytes. Now the MATH: assuming a blood lead level of 100ug/dl and the average adult has 5L of blood. 100ug/dl is 100 ug/. To change dl to Liters multiply by 10 So 100 ug/dl is 1000ug /Liter X 5 liters of blood volume is 5000ug/Liter in this human ‘s blood. 95% of lead in body is deposited in the bones so .95 x 5000ug is 4750 ug/lL in the bone of the victim In the soil surrounding an un-embalmed body 4750 ug in 1 kg of soil = 4,75 ppm from the bone which is negligible. THE LAB: The following activity is designed to demonstrate the techniques used by molecular geneticists and forensic pathologists. Today you will perform an activity known as DNA fingerprinting or electrophoresis. You have been provided with samples of mitochondrial DNA sequences. These samples are designed to represent one-half of a strand of replicated DNA. The base sequences found within these strands are unique to you and your maternal relatives and can be used as a means to identify a person from a sample of bodily fluid. With nuclear DNA, a child receives half of its DNA from each parent. In any given strand, half of the sequence will match the mother’s DNA and the other half will match the father’s DNA. In the case of mitochondrial DNA, an exact copy is inherited from your mother as it has been passed from all of the female relatives on your mother’s side of the family. During the actual process of electrophoresis, DNA is removed from a tissue sample, (such as blood or hair). This DNA contains hundreds of copies of each DNA strand. The DNA molecules, hundreds of thousands of bases long, are cut into smaller pieces using several different restriction enzymes. These enzymes only cut the DNA where specific sequences of bases occur. The result of the enzyme activity is a pool of DNA fragments that are sorted by size. This is accomplished by taking advantage of the electrical charge on each one of the fragments. As an electric current is passed through a semi-permeable agarose gel the various fragments are pulled through the gel at different rates. The rate and distance migrated depends on the charge and the length of each of the pieces. The DNA is then treated so that the two strands come apart, exposing single strands of DNA bases. The gel is then transferred to a thick, sturdy piece of paper. The paper is then soaked in a solution containing tiny single stranded DNA fragments. These fragments are radioactive markers, called probes, which will attach to complementary bases in the cut up DNA strands. The treated paper will allow the probes to stick to the appropriate bases, and the remainder of the probes is washed away. The piece of paper is then placed on X-ray film, and the film is developed. A dark spot appears wherever a radioactive probe stuck to the DNA. The result is a unique pattern of spots called the DNA fingerprint. This fingerprint is unique to the individual, and can be repeated with tissue samples from any bodily fluid, with the exception of red blood cells, and achieve the same result. Why not red blood cells? Mature red blood cells do not contain a nucleus, and as a result do not contain enough reliable DNA to produce a true test. If red blood cells are the only source of DNA, the DNA must be cloned using a process known as PCR (polymerase chain reaction) so that enough DNA is present in order to get an accurate test. You will now use the materials provided to simulate such a test. DNA sequence from skull fragment of Beethoven DNA sequence from Beethoven’s Mother DNA sequence from hair believed to belong to Beethoven DNA sequence from Beethoven’s Father DNA sequence standard to ensure the tests accuracy Review your data table and you will see the labels that should be attached to create 5 separate columns, as seen in the example below. known to belong Hair believed to belong to Beethoven MAKE SURE THAT YOU KEEP EACH PERSON’S DNA SEPARATE THROUGHOUT THIS ACTIVITY. To simulate the action of radioactive probes use a highlighter and cover the letters CAT in each of your segments. With your PENCIL you are going to simulate the action of a restriction enzyme. Scan your DNA strips until you find the letters “GG CC”. MARK across the strip between the letter G and C, you will be forming a fragment that ends with a GG and another that begins with a CC. (Each sample has 5 of these sites so after cutting you will have 6 pieces. The standard contains 7 of these sites so you will have 8 fragments) Count the number of bases in each fragment, (the number of letters). Match this number the chart provided. Then draw a line in the box that corresponds to the number of letters in that piece. Use your highlighter to mark the position of each of the CAT sequences in each piece on the line that you have drawn. You will compare the DNA sequences from the skull fragments known to belong to Beethoven to the hair sample whose donor is still in question. You are attempting to determine if the hair and the skull fragments are from the same individual in this case Ludwig van Beethoven. How will you know if the DNA samples are a match? How can you be sure that the samples are from the same individual? What further tests might you be able to conduct to determine the cause and manner if death for Beethoven? SKULL FRAGMENT BELONGING TO BEETHOVEN You will now perform a confirmatory test to determine the presence of lead in several of the skull fragment samples collected after the death of Beethoven. This is a colorimetric test that will measure the ppm (parts per million) or lead in each of the skull fragment samples. LAB PART TWO: You will perform a colorimetric test for the presence of lead in the skull fragments. Bear in mind that once you have used a portion of the sample for the test you have destroyed a portion of the skull fragment. So use the smallest samples possible to conduct your test. Break off three small pieces from each of the skull fragments that have been provided to you. In separate small micro-centrifuge tubes grind each of the skull fragments into a powder. Add a drop of the lead indicator solution to each of the tubes and mix thoroughly. If the sample changes color …this is a positive test for the presence of lead. The darker the color the greater the concentration. See the chart below. Normal Level 6 ppm 100 ppm in bone 400 ppm in bone 600 ppm in bone Now let’s do the math: Level in the Bone Level in blood bone level/.95 in ppm Level in blood in ug/L same as ppm Level in blood in ug/dl ug/L / 10 Tissue in acidic soil decomposes three times faster than that in the alkaline. Decomposing bodies release ammonium ions, which raise the pH in the acidic soil, but don't significantly affect soil that is already alkaline. Adult bodies buried in a well-drained soil will become skeletonized in approximately 10 years. A child’s body in about five years. The rule of thumb for the decomposition of a body is that, at the same temperature, 8 weeks in well-drained soil equals two weeks in the water, or one week exposed to the air.

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Sketching Out the Character First of all, I'm gonna start with a blank canvas. So when you start to sketch out a character, okay, what you need to think about is the actual structure. Now that's kind of difficult, and I'm gonna help you through that in a moment when we look at a puppet. But, you need to break things down. It sounds deafeningly simple, but it actually is really simple. So you start out by thinking about the head, obviously you start with crude shapes there, and then you draw a sort of a body structure, like so, okay, and then maybe put the legs on there. And if you're going to draw something that's going to walk, you'll need something like a 3/ or a side-on view as well , but you'd best to develop a frontal version first. So just get the basic positions and basic structure and relationships mapped out between those like that. So you'd start with that. What I typically then do is move up and add more layers. And I actually group these at the very beginning. So I select both layers like so, and then... group them. They'll group in a minute. Okay I'll put a folder on just there. I've got something active, that's why. Let me just come out of that a second, and come back to that and flow that out to a layer. Now I can group those. Like that. And then I give the puppet a name. So I'll just call this one puppet, for example. And that's the top-level group of the puppet, and even at the sketching stage it's a good idea to think about that. And then I start to separate things out. So I'll use this as a sketch. So I'll drop the opacity down like so. So I'll go way down there like that, and then on this layer here, I'll actually group that layer itself, and call that layer head. Like so, and then start working on that. So I start developing the head, and what I'm after here is just the basic structure. Forget about the features of the head. Forget about the nose, the mouth, all of that stuff for the moment. Their positions is fine, but actually work on just the structure of the head. So again, I'm only gonna sketch this in for the moment. So let's have some hair. Just here like so. I'll just come out and draw that. And put some ears on there. The ears don't really move, so that's just fine. I think what we're gonna end up with here is a really, really young Tony, and I'm just gonna choose a different color. So I'm just gonna hold down control-option-command on my Mac and click. Then I can choose a different hue. Here using this ring just there like so. And then come out and choose a variation from the picker there. So you see if I go toward that red range and just across like that, then I can start to color up just here. And sometimes I do a bit more coloring just while I'm thinking. And the great part about this is that what I'm doing here is processing this information as I do it. You don't have to use a whacking great centique like the one I've got here. If you can stretch to it, it is the best way to work, absolutely the best way to work. And once you've had one of these, you really don't want to move to anything else. But I still carry a tablet when I'm traveling. This isn't my own Wacom. This one was kindly put in the studio for me by the lovely folks at Wacom, which is really nice of them. But it's great to work this way because you're thinking and processing at the same time as you're actually building this stuff out, and that helps you to sketch out. Never ever go straight to the character. Never ever, because you just won't think about the actual structure. So I'll choose another color here. I'm just gonna use the default way of doing that. In fact, I think this one should have sort of bluish hair, I think. There we are. Like so. So I sketch like that, and then start to add other layers. So I've named this particular layer once I've sketched there, like so, just double tap that, and I'll call this one face, for example, or background, whichever. That name doesn't really matter. It's the head group that is the important bit. I'll add a new layer on top there. And the next feature I might want to add would be something like the eyes possibly. That's a good way to make sure a character looks the way you expect it to look. I'm just gonna hold down the alt key here, sample my pencil color ... As you're building these characters with Character Animator, ultimately, could you make like little cartoons? What would be the final sort of output for this type of a project. Absolutely, well you can use it as part of a broadcasting workflow. So if you wanted to do something that was going to be part of a broadcast project, and I mean that in the widest sense. So that could be anything from internet broadcast, TV broadcast, being used all over. You can also, and this something that YouTubers are catching on to, use it in livestreams, so you can have the character replace you in livestreams, and I've done that with my Design Ninja character, that's done livestreams where I've not been visible on the camera, but the puppet has during the broadcasts for me. So there's lots and lots of uses for it. But yet you can record cartoons, absolutely. Okay, great. And as far as your steps right here, you're going to be slowly developing this character throughout the morning, correct? Right now you're building the head and the eyes, correct? Go ahead. No, no, no. This is still just sketching out. This is the process. I'm just describing that part of the process, and then what we're going to do in a moment is we're actually gonna use another puppet, and we're gonna analyze more closely that perhaps the most important part of your character is the face. Because that's the part that brings it to life. So we're gonna work on that. But this is really just working through my sketching process. Describing how I think while I'm putting these things together. That's great. And you encourage our students out there also to sketch their characters out. Yeah, absolutely. In fact, that particular stage is invaluable. They can sketch while they're doing this, and if I get the chance to see any of those things, I would love to see them. If that's possible at some future point, I would love that. Cool. All right. I'll let you keep going, thank you. Okay, right, fabs. So I'm working here on just sketching out the eyes, and what I also do is, I normally work on one side because of course I'm working in the digital environment. You can work in a sketchbook, by the way. I'm working here in the digital environment, so I can use the power of that to help me accelerate what I'm doing. And I can flip things over. So for example, if I've got that eye, and typically, I might call this, in fact I would almost certainly call it right eyeball. So I call it like that, and then maybe duplicate that layer either by dragging it down to the layers here in the layer panel, or using the command-J or control-J shortcut to do that. Just think of that as somebody from the East End of London in England saying the word duplicate because it wouldn't sound like it began with a d. It would sound like it began with a J. It would be like juplicate it. So command-J, control-J to do that. Then use the transform command, command-T, like so. Move the registration point. And what I'm going to do is just zoom up on their head a bit here. I've moved this registration point across to where the middle of the face would be. And construction lines can sometimes help with this. Then right click there, and choose flip horizontal. And so now I've got the other eye. And what I typcially do is I build out the whole structure of the eye and then do that. And then just rename it. So just a word very, very quickly on this. Now I called that right eyeball because I changed the side which I was going to do that. But the important thing here is that when you're building a character, while your sketching out is fine, but when you're building a character, it's like stage left, and stage right. So this would in real terms be the left eyeball here. Okay, it would be the character's left, and not your left. And that's important because that is how the program understands it, and I make that mistake frequently. I quite often do that. Start out naming something, and then forget that I've done it, leave it on one side, or don't actually copy the name across. But it's easy to resolve that. So I call that the left eyeball, like so. And if I just swap the color out here that I'm painting with, and then I have to kind of fill that up like so. And then of course the character's going to need a pupil, so that will be another layer on top of that, so I might draw and sketch that out. And so I just get my color picker just there, and bring that out like so. I can always add another bit of color there. I think I'll add the derivative of the hair color there. Okay, and I'll just tap d to set the default and x to swap out what I'm painting there. And then I'll just carry on segmenting that. So the next thing I'll build would be an upper eyelid and a lower eyelid and so on. And you'll see more of that inside of the Goldbeard puppet that we'll be doing very, very shortly. So yeah, sketch all that stuff out, create another group as a child of the puppet. So I'm gonna just collapse the head here, and I'll just get this layer, and I'm going to group this layer at the bottom here. And I'll call this one body, and then work out from there. And of course the body would have children itself. And what you're thinking about is the connection between the different parts of the anatomy. And I'm sure sound are going to really thank me for just patting on my microphone just there. In fact, someone just waved at me for it, so that was very nice. So of course your arms are typically connected to your body. So if my body moves, then my arms move as a result. My head will move also, but I've got some control over the position of my head, but there's a certainty with me as a bipedal human, that my eyes are going to move my head. My nose is definitely gonna move my head. My mouth is gonna move my head, even if it's moving independently as it is now. If you understand that it's start with building out that particular structure.

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MAN THAT FOUGHT THE BISHOP The story of his life in Waterford © David Smith 2002 This article is an expanded version of the article that first appeared in DECIES No. 58: Journal of the Waterford Archaeological and Historical Historians and students may quote freely from this article but the author's copyright must be respected and full attribution given. The Edwards family - Jack, Annie and Frank- Edwards family consisted of the father, Patrick; the mother, Annie; three boys, Jack, Willie and Frank and three girls, Josephine, May and Tess. The family came to Waterford from Belfast in 1917 when Edwards was ten years old. Edwards has written that his father and mother had no background in the national movement; that stance came from his maternal grandmother's family in Co. Limerick. Shortly after arriving in Waterford where they lived at number eleven John Street, the family suffered a series of deaths that claimed three members within a year. The oldest son, Jack, had experienced sectarian violence as a young boy when he was beaten up by an Orange mob whilst walking home from school. Nothing else is known about the family before their arrival in Waterford but as soon as they did, Jack, aged eighteen, joined Sinn Fein, Connradh na Gaeilge and the Irish Jack was almost six feet in height and was very well built with fine features and he soon became the life and soul of every Gaelic gathering in the city. He was a member of the 4th battalion, No. l. Waterford Brigade of the Irish Republican Army (IRA) and was attached to D Company. During the War of Independence he had to leave his employment as a fireman with the Great Southern Railway because of his political activities and he went 'on the run' as a member of the East Waterford Flying Column. After the treaty Jack was one of the garrison that took over the Waterford infantry barracks from the British forces. At the beginning of the Civil War, he drove some trains carrying IRA units from Dublin to their stronghold in Munster, where a fresh stand was being made. When Waterford city was besieged by Free State troops in July 1922, he was a member of the Republican garrison that defended the city. He was stationed in the Head Post Office on the Quay and Edwards tells how he, (aged fifteen), turned up at the Post Office only to be told, by Jack, to 'go home to hell.' Jack was taken prisoner following the siege and was imprisoned in Kilkenny jail. On 19 August 1922, he was speaking with some comrades in the prison yard when he was told that someone on the roadway, outside the prison wall, wished to speak with him. Having hurried to his prison cell and whilst he was shouting down to his friend he was challenged by a sentry. He ignored the sentry who took aim and shot him dead. mother was sitting the midwifery examination when she was called out of the hall to be told her son had been shot. The family, and the IRA in Waterford, believed that Jack's death was a tit-for-tat retaliation for the killing in Barrack Street of twenty-one year-old Lieutenant Commandant Ned O'Brien of the National Army during the previous week and for the killing in an IRA ambush near Clonmel, in that same week, of two members of the National Army. It is at this point that a major discrepancy occurs between the version of events as told by Edwards in Survivors and the facts as related to me by witnesses and as reported in the local newspapers. Edwards' version has gained great currency in books, magazines, newspapers, on the Internet, and in speeches. He wrote, referring to his went to Kilkenny to claim his body. In spite of everything, there was a great turnout when it arrived in the city, but the doors of the Church were shut against him. The Christians and the Provisional Government, you could say, were hand in glove. latter statement is untrue. His brother's remains were given all the rites and honours of the Church. the Cathedral the remains, borne on the shoulders of the pallbearers - were met by the Rev. Father O'Connell, Adm., and Rev. Father Murphy, C.C. who preceded the coffin to the mortuary chapel where it was placed on a catafalque. On Tuesday morning, Requiem Mass was celebrated by Rev. Father O'Connell at eight o'clock ... Large numbers visited the church on Tuesday morning ... the face of the deceased being visible through a glass inserted in the upper portion of the ... coffin. At noon, the funeral took place to Ballygunner. A large crowd congregated ... and the hearse ... preceded by the T.F.Meagher Sinn Féin Brass and Reed Band moved off. At Reginald’s Tower the sentries on duty presented arms as the cortege passed, a similar tribute being paid by the National Guard at the De La Salle College, who turned out at Newtown under the command of their officer, a bugler of the party sounding the Last Post. reasons for Edwards' statement that 'the doors of the Church were shut against him' is a matter for conjecture, but a hint may be gleaned from a comment made by Joe Monks, his comrade in the Spanish Civil War, who wrote about Edwards that 'in his heart he was a bitter man. His bitterness was directed against ... the Catholic hierarchy that had had him dismissed from his school teaching post.’ His brother's death was a seminal moment in young Edwards' life. The loss of a revered brother in such a fashion cemented his republicanism, just as the deaths of his brother and sister from tuberculosis, caused by the terrible housing conditions, helped to advance his growing socialism. If Jack's death had been a baptism of fire for young Edwards, his mother's activities confirmed him in the republican Annie Edwards was, like her sons, an activist; she was a committed member of Cumann na mBan and also a member of the movement to free the Waterford Republican prisoners who were imprisoned by the Free State forces during the Civil War. The following is an example of her activism. This letter was sent to Mr. P. Brazil, Town Kindly bring before the Mayor and Corporation at your next meeting the following resolution passed by a meeting representative of the Mothers, Wives and sisters of the Waterford Republican Prisoners:— That we call on the Corporation to pass a resolution calling on Irish Local Authorities to enquire into the conditions of Jails where these prisoners are being detained, and to pass a further resolution protesting against the deportation of any such I view of the fact that the mayor [Alderman Vincent J. White T. D.] has voted for the Death and Deportation Order, we think it only right that the other members of the Council should state publicly whether they also are in favour of Irish republican Prisoners being deported from their native land. undersigned will be in attendance at the Corporation meeting tomorrow evening at 7.30p.m. Susan Foley, Anne Edwards, Mary Margaret Creed, Frances Neilan, Nelly Wyley and Kitty Brennan. At the subsequent meeting of the City Council the mayor ruled the matter out of order because (a) the language in which the letter was framed was disrespectful to the Council and to himself as mayor and (b) the letter was not received in time to be dealt with in correspondence. Cahill protested against the ruling and proposed that the delegation be heard and this motion was seconded by Cllr Walsh, supported by Cllr Jones. The mayor said he had already ruled on the matter. Cllr Larkin supported the mayor and suggested the deputation should send a letter couched in proper language and that they then be heard in committee but this was unacceptable to the deputation present. Several persons, of both sexes, who had taken up positions in the auditorium of the Council Chamber, created pandemonium and the business of the Corporation was held up for about two hours. The meeting could not resume until the disturbers had been cleared from the Council Chamber by the military. One can only imagine the effect that all of this had on the mind of an impressionable fifteen year old. He was already a member, since 1917, of Fianna Eireann, a republican youth movement founded in 1909 to counter what was thought to be the anti-nationalist Scout Association of Ireland. On joining the Fianna, members had to declare; 'I promise to work for the independence of Ireland, never to join England's armed forces and to obey my superior officers.' The Fianna was regarded, locally, as a stepping-stone to the IRA. After attending school in Waterpark College, Edwards went to the De La Salle teacher-training college in Waterford where the majority of work was carried out through the medium of Irish, and he became a national schoolteacher. He was now in the prime of life, a tall, strong, well-built young man who was a member of Waterford Boat Club where he rowed for the senior eight. He was elected to the committee of the club in March 1931 and he was a playing member of Waterford City Rugby Club's 1st XV. In October 1932, he was admitted to membership of the Irish National Teachers Organisation (INTO) at a meeting in City Hall (he had obtained a teaching post at Mount Sion schools) and in the following week he was voted on to the committee of the Gaelic League at the annual general meeting of that body. It would appear that the coming together of Edwards and Mount Sion School was a match made in heaven. The school's nationalist and gaelic ethos were in tune with his own and the teaching of all subjects through the medium of Irish would have been very close to his heart. Furthermore, his school superior Brother Flannery (a man of wide cultural tastes who appreciated the fine arts, particularly music) believed, like Edwards in apostolic work of caring for the poorest children and that it was no use trying to educate boys who were hungry—the body had to be fed as well as the mind. Brother Flannery sought out those boys who were often in want of the very necessities of life and he took care to have meals provided for them in the monastery. One of my interviewees, a former pupil of Edwards, told me that Edwards did likewise. Boys were given meals, on a regular basis, at his Barrack street home where the family now lived.

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10 High-Fat Foods That Are Actually Super HealthyApril 17 2019 Ever since fat was demonised, people started eating more sugar, refined carbs and processed foods instead. As a result, the entire world has become fatter and sicker. However, times are changing. Studies now show that fat, including saturated fat, isn’t the devil it was made out to be. All sorts of healthy foods that happen to contain fat have now returned to the “superfood” scene. Here are 10 high-fat foods that are actually incredibly healthy and nutritious. The avocado is different from most other fruits. Whereas most fruits primarily contain carbs, avocados are loaded with fats. In fact, avocados are about 77% fat, by calories, making them even higher in fat than most animal foods. The main fatty acid is a monounsaturated fat called oleic acid. This is also the predominant fatty acid in olive oil, associated with various health benefits. Avocados are among the best sources of potassium in the diet, even containing 40% more potassium than bananas, a typical high potassium food. They’re also a great source of fibre, and studies have shown that they can lower LDL cholesterol and triglycerides, while raising HDL (the “good”) cholesterol. Even though they are high in fat and calories, one study shows that people who eat avocados tend to weigh less and have less belly fat than those who don’t. BOTTOM LINE: Avocados are a fruit, with fat at 77% of calories. They are an excellent source of potassium and fiber, and have been shown to have major benefits for cardiovascular health. Cheese is incredibly nutritious. This makes sense, given that an entire cup of milk is used to produce a single thick slice of cheese. It is a great source of calcium, vitamin B12, phosphorus and selenium, and contains all sorts of other nutrients. It is also very rich in protein, with a single thick slice of cheese containing 6.7 grams of protein, same as a glass of milk. Cheese, like other high-fat dairy products, also contains powerful fatty acids that have been linked to all sorts of benefits, including reduced risk of type 2 diabetes. BOTTOM LINE: Cheese is incredibly nutritious, and a single slice contains a similar amount of nutrients as a glass of milk. It is a great source of vitamins, minerals, quality proteins and healthy fats. 3. Dark Chocolate Dark chocolate is one of those rare health foods that actually taste incredible. It is very high in fat, with fat at around 65% of calories. Dark chocolate is 11% fibre and contains over 50% of the RDA for iron, magnesium, copper and manganese. It is also loaded with antioxidants, so much that it is one of the highest scoring foods tested, even outranking blueberries. Some of the antioxidants in it have potent biological activity, and can lower blood pressure and protect LDL cholesterol in the blood from becoming oxidised. Studies also show that people who eat dark chocolate 5 or more times per week are less than half as likely to die from heart disease, compared to people who don’t eat dark chocolate. There are also some studies showing that dark chocolate can improve brain function, and protect your skin from damage when exposed to the sun. Just make sure to choose quality dark chocolate, with at least 70% cocoa. BOTTOM LINE:Dark chocolate is high in fat, but loaded with nutrients and antioxidants. It is very effective at improving cardiovascular health. 4. Whole Eggs Whole eggs used to be considered unhealthy because the yolks are high in cholesterol and fat. In fact, a single egg contains 212 mg of cholesterol, which is 71% of the recommended daily intake. Plus, 62% of the calories in whole eggs are from fat. However, new studies have shown that cholesterol in eggs doesn’t affect the cholesterol in the blood, at least not in the majority of people. What we’re left with is one of the most nutrient dense foods on the planet. Whole eggs are actually loaded with vitamins and minerals. They contain a little bit of almost every single nutrient we need. They even contain powerful antioxidants that protect the eyes, and lots of choline, a brain nutrient that 90% of people don’t get enough of. Eggs are also a weight loss friendly food. They are very fulfilling and high in protein, the most important nutrient for weight loss. Despite being high in fat, people who replace a grain-based breakfast with eggs end up eating fewer calories and losing weight. The best eggs are omega-3 enriched or pastured. Just don’t throw away the yolk, that’s where almost all the nutrients are found. BOTTOM LINE:Whole eggs are among the most nutrient dense foods on the planet. Despite being high in fat and cholesterol, they are incredibly nutritious and healthy. 5. Fatty Fish One of the few animal products that most people agree is healthy, is fatty fish. This includes fish like salmon, trout, mackerel, sardines and herring. These fish are loaded with heart-healthy omega-3 fatty acids, high quality proteins and all sorts of important nutrients. Studies show that people who eat fish tend to be much healthier, with a lower risk of heart disease, depression, dementia and all sorts of common diseases. If you can’t (or won’t) eat fish, then taking a fish oil supplement can be useful. Cod fish liver oil is best, it contains all the omega-3s that you need, as well as plenty of vitamin D. BOTTOM LINE:Fatty fish like salmon is loaded with important nutrients, especially omega-3 fatty acids. Eating fatty fish is linked to improved health, and reduced risk of all sorts of diseases. Nuts are incredibly healthy. They are high in healthy fats and fibre, and are a good plant-based source of protein. Nuts are also high in vitamin E and loaded with magnesium, a mineral that most people don’t get enough of. Studies show that people who eat nuts tend to be healthier, and have a lower risk of various diseases. This includes obesity, heart disease and type 2 diabetes. Healthy nuts include almonds, walnuts, macadamia nuts and numerous others. BOTTOM LINE:Nuts are loaded with healthy fats, protein, vitamin E and magnesium, and are among the best sources of plant-based protein. Studies show that nuts have many health benefits. 7. Chia Seeds Chia seeds are generally not perceived as a “fatty” food. However, an ounce (28 grams) of chia seeds actually contains 9 grams of fat. Considering that almost all the carbs in chia seeds are fibre, the majority of calories in them actually comes from fat. In fact, by calories, chia seeds are around 80% fat. This makes them an excellent high-fat plant food. These aren’t just any fats either, the majority of the fats in chia seeds consists of the heart-healthy omega-3 fatty acid called ALA. Chia seeds may also have numerous health benefits, such as lowering blood pressure and having anti-inflammatory effects. They are also incredibly nutritious. In addition to being loaded with fibre and omega-3s, chia seeds are also packed with minerals. BOTTOM LINE:Chia seeds are very high in healthy fats, especially an omega-3 fatty acid called ALA. They are also loaded with fibre and minerals, and have numerous health benefits. 8. Extra Virgin Olive Oil Another fatty food that almost everyone agrees is healthy, is extra virgin olive oil. This fat is an essential component of the Mediterranean diet, which has been shown to have numerous health benefits. Extra virgin olive oil contains vitamins E and K, and is loaded with powerful antioxidants. Some of these antioxidants can fight inflammation and help protect the LDL particles in the blood from becoming oxidised. It has also been shown to lower blood pressure, improve cholesterol markers and have all sorts of benefits related to heart disease risk. Out of all the healthy fats and oils in the diet, extra virgin olive oil is the king. BOTTOM LINE:Extra virgin olive oil has many powerful health benefits, and is incredibly effective at improving cardiovascular health. 9. Coconuts and Coconut Oil Coconuts, and coconut oil, are the richest sources of saturated fat on the planet. In fact, about 90% of the fatty acids in them are saturated. Even so, populations that consume large amounts of coconut do not have high levels of heart disease, and are in excellent health. Coconut fats are actually different than most other fats, and consist largely of medium-chain fatty acids. These fatty acids are metabolised differently, going straight to the liver where they may be turned into ketone bodies. Studies show that medium-chain fats suppress appetite, helping people eat fewer calories, and can boost metabolism by up to 120 calories per day. Many studies show that these types of fats can have benefits for people with Alzheimer’s, and they have also been shown to help you lose belly fat. BOTTOM LINE:Coconuts are very high in medium-chain fatty acids, which are metabolised differently than other fats. They can reduce appetite, increase fat burning and provide numerous health benefits. 10. Full-Fat Yogurt Real, full-fat yogurt is incredibly healthy. It has all the same important nutrients as other high-fat dairy products. But it’s also loaded with healthy, probiotic bacteria, that can have powerful effects on your health. Studies show that yogurt can lead to major improvements in digestive health, and may even help fight heart disease and obesity. Just make sure to choose real, full-fat yogurt and read the label. Unfortunately, many of the yogurts found on store shelves are low in fat, but loaded with added sugar instead. It is best to avoid those like the plague. Sourced from Healthline.

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NINDS CDE Notice of Copyright California Verbal Learning Test - Children (CVLT-C) California Verbal Learning Test - Children (CVLT-C) Please visit this website for more information about the instrument: California Verbal Learning Test-Children Supplemental ? Highly Recommended: Cerebral Palsy (CP), Myalgic encephalopathy/Chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS) Supplemental: Epilepsy, Multiple Sclerosis (MS), Neuromuscular Disease (NMD), Spinal Muscular Atrophy (SMA) and Epidemiology Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) Basic: Acute Hospitalized TBI, Moderate/Severe TBI, & Concussion/Mild TBI Exploratory: Sport-Related Concussion (SRC) |Short Description of Instrument|| Purpose: This scale evaluates children and adolescents who have attention, learning and memory impairments that may have resulted from traumatic brain injury or are evidenced by mild to severe learning disabilities, attention-deficit disorders, intellectual disability, psychiatric problems, or other neurological disorders. It measures multiple aspects of how verbal learning occurs, or fails to occur, as well as the amount of verbal material learned. Comment: The California Verbal Learning Test for Children (CVLT-C) is a serial word list learning task containing words that have semantic (category) associations. Verbal learning is tested using 5 learning trials of 15 words separated into three categories: clothes, fruits, and toys. A second list of 15 words is presented next for a single trial (distractor trial) consisting of 15 words divided into furniture, fruits and desserts, followed by a free and cued recall trial of the initial word list. Delayed recall and recognition are also obtained, in addition to scores characterizing the child's learning profile, such as learning strategy and errors. Reliability measures for the CVLT-C are good (MacNeill Horton, 1996). Designed for children 5 years of age and older, extended norms for the CVLT-C are available for children as young as 4 years of age. Time Estimate: The CVLT-C is individually administered and is 15–20 minutes long, plus a 20 minute interval in which child completes non-verbal tasks, which is included in order to assess delayed recall. Alternative Language: A Spanish language version of the CVLT-C can be used for Spanish speaking children. Accessibility: The CP–CFCS I-II/III requires ability to say words that are comprehensible to an unfamiliar listener. A T score assesses overall performance (M=50, SD=10). Other variables are expressed as age-corrected z scores (M = 0, SD = 1), including short delay free recall (SDFR), short delay semantically cued recall (SDCR), long delay free recall (LDFR), long delay semantically cued recall (LDCR), and discriminability index (DISC). The CVLT-C can be manually scored, proprietary scoring software is available. Compared with the RAVLT, "the CVLT-C provides a more comprehensive set of indices to allow for the identification of disorder-specific profiles of deficits in learning strategies and processes and has a wider age range (down to age 4 years with supplemental normative data) with a substantial degree of validation in pediatric TBI research." –McCauley et al., 2012. CP Specific: Initial findings from research using the CVLT-C in children with CP were interpreted as evidence of impairments in prefrontally-mediated executive aspects of learning. ME/CFS Specific: The CVLT-C assists in understanding a child's attention, memory and learning processes. Currently, no publications exist examining the CVLT-C specifically as it pertains to the investigation of pediatric learning processes in ME/CFS. However, examination of these processes should be of primary concern in ME/CFS. Sport-Related Concussion Specific: Advantage: The CVLT-C is a memory measure developed for children and compares well with the adult CVLT. It includes a variety of indices to measure different aspects of memory. The study by Baker et al. (2014), a concussion specific study, looked at validity indicators (recognition discriminability) in children and found relatively good sensitivity and specificity. Limitations: The measure is relatively long cannot be repeated in close proximity to the next administration due to limitations in alternate forms. TBI Specific: The CVLT-C is a measure of verbal learning and delayed recall. The test can identify particular disorders the subject may have based on they apply learning strategies. The test has good psychometric properties and has been used in pediatric TBI, and a Spanish-language version is available. Children are given a list and asked to recall the list after an interference task. Age Range: 5–16 years Delis DC, Kramer JH, Kaplan E, Ober BA. California Verbal Learning Test®-Children's Version, (CVLT®-C) San Antonio, TX Pearson Clinical; 1994 [cited 2015 2/24]. Available from: http://www.pearsonclinical.com/psychology/products/100000609/california-verbal-learning-testchildrens-version-cvlt-c.html?pid=015-8033-957. Baker DA, Connery AK, Kirk JW, Kirkwood MW. Embedded performance validity indicators within the California Verbal Learning Test, Children's Version. Clin Neuropsychol. 2014;28(1):116-127. Donders J, Minnema MT. Performance discrepancies on the California Verbal Learning Test-Children's Version (CVLT-C) in children with traumatic brain injury. J Intl Neuropsychol Society. 2004;10(4):482-488. Donders J, Nesbit-Greene K. Predictors of neuropsychological test performance after pediatric traumatic brain injury. Assessment. 2004;11(4):275-284. Donders J, Hoffman NM. Gender differences in learning and memory after pediatric traumatic brain injury. Neuropsychol. 2002;16(4):491-499. Goodman AM, Delis DC, Mattson SN. Normative data for 4-year-old children on the California Verbal Learning Test-Children's Version. Clin Neuropsychologist. 1999;13(3):274-282. Hoffman N, Donders J, Thompson EH. Novel learning abilities after traumatic head injury in children. Arch Clin Neuropsychol. 2000;15(1):47-58. McCauley SR, Wilde EA, Anderson VA, Bedell G, Beers SR, Campbell TF, Chapman SB, Ewing-Cobbs L, Gerring JP, Gioia GA, Levin HS, Michaud LJ, Prasad MR, Swaine BR, Turkstra LS, Wade SL, Yeates KO. Recommendations for the use of common outcome measures in pediatric traumatic brain injury research. J Neurotrauma. 2012;29(4):678-705. MacNeill HA. Book and Test Reviews.Archives of Clinical Ncuropsychology. 1996;11(2):171-173. Mottram L, Donders J. Cluster subtypes on the California verbal learning test-children's version after pediatric traumatic brain injury. Dev Neuropsychol. 2006;30(3):865-883. Mottram L, Donders J. Construct validity of the California Verbal Learning Test--Children's Version (CVLT-C) after pediatric traumatic brain injury. Psychol Assess. 2005;17(2):212-217. Roman MJ, Delis DC, Willerman L, Magulac M, Demadura TL, de la Pena JL, Loftis C, Walsh J, Kracun M. Impact of pediatric traumatic brain injury on components of verbal memory. J Clin Experimental Neuropsychol. 1998;20(2):245-258. Rosselli M, Ardila A, Bateman JR, Guzman M. Neuropsychological test scores, academic performance, and developmental disorders in Spanish-speaking children. Dev Neuropsychol. 2001;20(1):355-373. Salorio CF, Slomine BS, Grados MA, Vasa RA, Christensen JR, Gerring JP. Neuroanatomic correlates of CVLT-C performance following pediatric traumatic brain injury. J Intl Neuropsychol Society. 2005;11(6):686-696. Strauss E, Sherman EMS, Spreen O. A compendium of neuropsychological tests: administration, norms, and commentary. 3rd ed. New York: Oxford University Press; 2006. Warschausky S, Kay JB, Chi P, Donders J. Hierarchical linear modeling of California Verbal Learning Test--Children's Version learning curve characteristics following childhood traumatic head injury. Neuropsychology. 2005;19(2):193-198. White DA, Christ SE. Executive control of learning and memory in children with bilateral spastic cerebral palsy. J Intl Neuropsychol Society. 2005;11(7):920-924. Yeates KO, Blumenstein E, Patterson CM, Delis DC. Verbal learning and memory following pediatric closed-head injury. J Intl Neuropsychol Society. 1995;1(1):78-87. Document last updated July 2019 |Recommended Instrument for|| CP, Epilepsy, ME/CFS, MS, NMD, SMA, SRC, and TBI

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Environmentalism is intersectional — to effectively protect our planet and fight the climate crisis, we must also fight for the rights of marginalized groups around the world, especially those who are disproportionately impacted by the climate emergency. As young activist Leah Thomas puts it, “Intersectional environmentalism advocates for justice for people and the planet.” That also means the environmental movement has so much to gain by listening to voices of color in the climate space. There are numerous brilliant Black scientists and scholars in the climate movement; we’ve highlighted just a few of them below, including quotes from each of them about the connections between climate justice and racial justice. This list is by no means exhaustive, but a starting point for learning about some of the Black scientists and scholars using climate science to make the world a better place. Keep reading to learn about six Black scientists and scholars who have made indelible marks on the journey to climate justice. Dr. Na'Taki Osborne Jelks Dr. Na'Taki Osborne Jelks is the co-founder of the National Wildlife Federation’s Atlanta Earth Tomorrow Program, a multicultural program that engages urban youth in environmental and community-focused causes. She is also an Assistant Professor at Spelman College, and the board chairperson of the West Atlanta Watershed Alliance. In 2014, the Obama administration awarded Dr. Jelks the White House Champions of Change Award for her work with youth, and in 2017, she received the 2017 Spelman College Local Community Service Award . "The fights for climate justice and racial justice are connected because Black and other communities of color are often impacted first and worst by the effects of climate change," Dr. Jelks tells Green Matters exclusively in an email. "Because climate justice focuses on addressing the root causes of climate change, it aligns well with the fight for racial justice," she continues. "Both require making systemic changes that are necessary to address unequal burdens that disproportionately disadvantage populations that are vulnerable due to effects of institutional racism and the associated challenges of poverty, pollution, food insecurity, high utility burdens, and inequitable access to resources that help communities thrive and scale up resourcefulness in the face of climate change." To truly fight climate-related injustices, non-Black environmentalists must prioritize anti-racism efforts in every facet of their work, according to Dr. Jelks. "Non-Black environmentalists can support the Black community and anti-racism in climate spaces by integrating the fight for racial justice into their climate activism and policy agendas. To continue to do otherwise is like placing a band-aid on a gaping wound," Dr. Jelks says. "The root causes of environmental and climate injustices as well as racism must be addressed or we can expect nothing more than to treat symptoms that won’t ever really go away — they will continue to manifest themselves to the detriment of oppressed peoples and the planet." Dr. Ayana Elizabeth Johnson Dr. Ayana Elizabeth Johnson is a Brooklyn-based marine biologist, policy expert, and writer. She is founder and CEO of Ocean Collectiv, the founder of Urban Ocean Lab, and a co-creator of the Blue New Deal, which guides politicians on how to include the oceans in climate policies. She is also a former adjunct professor at New York University, and “the most influential marine biologist of our time” according to Outside Magazine. Dr. Johnson recently penned an op-ed for The Washington Post titled “I’m a black climate expert. Racism derails our efforts to save the planet.” In the piece, she explained the ways that Black Americans are disproportionately affected by the climate crisis — as well as the ways racism is holding back environmental justice. “Look, I would love to ignore racism and focus all my attention on climate. But I can’t. Because I am human. And I’m black. And ignoring racism won’t make it go away,” she wrote in the op-ed. “So, to white people who care about maintaining a habitable planet, I need you to become actively anti-racist. I need you to understand that our racial inequality crisis is intertwined with our climate crisis. If we don’t work on both, we will succeed at neither. I need you to step up. Please. Because I am exhausted.” Dr. Warren Washington In the 1960s, living legend Dr. Warren Washington helped develop the first atmospheric computer models that used physics to predict future states of the atmosphere, which were groundbreaking in helping humans understand the climate crisis, according to the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR). He also served as a science advisor to five U.S. presidents — Jimmy Carter, Ronald Reagan, Bill Clinton, George W. Bush, and Barack Obama — which he wrote about in his autobiography, Odyssey in Climate Modeling, Global Warming, and Advising Five Presidents, among many other books. In his autobiography, Dr. Washington reflected on his experience growing up in Oregon in the 1940s and 1950s. He recalled the civil rights he did not have due to Jim Crow laws, sharing a story of one time he witnessed police brutality against his friends in high school. He also recounted serving as the vice president of the Junior NAACP. “Although I did not realize it at the time, it helped give me confidence that I could contribute to making a change,” he wrote in the book about his time with the Junior NAACP. Dr. Washington has received some of the highest awards in the environmental space, including the 2019 Tyler Prize for Environmental Achievement, as well as a 2010 National Medal of Science, which President Obama awarded to him. He also helped develop both the Parallel Climate Model and the Community Earth System Model, which the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) used in a 2007 assessment, which clinched the team behind the models and the IPCC as 2007 Nobel Peace Prize recipients, as per the NCAR. Catherine Coleman Flowers Catherine Coleman Flowers is the founder of the Center for Rural Enterprise and Environmental Justice (CREEJ), founder of the Alabama Center for Rural Enterprise Community Development Corporation (ACRE), a member of the Board of Directors for the Climate Reality Project, the Rural Development Manager for the Equal Justice Initiative, and a Senior Fellow for the Center for Earth Ethics at Union Theological Seminary, according to the Center for Earth Ethics. Her work largely focuses on finding solutions to the water and sanitation crises in poor rural communities across the U.S. — a topic she detailed in her book Waste: One Woman’s Fight Against America’s Dirty Secret, set to be released on Nov. 17, 2020. “Environmental racism is … intentionally exposing vulnerable communities to toxic conditions. The people populating areas within two miles of our nation’s hazardous waste facilities or amongst raw sewage are by majority of color,” Flowers said in an interview with Duke Human Rights Center. “African Americans are 79 percent more likely than whites to live in neighborhoods where industrial pollution is suspected of causing the greatest health dangers. However this figure reflects the same fact for other vulnerable populations that are either minority or poor,” she continued. “Environmental racism and contamination of any community deprives [its] residents of the basic right to live in a clean, healthy and safe environment. This is a right that is inherent to all human beings, yet many are deprived due to their income, race, or ethnicity.” Dr. Robert Bullard Dr. Robert Bullard, aka the “father of environmental justice,” is currently a Distinguished Professor of Urban Planning and Environmental Policy at Texas Southern University, the former founding Director of the Environmental Justice Resource Center at Clark Atlanta University, and the co-founder of the HBCU Climate Change Consortium. Dr. Bullard is also the author of 18 books, several of which address the topic of climate justice and racial justice, including The Quest for Environmental Justice: Human Rights, and the Politics of Pollution (with a foreword by Rep. Maxine Waters), Environmental Health and Racial Equity in the United States (along with Glenn S. Johnson and Angel O. Torres), and Unequal Protection: Environmental Justice and Communities of Color. “Climate change is the number one problem of the 21st century. We sometimes forget that climate change is much more than simply parts per million (of greenhouse gas emissions),” Dr. Bullard said in a 2016 interview with Iowa State University. “It is an equity issue. It [affects] some people directly. The most peculiar aspect of climate change is that the populations that contribute least to the problem of climate change are most likely to feel its impacts. Such disproportionality makes it a serious social justice issue.” Dr. Beverly Wright Dr. Beverly Wright is an award-winning environmental justice scholar, sociologist, and the founder and executive director of the Deep South Center for Environmental Justice in New Orleans. The Center works to better the lives of children and families in the Gulf Coast Region of the U.S. who are negatively affected by pollution and the climate crisis. Dr. Wright has also written several books about racial justice, including Race, Place & the Environment After Hurricane Katrina and The Wrong Complexion for Protection: How The Government Response Endangers African-American Communities, both of which she co-authored with Dr. Robert Bullard. “[Communities of color] are on the front line of impacts from climate change, living in places where there could be more floods and a higher incidence of different [climate-related] diseases,” Dr. Wright explained in a recent interview with Color Lines. “For poor communities, there’s also not having access to health insurance or medical services. Communities of color are disproportionately affected by all of these things.” If you are looking for ways to donate your time or money to Black Lives Matter and other antiracist organizations, we have created a list of resources to get you started.

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Posted on Jul 5, 2022 28 Why do people age? Scientists are increasingly considering whether it is possible to slow down or even reverse aging, an incredibly complex and still poorly understood process to which all humans are subject. According to the forecasts of the experts of the United Nations World Health Organization, by 2050, there will be over 2.5 billion people over the age of 60 on our planet. That’s why one of the important tasks facing researchers is how to help the elderly maintain their vigor and well-being for years to come. Why people age: the main reasons? We age in different ways for many reasons. What affects how a person ages? Our DNA is a repository of about 20,000 functional genes (“protein-coding DNA”) and millions of additional genetic sequences (“non-coding DNA”), whose function is not yet well understood. They all inform every cell in the body of how to maintain our physical fitness. Like a thread around a spool, DNA is wrapped around proteins (histones) in the nucleus of each cell, forming chromosomes. Each time a cell divides, the chromosomes are copied in a process called DNA replication, passing the full genetic code to each new cell. Every chromosome has a protective “cap” of non-coding DNA (called a telomere). Each time a chromosome is “unwound” for copying, the telomeres become slightly shorter. The shorter the telomeres, the more divisions the cell has undergone and the “older” it is. However, other factors also contribute to telomere shortening, such as severe shock, oxidative stress and inflammation. When telomeres wear out completely (just as the end of a rope unwinds over time), the DNA is no longer protected from the aggressive intracellular environment. This can lead to errors in the replication process, which cause cells to die and even change their behavior (e.g., contributing to the degeneration into cancer cells), which can threaten the well-being of the entire body. Another critical process in the body that changes with age. It is a mechanism by which a methyl molecule (a carbon atom surrounded by three hydrogen atoms) attaches itself to the DNA strand and acts as a checkpoint, preventing the use of a particular gene. This process of “gene silencing” prevents the cell from making all the proteins it needs to function properly, and thus can contribute to age-related diseases such as cancer, osteoarthritis, and dementia. Then there is DNA oxidation, in which reactive oxygen species (ROS) - chemicals containing highly charged oxygen atoms such as peroxides, superoxides and hydroxyl radicals - damage mitochondria and DNA. This leads to a host of problems often associated with aging, including cancer, insulin resistance, atherosclerosis, and heart disease. Disruption of mitochondrial energy function Why do we age? As we age, the creation of stem cells, undifferentiated cells necessary for organ and tissue repair, slows down. Mitochondria, the tiny power plants in cells that control cellular respiration and produce all the energy the body needs (adenosine triphosphate, or ATP), also become less efficient as we age. However, it is still unclear whether this change in the mitochondria is a cause or a symptom of the aging process. Scientists suggest that popular drugs, such as statins, antibiotics (paracetamol), ibuprofen and other drugs, may lead to the deterioration of mitochondria. Without ATP, the cell simply cannot survive, and a decrease in mitochondrial function has clearly established links with cell degradation, chronic inflammation, decreased stem cell activity and age-related diseases. Decreased hormone secretion Production of the sex hormones estrogen, testosterone, and their precursor DHEA (dehydroepiandrosterone) decreases with age; libido diminishes. In addition, there is a decrease in the levels of melatonin in the body, the hormone of the epiphysis, which regulates sleep and wakefulness cycles. Sleep problems (whether related to decreased melatonin secretion, increased anxiety or a habit of working late) lead to increased stress and release of the stress hormone cortisol, the only hormone production of which does not decrease with age. Cortisol actually destroys body tissues, reducing muscle mass, contributing to osteoporosis and increasing abdominal (abdominal) fat. Another critical point in the aging process is the production of growth hormone (GH). GH maintains the balance of fat and muscle tissue, is involved in regulating the central nervous system and carbohydrate metabolism, supports the structure and function of the heart, etc. But with age, as well as with acute stress and exposure to adverse environmental factors, the level of CH decreases. Influence of “gerontogenes”. These are various external stimuli that can affect the physiological systems of the body. For example, gerontogens include industrial pollutants, toxic chemicals in soil and food, ultraviolet radiation, processed foods, alcohol, some medications and even childhood trauma. In fact, only 20-25% of the variation in human longevity is because of genetic factors, the rest 20% depends on a clean environment, 5% on the level of health care, and 50-55% on lifestyle and nutrition, internal disposition, regular check-up habits, and medical awareness. Studies show that the aging process is most likely triggered by multiple factors simultaneously. None of them on their own is important unless combined with another. The good news, however, is that life expectancy can be significantly increased by reducing or eliminating at least one of these causes. Anti-aging drugs, but with a side effect If you are not a fan of long stories, then move on to the next point. Western medicine has been trying to slow or reverse the aging process for centuries, but the solutions found were not very effective. Take hormone replacement therapy (HRT), for example. HGT began in the late 1960s. It was prescribed to relieve the unpleasant symptoms of menopause - hot flashes, night sweats, sleep disorders, irritability, mood swings, vaginal dryness, etc. Unfortunately, even though scientists recognize that it’s still unclear whether declining hormone levels are part of healthy aging, MHT and the use of hormone supplements have become a major strategy to combat aging skin, decreased sexual function, reduced bone mass and other and problems faced by elegant-aged women. Still, studies show that MHT has serious side effects. For example, in 2002, the Women’s Health Initiative (WHI) published a scientific paper stating that OST with estrogen and progestogen increased the risk of strokes, dementia and breast cancer in postmenopausal women. Since then, the likelihood of developing breast cancer with MHT, as well as some other forms of cancer, has been confirmed in several additional studies involving tens of thousands of more women. However, the FDA still recommends MHT for vaginal dryness, hot flashes and to prevent osteoporosis during menopause. Bioidentical Hormone Therapy The so-called bioidentical hormone therapy has emerged as an alternative to the synthetic hormones of HRT. Its proponents claim these hormones are better than OST because they have the same chemical composition as the hormones that are naturally produced in the human body. But large, long-term trials are needed to say for sure whether this is true. So far, there is no reason to assume that bioidentical hormones are safer than MHT just because their chemical structure is modified. It’s not just women who are at risk, though. Testosterone supplements are rapidly gaining popularity among older men. They are positioned as a remedy for the symptoms of low testosterone levels, such as fatigue and decreased sex drive. But the long-term safety and effectiveness of such a treatment has not yet been proven. For example, a trial involving 60 elderly men with low testosterone levels showed that hormone replacement was effective against loss of muscle mass and bone mineral density, as well as for improvement of cognitive functions, but such therapy may have a negative effect on the prostate and lead to problems with urination. Another study noted that testosterone replacement speeds up the growth of plaque in the arteries, which increases the risk of heart attack. Not all scientists agree the benefits outweigh the potential risks. Not everything is simple with growth hormone (GH) supplements. Older people taking GH supplements are more likely to have carpal tunnel syndrome, gynecomastia (breast enlargement in men), edema, and sometimes increased insulin resistance. Undoubtedly, the level of GH decreases dramatically with age. However, some observe in experiments with mice that growth hormone deficiency does not shorten lifespan;GH supplementation speeds up aging in the long run. The evidence shows that the process of age-related GH reduction is much more complex than a simple “deficiency” requiring replacement therapy. Given the pros and cons of pharmaceutical interventions foraging, we simply do not yet know enough about the intricacies of how the human body functions or why and how it ages for medicine to find the “source of youth” soon. However, there is scientific evidence that there are many natural solutions to age-related problems for those who do not want to take pills and synthetic hormones. How not to age: simple rules for a long life If how long a person will live depends on the environment and lifestyle, it is logical to pay attention to these factors first. Not so long ago, scientists conducted a study: for 5 years they watched 10 volunteers who changed their lifestyle: Over the course of the experiment, these people increased telomere length by an average of 10%. And the more carefully they adhered to the alternative lifestyle, the better the results were. In December 2016, an article appeared in the journal Cell that caught the attention of the scientific community. It described a study in which scientists managed to “rejuvenate” aging mouse and human cells by reprogramming them with so-called Yamanaka factors, proteins that normally help duplicate DNA information but also can turn “adult” cells into stem cells, slowing aging and increasing mouse longevity. This cellular reprogramming also improved the regenerative capacity of the pancreas and muscle tissue in rodents. Perhaps this discovery can help slow DNA damage and epigenetic changes (the rate at which genes are turned into proteins by the environment), which are some of the major causes of aging. Simple rules from Dr. Meyers More and more experts in evidence-based and alternative medicine believe that lifestyle plays an essential role in longevity. Functional Medicine Practitioner Phil Meyers from Missouri (USA) believes that an anti-aging program must include a physical exam (to get a complete picture of the patient’s health) and a proper diet. In principle, it does not require much effort. Dr. Meyers advice giving up or at least minimize consumption of sugar, refined foods, artificial sweeteners and other harmful substances. He also recommends getting rid of mercury fillings on teeth (if any). Also, remember that smoking and alcohol are life-shortening and should be eliminated from your life. A Healthy Lifestyle is Better Than Any Pills Dr. Patricia Sylwester, a functional medicine specialist in Olympia, Washington (USA), believes that it’s not technology that allows a person to stay healthy longer. “I worked as an evidence-based medicine physician for 25 years. To solve a problem, I usually just prescribed this or that medication,” she says. - But lifestyle changes are in most cases more effective than any pill or technology to maintain cognitive function and good health for years to come." Dr. Silvester conducts an initial consultation with the patient, determines a plan for a laboratory exam, examines possible stressors that may impair the person’s well-being, and analyzes the person’s eating habits and sleep patterns. “It’s not uncommon to find diseases associated with inflammation or elevated blood glucose levels,” she explains. - In addition, modern people are often stressed or have trouble sleeping, and this also brings us closer to premature aging to some extent." On our website, you can also learn how to get rid of insomnia and how to relieve stress. Very interesting and informative. Instead of a conclusion. Both Silvester and Meyers believe that the biggest barriers to visible results are patients’ own unwillingness to change and time. People usually want results in the shortest amount of time by making a few minor changes in their usual lifestyle. “Patients often think, ‘I’ll give up hot dogs, candy bars, and refined sugar for a week and see what happens,’” Meyers says. - But that approach doesn’t work. It’ll take three, six, or nine months, or maybe more, to reboot your body. It just takes the will!

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To be an effective criminal justice practitioner, one must understand the evolution of criminal law and the criminal justice system. One needs to know not only how a criminal statute is developed but also how it applies in the field. It is vital that an awareness exists of all aspects of criminal law—including how to conduct a proper arrest, how to use emerging technology in conducting investigations, how U.S. Supreme Court rulings are applied, and how case preparation is done. One must be cognizant of the available defenses as well as the criminal states of mind. Although there are many opportunities within the criminal justice field, the tie that binds them is criminal law, and a solid comprehension is a necessity for success. The final project for this course will allow you to see yourself in a range of criminal justice practitioner roles. Each position will require you to address different issues and concerns indicative of that area of criminal justice—some requiring research, others requiring you to apply methods of inquiry, all leading to the creation of a case analysis portfolio. The final project is supported by two milestones, which will be submitted at various points throughout the course to scaffold learning and ensure quality final submissions. These milestones will be submitted in Modules Two and Four. The final submission will occur in Module Seven. In this assignment, you will demonstrate your mastery of the following course outcomes: • Illustrate the major historical milestones of criminal law in the United States for their impact on the criminal Justice system and the role of the practitioner • Evaluate constitutional parameters set by courts for their influence on the performance of law‐enforcement agencies • Evaluate the impact of emerging technology on the development of an ethical criminal investigation • Apply the sociological and criminological scientific methods of inquiry to determine a defendant’s mental state and possible criminal defenses for case preparation Prompt For the final assessment, you will need to imagine yourself in a variety of criminal justice practitioner roles. You will be presented with a series of case scenarios and will be required to address each of them by utilizing case law research. You will then have to make decisions based on your findings, evidence, and any procedural knowledge you have obtained throughout the course. The final submission will require you to respond to each one of the following situations and compile them together for a case analysis portfolio. Specifically, the following critical elements must be addressed: I. Miranda A uniformed police officer is dispatched to a bank robbery. Upon arrival, John Smith is already under arrest by the detectives for committing the robbery and shooting the guard. He is placed in the back of the officer’s cruiser. During the drive back to the station, Smith yells out, “I am so sorry I shot him!” One month later, the officer is called to testify about Smith’s statement. Smith’s defense attorney argues that the officer failed to read him his Miranda rights. Consider if his statements are admissible given the fact he was not read his Miranda Rights prior to making them. A. Imagine yourself as the judge presiding over this case. Clearly and accurately evaluate the constitutional parameters that emerged from the Miranda decision. How has this case influenced the practice of law enforcement? B. Describe your ruling for the bank robbery case, citing the Miranda case. How did Miranda influence your decision‐making process? II. Jewelry Store Robbery A detective was conducting surveillance outside a jewelry store that had been robbed several times in the past month. It was 85°F outside, and he witnessed three men pacing in front of the store who appeared to be acting nervous. One of the men was wearing a heavy sweatshirt (later identified as Wilson), while the others were wearing t‐shirts. The detective exited his cruiser and approached the three men. The detective conducted a pat frisk of Wilson and found a hard object in the front pocket of the sweatshirt. He reached his hand into the pocket and located a handgun. He placed all three under arrest and later tied all of them to the repeat burglaries. In court, Wilson’s attorney argued that the detective conducted an illegal search when he located the handgun. Imagine yourself now as the judge. A. In order to avoid defense attorneys making this kind of claim in court, new technology could be utilized to aid in the development of cases and in prosecutions. What types of new technology could the detective have employed in his surveillance and arrest that might have helped avoid the defense attorney’s claim of illegal search? Evaluate the impact these types of technology have had on ethical investigations. B. Based on the U.S. Supreme Court case Terry v. Ohio, 392 U.S. 1 (1968), how would you rule in this case? Be sure to defend your ruling with evidentiary support. C. Did the ruling justices’ decision in Terry v. Ohio influence the effective performance of law‐enforcement agencies? Defend your position using evidence from the current case as well as the Supreme Court case. III. Rape Investigation You are now a detective assigned to conduct a rape investigation. A. Select an emerging technology available for investigating rape‐related crimes. How has this technology positively or negatively impacted criminal investigations? Support your argument(s) using specific examples. B. Taking into consideration U.S. Supreme Court rulings, what are any limitations or regulations you may encounter in utilizing this technology to conduct an ethical investigation? IV. Pre‐Sentence Investigation A 14‐year‐old juvenile was just convicted of murder, and sentencing is approaching. Imagine yourself as a probation officer assigned to conduct the presentence investigation. Research Miller v. Alabama and use it to guide you on how you would approach this case. A. Based on Miller v. Alabama, what are the constitutional constraints placed upon the judge to come to an ethical and proper sentence in the current case? B. How did the Miller v. Alabama case transform sentencing laws and impact the role of the criminal justice practitioner? Support your response with examples. V. Hinckley On March 30, 1981, John Hinckley attempted to kill President Reagan. There were several witnesses to the shooting, and the evidence was overwhelming. Research this case and imagine yourself as Hinckley’s defense attorney. A. Apply the Model Penal Code test to this case to determine Hinckley’s mental state defense and what the jury’s verdict would have to be. Be sure to defend your response. B. After the Hinckley verdict was reached, many states opted for a new test to be utilized. The Insanity Defense Reform Act of 1984 shifted the burden of proof from prosecution to defense. Apply the present statutory test to the case. How do you believe the jury would vote if Hinckley were tried today? Why? C. What historical milestone case involving the Second Amendment emerged from the events of this situation? How has this case impacted the criminal justice practitioner? VI. Defense Attorney You are a defense attorney. You have a client who is charged with raping and killing four boys. After killing them, he dismembered them and ate them. Your client thinks he did nothing wrong. A. Based on the client’s mental state, what would you argue for a defense for the client? Ensure that you apply and explain any relevant sociological and criminological scientific methods of inquiry you would use in devising your argument. VII. Jim Aiken Jim Aiken comes home early from work and finds his wife in bed with the mailman. He immediately shoots and kills the mailman. Aiken then goes downstairs, makes himself a sandwich, and watches TV while his wife is frozen in fear in bed. After two hours, Aiken goes back upstairs and shoots and kills his wife. You have been tasked with preparing the case for his defense attorney. A. Applying the appropriate sociological and criminological scientific methods of inquiry, what crime did Aiken commit regarding the mailman, and what possible defense could be used? B. What crime did Aiken commit regarding his wife, and what possible defense could be used? Support your response by explaining how you applied the scientific methods of inquiry. VIII. Narcotics Detective Imagine yourself as a narcotics detective. You are told by an informant that a man by the name of Joe Parker is growing marijuana in his basement. He goes on to tell you that the basement has windows, but they appear to be blacked out, preventing anyone from seeing inside. As a knowledgeable narcotics detective, you know that extreme heat is used to keep the marijuana plants healthy. You decide to use a thermal imaging device to see if there is excessive heat coming from the basement. You park in front of his house and turn on the device. It registers extreme levels of heat emanating from the basement. Based on that information, you obtain a search warrant and locate the marijuana. In preparing your paperwork, it is brought to your attention that these events are identical to an actual U.S. Supreme Court case. Research Kyllo v. United States, 533 U.S. 27 (2001), to guide how you would approach this case. A. What elements from Kyllo v. United States will impact your ability to develop an ethical investigation? Be sure to explain your response. B. Examine how the use of thermal imaging technology has impacted detectives, both positively and negatively, in performing ethical investigations in drug‐related cases? C. If you were the judge in the Kyllo case, what would be the constitutional parameters that would influence how you would rule? Why would these influence your ruling? IX. Homicide Detective A detective investigating a recent homicide has obtained a mobile scanner device called a Manta Ray, which allows him to sit in his vehicle and “capture” conversations and data from mobile phones by mimicking a cellular tower. After two days of surveillance on an apartment complex that he believes houses the man who committed the murder, the device grabs pieces of a text conversation between the suspect and his girlfriend. The detective believes the conversation was a vague confession to the crime and decides it is enough to obtain a court order. A. Was the use of the Manta Ray in this investigation done ethically, and how will this potentially impact the development of this case? Consider supporting your response with relevant case law and precedent. Milestone One: Jim Aiken Milestones In Module Two, you will submit a short paper that invites you to wear the hat of a criminal justice practitioner and offer analysis of a criminal situation based on case law research. This milestone will be graded with the Milestone One Rubric. Milestone Two: Miranda and Hinckley In Module Four, you will submit short paper that evaluates the constitutional parameters of two other cases and the ways you can influence the decision‐ making process of the court. This milestone will be graded with the Milestone Two Rubric. Final Project Submission: Case Analysis Portfolio In Module Seven, you will submit your completed analysis of all nine case study scenarios. Your work should reflect the incorporation of feedback gained throughout the course on your milestone submissions. This submission will be graded with the Final Project Rubric. Final Project Rubric Guidelines for Submission: Your submission should be 9-12 pages in length. The document should use double spacing, 12‐point Times New Roman font, and one‐inch margins. Citations should be listed in APA format. Be sure to label each section appropriately (Miranda, Jewelry Store Robbery, etc.) when compiling. WORK I ALREADY COMPLETED Over the years, Miranda Warnings have faced a number of challenges in regards to its constitutionality and legality. There have been questions as to whether failure to give Miranda warnings constitute breaking the law or whether they are just measures that aid in delivering justice (Alkhalifa, 2010). With time, investigators have found ways of getting around this requirement. In the Missouri case in 2004 (Missouri vs Selbert), the court put an end to yet another alteration of Miranda practice. Missouri State Police would withhold the warnings deliberately then get a confession from a suspect. They would then go on to inform them of the Miranda Warning, get waivers then get the confessions a second time. This serves as an example on how Miranda has had an effect on the practice of law enforcement. The police now have to proof you understood your actions before a confession can be admissible in court. The prosecution has to proof the suspect knowingly and intelligently waived their rights. As a presiding judge, I would rule that the confession be admissible in court. The first assumption would be that the detectives read him his Miranda Warning when they arrested him. Even then, when at the back of the officer’s cruiser he already knew he was under arrest. No one was questioning him so the court can only assume he gave up the information under his own volition thereby, waiving his rights (Porto, 2011). In the 1980, case Rhodes vs. Innis of 446 US 291, the court ruled that a spontaneous statement by a suspect in custody even before the Miranda Warnings is read to them is admissible as evidence. The only exception is when the statement is in response to police questioning or other police actions likely to have provoked a response. In this case, the police did not provoke any response and the suspect on his own free will made the statement. Therefore, the statement is admissible as evidence. The suspect is not guilty due to his mental state at the time he committed the crime. In their testimonies, both the defense and prosecution expert witnesses testified to the fact that John Hinckley Jr. suffered from schizoid personality disorder, narcissism, schizophrenia, dysthymia, major depressive disorder among other mental conditions (Porto, 2011). This shows that both even the prosecution knew that the suspect was not in his right mind when he committed the crime. Therefore, the suspect is not guilty under the insanity reasons. Under the present 1984 Insanity Defense Reform Act, John Hinckley would be guilty by the jury. This is because in the Hinckley Case, expert witnesses played a major role in proving the suspect was legally insane (Alkhalifa, 2010). In the current law, it would minimize their testimony as to whether the suspect was legally sane. In the current law, the burden of proof lies with the defense attorney. It would be tough proving the suspect was legally insane given all the preparation and resources he put to accomplish his goal. Additionally, Hinckley’s statement after committing the crime should he had no remorse or regrets for his crimes. This would have worked against him, as it would portray a person who knew what he was doing. The John Hinckley case played a large role in the writing of the Brady Bill. Though a number of states already had gun control measures, the Brady Bill came up with a number of stricter regulations for gun control. In conclusion, under this act, gun ownership regulations became tougher and it became harder for people considered a danger in one way or another to own a gun. The former director for Alcohol Tobacco Firearms and Explosives Bureau John Magaw hailed it as a historic and very strong legislation. In Printz vs. US case, Printz unsuccessfully challenged the constitutionality of its interim laws but failed. Porto, B. L. (2011). May it Please the Court: Judicial Processes and Politics in America. New York, NY: Pearson College Division. Alkhalifa, E. M. (2010). E-strategies for Resource Management Systems: Planning and Implementation. Hershey, PA: IGI Global. WORK I ALREADY COMPLETED The crime that Alken made is known as the crime of passion. Some of the elements of this crime include the person who acted immediately and did not have an opportunity to think. An ordinary person would have experienced the same emotions given the same situation as well as facts. It also involves some provocation since the mailman was found in bed with Jim’s wife. The crime of passion has been subjected to the defense of provocation, (Dressler, et al., 2016). This converts what would have been said to be manslaughter and murder. Uxoricide refers to murdering one’s partner. The killing of the partner is known as matricide. Defense of honor can be used, (Robinson, et al., 2018). People sometimes make decisions based on their emotions and reasoning. When a person acts out of emotions, they ignore the voice that is in them that say that the decision that they are about to make is wrong. People commit the crime of passion for various reasons, such as jealousy. The kind of crime that was committed to the wife is known as the crime of premeditated murder. Alken went and prepared a sandwich and watched television before he killed his wife. The defendant can argue that the wrongdoing was done under the immediate impact of sudden passion arising from an adequate cause. In addition, the crime of passion is known as a second-degree crime. This conveys a prison sentence of between 2 to 20 years, (Zahar & Sluiter, 2018). An individual who has committed murder is sentenced for ninety-nine years and above. Proving a crime of passion is not telling the police your side of the story and hoping that they will agree with you. Police and prosecutors give the suspect the benefit of the doubt Dressler, J., Strong, F. R., & Moritz, M. E. (2016). Understanding criminal law. Robinson, P. H., Moskovitz, M., & Grall, J. (2018). Criminal law defenses (Vol. 2). St. Paul, MN: West. Zahar, A., & Sluiter, G. (2018). International criminal law: a critical introduction. Oxford University Press.

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The Mary Rose is one of Britain’s most important historic artefacts and should be on everyone’s ‘Must See’ list. When she sank into the silt of the Solent almost five centuries ago (474 yrs), she became a Tudor time capsule containing the personal effects, weapons, tools, clothing, utensils, and musical instruments of her 500 crew members… and their DNA. It’s been almost 40 years since she was raised, and we are still learning from her. Last month scientists from Cardiff and Portsmouth universities reported that the DNA and bone structures of 10 skeletons from the wreck show the crew were more diverse than assumed. Four of them were of southern European heritage, and one is North African. The bones of 179 men (and a dog) were found in and around Mary Rose. Most of them (80%) were under 30 years old, and some were as young as 13. At the start of the 16th century, King Henry VIII was facing threats from the French and the Scots. He needed to build a professional naval fleet to keep them at bay. This was a new technological era and Mary Rose was a state-of-the-art warship when she was built in Portsmouth between 1509-1511. Previously, warships were built like floating castles packed with archers and soldiers who would grapple and board enemy ships. New shipbuilding techniques and new gun technology allowed shipbuilders to install canon firing through ports in the hull. Now in the early 16th century, warships like the Mary Rose could pound and sink the enemy (not the prefered choice, they would rather capture them), while her thick oak hull, cut from 600 trees, would help protect her from the same fate. At 45 metres overall length, with 4 masts and 91 guns, Mary Rose was the larger of Henry’s first two ‘newbuilds’¹ for the fleet and so became the flagship of Lord High Admiral, Sir Edward Howard. In the First French War (1512 – 1514) the fleet engaged in raids around Brittany and carried troops to northern England to tackle the Scots (Battle of Flodden). During the Second French War (1525-1542) the Mary Rose helped escort troops over to France, but for the most part she was kept in reserve. In 1536 she underwent a refit, which some historians suggest may have contributed to her fate by altering her stability. Extra bracing was fitted, probably needed to carry extra weight, and there is some suggestion that extra gunports were cut in the hull. In 1543 the Third French war broke out and by May 1545 both sides were amassing ships. The French gathered around 225 ships for an invasion, while the English fleet gathered 80 ships to defend the south coast. The two fleets skirmished in the Solent on 18th July. Then when the English came back out to rejoin battle the next day, the Mary Rose, now the flagship of Vice-Admiral George Carew, suddenly and inexplicably foundered and sank leaving only 34 survivors, an elated French navy, and a dejected English king (Henry VIII) who had been watching from Southsea Castle. It is perhaps the similarities – a flagship heeling over and dramatically sinking in front of the king – that causes confusion with the demise of Sweden’s Vasa 83 years later. Many people think that Mary Rose sank on her first voyage, but in fact she had a proud war record stretching over three decades. The wreck of the Mary Rose was discovered on the seabed in 1971… or rather, half of her was discovered ‘in’ the seabed. Over the years she had rolled to starboard and settled into the mud. The exposed half rotted away, but the buried half was preserved, looking, as it was pulled from the water in 1982, like a cutaway model of the ship. She was moved immediately into Dock 3 at Portsmouth’s Historic Dockyard, but, after those centuries under the sea and now exposed to the air, the timbers of the ship were so fragile, they had to be sprayed continuously with fresh water to prevent them rotting and collapsing under their own weight. The water treatment, followed later by a chemical wax spray (polyethylene glycol), lasted for thirty years. Then finally the wreck was sealed in a “hotbox” to dry out. The hotbox was part of the spectacular new museum built around Mary Rose, designed to display her and many of her 19,000 artifacts, in the most dramatic way. Finally, in 2016 the “hotbox” glass walls were removed allowing visitors to see her directly ‘in the flesh’, so to speak. The Mary Rose museum now It has to be said, the museum is a masterpiece of design². The ship herself is the centrepiece with her artifacts displayed in multi-floor galleries around her, particularly at each end. The really clever bit is that the galleries align with her exposed decks and display the items that were found there. The conservation process still continues in a climatically controlled environment, but visitors can now look down on her from a balcony on the top floor accessed through large air locks at each end. (No, you don’t have to climb through a heavy steel door with a little porthole and a large wheel to lock it! It’s more like a large glass-walled room. You just have to wait for the automatic glass door behind to close before the one in front opens.) There is a lighting cycle. Every ten minutes or so the lights on Mary Rose dim and she comes alive with projected animations of crew members going about their routine in various parts of the ship. It’s a clever idea that gives visitors a sense of what they are looking at, rather than a just a jumbled collection of ribs and decking. Lighting is not always great. For most of the light cycle on the Mary Rose herself, it is rather gloomy. That said, there is a short bright period and that is the moment to take photos if you want to! It may be that the subdued lighting is for conservation reasons, and many museums use a general low light level as a display tool so they can guide the eye by highlighting key exhibits. All the same I found myself peering through the dark too often for my liking. Highlights for me You can never have too many longbows!Mary Rose was armed to the teeth. Ninety-one cannon of varying sizes and at least 1,635 cannonballs were found on board; 150 pikes; 150 bills (spear with a hooked blade); dozens of swords & daggers; 50 handguns including some “shield guns” (small shield with a gun in the boss), but my interest was piqued by the… - Chest of Longbows – You can never have too many longbows! She had 250 longbows listed in her inventory of which 137 were found, together with 3,500 of her 4,000 listed arrows. - The Iron Guns – The big bronze guns are impressive, but I thought the (lighter) iron cannon from the upper decks were particularly interesting… if a little rusty! The banded barrel cannon found near the bow of Mary Rose and the swivel gun from the upper castle deck, look more primitive than the bronze front-loading cannon, but they were early forms of breech loaders. - The Carpenter’s Rulers – It never occured to me that there would be a “Tudor inch” which was slightly smaller than the inch as we know it! - Navigational Instruments – As an amateur navigator (analogue!) I’m always interested in old nav tools (cross-staffs, quadrants, compasses, logs, leads, rutters, charts, etc), so the compass boxes, the first known example of compasses mounted in gimbals, are special. - The Parrel – A lovely piece of wood & ropework, the Parrel is a piece of rigging. It binds a yard to a mast, but allows it to be raised & lowered. This one looks unused. It was found in a storage room on the Orlop deck and would be used on either of the two foremasts. - The Galley – The galley is fascinating. There are two on display: the galley as found in the Hold, and the galley as it would have been. Until Apr 2018 entry to Mary Rose was included in the Portsmouth Historic Dockyard multi-attraction tickets, but the Mary Rose Trust has now gone its own separate way – a MREXIT, if you like! I think this is an unfortunate move. It’s not that Mary Rose is overpriced. It’s that, in the context of a visit to the Historic Shipyard, she is overpriced. It turns her from an attraction you might visit and enjoy on multiple occasions over the years, to a single-visit attraction. (Tickets for NMRN attractions and Mary Rose are valid for a year, so you can make multiple visits within that first year, but on a future visit to Portsmouth are you going to buy a NMRN ticket for all the attractions except Mary Rose… and then another for Mary Rose?) Mary Rose is a historic icon, a national treasure, displayed fabulously. You have to see her, though you might grit your teeth when you buy your ticket, because fifty feet away is another national treasure, HMS Victory, and depending which multi-attraction ticket variant you buy from the National Museum of the Royal Navy (NMRN), you can see HMS Victory and some or all of the other NMRN attractions (in Portsmouth that’s HMS Warrior, HMS M33, plus the Submarine museum and the Explosion! museum on the other side of the harbour). TBF I’m not really blaming the Mary Rose Trust. I suspect they have some large investments to recoup on their spectacular building and the ongoing costs of preservation, but from a consumer perspective, whether you buy online or at the TWO(!) ticket offices at the dockyard entrance, it is not ideal. Other Portsmouth Posts |Portsmouth Historic Dockyard||HMS Victory & Nelson||HMS M33| |Mary Rose||Submarine Museum||Explosion!| |HMS Warrior||D-Day Story||Visiting Portsmouth| ¹ The Peter Pomegranate was built first in 1510. ² The design was a collaboration between by architects Wilkinson Eyre who designed the building, and designers Pringle Brandon Perkins+Will, who designed the galleries. Declaration: No need. I was visiting Portsmouth on my own. All entrance fees, accommodation, petrol, etc paid by me. Mary Rose is located in the Portsmouth Historic Dockyard. The Historic Dockyard is, naturally, right at the heart of Portsmouth. The entrance, Victory Gate, is at the junction where Queens St becomes The Hard, a hundred yards from Portsmouth Harbour rail station and the bus station. If you are driving, you can make use of the Park + Ride scheme from the outskirts of Portsmouth, which of course is cheap as chips! (£4 per day). Or the Historic Dockyard has parking for 295 cars (follow the brown tourist signs) and within easy walking distance is the Gunwharf Quays shopping centre car park. Tickets give unlimited entry for 12 months from purchase date. |Online price||Price at the door| |Concession (aged 60+)||£13.60||£17.00| |Student (valid student card required)||£13.60||£17.00| |Child (aged 5-15)||£6.80||£8.50| |Family (1 adult + 3 children)||£21.20||£26.50| |Family (2 adults + 3 children)||£30.80||£38.50| As mentioned above, the Portsmouth Historic Dockyard Full Navy Ticket, or the one, two or three attraction day tickets, don’t include Mary Rose. However if you turn up at the Mary Rose ticket office with one of those, or a NMRN National Membership card, they’ll give you a 10% discount. |November – March||10am-5pm (last entry 4:15pm)| |April – October||10am-5:30pm (last entry 4:45pm)| |24 – 26th December||CLOSED| |New Year’s Day||11am-5pm|

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European blueberry; Huckleberry; Vaccinium myrtillus; Vaccinium corymbosum Bilberry has been used for centuries, both medicinally and as a food in jams and pies. It is related to the blueberry and is native to Northern Europe. Bilberry fruit contains chemicals known as anthocyanosides, plant pigments that have excellent antioxidant properties. They scavenge damaging particles in the body known as free radicals, helping prevent or reverse damage to cells. Antioxidants have been shown to help prevent a number of long-term illnesses, such as heart disease, cancer, and an eye disorder called macular degeneration. Bilberry also contains vitamin C, which is another antioxidant. Not many studies have examined bilberry specifically. Even fewer studies have been done in humans. Recommendations about bilberry come from research on similar antioxidants, or from test tube and animal studies. Chronic venous insufficiency In Europe, health care professionals use bilberry extracts to treat this condition, which occurs when valves in veins in the legs that carry blood to the heart are damaged. Studies have reported improvements in symptoms, but most were poorly designed. Traditionally, bilberry leaves have been used to control blood sugar levels in people with diabetes. Research shows that all berries help reduce the body's glucose response after eating a high sugar meal. Studies suggest bilberry may be effective for managing blood sugar levels, particularly when combined with oatmeal. More research is needed. At this time, bilberry is not recommended to help manage diabetes. Studies show that anthocyanosides may strengthen blood vessels, improve circulation, and prevent the oxidation of LDL ("bad") cholesterol, a major risk factor for atherosclerosis (plaque that blocks blood vessels, leading to heart attack and stroke). More research is needed. Diarrhea and wounds Bilberry has been used in European medicine for nearly one thousand years, primarily to treat diarrhea. The fruit contains tannins, substances that act as both an anti-inflammatory and an astringent (constricting and tightening tissues). Bilberry is believed to help people with diarrhea by reducing intestinal inflammation. No studies, however, have examined bilberry's use for diarrhea. Anthocyanosides found in bilberry fruits may also be useful for people with vision problems. During World War II, British fighter pilots reported improved nighttime vision after eating bilberry jam. Studies have shown mixed results, however. Bilberry has been suggested as a treatment for retinopathy (damage to the retina) because anthocyanosides appear to help protect the retina. Bilberry has also exhibited protective effects against macular degeneration, glaucoma, and cataracts. However, studies are lacking. Preliminary studies suggest the anthocyanosides may help lower the risk of chronic diseases, including cancer and Alzheimer disease. Bilberry is a perennial shrub that grows to about 16 inches in height. It has sharp-edged, green branches and black wrinkled berries, which are ripe for picking in late summer. Bilberry is a relative of blueberry, cranberry, and huckleberry, and its fruit looks and tastes much like the American blueberry. What is It Made Of? The key compounds in bilberry fruit are called anthocyanosides. These compounds help build strong blood vessels and improve circulation to all areas of the body. They also prevent blood platelets from clumping together (helping to reduce the risk of blood clots), and they have antioxidant properties (preventing or reducing damage to cells from free radicals). Anthocyanidins boost the production of rhodopsin, a pigment that improves night vision and helps the eye adapt to light changes. Bilberry fruit is also rich in tannins, a substance that acts as an astringent. The tannins have anti-inflammatory properties and may help control diarrhea. You may eat bilberries fresh or dried, and you can make bilberry tea using fresh or dried berries. Bilberry extract should be standardized to contain 25% anthocyanidin. The extract contains the highest percentage of anthocyanosides, making it the strongest form of bilberry. How to Take It The use of herbs is a time-honored approach to strengthening the body and treating disease. Herbs, however, can trigger side effects and can interact with other herbs, supplements, or medications. For these reasons, you should take herbs under the supervision of a health care provider. Bilberry may be used in children 2 years of age and older for the treatment of diarrhea, but only under the supervision of your doctor. Speak with your doctor regarding dosing. Bilberry fruit and extract are considered generally safe, with no known side effects. However, bilberry leaf and extract should not be taken in large quantities over an extended period of time because the tannins they contain may cause severe weight loss, muscle spasms, and even death. Taking bilberry may change the way other remedies, medicines, and even vitamins work, and using these products together may cause harmful effects. Pregnant and breastfeeding women should not use bilberry extracts unless the supervision of a knowledgeable herbal prescriber. Anticoagulants (blood-thinning medication): In theory, because the anthocyanosides in bilberry may stop blood from clotting, there may be an increased risk of bleeding if you take bilberry with blood-thinning medication, including aspirin. The whole fruit may be safer in these instances. Ask your doctor before taking bilberry if you take blood-thinning medication. Medication for diabetes: Because bilberry appears to lower blood sugar, it could make the effects of diabetes medication stronger. Also, taking bilberry with other herbs that also lower blood sugar may result in hypoglycemia (low blood sugar). Herbs that also lower blood sugar include ginger, ginseng, fenugreek, and garlic. DO NOT take bilberry if you take medications for diabetes. Bailey C, Day C. Traditional plants medicine as treatments for diabetes. Diabetes Care. 1989;12:553-564. Bao L, Yao XS, Tsi D, Yau CC, CHia CS, Nagai H, Kurihara H. Protective effects of bilberry (Vaccinium myrtillus L.) extract on KBr03-induced kidney damage in mice. J Agric Food Chem. 2008;56(2):420-5. Bell DR, Gochenaur K. Direct vasoactive and vasoprotective properties of anthocyanin-rich extracts. J Appl Physiol. 2006 Apr;100(4):1164-70. Blumenthal M, Busse WR, Goldberg A, et al. The Complete German Commission E Monographs. Boston, MA: Integrative Medicine Communications; 1998. Blumenthal M, Goldberg A, Brinckmann J. Herbal Medicine Expanded Commission E Monographs. Newton, MA: Integrative Medicine Communications; 2000:18-19. Bomser J, Madhavi DL, Singletary K, et al. In vitro anti-cancer activity of fruit extracts from Vaccinium species. Planta Med. 1996;62:212-216. Burdulis D, Ivanauskas L, Jakstas V, Janulis V. Analysis by anthocyanin content in bilberry (Vaccinium myrtillus L.) fruit crude drugs by high-performance liquid chromatography method. Medicina. 2007;43(7):568-74. Cignarella A, Nastasi M, Cavalli E, et al. Novel lipid-lowering properties of Vaccinium myrtillus L. leaves, a traditional antidiabetic treatment, in several models of rat dyslipidaemia: a comparison with ciprofibrate. Thromb Res. 1996;84(5):311-322. Granfeldt YE, Bjorck IM. A bilberry drink with fermented oatmeal decreases postprandial insulin demand in young healthy adults. Nutr J. 2011;10:57. Gruenwald J, Brendler T, Jaenicke C, et al, eds. PDR for Herbal Medicines. 2nd ed. Montvale, NJ: Medical Economics Company Inc; 2000. Head KA. Natural therapies for ocular disorders, part two: cataracts and glaucoma. Altern Med Rev. 2001;6(2):141-166. Kolehmainen M, Mykkanen O, Kirjavainen PV, et al. Bilberries reduce low-grade inflammation in individuals with features of metabolic syndrome. Mol Nutr Food Res. 2012;56(10):1501-10. Kramer JH. Anthocyanosides of Vaccinium myrtillus (bilberry) for night vision -- a systematic review of placebo-controlled trials. Surv Ophthalmol. 2004 Nov-Dec;49(6):618. Laplaud PM, Lelubre A, Chapman MJ. Antioxidant action of Vaccinium myrtillus extract on human low density lipoproteins in vitro: initial observations. Fundam Clin Pharmacol. 1997;11(1):35-40. Logan AC, Wong C. Chronic fatigue syndrome: oxidative stress and dietary modifications. Altern Med Rev. 2001;6(5):450-459. Magistretti NJ, Conti M, Cristini A. Antiulcer activity of an anthocyanidin from Vaccinium myrtillus. Arzneim-Forsch. 1988;38:686-690. Maatta-Riihinen KR, Kahkonen MP, Torronen AR, et al. Catechins and procyanidins in berries of vaccinium species and their antioxidant activity. J Agric Food Chem. 2005 Nov 2;53(22):8485-91. Muth ER, Laurent JM, Jasper P. The effect of bilberry nutritional supplementation on night visual acuity and contrast sensitivity. Altern Med Rev. 2000;5(2):164-173. Norred CL, Finlayson CA. Hemorrhage after the preoperative use of complementary and alternative medicines. AANA J. 2000;68(3):217-220. Puupponen-Pimia R, Nohynek L, Ammann S, Oksman-Caldentey KM, Buchert J. Enzyme-assisted processing increases antimicrobial and antioxidant activity of bilberry. J Agric Food Chem. 2008;56(3):681-8. Rakel: Integrative Medicine. 3rd ed. St. Louis, MO: Elsevier Saunders. 2012. Schulz V, Hansel R, Tyler VF. Rational Phytotherapy. Berlin, Germany: Springer-Verlag; 1998:193. Sehitoglu MH, Farooqi AA, Qureshi MZ, Butt G, Aras A. Anthocyanins: targeting of signaling networks in cancer cells. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev. 2014;15(5):2379-81. Torronen R, Sarkkinen E, Tapola N, Hautaniemi E, Kilpi K, Niskanen L. Berries modify the postprandial plasma glucose response to sucrose in healthy subjects. Br J Nutr. 2010;103(8):1094-7. Vepsalainen S, Koivisto H, Pekkarinen E, et al. Anthocyanin-enriched bilberry and blackcurrant extracts modulate amyloid precursor protein processing and alleviate behavioral abnormalities in the APP/PS1 mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. J Nutr Biochem. 2013; 24(1):360-70. Review Date: 6/22/2015 Reviewed By: Steven D. Ehrlich, NMD, Solutions Acupuncture, a private practice specializing in complementary and alternative medicine, Phoenix, AZ. Review provided by VeriMed Healthcare Network.

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Featured projects (1) In a changing and interconnected society, paying attention to the elements that guarantee the development of its individuals becomes a priority element of attention. Phenomena such as bullying place boys and girls in adversity that results in negative consequences for all those involved and leads to the learning of unethical behaviors, isolation or moral indifference that they will incorporate into their repertoire of behaviors. Attending to the processes that make up the immoral and destructive phenomenon of bullying has been a priority task for several decades. It has been shown that the development of risk behaviors in which respect and affective consideration for the other with whom one interacts is not taken into account, far from being perceived as harmful in the context of youth culture, can be seen as appropriate and morally justified. Research advances recognize that it is necessary to pay special attention to the peer group, where a complex relationship system is being developed, whose analysis will allow us to find many of the keys to why bullying, face to face or through the Internet, is occurring. This project arises with the purpose of explaining how the interactive dynamics evolves between the forms, styles and contexts of coping in the implication of adverse phenomena of bullying among equals, a phenomenon that due to its social nature is interactive and changing. Specifically, it is expected to observe what is the evolutionary pattern in the involvement in school bullying based on the moral characteristics and motivations of its protagonists and what processes of selection and influence between the different groups (of reference, prestige and friends) accentuate or mitigate involvement in bullying roles. We hypothesize that, together with the diversity of individual moral and motivational characteristics, there is a certain interdependence of the stable peer groups that boys and girls share. Possible differences based on sex and age will be taken into account. The development of three studies is proposed: 1) a study will be carried out in four stages, each separated by an interval of twelve months. Featured research (34) Background/Objective The present study aims to explore the dynamics of social anxiety profiles in adolescents over time and the psychosocial effects these dynamics have. Method A representative sample of Andalusian (southern Spain) adolescents in Secondary Education was drawn. The study used single-stage stratified cluster sampling. A total of 2,140 students aged 11-16 years (47% girls; MageT1 = 13.68, SD = 1.27) were involved at two time points with a six-month interval. Results The results provided a four-profile structure: low social anxiety, moderate cognitive disturbance, high with difficulties in new situations, and high social anxiety. The latent transition analysis showed a stability in the social anxiety profiles of between 58%-61%. Those adolescents who remained in or transitioned to profiles with higher social anxiety scored worse on peer adjustment, peer victimization and subjective well-being. Conclusions The study may contribute the improvement of the psychological treatments in social anxiety and reduce adverse effects on peer relationships and well-being by distinguishing the profiles and their dynamics. Normative adjustment stimulates the development of attitudes and behaviours that promote school climate. Previous research has shown that it is a relevant factor in preventing involvement in risk behaviours that affect the quality of peer relationships in classrooms and schools. Previous the development of behaviour adjusted to the norms which promotes interaction processes fostering a positive atmosphere in the classroom and in the school. The aim of this study is to analyse the prospective influence of norma-tive adjustment on bullying perpetration over four time periods spaced six months apart (18 months). A total of 3017 adolescents between 11 and 16 years (49.5% girls; M ageT1 = 13.15, SD = 1.09) are involved in the present study. The Random Intercept Cross-Lagged Model results indicate an influential bidirectional association between normative adjustment and bullying perpetration over time. When the adolescents' normative adjustment increases, their involvement in bullying perpetration decreases six months later. On the other hand, when the adolescents' bullying perpetration increases over time, a decrease in nor-mative adjustment is evident later. The unconditional univariate growth results report that normative adjustment increases, while bullying perpetration decreases. These findings are discussed in terms of the need to consider contextual factors and how they interact in our understanding and prevention of bullying in schools. El ajuste normativo estimula el desarrollo de actitudes y comportamientos que promueven la convivencia escolar. Estudios previos subrayan su relevancia para prevenir la implicación en comportamientos de riesgo que afectan a la calidad de las relaciones entre iguales en el aula y en el centro escolar. El objetivo del estudio es analizar la influencia prospectiva entre el ajuste normativo y la perpetración de acoso durante cuatro períodos de tiempo con un intervalo de seis meses (18 meses). Han participado un total de 3.017 adolescentes entre 11 y 16 años (49.5% niñas; M edad T1 = 13.15, DT = 1.09). Los resultados del Modelo Random Intercept Cross-Lagged indican una asociación bidireccional entre el ajuste normativo y la perpetración del acoso a lo largo del tiempo. Cuando los adolescentes aumentan su ajuste normativo, disminuye su participación en la perpetración del acoso seis meses después. A su vez, cuando aumenta la implicación en agresión, se registra una disminución en su ajuste normativo a lo largo del tiempo. Los resultados de crecimiento univariado incondicional informan que el ajuste normativo aumenta mientras que la agresión en acoso escolar disminuye. Los hallazgos se discuten en términos de la necesidad de considerar la interacción longitudinal con factores contextuales para comprender y prevenir el acoso escolar en las escuelas. Objective: Moral disengagement is one of the most explored cognitive strategies for understanding why adolescents engage in aggressive behavior. Moral disengagement research has been lacking in Latin American countries, as there is limited research on cultural differences between adolescents. The moral disengagement scale (MDS) is the most commonly measure used but previous studies applied different factorial structures. This study aimed to compare the three commonly used the factorial structure of MDS-24 in a confirmatory factorial analysis (CFA) and its association with bullying. Using a cross-sectional design, the study also explored the cross-cultural measurement invariance (MI) in MDS-24 and the differences between Spanish and Colombian adolescents. Method: Data were collected from Spanish (n = 1,396; Mage = 13.6; 49% girls) and Colombian adolescents (n = 1,298; Mage = 14.12; 49% girls). Results: The CFA showed that the eight-factor structure had the best model fit. The eight moral disengagement mechanisms were positively associated with both bullying perpetration and victimization. Furthermore, moral disengagement mechanisms evidenced their predictive utility for Spanish and Colombian adolescents’ involvement in bullying perpetration, once the effects of gender, age, and bullying victimization were controlled for. After confirming cross-cultural MI, Colombian adolescents generally reported higher levels of moral disengagement mechanisms than their Spanish peers. Conclusions: The findings contribute to the development of a measure of a cognitive risk strategy for bullying behavior. It also provides a valuable exploration of the MDS among Spanish-speaking adolescents and contributes to the scarcely explored field of cross-cultural differences in justification of transgressive behavior. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved) The present study aims to examine the issue of peer aggression and victimisation in early childhood, with a focus on the associated social behaviour strategies (aggressiveness, prosociality, dominance and social insecurity). A sample of 227 children (58.1% girls, n = 132) between the ages of 4 and 7 years (M = 5.61; SD = 1. 03) participated in the study. Teacher reports and peer nominations of physical and verbal aggression and victimisation were analysed. Results showed an association between aggressiveness and insecurity and being nominated as a physical and verbal aggressor by peers. Being nominated as a physical victim was associated with aggressiveness and dominance; and for verbal victim with aggressiveness and prosociality. Differences were found between boys and girls in verbal aggression and victimisation. The current study contributes to a better understanding of the emergence of peer aggression and victimisation in relation to social processes in early childhood and has implications for the prevention of the later appearance of bullying. Digital media have acquired a key role in the social dynamics among adolescents, increasing the prevalence of risk behaviors such as cyberbullying. Although its study has increased in recent decades, there are still few studies focused on the effects of a specific type of cybervictimization, such as cyber-rumor. The aims of this study were first to examine whether victims of cyber-rumor have higher levels of internalizing symptoms and second to explore whether resilience mediates this association, controlling for the sex effect. A total of 558 students (54.3% girls) aged between 10 and 17 years old (M = 14.57; SD = 1.30) participated in the study. Data processing followed a mediation model through PROCESS. The results evidenced that both girls and cyber-rumor victims presented higher levels of depression, anxiety and stress. The mediation models showed that resilience only mediated the effect that being victim of cyber-rumor had on levels of depression and anxiety, but not on stress levels. Sex was not found to moderate such effects. In conclusion, these results underscore the importance of attending to cyberaggression phenomena given their effects on social and emotional well-being identified in this study. This suggests the need to design prevention programs that include among their strategies the promotion of skills for coping with cyber-rumor.

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Context: Creative people—such as engineers, designers, managers, researchers, lawyers, architects and investors—increasingly work in project teams. Creative teams take too long Creative people often brush off customers with, “It will be done when it’s done!” If creative professionals had done it before, we could expect them to estimate and deliver on time, but copying isn’t creative, and real creativity naturally involves uncertainty. Many have tried to impose detailed planning to creative efforts, but overplanning has produced extraordinary failures costing billions of dollars [char2005]. Nevertheless, the value of creative work often depends on timely delivery, and patrons can become desperate. Creative people can shy away from economic matters, and yet economics drive their own ability to create and thrive. As a young researcher, I used paychecks as bookmarks, discovered them months later and deposited them; I’m not sure I got them all. Expecting creative people to be highly conscious of their own cost, or their work’s value, is often too much to ask. Creative people love their work. When creative people engage, they forget about time and become more productive. Creative people can be perfectionists, and so may prefer perfecting components over delivering a usable whole. At the same time, assembling components to produce a usable whole takes time. Assembling components can seem like wasted effort to some creative people, even though their non-working efforts are useless to others. Each of us has a limited capacity to make thoughtful decisions [danz2011]. Because creative people make critical decisions frequently in their work, adding other decisions to their load can limit their creative output. Interruptions degrade creativity and quality [foro2014]. Related results show that multitasking can improve productivity within limits, but quality always suffers with increased multitasking [adle2012]. The Pareto principle theorizes that 20% of an investment is responsible for 80% of its return [pare1971]. If the most valuable 20% of the work were completed first, the return might pay for the remaining 80%. … therefore, have them deliver increments rhythmically One complete component rarely provides value to a customer, but a working assembly of partial components, called an Increment, often can. For example, a perfectly-built wall alone provides no shelter, but a house Increment—composed of a frame (four wall skeletons), a few roof trusses, and a board— can allow a customer to check out the view and provide feedback, and shelter workers and tools from the rain. An Increment must satisfy a Definition of Done, which usually includes assembly, packaging and possibly delivery requirements. In Scrum, the time available to create an Increment is called a Sprint. The Sprint must have sufficient time to add new work to the Increment, to satisfy the Definition of Done, and to meet. A team that performs Sprints is called a Scrum Team. A Product Owner assembles a Product Backlog of work the team might develop. A ScrumMaster organizes meetings, orchestrates consensus, enforces team agreements and fields external requests. Members of the Development Team do the creative work. Every Sprint includes a set of meetings in a prescribed order. They are: - The Scrum Team attends a Retrospective meeting reviews previous work requests and deliveries, establishes development and process rules to try in the next sprint, and predict how those rules will improve its Increment. The Definition of Done is established or revised at the Retrospective meeting. - The Scrum Team attends a Sprint Planning meeting to review and adjust the Product Backlog, select high ranking work items that can comprise the next Increment, and add them to a Sprint Backlog. The Scrum Team also decides on a Sprint Goal, a unified focus that directs collaboration on the Scrum Team. - While working, the Development Team attends a Daily Scrum meeting every 24 hours to coordinate and collaborate. - The Scrum Team attends a Sprint Review meeting to inspect the Increment and revise the Backlog based on feedback. - The Scrum Team may attend a Backlog Refining meeting to reduce the burden of a long Sprint Planning meeting. The Product Backlog is a strictly ordered list of the work expected of the Scrum Team. It is controlled by the Product Owner, though many Product Owners permit anyone to add work at the end of the Backlog. The Sprint Backlog is a strictly ordered list of the work accepted by the Scrum Team in the Sprint Planning meeting. The Increment is a working product that demonstrates completed work from the Sprint Backlog. The Sprint Goal is the main purpose of a Sprint. It can be a feature or theme in the Sprint Backlog, a process goal, or any other coherent focus around which the Scrum Team can collaborate. In 2007, a team I managed was asked to develop a cloud-based screencasting software application, where a person could record a computer session. One team member suggested we use Scrum, a technique I’d never encountered. After reading everything I could find about it, we decided to use it. Initially, I took the role of Scrum Master; we recruited a product manager to serve as our Product Owner; and everyone else was a Development Team member. We later recruited a project manager trained in Scrum to replace me as Scrum Master. Our Scrum Team rapidly produced working Increments, surprising many in our company. In five months, the team of just five engineers developed client applications that ran on Windows and Mac, and a clustered Java-based server application—we considered the three applications together as a system as our Increment, so if any of them didn’t work, the Increment was broken. Early iterations tried to develop the clients with a common non-native infrastructure; they worked but were hard to revise and maintain. Because Scrum had us performing early Increments, we could cheaply decide to switch to native infrastructures for the clients. In early iterations, we tested our user interface, and we discovered that some interfaces were not intuitive. Because it was early in development, we could switched them at relatively low cost and did. The system we built was highly resilient; it would continue to run even if a hosting server crashed. We didn’t expect to need this resiliency initially, but scalability was a huge risk identified early and we wanted to test whether we could build a resilient server farm. That decision saved our butts. Our first public demonstration was at a famous new-products conference, streamed live. We didn’t know about the streaming part. Under unexpected load of 1700 users, a host server crashed. The screencasting application quietly switched to a different server, and continued working. Gradually, one after another of our six servers crashed. Our team went rapidly to work identifying bugs, fixing them, and bringing servers back online, all while the conference was taking place. No user was interrupted, and no one but the developers knew this was happening. But behind the scenes there was a lot of human and machine activity. Our team got a reputation for bulletproof software. This experience transformed me: I became a strong advocate for agile methods and ultimately became a Scrum Alliance Certified Enterprise Coach (a management consultant for agile organizations). I have a PhD in computer science and I have been programming since I was 15; now I was programming humans instead of machines. Scrum frees creative people to focus on development. In Scrum, the Product Owner performs economic analysis and prioritization. The Scrum Master fields interruptions that might occur in uncontrolled environments. Scrum forces creative people to deliver a working Increment that can obtain customer feedback. Because the Sprint duration can be selected by the Scrum Team to include a balance of new development and packaging, the Development Team is not overly burdened by packaging, but at the same time can’t ignore it and build up technical debt indefinitely and create high economic risk. Scrum allows Development Team members to decide for themselves when, during the Sprint, they should start packaging the Increment. Customer feedback ultimately benefits developers by fostering enthusiastic customers. Scrum limits administrative activities to ritualized, regular meetings with time-limits. As developers gain comfort with these routines, they became part of their “muscle memory” and they can focus more on development at other times. Scrum reduces unnecessary decision-making for creative people by designating a single “sacrificial lamb for interruptions,” the Scrum Master. They then have greater capacity for decision making to use in developing a better Increment. Scrum produce high value early and makes it usable by customers. The Product Owner can exploit the Pareto Principle to put the 20% of work items that have 80% of the value at the top of the Backlog, to ensure that the Development Team focuses on those items first. Scrum specializes the Agility pattern language for creative teams. The figure above shows how the top four patterns of Agility—Limit work in progress, Measure economic progress, Adaptively experiment, and Embrace collective responsibility—are realized in Scrum. By selecting a Sprint Backlog and demanding that the Development Team produce an Increment at the end of a Sprint, Scrum limits work in progress. Scrum mandates that the Scrum Team reflect on past work in the Retrospective, and it that meeting many Scrum Team’s review metrics related to economic progress (such as completed points, reported bugs, happiness metric, etc.). Finally, by inducing Scrum Team members to jointly commit to completion of an Increment and a Sprint Goal, individual team members become responsible. Each pattern of Scrum contributes directly to at least one base pattern of Agility, as shown in the figure above. The graph shows how Scrum has no strong patterns contributing to External Advocacy, and this may be related to difficulties in sustaining high-levels of agility, when Scrum emerges bottom-up in an organization. [adle2012] Rachel F. Adlera and Raquel Benbunan-Fichb, “Juggling on a high wire: Multitasking effects on performance,” International Journal of Human-Computer Studies 70:2 (February 2012), pp. 156–168. [char2005] Robert N. Charette, “Why Software Fails,” IEEE Spectrum (September 2005). [danz2011] Shai Danzigera, Jonathan Levavb, and Liora Avnaim-Pesso, “Extraneous factors in judicial decisions,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 108–17 (April 26, 2011), pp. 6889–6892. [foro2014] Cyrus K. Foroughi, Nicole E. Werner, Erik T. Nelson and Deborah A. Boehm-Davis, “Do Interruptions Affect Quality of Work?” Human Factors: The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 56:7 pp 1262-1271 (November 2014 ). [pare1971] Pareto, Vilfredo and Page, Alfred N., Translation of Manuale di economia politica (“Manual of political economy”), 1971, A.M. Kelley, ISBN 978-0-678-00881-2. [suth2015] Jeff Sutherland, personal communication, 2015. [suth2017] Jeff Sutherland and Ken Schwaber, The Scrum Guide (2017), https://www.scrumguides.org/docs/scrumguide/v2017/2017-Scrum-Guide-US.pdf [Please provide feedback. I’m happy to provide LinkedIn or other links in this acknowledgement section to those who help out.] This pattern conforms to the 2017 definition of Scrum [suth2017].

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LP150100395: Groundwater flow age distributions: Understanding open pit mine hydrology Collaborating Organisations: Rio Tinto, Flinders University/NCGRT, The University of Western Australia, University of Utah, University of Bern. Chief Investigators/Partner Investigators: Craig Simmons, Peter Cook and Shawan Dogramaci NCGRT and Rio Tinto combined their expertise in a major ARC project to understand groundwater flow and groundwater mixing processes within the Pilbara region of northwestern Australia. Because many of the open pit mines extend below the natural position of the water table, groundwater surrounding the mines is extracted to lower the water table and provide dry mining conditions. Significant volumes of surplus groundwater are being pumped every year, and this is discharged into rivers and creeks. The NCGRT research focusses on understanding of the source of water pumped and the ultimate fate of the dewatering discharge. The understanding gained from this study will ultimately support sustainable mine operations, and protection of water resources and dependent ecosystems following mine closure. The project (completed in 2020) provided an opportunity to address several research issues. These include understanding the nature of groundwater mixing in the subsurface and the development of methods for collecting discrete water samples from long-screened wells. Dewatering bores in the Pilbara typically have intake zone more than 100 m long, and this poses a problem with interpreting groundwater chemical data because it is difficult to determine which depths are contributing to the pumped samples. Problems of unravelling groundwater chemistry from long screened wells are not unique to the mining industry but often arises for groundwater sampled from irrigation and town water supply wells. The project also examined the uncertainty of groundwater models in areas of heterogeneous and uncertain subsurface geology, and how this can affect predictions of water table response to pumping. Key project outcomes, and sources of further information are: - Development of new methods for disentangling the effect of mixing on the groundwater age data obtained from environmental tracers. Application of this approach to the Pilbara allowed historical periods of high groundwater recharge to be determined. Underwood SC, McCallum JL, Cook PG, Simmons CT, Dogramaci S, Purtschert R, Siade AJ and Prommer H (2018) Physical and chemical controls on the simultaneous occurrence of young and old groundwater inferred from multiple age tracers. Water Resources Research, 54 (11):9514-9532. McCallum JL, Dogramaci S, Cook PG, Banks E, Purtschert R, Irvine M, Simmons CT, Burk L (2018) Stochastic correction of carbon-14 activities: A Bayesian approach with argon-39 validation. Journal of Hydrology, 566, 396-405. doi: 10.1016/j.jhydrol.2018.08.047. McCallum JL, Cook PG, Dogramaci S, Purtschert R, Simmons CT and Burk L (2017) Identifying modern and historic recharge events from tracer-derived groundwater age distributions. Water Resources Research, 53: 1039–1056, doi:10.1002/2016WR019839. - During long-term pumping, analysis of changes in groundwater age with time can provide information on changes in sources of pumped water. For one of the open pit mines in the eastern Pilbara, groundwater pumped to dewater the mine represents a mixture of old and young water. The young water is recharge from an ephemeral creek, which was downgradient of the mine site until pumping caused a change in the groundwater flow direction. Cook PG, Dogramaci S, McCallum J and Hedley J (2016) Groundwater age, mixing and flow rates in the vicinity of large open pit mines, Pilbara region, northwestern Australia. Hydrogeology Journal, 25(1): 39-53. doi: 10.1007/s10040-016-1467-y. - Developed a method for identifying infiltration of groundwater that has been pumped from the aquifer and subsequently discharged to the land surface. This water is typically difficult to distinguish from ambient groundwater using traditional chemical analysis, but can be readily identified from analysis of dissolved gases in groundwater. The method is applied to identify recharge of mine water that has been discharged to ephemeral creeks. Cook PG and Dogramaci S (2019) Estimating recharge from recirculated groundwater with dissolved gases: An end-member mixing analysis. Water Resources Research, 55(7):5468-5486. - Quantification of the effect of inter-borehole flow in long-screen wells on groundwater chemistry, and well purging times necessary to remove inter-borehole flow water. Our work determined that purging this water is not possible if wells have been left unpumped for long periods of time, and so understanding the effect this flow has on sampled groundwater is critical. Poulsen D, Cook P, Simmons C, McCallum J and Dogramaci S (2019) Effects of intraborehole flow on purging and sampling long-screened or open wells. Ground Water, 57(2): 269-278. Poulsen DL, Cook PG, McCallum JL, Simmons CT and Dogramaci S (2017) Effects of intraborehole flow on purging and sampling long-screened or open wells. Oral presentation at the Australasian Groundwater Conference, 11-13 July 2017, Sydney, Australia. (Abstract) Poulsen DL, Cook PG, McCallum JL, Noorduijn S, Simmons CT and Dogramaci S (2018) The importance of measuring flows in long-screened or open wells. Oral presentation at the Australian Geological Council Convention. 14-18 October 2018, Adelaide, Australia. (Abstract) - Development of an injected tracer method for quantifying rates of inter-borehole flow. The method compares favourably with borehole flowmeter approaches if density issues can be overcome. Poulsen D, Cook PG, Simmons CT, McCallum JM, Noorduijn SL and Dogramaci S (2019) A constant-rate tracer dilution method to quantify pumped flows in long-screened or open wells. J. Hydrol., 574: 408-420. Development of approaches for obtaining depth-specific samples in long-screened wells. Poulsen DL, Cook PG, Simmons CT, Solomon DK and Dogramaci S (in press) Depth-resolved groundwater chemistry by longitudinal sampling of ambient and pumped flows within long-screened and open borehole wells. Water Resources Research. Poulsen D, Cook P, Simmons C, Solomon DK and Dogramaci S (2019) Depth-resolved groundwater chemistry by longitudinal sampling of ambient and pumped flows within long-screened and open borehole wells. Oral presentation at the Australasian Groundwater Conference, 24-27 November 2019, Brisbane, Australia. (Abstract) Poulsen DL, Cook PG, Simmons CT, McCallum JL, Noorduijn S and Dogramaci S (2018) Making the most of long-screened wells in groundwater investigations. Oral presentation at the NZ Hydrological Society & Meteorological Society of NZ Joint Conference, 4-7 December 2018, Christchurch, New Zealand. (Abstract) - Development of criteria for assessing conditions under which hydraulic barriers can influence recovery of groundwater levels following cessation of groundwater pumping. If hydraulic barriers occur close to pumped wells, then their presence is likely to be detected during pumping. If they are very remote, then they will not influence pumping or recovery. However, at intermediate distances, hydraulic barriers will not affect drawdown during pumping but may exert a major control on recovery rates. Marshall S, Cook PG, Miller A, Simmons CT and Dogramaci S (2019) The effect of undetected barriers on groundwater drawdown and recovery. Ground Water, 57(5): 718-726. Marshall SK, Cook PG, Miller AD, Simmons CT and Dogramaci S (2019) Modelling the effect of undetected barriers on groundwater drawdown and recovery. Oral presentation at the Geological Society of America Annual Meeting, 4-7 November 2018, Indianapolis, USA. (Abstract) - Assessment of the utility of hydraulic head and groundwater age data to detect the presence of hydraulic barriers, when sampling takes place under steady state flow conditions. Decreases in hydraulic head and increases in groundwater age often occur downgradient of hydraulic barriers, although the extent to which these parameters are perturbed by the presence of the barrier will depend upon aquifer and barrier characteristics. Marshall SK, Cook PG, Konikow LF, Simmons CT and Dogramaci S (2019) Conjoint use of hydraulic head and groundwater age data to detect hydrogeologic barriers. Oral presentation at the Australasian Groundwater Conference, 24-27 November 2019, Brisbane, Australia. (Abstract) Marshall S, Cook PG, Konikow L, Simmons C and Dogramaci S (2020, in press) Conjoint use of hydraulic head and groundwater age data to detect hydrogeologic barriers. Hydrogeology Journal.

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Ancient Egyptian Women – Marriage, Sexuality and Goddesses Article contains some nudity and sexual imagery…you know, the fun stuff. Do not control your wife in her house, When you know she is efficient; Don’t say to her: “Where is it? Get it!” When she has put it in the right place. Let your eye observe in silence, Then you recognize her skill: It is joy when your hand is with her, There are many who don’t know this. ~ Advice from the Scribe named “Ani” in New Kingdom Egypt Would you believe me if I told you that more than a thousand years ago, women in Ancient Egypt enjoyed many of the same rights that women in our current society enjoy today? A woman could own and sell private property, resolve legal settlements, write a contract, initiate a divorce, file lawsuits, have a profession and inherit property (of course these rights also depended on the woman’s social class). I wouldn’t say that Ancient Egyptian women had complete parity to men before the law. Yet they did have many rights that were out of reach for women in neighboring Greece or Rome. This article will examine what it was like to be a woman in Ancient Egyptian society and the different rights and responsibilities that they had. Most women performed domestic tasks in the home. However, there were female midwives, priestesses, weavers, dancers, musicians and even professional mourners. (Hiring complete strangers to act sad at your relative’s funeral was pretty normal in Ancient Egypt). Also, even though most of the positions of authority were occupied by men, there were a few female pharaohs, such as Cleopatra, Nefertiti and Hatshepsut. It also wasn’t uncommon for a woman to serve as a regent (temporary ruler) when her husband died, until her son was old enough to take over. It was preferred for a woman with the right bloodline to be in power temporarily, than a man with the wrong bloodline. In Egyptian Mythology, there is also a strong association with Goddesses as protectors. For example, when a body was mummified, the organs were placed into four different jars. Each jar was represented by one of the son’s of Horus, and each of these sons were protected by a different Goddess. If you’re curious about these jars, you can read more about the son’s of Horus here and their corresponding Goddesses. The most obvious example to start with is Isis. Her name literally means “throne.” She is the symbol of the Pharaoh’s power. Isis was worshiped as the ideal mother and wife, as well as the patroness of nature and magic. She was the friend of slaves and the downtrodden, but also listened to the prayers of the wealthy. In addition to that, she was the protector of the dead and the Goddess of children. Her birth is significant because she was the first daughter of Geb (Father of the Earth) and Nut (Mother of the Sky). She married her brother Osiris, who was the first son of Geb and Nut. Osiris was the God of the afterlife, vegetation and beer. He was a merciful God of the dead. Osiris’s brother Set grew jealous of his power, cut him into pieces, and scattered the pieces around the land. It was up to Isis to use her restorative magic to find the pieces of Osiris and piece him back together again. Perhaps this story can serve as a powerful metaphor about love and marriage. At times when you’re falling to pieces, it is up to your significant other to help put you together again. There is also a powerful metaphor in this story about redemption, rebirth and eternal life. At first, only the pharaoh was associated with the God Osiris in death. Yet eventually, most of the common people in Egypt were allowed to associate themselves with Osiris in death. Osiris and Isis were very popular among the common people of Egypt, because they offered the people a connection to eternal life. CONNECTIONS BETWEEN ISIS/OSIRIS CULT AND CHRISTIANITY? There are some theories that the early Christians were influenced by the themes of redemption and eternal life present in the Osiris and Isis myth. Pictures of Isis sucking her son Horus were common in the Roman Empire at the time of Christianity. For example, murals of Isis suckling her son Horus were popular in the Roman empire before the characteristic picture of the Virgin Mary nursing Jesus arose in prominence. Perhaps the former inspired the latter. The Original Trinity, Brought to You By Egypt (Metal-Gaia) A MURAL IN THE ROMAN ERA OF ISIS AND HORUS THE “REGINA CAELI LAETARE” OTHER POPULAR EGYPTIAN GODDESSES Bastet: A feline Goddess. The daughter of the sun God Ra. She was worshiped for her protective and maternal nature. Hathor: A cow Goddess associated with dancing, music and love. She was also known as the “Lady of Heaven.” She protected women during pregnancy, was worshiped as a Goddess of fertility, and was seen as wise and affectionate towards both the living and the dead. Sekhmet: The lion headed Goddess of war, fire, hunting, wild animals and vengeance. She was called “The Powerful One.” She helped kings defeat their opponents. She was also associated with both disease and health. Maat: The Goddess of truth, morality, justice, order and harmony. She represented the natural order of the universe. She was typically depicted with an ostrich feather on her head. The weighing of the heart ceremony that took place in the afterlife, which determined whether you were allowed to have eternal life, took place in the Hall of Maat. In Egypt there were 42 laws of Maat that one had to follow in order to enter the afterlife. These were a series of negative confessions, a list of “I didn’t do ____.” Law # 34 interests me because it relates to taking care of the environment: “I have not polluted the water.” Also, another interesting thing to note is that the laws of Maat don’t say much about sexuality, aside from mentioning adultery. This is probably because the Egyptians had a very mature culture when it came to sexuality, which we will discuss more below. A majority of these laws actually relate to emotional control, which is important for living a healthy and virtuous life. MARRIAGE, FERTILITY AND SEXUALITY …Revel in pleasure while your life endures And deck your head with myrrh. Be richly clad In white and perfumed linen; like the gods Anointed be; and never weary grow In eager quest of what your heart desires – Do as it prompts you… ~ Lay of the Harpist The Egyptians had a very natural view towards sexuality and the human body that was untainted by guilt. Walking around naked for example was not the taboo that it is today. Though I’m guessing part of this attitude was due to how unbelievable hot Egypt can be. The average temperature of an Egyptian summer is 120 degrees farenheit (48 degrees celsius). Children tended to walk around naked until puberty (about 12 years of age). Women of a lower social status walked around topless and wealthier women wore loose clothing that was sometimes transparent. Female entertainers frequently performed naked. Egyptians lived in a Sex Positive culture. They did not have the same guilty associations with sex that those of us in the modern world have today. Before marriage, it was not wrong for a woman to take a sexual lover. Knowledge of contraceptives was also commonplace in Ancient Egypt, which probably explains why premarital sex and prostitution weren’t a big deal. There is also evidence that homosexual sex wasn’t a big deal either. More information on Homosexuality in Ancient Egypt on Metal Gaia A popular image of prostitution today is a woman sticking out a stilettoed heel and a fishnet clad leg to interest her prospective customers. Ancient Egyptian prostitutes did something similar, they advertised themselves in a blue faience beaded fish-net dress, painted their lips red and tattooed themselves on the breast and thighs. However, the modern idea of prostitute and the Ancient Egyptian one are very different. In the modern world, we typically have a negative association with prostitutes, even if they are high class “escorts” that make thousands an hour sleeping with the wealthiest CEO’s. An outfit that may have been worn by sex workers. Source for picture The reason why the modern idea of prostitution can’t compare with Ancient Egyptian sex workers, is because their profession wasn’t tainted by guilt. Many sex workers were associated with Goddesses of fertility and were regarded with respect. Also, it is not certain that all prostitutes slept with people for money. Some were temple prostitutes who had a connection to the divine. Others were entertainers who would dance, play music and perform sexual acts all in one. There are some theories that men slept with prostitutes before marriage, in order to learn how to please their wives, and that young girls engaged in prostitute related acts, in order to learn about sexuality in marriage. However, these are just theories and we don’t have any real proof for these ideas. Take a wife while you are young, that she may make a son for you while you are youthful. ~ The Egyptian Scribe Ani A woman generally could get married at any age, and typically married after she started her period around the age of 14 or 15. Men got married when they were around 17 or 20. This may seem very young to the modern person, however we must remember that lifespans were shorter in Ancient Egypt. Documents written in the Ptolemaic Period reveal that the average life expectancy was 58 for women and 54 for men (tour egypt). This doesn’t seem too bad, but we must remember that in the modern developed world, the average person lives to be about 70 or 80, which naturally drags the average age of marriage up to mid 20’s or early 30’s. Consent from the parents was also needed to get married. This was especially important in the upper classes, since marriage determined the division of property and social status. However, as religious and ceremonial as Egyptian society was, what is surprising to note is that there was no ceremony for marriage: no special dress, no exchange of rings and no exchange of vows. It was a fairly simple affair where the wife moved into the house of her husband. He would either be living alone or with his parents. While this doesn’t sound very romantic, there is much literature and poetry that suggests that the ideal marriage was filled with affection, love and tenderness. However, one thing that made the Egyptians much smarter than those of us today, is that they usually drafted up a contract before the marriage about how property would be distributed, and what would happen in the event of divorce. That’s right, they had a prenup power up! This was more relevant to people in the upper classes, who had more property and land to fight over. A Marriage Contract from 219 BC “The Blemmyann, born in Egypt, son of Horpais, whose mother is Wenis, has said to the woman Tais, daughter of the Khahor, whose mother is Tairerdjeret: I have made you a married woman. As your womans portion, I give you two pieces of silver. If I dismiss you as wife and dislike you and prefer another woman to you as wife, I will give you two pieces of silver in addition to the two pieces of silver mentioned above and I will give you one third of each and everything that will accrue to you and me.” Divorce: Divorce was not hard to get. Both a man or a woman could initiate a divorce and write up the divorce contract. Men divorced their wives if they were incapable of baring children – or baring a son. He may also divorce his wife if she stopped pleasing him. A woman could divorce her husband for mental and physical cruelty. In some cases, if a woman initiated divorce, she forfeited her right to communal property. Also, as you can see from the statement above, women got spousal support in the case of a divorce, which was about 1/3 of her ex-husband’s earnings. However, there were other options if the parents were childless: adoption and polygamy were two. Sometimes men had concubines, and these women did not have the same rights as their wives. However, polygamy was uncommon for most people. It was mainly practiced by the pharaoh so that he could display his virility and sire several children. Incest: One taboo topic that comes up when talking about Ancient Egypt is that of incest. Incest is another one of those things that was allowed for the Pharaoh, in order to keep the royal bloodline in place, but not commonly practiced among most people. Adultery: Now, throughout most of this article I’ve waxed on about the sexual openness of Ancient Egyptian society and women’s freedoms. However, adultery was a completely different affair (get it…affair…it’s a pun! okay sorry). While sex before marriage wasn’t a big deal, an extra-marital affair was completely off the table. The bond of trust and fidelity in marriage and family were highly valued by the Ancient Egyptian people, so valued in fact the worst punishment for a woman was death. This was described in the Egyptian Tale of Two Brothers. For a man, on the other hand, the worst thing that could happen to him is that he would be forced into a divorce. “Come down, placenta, come down! I am Horus who conjures in order that she who is giving birth becomes better than she was, as if she was already delivered. Look, Hathor will lay her hand on her with an amulet of health! I am Horus who saves her!” ~ A Spell for a Healthy Delivery Fertility was a big deal in Egypt because the child mortality rate was so high. In some Egyptian cemeteries, a third of all the buried were infants. However, this statistic depends on which region of Egypt we are talking about. It’s hard to say exactly why the infant mortality rate was so high, but some historians believe it was due to the common occurrence of infection and the Egyptian diet. Their diet was high in cereal grains and deficient in Iron. Even the wealthy did not eat meat everyday. Many Egyptians used amulets, spells and the protection of the Gods to try and protect their children from death. However, despite the large infant mortality rate, Egyptians still had large families and showered their children with much affection. It is theorized that the average mother raised 4-6 children. Some families even managed to raise 10-15! Both a woman’s femininity and a man’s masculinity were judged by how many children they could create. In addition to being obsessed with fertility, Egyptians were also obsessed with life after death. We obviously know this since Egyptian tombs are the richest sources of Ancient Egyptian culture. Children were necessary to perform burial rites for the parents. Which was another incentive for rearing a large brood of children, this increased the likelihood that at least one child would survive long enough to perform a parent’s burial rites. There’s obviously much more that I could say about this topic, but I’m trying to write an article here about the basics, not a book. One of the great things about Ancient Egypt, is that much of their culture was written down. Unlike many other Pagan societies in the ancient world, the artifacts of their society remained intact. Part of this is because they had some of the most comprehensive burial practices out of any culture in the world. In the tombs of the pharaohs, they recorded the events of his/her life and buried the pharaoh with all the items they used in their day to day life so that they could use these items in the afterlife. Thanks to these methods of preservation, we have a window into ancient values that Abrahamic Religions tried to erase from the ledger of time. We see a culture that had healthy ideas about gender, the human body and sexuality. We see a culture that valued women as protectors and mothers, and respected them enough to give them legal rights. As we become a culture more open about sexuality, there is certainly much we could learn from the Ancient people who lived on the Nile. And the great news is that most of it is written down and available to read! So do some internet searches, watch a few documentaries and read some books! Get informed!

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Baranta martial arts involves both armed and unarmed techniques and is based on the martial training forms of the old Hungarians, who lived between the 19 and the 20 Century. In addition to the motion culture of the Carpathian-basin, the martial methods applied by folks, who established similar social communities to those of the Hungarians (schytians, avars, türks onugors, kazaks) and who once lived along the assumed wandering route of the ancient Hungarians, also play a significant role. Foreign monarchs (primarily the Habsburg dynasty) played a major role in the devolution of the motion culture and techniques of Baranta with their prohibitive and restrictive laws on wrestling, brawling, fencing, archery and horse riding. Thus Baranta could only survive in martial dances, in the lifestyle of Hungarian shepherds, in fencing books, and on artistic representations. Baranta stems from those members of the Hungarian society, who lived in the initial times of Hungarian history and who had a liberal legal state, which came with the privilege and at the same time with the duty to fight. This fighter layer of the society mastered the military profession and applied specific training systems and tactical principles and is the premise of the fighting (noble) orders and groups, who were presents in Hungarian history for centuries. The trainers and leaders of these military alignments regulated the order of the martial preparation of individuals and troops trough edicts. The ’kölpény’-s, ’kaplony’-s, ’talmács’-es, corporals, captains, the civilis, serfs bound to specific servitude (iobagio castri and iobagiones exemti), the professional fighters (pugils), the guardians of the ’gyepu’ (a Hungarian word for border territory), the guards (speculator), the nobles (nobilis), ethnic groups who settled in Hungary and who were bound to military servitude and thus gained certain privilege, the besenyos, the böszörmény-s (or muslins), kuns, jászes, the traditionally fighting Hungarian ethnic groups (szeklers, inhabitants of the Orség, and the hajdús),the mixed nationality task forces (nyogérs, shooters, royal hunters, Russian bodyguards, the order of soldiers garrisoning castles on the borders, cavalrymen), all these military groups show, that in Hungarian history, the presence of military professionals and their influence on political life and culture covers at least one and a half thousand years. All this means that similarly to the Japanese, Turkish, polish, and Russian state system, groups of the Hungarians also took on military duty as a lifestyle for centuries including training, and the physical and spiritual development of martial knowledge. Baranta is primarily based on their knowledge and their life philosophy, which evolved for centuries. They are the predecessors in title of Baranta. Organized Hungarian martial culture was between the VII. and XVII century at its blossoms. We separate three significant times within Baranta: 1. Time of the wandering state 2. Time of the Árpád dynasty 3. Time of Turkish-Hungarian wars. From the first part of the XVI. Century Hungarian culture began to split up and develop in different directions. From this time on only folklore preserved specifically Hungarian martial arts elements. Noble culture (including martial culture) began to adapt to western traditions. Hungarian martial related knowledge drifted to the periphery of society. Several attempts were made to resurrect this Hungarian martial art. During the two world wars Hungarian military officers assembled the first formidable material, which was meant to increase combat skills and devotion towards national traditions among the crew. A few elements of the results of this research even appeared in contemporary military regulations. These attempts also continued in the sixties to elaborate a unified and homogenous motion material and martial approach, but it couldn’t compete with the sweep and popularity of oriental martial art styles. Some very serious research began to take shape in the eighties in a pair of institutions and as a result in 1993 the basics of a new sport have been laid down at the Lajos Kossuth military college. In 1997 the Baranta league was formed (it’s symbol is the Rakamazian turulbird), in 1998 the first Hungarian championship took place. Study tours made by helpers and researchers of Baranta to Mongolia and Kazakhstan played an important role in the development of the sport, as did Mongolian and Turkish masters who expanded the range of grip techniques of Baranta with some Middle-Asian ones. Today the best horseback archers of the world are Hungarians once again. The visit of Dr Imre Harnos 10dan style founding master was also a big step forward, since as a result the majority of the leading Hungarian Zen Bu Kan Kempo clubs started a Baranta section. In 1999, the first rank and exam regulations were set up based on the ancient decimal system of the Middle-Asian nomadic folks. Baranta fighters gain ancient Hungarian animal names as a rank (based on the strength of the animal) after each successful exam. Baranta researches the possibilities of a warrior with complex attributes, thus it places equal stress on ranged and melee weapons, and on unarmed combat. To gain the fifth rank (the ‘Bars-oktur’ rank, which entitles the candidate to teach), one has to fulfil the minimum requirements in 34 different exam elements. Today Baranta is an independent Hungarian martial art style. The original meaning of the word is: to prepare for battle, campaign or raid. In the neighbouring countries around Hungary, the word means looting. Among the Caucasian folks it means to settle a conflict in an aggressive way but without bloodshed, or it can also mean a martial contest. Baranta may also mean the rightful gain of booty without any victims (consequences of violating the law, or offending a person). The traditional Hungarian martial art is called Baranta until it is meant to act as a contest, preparation or training in peacetime. If it’s aim is to actually destroy the enemy it is called Böllön. During the training, the Böllön related techniques may primarily be mastered by professional soldiers or by Baranta fighters who reach the level of a master. Baranta accepts the traditional Hungarian view of life. This kind of thinking (in Hungarian it is called ‘Szeres’ thinking) stresses the importance of coordinated social links. The man who follows the traditional principles in his life strives to get to know himself, and to define himself first, and after he has done this, he coordinates himself to the order of the existing world around him. Today’s man builds up his personality subordinated to the world around him, this way he can never become truly himself, and as such, he doesn’t posses a unique personality. Without the latter he is not suitable for a grown up man nor for warrior. Baranta fighters are not educated to become armed specialists, but to become warriors with complex abilities. This means, that in addition to the handling of ranged and melee weapons, unarmed and mounted combat, Baranta strives to grant the candidate the achievements of several thousand years of Hungarian culture. In addition to the Hungarian martial dances and folklore (rhymes, legends and sagas), the mysteries of weapon making, practical archaeology and History, they also learn about the traditional Hungarian way of living one’s life. One of the most important aims of a Baranta warrior is (while familiarizing others with the elements of traditional Hungarian martial culture and making the independent martial system of Baranta as effective as possible) to popularise Hungarian culture, and the nature and human respecting Hungarian self image worldwide, just as making Baranta one of the most popular martial art styles in Hungary and later in the whole world. The major directions of this expansion are the territories of fellow folks living in Middle Asia. The system of Baranta respects individual initiative, develops and promotes creativity and thus leads to faster learning achievements. This is true in case of motion processes as well, as in case of opportunities to develop one’s personality. During preparation and contests, traditional training methods are applied, which are possibly closest to realistic combat situations. Basic training elements (school and form exercises which are similar to the kata in oriental martial arts) are assembled in a way, that in the exercise an enemy is always involved as well as some security elements to minimize the chance of an injury. Baranta consists of grunt (THUG: named after the horsetail flag of the bodyguards of the leaders of the ancient clans, who also endowed infantry tasks) and mounted (RÁRÓ: basic mounted units) capabilities. A fundamental feature of Baranta is that it simulates real combat with its sportive training and contest system. During unarmed combat a Baranta fighter strives to close in on his enemy as fast as possible, where he lays him out with strangulating locks, and spine locks which cause intense pain. In fencing, he tries to overcome his enemy using a wide variety of following and complementary moves in a delaying nature (he doesn’t focus only on the weapon). Tactical and logical analysis of a situation is especially stressed. During the training and contests, the representatives of this style give account of how they can handle the bow, sabre, sword, spontoon, lance, spear, battle cross, staves with various length, dagger, lasso, shield, and axe. Horses have a specific role; to be familiar with them is compulsory even for grunts. Baranta fighters do not train the horse, instead they learn to live and work together with it. In Baranta there are no real weight and age groups, since there are none in real combat either. In a contest boys under 17 (‘Kese’ or beardless), men above 17 (Öskü or grown up), and girls above 13 (‘weasel’ category) are separated into categories. In ancient times girls counted as biologically mature from the age of 13, and boys were initiated into manhood with a ceremony at the age of 17. The three age categories are based on these customs. In Baranta, shows also play an important role. Associations and clubs perform 50-220 times a year in Hungary and abroad in tradition preserving shows. Part of these shows is a tradition preserving performance the other part is a martial arts performance. Today 6 sport associations and 4 clubs have a functioning Baranta section. Roughly 200-250 persons are participating in the trainings. About 30 are able to compete on contests and 12-14 are able to represent Baranta on an outstanding level even against prominent representatives of other martial arts. One of the greatest test of the ‘resurrection process between 1929-41, 1967-78 and 1992-2004 is to realise the education of trainers. In 2002 Baranta got into the basic national curriculum (catholic high schools), from 2004 it is a facultative subject on the Miklós Zrínyi University for Defence. The two central associations of the training are the Horseback Archery Traditions Preserving Sports Association, which is functioning in Szentendre, and the Honvéd ZHSE Baranta section in Budapest. At present contestants visit our championships from Slovakia, Ukraine, Romania, and Mongolia.

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The Amish in Ontario are a diverse group, explained Fred Lichti at the fall meeting of the Mennonite Historical Society of Ontario, held on Oct. 15, 2016, at Milverton Mennonite Fellowship. Milverton is a small town a half hour west of Kitchener-Waterloo. There are 21 different Amish settlements or communities mostly scattered throughout southern Ontario. Each of these settlements has its own idiosyncrasies, as buggy styles and other customs are not necessarily the same in each community. The Amish originate from a division among Anabaptist/Mennonites in Europe in the late 1600s, when Jacob Ammann’s plan to bring renewal to the church in Switzerland and Alsace resulted in a church split. Over the centuries Old Order Mennonites and Amish have had little formal cooperation, but they have many similarities. They cooperate informally and sometimes live in neighbouring geographical areas. The largest Amish settlement in Canada is in the Milverton area. When the Amish first came from Europe to Waterloo Region in 1823, they settled west of Kitchener and then spread from there. By 1874 they were moving into Mornington Township, where Milverton is located. When some Amish began building meetinghouses in the 1880s, the Amish of the Milverton area did not all agree, resulting in a split. The progressives built meetinghouses and eventually referred to themselves as “Mennonite,” while the traditionalists are the people we now refer to as “Amish.” These Amish in the Milverton area have continued to worship in homes on Sunday mornings. They had little growth for nearly 100 years, but since the 1980s and 90s they have grown rapidly, and their population has doubled since 1999. The Milverton Amish tend to have more traditional dress than many other Amish communities. They also do not use covered buggies, and their buggy wheels have steel rims. According to Lichti, common surnames in the Milverton area are Kuepfer, Albrecht, Jantzi and Streicher, names that are not common in other Amish communities. Other Amish groups moved to Ontario between 1953 and 1970, looking for good places to settle. In 1953 a group from Ohio came to the Aylmer area, south of London, and today they have three districts and a daughter community in the Lindsay area. These Aylmer Amish are probably the most open to outsiders, says Lichti. In 1964, David Wagler and Joseph Stoll began a publishing venture that doesn’t use electricity from the grid. Since the beginning, Pathway Publishing House has been putting out three monthly publications: Family Life for families; Young Companion for young adults; and Blackboard Bulletin for teachers. These are widely read by Amish and traditionalist Mennonites throughout the U.S. and Canada. They also publish books and educational material for Amish parochial schools. In 1954, a group of Amish families moved from the U.S. to Ontario and began a settlement southwest of Owen Sound. These Swartzentruber Amish, who separated from other Amish in 1917, are ultraconservative. They allow less technology and have no gas lamps, no indoor plumbing, no flowerbeds and no orange triangles (signs for slow moving vehicles) on their buggies. In 2008, several families began a daughter community in the Iron Bridge area, east of Sault Ste. Marie. Also in 1954 a group of Troyer Amish from the U.S. moved to the Norwich area, south of Woodstock. This group has several daughter communities. In 1973 some families moved to the area around Lucknow, not far from Lake Huron. This community has grown to become the second largest community in Ontario. According to Lichti, the Amish around Lucknow have nine schools and six sawmills. These Troyer Amish have continued to spread throughout Ontario, with smaller communities near Belleville (begun in 2001) and more recently in northern Ontario, near Englehart and Earlton. In 2015, about 15 families of these Troyer Amish moved to Prince Edward Island to begin a new community there. In 1958 a fifth type of Amish moved to Ontario from Maryland, Delaware and Pennsylvania. This community near St. Mary’s, south of Stratford, remains small, although they also have a daughter community near Powassan, begun in 2001. This Amish group is the most similar to the Amish of Lancaster County, Pa., and uses more technology than other Amish in Ontario. Lichti mentioned that part of the draw to the Powassan area, north of Huntsville, was more opportunities for hunting. The Milverton Amish have also been spreading to new areas. New communities were established in the Chesley area in 1979, in the Kincardine/Tiverton area in 1995, and in the Clifford area in 1998. These communities are of reasonable size, with 25 to 40 families each. A small community of five families has also been living on Manitoulin Island since 2013, and in 2016 six families moved to Prince Edward Island. They live on the east side of P.E.I., near Montague. Glenn Zehr also addressed the historical society, talking about changes he has seen over the years that he has been acting as an interpreter of the Amish way of life. In the morning Zehr arranged to have part of the group eat a noon meal at the home of Dorothy Zehr and her family, just outside Milverton. Later in the afternoon, historical society members had the option of visiting two Amish farms, one with a buggy shop and the other a goat farm. According to Glenn Zehr, the style of worship among the Milverton Amish has not changed much. They continue to read the Bible and sing in High German, while preaching is done in Pennsylvania German. They sing slowly, using the Ausbund, a songbook dating back to the 1500s. The Sunday morning service, held in a home, or sometimes in a barn or buggy shed in the summer, lasts about three hours, from 9 a.m. to noon. The host family provides a light lunch of bread and butter, cheese, jams, spreads and pickles for the 75 to 100 people in attendance. The children are educated in Amish private schools, where the language of instruction is English. High German is taught in the schools, but the children find English much easier to read, said Dorothy Zehr. The Amish community of Milverton has eight parochial schools. Glenn Zehr also discussed other changes he has seen, living among these Amish for many years. In earlier years they were primarily farmers, but today farmland is in short supply and very expensive, so many of them run their own businesses or work for wages in agriculture-related industries or construction. In times past the Amish did all their field work with horses, but today it is not uncommon to see large equipment in those fields, hired to do custom planting and harvesting. Although the Milverton Amish do not own cars or tractors, some building contractors own trucks that are driven by their non-Amish employees. Zehr said he wouldn’t be surprised if they change their position so that tractors are allowed within the next ten years or so, since they are hiring so many custom operators to do the work in the fields. Since the 1990s, telephones have come to the Milverton Amish, but not in the houses. Little telephone booths are near the end of the lane or at least some distance from the house. They usually have some type of message system since there is rarely anyone available to answer the phone directly. Zehr also thinks that there are some cell phones or maybe even smart phones used by the Amish, but probably they are not carried openly since officially there is no approval for this practice. He assumes their position on cell phones is changing. Another change in more recent years is the amount of travel done by the Amish. In earlier years Amish families would only hire a driver for long-distance health appointments, but these days they frequently hire drivers to visit relatives, to go shopping, or even to travel as tourists. Like other Old Order groups, the Amish do not fly, but recently a group travelled to Europe by ship to participate in a heritage tour. Although the Amish do not use electricity from the grid, they find ways to generate power to operate their tools. James Ebersol, who makes buggy wheels, uses solar panels to charge his batteries, but when the sun is not shining, or if he needs lots of power to do welding, he uses diesel power to create DC power. Ebersol, who used to make buggy wheels out of wood, now imports fibreglass buggy wheels from Fort Wayne, Ind. In his shop he inserts metal hubs and puts a half-inch steel tire around the rim of the wheel. These days most new buggy wheels are made of fibreglass. Because wood expands and shrinks with the temperature, wooden-spoke wheels don’t last as long as fibreglass ones. The buggy boxes, shafts and seats are now also made of fibreglass, and Ebersol has gone from making complete buggies to replacing wheels. He ships the wheels to many places, but most of his customers are Amish. Because the Amish have a lot of congregational autonomy, there are slight differences between the settlements, in relation to their styles of dress and where they draw the line on technology. Some are more isolationist and less willing to accept government allowances or insurance plans, others are more open to outsiders. The Amish tend to be entrepreneurial and are generally happy to sell their products to non-Amish neighbours. They tend to have a high retention rate, and their communities are continuing to grow. Many thanks to Fred Lichti, pastor of Elmira Mennonite Church, and Glenn Zehr, retired (Amish) Mennonite pastor, for maintaining connections with the Amish community and for sharing their insights with the Mennonite Historical Society of Ontario. —Updated Dec. 1, 2016 The ‘simple’ life in raising an Amish family Pennsylvania Dutch a language with merit Old Order Mennonite groups in Ontario are growing 10 things to know about Mennonites in Canada The Amish of Milverton, Ont., use open buggies with slow-moving-vehicle signs. The various Ontario Amish settlements have their own idiosyncrasies, as buggy styles and other customs are not necessarily the same in each community. (Photo by Barb Draper) The Clayton Kuepfer goat farm south of Millbank has a telephone shed along the laneway. (Photo by Roy Draper) The Amish of Ontario do not use bicycles; children use this type of scooter instead. (Photo by Roy Draper) James Ebersole has solar panels on his buggy-wheel shop to help power his tools. (Photo by Roy Draper)

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All too often children and younger people do not understand everything that is happening to them when they are victims of sexual abuse. They do not understand that what is being done or asked of them is wrong. Children and younger people who are sexually abused are tricked and/or forced to do things of a sexual nature. They are often too scared to tell anyone that they were victims of child sexual abuse. Child sexual abuse can happen at any time and anywhere – whether online or in person but it is never the fault of the child and it is imperative that children are made aware of this when they are subjected to this type of abuse. - Are There Different Types of Child Sexual Abuse? - What Are the Signs That a Child is Being Sexually Abused? - What To Do if a Child Reveals They Are Being Sexually Abused - What Are the Effects on a Child of Sexual Abuse? - The Effects of Post-Traumatic Stress on a Child Who Has Been Sexually Abused - What Children Are Most at Risk of Being Sexually Abused? - Reporting Child Sexual Abuse - What Support is There For a Sexually Abused Child? - Teaching Children About Staying Safe - How to Keep Children Safe When They Are Online - What To Do If Your Child Is Sexually Abused By Another Child - Finding the Right Support - Choosing to Contact An Organisation in the Voluntary Sector - Finding Support in the Statutory Sector For Child Sexual Abuse - Choosing Support in the Private Sector For Child Sexual Abuse - Further Resources There are two kinds of sexual abuse that a child could be subjected to which are as follows: As previously mentioned, sexual abuse can happen to child when they are online or it can occur in person. When a child is sexually abused in person (contact), the abuser has physical contact with them and it could include the following: - Touching part of a child’s body whether the child is wearing clothes or not - Using a part of their body or an object as a means to penetrate or rape a child - Forcing a child to engage in sexual activities with the abuser - Forcing a child to touch someone else or to get undressed Contact abuse may include the following: - Oral sex It is not just a “penetrative” act that constitutes sexual abuse. When a child is the victim of non-contract sexual abuse, the abuser does not “touch” them. The abuse may happen in person or it would occur online and could include the following: - Exposing themselves or flashing - Showing a child pornographic material - Exposing the child to a sexual act - Forcing a child to masturbate - Making the child create, share or view images or videos showing child abuse - Forcing the to make, view or distribute images or videos showing child abuse - Making a child engage in sexual conversations and/or activities over a smartphone or online There are certain signs you could watch out for that a child is being sexually abused. If you are aware of the signs, it can help a child talk about what is happening to them. Children who are sexually abused often do not realise that what is happening is wrong and all too often they are too frightened to tell anyone about their experiences. The signs to watch out for include the following: - A child may avoid being left alone with a person or people they know - They may show signs of being scared when they are around certain people or a specific person - They know specific language or sexual behaviours that you would have thought they would not know at their age - They experience frequent nightmares and/or wet the bed - They self-harm - Their eating habits change or they develop an eating disorder - They misuse alcohol or drugs There are also physical signs to watch out for which could be an indication that a child is being sexually abused and this includes the following: - They are bruised - There is discharge, bleeding, soreness and pain in the anal or genital areas - They develop a sexually transmitted infection Should a child be sexually abused when they are online, the signs that this may be happening could include the following: - They spend more time than usual online or they do not spend as much time online as they used to. They may text more, play more online games or use social media more or less than usual too - They appear distant, angry or upset after they have been online or after they have been texting - They become secretive about who they are in contact with online or on their phones, not wanting to share who they are interacting with - They start receiving a lot of new contacts, texts or email addresses on all of their devices whether it’s a phone, tablet or laptop Children who experience online sexual abuse may also hint at the fact they are victims of an online sexual abuser. If you find that a child wants to talk to you about an experience of sexual abuse they were subjected to, it is essential that you do the following: - Make sure you listen to them carefully and that you fully understand what they are telling you - Make sure you tell the child that they have done the right thing by telling you what is happening to them - Make sure you tell the child that they have done anything wrong - Make sure you tell them that you are taking what they are telling you very seriously while remaining very calm - Do not confront the “alleged abuser” - Make sure you let the child know what you are going to do - Make sure you report what the child has chosen to tell you as soon as you can to the relevant authorities The effects a child suffers having been sexually abused can be both short-term or long-term and in certain cases they can last a child’s whole lifetime. The effects on a child or younger person could be as follows: - Suffering from depression and anxiety - Developing eating disorders - Suffering post-traumatic stress - Finding it hard to cope with stress - Suicidal tendencies and suicidal thoughts - Developing sexually transmitted infections - Experiencing guilt and shame - Drug and alcohol abuse - Difficult relationships with close family, partners and friends Children who are the victims of sexual abuse need all the support and help they can get so they can move on with their lives as much as they can. The impact of being sexually abused as a child or being the victim of rape and sexual violence can often include emotional, physical and psychological conditions. The result of being subjected to this type of abuse whether as a boy or girl, has devastating effects on every aspect of a child’s life. It can negatively impact them as follows: - Their minds - Their bodies - Their behaviours - Their thoughts - Their feelings and emotions Children who are sexually abused can suffer from post-traumatic stress which can see them displaying the following symptoms: - Angry outbursts and irritability - Suicidal thoughts - Alcohol and drug abuse - Sexual problems - Confused about sexuality - Eating disorders - Self-harming and self-injury - Borderline Personality Disorder - Dissociative Identity Disorder - Low self-esteem - Lack of confidence - Sleep Problems - Transient psychotic episodes - Somatisation – Emotional distress experienced as physical pain - Increased risk of developing heart disease and cancer - Criminal behaviour - Parenting Problems Both girls and well as boys are at risk of being sexually abused and this includes any child with most of them being the victims of sexual abuse at the hands of somebody they know. The abuser could be a family member, a close friend or even somebody who has targeted a child and this includes teachers or coaches. If a child is sexually abused when they are online, their abuser could be someone they know. The abuser could be a person who commits an abusive sexual act once or a person who has spent time building up a relationship with the child before committing sexual assault on them. With this said, children with disabilities are more at risk of being the victims of sexual abuse more especially if they are not able to tell someone about their experience or because they do not comprehend what is being done to them. Abusers are known to target any child who is isolated or neglected by parents and/or carers. Families that are experiencing rough times may not be able to give their children the attention or supervision they need which puts them in harm’s way. If a child tells you they are being sexually abused by someone, you must do the following: - Get in touch immediately with the social care team of the child at the local council - Call the police on 999 or 101 if you believe that a crime is being committed - Call “Crimestoppers” which you can do anonymously on 0800 555 111 or online If you are a parent and you discover that your child is the victim of sexual abuse, you would naturally be extremely frightened and anxious. There is a lot of help and support that you can rely on which includes the following: - MOSAC – a charitable organisation that provides essential support and advice to non-abusing parents and carers whose children have been sexually abused There is also a tremendous amount of support for children and younger people as well as their families who have been victims of sexual abuse which includes the following: - Hear and Now - In Ctrl - Letting the Future In - Protect and Respect Another organisation that provides valuable support to children and younger people who have been the victims of sexual assault is Lighthouse, they make it their mission to help children and younger people recover from their traumatic experiences at the hands of abusers. It is important that children and younger people be taught how to stay safe which can be achieved in the following ways: - Teaching them how to stay safe when they are online to prevent sexual exploitation - Teaching them what healthy relationships are - Teaching children that there are adults they can trust and who they can talk to about any worries they may have - Asking a child’s school to organise a “Speak Out Stay Safe” assembly which is free of charge and is targeted at primary school children It is important to teach children how to stay safe when they are online or using their smartphones and other devices they may possess. One way of achieving this is to encourage the following: - Transparency as to what your child/children are doing when they are on the internet - Keep gaming devices and laptops that have webcams in a family room - Use the parental controls and make sure you are up-to-date with all the apps and games that children and younger people enjoy playing It is known that children and younger people can be sexually abused by other young people. Should this be the case, the damage can be done to both the victim and the abuser who may have developed behavioural issues because they themselves have been abused or the victims of neglect. Children who have experienced sexual abuse do not realise that it is wrong and therefore they think that behaving in this way towards other children is acceptable. If you believe your child has or is being sexually abused and their abuser is another child, it is vitally important for the child who is causing harm to receive the support they need. The organisations listed below provide support and help to children you sexually abuse others: - National Clinical Assessment and Treatment Service (NCATS) - Turn the Page If you are a younger person and you feel that your behaviour is worrying, there is help and support available for you with many organisations offering essential advice as well as support to those who feel they need it: - Stop it now! – a free helpline that provides guidance, support and information There are support services for all adult survivors of childhood sexual abuse. However, waiting lists tend to be common whether it is in the voluntary sector or the NHS and finding the right support service can prove challenging. Some of the services focus more on sexual abuse rather than neglect, physical or emotional abuse. With this said, the fact that child sexual abuse can negatively impact a person later in their lives in distressing ways, is more recognised today than ever before. As such, trauma-informed practices are more commonplace now. Although counselling and therapy is an essential part of recovering from child sexual abuse, you can get support in many other ways too. One of which is to learn about how the affects of your abuse can impact your brain an body. This can help you get back on the right track to recovering from your trauma. Joining a support group is also hugely empowering because it can help you feel less alone, isolated and powerless. Doing the following can also help you through the healing process: - Self-defence classes - Trauma-release exercises (TRE) - Dance classes and other complementary therapies All of the above have proven to be highly effective methods of recovering from childhood sexual trauma. It is worth noting that when you contact a support provider that you ask them about their policies on confidentiality. The reason being that statutory providers like the NHS are more likely to report a claim of child abuse to the police should they believe that a child or vulnerable young adult is still at risk of being subjected to abuse by their abuser/abusers without first requesting your permission to do so. As previously mentioned, there are many charities and voluntary organisations that provide support and care for victims of childhood sexual abuse and abused children as well as vulnerable young adults. The services they provide are usually free of charge or you may be asked to pay as much as you can afford. The staff who work for these organisations have a deep understanding of the situation and the emotions that children experience when they are the victims of sexual abuse. Although, voluntary organisations are more flexible in their approach to recovering from sexual abuse than the NHS, they rely on grant funding, as such the services they provide tend to be less consistent. The voluntary organisations that provide support and care to victims of child sexual abuse are listed below: - The Survivors Trust provides 130 support services for victims of rape and sexual abuse - Rape Crisis England & Wales is a charity that provides advocacy, support, information and counselling to victims of sexual abuse and sexual violence. The service also provides women-only spaces with some providing support for survivors of male sexual violence too - Rape Crisis Scotland provides both emotional and practical support, advocacy and information to survivors of sexual assault - Survivors Pathway (South West England) provides an online service for people who need specialist sexual violence support who live in the South West of the country - Nexus Northern Ireland provides support to anyone who has been affected by any form of sexual violence at any time of their lives - Mind provides services which includes talking therapies, crisis helplines, counselling and befriending throughout the UK at its 140 independent local branches - HAVOCA provides over the phone support or face-to-face support to people whose lives have been negatively impacted by childhood sexual abuse - Future Pathways, Scotland provides support to victims who were sexually abused as children which includes counselling and psychological trauma support - NSPCC (National Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children is a charitable organisation that works hard to protect all children throughout the country and the Channel Islands If you choose to seek support from child sexual abuse in the statutory sector, you could contact any of the following NHS Choices: - NHS provides support to those who are in crisis but often there is a long waiting list because as a survivor of childhood sexual abuse you would not fall into the category of “crisis victim” - Eye Movement Desensitisation and Reprocessing (EMDR) is more widely available through the NHS - SARCS (Sexual Assault Referral Centres) provide emotional and practical support to those who have been sexually assaulted or raped There are several very good counsellors and therapists you can contact if you are seeking support and help for child sexual abuse many of which operate a sliding scale of charges which in short means they charge you what you are able to pay them. - The British Association for Counselling and Psychotherapy (BACP) - UK Council for Psychotherapy (UKCP) - The National Counselling Society (NCS) - The Echo Society has counsellors with expertise in narcissistic abuse - PODS provides a list of counsellors who support people who have suffered trauma and developed a dissociative disorder - The Counselling Directory advertises counsellors and psychotherapists, if they are registered with an overseeing professional body Supporting all non-abusing parents and carers whose children have been sexually abused. We provide various types of support services and information for parents, carers and professionals dealing with child sexual abuse. Confidential emotional support to children, young adults and adults by telephone, email and post. The helpline is available to female adult survivors of childhood rape/sexual abuse, and others can call if they have a concern about such issues. CISters (Surviving Rape and/or Sexual Abuse) PODS works to make recovery from dissociative disorders a reality through training, informing and supporting. Rape Crisis England & Wales is a feminist organisation that exists to promote the needs and rights of women and girls who have experienced sexual violence, to improve services to them and to work towards the elimination of sexual violence. Safeline is a specialised charity working to prevent sexual abuse and to support those affected in their recovery.

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What are you looking for? How to Reduce, Prevent, and Cope with Stress By Dr. Jeanne Segal & Lawrence Robinson How to Reduce, Prevent, and Cope with Stress You may feel there’s nothing you can do about stress. The bills won’t stop coming, there will never be more hours in the day, and your work and family responsibilities will always be demanding. But you have more control over stress than you might think. Stress management is all about taking charge: of your lifestyle, thoughts, emotions, and the way you deal with problems. No matter how stressful your life seems, there are steps you can take to relieve the pressure and regain control. What is stress management? We all respond to stress differently so, there’s no “one size fits all” solution to managing stress. But if you feel like the stress in your life is out of control, it’s time to take action. Stress management can teach you healthier ways to cope with stress, help you reduce its harmful effects, and prevent stress from spiraling out of control again in the future. No matter how powerless you may feel in the face of stress, you still have control over your lifestyle, thoughts, emotions, and the way you deal with problems. Stress management involves changing the stressful situation when you can, changing your reaction when you can’t, taking care of yourself, and making time for rest and relaxation. The first step is to recognize the true sources of stress in your life. What are the sources of stress in your life? It’s easy to identify sources of stress following a major life event such as changing jobs, moving home, or losing a loved one, but pinpointing the sources of everyday stress can be more complicated. It’s all too easy to overlook your own thoughts, feelings, and behaviors that contribute to your stress levels. Sure, you may know that you’re constantly worried about work deadlines, but maybe it’s your procrastination, rather than the actual job demands, that is causing the stress. To identify your true sources of stress, look closely at your habits, attitude, and excuses: - Do you explain away stress as temporary (“I just have a million things going on right now”) even though you can’t remember the last time you took a breather? - Do you define stress as an integral part of your work or home life (“Things are always crazy around here”) or as a part of your personality (“I have a lot of nervous energy, that’s all”)? - Do you blame your stress on other people or outside events, or view it as entirely normal and unexceptional? Until you accept responsibility for the role you play in creating or maintaining it, your stress level will remain outside your control. How do you currently cope with stress? Think about the ways you currently manage and cope with stress in your life. Your stress journal can help you identify them. Are your coping strategies healthy or unhealthy, helpful or unproductive? Unfortunately, many people cope with stress in ways that compound the problem. Stress management strategy #1: Get moving Physical activity plays a key role in reducing and preventing the effects of stress, but you don’t have to be an athlete or spend hours in a gym to experience the benefits. Just about any form of physical activity can help relieve stress and burn away anger, tension, and frustration. Exercise releases endorphins that boost your mood and make you feel good, and it can also serve as a valuable distraction to your daily worries. While the maximum benefit comes from exercising for 30 minutes or more, you can start small and build up your fitness level gradually. Short, 10-minute bursts of activity that elevate your heart rate and make you break out into a sweat can help to relieve stress and give you more energy and optimism. Even very small activities can add up over the course of a day. The first step is to get yourself up and moving. Here are a few easy ways: - Put on some music and dance around - Take your dog for a walk - Walk or cycle to the grocery store - Use the stairs at home or work rather than an elevator - Park your car in the farthest spot in the lot and walk the rest of the way - Pair up with an exercise partner and encourage each other as you workout - Play ping-pong or an activity-based video game with your kids Managing stress with regular exercise Once you’re in the habit of being physically active, try to incorporate regular exercise into your daily schedule. Activities that are continuous and rhythmic—and require moving both your arms and your legs—are especially effective at relieving stress. Walking, running, swimming, dancing, cycling, tai chi, and aerobic classes are good choices. Pick an activity you enjoy, so you’re more likely to stick with it. Instead of continuing to focus on your thoughts while you exercise, make a conscious effort to focus on your body and the physical (and sometimes emotional) sensations you experience as you’re moving. Adding this mindfulness element to your exercise routine will help you break out of the cycle of negative thoughts that often accompanies overwhelming stress. Focus on coordinating your breathing with your movements, for example, or notice how the air or sunlight feels on your skin. Getting out of your head and paying attention to how your body feels is also the surest way to avoid picking up an injury. When you’ve exercised, you’ll likely find it easier to put other stress management techniques to use, including reaching out to others and engaging socially. Stress management strategy #2: Engage socially Reach out and build relationships - Reach out to a colleague at work - Help someone else by volunteering - Have lunch or coffee with a friend - Ask a loved one to check in with you regularly - Accompany someone to the movies or a concert - Call or email an old friend - Go for a walk with a workout buddy - Schedule a weekly dinner date - Meet new people by taking a class or joining a club - Confide in a clergy member, teacher, or sports coach Stress management strategy #3: Avoid unnecessary stress While stress is an automatic response from your nervous system, some stressors arise at predictable times—your commute to work, a meeting with your boss, or family gatherings, for example. When handling such predictable stressors, you can either change the situation or change your reaction. When deciding which option to choose in any given scenario, it’s helpful to think of the four A's: avoid, alter, adapt, or accept. Avoid the stressor It’s not healthy to avoid a stressful situation that needs to be addressed, but you may be surprised by the number of stressors in your life that you can eliminate. - Learn how to say “no” – Know your limits and stick to them. Whether in your personal or professional life, taking on more than you can handle is a surefire recipe for stress. Distinguish between the “shoulds” and the “musts” and, when possible, say “no” to taking on too much. - Avoid people who stress you out – If someone consistently causes stress in your life, limit the amount of time you spend with that person, or end the relationship. - Take control of your environment – If the evening news makes you anxious, turn off the TV. If traffic makes you tense, take a longer but less-traveled route. If going to the market is an unpleasant chore, do your grocery shopping online. Stress management strategy #4: Alter the situation If you can’t avoid a stressful situation, try to alter it. Often, this involves changing the way you communicate and operate in your daily life. - Express your feelings instead of bottling them up. If something or someone is bothering you, be more assertive and communicate your concerns in an open and respectful way. If you’ve got an exam to study for and your chatty roommate just got home, say up front that you only have five minutes to talk. If you don’t voice your feelings, resentment will build and the stress will increase. - Be willing to compromise. When you ask someone to change their behavior, be willing to do the same. If you both are willing to bend at least a little, you’ll have a good chance of finding a happy middle ground. - Manage your time better. Poor time management can cause a lot of stress. But if you plan ahead and make sure you don’t overextend yourself, you’ll find it easier to stay calm and focused. Stress management strategy #5: Adapt to the stressor How you think can have a profound effect on your stress levels. Each time you think a negative thought about yourself, your body reacts as if it were in the throes of a tension-filled situation. Regain your sense of control by changing your expectations and attitude to stressful situations. - Reframe problems. Try to view stressful situations from a more positive perspective. Rather than fuming about a traffic jam, look at it as an opportunity to pause and regroup, listen to your favorite radio station, or enjoy some alone time. - Look at the big picture. Take perspective of the stressful situation. Ask yourself how important it will be in the long run. Will it matter in a month? A year? Is it really worth getting upset over? If the answer is no, focus your time and energy elsewhere. - Adjust your standards. Perfectionism is a major source of avoidable stress. Stop setting yourself up for failure by demanding perfection. Set reasonable standards for yourself and others, and learn to be okay with “good enough.” Stress management strategy #6: Accept the things you can’t change Many sources of stress are unavoidable. You can’t prevent or change stressors, such as the death of a loved one, a serious illness, or a national recession. In such cases, the best way to cope with stress is to accept things as they are. Acceptance may be difficult, but in the long run, it’s easier than railing against a situation you can’t change. - Don’t try to control the uncontrollable. Many things in life are beyond our control—particularly the behavior of other people. Rather than stressing out over them, focus on the things you can control such as the way you choose to react to problems. - Look for the upside. When facing major challenges, try to look at them as opportunities for personal growth. If your own poor choices contributed to a stressful situation, reflect on them and learn from your mistakes. - Learn to forgive. Accept the fact that we live in an imperfect world and that people make mistakes. Let go of anger and resentments. Free yourself from negative energy by forgiving and moving on. Stress management strategy #7: Make time for fun and relaxation Develop a "stress relief toolbox" Come up with a list of healthy ways to relax and recharge. Try to implement one or more of these ideas each day, even if you're feeling good. - Go for a walk - Spend time in nature - Call a good friend - Play a competitive game of tennis or racquetball - Write in your journal - Take a long bath - Light scented candles - Savor a warm cup of coffee or tea - Play with a pet - Work in your garden - Get a massage - Curl up with a good book - Listen to music - Watch a comedy Stress management strategy #8: Adopt a healthy lifestyle In addition to regular exercise, there are other healthy lifestyle choices that can increase your resistance to stress. - Eat a healthy diet. Well-nourished bodies are better prepared to cope with stress, so be mindful of what you eat. Start your day right with breakfast, and keep your energy up and your mind clear with balanced, nutritious meals throughout the day. - Reduce caffeine and sugar. The temporary "highs" caffeine and sugar provide often end in with a crash in mood and energy. By reducing the amount of coffee, soft drinks, chocolate, and sugar snacks in your diet, you’ll feel more relaxed and you’ll sleep better. - Avoid alcohol, cigarettes, and drugs. Self-medicating with alcohol or drugs may provide an easy escape from stress, but the relief is only temporary. Don’t avoid or mask the issue at hand; deal with problems head on and with a clear mind. - Get enough sleep. Adequate sleep fuels your mind, as well as your body. Feeling tired will increase your stress because it may cause you to think irrationally.

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If you need help, please click here: Leon Wang2021-07-02 61 Once the cornerstone of the industrial era, electric power has now taken a backseat, giving way for computing to fulfill an equivalent role in today's digital world. Computing power, of course, is fueled by data centers that store, analyze, and calculate massive volumes of data, across the entire data lifecycle. To better mine value from data, an ever sharper focus is being placed on achieving ever greater computing power. Yet, merely increasing the scale of Data Center Networks (DCNs), in pursuit of such growth, is no longer enough. In fact, the strength of a DCN actually now lies in its computing power. Computing power is typically used to evaluate the extent to which a server processes data, and to what degree computing, storage, and network resources are collaboratively orchestrated. In short, in order to deliver high computing power, the DCNs that connect various types of data center resources need to ensure efficient, smooth data flows. Depending on connected resources, DCNs are classified into three key categories. General-purpose computing networks provide services for external user terminals. Storage networks are responsible for the storage, read and write, and backup of data. And High-Performance Computing (HPC) networks connect Central Processing Unit (CPU) and Graphics Processing Unit (GPU) servers in order to perform HPC and Artificial Intelligence (AI) training. In order to accelerate the flow and handling of data, these three types of networks must collaborate with each other. Only then can computer power reach its true potential. However, these network types are built over different protocols. Specifically, general-purpose computing networks are usually built on the open Ethernet protocol, while Fibre Channel (FC) and InfiniBand (IB) are adopted to construct conventional centralized storage networks and HPC networks, respectively. With three siloed network architectures, computing power and data flow are sacrificed. But network convergence must be achieved. DCNs ignite the vitality of cloud applications as well as computing and storage resources, driving transformation forward. This, in turn, pushes DCNs toward embracing all-Ethernet adoption. Applications and resources are, as a result, undergoing three major transformations. • Cloud-based upgrade: As industry services migrate to the cloud, the Information Technology (IT) architecture of enterprises, big and small, are evolving from locally centralized to distributed, on one or even multiple clouds. Open Ethernet architecture is highly interoperable, scalable, and agile, and can be flexibly invoked by the cloud, while also delivering high-level security in multi-tenant scenarios. These factors ultimately position Ethernet as a great choice for building general-purpose computing networks. • All-flash storage: As Hard Disk Drives (HDDs) upgrade toward all-flash, the read and write performance of storage media is improved by a factor of 100. This exceeds the bandwidth upper limit — 32G and 64G — of FC networks, raising a new question: how can the throughput requirements of the all-flash era best be met? To find the answer, the industry has turned its attention toward Ethernet, which can deliver up to 400 GE bandwidth and therefore serve as a new standard for next generation storage networks. • Replacing PCIe: To overcome bus speed limitations and provide higher computing power, some CPU and GPU vendors are replacing the Peripheral Component Interconnect express (PCIe) bus with Remote Direct Memory Access over Converged Ethernet (RoCE) interconnection. To take full advantage of the transformations that are underway, it has become clear that all-Ethernet adoption is now the best approach. According to the TOP500 list, which ranks supercomputers around the world, Ethernet has replaced IB and has effectively been the standard since 2016. Indeed, in 2019, Intel halted the development of its Omni-Path 200 Fabric. And in 2021, the company launched Ethernet switches tailored for HPC scenarios. In addition, with new test specifications and standards released in line with all-Ethernet DCN development, new opportunities for convergence are at hand. Although the industry is generally optimistic about the shift to all-Ethernet, it nevertheless remains difficult to deliver high network performance and build mature management systems on this new architecture, resulting in three major challenges. • Packet loss: HPC and high-end storage networks are extremely sensitive to packet loss, and Ethernet is particularly susceptible to suffering from the problem. • Management efficiency: Traditionally, data centers are separately managed by independent mapping tools and platforms, which become less effective as data centers grow in intensity and scale, adversely affecting network Operations and Maintenance (O&M). • Multi-cloud and multi-scenario: To guarantee the stability of core services and rapidly respond to service changes, enterprises prefer to deploy agile services on public clouds and stable services on private clouds, leading to distributed data center infrastructure across clouds. In addition, with the digital era now upon us, service scenarios are growing in complexity and diversity, placing higher requirements on network openness and servitization. To overcome the challenges that all-Ethernet adoption presents, Huawei launched its CloudFabric 3.0 Hyper-Converged DCN Solution, drawing on feature-rich CloudEngine series data center switches and iMaster Network Cloud Engine (NCE), an intelligent network management and control system. Based on three-layer DCN convergence, the solution maximizes data flows and handling efficiency and fully unleashes the computing power of data centers, offering a range of key benefits. • Lossless Ethernet architecture: Unifies the three siloed network architectures and converges the transmission of the diverse traffic on them. • Full-lifecycle automated management: Converges network management, control, and analysis, and integrates the data from a wide range of management platforms and tools. • All-scenario Network as a Service (NaaS): Converges multiple service scenarios and centralizes computing power across regions and scenarios. Lossless Ethernet for HPC: Unleashing 100% of Computing Power In traditional Ethernet scenarios, a packet loss rate of just 0.1% can reduce computing power by an astonishing 50%. As such, over the past four decades, vendors worldwide have proposed many approaches to eliminate Ethernet packet loss. One of which — the flow control and backpressure approach — is used to control packet transmission speed. However, this approach frequently suspends packet transmission, leading to ultra-low throughput. Furthermore, as network application traffic continues to grow in diversity and complexity, controlling packet transmission speed becomes less practical. That's where Huawei's innovative iLossless-DCN algorithm steps in, implementing real-time and precise speed control, eliminating packet loss, and doubling computing power without increasing the network scale. Lossless Ethernet for Storage: Improving Performance by 87% Among all service scenarios, financial active-active data centers have the most stringent requirements on storage network performance. In a city, data centers may be 30–70 km away from each other. Transmitting data through optical fibers over such distances often results in a static delay of approximately 5 μs/km, which only increases as the distance grows. For this reason, the delay of long-distance transmission is 100 times that of short-distance transmission, significantly increasing the complexity of flow control. To resolve this issue, Huawei has added distance variables to its short-distance lossless transmission algorithm and created the iLossless-DCI algorithm, precisely for long-distance transmission scenarios. This exclusive algorithm predicts and copes with traffic changes based on big data analytics, achieving lossless data transmission traveling up to 70 km at 100 Gbit/s. In addition, the storage networks built on Huawei's CloudFabric 3.0 Solution require 90% fewer links, improve Input/Output Operations Per Second (IOPS) by 87%, and reduce network delay by 42% compared to FC networks. Full-Lifecycle Automation, Service Rollout in Seconds, and "1-3-5" Intelligent O&M In most DCNs today, configurations can indeed be automatically delivered, but network design and verification still heavily rely on manual operations. Huawei redefines this trend by introducing the concept of a digital twin to network management, enabling full-lifecycle network automation. Applying digital network modeling, Huawei's CloudFabric 3.0 Solution comprehensively evaluates over 400 network design factors, recommends optimal network design solutions based on the results, and then verifies configuration changes in seconds. In particular, the solution provides a network knowledge graph to achieve "1-3-5" intelligent O&M: faults are detected in 1 minute, located in 3 minutes, and rectified in 5. In addition, with big data mining and modeling, Huawei's CloudFabric 3.0 Solution detects correlations between network objects and fault spreading rules to accurately detect 90% of potential faults. All-Scenario NaaS: Slashing the Cross-Cloud Service Deployment Time from Months to Just Days Heterogeneous networks are commonly used in multi-cloud scenarios, and multiple sets of controllers need to be deployed to manage devices from different vendors. In such scenarios, a service change cannot be made with just one controller. If the controllers are unable to handle service changes, device vendors need to step in and update the controllers, which takes three to six months on average. Worse, these controllers also need to be connected to cloud management platforms, resulting in complex adaptation workloads. To address this very issue, Huawei's CloudFabric 3.0 Solution defines a unified network element model and builds an open southbound framework to centrally manage multi-vendor devices and dynamically load device drivers. In addition, the solution provides thousands of network Application Programming Interface (API) services in the northbound direction, enabling flexible network orchestration on the cloud management platform and slashing the service rollout time from as long as several months to just one week. Data centers integrate extensive software and hardware resources, from chips, servers, storage devices, and network facilities, to platform and application software. To deliver high computing power, these resources must be highly coordinated and converged. As a frontrunner in DCN convergence, Huawei's CloudFabric 3.0 Hyper-Converged DCN Solution extends the lossless Ethernet and Autonomous Driving Network (ADN) capabilities of CloudFabric 2.0 to the all-Ethernet era. Built on a three-layer converged architecture, this solution dramatically improves the efficiency of data flows and handling, unleashes 100% of computing power, and lays a solid foundation for the digital economy and enterprise digital transformation. Disclaimer: The views and opinions expressed in this article are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect the official policy, position, products, and technologies of Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. If you need to learn more about the products and technologies of Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd., please visit our website at e.huawei.com or contact us.

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Can Elimination Diets Help Treat Eczema An elimination diet involves removing certain foods from your diet to help identify the cause of an allergic reaction or other food-related symptoms. Youll avoid a particular food or ingredient for a few weeks, and then monitor your skin for any changes. If symptoms improve, slowly reintroduce the food into your diet over a few days. If symptoms return, youve likely found a trigger. An elimination diet isnt only effective for eczema. Its also helpful for identifying foods that may trigger other conditions, like celiac disease, a gluten intolerance, a lactose intolerance, and irritable bowel syndrome. Research suggests that people with specific food allergies may find some eczema relief by avoiding those foods. But there isnt much evidence showing that so-called elimination diets those in which people completely stop eating certain food groups are effective for eczema relief in general. In 2008, researchers from the Cochrane Collaboration conducted a literature review to see if elimination diets had any effect on eczema symptoms. In eight of the nine studies reviewed, people with eczema who followed elimination diets showed little to no improvement in symptoms but these people werent tested for food allergies beforehand. In the last study, babies known to have an allergic reaction to eggs experienced fewer eczema rashes after going on an egg-free diet. Also Check: Best Baby Bath Wash For Eczema Diet As A Preventative During Pregnancy Everything mommy eats, baby eats. Some research indicates breastfeeding mothers with a family history of atopic dermatitis are found to have lower prevalence of atopic dermatitis when consumption of cows milk is eliminated. Babies who are exclusively breastfed for the first three months are also less likely to develop eczema. Fermented Dairy For Eczema While some may experience flare-ups after consuming dairy, recent studies show that fermented dairy may actually improve symptoms. Fermented dairymilk products prepared by lactic acid and/or yeast fermentationsuch as kefir and yogurt, are good sources of probiotics. Probiotics may be beneficial to treat atopic dermatitis in children and adults. Additionally, some research shows that yogurt consumption during pregnancy decreases the risk of atopic dermatitis in offspring. Other studies suggest eating yogurt daily can reduce markers of inflammation, especially in people who are overweight. Fermented dairy also has other health benefits. For example, one study found that men who eat greater quantities of fermented dairy products like milk and cheese had a decreased risk of coronary heart disease compared to those who eat lesser amounts. You May Like: How To Stop Eczema Inflammation Description Of The Intervention No cure is currently known for eczema however, a wide range of treatments are available to control and reduce the symptoms . Health professionals assist people in management of their disease through a variety of treatment methods, including emollients, topical steroids, topical tars, and topical tacrolimus and pimecrolimus. Other treatments such as wet wrap dressings, phototherapy, avoidance of triggers such as food allergens, and complementary therapies are also used . Many treatments are of unknown effectiveness . Emollients, topical corticosteroids, and topical calcineurin inhibitors are universally recommended . With deeper knowledge of the immunopathogenesis of atopic dermatitis, new treatments have emerged such as dupilumab, an interleukin 4 receptor alpha subunit inhibitor, and inhibitors of the phosphodiesterase enzyme . Treatment regimens can be timeconsuming and expensive for patients and their families, and new treatments that are effective, cheap, and simple to administer are needed. Donât Miss: How To Get Rid Of Eczema On Upper Lip Chocolate Is Bad For Eczema: Truth Or Medical Dogma December 4, 2013 by Christina Chocolate: dark, gooey, delicious, decadent and bad for eczema? Is this REALLY the truth?Eczema is a skin disease that has been estimated to affect about 25% of people worldwide. Before The 30-day Flawless Program I suffered from this common affliction, and found out that this itchy, blistering skin irritation can be caused by a variety of things: but is most commonly linked to lifestyle and diet. Which brings us to chocolate. Many people claim to have adverse side effects when eating chocolate, and tend to strictly avoid the stuff when suffering from eczema. But does chocolate really affect eczema, or is this just a myth? Do we really need to give up the thing that makes most of us smile? Donât Miss: Baby Has Eczema All Over Body You May Like: How To Treat Eczema Symptoms Top 14 Worst Foods For Eczema To understand the reason the foods you eat can cause an eczema flareup, you need to know the difference between food intolerances or sensitivities and actual food allergies. Food sensitivity is when you experience difficulty digesting specific foods. This can result in bloating, diarrhea, gas, or abdominal pain. A food allergy is different because it triggers a reaction from your immune system. Your reaction impacts several different organs in your body, often resulting in a wide range of symptoms. Some of these symptoms are life-threatening. If you are experiencing a food allergy, your symptoms will most likely occur immediately or within just a few minutes after you consumed the food. The most common allergic reactions include hives or anaphylaxis resulting in vomiting or swelling. The problem is the line between food sensitivities and food allergies is not always clear for individuals suffering from inflammatory diseases including eczema and AD. You may not experience organ failure or anaphylaxis when you consume specific foods, but you will most likely trigger a reaction from your immune system. This is true for eczema, arthritis, allergies, and asthma. Your best option is learning which foods trigger your eczema when your skin is clear. These are the foods you will need to eliminate from your diets. The foods known to be a common cause of eczema flare-ups are detailed below. Processed Food With Artificial Additives Carbonated drinks, packaged food, canned food which contain artificial flavouring and colouring are processed food. Mostly have been either chemically derived or contain artificial additives which has no nutrient. Refined food like sugar and white flour has been heavily processed and the nutrients of the natural food source remains very little. Artificial chemical additives in food may aggravate rash and our body will need to work harder to digest these food , and get rid of the toxins from them. Most eczema sufferers have observed increased itching after they eat food which contains MSG . Recommended Reading: Types Of Eczema On Hands And Feet When Does Cows Milk Allergy Start The symptoms typically develop from two hours after consumption but can take up to 72 hours. If cows milk continues to be consumed in the diet, the immune system will continue to produce such symptoms over days or even weeks. How quickly or slowly symptoms appear will help to identify the type of reaction. Articles On Living With Eczema If you have eczema, you want to do all you can to try to stop the irritation and itching it can cause. So you may be eager to try eczema diets youâve read or heard about. How helpful are these plans? Doctors arenât sure, and research on the link between food and the skin disease is conflicting. You May Like: Sunscreen For Toddlers With Eczema How To Prevent Eczema From The Inside Out Here are two ways to treat your eczema naturally: 12-week low chemical diet The Eczema Detox is a healthy low chemical diet that is low in sugar and totally free of glutamates/MSG, preservatives/additives and dairy. It also has plenty of gluten-free and vegan options. The Eczema Detox, which was published in 2018 and is the new version of The Eczema Diet, also shows you how to successfully diagnose food intolerances and chemical intolerances , so you know what to avoid and what to eat to become eczema free. Skin friendly supplements There are a range of nutrients to help prevent chemical sensitivity and repair eczema-prone skin, including magnesium, molybdenum, zinc, biotin, vitamin B6 and a range of vitamins to deactivate salicylates and other itch-promoting chemicals. Molybdenum deactivates sulphite preservatives and amines anti-histamine vitamin C and vitamin B6 to help reduce allergic reactions . But it’s also what you avoid that can make a difference… Supplements usually contain hidden additives that can cause adverse reactions if you are a sensitive type of person that is prone to eczema. Skin Friend AM is the supplement I created to prevent my daughter’s eczema more than fifteen years ago. It took years of testing before I felt confident that it could help others, and I worked with hundreds of eczema patients who tried the product and provided feedback for years before this product was manufactured in bulk and sold online. Eczema And Your Diet: What To Eat And What To Avoid To Minimize Flare Eczema is an inflammatory skin disorder that results in red, dry itchy skin. Also called dermatitis, eczema can result in skin bleeding and crusting over in the folds of the arms, back of the knees, wrists, and hands. Eczema is a very personal condition in which each person has different triggers and responds well to different treatments. Individuals who struggle with eczema can have flare-ups triggered by certain foods. Your diet can have a huge impact on the quantity and severity of eczema patches. Because it is an inflammatory condition, the best foods to eat are ones that counteract the inflammation. Additionally, most patients with eczema suffer from food allergies that can trigger flare-ups. It is important to know what foods work in your body to minimize the presence of eczema. Also Check: Eczema On Shoulders And Back Topical Application Of Edible Oils Sometimes certain foods can be beneficial not as foods, but when used as topical treatments for eczema. The National Eczema Foundation suggests using virgin/cold pressed coconut oil on your skin to limit the staph bacteria on your skin, cutting the risk of an infection. Simply apply the oil to damp skin for best results. Another edible oil, sunflower oil, can also help the skin due to its anti-inflammatory properties. As with coconut oil, be sure youre using a pure form of the oil thats additive-free. Both oils can help retain the moisture in your skin by acting as a natural barrier between the air and your skin. This reduces dryness and helps cut the itchy feeling so typical of eczema. You can safely use these oils twice a day, but only if you arent allergic to them.10 Whats The Connection Between Eczema And Dairy Up to 30% of people with eczema also have a food allergy. When a person with eczema consumes something they’re allergic to, it can trigger or worsen an eczema flare. Dairy is a common allergen, so consuming it may worsen symptoms if you’re allergic. As a result, many people choose to exclude dairy from their diet before an allergy or intolerance is confirmed. Additionally, eczema is an inflammatory condition, and many people are advised to follow an anti-inflammatory diet to help manage symptoms. Because many people believe dairy foods cause inflammation, it is often restricted or avoided by people following this diet. However, new research suggests dairy and milk proteins do not cause inflammation and can be included in an anti-inflammatory diet. Recommended Reading: The Best Eczema Cream For Toddlers Planning Your Eczema Diet An eczema diet does not consist of any particular food groups, and no single diet plan is known to be a cure. The purpose of an eczema diet is to replace foods that cause irritation with foods that fight inflammation and reduce eczema symptoms. Some studies show that certain food groups are more likely to relieve eczema than others. In one study, people with eczema were asked which foods, drinks, or supplements improved their eczema symptoms most. They said: - Drinking more water Which Foods Should You Avoid On An Eczema Diet Numerous studies have found that certain foods can exacerbate eczema in people who are sensitive to these foods or have food allergies. The most common food-related allergies in the United States are triggered by peanuts, tree nuts, cows milk, eggs, soy, wheat, fish, and shellfish. While food elimination isnt recommended for everyone, some people with eczema have shown improvements in their allergic reaction and eczema symptoms when theyve eliminated the foods theyre sensitive to. One study found that children who had eczema in addition to an egg allergy showed a significant reduction in their eczema symptoms when they eliminated eggs from their diet . You May Like: What Over The Counter Medicine Is Good For Eczema Heavy Soy Diet In Prison Led To Lawsuit When Rod Blagojevich was elected governor of Illinois in 2002, he changed the prisons diet. The meats in the diets were often mixed along with 60-70% soy protein, even cheese is replaced with fake cheese. This was all due to financial reasons. Numerous of dietary change requests have been made but the prisons response was merely eat or dont eat. The inmates had no choice they were forced to eat excessive amounts of soy foods because many of them had no money to purchase from the commissary. Long term consumption of this heavy soy diet led to health problems for the inmates: - Chronic constipation alternating with diarrhea - Enlarged thyroid gland - Possibility of young prisoners becoming sterile due to soys natural compounds These are all problems that have been reported within the 4 years since the change of soy-based diets until Weston A. Price Foundation discovered this from several inmates and decided to take action. The foundation set up the Soy Alert! Campaign and filed a lawsuit against this inhumane cruelty. Heres the link to the lawsuit and the ploy of soy. It Sounds As If Theres Lots Of Research Going On In This Area Yes its really fascinating to understand better how Staph aureus causes flares. Thats one of my research groups areas of interest. At this stage, were still trying to understand, at the molecular level, how the bacteria make the eczema so much worse. Weve known the link for decades, but we dont exactly know how it happens, and this might be quite useful in terms of new therapies for people who are particularly prone to skin infections perhaps because of imbalances in their skin biome. Read Also: What Is The Best Otc For Eczema Treat Eczema With Salmon And Other Omega 3s Go figure: The creatures that sport the ultimate scaly skin are those that offer some of the best protection. Salmon and other fish are rich in omega-3 fatty acids, which give our bodies the ability to grow new skin, prevent inflammation, and stave off conditions like eczema. Nothing fishy about itwe all know omega-3s are good for us. But how can we get more into our diets? Here are the best fish sources of omega-3 fatty acids. Check For Undiagnosed Allergies/sensitivities To Common Foods I have worked with eczema patients who only had mild improvements in their eczema while following The Eczema Diet and this is what I discovered: some people have unusual sensitivities that don’t show up in allergy/sensitivity tests. Once diagnosed, , the itch subsides quickly and the skin starts to heal. Rice: Two of my toddler patients were allergic to rice, and no they were not Asian . The signs were eczema appearing when solids were introduced when they were babies. Their eczema cleared up while on The Eczema Diet when the mothers also took all rice products out of their diet. Cashews: Raw cashews are allowed in the diet as they are amine-free and salicylate free. However, people with eczema are often allergic to nuts so you have to be cautious with cashews. I kept raw cashews in the diet mostly for variety – as not all people are sensitive to them. But if your skin is not clearing up do the diet cashew-free. Potatoes: While most people can eat peeled potatoes with no negative reactions, a small percentage of people with eczema are sensitive to potatoes. If you react to potatoes simply leave them out of the eczema diet. Potato skins: Also note there is a typo in the eczema diet book – it says you can add “potato peel” to the broth recipe. Note potato skins contain salicylates so they can trigger itchy skin so always peel your potatoes while following The Eczema Diet. “How do I know if these foods are making me itchy?” You May Like: Cruelty Free Lotion For Eczema Recurring Facial Eczema Outbreaks I thankfully had no facial eczema until I was in my late fifties when a prescription medicine caused the worst outbreak possible on my face. Since then, its become a common occurrence. Was it the regular use of my yogurt and honey facial masks that had saved me all those years? I like to think so but havent been able to find any studies that might agree. Could Probiotics Reduce The Risk Of Flares By Boosting Your Immune System More Generally We know that people who have a less diverse gut flora as babies are more likely to develop eczema. Theres no doubt about that the results have been replicated many times. This is why, as we saw earlier, probiotic supplements can ensure a more diverse microflora in early life and, in turn, stimulate the immune system to protect from inflammation. But its very complicated because there are many other factors such as filaggrin gene mutations, which predispose people to a disrupted skin barrier and dry skin and environmental factors such as water hardness or treatment with antibiotics. All these will have a detrimental effect on the skin, the gut microbiome and, potentially, the skin microbiome, too. Also Check: Is There Any Treatment For Eczema Data Collection And Analysis We used standard methodological procedures as expected by Cochrane. We recorded adverse events from the included studies and from a separate adverse events search conducted for the first review. We formally assessed reporting bias by preparing funnel plots, and we performed trial sequential analysis for the first primary outcome eczema symptoms at the end of active treatment. We used GRADE to assess the quality of the evidence for each outcome .

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|Benjamin Franklin Tracy| |32nd United States Secretary of the Navy| March 6, 1889 – March 4, 1893 |Preceded by||William C. Whitney| |Succeeded by||Hilary A. Herbert| |Born||April 26, 1830| Apalachin, New York, U.S. |Died||August 6, 1915 (aged 85)| |Allegiance||United States of America| Brevet Brigadier General |Commands||109th New York Infantry Regiment| |Battles/wars||American Civil War| *Battle of the Wilderness |Awards||Medal of Honor| Benjamin Franklin Tracy (April 26, 1830 – August 6, 1915) was a United States political figure who served as Secretary of the Navy from 1889 through 1893, during the administration of U.S. President Benjamin Harrison. He was born in the hamlet of Apalachin located in the Town of Owego, New York on April 26, 1830. Tracy was a lawyer active in Republican Party politics during the 1850s. He was a member of the New York State Assembly (Tioga Co.) in 1862. During the Civil War, he commanded the 109th New York Infantry Regiment. He was awarded a Medal of Honor for his actions during the Battle of the Wilderness on May 6, 1864. According to the official citation, Tracy "seized the colors and led the regiment when other regiments had retired and then reformed his line and held it." Later that year, he became commandant of the Elmira prisoner of war camp, before being appointed Colonel of the 127th Infantry, U.S. Colored Troops, on August 23, 1864. Tracy was discharged from the volunteer service on June 13, 1865. On January 18, 1867, President Andrew Johnson nominated Tracy for appointment to the brevet grade of brigadier general of volunteers, to rank from March 13, 1865, and the U.S. Senate confirmed the appointment on February 21, 1867. He resumed the practice of law after the war, and became active in New York state politics. He was United States Attorney for the Eastern District of New York from 1866 to 1877. In December 1881, he was appointed by Governor Alonzo B. Cornell to the New York Court of Appeals to fill the vacancy caused by the appointment of Judge Charles Andrews as Chief Judge after the resignation of Charles J. Folger. Tracy remained on the bench until the end of 1882 when Andrews resumed his seat after being defeated by William C. Ruger in the election for Chief Judge. Tracy was noted for his role in the creation of the "New Navy", a major reform of the service, which had fallen into obsolescence after the Civil War. Like President Harrison, he supported a naval strategy focused more on offense, rather than on coastal defense and commerce raiding. A major ally in this effort was naval theorist Captain Alfred Thayer Mahan, who had served as a professor at the new Naval War College (founded 1884). In 1890, Mahan published his major work, The Influence of Sea Power upon History, 1660–1783—a book that achieved an international readership. Drawing on historical examples, Mahan supported the construction of a "blue-water Navy" that could do battle on the high seas. Tracy also supported the construction of modern warships. On June 30, 1890, Congress passed the Navy Bill, a measure which authorized the construction of three battleships. The first three were later named USS Indiana (BB-1), USS Massachusetts (BB-2), and USS Oregon (BB-3). The battleship USS Iowa (BB-4) was authorized two years later. Tracy's wife and child perished in a fire at their residence in Washington, DC in 1890. After leaving the Navy Department, Tracy again took up his legal practice. In 1896, he defended New York City Police Commissioner Andrew Parker against Commission President Theodore Roosevelt's accusations of negligence and incompetence, in a performance that significantly embarrassed Roosevelt. (ref. Edmund Morris, The Rise of Theodore Roosevelt, p. 555) He also helped negotiate a settlement to the boundary dispute between Venezuela and Great Britain which had culminated in the Venezuela Crisis of 1895. Tracy was the Republican candidate to be the first Mayor of Greater New York City when the five boroughs consolidated in 1898. He came in third behind Democrat Robert A. Van Wyck and Seth Low of the Citizens' Union, winning 101,863 of the 523,560 votes cast in the election of 1897. Tracy Arm is a fjord in the U.S. state of Alaska that bears his name. - List of American Civil War Medal of Honor recipients: T–Z - List of American Civil War generals (Union) - List of Medal of Honor recipients for the Battle of the Wilderness - "Medal of Honor recipients". United States Army Center of Military History. August 3, 2009. http://www.history.army.mil/html/moh/civwarmz.html. Retrieved January 6, 2010. - 127th U.S. Colored Troops Infantry: Roster, http://www.ranger95.com/civil_war_us/us_color_troops/infantry/127th_us_color_troop_inf.htm. - Eicher, John H., and David J. Eicher, Civil War High Commands. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2001. ISBN 0-8047-3641-3. p. 535 - Eicher, 2001, p. 759 - "Gen. Benjamin F. Tracy Dead". Wall Street Journal. August 6, 1915. http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/djreprints/access/108965266.html?dids=108965266:108965266&FMT=CITE&FMTS=CITE:AI&type=historic&date=Aug+07,+1915&author=&pub=Wall+Street+Journal&desc=Gen.+Benjamin+F.+Tracy+Dead&pqatl=google. Retrieved 2010-10-04. "General Tracy was born in Owego, NY, April 28, 1830. He was admitted to the Bar in 18... and was elected a of the New York Assembly in 18.2. ..." - "Gen. Benj. F. Tracy Dies In 86th Year. Soldier, Statesman, Jurist Had Been in Coma Since Paralytic Stroke. Father Of Fighting Navy. As Secretary Under Harrison He Took the Department Out of Politics. Funeral Monday.". New York Times. August 6, 1915. http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F10816FC3A5C13738DDDAE0894D0405B858DF1D3. Retrieved 2010-10-04. "General Benjamin Franklin Tracy, Secretary of the Navy under President Harrison, died at 3:30 yesterday afternoon at the home of his daughter, ..." - Majors, Harry M. (1975). Exploring Washington. Van Winkle Publishing Co. p. 82. ISBN 978-0-918664-00-6. http://books.google.com/books?id=CoWrPQAACAAJ. - Eicher, John H., and David J. Eicher, Civil War High Commands. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2001. ISBN 0-8047-3641-3. - This article incorporates public domain material from websites or documents of the United States Army Center of Military History. - This article incorporates public domain material from websites or documents of the Naval History & Heritage Command. - Cooling, Benjamin F. Benjamin Franklin Tracy, Father of the American Fighting Navy. Hamden, Conn.: Archon Books, 1973. |Wikimedia Commons has media related to Benjamin F. Tracy.| |Wikisource has original text related to this article:| - Michael J. Crawford; Mark L. Hayes and Michael D. Sessions (November 30, 1998). "The Spanish-American War: Historical Overview and Select Bibliography". Naval Historical Center. http://www.history.navy.mil/biblio/biblio7/biblio7a.htm. Retrieved September 29, 2010. - Michael A. Palmer (September 22, 2004). "The Navy: The Oceanic Period, 1890-1945". Naval Historical Center. http://www.history.navy.mil/history/history3.htm. Retrieved September 29, 2010. (Copyright notice from Naval Historical Center website: "Used by permission of Charles Scribner's Sons, an imprint of Simon & Schuster Macmillan from Encyclopedia of the American Military, John E. Jessup, Editor in Chief. Vol. I, pp. 365-380. Copyright c 1994, Charles Scribner's Sons, 1633 Broadway, New York, NY 10019. [The views expressed in this history are those of the author and do not reflect the official policy or position of the Department of the Navy or the U.S. government.]" - "Photograph of Tracy as Secretary of the Navy, c. 1890 From the Library of Congress". http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/I?ils:1:./temp/~pp_05D8::displayType=1:m856sd=cph:m856sf=3b42948:@@@il. Retrieved September 29, 2010. - "Secretary of the Navy: Benjamin F. Tracy (1889-1893) Brief biography from AmericanPresident.org". http://www.americanpresident.org/history/benjaminharrison/cabinet/SecretaryoftheNavy/BenjaminFTracy/h_index.shtml. Retrieved September 29, 2010. - The Influence of Sea Power Upon History, 1660-1783 by A. T. Mahan at Project Gutenberg Project Gutenberg link to Mahan's The Influence of Sea Power Upon History, 1660–1783 - "The Political Graveyard". http://politicalgraveyard.com/bio/tracy.html. Retrieved September 29, 2010. Benjamin D. Silliman |U.S. Attorney for the Eastern District of New York 1866 - 1877 Asa W. Tenney William C. Whitney |United States Secretary of the Navy 1889 - 1893 Hilary A. Herbert |This page uses Creative Commons Licensed content from Wikipedia (view authors).|

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Coffee is a breweddrink prepared from roasted coffee beans, which are the seeds of berries from the Coffea plant. The plant is native to subtropical Africa and some islands in southern Asia. The plant was exported from Africa to countries around the world and coffee plants are now cultivated in over 70 countries, primarily in the equatorial regions of the Americas, Southeast Asia, India, and Africa. The two most commonly grown are the highly regarded arabica, and the less sophisticated but stronger and more hardy robusta. Once ripe, coffee beans are picked, processed, and dried. Dried coffee beans are roasted to varying degrees, depending on the desired flavor. Roasted beans are ground and brewed to produce coffee as a beverage. Coffee is slightly acidic and can have a stimulating effect on humans because of its caffeine content. Coffee is one of the most popular drinks in the world. It can be prepared and presented in a variety of ways (e.g., espresso, cappuccino, cafe latte, etc.). It is usually served hot, although iced coffee is also served. Clinical studies indicate that moderate coffee consumption is benign or mildly beneficial in healthy adults, with continuing research on whether long-term consumption inhibits cognitive decline during aging or lowers the risk of some forms of cancer. The core group of generic top-level domains consists of the com, info, net, and org domains. In addition, the domains biz, name, and pro are also considered generic; however, these are designated as restricted, because registrations within them require proof of eligibility within the guidelines set for each. Historically, the group of generic top-level domains included domains, created in the early development of the domain name system, that are now sponsored by designated agencies or organizations and are restricted to specific types of registrants. Thus, domains edu, gov, int, and mil are now considered sponsored top-level domains, much like the themed top-level domains (e.g., jobs). The entire group of domains that do not have a geographic or country designation (see country-code top-level domain) is still often referred to by the term generic TLDs. Several species of Coffea may be grown for the seeds. Coffea arabica accounts for 75-80 percent of the world's coffee production, while Coffea canephora accounts for about 20 percent. The trees produce edible red or purple fruits called "cherries" that are described either as epigynous berries or as indehiscentdrupes. The cherries contain two seeds, the so-called "coffee beans", which—despite their name—are not true beans. In about 5-10% of any crop of coffee cherries, only a single bean, rather than the usual two, is found. This is called a peaberry, which is smaller and rounder than a normal coffee bean. It is often removed from the yield and either sold separately (as in New Guinea peaberry), or discarded. Uniregistry is a Cayman Islands-based domain name registry that administers the generic top-level domains.audio, .auto, .blackfriday, .car, .cars, .christmas, .click, .diet, .flowers, .game, .gift, .guitars, .help, .hiphop, .hiv, .hosting, .juegos, .link, .lol, .mom, .photo, .pics, .property, .sexy, and .tattoo. In February 2012, the related company Uniregistrar Corporation became an ICANN-accredited registrar and launched under the licensed Uniregistry brand name in 2014. Uniregistry Corporation was officially founded in 2012 by Frank Schilling, one of the largest private domain name portfolio owners in the world, and registered in the Cayman Islands. However, the domain Uniregistry.com was registered six years earlier and the company filed an intent to use the name in the Cayman Islands in 2010. Trademark applications for the "Uniregistry" mark and its stylized "U" logo were filed in 2012. That year, Schilling invested $60 million and applied for 54 new top-level domains. Uniregistrar Corporation became an ICANN-accredited registrar in February 2013. In January 2014, Uniregistry Inc. became a subsidiary in Newport Beach, California to house a West Coast service and support team. The registrar began operating under the licensed Uniregistry brand name in 2014. Uniregistry's registry infrastructure was designed by Internet Systems Consortium (ISC) and Uniregistry subsequently purchased its infrastructure in 2013. "GIFT" is a triple-single released by the Japanese boybandKanjani Eight—stylized Kanjani∞. The three singles are the band's 11th, 12th, and 13th singles. The songs were released during the Christmas period. Each single release, except "Green", contains two songs; Green has three songs. Each single has cover art reflecting the color theme of each single. GIFT was advertised as a gift from the group members to their fans. The three singles were sold at a special price of ¥888 and were a limited-press release. The "GIFT" singles have seven Christmas-themed songs; some were written or composed by members of the group. Shota Yasuda designed the label for the single; Kanjani8 collectively photographed the backstage activities and provided creative ideas for the jacket design. Like the previous singles since "It's My Soul", member Tadayoshi Okura dresses as Santa Claus as the singles' joke for this release. He appears in the outfit on "Gift ~Green~", completing the group picture that spans the backs of all three singles. shraddha_with_karan_main.jpg... The actress had earlier shared a picture of a special gift hamper in her name, which had been sent by DharmaProduction. The actress also shared a video of her coffee mug and also flaunted a huge hamper that had many gifts ... Kundali Bhagya actress shared the post the very next day of receiving the gift hamper. shraddha_and_dheeraj_unite_main.jpg... The on-screen couple Preeta and Karan have a massive fan following ... The actress also shared a video of her coffee mug and also flaunted a huge hamper that had many gifts. To note, this is the second hamper that Karan Johar gifts his guests after winning the GeneralKnowledge quiz on 'Koffee with Karan'. According to TOI, this year's Rapid Fire Round hamper is also bigger and better with�Koffee With Karan mug, brownies, Bluetooth speakers, personalized coffee, a coffee french,�press, chocolates and champagne. The gift hamper this season will also have an iPhone, skin care products and home decoration vouchers. Rather than panic buy a hamper or a cheap bunch of flowers, gift them a subscription to an independent coffee delivery service or arrange for a new plant to arrive at their door each month ... dozens of the melt-in-the mouth fried goods and fresh coffee when they need it the most. If you can’t get through the day without a caffeine fix, making sure you have a constant supply of coffee is a must. And one of the best ways to do that is to take out a coffee subscription ...Coffee subscriptions are also super flexible ... £32 per four deliveries of a 200g bag, Perkyblenders.comBest for gifts – Letterbox Hamper coffee lovers box. Our exclusive Diwali gift hampers include an assortment of products such as cookies, wafers, dates, coffee, tea, chocolates, candies, and chips of famous brands from India, ensuring to make you feel at home this festive season ... Each donation is contributed towards a Diwali Goodness Box that is gifted to charity. To give you some inspiration, we’ve compiled a list of gifts that would suit any newlywed, with budgets starting from around £10. There’s something here for coffee lovers, homeware enthusiasts, foodies, and any other bride or groom ... Make a mini hamper with some nice coffee beans and syrups for them to enjoy their mornings together with. Ginger cakes with whipped chocolate ganache. Ah, tea ... Rather afternoon tea, a meal in itself, a glorious tradition, one of Britain’s most enduring culinary gifts to the world ... Food ... Share ... The Mail Bookshop homepage Luxury hampers, tea, coffee, food & gifts - Fortnum & Mason oliverbonas.com laredoute.co.uk Latzio Shopping – LIVING amara.com Fy ... . This business, which has long supplied hotels and restaurants, also sells high-quality wines, hampers and gifts with a French twist to the general public ...It’s open for takeaway coffees and is offering a click-and-collect book service, as well as hampers of books, chocolates, books, gifts and, er, books,. You don’t have to be Jewish to celebrate Hanukkah, the “Festival of Lights” ... The food is enticingly sunny and suitably indulgent ... Image ... hand to order with impeccable bagels (a Sunday morning tradition in many families) and now offer Square Mile coffee as well as sushi, all manner of exotic, kosher and American gifts and hampers ... . It’s open for takeaway coffees and is offering a click-and-collect book service, as well as hampers of books, chocolates, books, gifts and, er, books, ... A small gift shop on DruryStreet in Dublin, Tales for Tadpoles sells books, prints and other products for children ... Kidiko specialises in personalised toys and gifts, books and wooden toys. These Brazilian coffee beans covered in dark chocolate make a sweet stocking filler or house guest gift (if visits are even on the cards!) ... Any coffee connoisseur will love this impressive and beautifully presented gift box that is packed with eight delicious, luxury coffees. Coffee Connoisseur Gift Box, £88, Hamper LoungeSmile Saver.

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EUFIC Forum n°2: Consumer attitudes to nutrition information and food labellingLast Updated : 01 February 2005 The long-term goal of EUFIC is to contribute to a behavioural change of consumers towards healthier and more balanced eating habits by communicating science-based information on food in an understandable and effective way. In that context it is important to understand the contribution and potential of nutrition labels in consumers’ decisions of choosing a healthy and balanced diet. Desk research carried out by EUFIC in 2003 revealed that a certain amount of consumer research is already available concerning consumer understanding of the nutrition label content and format (both current format as well as tested alternatives). But this exercise also identified significant gaps. There is little research on the role of labels in: - consumer motivation to read labels, - possible interventions to increase motivation and usage especially from “non users” , - relationship between label reading and food intake, - total nutrition/healthy lifestyle communication programmes. Equally, most of the research that had been done focused on the UK (with some research in the Nordic countries, and France). Multi-country data was scarce and, in particular, little was known about southern Europe. EUFIC therefore set out to obtain additional insight into the relationship between consumers and nutrition labels on food. Specifically, the research was intended to explore: - Consumer attitudes towards the subject of nutrition. - Consumer motivation to read and act on nutrition labelling and ways in which this can be improved. - Understanding of nutrition labels and again, how this might be improved. - The role and contribution of labels to nutrition communication in general. Qualitative research was performed, as recommended methodology, with focus groups/creative workshops of 8-10 consumers of ca 3.5 hours each. To ensure sufficiently relevant consumer feedback the focus groups were selected according to a broad sociodemographic profile but also built around four “relationships” with nutrition: - People who do value nutrition, without being experts (men/women, 20-45, w/w.o. children/job) : “actives” - People who try to “eat well” but who do not actively know much about nutrition (women 20-45, w/w.o. children/job) : “passives” - People who don’t know or don’t care much about nutrition, (men/women, 20-45, w/w.o. children, w/w.o. job) : “resisters” - People who would like to know more about nutrition (men/women 50-70) : “searchers” All respondents were from the middle social groups BC1C2s. Stimulus material included a broad range of packaged food products, local and international manufacturer and retailer brands: 30-50 products per country. Enlarged copies of the nutrition labels were used for clarity. Focus groups for each of the four consumer sub-groups were organised in: - France (Lyon) - Germany (Hamburg) - Italy (Milano) - UK (London) While not entirely representative for all of Europe, these countries give a good mix of population mass, different eating habits and nutrition “culture” in Europe. Though qualitative, the research identified a number of issues and pointed to some surprise conclusions, which make it an important contribution to the current debate about the role of labelling. RELATIONSHIP WITH NUTRITION Across all the groups, and the four nationalities, there is an understanding that over-indulgence in food leads to health issues. People also believe that they can, if they want to or need to, take personal responsibility for ‘healthy eating’. That many do not largely stems from an unwillingness to give up food that they consider pleasurable, rather than a lack of desire to be healthy. Whilst all consumers seem to be aware of some nutrition terminology (calories, fat, carbohydrates etc), few had a genuine understanding of the full range. Calories are widely understood, but kilojoules are not. There is considerable confusion between additives and nutrients and, especially, between kitchen and technical terms. Sodium vs. salt, for example, or fat vs. lipids. This was particularly so in France and Germany. Consumers respond well to such terms as ‘light’ and low-fat’, but these are indistinct terms and are also restrictive and negative. Most people lack the discipline to make food choices based on purely nutritional information. All in all, consumers are put off by what they also call the “nutrition system”; whilst at the same time they appreciate the benefits of nutritious healthy eating. The “nutrition system” is seen as complex and technical and somehow removed from eating which is, by contrast, simple and immediate. Barriers mentioned are that there is too much small print, experts rarely seem to agree (a source of great irritation), there is little help readily available to explain the complex terminology, and there is a general feeling of negativity and repression about something, eating, which should be a pleasure. While all consumers do agree that nutrition is important, there are significant differences between the ways in which the various audiences approach the subject. The key consumer dynamics in the groups revolved around the tension between sacrifice and pleasure on the one hand, and control and resignation on the other. Consumers were asked about the sources from which they obtained their nutritional information. In the UK nutrition is much more present via the media and marketing. For the countries other than the UK, the most ever-present source is traditional understanding, lore and received wisdom. Thereafter, the most relevant source is marketing. Marketing, which includes advertising, acts both as a shortcut to consumer understanding and as a clear driver to action. People read on-pack nutrition claims and their purchasing is influenced by them. The simpler and clearer the claims, such as ‘fat free’ or ‘1% fat’, the more they are assimilated. Although consumers do draw a distinction between objective facts (such as calorie counts) and marketing claims (‘can help lose weight’), certain brands or products (such as those with a ‘Light’ tag) are seen intrinsically as healthy and their nutritional value not much questioned. The media also ranks as an important source, although the sheer range of publications and programmes combined with an absence of consensus tends to overwhelm and confuse. Public and private education and information campaigns often are more successful in embedding messages. Slogans such as ‘Five a day’ and diagrams such as food ‘triangles’ were spontaneously recalled. However, there is a lack of consistency between generations and cumulative impact seems to be sacrificed on the alter of nutritional fashion. Finally, where a physical condition has necessitated action, some consumers have sought advice from professional nutritionists. Diets aimed at, for example, reducing cholesterol have led to people taking more of an interest in both the composition of their food and the labels that appear upon it. This tends to be a minority, however, and is largely driven by medical need. The nutrition labels are spontaneously cited as a source of nutritional information in all groups in all countries, but only few consumers say they really ever look at them. WHAT CONSUMERS EXPECT ABOUT NUTRITION COMMUNICATION Consumers would like to understand better the language and the terminology of nutrition, for example calories vs. kilo joules. Also they would like to find a reliable source of information, where they can relate the information to themselves, to their way of living and eating. They want the communication to help them find a way to manage nutrition without bad feelings. For communicators, the challenge is therefore to pass from a scientific method to a practical model allowing consumers to apply some of the ground rules to their daily life. They must build a passage and provide the “key” and they need to motivate consumers that it is possible and well worth it. While Nutrition labels are present in all four markets, they are not equally widespread across products and categories in all markets. In the UK, consumers expect them to be on the packs. In France, Italy and Germany nutritional labelling seems more limited. Most consumers do not specifically ask for them and they are not concerned if there are no labels. When concerns do exist, consumers mostly mention the right to information and that one cannot compare without nutrition labels. Key Challenges for the current Nutrition Labels The bottom line is that few consumers look at labels at all. When they do, subgroup information is rarely read unless the person has a specific condition such as diabetes or high cholesterol. It is common for consumers to confuse the ingredients list with the nutrition label, and the nutrition label is often seen as part of the brand rather than a method of assessment. In any case, most consumers have a ready-formed impression of the healthiness (or otherwise) of the brand and this view is not influenced by the information on the label. It is, therefore, redundant. The research suggested that the label confronts the consumer with everything they find difficult and negative about nutrition. The terminology is complex, with some of the information seemingly redundant. Calories are the most established value across all targets, and all countries. But what is the difference, for example, between calories and kilojoules? Carbohydrates, for example, can be mentioned, but not sugar; or fat, but no saturated fat. And what is the difference anyway? The labels do not contain any explanations and, importantly, more often than not do not provide the necessary signposts to direct people to where they might find out. Even when armed with the information, people find it difficult to relate this to their day to day eating experience. Only few consumers know the average needs in calories per day. Values in grams per 100g or per portion cannot be put into perspective. Recommended Daily Allowance (%) and Guideline Daily Amounts do help but are not foremost in consumers’ minds and need explaining. In general consumers feel there is too much calculation to be done and they don’t like it or feel they lack the tools to do so Consumers do accept that there are certain limitations on a pack but they are quite upset about the lack of legibility (too small, tone-on-tone printing, too many languages…). The lack of legibility and a perceived lack of relevance ensure that consumers focus on the aesthetics of the label (is it attractive?) rather than the importance of the label. There is little motivation, therefore, to use the label as a way of accessing the world of nutrition or as a tool to manage a healthy diet. ELEMENTS THAT NEED TO BE ADDRESSED The research indicated a number of ways in which nutrition labels might be changed to overcome the problems of lack of authority, understanding and motivation. Broadly, these came in three areas: - Consumers want a concise, clear and readable label, not necessarily identical but “easy to navigate” and offering “help”. The information must be clearly presented, well-structured and consistent. But consumers also accept that not all can be done on the label. - The nutrition label must have a stronger status of authority, a clear sender. Its role and usage must be better defined. - The role of the nutrition label must be “activated” as an access point to help with their diet. Informing is ok but the key point is what to do with this information. This issue of interactivity comes up in just about all the groups. Consumers felt that the label is very complex and they would like to have more help from a similarly objective source. Suggestions that came up were websites, peel-off labels with additional labels, reference booklets etc. CONSUMER SUGGESTIONS FOR IMPROVEMENT OF THE NUTRITION LABELS Consumer requirements for a good nutrition label were very similar across all groups and countries: - Consumers need a nutrition terminology they can relate to. Not too much information, but hierarchised, ranked information so they know what’s important. They want clear references that allow them to link the information to their diet and show how to transform the information into action. - Consumers want help to improve their understanding (references, symbols, www...). They accept that not all can be done on the label. The nutrition label must be “activating” and motivating to read and be understood as a tool to help them manage their diet. Again, a good supporting reference is important. - Consumers want clear and readable labels, not necessarily identical but at least with some consistency, uniformity across products. They don’t mind a link with the product (brand colours, typography…) but ideally with clear presentation and stand-out. - The label design should be simple, attractive and well-structured. Columns, highlighting, colour bands (ideally same colour for same nutrient) are deemed to be helpful as long as they are consistent and reduce confusion. - The labels should be a “zone of trust and authority”, i.e. there should be a clear sender, and the accuracy should be beyond questioning. There were various opinions in the group but most felt they should be endorsed by a neutral, trustworthy official body (national or EU). These improvements would be well received across all the countries surveyed. Bad labels look remarkably similar across all the markets, which suggests that the solutions could also be similar. The label is one of the most visible nutrition contact points. Much work needs to be done to make the nutrition label a useful tool for consumers and to motivate them to read the information. More figures, longer lists, denser information will not, our research suggests, have the desired effect. Consumers need a manageable reference, endorsed by a suitably trustworthy authority. They need information that is simple, easy to use and relates to their daily nutritional needs. Consumers want nutrition to be a part of their daily lives. Most importantly they need greater knowledge in order to make use of the nutrition label and to integrate this information into their daily dietary management. This is a true challenge for communicators and educators.

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Let’s start with a question: What is sleep? For sure, it is not just a loss of consciousness for 7-9 hours as some people see it, it’s a much more complex and amazing process that plays a big role in our health and daily lives. Sleep is the most effective thing you can do to reset your brain and body health. In terms of its benefits, sleep as a process, an incredibly complex physiological ballet. Even though our assumption has always been that we evolved to sleep, what if we started off sleeping and it was from sleep that wakefulness emerged? So another way of describing what sleep is, as the price we pay for wakefulness. In us human beings, all mammalian and avian species as well, sleep is broadly separated into these two main types: Non-Rapid Eye Movement sleep and Rapid Eye Movement Sleep. When you're going through different stages of sleep, the changes in brainwave activity are far more dramatic than those that we see when we're awake. During REM sleep, some parts of your brain are up to 30 percent more active than when you're awake. REM sleep is known as a paradox phase: the brain is very active, yet the body is paralyzed. When looking at the brain waves of a person in REM, it’s hard to know if he is in REM sleep or awake. The only way to know which type we are talking about is checking muscle and eye activity (during REM, horizontal rapid eye movement). Just a few seconds before REM sleep, the brainstem sends a signal all the way down the spinal cord and it communicates with the alpha motor neurons in the spinal cord which control the voluntary skeletal muscles and it's a signal of paralysis: the brain paralyzes the body so that the mind can dream safely. There are only two groups of voluntary muscles that are spurred from the paralysis: the extraocular eye muscles and the inner ear muscle. During REM, the involuntary muscles are active, so we can breathe and the heart can beat. That’s also the reason why men have erections and women have vaginal lubrication during sleep. Non-REM is further subdivided into four separate stages um stages one through four, increasing in their depth of sleep. So stages three and four are called deep non-REM sleep stages. Another thing people are curious about is, what happens when we fall asleep? When we first fall asleep, we'll go into the light stages of non-REM sleep 1 and 2. Then, we'll start to descend down into the deeper stages of non-REM, so after about 20 minutes we head down into stage 3 and then, into stage 4 of non-REM sleep. When we are awake, the brainwave activity is going up and down 20, 30, 40 or 50 times a second. As we're going into light non-REM sleep, it will slow down to maybe 15-20 and then start to slow down to about 8-10 cycle waves per second. Then as we start to move into stages 3 and 4 non-REM sleep, heart rate starts to drop and all of a sudden, thousands of cells in the cortex all decide to fire together and then they all go silent together. When we're 60 or 70 minutes into the first sleep cycle, we start to rise back up into stage 2 non-REM sleep. Then, after about 80 minutes, we have a short REM sleep period and then back down again into non-REM. We do that repeatedly every 90 minutes (the average for most adults) and the thing that changes is the ratio of non-REM to REM within that cycle, as you move across the night. The first half of the night, the majority of those 90-minute cycles are made of lots of deep non-REM sleep. The second half of the night, that balance changes and the majority of those 90-minute cycles are made of both, lighter forms of non-REM sleep (stage 2) and increasingly more REM sleep. There is some degree of reciprocity between the sleep states so when we drive one of those up, we often see a change in the other. If we only get our first four hours of sleep, we will mostly get deep non-REM sleep but we will get almost no REM sleep and if we only sleep four hours at the second half of the night, we will be mostly deep sleep deprived and will still get mostly all of our REM sleep. The deep non-REM sleep is a form of natural blood pressure medication, so if we lack that, the next day we're going to see abnormalities in heart rate, blood pressure and blood sugar. On the other hand, growth hormone is more REM-sleep-dependent and peak levels of testosterone happen during REM sleep. Waking up for brief periods during the night worries a lot of people. People at young ages tend to have typically more continuous sleep but the disruptions get more frequent as we progress with age. At the end of our REM sleep period of the 90-minute cycle, almost everybody wakes up, makes a postural movement (we turn over because we've been paralyzed for so long and the body will like to shift), sometimes we also open our eyes position for a brief period of time. Out of the total time we spend in bed, if 85% or more is spent sleeping, it is considered as healthy sleep efficiency. Quality is as important as quantity: getting fragmented sleep (6-7 times of waking up during the night, for short periods) is also an issue. People lately are starting to practice the Uberman Schedule. It is a sleep pattern where the person elects to sleep in 90-minute bouts, spread throughout the day and night, in an attempt to get more productivity and reduce their overall sleep need. This schedule seems to be negatively affecting the task performances, physiological outcomes and the quality of the sleep. When you fight biology, you normally lose. And the way you know you've lost is disease, sickness and impairment. When talking about things that affect a good night's sleep, we have to mention caffeine. You can drink coffee! When it comes to coffee, the dose and the timing makes the poison. You should stop taking caffeine 8-10 hours before you fall asleep. Caffeine is in a class of psychoactive stimulants, so it works through a variety of mechanisms: 1. Dopamine mechanism- dopamine is an alerting neurochemical and caffeine plays some role in increasing dopamine but it's 2. Adenosine mechanism- from the moment that we wake up, this chemical builds up in our brain and the longer that we're awake, the more of adenosine accumulates. So caffeine blocks adenosine receptors. But, what happens when caffeine is dislodged from the adenosine receptors? The caffeine crash! Caffeine has a half-life and it's metabolized. This half-life is between five to six hours and it's down to a liver enzyme, the cytochrome p450 enzyme. There are two gene variants that will dictate the enzymatic speed with which the liver breaks down caffeine and that's why some people are very sensitive to caffeine and other people aren't. So after the caffeine leaves the system, the brain gets hit with an “adenosine tsunami”. On the same list of discussion, we got alcohol. Alcohol is in a class of drugs, called sedatives. It sedates the cortex and sedation is not sleep, it’s just a loss of consciousness. Alcohol fragments the sleep during the night so the sleep is far less continuous and when you wake up the next morning you don’t feel rested. It is also potent at blocking your REM sleep which is critical for a variety of cognitive functions, some aspects of learning and memory, emotional and mental health, and lastly, hormonal dysfunction (as we mentioned before, the growth hormone, which plays a big role in repairing tissues and metabolism, is mostly connected with REM sleep.) What about marijuana? We can break cannabis down into two of its key ingredients: THC (tetrahydrocannabinol) which is the psychoactive part that can get people high, and the CBD, the non-psychoactive component. THC makes people fall asleep better, but if you see the brainwave activity, it’s more like a loss of consciousness that lacks REM. One of the biggest problems with THC is withdrawal dependency. As you start to use THC for sleep, there can be a dependency tolerance so you start to need more to get the same sleep benefit and when you stop using, you usually get a very severe rebound insomnia. There are also a lot of things that promote more healthy sleep. Two of the main things in the list are exercise and daylight. They are wonderful cues for circadian rhythm alignment and also circadian rhythm reset each day. Then we have melatonin- if your system is working in the correct way, as dusk is approaching that's when melatonin will start to rise, the peak being 1-2 hours before sleep. The only source of melatonin in the brain and body is the pineal gland. Melatonin tells the brain and the body when it's day and when it's night and with that, when it's time to sleep, when it's time to wake. Melatonin supplements don’t seem to be a beneficial sleep aid. Metro analysis told us that melatonin will only increase total amount of sleep by 3.9 minutes on average. The only population where we typically see some benefit and it often is prescribed, is in older adults,65 and older, because as we get older you can have calcification of the pineal gland which means that that gland that's releasing melatonin doesn't work as well anymore. Next on the list is magnesium- people who lack magnesium also have problems falling asleep. (There aren’t many studies on threonate, even though it is considered as the most effective form of magnesium.) The latest studies have also seen this effect of some plants in sleep: valerian root (more like placebo.), tart cherry (increased time of sleep by around 84 minutes and decreased daytime naps.) and kiwi fruit- (skin seems to be helpful too. Helps you sleep faster and spend more time asleep.). Prescription sleep aids are not recommended for long periods of time, only in situations of short term sleep issues. People wonder whether or not they should take naps. Naps can have some really great benefits for cardiovascular health, blood pressure, levels of cortisol, learning, memory and also emotional regulation. Naps can be anywhere between 20 and 90 minutes. The reason that naps can be potentially dangerous is that when we nap, we risk our sleep quantity and quality at night. Is there a thing like sleeping too much? Yes there is! Hypersomnia is when people have either a very high sleep need or are very sleepy during the day, usually in cases with depression. These people are sometimes staying longer in bed but not sleeping the whole time. People sleeping 10-11 hours usually have poor quality sleep which makes them sleep longer to compensate for that. A taboo topic that hasn’t been discussed much, is the effect of sex, orgasm and masturbation on sleep. The increased levels of oxytocin and prolactin during sex and masturbation ending in orgasm, contribute to the sleep. Sleep deprivation affects hormones, testosterone and estrogen (ex. Women in night shifts seem to have irregular menstrual cycles.) Sleep can also have a dramatic effect on people’s relationships. Couples who don’t get enough sleep, tend to get more into fights and conflicts. Want some extra tips from the sleep Guru? You got them! 1. If you didn’t have a good night of sleep, the advice is: DO NOTHING! Do not try to make it up for the day. Try following the normal schedule. 2. Hold on to a routine. 3. Don’t count sheep!

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There are revolutions happening all around us in America, but we don’t always recognize them. But once we do, we realize we can be part of them. If we dare. Most of these revolutions arise from breaking with the status quo of our ancestors. And not just talking about change, but actually being part of it. Too often we spout niceties about being original and different, but in reality we’re terrified to not follow the crowd. Too frequently we want to be in on the latest trend, say the right thing in whatever is deemed politically correct for the day, and to be counted among the winners. And that last reason—to be among the winners—is why people are afraid to be different. For example, while so many people are personally opposed to both of the major political candidates running for president, they’ll vote for one of them anyway because that’s how it’s always been. But that doesn’t have to be. We can begin to change the system, this year. I know that’s scary talk, and I heard someone comment that this isn’t the time for a revolution, but revolutions are happening all the time. Every day people are rejecting what corporations and governments, and what tradition and the status quo, have been dictating should be. This has always been the way change begins—not with large organizations or ensconced traditions, but with individuals. Margaret Mead famously said, “Never doubt that a small group of thoughtful, committed citizens can change the world; indeed, it’s the only thing that ever has.” Citizens have always taken it upon themselves to instigate change. Back in 1776 Thomas Paine published “Common Sense,” advocating that the colonies separate themselves from Britain. An individual—not a corporation or organization—gave other citizens the idea to break with the current tradition and be brave enough to begin the Revolutionary War. Not that all acts by individuals will lead to such dramatic events (and there were certainly many more factors contributing to the war). But people have been going contrary to the prevailing winds for a long time. Eleanor Roosevelt once said, “Remember always that you not only have the right to be an individual, you have an obligation to be one.” What this means, as Hugh Nibley has written, is that we need to “Be different. Then you can make a contribution. Otherwise, you just echo something; you’re just a reflection.” Many years ago, the Nazi party tried to make my great-grandfather into a reflection. Emil Neufeldt, who lived in the Prussian region of Germany during WWII, was a wealthy inventor and engineer, with great influence in the sugar industry. The Nazis knew someone with his stature and money would be beneficial to their cause, so in the 1930s they sent one of their best to recruit him. My great-grandfather wanted nothing to do with the Nazis, but knew that openly opposing them could cause him trouble. So he came up with an idea. Known to be able to hold his alcohol, Emil drank the Nazi recruiter under the table. Then he marched to the local Nazi headquarters and demanded they drag their recruiter home. He told them in no uncertain terms they should never dare again try to make him one of their own. Did Emil Neufeldt stop World War II? No. Did he stop the Nazis? No. Did he secure safety for his family and household, and not be bothered by embarrassed and humiliated fascists again? Yes, he did. He made a difference in his small part of the world, and eighty years later his great-granddaughter proudly remembers his example of not following the dubious safety of authority. (Even though it involved alcohol.) My mother also told me of a Catholic priest in their area who, in the early years of WWII, preached openly about the atrocities of the Nazis, and publicly questioned where all the Jews were going. He vanished shortly after, never to be heard from again. Did he change the world then? Stop the Nazis? Discover and reveal what was happening to the disappearing Jews? He likely met their same fate in some concentration camp. But his bravery is remembered, right here, today. His words and worries and defiance was repeated, many times over by others just as daring, and eventually the war ended and the horrible truth was revealed. We don’t remember mere reflections. We remember innovators. We remember those who changed the world, for better and for worse. We remember contrarians. The word coined by Richard and Linda Eyre means”to go against the prevailing wisdom, to contradict what the majority seems to be thinking or doing. [A] ‘contrarian’ . . . describe[s] someone who thinks for himself and who is not swayed by trends or popularity or styles or the direction of the crowd.” This is happening, all around us. Contrarianism frequently means rejecting foolish traditions of the past. For example, when I was a teenager in the 1980s rampant consumerism was the tradition. You were openly judged based upon what you wore, what you have, and how big your house was. (Anyone remember Yuppies or “Lifestyles of the Rich and Famous”?) The era of McMansions was also born, then: gargantuan houses which no one could fill, and later, no one could afford. But what’s the movement now? Tiny houses. Brilliantly constructed, carefully planned, and usually financially prudent, tiny homes are becoming the answer for many people who can’t afford even to rent. So who started this trend? A man named Jay Shafer, along with Greg Johnson, Shay Salomon, and Nigel Valdez began the Small House Society back in 2002. Not a corporation, not an organization, but a “small group of thoughtful, committed citizens” are striving to make housing affordable for everyone. The government certainly isn’t behind this change. They’re still calling for us to spend, spend, spend in order to improve the economy. Remember a few years back when the feds sent us cash hoping to “stimulate” financial growth? There was no lasting benefits. In the 1980s and 90s, the tradition to show you have “arrived” was to own a designer handbag. Now, companies like Coach are struggling, along with many department stores and malls, because consumerism was discovered to not be all that it was hyped to be. The funny thing is, if you’re unhappy, buying stuff won’t fix that. The rising generations, already stuck with debt, logically and contrarily don’t feel like generating more just for a random symbol of status their mothers and grandmothers erroneously thought was so important. Nowadays, there’s a quiet revolution toward minimalism; people deliberately getting rid of stuff, downsizing their homes, possessions, and priorities. Many websites and books can teach you how to toss all that weighs you down, to organize what you have left, and live a more peaceful, tranquil, simple life. Again, these are led by individuals who, contrarian-like, have rejected the status quo and have discovered something much more satisfying. And it’s happening all around us. When I was a child in the 1970s, I first heard about vegetarians, and the idea to avoid eating meat both alarmed and intrigued me. But vegetarians were hippies! Free-loving weirdos and tree huggers! What a non-traditional folk! (And a lot of folks over sixty still regard vegetarians this way, so be warned when you bring it up.) Never mind that there have always been those who have eschewed meat: veganism was only for those on the fringe. But no longer. While advertisements try to push us toward more meat and protein and dairy products, consumption has declined in the past years. The burger places for which people in the 1960s-1980s developed such affinities are finding themselves struggling against a growing number of restaurants offering healthy alternatives. The web is awash in thousands of vegetarian sites, and what was once on the fringes of contrariness is now mainstream. Again, no corporation or governmental entity has led the movement for healthier eating. (Sorry, Mrs. Obama.) People have decided, after being inspired by other thoughtful individuals such as T. Colin Campbell and “The China Study”, to eat healthier. Subsequent weight loss and markedly improved health are more powerful inducements than any kind of advertisement. Need further proof of how we’re rejecting what a generation ago believed was so important? If you’re a millennial, you won’t know that starting in the 1970s we were involved in the cola wars, and those extended until the 1990s. Battles in advertisements between Coke and Pepsi were fought viciously to win our loyalty. This explains why your grandmother may refuse to eat at a certain restaurant because they don’t serve diet Pepsi. She’s still a victim of that bloodless battle to win her devotion. Never mind that soda is as unhealthy and addictive as sugared hummingbird water; cola was king. 1985 ad, when we believed one soda might be “better” for us than another. Mercifully, people have come to realize that they needn’t define themselves by what foods and beverages they’re loyal to. In fact, I’ve heard of many in my generation and older are stunned to hear their descendants may drink only water, and never want to eat at McDonald’s. No, this isn’t some kind of treachery; it’s individuals thinking for themselves, looking past the hype and realizing there’s nothing of substance to back it up. Along those lines, it may also shock and surprise you that there are families who do not want to ever visit Disneyland. Although the masses and advertising claim it to be the “happiest place on earth,” standing in lines and paying for exorbitant entrance prices, food, and swag doesn’t make everyone happy. You may be startled to know that some contrarians’ children will never walk on that hallowed ground, because they and their parents prefer the solitude, quiet, and low entrance fees of national parks. Contrarians also show up in education, and have been for many years. Common Core and the associated scripts and texts which pander to it, are driving many families to homeschooling which, three decades ago, was a fringe alternative but is now almost trendy and fast becoming the new tradition. And if you were around in the 1980s, you might remember a crass movie called “Revenge of the Nerds.” Now, geek culture is the culture, contrary to what anyone would have believed 30 years ago. Our attitudes of what is “acceptable” and how things “should” be are changing all the time. Why can’t our attitudes then also change about how we elect a president? Most Americans still feel obligated to side with either the Republicans or Democrats, even if they feel neither represents them. And the arguments they use are old and tired: “Because of the electoral college, only a Republican or Democrat will win.” Or, a vote for anyone else besides Republican or Democrats means, “Your vote will be wasted.” Rephrased it’s, “Being different will mean you’ll be left out.” Doesn’t that hearken back to every fear we had as kids? Not being part of the “in” group? Too many of us adults still harbor those worries, desperate to be part of “the group” so that we matter. In my limited observations, it’s those middle aged and older who are most worried about being obedient to the brand of Republican or Democrat they were brought up with. They still think (hope?) all Republicans are like Reagan and all Democrats are like the Roosevelts. Now consider this: how often has the “in” group made poor choices which affected thousands and even millions? Begin by listing obvious dictators, and count which societies are still doing well under them. Think about all the examples I’ve just shown you about individuals making a difference, influencing others around them to be contrarians. Why can’t we extend this bravery and independent thought to overturn an antiquated and manipulative system for something that really works? Now is the time for each of us to individually say, “I will no longer support this.” Revolutions don’t have to be bloody, angry things. In fact, nearly all of the examples of positive change I listed above have been thoughtful movements. “As we watch the directions that society is taking we see the folly, and in our most lucid moments, we don’t want to follow the trends, we want to depart from them — to think more clearly and chart our course on light and truth rather than on the herd instinct that seems to dictate what most people do.” ~Richard and Linda Eyre [emphasis added] Too often we believe that there are only two options: the established way, and the wrong way. But rhetorically speaking, this is a logical fallacy. If you’ve ever worked for a boss who claims it’s only his way or the highway, you know how miserable that situation can be, and it usually signals a business is in big trouble. Refusing to see other possibilities is what traps us. There are ALWAYS more options—to any situation, problem, or ideal. Change never comes from the establishment or a corporation. It always arises from insightful, thoughtful, brave individuals who refuse to believe “there’s no other way.” My neighbor recently demonstrated this by showing just how few Americans really support the Republican and Democratic parties. #iamsomeone (And, importantly, Dallin Crump’s just an individual who wants to illustrate a point; he receives no funding or sponsorships. He’s just a “someone,” a “thoughtful citizen,” trying to change America. The fact that millions of people have also viewed and shared this suggests he’s not alone). It’s up to us to stop being afraid of being different, to embrace contrarianism, to stand up against the tide and slow it down, even if only for a little a bit. “I have spent many years of my life in opposition, and I rather like the role.” ~Eleanor Roosevelt I haven’t voted for either party in twenty years. At times, I’ve even written in candidates who I felt would be excellent leaders. I don’t feel my votes were wasted; I feel my conscience was satisfied. We ourselves might not experience rewards from our subtle civil disobedience by not voting for either the Republican or Democratic candidate, but our children or grandchildren may. It’s not necessarily for us that we stand up at this election, or at any other time, to defy the status quo. It’s for those who follow. Generations from now, may we be remembered as the Thomas Paines, the Emil Neufeldts, and the Catholic Priests who did something more than meekly follow the noisiest crowd. We should be–must be–remembered as those who lent a hand in turning the country around. “It’s rare,” Gleace told them, “that anyone in the world comes up with new ideas, or pokes at old notions to discover if what everyone believes is actually true. But you,” he smiled slyly at Perrin and Mahrree, “you poked all the time. And that’s how you got here.” “Our poking caused trouble,” Mahrree pointed out. “Ah, but the very best kind!” Gleace declared. “The kind that makes people question everything they know. People need to be poked every now and then.” ~Book 5, Safety Assured Leaving East of Medicetti

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Find out how change data capture (CDC) detects and manages incremental changes at the data source, enabling real-time data ingestion and streaming analytics. What Is Change Data Capture? Change data capture (CDC) is a set of software design patterns. It allows users to detect and manage incremental changes at the data source. CDC technology lets users apply changes downstream, throughout the enterprise. CDC captures changes as they happen. This requires a fraction of the resources needed for full data batching. Data consumers can absorb changes in real time. This has less impact on the data source or the transport system between the data source and the consumer. With CDC technology, only the change in data is passed on to the data user, saving time, money and resources. CDC propagates these changes onto analytical systems for real-time, actionable analytics. Why Change Data Capture Matters in the Modern Enterprise Today, data is central to how modern enterprises run their businesses. Data has become the key enabler driving digital transformation and business decision-making. Modern data architectures are on the rise. Companies are moving their data from on-premises to the cloud. This includes cloud data warehouses and data lakes. They are shifting from batch, to streaming data management. But they still struggle to keep up with growing data volumes, variety and velocity. New cloud architectures are addressing these challenges. They include cloud data warehouses, cloud data lakes and data streaming. But the shelf life of data is shrinking. When data is time-sensitive, its value to the business quickly expires. Real-time data insights are the new measurement for digital success. When a company can’t take immediate action, they miss out on business opportunities. This issue is referred to as “perishable insights.” Perishable insights are data insights that provide exponentially greater value than traditional analytics, but the value expires and evaporates quickly. Log files, machine logs, IoT, devices, weblogs and social media all have perishable data. How can you be sure you don’t miss business opportunities due to perishable insights? You need a way to capture data changes and updates from transactional data sources in real time. Change data capture (CDC) is the answer. The Benefits of Change Data Capture CDC captures changes from database transaction logs. Then it publishes changes to a destination such as a cloud data lake, cloud data warehouse or message hub. This has several benefits for the organization: With CDC, only data that has changed is synchronized. This is exponentially more efficient than replicating an entire database. Continuous data updates save time and enhance the accuracy of data and analytics. This is important as data moves from master data management (MDM) systems to production workload processes. CDC helps organizations make faster decisions. It's important to be able to find, analyze and act on data changes in real time. Then you can create hyper-personal, real-time digital experiences for your customers. For example, real-time analytics enables restaurants to create personalized menus based on historical customer data. Data from mobile or wearable devices delivers more attractive deals to customers. Online retailers can detect buyer patterns to optimize offer timing and pricing. Lower impact on production: Moving data from a source to a production server is time-consuming. CDC captures incremental updates with a minimal source-to-target impact. It can read and consume incremental changes in real time. The analytics target is then continuously fed data without disrupting production databases. This opens the door to high-volume data transfers to the analytics target. Improved time to value and lower TCO: CDC lets you build your offline data pipeline faster. This saves you from the worries that come with scripting. It means that data engineers and data architects can focus on important tasks that move the needle for your business. It also reduces dependencies on highly skilled application users. This lowers the total cost of ownership (TCO). Methods for Change Data Capture There are several types of change data capture. Depending on the use case, each method has its merit. Here are the common methods and how they work, along with their advantages and disadvantages: |CDC Method||How It Works||Advantages||Disadvantages| |Timestamp CDC||Leverages a table timestamp column and retrieves only those rows that have changed since the data was last extracted.|| |Triggers CDC||Defines triggers and lets you create your own change log in shadow tables.||Shadow tables can store an entire row to keep track of every single column change. They can also store just the primary key and operation type (insert, update or delete).|| |Log-based CDC||Transactional databases store all changes in a transaction log that helps the database to recover in the event of a crash. With log-based CDC, new database transactions — including inserts, updates, and deletes — are read from source databases’ transactions. Changes are captured without making application-level changes and without having to scan operational tables, both of which add additional workload and reduce source systems’ performance|| Change Data Capture Use Cases CDC captures changes from the database transaction log. Then it publishes the changes to a destination. Data destinations may include a cloud data lake, cloud data warehouse or message hub. A traditional CDC use case is database synchronization. Real-time streaming analytics and cloud data lake ingestion are more modern CDC use cases. Traditional Database Synchronization/Replication Often data change management entails batch-based data replication. Given the growing demand for capture and analysis of real-time, streaming data analytics, companies can no longer go offline and copy an entire database to manage data change. CDC allows continuous replication on smaller datasets. It also addresses only incremental changes. Imagine you have an online system that is continuously updating your application database. With CDC, we can capture incremental changes to the record and schema drift. So, when the customer returns and updates their information, CDC will update the record in the target database in real time. In a consumer application, you can absorb and act on those changes much more quickly. It takes less time to process a hundred records than a million rows. You can also define how to treat the changes (i.e., replicate or ignore them). Figure 1: Change data capture is depicted as a component of traditional database synchronization in this diagram Modern Real-Time Streaming Analytics and Cloud Data Lake Ingestion The most difficult aspect of managing the cloud data lake is keeping data current. With modern data architecture, companies can continuously ingest CDC data into a data lake through an automated data pipeline. This avoids moving terabytes of data unnecessarily across the network. You can focus on the change in the data, saving computing and network costs. With support for technologies like Apache Spark for real-time processing, CDC is the underlying technology for driving advanced real-time analytics. You can also support artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) use cases. Real-Time Fraud Detection For data-driven organizations, customer experience is critical to retaining and growing their client base. A good example is in the financial sector. If a large bank faces a sudden increase in fraudulent activities, they need real-time analytics to proactively alert customers about potential fraud. Transactional data needs to be ingested from the database in real time. CDC with ML fraud detection can identify and capture potentially fraudulent transactions in real time. Then it can transform and enrich the data so the fraud monitoring tool can proactively send text and email alerts to customers. Then the customer can take immediate remedial action. Figure 2: Change data capture is a key part of real-time fraud detection in this reference architecture diagram Real-Time Marketing Campaigns Real-time analytics drive modern marketing. For example, here's an example in the retail sector. A site visitor explores several motorcycle safety products. The retailer sees the customer's viewing pattern in real time. They display the most profitable helmets first. If the customer is price-sensitive, the retailer can dynamically lower the price. They can also track real-time customer activity on mobile phones. CDC can capture these transactions and feed them into Apache Kafka. They can read the streams of data, integrate them and feed them into a data lake. With offline batch processing, the company can correlate real-time and historical data. When matched against business rules, they can make actionable decisions. They can deliver the next-best-action, all while the customer is still shopping. Figure 3: Change data capture feeds real-time transaction data to Apache Kafka in this diagram ETL for Data Warehousing Extract Transform Load (ETL) is a real-time, three-step data integration process. It combines and synthesizes raw data from a data source. The data is then moved into a data warehouse, data lake or relational database. CDC minimizes the resources required for ETL processes. This is because CDC deals only with data changes. CDC extracts data from the source. Then it transforms the data into the appropriate format. Next, it loads the data into the target destination. CDC enables processing small batches more frequently. Processing just the data changes dramatically reduces load times. It also uses fewer compute resources with less downtime. It shortens batch windows and lowers associated recurring costs. CDC also alleviates the risk of long-running ETL jobs. Relational Transactional Databases Companies often have two databases — source and target. You first update a data point in the source database. Next you should reflect the same change in the target database. With CDC, you can keep target systems in sync with the source. First, you collect transactional data manipulation language (DML). Then you collect data definition language (DDL) instructions. These can include insert, update, delete, create and modify. Keep target and source systems in sync by replicating these operations in real-time. Customer Case Studies for Change Data Capture KLA is a leading maker of process controls and yield management systems. Their customers are semiconductor manufacturers. They needed better analytics for their growing customer base. They also needed to perform CDC in Snowflake. They looked to Informatica and Snowflake to help them with their cloud-first data strategy. Cloud Mass Ingestion delivered continuous data replication. Change data was moved into their Snowflake cloud data lake. They were able to move 1,000 Oracle database tables over a single weekend. This made 12 years of historical Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) data available for analysis. They also captured and integrated incremental Oracle data changes directly into Snowflake. A leading global financial company is the next CDC case study. The company and its customers shared an increasing number of fraudulent transactions in the banking industry. They needed to be able to send customers real-time alerts about fraudulent transactions. They put a CDC sense-reason-act framework to work. They ingested transaction information from their database. A fraud detection ML model detected potentially fraudulent transactions. The financial company alerted customers in real-time. Real-time streaming analytics data delivered out-of-the-box connectivity. The dream of end-to-end data ingestion and streaming use cases became a reality. Technologies like change data capture can help companies gain a competitive advantage. CDC helps businesses make better decisions, increase sales and improve operational costs. Selecting the right CDC solution for your enterprise is important. Informatica Cloud Mass Ingestion (CMI) is the data ingestion and replication capability of the Informatica Intelligent Data Management Cloud (IDMC) platform. CMI delivers: - Integration within an end-to-end AI-powered data management solution. Track, capture, and update changed data in real-time with automatic schema drift support to accelerate database replication and synchronization use cases - ETL and ELT - Part of a best-in-class ETL and ELT engine to process data and handle change data management in the most efficient way - Ability to capture changes to data in source tables and replicate those changes to target tables and files - Ability to read change data directly from the RDBMS log files or the database logger for Linux, UNIX and Windows - Change data capture included for these sources and targets: - SQL server - Azure Synapse - Amazon Redshift - Databricks Delta - Google BigQuery - IBM Db2 - Real-time functionality - A streaming pipeline to feed data for real-time analytics use cases, such as real-time dashboarding and real-time reporting Technologies like CDC can help companies gain competitive advantage. CDC helps businesses make better decisions, increase sales and improve operational costs. CDC lets companies quickly move and ingest large volumes of their enterprise data from a variety of sources onto the cloud or on-premises repositories. To learn more about Informatica CDC streaming data solutions, visit the Cloud Mass Ingestion webpage and read the following datasheets and solution briefs:

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Nam eloquentiam quae admirationem non habet nullam iudico Eloquence which doesn’t startle I don’t consider eloquence Marcus Tullius Cicero, 48 BC Pithanon tini pithanon What convinces is conviction Aristotle, 325 BC At the 2013 Festival of Education at Wellington, one of the most startling and memorable talks was given by Sam Leith on Reclaiming Rhetoric. I rushed up to Sam afterwards and told him how inspiring I found his talk. I went out and bought his book, and I’ve read it twice since. Exploring the world of oratory, from Aristotle and Cicero to Lincoln and Obama, is fascinating. I’m increasingly convinced that teaching rhetoric as a powerful body of knowledge can transform the English curriculum. As Sam explains, “for fifteen centuries or so, the study of rhetoric was at the centre of Western education. What has changed is that it has now all but vanished as an area of study.” Having fallen into disrepute, it is now disparaged: on a Google search, ‘just rhetoric’ has 102,000 hits; ‘only rhetoric’ 107,000; ‘mere rhetoric’ 160,000; and ‘empty rhetoric’ 431,000. Yet Sam says his book “seemed to touch off an appetite for this little-considered area of knowledge.” Practising what he preaches, he uses an epiplexis of explosive rhetorical questions: “What has rhetoric ever done for us? Well, it has brought us all of Western civilisation, for a start. What is democracy but the idea that the art of persuasion should be formally enshrined at the centre of the political process? What is law but a way of giving words formal strength in the world? What is a law court but a place where the art of persuasion gives shape to civil society?” What is rhetoric? The study of effective speaking and writing, rhetoric is also “the faculty of observing in any given case the available means of persuasion”, according to Aristotle. It was the ‘major activity of civil life in the classical era, and the nucleus of the education system’; and ‘it is difficult to overstate the importance of rhetoric to medieval education’; ‘by Renaissance times, rhetoric had become so centrally embedded in the culture as a habit of mind that it shaped the way all knowledge was approached. Rhetoric was the master-art of the trivium’. Francis Bacon wrote that ‘the duty of rhetoric is to apply reason to imagination for the better moving of the will.’ Rhetoric, then, is not merely the means by which ideas are expressed, it is also a means by which they are generated. Sam Leith continues: “Rhetoric is a field of knowledge: that is, something susceptible to analysis and understanding in the same way poetry is. The study of rhetoric is a systematic way of understanding how arguments prosper and founder” …“Rhetoric is language that persuades and cajoles, inspires and bamboozles, thrills and misdirects, impresses and seduces, endears and justifies… The technical terms are simply a box of tricks that already exist and are being put into action all around us. Our commerce, our politics, our cultural and social lives are all rhetorical to an extraordinary extent.” Ethos, Logos & Pathos: The Three Musketeers of Rhetoric “Tous pour un et un pour tous”: Triumvir or chiasmus? Rhetoric instruction begins with three approaches, which Leith cheerfully personifies as the Three Musketeers: not Athos, Porthos and Aramis but ethos, pathos and logos. Ethos is the credibility of the speaker in connection with the audience: Antony’s appeal of ‘Friends, Romans, Countrymen, lend me your ears’ in Julius Caesar; or The Simpson’s send-up ‘Hi, I’m Troy Maclure, you may remember me from such TV programs as…’ Pathos is understanding the emotions of the audience: the abolitionists’ ‘Am I not a man and a brother?’ or communists’ ‘Workers of the world unite! You have nothing to lose but your chains!’ Logos is the content of your argument: ‘Liberte, Egalite, Fraternite!’ ‘No taxation without representation!’ ‘Labour isn’t working’ ‘We, the people, hold these truths to be self-evident: that all men are created equal, and that they are endowed with certain unalienable rights: that among these are life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness.’ Delacroix’s Liberty leading the people There are also three intertwining branches with overlapping foliage from the trunk of rhetoric: judicial, deliberative and epideictic. Judicial or forensic rhetoric is focused on the past and in the courtroom, used by lawyers, detectives and reporters. The trials in To Kill A Mockingbird or A Time To Kill are excellent examples. “I set out to prove a black man could receive a fair trial” Deliberative rhetoric is focused on the future, used in advertising, elections, legislation, business decisions and war. The slogan ‘since 1366’ etc persuades consumers to buy the product through an ethos appeal of endurance. Epideictic is the rhetoric of praise and blame, used in funeral speeches and wedding speeches, as well as by sports pundits, commentators and journalists. Shakespeare’s Antony disguises his seditious funeral oration in the disingenuous line: ‘I come to bury Caesar, not to praise him’. In the struggle for Irish independence, graveside eulogies of dead nationalists invoked support for the republican cause: ‘Here by the grave of this unconquered and unconquerable man, we ask each for himself such unshakeable purpose, such high courage, such unbreakable strength of soul as belonged to O’Donovan.’ Knowing the three appeals and the three branches is most useful when combined with the five canons of rhetoric according to Quintilian: invention, arrangement, style, memory and delivery. The classical structure for a speech is exordium, narratio, divisio, probatio, refutation and peroration: Exordium: establish your connection with the audience and grab their attention Narratio: set out your definitions and facts with brevity, clarity, plausibility Divisio: summarises the agreements and disagreements with your opponents Probatio: set out your arguments with authority, analogy and evidence Refutation: smash your opponents’ arguments Peroration: connect into your audience’s emotions The technical terms of rhetoric are practical techniques that have proved effective for thousands of years, and are used all around us today. There are over four hundred listed on this online collection. Here are a few of my favourite rhetorical devices that I teach my pupils, and some of my favourite examples of them: Anaphora: repetition at the start of clauses “I have a dream that one day this nation will rise up and live out the true meaning of its creed: “We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal.” I have a dream that one day on the red hills of Georgia the sons of former slaves and the sons of former slave owners will be able to sit down together at the table of brotherhood. I have a dream that one day even the state of Mississippi, a state sweltering with the heat of injustice, sweltering with the heat of oppression, will be transformed into an oasis of freedom and justice. I have a dream that my four little children will one day live in a nation where they will not be judged by the color of their skin but by the content of their character. I have a dream today… “Let freedom ring from the snow-capped Rockies of Colorado. Let freedom ring from the curvaceous slopes of California. But not only that; let freedom ring from Stone Mountain of Georgia. Let freedom ring from Lookout Mountain of Tennessee. Let freedom ring from every hill and molehill of Mississippi — from every mountainside. Let freedom ring.” “Sing in the words of the Old Negro Spiritual: ‘Free at last! Free at last! Thank God Almighty, we are free at last!’” Martin Luther King Tricolon: three clauses or phrases, often in a crescendo “We can not dedicate, we can not consecrate, we can not hallow this ground.” “Government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from this earth.” “Told for so long by so many to be cynical, and fearful, and doubtful of what we can achieve.” “The partisanship and pettiness and immaturity that has poisoned our politics for so long”. “Because of what we did on this day, in this election, at this defining moment, change has come to America”. “Built by working men and women who dug into what little savings they had to give $5 and $10 and $20 to the cause”. “Block by block, brick by brick, calloused hand by calloused hand”. “The values of self-reliance, individual liberty, and national unity”. “A government of the people, by the people and for the people has not perished from the Earth”. Epiplexis: multiple rhetorical questions ‘You [Antony] will give orders to have bronze tablets engraved with the legal formula ‘the consuls by the right of law put the question to the people, and the people by right of law passed the measure.’ Which people? The ones who were shut out? And what right of law? The law which armed violence has obliterated out of existence?’ ‘What was the kindness that you did me? Not killing me at Brundisium? But what sort of kindness is it, to have abstained from committing criminal wickedness?’ Marcus Tullius Cicero, Phillipics against Mark Antony ‘I am a Jew. Hath not a Jew eyes? Hath not a Jew hands, organs, dimensions, senses, affections, passions? Fed with the same food, hurt with the same weapons, subject to the same diseases, healed by the same means, warmed and cooled by the same winter and summer as a Christian is? If you prick us, do we not bleed? If you tickle us, do we not laugh? If you poison us, do we not die? And if you wrong us, shall we not revenge?’ William Shakespeare, Shylock, The Merchant of Venice Chiasmus: two clauses inverted in reversal (i.e. XYYX) “Your gentleness shall force more than your force move us to gentleness.” “The fool doth think he is wise, but the wise man knows himself to be a fool.'” ‘All for one and one for all’ “And so my fellow Americans, ask not what your country can do for you, but what you can do for your country.” “Let us never negotiate out of fear; but let us never fear to negotiate.” J F Kennedy “Now this is not the end. It is not even the beginning of the end. But it is, perhaps, the end of the beginning.” “An optimist sees an opportunity in every calamity; a pessimist sees a calamity in every opportunity.” What I like about these examples is that they show how interconnected rhetoric is as a body of knowledge. Obama draws on the tradition of Lincoln, Kennedy and King. Churchill drew on Shakespeare. All of them drew on Cicero. Cicero’s speeches and writing on rhetoric have ‘exerted a massive, prolonged and decisive influence on the culture of the western world over two millennia.’ Something this important should be taught, and taught cohesively. These examples also show this: how much understanding great speeches depends on understanding the biographies of the speaker. As so often, it was Daisy Christodoulou who first helped me realise this. How can you understand Lincoln’s 2 minute, 250 word Gettysburg Address without knowing about his life and 8 failed elections? How can you understand Malcolm X’s firebrand rhetoric without knowing his father was murdered by the Ku Klux Klan when he was just 6? How can you understand Cicero’s lambasting of Antony without knowing of his enmity with the assassinated Caesar? Impossible. So rhetoric as a body of knowledge includes the biographies of great orators. My list of greatest speakers ever to speak in English would include (but not be restricted to): - Elizabeth Tudor - John Bright - Abraham Lincoln - Winston Churchill - Mahatma Gandhi - John F Kennedy - Martin Luther King - Malcolm X - Nelson Mandela - Barack Obama I have sequenced these in three units across Key Stage 3 in my ideal English curriculum. In Year 7, Classical rhetoric would range from Aristotle and Cicero to Shakespeare’s Caesar, Brutus, Antony, Cleopatra and Volumnia. In Year 8, English Rennaissance rhetoric would include Tudor She Wolves Anne Boleyn, Jane Grey, Mary I, Elizabeth I and Mary Queen of Scots. In Year 9, modern rhetoric might include the American, African and Indian struggle for freedom, from Washington, Jefferson, Lincoln, Kennedy, King, Malcolm X to Obama, as well as Mandela and Gandhi. This would go well with the rhetoric of Squealer, Snowball and Napoleon in Animal Farm, as well as Orwell’s 1984, as a way of interrogating the totalitarian propaganda of 20th century dictatorships. As Sam Leith says, “If knowledge is power, and rhetoric gives words power, so a knowledge of rhetoric equips you as a citizen both to exercise power and to resist it.” There is a lot in the third unit, so I am thinking of teaching Mandela and Gandhi’s biographies and speeches alongside Cicero and Caesar’s in Year 7, as an Introduction to Ancient and Modern Rhetoric. For rhetoric is not just an ancient art; it is decidedly modern. As Martin Robinson’s in his book Trivium 21c puts it: “In cyberspace, citizens of the world can meet together in a kind of virtual agora [or forum]. We are all rhetoricians now, and all the world is our stage, whether we are aware of it or not. You are only ever one tweet away from the rest of the world. We must give our children practice to prepare them for the rhetoricality of cyberspace.” He suggests that if grammar (as a metaphor for subject knowledge) is our thesis, and dialectic (critical thinking) is our antithesis, rhetoric can be seen as our synthesis: combining knowing, questioning and communicating. Certainly it is good to see teachers like David Didau putting rhetoric into his English Key Stage 3 syllabus. It is time to put rhetoric, the study of powerful speaking and writing, at the heart of English curriculum. To end with a chiasmus, learning rhetoric will help our pupils use words powerfully to influence others, and resist being overly influenced by powerful words.

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News of Iceland’s catastrophic collapse reverberated around the world, but as spectacular as it was, many were already waiting for the country’s over-inflated bubble to burst. Like a child on their first visit to a candy store, full of zeal and lacking caution, chasing the high of unfettered excess, Iceland’s system inevitably came crashing down. Its swift transition from an export-driven economy – with fishing, energy and aluminium smelting as its staple industries – into an international financial centre had quickly made Iceland a popular destination for foreign investment and currency trading. But the inexperienced, badly managed system was simply unsustainable and soon began buckling under the size of its own expansive growth. In tragically poetic timing, the 2008 financial crisis hit; with fiscal decline echoing around the globe, Iceland’s economy had no hope of saving itself from imploding. The authorities responded with the unthinkable: they let the country’s three biggest banks collapse. It was the third-largest bankruptcy in history. Then came the implementation of strict capital controls, austerity measures and a series of reforms as Iceland set out to reinvent itself. Scepticism was rife, but contrary to the qualms of critics, the controversial model actually seems to be working. Unemployment is down (see Fig 1), interest rates have deflated and pre-crisis output levels are now being surpassed. As the banks had become too big to save, the authorities decided to let them fail What goes up must come down During the 1990s, using the Irish financial model as a blueprint, the Icelandic authorities decided to revamp their economy. The country repositioned itself in the international community as a low-tax base for foreign finance and investment. Iceland’s three biggest banks – Landsbanki, Glitnir and Kaupthing – expanded exponentially, with Landsbanki in particular extending its retail operations in overseas markets. Despite being a tiny island, home to only 320,000 people, the krona became a major trading currency, surging by an astonishing 900 percent between 1994 and 2008. At one point, the banking system held assets that were worth 10 times more than Iceland’s GDP. The badly considered deregulation of the banking system in 2001 further enhanced Iceland’s reputation as an international financial centre. With much higher interest levels than those offered in their domestic markets, traders from the around the world flocked to the Nordic island. They borrowed in dollars, converted them into krona and then made a sizeable profit from bond acquisitions. Even individuals that were not in finance played the game: the Netherlands and the UK in particular made deposits with Landsbanki under what was known as ‘Icesave’. “In essence, after the rapid expansion of the bank balance sheets, the banks experienced a wholesale run, where bond investors simply did not have the appetite to maintain the necessary growth in bond issuance to keep them afloat,” Gudrun Johnsen, Assistant Professor of Finance at the University of Iceland, told World Finance. This was further exacerbated by poor-quality lending books, which included large shares of zero coupon loans that were extended to holding companies. The banks had insufficient equity buffers to meet inevitable losses, and their liabilities had risen to more than 20 times the budget of the Icelandic state. To make matters worse, liabilities were mainly denominated in foreign currency. With the unprecedented flow of capital to Iceland’s financial sector, banks went on a foolhardy, debt-fuelled spending spree, rapidly snapping up real estate and companies in overseas markets. The Harpa Concert Hall, a mammoth project that was funded by Landsbanki and hyped as Europe’s biggest glass building, now looms as a reminder of Iceland’s excess and the reckless behaviour of its banks. A luxury complex comprising shops and restaurants, which was due to be constructed around the hall, never came to fruition. As the banks had become too big to save, the authorities decided to let them fail. “Bailing out the banks in the traditional sense was never an option, therefore no such decision was made,” Johnsen said. Within days, the krona collapsed. Over 80 percent of the Icelandic financial system buckled and almost all businesses on the island were bankrupted. The stock market fell by around 95 percent, interest payments on loans soared to more than 300 percent, over 60 percent of bank assets were written off within a few months after the banks collapsed, and interest rates were hiked up to 18 percent in order to curb inflation rates. In the years that have followed, the Icelandic Government has gradually reduced interest rates, progressively falling to 4.25 percent in 2011 and then impressively falling further to meet the government’s low inflation target. Although the banks themselves were not being bailed out, the government needed an injection of capital in order to stay afloat. Iceland received a $2.1bn loan from the IMF, as well as $2.5bn from neighbouring countries. With this, the government was able to protect domestic deposits and also keep the currency from devaluing even further. In a testament to its impressive economic growth within such a relatively short timeframe, Iceland began repayments to the IMF earlier than scheduled, beginning in 2012 with 20 percent of the loan. Government officials recently announced that they expect the remainder to be paid before the end of this year. The financial sector has made substantial reformation efforts by adopting more sustainable models and introducing a more effective regulatory framework. “After the crash, the government cleaned house in all the three banks, establishing new boards and management. Banks in Iceland are well capitalised with high equity levels, and financial supervision has been strengthened immensely,” said Johnsen. There has been success in the improvement of supervisory and macrofinancial stress tests, although more still needs to be done in terms of monitoring and the establishment of financial safety nets. Changes have also been made to safeguard the interests of customers, shareholders and the wider economy. While these legal parameters are relatively weak, they indicate an adjustment in outlook and a shift in how banks operate in order to better serve society. During the country’s rehabilitation, a primary necessity was to make the economy more competitive, as well as making wages lower so they fell in line with those of other countries. Rather than drastically cutting pay, which naturally reduces both spending and the ability of citizens to repay their loans, Iceland devalued its currency by around 60 percent, thereby keeping wages at around the same level but making the krona worth less. Here lies a key advantage of a single currency during times of economic crisis, and a vital step that enabled the country to recover. The nature of the euro, on the other hand, makes it supremely more difficult for countries such as Ireland and Greece to play with this economic parameter, forcing governments instead to resort to more harmful measures in which living conditions for the population are drastically hit and the flow of capital is detrimentally restricted. The result, which has been illustrated by the case of Greece, can cause social unrest, a severe loss of confidence in the incumbent regime and an economic downward spiral that is increasingly difficult to escape from. Iceland has become one of Europe’s top performers in terms of growth – a trend that is set to continue throughout the course of the current financial year, as GDP growth is expected to reach 4.1 percent. This would leave GDP at $17.07bn (see Fig 2). Moreover, unemployment levels have fallen to four percent and inflation has reached the target rate of 2.5 percent (see Fig 3). A number of Iceland’s post-crisis strategies have contributed to this steady progress. Capital controls, for example, provided the price and currency stability needed for economic recovery, which was aided further by debt relief and austerity measures, both in the public and private sectors. According to Johnsen: “A large part of the work of the new banks was to restructure their assets and provide debt relief both to corporates and households alike. Legal disputes had to be settled before the courts, including legal standing of foreign currency linked loans that had been extended during the boom period.” Furthermore, through the devaluation of the krona, export revenue increased considerably. Fish and fishery products continue to dominate Iceland’s exports, raking in €945m ($1.03bn) in 2013, according to the European Commission. While cod has always been the biggest focus of Iceland’s marine sector, fruitful new opportunities are now being explored, most notably for mackerel, as the fish has recently started swimming in Icelandic waters. More ardent interest from tourists also began to burgeon as the tiny island gained unprecedented appeal as a cheap travel destination. Tourism has grown by 100 percent since 2006, thus indicating the economic value of an extremely promising stream of revenue for the country. In recognition of this potential, Iceland is transforming: trendy cafes, restaurants and shops now populate cities, taking the place of the bank branches that once lined the streets. The country has also invested in a host of new attractions with which to lure tourists, such as a $2.5m project to tunnel Europe’s second-largest glacier, the Ice Cave. Recent additions to the travel agenda also include the Icelandic Museum of Rock ‘n’ Roll and the country’s first crime fiction festival, Iceland Noir, in 2014. Hiking tours across the country’s volcanic edifices, as well as sailing and skiing adventures, have become extremely popular. And to accommodate the influx of visitors, more hotels are opening in the capital and in areas surrounding slopes and the coast. Naturally, there are also downsides to the approach undertaken by Iceland. Despite the overall success, the private sector has suffered, primarily due to the difficulty in acquiring loans, as well as the stifling restrictions of the capital controls. Obtaining mortgages has become particularly troublesome as home loans are ‘indexed’ to inflation rates or foreign currency, while household debt has augmented as a result of the government’s recovery measures. Despite these drawbacks, in the grand scheme of things, they are secondary to the achievements that Iceland can boast. Its success can be highlighted further by the recent pivotal moment in Iceland’s economic recovery: in June, government officials unveiled their plans to abolish the capital controls that had remained in place since 2008. The move is a vital step in the normalisation of the Icelandic economy and marks the island’s return to the global financial community. The process will be gradual, and withdrawals are subject to a 39 percent tax in order to prevent the mass exit of capital. Investors have been categorised into three groups: the first are creditors of the three failed banks, mostly comprising hedge funds that had bought bad debt from secondary markets in a desperate attempt to recover their assets. Foreign investors that have assets stuck in Iceland will be the second group permitted to take capital out of the country, followed finally by citizens wishing to invest abroad. These steps are expected to further spur Iceland’s economic growth as both private and public sectors stand to benefit from diversification. Foreign investors will be encouraged to keep their assets in Iceland through various government-led schemes, including “an option for currency, an option for different bonds in different currencies with different maturity dates”, Iceland’s Finance Minister, Bjarni Benediktsson, told Reuters. “A myriad of lessons are borne out of the Icelandic story,” said Johnsen. “The most basic one that should be introduced into public policy with relative ease is the importance of equity. Banks need to be funded with equity to a much larger degree, we are starting to see such changes being made across the board at a modest level and bank lending to holding companies needs to be scrutinised much more.” The government has also enforced a policy whereby banks can no longer create the krona when new loans are issued; generating currency thus falls solely in the jurisdiction of the central bank. Another lesson learned by the crash is the much-needed restriction on bankers’ bonuses and stricter regulations on wage packages. As Johnsen explained, despite a lack of political will, legislation stating that the variable pay of bankers cannot exceed 25 percent of their total pay was implemented soon after the crash. “Many of those bankers who transgressed against the law have been prosecuted and imprisoned, which certainly helps maintain the right incentives within the system. White-collar crime does not always pay off in Iceland,” Johnsen explained. So much can be learned from Iceland’s highly impressive and unexpected turnaround – as such, this tiny glacial island has a lot to teach the rest of Europe, and in fact the world. The country became victim to a vicious financial trap, one which saw it become the pinnacle of wealth and status within the international community. Because of this, it is understandable for the sins of excess and greed to take over – after all, they have for so many other countries in similar situations. The difference with the case of Iceland is that once it dipped to its lowest point, it had the freedom to start again from scratch. Of course, using the word ‘freedom’ to describe Iceland’s predicament in 2008 may seem peculiar, but that is essentially what its dire situation facilitated. The country’s government did what others would avoid at any cost, even at the anger and outright desperation of their citizenry: it let its banks fail. As shocking at it seemed, it was the best move that the Icelandic authorities could have made. This decision allowed the country to lay new foundations, implement a new framework and revert back to the strengths of the economy prior to its foray into international finance. Iceland is now growing at one of the fastest rates in Europe and is even paying back its enormous loans early – a tremendously impressive feat and one that could never have been imagined not so long ago. Along with the individual lessons that can be taken from the Icelandic example, perhaps the most important and over-reaching is to not follow the standard protocol for escaping national debt and economic crises – these methods clearly do not work, as is perfectly illustrated by Greece at present, as well as the debt-shackled economies of post-colonial Africa. Iceland made its own success – of course, with some help from its neighbours and the ever-present IMF – but it managed to save itself from economic self-destruction and carve a positive future by doing things its own way and, ultimately, proving everyone wrong.

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In England and Wales, a notary is a type of lawyer who specialises in preparing and certifying documents for use in other jurisdictions. Companies may need to have documents notarised if, for example, they are opening a branch office or a bank account or appointing a representative in another country, buying or selling a ship or registered property, or submitting proof of residence for tax purposes. Examples of when a private individual may need a notary are if they are buying or selling property abroad, if they have inherited property abroad, if they wish to appoint someone to administer their affairs in another country or simply if they wish to give their child permission to travel abroad. Solicitors form by far the largest part of the legal profession in England and Wales, providing advice and representation to their clients in the vast majority of fields of law whether civil or criminal, contentious or non-contentious, national or international. Notaries, on the other hand, form a small, highly specialised branch of the legal profession, whose main area of specialisation is the preparation and certification of documents so that they may be effective abroad. A solicitor is not a proper person to certify documents which are intended to be used outside England and Wales – this is the role of a notary. One important difference between a notary and a solicitor is that whereas a solicitor’s primary duty is to his client, the notary’s primary duty is to the world at large and to anyone who places reliance on his notarial act. This means that a notary must always be independent and impartial. A notary’s acts can be relied upon as an accurate statement of the facts the world over. Scrivener notaries are a more highly qualified branch of the notarial profession in England and Wales and are fluent in two languages besides English to enable them to deal with documents in foreign languages. More information on Scrivener notaries can be found here. Although it is part of every notary’s role to authenticate documents, there are very large differences between our work and that of (a) Continental / civil law notaries and (b) US notaries: (a) Notaries are an integral part of the legal system in Civil Law jurisdictions such as most of continental Europe and South America. In those jurisdictions, a notary is required to prepare and authenticate almost all legal acts and a notary in such countries would deal primarily with documents for use within his own country. (b) In the US, by contrast, being a notary is not a profession, and US notaries are not usually required to have any legal qualifications. They are easily located and usually certify documents for routine matters by simply signing a pre-printed form. In reflection of the fact that it is usually only a small additional source of income for the notary and there are very few rules to comply with, fees are very low. Clients sometimes ask if ‘US notaries’ are available in the UK: apart from their equivalents at the US Consulate, who will notarise documents for US citizens only, the answer is ‘no’, but a UK notary is the appropriate person to certify documents for use in the US. The purpose of notarial certification is to authenticate legal documents. This is normally required to enable particular documents to be accepted abroad by courts, registries or other notaries. The form of certification varies substantially according to the document and the country in which it is to be used. Generally, the notary is certifying the genuineness of the signature(s) on the document, the identity and capacity of the person signing and, if applicable, their authority to represent the company or entity they are signing for. We may also certify that the document is correctly executed in accordance with English law. We can also certify true copies of original documents and the truth and accuracy of translations. In all cases, a notarised document bears the notary’s signature and official seal. Yes. Affidavits, statutory declarations and oaths of all types for use outside England and Wales should be attested by a notary. We are also authorised to attest affidavits, statutory declarations and oaths where the documents will be used within England and Wales in our capacity as commissioners for oaths. Affidavits and statutory declarations must always be sworn or declared in front of the notary. In general, the answer to this question is yes. The first time we notarise a client’s signature on a document, it is preferable for us to meet the signatory in person, identify them by means of their identity documents and witness their signature. It is particularly necessary that the document is executed in the presence of the notary where this is required either by English law or by the applicable foreign law for the formal validity of the document, such as for affidavits or statutory declarations or for certain public form powers of attorney. It is normally clear on the face of the document when the notary must be present, such as by the inclusion of the words “Before me”. When the notary does not need to state expressly that the document has been signed before him/her and already has a record of the signature on file, the documents may be sent round to our office and the notary may certify the authenticity of a signature without witnessing it. Yes, if you need to see a notary. To make an appointment, telephone or e-mail our office and the person answering will be able to fix a suitable time for you to attend at our offices or for a notary to attend at your offices, as you prefer. Appointments may be made for meetings at our offices or elsewhere and we are pleased to attend at the offices of our clients or those of third parties if this is more convenient. It should be noted, however, that if the notary comes to your offices to witness the documents being signed, it is invariably necessary for us to take them back to our offices to complete the certification and recordation before returning them to our clients or forwarding them and any copies as per the client’s request. If you are signing a document and we do not have details of you and your signature in our records, we will need to see proof of your personal identity. If you are signing a document on behalf of a company or organisation, we will also need to see evidence of both your capacity to sign on behalf of the company or organisation (such as a power of attorney, board resolution or signature book) and of the organisation’s existence, unless we already hold this evidence in our files. Following the implementation of the Money Laundering Regulations 2003 and in accordance with the Proceeds of Crime Act 2002, we are obliged to keep sufficient evidence on our files of the identity and the address of all our clients before we undertake any work. From private individual clients of all nationalities, we therefore require two pieces of identification – one personal identification document from the list below and one proof of residence at the time of the appointment for each person whose signature we are certifying and for the person who is acting as our client for billing purposes: • driving licence (with photocard) • national identity card • Lloyd’s Pass • an armed forces pass (with photo and signature) • firearms licence (with photo and signature) • other government issue ID (with photo and signature). Proof of residence can be one of the following original documents: • Bank statement or letter (not credit card statement or bill) dated within the last 3 months • Utility bill dated within the last 3 months (not mobile phone bill, but can include council tax bill or statement if party is addressee and property being taxed is at the same address) • Letter of confirmation from a lawyer, accountant, banker or doctor. When we are acting for a corporate client, we need evidence of the due incorporation of the company or entity. This can be one of the following documents: • Recent extract from the company register (which Saville & Co. can obtain directly for UK and many foreign registers) • Goodstanding certificate dated within the last 3 months • Certificate of incorporation (if recently incorporated) • Latest report and audited accounts • Up to date certified copy of partnership agreement • Letter of identification from professional firm, bank or from a member of the prospective client who is already known to Saville & Co. • Evidence of being regulated by a regulatory body such as the Law Society or FSA. Please note that in addition to the evidence of the due incorporation of the company, each individual signatory will need to produce one of the personal identification documents mentioned above. In all cases, we will need to take copies of the documents for our files. We are of course bound by standard confidentiality rules and these copies will not be made available to anyone else. However, we are obliged by our professional rules to keep them. We are also registered as a data controller with the Information Commissioner’s Office under registration number ZA349711. If these documents have already been produced to Saville & Co., it will not be necessary to produce them again unless they have expired. This is the case even if you are seeing a different notary from Saville & Co. Saville Notaries LLP is registered as a data controller with the Information Commissioner’s Office under no. ZA349711 and complies with the principles set out in the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) (EU) 2016/679 (“GDPR”). Please see our Privacy Notice for further information. Frequently, documents that have been notarially certified must be further legalised to be fully accepted in the jurisdiction where they will be used. Legalisation is a form of governmental authentication of the notary’s (or other public officer’s) signature, seal and capacity. Very broadly, destination countries can be divided into three groups: 1. those for which no further legalisation of notarised documents is required – typically common-law or Commonwealth jurisdictions; 2. those that are members of a convention [the Hague Convention abolishing the requirement of legalisation for foreign public documents, 1961], for which a type of legalisation known as the apostille should be universally accepted; 3. other countries, for which consular legalisation is needed, i.e. authentication by the Consulate of the destination country – usually in addition to the apostille. As this is a complicated area, for more specific guidance please use this page to select the country in question and find out what legalisation is required and approximately how long it should take. It is a form of legalisation, issued in the UK by the Foreign and Commonwealth Office [FCO]. The apostille is a certificate which is attached to a public document – normally, in this context, our notarial certificates – and verifies the signature and seal of the officer who issued it – here, the notary, so that the notarised document can take effect in countries which have ratified the Hague Convention abolishing the requirement of legalisation for foreign public documents of 1961 (see a list of those countries here). The FCO has two levels of service:- the premium (while you wait) service for business customers only at £75 per document, which can be obtained by us through their London office and the standard service at £30 per document, which is obtained through the FCO’s office in Milton Keynes, either by post or in person. Our messengers attend the office in London several times a day for both our commercial and private clients, while they normally attend the office in Milton Keynes on Monday, Wednesday and Friday. Thus the premium service can be obtained the same day or the following day, while the standard service takes 3 – 5 working days. Apostilles can also be attached directly to some public documents such as birth certificates, HMRC certificates or Companies House certificates; we can also arrange this on our clients’ behalf. For the vast majority of straightforward matters and if legalisation is not required, we aim to complete our notarial certificate either during an appointment in our office or, if you are not attending, to complete it and return the document(s) within the same day. However there are times when the matters are more complicated or we need to be provided with supporting documents; in such cases we will aim to let you know at the outset how long the matter should take. Documents that need to be legalised will take longer – see details here – although we also aim to have documents notarised and apostilled on the same day if we receive them early enough. In England and Wales, notarial fees are set by each notarial firm and not according either to a scale set by the Government as is the case with many European countries, or in accordance with a general agreement made between all notaries. Indeed, any such general agreement would infringe the provisions of English law relating to price fixing. Our fees range from £96 for the attestation of a simple document in English, executed by an individual, to several thousand pounds for large and complex corporate transactions. VAT is charged where appropriate. Our fees are calculated on the basis of the nature and number of documents and the time involved, together with a basic instruction fee and elements in respect of legalisation, translation, foreign languages, drafting, correspondence and any other factors where these apply. We do not issue a sample price list as this could be very misleading: there are many different elements taken into consideration. However, we are very happy to give an estimate of our fees and the costs involved in advance of undertaking any work. We expect private clients to settle our fees on completion of the work and corporate clients within 30 days of billing, unless there is agreement to the contrary.

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There are always the What-ifs we wish we knew Profit and Loss (or PnL) is a self-explanatory term that simply refers to the total profit or loss made by an individual or group over a period. While we won’t know the exact PnL until it happens, the PnL Explain technique seeks to estimate the daily PnL from the change in the underlying risk factors for financial instruments such as equities and derivatives. The returns for bonds for instance, could be affected by risk factors such as duration, credit spreads and default risk, not to mention macroeconomic risk factors such as volatility and inflation. In this case, the risk factors are represented by the yield curve rates for each tenor, within a yield curve.Usually a portfolio risk manager will monitor the risk factors that impact his portfolio instead of monitoring all the positions booked in his portfolio. To assess what will be the value of his portfolio, the portfolio manager is interested in performing what-if analysis based on a scenario of the risk factor values. The various dimensions of risk called sensitivities, are represented by Greeks such as Delta, Gamma, Theta, and Vega. In this article however, we shall explore a simplified use case of PnL Explained by using only Delta (Δ) to represent sensitivity. Delta here gives the rate of change in value against the price movement. For instance, in our dataset against the EUR-Govt-NL curve, we see that Delta is 0.01 for the currency EUR. This means that if there is a 2,000,000 drop in market value, the impact of this change is (0.01 x -2,000,000). Therefore, our theoretical PnL will be -20,000. In this article, we shall explore PnL Explained using atoti library in a Jupyter notebook. Thereafter, we will utilise atoti’s simulation capability to create a few scenarios that stress the yield curves. Getting started with atoti Now that we understand PnL Explained a little more than before, let’s see how atoti comes into play in our use case. atoti is a python library that allows us to easily create a multi-dimensional data cube. In fact, its in-memory data cube enables us to process more data at an accelerated speed with minimal latency, thus making it a powerful aggregation engine. atoti can natively consume csv and parquet files into data stores, for instance: position_sensitivity_store = session.read_csv('data/position_sensitivities.csv', keys=['book_id', 'instrument_code', 'currency', 'curve', 'tenor'], store_name="Position Sensitivities Store") Additionally, atoti also supports data objects from pandas and spark dataframes: dataframe = pandas.read_csv('data/position_sensitivities.csv') position_sensitivity_store = session.read_pandas( dataframe, keys=['book_id', 'instrument_code', 'currency', 'curve', 'tenor'], store_name="Position Sensitivities Store") This implies that we are not constrained by the format our data comes in. With pandas and spark dataframes, we can virtually integrate any form of data, perform changes on it and then integrate the data into atoti, ready to be translated into a cube. After creating the data stores required for our use cases, we join them together to get the following setup: Position Sensitivities Store is what we called a base store. For the cube to display a book, it must be available in this store. All we have to do next is to invoke create_cube on the base store: position_sensitivity_cube = session.create_cube( position_sensitivity_store, "Position_Sensitivities" ) There you go! Simple as that! By default, a cube is created in auto mode and that means that a hierarchy is created for every non-numeric column, and a measure is created for every numeric column. Advanced users can also set mode to manual and only a count measure will be created. If you just want the hierarchy but do not want the measures? Set it to no_measures mode. Diving into Theoretical PnL If we take the difference between the rates at the start and end of day, we can calculate the daily change in yield: Yield Change = (Last rate – Start rate) x Notional We can then estimate the impact of Delta on this change simply by multiplying them: Theoretical PnL = Delta x Yield Change Using atoti, these translate to: m['Theoretical PnL'] = tt.agg.sum( m['sensi.SUM'] * (m['last.VALUE']-m['start_of_day.VALUE']) * m['notional.SUM'], scope=tt.scope.origin('currency', 'curve', 'tenor', 'book_id', 'instrument_code') ) Note that we are aggregating within the scope of the data cube levels defined in the command above. We will inspect the yield curves at these levels in our later use cases. Theoretical PnL by Investment Portfolio The beauty of having a multi-dimensional cube is that we can quickly aggregate the PnL at different levels. In the table on the left, we drill-down the Investment Portfolio hierarchy. We could see the aggregated subtotal at each level of the hierarchy. In the table on the right, we look at a portfolio from a single level hierarchy. We could see that it gives the total PnL of the portfolio regardless of the fund breakdowns. In any case, we always have the flexibility to drill-down to the funds, giving different perspectives of the same data. The Yield Curve gives insights to the future interest rate changes and economic activity. A normal yield curve which shows an upward curve, shows longer-term bonds having higher yields than short-term ones. Short-term interest rates are the lowest because there is less embedded inflation risk. This shows economic expansion. This is what we are having in our current use case. An inverted curve which has a downward slope, is a sign of an upcoming recession. Investors believe that interest rates will fall in the near future, hence preferred longer-term bonds that give lower yields but are safer investment. The low demand in the shorter-term bonds causes yields to therefore go higher. A flat or humped yield curve shows that the yields for the shorter-term and longer-term bonds are very close to each other. Investors are expecting interest rates to remain about the same, probably an economic transition. Seeing the importance of the yield curves, it would be interesting to see how the change in rates changes the shape of the curve and downstream, the Theoretical PnL. Simulations – Trouble’s brewing Applying sensitivity against the Asset Class and Currency, we can see that the 3 peaks are in the order of “Rates & Credit, EUR”, “Forex, EUR” and lastly “Equity, EUR”. Currency EUR seems like a probable candidate for running simulation for the yield curves. With this in mind, we shall set up a simulation and baseline our initial data as Last Curve. Under this simulation, we will reduce the last rate of the currency EUR for different maturities: curve_simulation = position_sensitivity_cube.setup_simulation( "Curve Simulation", per=[lvl["tenor"],lvl["currency"]], add=[m["last.VALUE"]], base_scenario_name = 'Last Curve' ) Immediately we will be able to see a new hierarchy called Curve Simulation under the dimension Measure Simulations in the cube. We are now ready to stir up some trouble for the Euro! Scenario 1 – Parallel Shift We create a scenario under this simulation, where the last rate for currency EUR is reduced by 0.1%, also known as 10 basis points (bps), regardless of the maturity. This should result in a parallel shift in the yield curve. It happens commonly when the yield curve is upward sloping. This simulation is important for investors who might liquidate their positions before maturity, as the shift can cause bond prices to fluctuate substantially. The below statement defines a 10 bps reduction in the last.VALUE for EUR, across all tenors (first parameter with the * value). curve_shift = curve_simulation.scenarios['Curve Parallel Shift'] curve_shift += ("*", "EUR", -0.001, tt.simulation.Priority.CRITICAL) We put both the scenarios under Curve Simulation hierarchy together on a chart, and we observe that while the curve retains its shape, all the data points moved to the right of the graph. This shift in rates for EUR causes the Theoretical PnL to go from positive to negative, with Rates & Credit suffering the most loss. Inline with the Risk map we saw earlier, Risk & Credit is the most sensitive to changes to EUR among the three asset classes. In such a scenario, investors should mitigate the risk by reducing the bond duration, hence alleviating the volatility. Scenario 2 – Inverse Curve Investors expect short-term bills to plummet if recession is coming, as interest rates will be lowered when the economy slows down. Hence, they are more willing to hold on to longer-term bonds to have a safer investment, despite the lower yield. The drop in demand for short-term bonds sends its yields up, while the higher demand in longer-term bonds drives its yield down further. We will then see the inverse curve. An inverted yield curve is therefore said to be a predictor of an incoming recession. To simulate the beginning of a recession, we are going to bring the rates down by 20 bps for those longer-term bonds, affecting only the currency EUR. curve_inversion = curve_simulation.scenarios['Curve Inversion'] curve_inversion += ("5Y", "EUR", -0.002, tt.simulation.Priority.CRITICAL) curve_inversion += ("6Y", "EUR", -0.002, tt.simulation.Priority.CRITICAL) curve_inversion += ("7Y", "EUR", -0.002, tt.simulation.Priority.CRITICAL) curve_inversion += ("8Y", "EUR", -0.002, tt.simulation.Priority.CRITICAL) curve_inversion += ("9Y", "EUR", -0.002, tt.simulation.Priority.CRITICAL) We observed a slight inversion in the curve from the tenor 4Y to 5Y before it becomes a shift to the right, as in the case of a parallel shift. We see the Theoretical PnL becomes negative for a tenor period of 5 years and beyond. Scenario 3 – Inverse Curve Stress As recession looms, we stress the curve by reducing the rates further for maturity greater or equal to 7 years: curve_inversion_stress = curve_simulation.scenarios['Curve Inversion Stress'] curve_inversion_stress += ("5Y", "EUR", -0.002, tt.Priority.CRITICAL) curve_inversion_stress += ("6Y", "EUR", -0.002, tt.Priority.CRITICAL) curve_inversion_stress += ("7Y", "EUR", -0.004, tt.Priority.CRITICAL) curve_inversion_stress += ("8Y", "EUR", -0.004, tt.Priority.CRITICAL) curve_inversion_stress += ("9Y", "EUR", -0.004, tt.Priority.CRITICAL) Comparing the Theoretical PnL across the 3 scenarios (Last Curve, Curve Inversion and Curve Inversion Stress), we see that the curve gradually gets inverted. Unless we get all the analysts to learn python and use Jupyter notebook, this way of running simulation is not very user friendly. Not to mention, it gets a little repetitive trying to write the simulation and visualize the analysis each time we have a simulation. Luckily, there is a more efficient and user-friendly way to interact with the data. That would be publishing the visuals that we have previously created as widgets and create an interactive dashboard for our users. Publishing a visual is straightforward. Right-click on the visual and select Publish widget in app. Tips: It is easier to identify our widgets by passing in a name when we are doing visualization. E.g. position_sensitivity_cube.visualize(‘Yield Curve Curve Parallel Shift’) Click on Open App after we have published all the widgets that we are interested in. Otherwise, we can also execute session.url to get the url to access the atoti UI. We can quickly put together interesting dashboards that could be shared with our users and have them run the simulation from atoti UI directly. You can use the Measure Simulations widget to update your simulation or create new scenarios. Keep your eyes on atoti.

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“Jingle Bells” is one of the most performed and well-known secular holiday songs ever written, not only in the United States, but around the world. It’s the first song to have been broadcast from space—by Gemini 6 astronauts nine days before Christmas in 1965. It’s regularly been sung at the White House—most recently by President Barack Obama and his family upon lighting the National Christmas Tree in 2016. But “Jingle Bells” isn’t being sung anymore at Brighton’s Council Rock Primary School. “Jingle Bells,” explained Council Rock principal Matt Tappon in an email, has been replaced with other songs that don’t have “the potential to be controversial or offensive.” “Jingle Bells” offensive? How so? Tappon and other staff confirmed by email that the decision to remove the song was based in part on information in a 2017 article written by professor Kyna Hamill, director of Boston University’s Core Curriculum. Hamill’s article is a deep dive (nearly 12,000 words including appendices and footnotes) into the origin of “Jingle Bells,” the life of its composer, James L. Pierpont, and the popularity of sleigh songs in the mid-1800s. She found documents showing that the song’s first public performance may have occurred in 1857 at a Boston minstrel show. Minstrelsy was a then-popular form of entertainment in which white actors performed in blackface. But when told that Council Rock has removed ‘Jingle Bells” based partly on her research, Hamill responded in an email: “I am actually quite shocked the school would remove the song from the repertoire. … I, in no way, recommended that it stopped being sung by children.” My article tried to tell the story of the first performance of the song, I do not connect this to the popular Christmas tradition of singing the song now. The very fact of (“Jingle Bells’”) popularity has to do (with) the very catchy melody of the song, and not to be only understood in terms of its origins in the minstrel tradition. … I would say it should very much be sung and enjoyed, and perhaps discussed. Hamill, who has spoken to media and individuals nationally and internationally about her research, added that this is the first time she’s heard of a school removing the song from its repertoire. When I shared Hamill’s response with Council Rock staff, Allison Rioux, Brighton Central School District assistant superintendent for curriculum and instruction, offered a different reason for removing “Jingle Bells.” She wrote: Some suggest that the use of collars on slaves with bells to send an alert that they were running away is connected to the origin of the song Jingle Bells. While we are not taking a stance to whether that is true or not, we do feel strongly that this line of thinking is not in agreement with our district beliefs to value all cultures and experiences of our students. “For this reason,” Rioux concluded, “along with the idea that there are hundreds of other 5 note songs, we made the decision to not teach the song directly to all students.” A quick Google search shows that bells on horses were common as far back as Roman times. The linkage of “sleigh bells” with slave bells is not addressed in Hamill’s paper. When I asked Hamill about this, she responded: The use of bells on enslaved peoples may be true, but there is no connection to the song that I have discovered in my research. Perhaps finding a well-referenced source for this claim might be in order if that is what (school officials) want to determine as the cause for not singing it. In today’s world, with culture wars too often raging and school children and parents increasingly caught in the middle, it’s often difficult to determine whether a given decision is just politically correct or actually wise. And certainly, within the scope of trying to reform the curriculum of a school district comprising four buildings, hundreds of professional and support staff, and thousands of students to be more diverse and inclusive, the removal of one song is a small matter. But once you get that tune in your head—“Dashing through the snow, in a one-horse open sleigh”—it’s hard to get it out. I got the tune in my head, so I figured—small matter or not—I might as well try to learn more about how and why the school came to remove it. Besides, as a Brighton resident and alumnus of Council Rock, I have an affinity for the school and like to understand what’s going on there. A sleigh song’s story I first learned that Council Rock had dropped “Jingle Bells” from a notice posted earlier this year on the district’s public website. In a section on “Diversity and Equity,” the district chronicles its years-long anti-racist, anti-bias initiative, including the assessment of curriculum and teaching practices through a lens of being inclusive and culturally responsive. Second-grade teachers, for example, noted their priority of making lessons “representative of our community of learners and their diverse backgrounds.” (Diversity consultants hired by the district have advised Council Rock teachers to “move away” from using gendered terms such as “Boys and Girls” and instead refer to students as “learners,” “friends,” “thinkers,” or “Council Rock Citizens.”) In that same update, a Council Rock music teacher reported that some songs they’d been teaching were now found to have a “questionable past.” These songs are “no longer in our repertoire,” the music teacher wrote, and have been replaced by “more contemporary and relevant content.” Some of the songs, such as “Jump Jim Joe” (original title: “Jump Jim Crow”) and “Ching a Ring Chaw” (written in supposed southern Black dialect), clearly are racist in conception or lyrics. The concern with others, such as “Cumberland Gap” (an Appalachian folk song played on banjo or fiddle) and “Jingle Bells,” is unclear. In her article, Hamill provides some background on “Jingle Bells” composer James L. Pierpont. Born in Boston in 1822, Pierpont initially tried many ways of making a living— during the California Gold Rush he moved out West but had no luck—before settling into a career as music teacher, church organist, and songwriter. His father, an ardent abolitionist, and one older brother were both Unitarian ministers. Pierpont wrote in many genres, including ballads, light opera, and polkas. He wrote “Jingle Bells” (originally titled “One Horse Open Sleigh”) at a time, notes Hamill, when sleigh songs were all the rage. She writes: “As a synonym for youth (not unlike fast cars in the twentieth century), the mania for sleigh riding made its way into popular literary, theatrical, and visual culture.” And that included the minstrel stage. The song itself consists not only of the familiar opening verse and chorus, but three additional verses that describe, in Hamill’s words, a “youthful courtship ritual.” They describe a young couple sitting next to each other when suddenly their fast-moving sleigh overturns, landing them together in the snow. (Of these verses, the New England Historical Society explains: “In its day, Pierpont’s tune was the equivalent of a Beach Boy’s song about fast cars, pretty girls and sneaking off to be together in private—a sleigh was one of the few places where a young couple could be alone and unsupervised.”) Hamill hypothesizes that Pierpont “needed the work,” and therefore wrote the song and others like it to conform to the conventions of minstrel shows at that time, such as fast sleighs, bells, and young people courting and laughing. He wrote such songs, she says, “out of pure financial necessity.” Hamill’s article makes no suggestion that Pierpont was an ideologue. He was peripatetic, his interests varying with time and place: As a young man living in the North, he served in the U.S. Navy; in midlife, having moved to Georgia to work as music director at his brother’s church and remarry, when war broke out he served briefly as clerk in a Confederate company, even writing songs for the regiment. In researching “Jingle Bells,” Hamill noted that one of her original aims had been to resolve a long-standing dispute as to where Pierpont had composed the song: the Boston suburb of Medford, Mass., or Savannah, Ga. That issue remains unresolved and both communities continue to claim credit. An unanswered question The Council Rock music teachers directly involved in the decision to remove “Jingle Bells” from the school’s repertoire have retired, and Brighton assistant superintendent Rioux and Council Rock principal Tappon both declined to speak directly with me about the decision. If they had spoken with me, I’d have liked to better understand the decision-making process about removing the song and to learn what “contemporary and relevant” songs have replaced it. I’d also have liked to speak with those in the school community—staff or families—who may have expressed concerns about the song to better understand and include their points of view. In the end, what we seem to have is one of the world’s most popular songs that, according to one researcher, may have been written to be performed 164 years ago in a minstrel show, a racist form of entertainment demeaning to blacks. And yet the song’s lyrics, only the first verse of which is sung today, are not racist, and the author appears not to have been an ideologue. So, here’s the question we’re left with: Is Council Rock’s decision to stop singing “Jingle Bells” a reasonable step to create a more inclusive school curriculum, or an instance of well-intentioned overreach? It’s hard to know. What do you think? For now, let’s end on a musical note: One of the consulting firms hired by the Brighton Central School District to help implement its diverse and inclusive initiative is called the Metropolitan Center for Research on Equity and the Transformation of Schools. It’s part of New York University’s Steinhardt School of Culture, Education, and Human Development. In December 2019, NYU’s Steinhardt School announced it would host a Christmas Jazz Concert. Leading the All-University Jazz Orchestra would be eight-time Grammy nominee Bobby Sanabria. In 2018, Sanabria was honored as a musician and educator by the U.S. Congressional Black Caucus. The Christmas concert, said Sanabria, would feature young artists who represent “NYU’s commitment to cultural diversity.” The concert program, stated an NYU press release, would include Christmas classics “adapted to Afro-Latin rhythms,” among them “Winter Wonderland,” “Carol of the Bells”—and “Jingle Bells.”

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Wired is carring a couple of articles on recent regenerative medicine research using stem cell therapies. (The second article is here). On the one hand researchers are demonstrating successful liver and heart regeneration using adult stem cells. On the other hand, adult stem cells may not be as powerful as was hoped. Therapies may have side-effects -- such as cancer -- due to cellular abnormalities. KurzweilAI.net is carrying a report on the recent Future of Life conference. Heady visions of the near future of medical, anti-aging and life extension technology are mixed in with other predictions. This is what we are working towards: a future of widely available, cheap biotechnologies that extend and improve our lives. (Groups like the President's Council For Bioethics are trying very hard to ensure that this future never happens: they must be stopped). The Cryonics Society of Canada has updated their site; it's a useful resource for those who want to know more about cryonics. As noted by responsible cryonicists, cryonics is best viewed as an experiment with -- as of now -- an unknown chance of success. That said, there are currently no better chances for radical life extension available to those who will die before anti-aging and regenerative medicine become widely available. An article from Dateline Alabama notes a recent lecture by Steven Austad, a well regarded researcher. "According to traditional medical advances, we are clearly going to live longer and longer and longer" said Austad. You may recall that Prof. Austad made a good presentation to the unreceptive and unhelpful President's Council on Bioethics. I've mentioned cancer vaccine research before. Cancer is one of the most common and dangerous age-related conditions, so defeating cancer is an important component of the fight against aging. Researchers seem to be closer to winning this fight, as described in this article from Cancerpage.com. Cancer research is a medical success story in the making. Today cancer, tomorrow Alzheimer's! Looks like the European Parliment may fall in with the US and French governments in trying to ban promising stem cell and theraputic cloning research. This brief piece from Betterhumans doesn't give much more information than that, but it looks like we'll be hearing more about this before the year is out. Remember that you can (and should) take action to support the research that will improve and lengthen your life! Most major medical advances -- now and in coming years -- will be through our power to manipulate the very small. Researchers are enhanching our ability to work with genes, molecules and proteins in order to build the therapies of tomorrow. This Eurekalert article briefly discusses progress in this field of scientific endeavor. A PDF transcript of the debate between Francis Fukuyama (pro death, anti life extension) and Ron Bailey is up at SAGE Crossroads. It covers a fair amount of ground, but includes talk on anti-aging technologies, regulation and bioethics. We've all seen Fukuyama's argument before: that a nebulous concept of "human dignity" is more important than developing new medicine that will save lives and prevent the effects of aging. I'm a little late in noting this one from the Betterhumans event calendar. Gregory Stock debates Bill McKibben on Thursday 27th of this month in Washington. This is essentially an argument between opposing views on life extension and anti-aging medicine: those who want it versus those who want to legislate it out of existence. The Center for Inquiry has a page up allowing you to send a message to your elected representatives. "The debate in Congress over human cloning has received scant attention with the war in Iraq raging. It means that the American public is paying little attention to one of the most important ethical issues in the history of science while it is being debated and legislated in the halls of Congress. Meanwhile, the promise of therapeutic cloning research hangs in the balance." The Washington Times notes that Arkansas politicians signed into law a ban on theraputic cloning. This current round of anti-research legislation is very much a battle, and a battle that could hurt our health. CAMR get a few lines in this article: good to see them having a higher profile. They're doing good work in trying to prevent federal criminalization of this vital medical research. SAGE Crossroads has officially launched. It's an impressive-looking online forum for emerging issues of human aging, aimed at a wider audience than the very reputable but more academic SAGE KE. (SAGE KE is requires registration, but is well worth exploring). SAGE Crossroads is funded by Science Magazine and the Alliance for Aging Research. I'm always pleased to see more well-backed anti-aging community ventures! Supplements are probably the source of the most anti-aging information and misinformation that you'll find online. The best points of view usually come from those who are not trying to sell you anything. Here, MoreLife gives us an outline on the value and use of supplements. It's not too far from my own views and practices insofar as supplements go. Betterhumans reports that the broader Senate debate on criminalizing theraputic cloning has begun; a committee has convened and debate has started. Without wishing to sound like a broken record: we need to make our voices heard, now more than ever. If the Senate votes to criminalize theraputic cloning, it will be an enormous setback to regenerative medicine: this will directly damage your health and longevity. From Newsfactor, new of a survey showing most Americans are in favor of permitting theraputic cloning research. Looks like the advocates are getting somewhere! It's also good to see that CAMR is out there swinging. Keep up the good work! Remember that you can help to prevent a theraputic cloning ban. Take five minutes today and make your voice heard. Here's another story on supplements (from Betterhumans) that should get you thinking. Only two supplements out of 250 live up to the advertised claims! The same sorts of numbers are almost certainly true of other types of supplements. Remember: research carefully and talk to your physician before taking supplements for any anti-aging purposes. Calorie restriction is the only currently proven method of life extension. Transvision 2003 is inching closer: have you registered yet? It should prove to be an good conference for those interested in life extension, future medicine and possible regulation of the same. (I can't say I'm a big fan of bioethics these days, but you'll be seeing a lot of discussion on that topic). A list of speakers is up for your perusal as well. InfoAging is reprinting another article on possible benefits of a moderate level of alcohol consumption. It's worth bearing in mind all the alternate explanations before running to the store, but there does seem to be a mounting pile of evidence for the benefits. Newsday supplies this warning on human growth hormone: most sold online as having anti-aging effects is fake. Beware, however! This is really a deeper warning and cautionary tale about supplements in general. There is no magic bullet, no youth pill. Calorie restriction is the only proven way to slow aging. Research into regenerative medicine is the surest path to defeating aging. Yahoo is carrying a suprising article on Geron's latest anti-cancer vaccine, based on genetic therapies. People seem to think that this one is important, a big step ahead. It made a clean sweep of cancer cells in studies. I've been saying for a while that cancer looks to be on the way out -- I hope that we can say the same about many other conditions of aging before too long. From the BBC, Japanese doctors are regenerating damaged eyes (in actual patients) using stem cell therapy. This is amazing work, and yet more evidence that stem cell research in the US should be allowed to progress unimpeded by legislation. Transplant tissue and replacement organs cloned/grown from a patient's own cells will be a fundamental component of regenerative medicine and extended, healthy lifespans. This article (found through Transhumanity) talks about the damage that current US legislation is doing to vital, fundamental medical research. Funding is vanishing, researchers are leaving. We are still in a hole, essentially, even without considering pending legislation that will make things worse. From the New York Times: an article on the many organizations that back and fund stem cell research. It's about time we saw more mainstream media discussion of this side of the debate. Stem cell research is too significant -- for anti-aging, regenerative medicine, and cures for many conditions -- for us not to fight for as much research funding as possible. Over at ScienceBlog, there is commentary on recent research using stem cells in mice. The stem cells gave rise to insulin-producing cells in the pancreas, which opens a host of possibilities. This is further confirmation of the power of stem cells to regenerate damaged organs: and why we shouldn't ban theraputic cloning. From MSNBC: US life expectancy is at a new high and increasing by 0.2 years per year, largely due to advances in treatment and prevention of fatal conditions. Life expectancy is still way too low, of course! Anti-aging medicine is still very much underfunded and unappreciated; we have a lot of work to do yet. This time round, the "silver fleece" awards go to Clonaid, amongst others. Those who merit a silver fleece, "are people who are trying to exploit the fear of death that almost everyone has." For monetary gain, needless to say, and without providing real, scientifically proven benefits. There is a serious message here: don't put your hopes and money on the table without first doing your research. As the BBC reports, the House of Lords in the UK rejected a bid to ban theraputic cloning. Good for them! Theraputic cloning research is vital to the development of future regenerative medicine: cures for many diseases and the possibility of defeating aging. (Find out more about theraputic cloning at InfoAging). New Scientist has posted an interview with Christopher Reeve that focuses on his advocacy of stem cell research and theraputic cloning. Reeve and his foundation are doing great work, all of which directly benefits us. Please take five minutes to let him know that we fully support his efforts, or help to get his words heard in more mainstream press. Medical technology is a complex, layered concern. Every breakthrough depends on an entire array of carefully developed tools and procedures. Eurekalert describes the creation of an institute focusing on one such set of tools for future regenerative medicine. In not too many years from now, our current medical sophistication will look positively Medieval! The BBC carries this article on the development of an artificial liver. If progress in artificial hearts in recent years is any guide, we could soon expect devices small enought to fit inside the body. It is interesting to see mechanical prosthetics keeping pace with genetic and cellular research into regenerative medicine. Slate is running a series of articles on how medicine and technology will improve the human body and overcome our physical failings. Most of this has little direct relevance to anti-aging medicine, but this article on memory (and loss of memory and Alzheimer's) is worth reading. My attention was drawn today to this PDF article from 2001. It is an interesting and very accessible look at the near future of anti-aging medicine. It includes some enlightening insights into the current poor state of research funding -- unfortunately, not much has changed there in the last couple of years. (Can't read PDF? Get the free Acrobat PDF Reader). CAMR reprints a pointed essay on the possible criminalization of theraputic cloning research. Again, this is another good example of something standing up to say obvious things that have to be said: that this is politics on the back of human lives and human suffering. It is very good to see influential advocates like Christopher Reeve speaking out against current government and bioethics council positions. (Article from Newsfactor). We need more people like Reeve to stand up and say the obvious. I urge you all to use the following link to congratulate Christopher Reeve and his staff on his recent stem cell advocacy. Wired carries commentary on the recent use of stem cells to treat serious heart damage. As the article points out, legislative opposition to stem cell therapies could be muted by demonstrations of new life-saving medical technology. I certainly hope so. A solid, informative article on life extension research from Newsfactor. Some good quotes and good advice on what to expect in the near future. Here is an excellent example of the way in which the members of the President's Council on Bioethics think. It's a paper on life extension technologies and techniques. The first half outlines the tremendous promise for lengthening healthy life and ending suffering. The second half is airy, dangerous philosophical nonsense that attempts to justify preventing research and use of life extension medicine. Pah! These people need curbing. The President's Council on Bioethics attacks life extension in the article over at biomedcentral.com. This isn't unexpected, given previous comments from the council. Still, one has to wonder what world the council members are living in. To them, getting old, losing your health, becoming crippled and dying are all good things! Given that this council reflects and steers the legislative policies of the US government (such as the current criminalization of theraputic cloning research), I think that we have to be worried. Here's another good pro-life-extension article from a small local press (and reprinted in the Life Extension Foundation News). Some great quotes and a positive can-do attitute make this a very welcome sight. It really is wonderful to see the concept of near-term scientific life extension spreading into journalism as a whole. Now if we could just speed things up a little... The event calendar at Betterhumans is stocked with a lot of upcoming life extension and related events at the moment. It's worth a look to see if there's anything in your area that you'd like to check up on. (From ctnow.com). Sorting out good from bad is one of the biggest problems facing new life extensionist. Sad to say, but it's best to assume that anyone trying to sell you information, supplements, medicine or advice online is in the snake oil business. Start from this assumption, and then research carefully. Remember that nothing other than calorie restriction has (yet) been proven to extend life, and CR costs nothing! A short article from Business 2.0 on a side of medicine I haven't talked about all that much. Artificial implants and replacements are expected to become better, more versatile and cheaper as the years go by. They'll be competing with grown-to-order replacement organs, however. (Assuming that the wave of anti-research legislation doesn't continue, that is). LEF News is reprinting a short life extension research piece from a small news outlet. It is encouraging to see more unbiased articles like this in print. Seeing reporters becoming aware of the life extension community (scientific and otherwise) is very gratifying. The Coalition for the Advancement of Medical Research has put up an action page that will allow you to make your views known on the forthcoming senate theraputic cloning vote. Folks, this is important -- life extension medicine worldwide will take a big, big hit if the senate passes this bill. Your future health and lifespan is on the line.

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Partnerships are formed via a contract and they are administered via the Indian partnership act,1932. This act was formerly under chapter 11 of the Indian contract act,1872 which was later repealed and given an independent statute known as the Indian partnership act of 1932, which went into effect on October The provisions of the Indian contract act about the capacity to contract, offer, acceptance, etc. Except for the status of a minor, which is addressed in Section 30 of the Partnership Act, are applicable to a partnership. Section 4 of the Partnership Act of 1932 defines partnership and its components (partner, company, and firm name) as: the partnership formed by individuals who have decided to share the profits of a business carried on by both or some of them working on their behalf. and partners as Individuals who have formed a relationship with one another are referred to as partners. A firm is defined The partners operating together, and the company name is defined as the name under which their company runs. Ramesh and Kaka purchase 50 Tonnes of material 'C,' which they sell and agree on together dividing profit and continue doing this in the future. This results in a relationship, with A and B as partners. Ramesh and Kaka buy 50 Tonnes of material 'C' and agree to divide the cost. They did not form a partnership because they had no intention of doing business. The extent of the relationship is dictated by the partners' intentions. There are no restrictions on the exercise of powers other than on such illegal, immoral, or fraudulent which applies equally to the individual If the partners of the other firm agree, the partnership will become a constituent of that other firm. Ratification of the contract eliminates all doubts about its validity. All the partners are jointly liable in partnership. This liability’s scope is unlimited and as a result, private assets of partners may be sold to pay off the firm’s debts. There exist different types of partnership stated in the These are based on 2 criteria's: - Partnership at will (section 7, partnership act,1932 - [Based on the duration of the term of partnership] - Particular Partnership (section 8, partnership act,1932) - [Based on the scope of the business operations carried by a partnership] - Partnership deed and handling of the partnership firm’s business? A partnership arises from an agreement. Mostly in a partnership business, there is a written agreement known as The partnership deed which starts with the name of the company and the essence of the business. In addition, the location of the company and the date on which the agreement was reached between the parties will be stated. The terms of service are expressly stated in the deed, and any modifications are subject to formal approval, which is signed by both partners and dated (Mentioned in sections 14 and 15 of the Indian Partnership Act of 1932) How Partnership’s business is managed? The capital invested in a partnership business is held in a separate capital account with each capital account being maintained according to the profit-sharing ratio stipulated in the agreement. The income statement will be prepared under each partner’s name, and profit/loss shared in compliance with the agreed-upon terms. (Mentioned in sections 14 and 15 of the Indian Partnership Act,1932) The partnership is voluntary and can be terminated at any time with the mutual consent of the parties. In the event of a partner's death, the surviving parties have the option of either entirely liquidating the partnership or buying the deceased partner's share. (Mentioned in sections 31 to 35 of the Indian partnership act,1932) Why the need for determining partnership? We enter into partnership agreements on a regular basis, and there may be circumstances that appear to be a partnership agreement but are not. Some people invest and divide profits yet they are not in a partnership. thus, the question Where does the partnership exist and where does it not? Section 6 of the Indian Partnership Act of 1932 provides an answer to the following question: = Does partnership exist or not? (Section 6, Indian partnership act,1932) Mode of determining the existence of partnership in determining the partnership’s existence, the relationship between the parties must be scrutinized with all the related evidence judged together which ultimately decides whether a group of individuals is or not a partnership Explanation 1 to the Section clarifies that two or more parties who jointly own a property or have a shared interest in a specific property do not become partners simply by sharing the income or gross returns produced by such In one instance, two people become co-owners of a home. They leased out the house and divided the rent each month. This is not the same as forming a Similarly, Explanation 2 of the Section includes a list of individuals who receive a share of a company's income or fees based on the profits received by a business but are not partners in the business. - An individual who loans money to a business partner or company might be given a share of the income instead of or in addition to the money lent. He would not, though, become a shareholder because of such a benefit split. - In addition to or in lieu of his normal remuneration, a servant or employee of a company might be given a part of the business's income. But it does not make him a partner in the association. For instance, in Santi Ranjan das Gupta Vs. Murzamull 14 there was a question before the supreme court of India whether a partnership existed and herein the court came to a conclusion that there exists no partnership: The following factors were adjudged which the court highlighted in their - Agreement - There was no record of terms and conditions. The Deputy Director of procurement received no intimation regarding the new partnership - Mutual agency -Firms made no record of their own Aswell, subjected to all - Profit-sharing - The firm had no accounts with either of the banks. So, determining a partnership is a key essence and is an ambiguous question that is tested and answered in the courts repeatedly and this is why the need for Section 6 of the Indian Partnership Act and the need for partnership Modes of determining the existence of the partnership Section 6 concludes that these essential tests must be met in order to determine the existence of a partnership: - An arrangement should be drawn up between the parties. (agreement) - The primary goal of the business is to make a profit and distribute between the partners. (share profit) [evidence of partnership] - The agreement must be on the concept of mutual agency where partners carry out the business jointly or by any of them acting as an agent for the others. [the truest test - (law of mutual agency)] These tests are a conclusive test of a partnership but there have been instances of criticism against these like in the judgement of Beecher v 15 wherein Judge Cooley criticized these tests as ‘erroneous’ and ‘mischievous’ but his judgment was called as an error and these tests were upheld by the court of law An Agreement Is The Foremost Essential To A Partnership 1 Partnership requires a specific agreement between partners. It is not the status that creates a partnership but rather the agreement itself. Section 5 of the Indian Partnership Act of 1932 makes the following observation: " The relationship of partnership emerges from the contract and not from In Ross v. Parkyn . Jessel M.R explained the following: While the right to share benefits is a good indicator of partnership, and there can be circumstances where there is a clear assumption, not of the statute, but of fact, that a partnership exists, whether or not a partnership arrangement occurs must be decided by the whole arrangement between the parties. The real meaning and arrangement of the parties must be used to determine whether or not a partnership agreement exists. 2 This agreement is expressed/implied in writing/orally, or it can be inferred from the parties' actions. The Supreme court of India ruled in Tarsem Singh v Sukhminder Singh3 that not all contract have to be in writing. Unless there is a statute that requires the agreement to be in writing, an oral agreement between the parties would result in an equally binding contract. In case of oral or implied agreements the court will judge the intention of the parties and the pieces of evidence presented before the court and further on then will they decide upon the validity of the agreement.4 Sharing of Profit Profit-sharing is one of the tests to determine if a partnership exists or not, it evidences that a partnership exists but it is not held to be very conclusive evidence as there are some cases where profit sharing might be contradictory to Receiving profit is an ambiguous proof of partnership, but failure to profit is solid proof of the nonexistence of partnership. This area was explored in cases of Cox v. Hickman5 where Lord Cranworth affirmed: Participation in profits is not the decisive test of a partnership In Waugh v. Carver Profit-sharing was made a test of the existence of a partnership. The determination of the existence of partnership becomes a difficult task especially when there isn't any expressed agreement. Thus, under section 6 the regards are given to the facts of the case to make sure if profit sharing can be regarded as decisive proof. Some of the possible situations which are contradictory to the partnership in case of profit being sharing: - Profits derived from the property of individuals with a shared interest in that property does not signal that those persons are partners.7 - Mere being given a share of profit does not mean that the agent or servant will be considered a partner. 8 - If a partner dies and his wife or child earns a benefit share, the wife or child cannot claim to be a partner.9 - If the previous owner is granted any profits as a form of goodwill or consideration, this does not mean he will be considered a partner.10 The relationship of partnership is based on the law of agency hence, each partner act as an agent for the other. each partner serves as the other's agent. Section 13 of the Partnership Act of 1932 specifies this principle. This was also further elaborated in judgments of Mandyala Govindu vs. C.I.T Ram vs. Ram Chander Section 13 of Indian partnership act, 1932: Mutual rights and liabilities: All the partners are entitled & liable for an equal share in loss & profit in absence of any agreement. In Cox v Hickman 5, it was maintained that: In addressing the question of agency, the mutual agency is the truest test to assess the relationship. The primary essence of partnership law is mutual agency. If the partner's role is of both agent and the principal them it can be said that there is mutual agency among them and if they share this agency and benefit and maintains a partnership it will be prima facie of an association. The matter of law of agency as the test to a partnership was solidified in the judgment of N.R. Wadia & Co. vs Commissioner of Income-Tax Bombay high court where the court stated: The most accurate test for deciding whether an individual deriving income from a company in the form of profits is to look at whether the business was carried out by those working for him; if they had a principal-agent partnership, i.e., whether one was allowed to operate on behalf of another, rather than simply whether there was a profit-sharing agreement. The issue is still one of agency An arrangement may be calculated to be a partnership agreement using either the agency test or the legal intent of the parties in this regard Partnership is very vital and the key component section 6 has been an integral part in determining the existence of a partnership. The case laws and the research show that the evidence of the mutual agency is the most influential while sharing profit serves as evidence to back it up and the agreement is the base contract upon which whether a partnership was created levy upon. Section 6 has done great work in protecting the interest of parties ever since its applicability and the courts have strictly adjudicated upon the matter of determination and it seems like all of the aspects that needed to be covered has been covered in the determination of partnership which makes the job easy for future litigation on the same topic. Case laws referred to: Books referred to: - Pooley v Driver (1876) 5 Ch 458 - Ross v. Parkyn (1875) L.R. 20 Eq.331,335 - Tarsem Singh v Sukhminder Singh (1998) 3 SCC 471, Para 13 - Mollow, March & Co. v Court of wards (1872) LR 4 PC 419 - Cox v. Hickman [(1860) 8 H.L.C. 268] - Waugh v. Carver [(1763) 2 Hy. Bl. 235] - Birdichand v. Harakchand AIR 1940 Nag 211 - Abdul Latif v Gopeshwar AIR 1933 Cal 204 - Holme v. Hammond (1872) L.R. 7 Ex. 218; 41 L.J. Ex. 157 - Pratt v. Strick (1932) 17 TC 459 - Mandyala Govindu vs. C.I.T 1975 AIR 2284, 1976 SCR (2) 131 - Asha Ram vs. Ram Chander 1993 (1) WLN 388 - N.R. Wadia & Co. vs Commissioner of Income-Tax (1960) 62 BOMLR 685, 1960 39 ITR 754 Bom - Santi Ranjan das Gupta Vs. Murzamull AIR 1973 SC 48, (1973) 3 SCC 463 - Beecher v Bush 7 N.W. 785, 45 Mich. 188 Journals referred to: - Avtar Singh, Introduction to the law of partnership: a study of the Partnership Act, 1932 (2000) - Frederick Pollock, Dinshah Fardunji Mulla & R. K. Abichandani, Pollock & Mulla on the Indian Partnership Act (1987). Statues referred to: - Partnership. What Constitutes the Relation, (1913), - J. H. D., The Passing of the Partnership by Operation of Law, 22 Michigan Law Review 588 (1924). - Indian Partnership Act, 1932

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Secularism in Israel shows how matters of religion and how matters of state are related within Israel. Secularism is defined as an indifference to, rejection, or exclusion of religion and religious consideration. In Israel, this applies to the entirely secular community that identifies with no religion and the secular community within the Jewish community. When Israel was established as a new state in 1948, a new and different Jewish identity formed for the newly created Israeli population. This population was defined by the Israeli culture and Hebrew language, their experience with the Holocaust, and the need to band together against conflict with hostile neighbors in the Middle East. Since 1922, many official documents originating in the land of Israel gave rise to religious freedom. In 1922, the Palestinian Mandate prohibited discrimination based on religious affiliation. In 1948, at the establishment of the state of Israel, the Declaration of Independence protected freedom of religion. The Declaration of the Establishment of the State of Israel was approved by members of the Jewish community of Palestine and the Zionist movement. The document's first section sheds light on the relationship between the Jewish people and the Land of Israel. It reads: "The Land of Israel was the birthplace of the Jewish people. Here, their spiritual, religious, and political identity was shaped." The history of the Jews establishing the State of Israel is long. The right of the Jewish people to settle in the land was recognized in the Balfour Declaration. The United Nations General Assembly passed the resolution that called for a Jewish state to be established in Eretz Israel on November 29, 1947. When he first proposed his ideas of political Zionism, Theodor Herzl was expecting the future Jewish state to be a secular state, in the style of central European countries of the time, such as Germany and Austria. However, Zionist and eventually Israeli politics were firmly coalition-based. When David Ben-Gurion became the first prime minister of Israel, although he was the head of the large Socialist party, he formed a government that included the religious Jewish Parties, and took a moderate line in forming the relationship between the state and the religious institutions, at the same time continuing their status as state organs. Some secular Israelis feel constrained by the strict religious sanctions imposed on them. Many businesses close on Shabbat, including EL AL, Israel's leading airline, along with many forms of public transportation, and restaurants. In order to be formally married in Israel, a Jewish couple has to be married by an Orthodox rabbi. This also applies when and if a couple would like to divorce - they must seek out rabbinical council. Since some secular Israelis do not like this rule, they sometimes go abroad to be married, usually in Cyprus. Marriages officiated abroad are recognized as official marriages in Israel. Also, all food at army bases and in cafeterias of government/state buildings has to be kosher. Many religious symbols have found their way into Israeli national symbols. For example, the flag of the country is similar to a tallit, or prayer shawl, with its blue stripes. The national coat of arms displays the menorah. The Israeli national anthem includes references of religion. "As long as the Jewish spirit is yearning" and "the two-thousand-year-old hope" are both lines in the anthem, "HaTikvah" ("The Hope"). (HaTikvah was sung at Jewish prayer services for many years prior to the 1948 UN partition that allowed for the reestablishment of Israel as a nation state.) According to many people, due to the massive role of religion in government and politics, Israel cannot be considered a secular state in the common sense of the word. In Israel, the secularism of population centers varies. Tel Aviv, for example, is considered more secular; it is very cosmopolitan, with modern hotels, boutiques, coffee shops, and events with loud music. Non-Jews and secular Jews alike feel comfortable in this city because of the lack of religious bearing. Tel Aviv is a modern city similar to a coastal city in the United States like Miami, and is considered one of the top party cities in the world. It is typical to find bars and night clubs open until dawn, even on Shabbat. Conversely, Jerusalem is a very religious, conservative city, with a large Orthodox Jewish (Religious Zionists, as well as Ultra-Orthodox) population. Secular Jews make up 41.4% of the Jewish population, followed by the Traditional Jews accounting for 38.5% of the population, with the remaining 20% populated by the Orthodox and ultra-Orthodox. In Israel, the Reform and Conservative movements are estimated to make up 7.6% of the Jewish population, a significantly lower rate than in the Jewish diaspora. Secular Jews in Israel identify as being Jewish because they celebrate Jewish holidays and value the religion, and speak Hebrew. This part of the population makes up 41.4% of the Jewish population. Secular Jews are largely supporters of the Israeli Labor Party and a Secular Zionist state. Secular Israelis identify as Jewish, but the religion is only one aspect of their identity. Many secular Jews practice certain aspects of the religion, such as having a Passover Seder or fasting during Yom Kippur. It would not be uncommon to see a secular family to light Shabbat candles, say the blessings over food and wine, have a Shabbat dinner together, and then for the parents to get into their car and drive their children to the movies. Masorti/Traditional Jews make up 30.5% of the Jewish population in Israel. Many of these "traditional Jews" differ from the Orthodox only because they will drive their cars on the Sabbath, use electricity, watch television, or go to a soccer game or the beach, frequently after attending religious services in the morning and the evening before. What is critical is that all are committed to a major religious component in the definition of their Jewishness and the Jewishness of the Jewish state. Traditional Jews make up many of the Likud political party. 27.9% of the Jewish population identifies as Orthodox ("dati") or "ultra-Orthodox" ("Haredi"). Most of the Orthodox, and some ultra-Orthodox, believe that secular Zionism and Judaism can successfully work and live together in Israel. Politically, they align with National Religious Party, the Morasha Party, and by the two state-appointed Chief Rabbis. Orthodox Jews are often seen wearing knitted yarmulkes. The ultra-Orthodox (Charedim) represent 13% of Jews living in Israel. The Charedim tend to live in their own communities, and live according to Jewish law by following moral and dress codes passed down from ancestors. This part of the population is seen wearing black hats and black yarmulkes, and some Hasidic groups are related to Hasidic groups in the United States. As of November 2012, secular and Orthodox Jews are competing in a bidding war for apartments in Harish after a court ruled that the Israel Land Administration could not discriminate between them. Elsewhere, officials in Jerusalem City Hall have alleged that the Ministry of Housing worked with ILA to favor housing for Chareidim in the Ramot area of Jerusalem. The Association for Civil Rights in Israel has called upon the mayor of Modi'in to revoke a residents-only restriction to Anaba Park during the High Holidays and summer vacation, deeming it a discrimination against Haredim in the neighboring town of Modi'in Illit. The Jewish Telegraphic Agency reports that this municipality of about 80,000 is predominately secular. The regulation was seen as a response to threats from Hareidim to bar secular visitors from a heritage site in Modi'in Illit. In 1949, Israel became part of the United Nations. When a state becomes part of the United Nations, the state adopts the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. In the Declaration, there are many instances that reflect a country's need for religious freedom. The Preamble of the Declaration states that it is "a common standard of achievement for all peoples and all nations". In the Declaration, both articles 2 and 18 reference freedom of religion. In article 2, it states that everyone is entitled to all the rights, without any distinction such as religion. Article 18 states that everyone has the right to freedom of thought, conscience, and religion, and has the right to show their religion in teaching, practice, worship, and observance. In Israel, to be considered legally Jewish by the rabbinate, a person must have a Jewish mother or convert to Judaism. This excludes a portion of the immigrant population that moved to Israel from the former Soviet Union and many parts of Europe, and had previously identified as Jewish even though they did not have a Jewish mother. This part of the population accounts for around 320,000 people, who serve in the Israeli Defense Forces and celebrate Jewish holidays. Israel legally recognizes thirteen non-Jewish religious communities, each of which practice their own religious family law. The largest religious minority population is the Muslim community of Israel, and it amounts to 17.3% of the overall population. The Muslim communities live mostly in the northern part of the country. The Orthodox Jewish and the Sunni Muslim population have the highest population growth of all communities in Israel. They are free under the law to vote, practice religion, be members of the Israeli parliament, and can use the same Israeli education system as the rest of the country, although the education system is de facto mostly bifurcated into Jewish and non-Jewish schools (see Education in Israel). Many Arabs are a part of the Israeli government and politics. Almost one 10th of the parliament are Arab, and there is a mosque in the parliament building (Knesset) for those who are Muslim. A Supreme Court justice and a minister of the Israeli cabinet are also Arab Muslims. Muslims, as well as most other religious minorities, are not required to serve in the army. The next-largest minority population is the Christian population (2%), some of whom live with Jewish communities. The Christian population in Israel is the only Christian population in the Middle East that has grown in the last half century. Christians choose to live in Israel because they have freedom of speech and the freedom to practice religion. The municipality of Modi’in -- a predominantly secular municipality of about 80,000 residents, many of whom are immigrants from English-speaking countries -- has cited the legal opinion of Ariel Bendor, a law professor at Bar-Ilan University, who said the measure was legal.

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During my time at Pine Ridge, it became clear that the entire Lakota culture is organized in a more circular fashion than dominant Western culture. From reading Black Elk Speaks by Neihardt, it is clear that the Lakota people are very tied to the land and pay attention to natural cycles such as the daily cycle, seasonal cycle, circles in the four directions of space, and even see cycles through time (1972). Humans are born, age, die, travel through the spirit world and then are reborn again. In spending time speaking with Lakota elders, it becomes clear quickly that even the thought processes of these people are more circular than linear. Instead of answering questions by giving the listener a fact and arriving at a conclusion by a chain of reasoning, the speaker will often talk about something seemingly unrelated at first, then answer the question by gradually making clear that the unrelated topic is the context which is required to answer the question. Given that the Lakota understanding of the world is so circular, it should hardly be a surprise that there are many uses of circles in the peace pipe ceremony, sweat lodge and yuwipi. Some examples of the way circles are used in ceremony include the honoring of the six directions before using the peace pipe. The sweat lodge itself is a dome shaped structure, and during all three of the above ceremonies, all the humans sit in a circle. In pipe ceremony and yuwipi, everyone in the circle gets a chance to voice a prayer to Great Spirit. No one is left out and order is often strictly clockwise. Lastly, the structure of the yuwipi ceremony through time is somewhat circular. First, the spirits are greeted, then the spirits appear and are welcomed. Everyone then gives voice to their gratitude and prayers one by one in a clockwise order. The spirits are then thanked, which takes the same form as welcoming the spirits earlier. The spirits then depart which takes the same form as greeting the spirits at the beginning. This symmetry in ceremonial form has a circular effect through time. There are several religious frameworks by scholars which may help us understand why circular imagery is indispensable to Lakota ceremony and thought. The first of these has to do with a uniquely circular state of mind called flow. One of the markers of this mindset is that action and awareness are a result of merged-flow and are non-dualistic. Another pertinent marker is that there are no goals or desires separate from the state of flow when this state is achieved (Turner, 1976). What this means is that there is no gap between thought and action. Thought spontaneously creates action which spontaneously gives life to thought. Action and awareness can be conceived in this circular pattern because one does not cause the other. They are the same. Because there is no desire for anything beyond this state when in flow, nothing outside of flow can interrupt the cycle of awareness giving rise to action giving rise to awareness. Ceremony in turner’s view is structured by the interplay between flow and anti-flow, which is a state more familiar and ordinary to humans (1976). Another framework that is similar to Turner’s, focuses on cycles at the core of the religious experience that involve the way in which religion functions as a means of understanding the world. The definition that Geertz gives of religion itself is, “religion is a system of symbols which acts to establish powerful pervasive long lasting moods and motivations in humans by formulating conceptions of a general order of existence, clothing these conceptions in such an aura of facticity that moods and motivations seem uniquely realistic” (Geertz, 1993). In order to understand the circular aspects of this definition, one should note that each part of the definition directly impacts the next part of the definition that Geertz gives. That is, the philosophical system of symbols we choose impacts our psychological moods and emotional state. This state in turn creates a theological framework explaining these moods which becomes so real that we accept it as part of external reality. This conception of external reality reinforces the set of symbols we chose in the first place. In this way, Geertz’s conception is fundamentally like Turner’s state of flow where action and awareness are one, if awareness is interpreted as conceptions about the world and action is interpreted as external manifestations based on these conceptions. Clearly, the two models are not exactly the same. Geertz is concerned with abstract concepts, and Turner’s use of flow deals with the thought and action of an individual. However, the circular nature of our thoughts influencing action which influences thought is present in both models. The question then becomes, how easily can we apply these models to explain why there are so many circles as symbols in Lakota ceremony? The models were made to come to some conclusion about the nature of religion, either at the formative symbolic level, or about the dynamics of flow/antiflow common to all individuals participating in ritual. Specific elements of ceremonies require some amount of interpretation when applying these models. One possible interpretation of all the circular elements in Lakota ceremony could be that the Lakota people recognize that there is a circular process occurring for each person participating in the religion or that the fundamental building blocks of religion represent a circular process if the models are truly without fault. They then include external reminders of the circular nature of this process in the ceremony to make the external world more congruent with the internal process that is occurring for individuals and through time collectively. Turner’s model is more applicable, and supports this conclusion more than Geertz’s model. The reason Turner’s model is more useful is because flow actually occurs during Lakota ceremony, and there is a case that Lakota medicine men are both aware of this flow state and try to encourage it during the ceremony. While Lakota community members would not use this language, they repeat often that it is important to act and think from your heart rather than your mind during ceremony. This results in the dissolution of the ego, which is another marker that Turner offers for realization of flow state (Turner, 1976). In addition, the vocalizations during sweat lodge are often spontaneous, implying that no thought has gone into the action, and action and awareness are one. It seems likely that if there is a conscious awareness that the flow state is desirable, and that the point of the entire ceremony is in some sense to achieve this state, the circular symbolism could be tied to this flow state. Turner’s model is a good fit for the sweat lodge experience. In fact, the actual experience may be far more focused on flow then Turner’s model which balances flow and antiflow (1976). The ceremony seems to be consciously directed toward achieving this flow state constantly rather than achieving a balance between the two states. Of course the ideal of constant flow state is never reached. In addition it may be difficult to apply the model to such a specific part of the ceremony as circular symbolism. While my framework could explain the circular symbolism in the ceremony, it could just as easily be a reflection of the Lakota view of nature and balance. That is, the root cause may not be the circular process of flow, but rather a mirror of other circles the Lakota people see in nature. Turner’s framework does nothing to privilege one interpretation over the other. Geertz is not useful in linking the circular nature of religion to circular symbolism in ceremony. The argument must be that the Lakota have a conscious understanding of the circular way religion itself functions for society and mirrors this in ceremony using circular symbols. This understanding is unlikely because true understanding would involve realizing that the beliefs set in “an aura of facticity” (1993) are simply beliefs. If the Lakota do not question these beliefs, there are no grounds for claiming that there is circular symbolism in ceremony because Lakota understand the nature of religion as circular in the same way that Geertz does. None of my experiences at Pine Ridge led me to believe that they do question this aura of facticity. Even if they do recognize these beliefs as merely beliefs, contrary to my personal experience, suddenly there is a hole in Geertz’s model itself, because it is important that the concepts appear real so that the conception of reality can impact the set of symbols created in the first place. If the concepts do not appear real, the model is no longer cyclical. In either case, Geertz’s model fails to explain the presence of circular symbolism in ceremony. In conclusion, Turner’s model provides a basis for explaining why there is circular symbolism in Lakota ceremony where Geertz’s does not because there is a strong conscious understanding of flow dynamics in Lakota culture. I have tried to articulate this connection while being aware that it is only an interpretation. It would be foolish to merely rely on personal experience to come to this conclusion linking flow dynamics with circular symbolism and state it as fact. Unfortunately, the models are not too useful for exploring specific elements of religious ceremony and were originally meant to be used to explain ceremony as a general concept. This shortcoming is where personal experience becomes useful. Because the models are limited in scope, personal experience can bridge the gap and offer an interpretation that is not objectively verifiable, but a possibility which extends the limited scope of the models. Ultimately, models and experience are equally useful but give two different types of information, which when used together can reveal connections previously undiscovered. Just as the model alone is limited in scope, experience alone should not be used to articulate universal principles. It is the joining of conceptual model and experience that clothes my interpretation in an aura of facticity. Geertz, Clifford. “Religion as a Cultural System,” The Interpretation of Cultures: Selected Essays (1993): 87-123. Web. 11 November, 2013. Neihardt, John G. Black Elk Speaks. New York: Washington Square Press, 1972. Turner, Victor. “Ritual, Tribal and Catholic,” Worship 50 no. 6 (1976) 504-526. Web. 11 November, 2013.

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Eczema flare-ups can be anything from mildly irritating and unattractive to something that can affect your quality of living because it causes you to lose sleep or increases your risk for infections. A friend of mine who suffers from eczema has joked that a bad flare-up leaves her feeling like she’s contracted grayscale from Game of Thrones. But eczema, or atopic dermatitis, is a condition that is manageable—and one where quick and easy preventive measures can save you from the stress and discomfort of a flare. Keep reading to learn more about this condition and what you can do about it. What is eczema? You can have one or more types of eczema at a time. “Eczema and dermatitis are often used interchangeably. The term eczema refers to a group of conditions involving skin inflammation or irritation. There are several types of eczema,” says Dr. Kyla Talens, an aesthetic dermatologist at Skin Philosophie in BGC. There are multiple types of eczema, but most people are thinking of atopic dermatitis when they use the term. “Atopic dermatitis usually starts in childhood, but it can occur at any age,” says Dr. Talens, explaining that it is usually related to asthma and allergic rhinitis. “There are some adults who still get atopic dermatitis.” The condition has genetic as well as environmental risk factors; this means that it tends to run in families, but can be triggered or exacerbated by certain things as well as prevented through various measures. What are common symptoms of eczema? “It usually starts out as a red rash followed by dryness and scalyness, and it’s oftentimes accompanied by itching,” Dr. Talens says. “Especially with the itch-scratch cycle, blisters may form, and there can be a superimposed infection. The rashes commonly appear on the back of the elbows or knees, and they can also appear on the neck, the wrists, the ankles, and the crease between the butt and legs. Atopic dermatitis can also affect the face. When the rashes subside, they tend to leave behind dark spots, and sometimes the skin becomes thickened so it sometimes appears leathery.” Here’s a run-down of common symptoms of eczema, although the way these appear or feel and how extensive they can be may vary: - Dry skin - Itching (especially at night) and raw or inflamed skin from scratching - Thick, flaking or scaly skin - Small, raised, and often reddish bumps; these can be itchy but should not be scratched as they can leak fluid and crust over as a result - Reddish, brownish or even grayish patches of skin (these are particularly common on the extensor surfaces—the outside area of a joint—in infants and toddlers and the flexor surfaces—the inside areas of that touch when joints bend—in older children and adults) What causes eczema or increases a person’s risk of having it? “Healthy skin helps retain moisture and protects you from bacteria, irritants and allergens. Eczema is related to a gene variation that affects the skin's ability to provide this protection. This allows your skin to be affected by environmental factors, irritants and allergens,” according to the Mayo Clinic, which also identifies the primary risk factor as a family history of eczema, allergies, allergic rhinitis or asthma. Environmental factors include heat, dust, pets, and exposure to irritants and allergens. Viral or bacterial infections, especially staph infections, may also cause eczema flare-ups. And stress may be a contributing factor, making symptoms more likely to occur. Other types of eczema, particularly seborrheic dermatitis or contact dermatitis, are often mistaken for atopic dermatitis, especially as contact dermatitis is often a complication of atopic dermatitis. The symptoms are similar, but these have different causes and therefore require different treatments. It should be mentioned, however, that contact dermatitis is marked by having physical or chemical triggers. These can include allergens such as components of hair dye or jewelry (especially nickel), cosmetics, fragrances, and so on. Other triggers can be irritants like water, soaps, detergents, solvents, acids, alkalis and friction. “Irritant contact dermatitis may affect anyone, provided they have had enough exposure to the irritant [in] high concentrations [or through] prolonged exposure,” says Dr. Talens. “Allergic contact dermatitis affects only those who are allergic to specific substances. Seborrheic dermatitis may also be mistaken for atopic dermatitis, but seborrheic dermatitis usually involves areas that have more oil glands, such as the T zone of the face, for example, the eyebrows, the scalp and the back of the ears.” What can I do to treat or prevent eczema flare-ups? Here are some top tips if you have a history or eczema or may be prone to it due to genetics: - For bath time: Bathe in warm (not hot) water, limiting bath time to five to ten minutes. Use cleanser only when necessary. Your cleanser should be mild and fragrance-free; you may also want to shift to nonsoap-based cleansers. After bathing, gently pat the skin partially dry instead of rubbing it. - Medication: If medicine was prescribed for your eczema, apply it when the skin is almost dry and use the medicine as directed. Your moisturizer should be applied on top of the medicine. Do not self-medicate with antihistamines, oral or topical steroids, or antibiotics without consulting a doctor. Steroid dependence may potentially lead to skin thinning, among other complications. Imprudent use of antibiotics may build up resistance, meaning you’ll start needing stronger meds meds to control infection. - Emollient (moisturizer) therapy: Applying moisturizer is absolutely essential even when you aren’t experiencing an eczema flare. Moisturizer should be applied two to three times daily, particularly on eczema-prone areas. Dr. Talens suggests using thicker creams or ointments and states that trial and error is inevitable when you’re trying to find the best moisturizer for you, but make sure any medication you take or apply is supervised by doctors, as these may damage your skin further. - Trigger avoidance: You’ll be more prone to irritant contact dermatitis when there’s pre-existing atopic dermatitis. This means using gloves when handling harsh chemicals such as cleaning products, for example. You should take care to avoid known allergens, especially in hair products, cosmetics, and so forth, and keep your clothes and household and work surfaces clean using products that are gentle on the skin and fragrance-free whenever possible. You may also want to avoid itchy clothing such as wool in favor of cotton and use appropriate workout wear when exercising as these help to keep you from sweating too much. The British Association of Dermatologists also advises, “Treat eczema early—the more severe it becomes, the more difficult it is to control.” Lifestyle changes can also have a great effect on your risk factor for eczema flareups. Some changes you can implement are: - Improve your diet. Try to increase the amount of anti-inflammatory foods in your diet. These include fish that are high in omega-3 fatty acids, colorful fruits and green veggies (such as broccoli, spinach and kale), and foods high in probiotic bacteria like yogurt, miso, kimchi, sauerkraut, apple cider vinegar, unpasteurized cheeses like kesong puti, and more. Also pay attention to what you were eating six to 24 hours before a flare-up; it’s possible you may have a reaction to certain foods. Some foods/ingredients that often cause reactions include dairy, eggs, gluten, shellfish, certain types of nuts, soybeans and soy products, beans, and canned meats. - Lower your stress levels. Improving your emotional health can go a long way to curbing eczema flare-ups. Practice mindfulness and don’t forget to take frequent breaks. Every once in a while, escape your daily routine and take some “me time” to recharge your batteries. Manage your temper—as they say, don’t sweat the small stuff! - Get more sleep. Itching from eczema can worsen at night, which increases your sleep debt and your stress levels, further worsening the problem. If you can, minimize the other factors that can affect your sleep schedule and find ways to fall asleep faster. - Ramp up your personal hygiene. Use fragrance-free, hypoallergenic products when you can. Keep your fingernails short so they are less likely to collect dirt and also able to do less damage if you end up scratching any rashes or dry skin. - Manage your environment. Remove eczema triggers from your home and work spaces whenever possible; if not, try to minimize these. For example, if you have a pet such as a cat or dog in the house, make sure the animal is properly groomed and that your home is thoroughly cleaned and vacuumed on a regular basis. Change your sheets frequently and wash all new clothes before wearing them. Avoid leaving windows open, especially if these face dusty areas like streets or construction sites. You can also try and manage the temperature and humidity in your home and work areas; as dry air may worsen eczema, a humidifier can sometimes help, especially if you keep your air conditioner on for long stretches of time. When should I see a doctor about my eczema, and what can I expect out of a clinic visit? While there is no hard-and-fast rule as to what you might consider severe, the Mayo Clinic suggests these conditions: - It disrupts your lifestyle - You have a skin infection - Home remedies are ineffective When you do see a doctor, chances are the diagnosis can be made on sight without additional tests. Make sure you tell your doctor about the following: - Symptoms you’re experiencing and how long they’ve been present for - Medication you’re taking and remedies you’ve tried - Behaviors, food, and environmental factors that might be triggering the symptoms “See a doctor when flares are frequent and severe!” Dr. Talens says. She also stresses the importance of not using medication unless approved by your doctor. Dr. Kyla Talens keeps clinic hours at Skin Philosophie, 3/F B3 Bonifacio High Street 9th Ave corner Lane P, Bonifacio Global City, Taguig, Metro Manila.

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The 2018 hurricanes Irma and Maria signal the emergence of a new climate regime in the Caribbean. At no point in the historical records dating back to the 1880s have two category five storms struck the eastern Caribbean in a single year. The Caribbean is seeing repeated and prolonged droughts, an increase in the number of very hot days, intense rainfall events causing repeated localised flooding, and rising sea levels. The slogan “1.5°C to Stay Alive!” was adopted by the Caribbean Community Climate Change Centre. A world warmed by no more than 1.5°C is one in which existing Caribbean societies have a future. However, the emissions reductions that have been voluntarily agreed through the United Nations have been predicted to lead to warming of 2.7-3.7°C. A good place to start on the discussion is Leon Sealey-Huggins (2017) ‘1.5°C to stay alive’: climate change, imperialism and justice for the Caribbean, Third World Quarterly, 38:11, 2444-2463 The failure of the efforts by the “international community” to deal with climate change can partly be attributed to the domination of the discussions by the old imperialist powers, those who, as representatives of the major historical and current polluters, are mainly responsible for the state the climate is in. It is now well established that the origin of the current crisis of global warming can be traced back to the widespread adoption of the coal-powered steam engine by the British textile industry in the early 19th Century. Since then the drive for profit has been linked to the vastly increased use of fossil fuels, resulting in massively increased production of greenhouse gases and other pollutants. The full argument can be read in Malm’s book: Fossil Capital The Rise of Steam Power and the Roots of Global Warming. Industrialisation in Europe and North America required a primary accumulation of capital, the initial funding that could start the process. This started by driving peasants farmers from their farms and the privatisation of common land that had previously been open to the use of all; processes known as clearances and enclosures. A detailed explanation of the process of enclose can be found in A Short History of Enclosure in Britain by Simon Fairlie Linebaugh, Peter. 2014. Stop, Thief! : The Commons, Enclosures, And Resistance. Oakland: PM Press is a well written collection of essays on this topic. Ian Angus has written two articles for Climate and Capitalism - Robbing the Soil, 1: Commons and classes before capitalism - Robbing the Soil, 2: ‘Systematic theft of communal property’ The origins of European and North American capitalism are linked to a combination of historical factors, all achieved at the expense of the people of Africa, who were enslaved and transported to the Americas, the country people of Europe, who were forced off their land and driven into the new industrial cities by enclosures and the First Nations of North America who saw their land expropriated and were subject to a process of genocide. Both stopping climate change and reparations for slavery are linked social justice issues. Why did the steam engine come to dominate capitalist development in the early 19th century when water power was readily available and cheaper? There is one major factor: control of labour. Industrialisation needed to turn people into wage workers; by enclosing common land, the law not only enriched the landowners who gained increased holdings, it also rendered independent farming inaccessible to most ordinary country folk, who had previously had access to the commons, and thereby forced many to seek paid employment in the towns. In Europe and America they stole the land from the people, in Africa they stole the people from the land. And so the other component of this expropriation, which started with the seizure of the common land of ordinary country folk in Britain, was the expropriation of the very bodies of ordinary country folk in Africa as they were captured and sold into slavery. The coercion and violence required to operate slave labour was matched by the expansionist war against indigenous people all over the Americas. Thus, systematic violence destroyed subsistence agriculture and forced commodity production, using coerced labour where necessary. A classic work is Eric Williams, Capitalism and Slavery. This book has been the subject of much controversy since its first appearance. For those interested in both sides of this argument, the debate is summed up in: Selwyn H. H. Carrington, “Capitalism & Slavery and Caribbean Historiography: An Evaluation”, The Journal of African American History, Vol. 88, No. 3. (Summer, 2003), pp. 304-312 In a parallel process, the indigenous population of North America and the Caribbean who did not prove amenable to agricultural slavery, were subjected to a process of extermination by a mixture of violence and disease. This freed land for European colonisation, but left those colonists without a labour force to exploit. The upshot of all this is the complete dependence of capitalist industry on fossil fuels, with oil added into the package in the 20th century. Just as employers in the 19th century moved their operations into the cities to obtain cheap labour, in the 21st, they are moving to the Third World in an attempt to avoid the trade union organisation in the metropolitan countries that pushed up wages. The dominance of fossil fuel based power is a consequence of the class struggle and an essential driver in capital’s need to extract greater surplus value from labour. The stronger global capital has become, the more rampant the growth of CO2 emissions, as Andreas Malm says “the decisive capitalist victory in the long twentieth-century struggle with labour was crowned by the post-2000 rush towards catastrophic global warming“. Rex Tillerson, CEO of ExxonMobil, said in March 2013: “My philosophy is to make money. If I can drill and make money, then that’s what I want to do“. Steam driven mechanisation became central to the ideology of the industrial capitalist class. Recent research also shows that intensive fishing also played an important role in the early development of capitalism. This clearly has a relevance when discussing the depletion of fish stocks around the world. Ian Angus has written 4 short articles on this for Climate and Capitalism: - Part One: Commodity Cod and Factory Ships - Part Two: Newfoundland = New Found Fish - Part Three: The First Cod War - Part Four: The Fishing Revolution So, the unjust economic transition brought about by coal-based steam power was initially based on the primary accumulation of capital through Caribbean slavery, colonial exploitation and the proletarianisation and immiseration of labour in the metropolitan counties. Even after the abolition of slavery in the British Empire, the cotton industry in Britain was still dependent on imported cotton from the USA that was picked by enslaved labour. Continued slavery in the USA was greatly assisted by investment and loans from the British financial services industry. When discussing the claim for reparations for slavery, we need to look beyond emancipation within the British empire and consider the profits that British capitalism continued to make from the business of slavery elsewhere. The victory of the concept of Free Trade with the 1846 Repeal of the Corn Laws allowed for the cheaper import of sugar from Brazil and Cuba, and again the British financial services industry, Barings Bank in particular, took their share. During the United States Civil War, British textile industry owners, finance capital and aristocracy argued for armed intervention on the side of the slave-owners, while the working class and socialist movement in Britain, despite the hardships caused by the cotton-famine, stood in solidarity with the anti-slavery struggle represented by the northern states and were part of a mass movement against British intervention. Similarly, the deforestation of the Caribbean Islands to produce sugar along with the soil exhaustion resulting from mono-crop, export-based agriculture, has severely damaged the possibilities for sustainable development. Fredrick Engels, wrote: “What cared the Spanish planters in Cuba who burned down forests on the slopes of the mountains and obtained from the ashes sufficient fertilizer for one generation of very highly profitable coffee trees—what cared they that the heavy tropical rainfall afterwards washed away the unprotected upper stratum of the soil, leaving behind only bare rock! In relation to nature, as to society, the present mode of production is predominantly concerned only with the immediate, the most tangible result; and then surprise is expressed that the more remote effects of actions directed to this end turn out to be quite different, are mostly quite the opposite in character”. In turn, the deforestation of the region adversely affected weather patterns, making the general effects of global warming even worse in the region. John Bellamy Foster has written widely on this and other environmental topics. A good place to start would be: Equally, for thousands of years, the area now covered by the western United States was common land, managed by its indigenous inhabitants in a sustainable fashion. This arrangement was destroyed by the coming of the railway, the genocide and expropriation of the First Nations and the division of the land into private property. The Great Plains were ploughed up, destroying the root system that secured the topsoil, while the bison that cropped that grass were deliberately exterminated as part of the genocide of the Indigenous inhabitants. The result was the “dust bowl”, an ecological and human disaster. The Academy for Teachers has produced two YouTube videos on this topic No Empires, No Dust Bowls: Lessons from the First Global Environmental Crisis and Session 2 Presently the Caribbean islands face one of the worst threats of flooding from sea level rises and more violent hurricanes. At the same time, Caribbean victims of climate change are denied the right to migrate out of the threatened region, while industrial production is moved from the metropolitan countries to the third world. The last hundred years has seen a dramatic hardening of borders and restrictions on free movement of labour, while free movement of capital and “free trade” have become the norm worldwide, making it easy for corporations to move production to ever cheaper locations and to dump their pollution on the Third World. Corporations operate across borders while regulations and workers are contained by them. Oil and mineral extraction as well as pollution is done by corporations unbounded by borders and protected by “free trade”, so the real control of the environment currently rests with those corporations. The structural violence of borders is not only to be seen in the victims of drowning in the Mediterranean or heat stroke in the Arizona desert. Borders and migration control will also concentrate the negative impact of climate change on more vulnerable places, one thinks immediately of the Bay of Bengal and the Caribbean, while at the same time confining the people most affected within these areas. All this illustrates the fatuous nature of European governments talking piously of reducing their internal outputs of greenhouse gases, while their capitalists are busy exporting production to other parts of the world where they can pollute at their leisure. The actual volume of CO2 emitted does not respect borders. Capitalist profit depends, in large part, in the mobility of production, forever seeking cheaper sources of labour power, which in turn depends on fossil fuel extraction. Thus, any serious attempt to restrict global warming to 1.5o will necessitate severe restrictions on the free movement of capital. The British bourgeoisie profited from Caribbean sugar slavery, North American slave-picked cotton, the colonisation of Africa and Asia, the violent expropriation of the English peasants from their common land and the genocide of the indigenous population of North America. They used that capital to develop a fossil fuel based economy that was the major factor in global warming and now threatens human existence in general and the Caribbean in particular. Part of the demand for reparations, in addition to the unpaid wages that were denied to the enslaved, is that European and North American corporations fund the repair of the damage they have done to the ecology of the islands and reverse the fossil fuel driven economy that is causing global warming. The argument for a just and fair economy goes hand in hand with saving the planet.

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Path to St. Peter ad Vincula Part VII – F The fall of Anne Boleyn will never be fully understood or explained. Her descent appears to have happened so quickly as to baffle scholars and lay-people alike. Most likely it was the result of many factors that came to head all at once: the revenge of Cromwell for past slights, the political situation — both domestic and international — the religious circumstances and the disillusionment of King Henry. Henry’s role in Anne’s demise, often described as that of an innocent victim–a righteous man who, when presented with the facts of his adulterous wife, follows the letter of the law and allows officialdom to prosecute her as appropriate. Rumors spread that there were spies in her household and that “the King hates the Queen, because she has not presented him with an heir to the realm, nor was there any prospect of her so doing” (Stevenson 1312). Henry, frustrated by a politically active, argumentative wife, saw Anne’s demise as the only way out. Divorce was not enough, nor was execution. Henry’s rage required both punishments inflicted on Anne along with the defamation of her character. No rumor was considered too fanciful to believe. Stories circulated that the honor Anne had acquired to join the royal court in France stemmed from the fact that at “fifteen she sinned first with her father’s butler, and then with his chaplain, and forthwith was sent to France” (Sander 25). While in France, Anne was supposed to have been the lover of many couriers and “her conversation hath been so loose and base” (Harpsfield 253) and her behavior “so rank and common” (Friedmann 298) that understandably she was “audacious and licentious in the prosecution of her detestable and abominable vices” (Gairdner X 54). There was no end to the implied and declared evils of Anne by the Spanish Ambassador, Eustace Chapuys. He claimed her to be a seductress and murderess, “whose importunate and malignant cravings are well known” (de Gayangos 1133). Convinced that Anne would try to poison Queen Katherine and Princess Mary, Chapuys reported that although the “Queen has no fears, but is marvelously concerned for the Princess” (Gairdner VI 351). Added to the speculation that Anne tried to murder members of the royal family, there was laid the charge of her role in the deaths of public figures. Bishop Fisher of Rochester and Sir Thomas More were “both inscribed on the black-list of the revengeful mistress, who never rested from her ill offices toward them, until their heads had fallen” (Herbert, Henry 171). “Yet did not our King love her at first”(Herbert, Edward 285). Although Henry was touted as a hero of the Protestant cause and liberator of the English peoples, he also was blamed for how he “stained the purity of his action by intermingling with it a weak passion for a foolish and bad woman, and bitterly he had to suffer for his mistake” (Froude 324). “A long catalog of misdeeds had been registered…” It was puzzling to many that Henry did not realize Anne had “worn a mask so long” and never gave Henry “occasion for dissatisfaction. Incidents must have occurred in the details of daily life, if not to rouse his suspicions, yet to have let him see that the woman for whom he had fought so fierce a battle had never been worthy what she had cost him” (Froude 402). These sentiments are very different from when Anne was at her heyday; yet, all was not as it seemed as observed by Jean du Bellay, Bishop of Bayonne, Ambassador from France on December 9, 1528. “I see they mean to accustom the people by degrees to endure her, so that when the great blow comes it may not be thought strange. However, the people remain quite hardened, and I think they would do more if they had more power; but great order is continually taken” (Brewer IV 5016). Hence a severe ordinance was issued “against any that spoke ill of her; which shut people’s mouths when they knew what ought not to be concealed.” Anne could do as she pleased and “if perhaps taken with the love of some favored person, she could treat her friends according to her pleasure, owing to the ordinance. But that law could not secure to her lasting friendships, and the King daily cooled in his affection” (Gairdner X 1036). Therefore, with the King’s new policies and his actions, such as the execution of More, causing so much hostility toward Anne Boleyn, the Crown’s agents were kept busy trying to preserve public order and ensure the people would accept the new edicts. Records show several examples of the investigations into many reported violations. Although the punishments are not always documented, below are brief summaries of some of the charges against those of all stations of life. In April of 1532 Charles Brandon’s kinsman, William Peninthum was assaulted and killed by the men in the service of the Duke of Norfolk. When Thomas Cromwell investigated it came to light that the root of the trouble came from “opprobrious language uttered against Madam Anne by his Majesty’s sister, the Duchess of Suffolk, Queen Dowager of France” (Brown IV 761). Edward Earl of Derby and Sir Henry Farington wrote a letter to Henry VIII concerning the widespread discontent over his marriage to Anne Boleyn. The men informed Henry that they felt compelled to send a letter of the examinations they had made of various witnesses because of “the discharge of our duties” (Ellis 42). Sir Edward and Sir Farington “perceyve your graces pleasor is that a lewde and noghty priest inhabytyng in thise partyes, who hathe of late reported and spoken befor and in the audyence of certeyn persons sundry and diverse unfyttyng and sklaunderous words, aswell by your Highnes as by the Quenes grace” (Ellis 42). They assured Henry that they “have called befor us suche persons whose names and dsposicions hereafter do enue; and the same persons did examyn upon ther othes at Ley in the Countie of Lancaster” (Ellis 43). In 1533 a Warwickshire priest called Anne “a harlot and maintainer of heretics” and expressed the hope that “she would be burned at Smithfield” (Haigh 141). Evidently, in Lancashire, when Sir Richard Clerke, a vicar at Leigh, read out the proclamation declaring Katherine of Aragon as Princess Dowager, “Sir Jamys Harrison priest hering the said proclamacion, said that Quene Katharyn was Quene, And that Nan Bullen whuld not be Quene, nor the King to be no King but on his bering” (Ellis 43). Substantiated by many witnesses, a more strongly worded exclamation was related that “Sir Jamys said I will take non for Quene but Quene Katharin; who the devell made Nan Bullen that hoore Quene, for I will never take her for Quene, and the King on his bering” (Ellis 44). A scuffle between an ostler of the White Horse in Cambridge with a customer, Henry Kilby, in May of 1534 did not go unnoticed by the authorities. During a discussion over the religious changes occurring in the country, the inn worker declared that “this business had never been if the king had not married Anne Boleyn” (Wilson). He was duly reported after blows were exchanged between the two men. Sir Walter Stonor described, in a letter to Master Secretary Cromwell, the affidavit presented by John Dawson of Watlyngton in June of 1534. Dawson and a William Goode, the constable, documented a conversation which took place between Mrs. Burgyn of Watlington in Oxfordshire and her midwife, Joan Hammulden. It was alleged that while in labor Burgyn praised Hammulden by saying that “for her honesty and cunning … she might be midwife to the Queen of England, if it were Queen Catherine, and if it were Queen Anne she was too good to be her midwife, for she was a whore and a harlot for her living” (Elton 279). Mrs. Burgyn counter claimed that Joan replied that “it was never merry in England since there was three queens in it and …there would be fewer shortly” (Gairdner VII 840). On 20 August 1535, the high constable of South Brent, John Gillinge, and John Buckett informed Thomas Clerk and William Vowell that “David Leonard, hooper, an Irishman, had said, ‘God save king Henry and queen Katharine his wedded wife, and Anne at his pleasure, for whom all England shall rue” (Gairdner IX 136). In 1535, Margaret Chaunseler (of Suffolk) earned notoriety by calling Queen Anne “a goggle-eyed whore” (Elton 137) and a lay brother of Roche Abbey thought that Anne was not the queen but ‘Anne the bawd’ (Haigh 141). No slander was deemed too outrageous to be believed. As Chapuys succinctly said to his emperor, “These things are monstrous and difficult to believe yet, the obstinacy of the King and malice of this cursed woman everything may be apprehended” (Gairdner VII 726). While not prosecuted in any way, Eustace Chapuys continued his diplomatic campaigned against Anne. In May 1536, he wrote to Monseigneur de Granvelle describing Anne as “the English Messalina, or Agrippina” (Gairdner X 54). For an interesting article on Agrippina see Romm, James. “The Woman Who Would Rule Rome.” History Today 64.4 (2014): 10-16. Print. Meanwhile, all the time Anne was being protected against these raucous mutterings, her descent was in progress. Many at Court were watching and waiting. For References, please refer to the blog entry, Path to St. Peter ad Vincula-Part I

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|City of Pawtucket| |— City —| |Motto: Rhode Island's Creative Community| |• Mayor||Donald R. Grebien| |• Total||9.00 sq mi (23.31 km2)| |• Land||8.7 sq mi (22.6 km2)| |• Water||0.3 sq mi (0.7 km2)| |Elevation||36 ft (11 m)| |• Density||8,177.9/sq mi (3,148.1/km2)| |Time zone||Eastern (UTC-5)| |• Summer (DST)||Eastern (UTC-4)| |GNIS feature ID||1218926| |Website||City of Pawtucket, Rhode Island| Pawtucket borders Providence, Rhode Island. Pawtucket was a major contributor of cotton textiles during the American Industrial Revolution. Slater Mill, built in 1793 by Samuel Slater on the Blackstone River falls in downtown Pawtucket, was the first fully mechanized cotton-spinning mill in America. Slater Mill is known for developing a commercially successful production process not reliant on earlier horse-drawn processes developed in America. He constructed and operated machines for producing yarn. Other manufacturers continued, transforming Pawtucket into a center for textiles, iron working and other products. The textile business in New England declined during the Great Depression with many manufacturers closing or moving their facilities South where operations and labor were cheaper. But unlike numerous older mill towns in the region, Pawtucket retained much of its industrial base. Today, goods produced in the city include lace, non-woven and elastic woven materials, jewelry, silverware, metals, and textiles. Hasbro, one of the world's largest manufacturer of toys and games, is headquartered in Pawtucket. Originally, there were two Pawtuckets. Pawtucket west of the Blackstone River used to be part of nearby North Providence. East of the Blackstone River was originally settled as part of the Massachusetts town of Rehoboth. Once East Pawtucket (another alternate name for the area of Pawtucket east of the Blackstone) was transferred to Rhode Island in the 1860s, both sections (West and East Pawtucket) merged. The city was incorporated in 1862. Pawtucket is named for the Algonquian word for "river fall." According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 9.0 square miles (23 km2), of which, 8.7 square miles (23 km2) of it is land and 0.3 square miles (0.78 km2) of it (2.89%) is water. Pawtucket lies within three drainage basins. These include the Blackstone River (including the Seekonk River), the Moshassuck River and the Ten Mile River. As of the census of 2000, there were 72,958 people, 30,047 households, and 18,508 families residing in the city. Pawtucket was the fourth most populous of Rhode Island's 39 cities and towns. The population density was 8,351.2 people per square mile (3,223.0/km²). There were 31,819 housing units at an average density of 3,642.2 per square mile (1,405.7/km²). The racial makeup of the city was 75.39% White, 7.31% African American, 0.30% Native American, 0.85% Asian, 0.06% Pacific Islander, 10.75% from other races, and 5.34% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 13.90% of the population. There were 30,047 households out of which 30.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 39.7% were married couples living together, 16.8% had a female householder with no husband present, and 38.4% were non-families. 32.3% of all households were made up of individuals and 12.5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.41 and the average family size was 3.07. In the city, the population was spread out with 24.9% under the age of 18, 9.1% from 18 to 24, 31.3% from 25 to 44, 19.9% from 45 to 64, and 14.8% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 35 years. For every 100 females there were 90.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 85.9 males. The median income for a household in the city was $31,775, and the median income for a family was $39,038. Males had a median income of $31,129 versus $23,391 for females. The per capita income for the city was $17,008. About 14.9% of families and 16.8% of the population were below the poverty line, including 24.5% of those under age 18 and 15.2% of those age 65 or over. According to the 2000 census, 20.6% of Pawtucket residents are French or French-Canadian. Like nearby cities Providence, RI; East Providence, RI; Fall River, MA; & New Bedford, MA; Pawtucket hosts a significant population from across the former Portuguese Empire (11.6%) plus an extremely significant Cape Verdean population. The segment from Cape Verde Islands was featured in this Zip Code USA article from National Geographic magazine. Pawtucket is also one of the few areas of the United States with a significant Liberian population, mostly refugees from Charles Taylor's regime. Rhode Island has the highest per capita Liberian population in the country. Pawtucket has a very high concentration of West Africans. Arts and culture The City of Pawtucket hired Researcher Ann Galligan, of Northeastern University, to create an arts and cultural plan. Allowing the city to become more proactive in retaining and attracting artists will enable city officials to allocate resources more effectively to meet the needs of Pawtucket's growing artist community. Pawtucket is becoming known as a center for arts and culture. This reposted 2004 NY Times article describes the city's efforts to attract artists as well as its continuing problems with red tape. The 2008 documentary Pawtucket Rising also chronicled the influx of artists and cultural activities into previously blighted areas of the city. Each September, the city, in conjunction with members of the Pawtucket Arts Collaborative, produces an annual Arts Festival. The city also hosts Riversing, an independently-produced, day-long musical event. The American-French Genealogical Society was founded in Pawtucket in 1978. Pawtucket is home to the Pawtucket Red Sox, the AAA affiliate/Minor League team of the Boston Red Sox and owned by Ben Mondor. The longest professional baseball game in history, 33 innings, was played at McCoy Stadium in 1981. Pawtucket has a history of professional baseball dating back to 1892, including the Pawtucket Indians. In 1934 the Narragansett Race Track opened for Thoroughbred horse racing. Until its closure in 1978, the track hosted several important races that drew some of the top horses from around the United States including Hall of Fame members; Seabiscuit, War Admiral and Gun Bow. Parks and recreation - Slater Memorial Park has full recreational facilities including tennis courts and picnic areas. - Daggett Farm - Water Color Gallery open to the public for viewing - Daggett House - Marconi Garden Public education in Pawtucket is directed by the Pawtucket School Department and contains these schools: Senior high schools - William E. Tolman - Charles E. Shea - Jacqueline M. Walsh School for the Performing & Visual Arts - Blackstone Academy Charter School Junior high schools - Samuel Slater - Joseph Jenks - Lyman B. Goff - Elizabeth Baldwin - M. Virginia Cunningham - Flora S. Curtis - Curvin McCabe - Fallon Memorial - Nathanael Greene - Agnes E. Little - Potter Burns - Francis J. Varieur - Henry J. Winters The Quality Hill section of Pawtucket is home to St. Raphael Academy. It is a private college preparatory school founded on the basis of St. John the Baptist de la Salle. "Saints" is a small school consisting of roughly 500 students with a student to teacher ratio of about 15:2. The "Saints and Lady Saints" are very successful in sports including baseball, football, basketball, and softball. St. Raphael Academy is a rival of William E. Tolman. They took part in a Thanksgiving Day football game that was played in McCoy Stadium for over 70 years. This game is no longer played, as William E. Tolman now competes annually against its fellow Pawtucket public high school Charles E. Shea, rather than against St. Raphael Academy, a private Catholic high school. Pawtucket is also home to Bishop Keough High School, a small all-girls catholic high school located in the Fairlawn neighborhood. The city also has three Catholic elementary schools: St. Cecilia School, St. Teresa School and Woodlawn Catholic Regional School. Amtrak's Northeast Corridor and the MBTA's Providence/Stoughton Line run through Pawtucket, though there is no stop for either in the city. Train service at the Pawtucket/Central Falls train station terminated in 1959. Recently there have been discussions to have the "T" stop in Pawtucket at the old train station (which would be substantially refurbished) or at a platform elsewhere on the line. Federal funding has been provided for preliminary planning of a MBTA station in the city, with a request for proposals expected in early 2011. Commuters can currently board MBTA trains at the South Attleboro stop, located off Newport Avenue just over the state line. The MBTA operates a layover facility in Pawtucket for trains on the Providence/Stoughton Line where the trains are kept overnight. The closest Amtrak station to Pawtucket is Providence Station. Public bus transportation is available in the city. RIPTA operates a hub in downtown Pawtucket with routes to various parts of the city and to parts of nearby towns. Riders can also access RIPTA buses to Providence at the downtown hub, or on the Smithfield Avenue (#53) or Pawtucket Avenue (#99) routes. At Kennedy Plaza, Providence's hub, riders can access routes to most parts of the state. Highways and roads Interstate 95 and U.S. 1 also traverse the western part of Pawtucket. Some of the slowest posted speeds on I-95 are in the city due to the "S-curves" near downtown. In order to preserve certain buildings in the city, planners snaked I-95 creating sharp bends in the highway. The circulator used East Avenue, High Street, Summer Street, Goff Avenue, Dexter Street and Park Place West. Each half of the Circulator carried one direction of U.S. 1; sections also carried westbound RI 15 and northbound RI 114. It was signed with a big 'C' on overhead signs. The circulator is no longer signed, though the road configuration remains. Providence's Downtown Ring Roads have suffered a similar fate. Hasbro, Inc., a Fortune 1000 toy and game making company, is headquartered in Pawtucket. In popular culture - In the 1999 film Outside Providence, the movie's main character, Tim Dunphy, grew up in Pawtucket (a city just outside Providence). Many different Pawtucket locations are seen in the movie, including the police station. - American Buffalo, a 1996 film, was filmed in Pawtucket. - Pawtucket has been frequently referenced in the cartoon series Family Guy, specifically the "Pawtucket Brewery" and the character "Pawtucket Pat", though no brewery existed in real Pawtucket when the show first made references them. The toy company that Peter Griffin worked for early in the series was called the Happy-Go-Lucky Toy Co, the name a loose parody based on the name of the Hasbro toy company based in Pawtucket. - In December 1993, a character on the NBC sitcom Nurses called Pawtucket a pit. Then-mayor Bob Metivier appeared on the show months later in a cameo looking for an apology. - The indoor pool at Tolman High School was used for the movie Mermaids. - Belper was where Samuel Slater had been apprenticed to Jedediah Strutt, learning the secrets of Richard Arkwright's Water Frame (and is sometimes known in that area as "Slater the traitor"). - ^ "City of Pawtucket, Rhode Island". City of Pawtucket, Rhode Island. http://www.pawtucketri.com/. Retrieved August 25, 2012. - ^ a b "American FactFinder". United States Census Bureau. http://factfinder.census.gov. Retrieved 2008-01-31. - ^ "US Board on Geographic Names". United States Geological Survey. 2007-10-25. http://geonames.usgs.gov. Retrieved 2008-01-31. - ^ Blackstone River Valley National Heritage Corridor - History & Culture (U.S. National Park Service) - ^ "Pawtucket, Rhode Island". City-Data.com. http://www.city-data.com/city/Pawtucket-Rhode-Island.html. Retrieved August 24, 2012. - ^ "Profile for Pawtucket, Rhode Island, RI". ePodunk. http://www.epodunk.com/cgi-bin/genInfo.php?locIndex=13446. Retrieved August 24, 2012. - ^ "US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990". United States Census Bureau. 2011-02-12. http://www.census.gov/geo/www/gazetteer/gazette.html. Retrieved 2011-04-23. - ^ a b - ^ American-French Genealogical Society: Home Page - ^ "Pawtucket School Department District Homepage". http://www.psdri.net/. Retrieved 2008-08-19. - ^ - ^ "Belper Town Guide 2009-2011". Belper Town Council. 2009. p. 12. http://www.belpertowncouncil.co.uk/townguide.pdf. Retrieved March 11, 2011. |This page uses content from the English language Wikipedia. The original content was at Pawtucket, Rhode Island. The list of authors can be seen in the page history. As with this Familypedia wiki, the content of Wikipedia is available under the Creative Commons License.|

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Anglo-Saxon Social Organisation The Anglo-Saxon community in England was basically a rural one, where primarily all classes of society lived on the land. At the top of the social system was the royal house. This consisted of the king and princes (æðelings), who claimed a common ancestry with the king; they had special privileges and responsibilities which included military service and command in the field. By the middle of the ninth century the royal family of Wessex was universally recognised as the English royal family and held a hereditary right to rule. Succession to the throne was not guaranteed as the witan, or council of leaders, had the right to choose the best successor from the members of the royal house. Below the king were the eoldermen (or ealdormen), the ruling nobility. The eolderman was the king's 'viceroy' in a shire, responsible for administration and justice, for calling out the fyrd and leading its forces in the field. The office was not hereditary, but it became usual in the tenth century to choose eoldermen from a few outstanding families. The same eoldormanry frequently remained in one family for more than one generation. By the early 11th century the term eolderman began to be replaced with eorl (or earl), possibly influenced by the Danish 'Jarl'. In the second half of the 10th century the title became more important, an eorl now governing several shires. æðelings, eorls, bishops and archbishops formed the high witan. The next class down the social ladder was the ðegn (thegn). Good service by a ðegn could result not only in rich gifts but sometimes in the granting of lands and, on rare occasions, elevation to eorl or eolderman. The eoldermen were all high ranking ðegns. Ðegns formed the backbone of the Anglo-Saxon army. Most ðegns were the 'king's ðegns'. These were the ðegns whose lord was the king himself, as opposed to one of the richer ðegns or eoldermen. They held their lands from the king and could lose them (and sometimes their lives) if they did not answer the king's summons. Their service to the king was performed on a rota and they would accompany him everywhere, both as bodyguards and lesser officials. Ðegns were primarily warriors whose duty was to carry out the 'common burdens' of service in the fyrd, overseeing fortress work and bridge building. A ðegn's status as a warrior is confirmed by the interchangeable use of the word 'ðegn' and 'milites' in contemporary manuscripts depending on whether the text was in English or Latin. The 'cynges ðegn' is usually referred to as a 'milites regis' in the latin texts. A ðegn's wereguild (blood-price) was set nominally at 1200 shillings. The ðegns were a numerous class, there were approximately two thousand landowners of the thegnly class in Wessex and Mercia. Ðegns were not restricted to the king's service for the great eorls had their own ðegns; even some of the more powerful and landed ðegns had their own lesser ðegns. In return for land a ðegn performed certain duties which are well described in a late tenth century document which states: - 'The law of the ðegn is that he be entitled to his chartered estates, and that he perform three things in respect of his land: military service and the repair of fortresses and work on bridges. Also in many estates further land duties arise by order of the king, such as servicing the deer-fence at the king's residence, and equipping a guard ship and guarding the coast, and attendance on his superior, and supplying a military guard, almsgiving and church dues and many other different things.' A lesser ðegn could gain promotion to a king's ðegn through service as the early eleventh century document, Gethynctho, shows: - '3. And the ðegn who prospered that he served the king and rode in his household band, on riding errands, if he himself had a ðegn who served him, possessing five hides on which he had discharged the king's dues, and who had attended his lord in the king's hall, and had thrice gone on his errand to the king - then he [the ðegn's ðegn] was afterwards allowed to represent his lord with a preliminary oath.' Below the ðegns were the ceorls, freemen, farmers and independent landed householders who formed the mainstay of the Saxon kingdom, based as it was on a rural economy. The term free in an Anglo-Saxon context can be misleading, since there were many degrees of freedom. Ceorls were 'folcfry' (folk-free), that is, free in the eyes of the community. They enjoyed weregilds and had the right to seek compensations for other free kinsmen and kinswomen. They were allowed to bear arms and be considered 'fyrd worthy' and 'moot worthy'. This meant they were considered worthy to serve in the fyrd and take part in folk meetings. They did not have the same degree of freedom as ðegns or eoldermen. A ceorl's wereguild was set nominally at 200 shillings, one sixth that of a ðegn. There were three main classes of ceorl, although the dividing line between the classes was indistinct. First were the geneatas, the peasant aristocracy who paid rent to their overlord. geneat originally meant companion, implying that the class originated from the lord's household, often receiving land as a gift. The geneat's duty was also recorded in the same document as the ðegn's law, kotsetla's duty and gebur's duty. - 'The geneat's duty varies, depending upon what is determined for the estate. In some he must pay ground rent and one store-pig a year, and ride, and perform carrying services and supply cartage, work and entertain his lord, reap and mow, cut deer-fences and maintain hides, build and fence fortifications, conduct strangers to the manor, pay church dues and alms, attend his superior, and guard the horse, carry messages far and near wherever he is directed.' Second were the kotsetla, who paid no rent but had to perform numerous duties for their overlords. - 'The kotsetla's duty depends on what is determined for the estate. In some he must work for his lord each Monday throughout the year, or three days each week at harvest-time. He need not pay ground rent. He ought to have five acres; more if it be the custom on the estate; and if it is ever less, it will be too little, because his labour must always be available. He is to pay his hearth-penny on Ascension Day, just as every freeman ought, and serve on his lord's estate, if he is ordered, by guarding the coast, and work at the king's deer-fence, and at similar things according to what his station is; and he is to pay his church dues at Martinmas.' Third were the gebur, who were totally dependant on their lord. The gebur's life was dominated by the labour services owed to his lord. It is probable that the gebur class started out by giving their land to a ðegn in return for protection from raiding parties. - 'The gebur's duty varies; in some places they are heavy, in others moderate. On some estates it is such that he must perform such work as he is directed for two week days each week for every week throughout the year, and three week days at harvest-time, and three from Candlemas to Easter; if he performs cartage he need not work while his horse is out. At Michaelmas he must pay ten pence tax, and at Martinmas twenty-three sesters of barley and two hens; at Easter one young sheep or twopence. And from Martinmas until Easter he must lie at his lord's fold as often as it is his turn. And from the time when they first plough until Martinmas he must plough one acre each week and prepare the seed in the lord's barn himself; if he need more grass, then he is to earn it as he is allowed. He is to plough his three acres as tribute land and sow it from his own barn. And he is to pay his hearth penny. And every two are to support one deer-hound. And each tenant is to give six loaves to the swineherd when he drives his herd to the mast pasture.' The arrangement is not totally one sided however as the lord: - 'ought to give the tenant, for the occupation of the land: two oxen and one cow and six sheep and seven sown acres on his piece of land. He is to perform all the duties which appertain to him throughout the year. And they are to give him tools for his work and utensils for his home. When death befalls him, his lord is to take charge of what he leaves.' The economy depended on slave labour and although the gebur was a lowly peasant, he was privileged compared to the ðeow, and had the right and duty to serve in the Fyrd. All ceorls could win promotion through prosperity or military service, and if for example a ceorl possessed five hides of land, he became entitled to the rights of a ðegn (although he would not necessarily become a thegn) as the Gethynctho tells us: - '2. And if a ceorl prospered, that he possessed fully five hides of his own, a church and kitchen, bell-house and burh-gate, a seat and a special office in the king's hall, then he was entitled to the rights of a ðegn.' He could not, however, rise to be an eorl. Below the gebur were the ðeow - slaves or bondsmen. Although ðeow were slaves they did have many rights and there were rules set down for what they should be provided with: - 'One slave ought to have as provisions: twelve pounds of good corn and the carcasses of two sheep and one good cow for eating and the right of cutting wood according to the custom of the estate. For a female slave: eight pounds of corn for food, one sheep or threepence for winter supplies, one sester of beans for Lenten supplies, whey in summer or one penny. All slaves ought to have Christmas supplies and Easter supplies, an acre for the plough and a 'handful of the harvest', in addition to their necessary rights.' Ðeow were allowed to own property and could earn money in their spare time. If they earned enough they could even buy their freedom, although slaves were sometimes freed by their owners 'for the good of their souls,' often on their owners deathbed as a manumission. Sometimes, when times were particularly hard, people sold themselves into slavery to ensure they were provisioned, and thus survived. When looking at Anglo-Saxon social organisation it is important to describe the geographical division of Saxon Britain. The basic unit of land was the hide. This is usually described as enough land to support one family, however the actual size of the hide seems to have varied considerably from estate to estate - estimated at anything from 40 acres to 4 square miles (120 acres seems to be an 'average' hide). More usual (and more evenly supported from contemporary sources) is a unit of land worth approximately £1. For the purpose of assessment of tax and military service, hides were grouped together in units called 'hundreds', comprised of approximately 100 hides. In charge of the hundred was the 'hundred eolder', and each shire contained many hundreds. Original article by Ben Levick 1990

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Pre-1800 data on Malaysia Quantitative evidence on the economic history of Malaysia before the nineteenth century is scarce. Some information may be found in the published primary materials of early Portuguese officials like Tomé Pires’ Suma Oriental. More data becomes available for the period after the Dutch East India Company (Verenigde Oost-Indische Compagnie, VOC) took over control of Malacca from the Portuguese in 1641. The VOC archives contain a wealth of information on trade volumes, wages and prices on all its establishments in the east, including Malacca. The TANAP project has digitized the inventories of the VOC archives here: http://databases.tanap.net/vocrecords/. Furthermore, large parts of the VOC archives are currently being digitized by the Dutch National Archives and can consequently be found here: http://www.gahetna.nl/collectie/archief/ead/index/eadid/1.04.02/aantal/20. Originals can be found in the Dutch National Archives in The Hague (The Netherlands). For the eighteenth-century, the Huygens Institute for Dutch History has digitized the contents of all accounts kept by the VOC’s Bookkeeper-General in Batavia. For the 55 years for which the volumes still exist, this source noted down all cargoes that were transported between the Dutch Republic and Asia, as well as among the different establishments of the VOC in Asia. This provides a very good indication of trade volumes, as well as the prices paid for various goods in different harbors in the Indian Ocean area. The database is searchable and the data are downloadable as .csv files here: http://bgb.huygens.knaw.nl/. The British in Malaysia The British East India Company (EIC) initially gained formal possession of the island of Penang off the Western coast of the Malaysian peninsula in August 1786. In 1795 the British expanded its power in the region by taking over possession of various territories previously held by the Dutch. Most notably, the British took control of Malacca and in 1800 they gained control over Prai (Province Wellesley) - situated the coast opposite of Penang. In 1819, Sir Stamford Raffles founded a British trading station in Singapore and the British formally became in control of the entire island a few years after that. In 1826 these four British territories – Penang, Province Wellesley, Malacca and Singapore – formed the Straits Settlements. The Dingdings (now Manjung) were added to the Straits Settlements in 1874. The Straits Settlements came to be ruled directly as a British Crown Colony from 1867. The Federated Malay States (FMS) were formed in 1895 and consisted of four states – Perak, Selangor, Negri Sembilan and Pahang – that were put under British colonial control in preceding years. In a series of treaties, these states accepted a the appointment of a British Resident, who advised the Malay rulers on all matters of administration. Under these treaties, the Malay rulers remained the sovereign heads of state, but in practice power rested with the British Resident (Nazrin 2017). Johor, in the south of the Malay peninsula, accepted British protectorate status in 1885 and in 1914 accepted a British Resident. The other four states of the Malay peninsula – Kedah, Perlis, Trengganu and Kelantan – formally came under British protection via the Anglo-Siamese Treaty of 1909. Collectively, these five states are known as the Unfederated Malay States (UMS). Their administration was separate and these rulers retained more autonomy compared with those of the FMS (Nazrin 2017, p. 22). In 1881, the British North Borneo Company was set up with a charter from the British Crown in order to rule Sabah, then known as the territory of North Borneo. Sarawak was ruled by Brooke family since 1841. James Brooke, a British adventurer who was born in India, became the independent ruler of Sarawak after he had helped the Sultan of Brunei quelling a rebellion. In the years that followed, the Brookes gradually extended the territory of Sarawak, often at the cost of their former patron and ally, Brunei. In 1888, Sabah, Sarawak and Brunei attained British protectorate status, but they remained autonomous. Brunei accepted a British resident in 1906. The different status these various states had within the British colonial administration obviously also has consequences for the availability of source material. In general, the amount of source material is largest for the Straits Settlements as they came under direct British colonial rule relatively early. There are more data available for the FMS than for the UMS, Sabah and Sarawak. We are unaware of any data available on the Malaysian sultanates before the data put out by the British administration. British Colonial Sources Vital demographic data on British Malaya can be found in the various censuses. The first census of the Straits Settlements was conducted in 1851 and was followed by censuses each year. The census for 1871 can be found in the Blue Books of Statistics for that year. The following are available in print at various academic libraries: - Merewether, E.M. (1891). Report on the Census of the Straits Settlements taken on the 5th of April, 1891. Singapore, Government Printing Office. - J.R. Innes (1901). Report on the Census of the Straits Settlements taken on 1st March, 1901. Singapore: Government Printing Office. - Marriott, H. (1911). Census Report of the Straits Settlements, 1911. Singapore: Government Printing Office. For the FMS censuses were held every 10 years from 1891 on: - The results of the 1891 census were published at the end of the 1891 Census of the Strait Settlements. - Hare, G.T. (1902) Census of the Population, Federated Malay States, 1901. Kuala Lumpur: Government Printer. - Pountney, A.M. (1911) The Census of the Federated Malay States: Review of the Census Operations and Results, 1911. London: Darling & Son Ltd. For Johor, Kedah and Perlis, a first census was taken in 1911 and was published as: - Cavendish, A . (1911). Report on the Census of Kedah and Perlis, 1911. Penang: Criterion Press Ltd. - Marriott, H. (1911). Report on the Census of the State of Johore, 1911. Johore Bahru: Government Printing Office. The first censuses that also contained the other UMS were conducted in 1921 and 1931 and data appeared in the following publications: - Nathan, J.E. (1922). The Census of British Malaya (The Straits Settlements, Federated Malay States and Protected States of Johore, Kedah, Perlis, Kelantan, Trengganu, and Brunei), 1921. London: Waterloo and Sons Ltd. - Vlieland, C.A. (1931). British Malaya: a report on the 1931 census and on certain problems of vital statistics. London: Crown Agents for the Colonies. The final colonial census was conducted in 1947 and published as: - Del Tufo, M.V. (1949). A Report on the 1947 Census of Population, Malaya (Comprising theFederation of Malaya and the Colony of Singapore). London, The Crown Agents for the Colonies. Blue Books of Statistics, Manual of Statistics A source that is used extensively by economic historians are the Blue Books of Statistics, which are available for all British colonies. The Blue Books contains mainly statistical materials – on prices, wage rates, production, imports and exports. The Blue Books of Statistics are found in the British National Archives (in London), Colonial Office Records: - Straits Settlements: Blue Books of Statistics, CO 277, 1867-1939, 91 volumes - Federated Malay States: Manuals of Statistics, CO 575, 1904-1949, 38 volumes The information from the Blue Books from all British colonies was summarized in a source titled: Statistical Tables Relating to the Colonial and Other Possessions and Protectorates, or alternatively titled Statistical Abstract for the Several Colonial and Other Possessions of the United Kingdom and was published each year between 1833 and 1912. They can be found in the British National Archives, Colonial Office Records (CO422), but various editions can also be found at libraries around the globe. These also contain the figures from the various Malaysian states. The Annual Reports of the Straits Settlements, the FDS and UMS provides some economic data as well as provides a qualitative description of the context of these data. Some annual reports can be found in academic libraries across the world. All Annual Reports are also available at the British National Archives in London: - Straits Settlements, Annual Report, various sub-entries in CO 275, 1886-1936 - Federated Malay States: various sub-entries in CO 576, 1896-1940 - Johore: CO 715/1-6, 1910-1940 - Kedah and Perlis: CO 716/1-4, 1905-1940. - Kelantan CO 717/137, 142, 1938-1939 - Sarawak CO 802/1-24, 1900-1965 The individual states of the FMS also produced separate Annual Reports: - Perak, Annual Report, CO 438/1-5, 1888-1939 - Selangor, Annual Report, CO 439/1-4, 1888-1939 - Pahang, Annual Report, CO 437-1-4, 1888-1939 - Negri Sembilan, Sungei Ujong and Jelebu, Annual Report, CO 435/1-4, 1888-1929 Additional reports titled Colonial Reports can be found in CO 1071. Here one can find Annual Reports for Brunei (1071/59-81), Trengganu (1071/254) and North Borneo/Sabah (1071/285-289). Detailed qualitative information on appointments of colonial staff, as well as information on legislation, texts on ordinances and other notices. Furthermore, these Gazettes often contained information on average market prices for a wide range of goods, as well as other information regarding the economy, population, sanitation and crime. As in the case with the source above, some of these Government Gazettes may be found in academic libraries in Malaysia, the United Kingdom, Australia and the United States. They are also available at the British National Archives in London: - Federated Malay States CO 574 - Federation of Malaya CO 930 - Johore CO 653 - Kedah and Perlis CO 819 - Kelantan CO 928 - Labuan CO 573 - Malacca (Melaka) CO 929 - Negri Sembilan, Sungei Ujong and Jelebu CO 463 - Pahang CO 466 - Penang CO 933 - Perak CO 467 - Perlis CO 931 - Sarawak CO 604 - Selangor CO 469 - Singapore CO 932 - Straits Settlements CO 276 - Sungei Ujong CO 475 - British North Borneo and Sabah CO 855 - Brunei CO 985 For the 1930s, data becomes abundantly available in various annual reports by the different departments of the colonial administration, such as the Annual Report of the Labour Department, Report of the Agricultural Department, Education Department, Public Works Department, the Annual Medical Report, Crime Reports, Railways Reports and many others. Post-Colonial Malaysia and Singapore Penang, Malacca, the UMS and FMS were combined into the Malayan Union (under British protection) in 1946, and renamed into the Federation of Malaya in 1948. Singapore became a British crown colony. In 1957 the Federation of Malaya was granted independence from Britain. Six years later, Sabah, Sarawak and Singapore merged with the Federation to form Malaysia on 16 September 1963. Due to political and economic conflicts between Singapore and the rest of Malaysia, Singapore was expelled from Malaysia in 1965 thus gaining independence. - Fell, H. (1960). 1957 Population Census of the Federation of Malaya. Kuala Lumpur: Department of Statistics, Federation of Malaya. - Chander, Ramesh (1977). General Report, 1970 Population Census of Malaysia. Kuala Lumpur: Department of Statistics Malaysia, - Huat, Khoo Teik (1983). General Report of the Population Census, 1980 Population and Housing Census of Malaysia. Kuala Lumpur: Department of Statistics Malaysia. - Huat Khoo Teik (1985). Report on the Post Enumeration Survey, 1980. Kuala Lumpur: Department of Statistics Malaysia. - Gim, Khoo Soo (1995). General Report of the Population Census, 1991 Population and Housing Census of Malaysia. Kuala Lumpur: Department of Statistics Malaysia. - Rahman, Shaari Abdul (2004). Population and Housing Census of Malaysia, 2000: Migration and Population Distribution. Putrajaya: Department of Statistics Malaysia. - Rahman, Shaari Abdul (2001). Population Distribution and Basic Demographic Characteristics, 2000 Population and Housing Census of Malaysia. Putrajaya: Department of Statistics Malaysia. - Raof, Wan Ramlah bt Wan Abd. (2011). Population Distribution and Basic Demographic Characteristics, 2010 Population and Housing Census of Malaysia. Putrajaya: Department of Statistics Malaysia. - Rahman bin Hasan, Abdul (2013). Education and Social Characteristics of the Population, 2010 Population and Housing Census of Malaysia. Putrajaya: Department of Statistics Malaysia. Economic data can be obtained from the following publications: - Annual Bulletin of Statistics, Kuala Lumpur: Government Printer, various years. - Malaysia: Yearbook of Statistics. Kuala Lumpur: Government Printer, various years. - Malaysia Economic Statistics - Time Series 2019 (2020) See the research note of Prof. Tamotsu Nishizawa: - Tamotsu Nishizawa (1998) 'Historical Statistical Materials on Malaya in London', Newsletter of the Project on Long-Term Economic Statistics of Asia, Institute of Economic Research, Hitotsubashi University, Tokyo, Japan. In addition, the Economic History of Malaysia project, headed by Sultan Nazrin Shah, contains a wealth of quantitative information gathered from the sources mentioned above: https://www.ehm.my/home. Also see his recent book: - Sultan Nazrin Shah, Charting the Economy. Early 20th Century Malaya and Contemporary Malaysian Contrasts. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2017. Last update on Tuesday 10 August 2021 (08:26) by Pierre van der Eng

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The relationship of an employer and an employee exists when, pursuant to an agreement of the parties, one person, the employee, agrees to work under the direction and control of another, the employer, for compensation. The agreement of the parties is a contract, and it is therefore subject to all the principles applicable to contracts. The contract may be an express contract. In other words, the duties of the employee will be specifically set forth in the contract. The contract may also be implied. Most employment contracts are implied oral agreements. In this type of arrangement, the employer is accepting the services of the employee that a reasonable person would recognize as being such that compensation would be given to the employee. Collective bargaining contracts govern the rights and obligations of employers and employees in many employment relationships. These occur when a union negotiates on behalf of employees. Collective bargaining involves representatives of the employees bargaining with a single employer or a group of employers for an agreement. This agreement will cover such things as wages, hours, and working conditions for the employees. The employees, of course, make up a union and elect members to represent, and negotiate for, them with the employer. The National Labor Relations Act (NLRA) guarantees employees the right to form a labor union and requires employers to deal with a duly-elected union as the bargaining agent for the employees. The NLRA prohibits employers from interfering with employees and from discriminating against an employee as a result of the employee’s union activity. In most instances, the employment contract will not state its expiration date. In such a case, the contract may be terminated at any time by either party. However, the contract may expressly state that it will last for a specified period of time such as a contract to work as a general manager for five years. Ordinarily a contract of employment may be terminated in the same manner as any other contract. If it is to run for a definite period of time, the employer cannot terminate the contract at an earlier date without justification. If the employment contract does not have a definite duration, it is terminable at will. This is called employment at will. Under the employment at will doctrine, the employer has historically been allowed to terminate the contract at any time for any reason or for no reason. Some State Courts and some State Legislatures have changed this rule by limiting the power of the employer to discharge the employee without cause. For example, Court decisions have carved out exceptions to this doctrine when the discharge violates an established public policy, such as discharging an employee in retaliation for insisting that the employer comply with the State’s Food and Drug Act. Courts may sometimes construe an employer’s statements concerning continued employment as a part of the employment contract, and therefore require good cause for the discharge of an at-will employee. Also, written personnel policies used as guidelines for the employer’s supervisors have been interpreted as restricting the employer’s right to discharge at-will employees without just cause. Employee handbooks or personnel manuals have been construed as part of the employee’s contract. This is why all personnel manuals and employee handbooks should contain a disclaimer. A sample disclaimer would be: This employee handbook is not intended to create any contractual rights in favor of you or the company. The company reserves the right to change the terms of this employee handbook at any time. The Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA) is also known as the Wage and Hour Act. requires payment of a minimum wage as well as the payment of overtime after 40 hours of work per week. Payment of overtime is to be 1-1/2 times the regular hourly rate. This Act also deals with child labor laws. Generally, children under the age of 14 are not supposed to work. Children between the ages of 14 and 16 can work in all industries with the exception of certain hazardous work. Certain exemptions are available under the FLSA to executives, administrative and professional employees, and for outside salesmen. Generally, employees without work through no fault of their own, are eligible for unemployment compensation benefits. Unemployment compensation is provided primarily through a federal and State system under the unemployment insurance provisions of the Social Security Act. State agencies are loosely coordinated under this Act. Basically, States are generally free to prescribe the amount and the length of benefits and the conditions required for eligibility. In most States, the unemployed person must be available for placement in a similar job and be willing to take such employment at a comparable rate of pay. If an employee quits a job without cause, or is fired for misconduct, he ordinarily is disqualified for unemployment benefits. The Family and Medical Leave Act entitles employees of an employer with 50 or more employees to up to 12 weeks of unpaid leave during any 12 month period for the following reasons: a) birth or adoption of a child; to care for a spouse, child or parent with a serious health problem; or a serious health problem of the employee that makes the employee unable to do his or her job. To be eligible for this leave, an employee must be employed by an employer for 12 months or more and have worked at least 1250 hours during the 12 months prior to the leave. Employees and employers are required to pay Social Security taxes which provide employees with (1) retirement benefits: (2) disability benefits; (3) some life insurance benefits; and (4) Medicare. Also, the Supplemental Security Income Program provides additional payments for certain needy people in addition to the previous benefits. The Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970 (OSHA) was passed in order to insure as much as possible safe and healthy working conditions for employees. OSHA provides for establishing safety and health standards and for enforcement of these standards. The Secretary of Labor has been granted broad authority under OSHA to write occupational safety and health standards. Any person adversely affected by these regulations of the Secretary of Labor can challenge their validity in a U.S. Court of Appeals. The Secretary’s standards will be upheld if they are reasonable and supported by substantial evidence. The Secretary must show a need for a new standard by showing that it is reasonably necessary to protect employees against a significant risk of material health impairment. The Secretary must show that the standard is economically feasible. For most kinds of employment, workers’ compensation statutes govern compensation for injuries. The statutes provide that the injured employee is entitled to compensation for accidents occurring in the course of employment. Every State has some form of workers’ compensation legislation. The statutes vary widely from State to State. When an employee is covered by a workers’ compensation statute, and when the injury is job connected, the employee’s remedy is limited to what is provided in the worker’s compensation statute. In other words, the employee cannot sue his employer for negligence. Generally, no compensation is allowed for a willful, self-inflicted, injury, or one sustained while the employee is intoxicated. The Federal Wiretapping Act provides that it is unlawful to intercept oral or electronic communications. Both criminal and civil penalties are provided for by this Act. There are two exceptions: 1) An employer can monitor his/her/its telephones in the ordinary course of business through the use of extension telephone; and 2) An employer can monitor employee communications with the employee’s consent. Consent may be established by prior written notice to employees of the employer’s monitoring policy. Consent signed by the employee is preferable. Interception of a business call is within the ordinary course of business exception. Personal calls can be monitored only to the extent necessary to determine whether the call is a personal or business call. As soon as it is determined that the call is a personal call, the employer must quit listening. The Electronic Communications Privacy Act (ECPA) amended the federal wiretap statute to make it apply to e-mail communications. However, the same two exceptions exist (i.e., ordinary course of business and consent). Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 (which was substantially amended in 1972 and 1991) prohibits terminating an employee or refusing to hire an applicant for a reason which amounts to discrimination because of race, color, sex, religion or national origin. The Act prohibits disparate treatment which is treating one employee less favorably than another because of race, sex, etc. The Act also prohibits disparate impact situations. This would be an employment practice which was neutral on its face (e.g., height requirement), but had a disparate impact on a protected class (e.g., women). Such policies must be justified by a bona fide job necessity. Certain tests which an employer might give to a job applicant might be found to be culturally biased and therefore have a disparate impact against a minority. This is not to say that all tests will be declared illegal by a Court. However, a test must have a reasonable relation to the job for which it is to be used. Word of Mouth hiring can also cause disparate impact. The Pregnancy Discrimination Act requires that an employer treat pregnancy in the same manner that other disabilities are treated. Women that are temporarily disabled by pregnancy or childbirth must be provided with the same benefits as other disabled workers. This includes sick leave, insurance, and similar benefits. However, employers who do not provide sick leave or short term disability benefits to workers are not required to provide them to pregnant workers. Quid pro quo sexual harassment involves supervisory personnel seeking sexual favors from employees under them in return for job benefits such as continued employment, promotions, raises, or a favorable performance evaluation. In such a case, when a supervisor’s actions affect job benefits, Title VII’s prohibition against sex discrimination comes into play, and the employer is liable under this Act. A second form of sexual harassment is the so-called hostile working environment harassment. This a situation where a supervisor’s conduct has sexual connotations and has caused anxiety or poisoned the work environment. This type of conduct may include such things as unwelcome flirtations, propositions, or any other abuse of a sexual nature. If this type of conduct causes an employee to quit his or her job, the employer may be liable for any damage caused to the employee. The Age Discrimination in Employment Act prohibits discrimination against men and women over 40 and also prohibits mandatory retirement because of age. There are some exceptions to this mandatory retirement aspect. This Act only covers employers with 20 or more employees. The Older Workers Benefit Protection Act of 1990 prohibits age discrimination in connection with employee benefits unless the employer can prove that the cost of benefits for older workers is more than for younger workers. Employers commonly require that employees taking early retirement packages waive all claims against their employers, including, any claim they have under ADEA. The OWBPA requires that employees be given a specific period of time to evaluate the package, and also requires employers to pay for eight hours of an attorney’s time to aid each employee in this evaluation. The Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) makes it unlawful for an employer to discriminate against any qualified individual with a disability because of the disability. A qualified individual with a disability is any person who, with or without reasonable accommodation, can perform the essential functions of the job. The ADA applies to virtually every employment practice, from the application procedures for hiring to compensation, training, other terms and conditions of employment, and discharge. The statute defines reasonable accommodation to include physical alteration of existing facilities to make them accessible to people with disabilities, restructuring jobs, allowing part-time or modified working schedules, acquiring or modifying equipment, and hiring qualified readers for the blind or interpreters for the deaf. The ADA defines disability very broadly and includes any person with: (1) a physical or mental impairment which substantially limits one or more of the individual’s major life activities; (2) a record of such an impairment; or (3) an individual who is regarded by the employer as having such an impairment. The test is a two-pronged test. First, you must decide whether or not there is a physical or mental impairment. If so, you must decide whether or not it substantially limits a major life function.

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What can satellite imagery be used for in agriculture? Employing satellite imagery in the agriculture sector is not new; organisations have been utilising images from space to study land-use ever since the first satellite of NASA’s Landsat program started beaming back pictures in 1972. Yet until recently what those satellite images could be used for was relatively limited. How can planet’s data help farmers decarbonize their agriculture? Sustainable practices in agriculture can help regenerate soil health, store carbon, and decrease environmental impacts. Planet’s science-grade data can help verify adoption of decarbonization efforts, make it easier for growers to optimize their inputs and make more efficient and ecologically sustainable decisions. What is planet for agriculture? Planet for agriculture Maximize Yields and Ensure Crop Health with a New Era of Reliable, High Frequency Satellite Imaging Planet provides the most current and complete agricultural insights across every region and season. With Planet, growers can measure crop health from preseason to harvest, to farm more efficiently, profitably, and sustainably. How is geospatial data helping global agriculture work smarter? From Australian dairy farms to Indian crop insurers, the integration of geospatial data into a host of innovative solutions is helping global agriculture work smarter and more sustainably. Thin roads connect the small villages in China’s vast Northeastern Plain—a region renowned for its agriculture. How does satellite imagery help agriculture? Satellite images allow you to monitor, control and manage the state of crops, soil, protect crops from extreme weather conditions, as well as diseases, pests, and other threats. Integrating satellite imagery with other technologies can also detect stress, soil moisture, and nutrient saturation. Which satellite is used in agriculture? Satellite tech for India’s agricultureSatellite TypeSatelliteCartography satelliteCartosat-1Radar imagingRISAT-1Meteorological forecastingKalpana-1Meteorological observationINSAT-3D & INSAT-3DR1 more row What can satellite imagery be used for? Satellite images have many applications in meteorology, oceanography, fishing, agriculture, biodiversity conservation, forestry, landscape, geology, cartography, regional planning, education, intelligence and warfare. What is PlanetScope used for? PlanetScope, operated by Planet, is a constellation of approximately 130 satellites, able to image the entire land surface of the Earth every day (a daily collection capacity of 200 million km²/day). What is GPS in agriculture? GPS allows farmers to accurately navigate to specific locations in the field, year after year, to collect soil samples or monitor crop conditions. Crop advisors use rugged data collection devices with GPS for accurate positioning to map pest, insect, and weed infestations in the field. How is remote sensing applied in agriculture? Information from remote sensing can be used as base maps in variable rate applications of fertilizers and pesticides. Information from remotely sensed images allows farmers to treat only affected areas of a field. Problems within a field may be identified remotely before they can be visually identified. What are the disadvantages of satellite imagery? The disadvantages of satellite images are—1. Data collection becomes difficult if the sky is cloudy. 2. Exact height of any region or object cannot be calculated. Does satellite map have any limitations? The locations of the projection centres today are without problems, but an accuracy limit is caused by the attitudes. Very high resolution satellites today are very agile, able to change the pointed area over 200km within 10 to 11 seconds. What is the highest resolution satellite imagery? The Maxar satellite constellation provides the highest-resolution (natively collected) imagery in the commercial market. We collect about 680,000 sq km of 30 cm imagery every day, providing an abundant inventory to create 15 cm HD. What is a dove satellite? Dove-2 is an Earth observation satellite launched as part of a private, commercial, space-based, remote sensing system, licensed to collect images of the Earth. It is currently undertaking an experimental mission in a 575 km circular orbit at an inclination of 64.9 degrees. What are cubesats made of? There are now several companies that provide CubeSat primary structures (often called frames or chassis). Most are machined from aluminum alloy 6061 or 7075 and are designed with several mounting locations for components to allow flexibility in spacecraft configuration. How many satellites does Planet labs have? Planet operates more than 200 satellites that together provide an unprecedented dataset of Earth observation imagery. With a unique combination of coverage, frequency, and resolution Planet delivers geospatial insights at the speed of change, helping you get the most nuanced understanding of changing ground conditions. Opening thoughts for the week To start, thank you all that so far have subscribed, liked, and shared my newsletter on Linkedin, Twitter, and beyond. I really really appreciate it and hope it continues. I’ve gotten many great comments and thoughts supporting this so now I just need to make sure it continues. Pressure is on I guess. News and Opinions As I mentioned last week in my inaugural addition, there is a a lot of past material to cover. I’ll get there, but because of that and for this first “real’ edition as I mentioned above I will highlight the elephant in the room when it comes to imagery in Ag. Planet. Hype gone wild – I put these themes here last week and I’m going to keep them here though in relation to how I think they work with my theme for the week, Planet in Ag. I will keep them short and sweet though. Did you know? Gossip – While I can’t and won’t expose the exact group, I have heard that a large purchasers of Planet data in Ag is trying to sell the direct software asset they have that uses that data the most. Probably wouldn’t matter much as that company still has a need for it directly, but maybe it’d be transferable any way if they do sell it. So this has been the plan by them, nothing crazy here. They are meant to burn up after a few years and the old ones are not going to do anything better for Ag or beyond. Now they have the Super Doves with 4 more bands for 8 total. Great and all, but not sure if it’s enough. Planet in a Nutshell So I really hope Will and Robbie read this. I sort of knew Robbie through my dad as we were working together on multiple fronts for years, but never talked to Will. I’m not writing this as a slam down or anything like that with Planet. Satellite Data Products Let’s start with the one we all know, Google. Google has compiled what is likely the largest publicly accessible database of satellite imagery in the world (of course, governments all have their own databases as well) and has made these data available and usable through Google Earth, Google Maps, and Google Earth Engine. What is Satellite Imagery Data? Not all satellites (and their subsequent image data) are created equal. Various companies (and governments) that operate satellites have different purposes for the satellites and the data they create becomes available at different spatial resolutions, and time scales. Using Satellite Imagery for Remote Sensing Capturing images and spectral light measurements from space can be quite useful as a standalone product, but these data become incredibly powerful when they are combined with on the ground monitoring points. Harnessing the Power of Space Remote sensing and satellite imagery data are being used around the globe by the agricultural industry to make decisions, understand changes, and estimate future conditions. Sign up today or visit our FAQ to learn more about FarmTogether, our approach, and our current investment offerings Disclaimer: FarmTogether is not a registered broker-dealer, investment adviser or investment manager. FarmTogether does not provide tax, legal or investment advice. This material has been prepared for informational and educational purposes only. You should consult your own tax, legal and investment advisors before engaging in any transaction. What is pasture.io? Pasture.IO is another real-life example of how satellite imagery can work with other technologies to answer a specific agricultural challenge. The pasture management platform was born out of its creator Oliver ‘Ollie’ Roberts’ attempts to answer some very basic questions on his own family farm in NW Tasmania. When did satellite imagery start? Employing satellite imagery in the agriculture sector is not new; organisations have been utilising images from space to study land-use ever since the first satellite of NASA’s Landsat program started beaming back pictures in 1972 . How has remote sensing helped in Asia? Also, in India, insurance companies have started using satellite imagery to assess the extent and intensity of crop damage when resolving payment claims. Meanwhile, in Indonesia, remote sensing has been combined with machine learning algorithms to automatically assess the growth rates of rice paddies. What is Khan’s theory of agriculture? Khan is referring to the rise of precision agriculture, the theory of incorporating innovative technology like remote sensing, robotics, machine learning and the Internet of things (IoT), as well as satellite imagery, into agricultural practices. What is the biggest challenge in precision agriculture? With its data-driven approach, precision agriculture offers the opportunity for greater efficiency, yet the biggest challenge is ensuring that the data and the technology can work together seamlessly. Why is Planet’s constellation important? Unlike other less frequent options, Planet’s constellation of satellites also ensures paddocks are measured nearly daily, invaluable in eliminating the potential issue of cloud cover; important as most of Pasture.IO’ s clients are based in temperate high rainfall areas. What is EOfactory.ai? EOfactory.ai’s GIS systems combined backend processing power and machine learning technology to process the large amounts of data obtained by satellites to map out information relating to different crop types quickly and accurately. What fields have drones been used in? Not so much after, drones with similar design, equipped with similar hardware started to show up in various other fields, i.e. surveillance, agriculture, logistics and etc. How are satellite and drone images similar? The similarity of satellite imagery and drone photos, lies mainly on the multispectral characteristics of the captured images. Both are equipped with multispectral cameras and both reveal somewhat the same data, to some degree of accuracy, over specific areas on the surface of the Earth. What is the resolution of satellite images? Frequently used satellite image resolutions, on the other hand, range from 30cm to 250m per pixel, in which the images with resolutions in between 30cm and 10m are paid and others are freely available. How many satellites are used in Earth observation? Currently, approximately 10-15 satellites are typically being used in commercial applications. Specificity of the applications vary, mainly depending on the equipment used and the altitude of the satellite orbit. Landsat and Sentinel programs are the most common and widely-known in the field of remote sensing and their historic data is freely accessible. Why do farmers fly drones? While flying drones over the fields would yield better cultivation productivity and more efficient operations, there are some details that a farmer has to consider: mainly – considering the budget of farming operations – the cost of drones, cost of additional sensor equipment, monthly recurring costs of operating the underlying software and maintenance. What do banks look for in a farmer when scoring a farmer? As another example, banks, when scoring a farmer when providing credit, want to see what’s happening in the farmer’s field (micro view), what has happened before (historic data) and what is the situation in the region (macro view) or nearby farmlands. They wouldn’t need per plant analysis, considering the timing (crops haven’t been sown yet) and the fact that, during the season, the success of a farmer can be calculated by analysing the farmland as a whole. Can drones collect data from farmers? A local branch of a government might collect the farm analysis data from their farmers, who use drone imagery, but they can also get reports from satellite imagery. Apart from this, the higher branches of governments can get the satellite imagery reports on demand without wasting much time and various other resources – instead of waiting for the drones to be finished to collect data from the fields, waiting for the farmers to pass that data to local government branches, and waiting for them to pass that data up in the hierarchy.

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NASA engineer Semion Kizhner spent an entire week trying to understand the Hilbert-Huang Transform with the colleague who had developed it, but to no avail. He hoped to develop a software that would get people using this powerful but complex new algorithm, he says, because he saw great potential in it that might require decades of development. Fortunately, no one needs to fully understand a transform to use it. “I have no clue how intestines work, but that doesn’t prevent me from eating,” says Kizhner, now recently retired from Goddard Space Flight Center’s Instrument Electronics Development Branch. A transform—essentially, a particular type of mathematical formula—helps scientists gather information from complex data. For example, Kizhner says, he might not be able to interpret the raw data from an electrocardiogram reading, but transforming the data into the frequency domain might show that something is happening about once a second, which is the normal respiration rate—a clue suggesting the phenomenon is probably associated with breathing. “You try to apply some known transform, and if you’re lucky, it will give you something you understand,” Kizhner says. One of the most commonly used transforms is the century-old Fourier Transform, originally devised to study heat transfer but now used in applications as diverse as quantum mechanics and digital image compression. The Fourier Transform, however, has severe limitations when it comes to analyzing natural phenomena. Kizhner had been looking for an alternative, and the Hilbert-Huang Transform (HHT), created by Goddard chief scientist for oceanography Norden Huang, seemed like a promising option. It’s the product of the oceanographer’s nearly four decades of attempts to come up with a transform that could make more sense of data on ocean waves and atmospheric turbulence. It breaks down a one-dimensional signal into a series of what Huang called intrinsic mode functions, isolating various frequencies, and then applies the preexisting one-dimensional Hilbert spectral analysis to decompose frequency components. Kizhner notes that the Royal Society of London published all of Huang’s 100-page paper on the subject despite the organization’s 10-page limit. “Obviously, someone was impressed.” Although Kizhner still struggled to understand the mechanics of the transform, he and one of his students, Karin Blank, were able to write software to apply it, with initial funding from Goddard’s Internal Research and Development (IRAD) Program. The resulting HHT Data Processing System software for one-dimensional data, which can be licensed from Goddard, works well beyond oceanography. “HHT1 works on data like nothing else before it, and people are using it all over the world,” Kizhner says, including to help monitor blood flow in the brain after brain injuries (Spinoff 2010). In 2006, the Federal Laboratory Consortium’s mid-Atlantic region named the software Best Technology of the Year. But Kizhner—and many others, including Huang himself—were looking for a way to use the transform in two dimensions to analyze images. “There are certain things in image processing that cannot be done well with existing techniques, so we always strive to find something new,” he says. Such a tool could help detect and eliminate stray light and other extraneous data in, say, long-exposure images of deep space. But it might also be able to extract even deeper, more specific information, Kizhner says. He likens it to using an image of illegible handwritten notes to make determinations about the writer’s character. “It’s very difficult to do.” Following years of attempts, on a camping trip, Kizhner was finally struck by an idea that would let him apply the Hilbert Transform across two dimensions, paving the way for Huang’s technique to also analyze frequencies across a plane—a near real-time HHT2 algorithm. It worked. With a little more IRAD funding and some help from coworkers, Kizhner developed and patented a prototype in the MATLAB programming language. To do so, he developed a way to also extend Huang’s empirical mode decomposition to two dimensions—and he sped up the whole thing by writing it as an algorithm that could run on many processing units simultaneously, in near real time. He also implemented a novel Hilbert Transform for two-dimensional spectral analysis. One of his assignments for his day job was to help design a data processing system for a radiometer to fly on the Soil Moisture Active Passive (SMAP) satellite, which launched in 2015. The radiometer operates in the L1 microwave band, a wavelength that is unaffected by the atmosphere. That same characteristic, however, makes the L1 bandwidth popular for other uses, such as cell phones, which could interfere with the instrument’s signals. Goddard decided to try out the two-dimensional Hilbert-Huang software prototype, using it to remove radio interference from the satellite’s imagery and recover the data that had been contaminated, rather than simply deleting all contaminated data, as state-of-the-art systems did at the time. Arlington, Virginia-based Syneren Technologies Corporation collaborated on the effort, and after a year of working together closely, the company expressed interest in commercializing the prototype HHT2 program. Syneren currently holds an exclusive field-of-use license. It was clear the software’s image-processing capability could theoretically be applied to a wide swath of industries, but figuring out the details was better suited to the private sector, Kizhner says. “I thought it was a great idea for us to continue the research and actually make a commercial product, because if we didn’t, this would just evaporate,” recalls Meg Vootukuru, Syneren’s owner and CEO. Syneren signed a Space Act Agreement, and Kizhner has consulted with the company weekly ever since. “They extended the software, enriched it, fixed bugs, and put in a lot of work, and they came up with SIETech,” Kizhner says, or Syneren Image Enhancement Technology. To begin with, the company rewrote the software in C++, as MATLAB can be difficult to install and use. “We developed an algorithm and software that makes it easy to commercialize,” says Vootukuru, noting that the program can be installed on any hardware platform and leverages multiprocessing to run fast and efficiently. By the end of 2016, Syneren was in talks with a number of companies and Government agencies about how the software could be tailored to each of their needs. Different clients would need different products, geared toward the solutions they’re looking for, says SIETech product manager Richard Williams. “The product is tailorable—we’ve got to determine what question you’re trying to answer. We’re open to whatever our clients need.” SIETech uses the Hilbert-Huang Transform to sift through different frequencies in an image, starting out by analyzing high frequencies from the entire image and moving to lower and lower frequencies, to identify different features, explains Mark Christman, a senior program manager at Syneren. For example, higher frequencies are often useful for edge detection, and lower frequencies might help distinguish healthy cells from unhealthy ones in a medical application. “The whole process removes periodic noise and other obscurants and lets you see edges, features, and patterns you couldn’t see otherwise,” Christman says. In one demonstration, the software was used to analyze radar images from a storm, and it identified more features and characteristics than the National Weather Service’s own image analysis system. Both identified the storm’s hook pattern, its debris ball, and some hail, but SIETech also found hail in areas where the weather service didn’t, and it was better able to determine the intensity of precipitation and debris throughout the images. “They certainly believed our product had the potential to improve forecast accuracy,” Williams says. When Syneren turned the technology on an inflamed kidney, lower-frequency analysis was able to differentiate between normal and abnormal cells and color-code areas to assist with pattern recognition. In defense applications, he says, the software can analyze aerial images to distinguish manmade features among foliage, spot footprints or tire tracks, and remove fog or other visual noise. In the oil and gas industry, SIETech could be used to identify surface and subterranean patterns indicating features that might contain oil. And in oil spill crisis management, it could be used to pinpoint and prioritize areas where the oil is most concentrated, helping to assign resources for oil removal. The Naval Oceanographic Office is considering using the program in support of its monitoring of sea surface temperatures to distinguish ocean currents, and Williams notes that forest services could use it for monitoring anything from forest fires to vegetation health. “Just about every industry uses imagery in some way, and this software has the potential to make that more efficient for all those industries,” Williams says. “We’re just scratching the surface of what this software is capable of.” Kizhner notes that the near real-time speed of his original software design has allowed improvements to the program to be verified quickly, enabling rapid development for new commercial applications. He thinks the transforms have revolutionary potential that will require decades of work to fully realize—after all, no one even understands yet why they work the way they do. A lot of that work, he says, will come from others. “You have a breakthrough in engineering and science of very general proportions, and eventually people will find applications for it.” Kizhner recalls his own motivation for struggling to apply the Hilbert-Huang Transform to two dimensions: “I tried, and it didn’t work. You know what happens with a NASA engineer when he tries something and cannot do it, and people tell him it cannot be done—the next day he starts trying to do it again,” he says. “That’s what NASA does. It finds things that weren’t known before.”

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Never in history have more people had access to advanced encryption in their homes, offices, and pockets. The most basic online transactions and communications that Internet users conduct every day are thoroughly encrypted in transit, and are undecipherable without proper keys. The democratization of encryption is a recent phenomenon: Only since the 1990s has computer encryption been open and freely available. But humans have been communicating with codes and ciphers for thousands of years, using rudimentary encryption methods to protect trade secrets and military orders, or simply to keep information private from neighbors. For Gerhard Strasser, the story begins more than 3000 years ago, in Mesopotamia. Strasser, who studied the history of cryptology for decades at Pennsylvania State University, traces the development of encryption through the Middle East and Europe, and even to India, where it's mentioned in the Kama Sutra. He tells of a Medieval German cryptographer accused of black magic, and an 18th-century government minister in France who devised an ingenious way to spy on visitors. I spoke to Strasser, now a professor emeritus in his native Germany, about the deep history of encryption. A transcript of our conversation appears below, edited for concision and clarity. Kaveh Waddell: What’s the earliest example of humans encrypting their everyday language to keep it secret from others? Gerhard Strasser: There is one very well written-up and documented cuneiform tablet in Mesopotamia, found around 1500 B.C. It was an encrypted message in which craftsmen camouflaged the recipe for a pottery glaze that was a highly coveted item at the time. As it turns out, later on, the secret had been unearthed and discovered, so later recipes were no longer encrypted because just about everyone knew it. That was an interesting detail from a city along the banks of the Tigris River around 1500 B.C. So very early on, there certainly were commercial interests in cryptographic communication, as much as there may well have been military interests. Waddell: Do we know how that message, the recipe, was encrypted? Strasser: It was encrypted through a relatively simple substitution method: One cuneiform symbol was used for another. That way, basically, the message got garbled. But it was good enough for any layman—anyone not initiated—not to decipher it. Waddell: This is a very early example. Is it isolated, or do we keep seeing basic forms of encryption in the centuries that follow? Strasser: It was relatively isolated, quite frankly. It’s very early, obviously preceding Roman and Greek examples. You probably have heard of the atbash system, which certainly predates the birth of Christ. Again, a simple replacement of the last letter in the alphabet with the first letter, the second-to-last with the second—a simple transposition of letters which was good enough, and was used in the Bible. So we have Hebrew ciphers. We also have—and this I found surprising—a mention, and a rather serious one, in the Kama Sutra, in India, from about the 4th century. We actually have a reference in the 44th and 45th chapters that men and women should practice cryptography. Waddell: That’s not what one usually imagines is in the Kama Sutra. Why is this book talking about cryptography? Strasser: Well, the Kama Sutra deals with, primarily, all sorts of—shall we be neutral?—intercommunication between men and women. Such communication obviously could entail secret communication. It’s that communication where men and women should have a language of their own, so that the neighbors could not understand. Waddell: It sounds like different forms of cryptology developed early on in separate parts of the world. Were different techniques developed separately—did they crop up on their own—or was there a sharing of techniques? Strasser: The sharing of techniques came later. Early cryptology began with the spread of a new religion and the Arab conquest, for five major reasons. Very early on, the Arab World had to rely on translations; it also had to study its own language. There were well-known advances in mathematics. There was a need for effective administration in the Arab Muslim state, a realm that kept on spreading. And ultimately, there was the very early diffusion of reading and writing. It is absolutely fascinating how in the 800s, early on, such fundamental tenets like statistical techniques were developed, which took the West centuries to develop. When frequency analysis was discovered in the West, [Mesopotamian mathematician and philosopher] al-Kindi had already done it, in the 850s or 860s. He comes up with substitution ciphers, he comes up with transposition ciphers, developments that in the West begin around 1450 or so. Waddell: Why does it take so long for Europe to develop these techniques that had been around for so long in the Arab world? Strasser: Necessity is the mother of invention. The real necessity for such a development of cryptological means begins with diplomatic communication and rivalry between states. [In Europe], it begins rather locally in Italy. There is a plethora of city-states, and communication between these individual units needed to develop along certain secret lines. So maybe in the 13th, 14th centuries, Italian city-states and the Vatican began developing their own systems, simply because their reliance on plain messages didn’t work anymore. Ultimately, this led to the official need for such a system for the papal court, and that is where the Italian Leon Battista Alberti comes in. Alberti was asked to develop a system, and he does so around 1450, when he comes up with a famous cipher disk, which is a spectacular invention, and clearly does not come from Arabic sources. There are some indications that some of the Arabic knowledge had reached Italy by that time, but there is no indication that such a cipher disk had been developed in Arab countries. This is certainly the first very, very important invention in Western cryptography. Waddell: So by the time we were just talking about, in the Arab World and in Europe, is cryptology still accessible to common people, or is it only used by elites and those in power? Strasser: Some monasteries also used simple substitution systems. I’ve come across manuscripts, very serious religious manuscripts, where the poor scribe—who was bored stiff, obviously—started putting cryptographic systems right in the margins, and never erased it later on. They would even send each other such messages within the monastery. Waddell: You’ve studied some early cryptographers whose work was compared to magic—and in one case, a cryptographer who was accused of wielding “black magic.” Strasser: Yes, the poor Trithemius was his own worst enemy. He devised a spectacular cryptographic system in his Steganographia, and before he’d even finished it—he never finished it—he informed a fellow monk of what he was going to do, and that fellow monk totally misinterpreted the letter and accused him of black magic, which got him into a lot of trouble. The Steganographia wasn’t published until 110 or so years later. It isn’t surprising that Trithemius was accused of black magic, because nobody could make heads or tails of the book. Waddell: What other technologies and techniques do you think were particularly novel or ahead of their time? Strasser: The cipher disk was certainly ahead of its time. No doubt about it. Later, Trithemius, in his second and immediately published book, Polygraphia, presents a 24-letter square. The square does the same thing that the cipher disk accomplishes— however, it has one very nice advantage. A soldier in the field has a hard time cutting out two concentric paper disks and labeling them, while it is so easy for anyone to write 24 letters, write them horizontally and vertically, and shift them by one letter each line. That is a very practical application that Trithemius did not foresee. But it was so much easier for someone in the field to write his own square, and have a powerful cryptographic tool. Waddell: Generally, it seems governments were ahead of the curve, and are essentially able to surveil communications through institutions that open them up, read them, and send them along their way. Strasser: There’s no question about that. But we should not underestimate commerce. The Duke of Wolfenbüttel’s son gives us a wonderful example of camouflaging an encrypted message by simply listing the pounds and tons of wheat that a merchant might ship from point A to point B. In other words, it says, “I herewith send you an invoice for 17 pounds of barley and 22 pounds of wheat,” or whatever it was. Of course, the numbers are the encrypted message, which means your partner has to be able to decode these numbers, which means they both have to have a codebook. It’s as simple as that. Number 17 means “The Duke of Windsor,” if you will, and number 22 means “the Queen of England.” Merchants, indeed, used simple cryptographic systems to negotiate with their peers. Waddell: You’ve written about the system developed by the Count of Vergennes in 18th-century France to work coded messages into, essentially, travel visas. Can you describe how that system worked? Strasser: That system is absolutely mean. I have never come across anything like it. I presented it at an NSA conference, and people were flabbergasted. [During the 18th Century], the Count of Vergennes, the French foreign minister, informed all his consular officials abroad that anyone applying for, you might say, a passport—basically, that’s what it was—had to submit himself or herself to public scrutiny, and was investigated. They either volunteered information, innocently enough, or employees in the embassy would go around and collect information on that person. The person was analyzed as to physical features, like: Is he bald? Is he cross-eyed? Is he tall? Is he short? Does he have a pot-belly? Those are outward and simple features that any official could jot down when the person presented himself. But then, beyond that, there was: Is he married? Is he a good lover? Does he have a mistress? Not exactly “Does he have AIDS?” but just about. And what is his purpose for applying for a passport? To visit relatives? He wants to meet craftsmen, he wants to engage in commerce in Paris? But then beyond that, the embassy official had to pass judgment on his psyche. Is he depressed? Is he an alcoholic? Does he look like an alcoholic? Is he friendly, is he outgoing? And all of that would they be translated into what you could call a relatively large calling card with his name, asking to see the Count of Vergennes. And that calling card was embellished with a beautiful frame, and the frame carried a code. If it had a sunflower, it meant the man was friendly, and if it had a moon instead of the sunflower, then he was an aggressive type. When it carried 12 little circles, he was very wealthy. When it only carried 4 circles, then he was of average means. When it didn’t carry a single circle, he was poor. And so on. Initially—and this was a problem—each of these embassy offices had to have an engraver who would personalize this card. When Vergennes realized that you had to have a whole legion of engravers sworn to secrecy, his next step was to have his own little printing press, and print this information, but now in numerical form. You now had, simply, lots of numbers, and they all had their meaning. It started out in the upper-left corner with an N. If the N was tall, the man was tall; if the n was small, the man was short. If it had a circle behind it, it means he was married. And then came the numbers. So, of course, the person who had this card thought, “Aha, I am number 17,222.” In actuality, of course, this was all encoded. And the irony was that this card was given to the traveler. It wasn’t given to him in a sealed envelope, no. He could see it and it was supposedly perfectly innocent. He was then to go to Paris and present himself to the Count of Vergennes, and the Count of Vergennes would probably spend two minutes with him, but would immediately turn around and either analyze the card or have someone on his staff analyze it, and if necessary, send a policeman after him, depending on the type of business or information that was available. If you had a wealthy merchant—it would be indicated that way—then they would actually try to delay his return to his home country, by hook and by crook, because the longer such a wealthy person would stay in Paris, the more money he would spend. If the gentleman had a police record back home, then that was an indication to really keep an eye on him. Waddell: Was that a particularly advanced system? The fact that the messenger was also the target, was that something new? Strasser: It was, absolutely. You don’t normally entrust the messenger with the message. To carry your own death warrant is known in poetry or in drama—it makes a good read—but the system was actually so refined that after the French Revolution, it continued to be used into the 19th Century. Waddell: At its essence, that’s the same idea that’s still used in modern cryptography: When an electronic message is encrypted end-to-end, the messenger has no idea what the message says. Strasser: I would agree. But you have cryptology and you have steganography, meaning [a system where] you cannot detect a message. If I send you an encrypted message, if you can’t decipher it, you can tear it up. But steganographic communication means, at face value, visually, it looks perfectly innocent. Nonetheless, embedded in it, is a secret message. Waddell: It’s probably safe to say that in no point in history have more people had access to encryption. You have a computer, you have a smartphone, you have a way to keep things secret. Is this unique, that in today’s world so many people have access to encryption that is too complex for most to understand? Strasser: More than in the 19th century and the early 20th century, where a well-trained normal soldier could still be entrusted with encryption, this is now out of individuals’ hands. You can go into the Internet and freely download encryption systems, some of them extremely powerful and perfectly adequate for communication between the two of us. That doesn’t necessarily mean that I would understand the system. But I can use it: Some programmer has prepared it for me, and for free. A normal, able-bodied citizen who wants to keep communication between him and his lover, or whatever it is, secret—he will use the system, without understanding it.

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What’s Eye Floaters? What exactly is Eye Floaters? Floaters are tiny, floating particles that type within the eye and are usually not a cause for concern. About 25% of individuals will develop eye floaters just before they turn 60. By the time they attain 80, that quantity is as much as 66%. While the condition may cause permanent harm towards the eyes, floaters usually are not typically dangerous or demand pricey treatments or invasive surgeries. >>> Floaters Cobwebs Eyes – Obtain Professional Aid Or Continue Reading >>> Floaters seem as tiny spots inside your field of vision. They may be tiny dots, strings, or cobwebs. They usually are harmless and will go away whenever you quit taking a look at them. Floaters differ in size, and might look like tiny dots, threads, or hairy clumps. If they suddenly boost, it may be a sign of an emergency. It is crucial to visit your eye care expert as quickly as you notice a rise in eye floaters. 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In the event you stare at it to get a lengthy time, they’ll disappear. Nonetheless, if they happen regularly or worsen, they could be a sign of a retinal tear, which requirements immediate interest. Therapy for eye floaters varies from person to person. As an example, if you will find clusters of floaters, a physician may recommend laser therapy to move them out in the field of vision. However, this remedy isn’t without unwanted side effects. In some cases, eye floaters may be brought on by underlying situations and therefore need to be treated by an eyecare expert. >>> Floaters Cobwebs Eyes – Benefit From Expert Advice Or Continue Reading >>> Nevertheless, you’ll find some home remedies that can assist decrease the severity of eye floaters. Eating a healthful diet, which is wealthy in omega three fatty acids, zinc, and vitamins A, C, and E, may aid. Though most circumstances of eye floaters are short-term, if you have many floaters, your medical doctor will wish to perform a thorough examination. An ophthalmologist will execute a thorough examination to rule out any underlying conditions. In the event the floaters are persistent, it could take months to go away with out therapy. Although they’re not damaging to your vision, they are an early warning sign of a more severe situation. Diabetic retinopathy, retinal detachment, along with other conditions may cause floaters to seem.] Eye Floaters Cure Naturally There is no 1 magic Eye Floaters cure. Actually, it really is really unlikely to totally do away with eye floaters with traditional healthcare remedy. Eye floaters may be very annoying, but are usually harmless. Floaters take place when jelly-like particles inside the eye float about inside your eye. They’re able to be triggered by several aspects, which includes toxins, free radical damage, undigested proteins, or inflammation. Floaters could be a symptom of diabetes, anxiety, eye trauma, prescription drugs, and inflammatory response. In addition to organic remedies, there are many supplements on the marketplace. You might try one of these. One of these is the Eye Floaters No More Plan by Daniel Brown, a health-related researcher. Daniel was as soon as plagued by eye floaters and spent a fantastic deal of time researching organic treatments. >>> Floaters Cobwebs Eyes – Access Professional Service Or Please Read On >>> The book is packed with helpful info, which includes vision with out glasses and anxiety no much more. Listed below are a few of the most well-known all-natural treatments for eye floaters. If you have been noticing eye floaters, you might possess a more severe difficulty. A detachment in the retina might be causing your eye floaters, as can a lower in the level of vitreous. Floaters are triggered by shrinking and thinning in the vitreous, which means that the retina’s center can not remain firmly attached to it. The detachment of the retina can outcome in flashes of light inside your eye. Aside from all-natural treatment options for eye floaters, you may also try journaling to track the appearance of eye floaters in your eyes. If you locate it tough to observe eye floaters, writing about your experience may be beneficial in the future. The very best method to steer clear of them totally would be to steer clear of the situation within the very first place. By performing so, your eye floaters will steadily fade away. This way, your eyes will adapt to normal vision and not be so noticeable. A well-liked technique for preventing eye floaters is really a pineapple diet program. Even though pineapple does include bromelain, it may be a mixture of two enzymes called bromelain. This enzyme breaks down molecules into smaller sized building blocks. Bromelain may also digest proteins. Although pineapple might not eradicate eye floaters, it can assist clear the optical space inside the eyes. Its effects on eye floaters are unknown, and additional analysis is needed. Eye Floaters Surgery Eye floaters are very frustrating, however they can have medical causes. If you have a big number of floaters and do not want to live with them, you can choose surgery. Probably the most frequent kind of surgery is known as vitrectomy, which requires removing component of the vitreous within the eye. The remaining fluid and tissue is then replaced using a answer that mimics the vitreous. >>> Floaters Cobwebs Eyes – Take Expert Aid Or Otherwise Continue Reading >>> This surgery is quite effective, but will not eliminate all floaters. In case your floaters are severe, you may also contemplate laser therapy. Laser surgery is an additional choice for eye floaters. The process entails using a laser to break up the floaters into smaller sized pieces. This approach is not suggested for folks with large numbers of floaters, nonetheless. It is also a risky procedure. Some complications can result from this surgery, including serious eye infections and cataracts. Luckily, most patients are not candidates for this surgery. Nevertheless, if you are suffering from huge numbers of floaters and you’re tired of living with them, you can consider vitrectomy as an alternative. Floaters are typical however they don’t necessarily imply you happen to be struggling with severe eye problems. Although they might be annoying, floaters may also be a sign of underlying concerns. If they suddenly seem and are accompanied by flashes or a “curtain” inside your vision, you need to seek health-related therapy as quickly as you possibly can. These floaters are caused by an issue inside the retina. >>> Floaters Cobwebs Eyes – Get Professional Service.

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The EU Covid Surveillance Report on risk groups shows that nearly 22% of fatal cases had no pre-existing condition. A greater proportion of people without pre-existing conditions have a mild illness, so it shouldn’t be taken as 22% of people with no pre-existing conditions died. That would be incorrect. From people with no pre-existing conditions, 1.43% died. To be clear, that is a high death rate for a pandemic illness. Generally, high death rate diseases do not become pandemic because the severity of illness helps us contain it, though it’s not quite that simple. About 10% of people with no conditions were hospitalized and 87% had a mild illness. When we look solely at the people who died of Covid, the graph below is the breakdown. In many cases illnesses like cancer, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease minus high blood pressure, the proportion of fatal cases is actually higher than severe cases. That supports the idea that people with pre-existing conditions who have a serious illness are more likely to die. In the No-pre-existing-conditions group, the percentage of severe cases was 1.32% similar to the 1.43% for fatal cases. Graphic included to help clarify the risk groups and outcomes. A Covid Situation Report from the Covid Tracking Project: “States reported 1.9 million tests, 242k cases, 3,438 deaths, and 114k people currently hospitalized with COVID-19 in the US. Both case and hospitalization counts from today are all-time highs.” With the exception of New York and Hawaii, every single state has had the most cases it has had over the course of the entire pandemic in November or December of 2020. Things are worse than they have been over the entire pandemic. “We crossed 300,000 deaths, and there are no signs of this curve slowing down: 17 days into December, this month is already the second deadliest of the pandemic.” Don’t get too defeated though because apparently, we’re all about to become alligators. It wouldn’t be the worst thing to happen this year. Could be murder hornets. “Is your home a covid-19 hotspot?” research brief from Christopher Sampson, MD, FACEP A new study in JAMA Network Open investigated how dangerous the household is a source of covid-19 infection. Researchers from Florida and Washington combined results from 54 previous studies by other researchers (a “meta-analysis”) in order to estimate the overall household “secondary attack rate”—which measures how many people in a home are infected by a housemate. From these 54 studies, the authors were able to include almost eighty thousand patients. An estimated secondary attack rate was calculated at 16.6 percent. This was more than double than attack rates seen for SARS-CoV (the “first” SARS from 2002-2004) and more than triple seen with Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (also a coronavirus). Secondary attack rates were higher in households in which the initial infected person (“the index case”) was symptomatic (18.0 percent) compared to asymptomatic first household cases (0.7 percent). Spread was higher to other adults (28.3 percent) compared to children (16.8 percent). Attack rates were also far higher among spouses (37.8 percent) when compared to other family members. Interestingly households with 1 contact had higher attack rates (41.5 percent) than ones with 3 or more contacts (22.8 percent). This is thought possibly due to the spouse rate being so high in 2-person dwellings. These results, while limited by the fact that they were assembled from retrospective studies, do show how the home, often thought to be a safe place, can be a high-risk area for SARS-COV-2 transmission. This high attack rate may be due to poor isolation behavior observed within the home when a family member tests positive. But practically speaking, it’s almost impossible to stop transmission in homes with many shared spaces, including restrooms and kitchens. “Trump Administration memos in July encouraged infection of young Americans to achieve herd immunity” policy brief from Miranda Yaver, PhD Amid unrelenting covid-19 deaths and hospitalizations across the United States, a leaked memo from a Trump Administration official indicates there was actually an effort to encourage the spread of coronavirus among children and young adults in order to achieve “herd immunity.” If so, such a policy would go down as one of the most inept of many poor choices made during the pandemic. Then-science adviser Paul Alexander wrote in a July 4 memo, “Infants, kids, teens, young people, young adults, middle-aged with no conditions, etc. have zero to little risk….so we use them to develop herd…we want them infected…” Alexander argued further in a July 27 memo to US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Director Robert Redfield that colleges should stay open specifically so as to allow infections to proliferate. He also characterized school closures as taking “off the battlefield the most potent weapon we had,” with this weapon being the mass infection of younger individuals. “The issue is who cares? If it is causing more cases in the young, my word is who cares,” Alexander wrote in July. So, who should care? While it is true that young individuals are at lower risk of complications from coronavirus than are those who are elderly, the CDC reports that 553 individuals under the age of 25 have died from coronavirus. In fact, recent research suggests that July, when Alexander’s memos were drafted, may have been the deadliest month for young adults in modern American history, with nearly 12,000 more deaths among 25-44 year-olds than were projected based on historical trends. What’s more, children and young adults are able to transmit coronavirus to those who are more vulnerable, whether due to older age or preexisting medical conditions, who may in turn experience complications from the virus. Experts estimate that in the United States, approximately 70 percent of the population would need to have recovered from the virus in order to halt the epidemic through herd immunity. Such proliferation of the novel coronavirus would quickly overwhelm the American health care system at a time when hospitalizations are already at record levels and with available ICU beds few and far between in many parts of the country. The death toll would be staggering—and avoidable given emerging vaccines. Politico reported that not only did Alexander argue in defense of a herd immunity strategy but watered down agency guidelines and pressured the CDC on guidance documents. As we continue to see devastating numbers of cases, hospitalizations, and deaths across the nation, the human cost resulting from individuals such as Paul Alexander having been in positions of influence during crucial moments of this pandemic are not exactly immeasurable. In fact, the mayhem is quite measurable, given the data that we now have. The level of havoc is only now becoming objectively apparent. 2020 the Infographic Timeline We Way Underestimated This Virus Elevated biomarker for blood vessel damage found in all children with SARS-CoV-2: “Although most children with COVID-19 do not have severe disease, our study shows that there may be other effects of SARS-CoV-2 that are worthy of investigation,” Dr. Teachey said. “Future studies are needed to determine if hospitalized children with SARS-CoV-2 should be screened for TMA, if TMA-directed management is helpful and if there are any short- or long-term clinical consequences of complement activation and endothelial damage in children with COVID-19 or MIS-C. The most important takeaway from this study is we have more to learn about SARS-CoV-2. We should not make guesses about the short and long-term impact of infection.” “Our analyses … align with the view that there are chronic cognitive consequences of having COVID-19,” the researchers wrote in a report of their findings. “People who had recovered, including those no longer reporting symptoms, exhibited significant cognitive deficits.” “People have been worried that COVID-19 survivors will be at greater risk of mental health problems, and our findings … show this to be likely,” said Paul Harrison, a professor of psychiatry at Oxford. The new analysis adds another possible route. Not only did researchers find intact viral particles within the lining of the nasal cavity, but they also found viral RNA in the upper part of the nose – known as the mucous membrane – as well as several regions of the brain. The leftover genetic material was minimal, but that might have been because the autopsy took place a month after death on average. It’s not a question of whether it’s infecting the brain so much as it is what it’s doing. Just this year researchers showed that the herpes virus caused plaques to develop in brain tissue samples that looked very much like what we see with Alzheimer’s. Herpes is a very common virus. We massively underestimated viruses in general but also SARS-2 specifically. “I wouldn’t want my pandemic plan to be Let’s have hundreds of thousands of young people with lifelong illnesses. I wouldn’t want to tell 30-to-50-year-olds that we’ve signed them up for a high risk of heart disease and chronic organ damage.” –What Do Young People Have to Worry About? COVID-19 Can Wreck Your Heart, Even if You Haven’t Had Any Symptoms. A German study found that 78 percent of recovered COVID-19 patients, the majority of whom had only mild to moderate symptoms, demonstrated cardiac involvement more than two months after their initial diagnoses. Six in 10 were found to have persistent myocardial inflammation. While emphasizing that individual patients need not be nervous, lead investigator Elike Nagel added in an e-mail, “My personal take is that COVID will increase the incidence of heart failure over the next decades.” The lasting misery of coronavirus long-haulers: Months after infection with SARS-CoV-2, some people are still battling crushing fatigue, lung damage, and other symptoms of ‘long COVID’. Viruses are known for causing long-term chronic illness like this in a small percentage of people, but this is much more common. Sidebar: It’s a big job, and hard to overstate the damage that has been done in the past several years. (See: Trump’s Chemical Romance which details 146 people with ties to the chemicals industry working in the agency charged with regulating chemicals—and read: EPA scientists found toxic chemical damages fetal hearts and causes miscarriage and stillbirth before the Trump White House rewrote their assessment.) Here’s a detailed list of who, where, and what conflicts they have. Expectations are high that the next four years will see improvements under incoming president Joe Biden — and there are clear and positive steps he can take, according to more than a dozen current and former EPA scientists interviewed by Nature. But these insiders also say that Biden will have his work cut out in repairing the damage, including restoring the role of science — and scientists — in crafting environmental rules to protect public health The Coronavirus May Sometimes Slip its Genetic Material Into Human Chromosomes—But What Does that Mean? (Science) A study now hints at a different explanation in which the virus hides in an unexpected place. The work, only reported in a preprint, suggests the pandemic pathogen takes a page from HIV and other retroviruses and integrates its genetic code—but, importantly, just parts of it—into people’s chromosomes. The phenomenon, if true and frequent, could have profound implications that range from false signals of active infection to misleading results from COVID-19 treatment studies. Some States May Lack Facilities for Administering COVID-19 Vaccine to Residents(EurekAlert) As the biggest vaccination effort in U.S. history gets underway, several states may not have a sufficient number of facilities in some areas to administer the COVID-19 vaccine to all residents who want it, according to a new analysis from the University of Pittsburgh School of Pharmacy and the nonprofit West Health Policy Center. New Zealand Will Give Free Coronavirus Vaccines To Residents, Neighboring Nations (NPR) New Zealand has advance purchased two new coronavirus vaccines from pharmaceutical companies AstraZeneca and Novavax, giving the small island country the ability to vaccinate its 5 million residents. Government officials also announced Thursday they will go a step further and provide free doses to its population as well as neighboring nations Tokelau, Cook Islands, Niue, Samoa, Tonga, and Tuvalu, should they want them. COVID-19 Neutralizing Antibodies Predict Disease Severity and Survival (Cell) COVID-19 exhibits variable symptom severity ranging from asymptomatic to life-threatening, yet the relationship between severity and the humoral immune response is poorly understood. We examined antibody responses in 113 COVID-19 patients and found that severe cases resulting in intubation or death exhibited increased inflammatory markers, lymphopenia, pro-inflammatory cytokines, and high anti-RBD antibody levels.

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Trinidad and Tobago’s performance at the Olympics should be analysed with a level head, acknowledgement of non-existent national sporting systems and within the context of its Olympic history. The two island nation attended its first Olympics in 1948 and, between then and 1952, won three medals. Rodney “The Mighty Midget” Wilkes got silver in the men’s weightlifting featherweight event in London 1948 and bronze in Helsinki 1952 while Lennox Kilgour claimed bronze in the men’s weightlifting middle heavyweight category. Weightlifting has little national prominence today but that was not the case in the era of Wilkes and Kilgour. Dr Basil Ince, in his book “Trinidad and Tobago at the Olympics”, explained: “In the forties and fifties, when there was feverish activity in the lifting world, there was frequent competition among clubs in the north and the south [of Trinidad].” Poor funding affected both athletes’ preparation for the Melbourne 1956 Olympic Games. The weightlifters, who already had long workdays with insufficient nutrition and rest, did not know whether they would go to Australia until the night before their trip due to insufficient funds. Wilkes placed fourth in Melbourne and Kilgour was seventh. No Trinidad and Tobago athlete managed another medal again for the next eight years, although sprinter Michael Agostini made the 100 metre and 200 metre sprint finals in Melbourne. The Tokyo 1964 Olympics was—were before the 2012 competition—Trinidad and Tobago’s most successful Games in terms of medals captured. Wendell Mottley snatched silver in the 400m, Edwin Roberts got bronze in the 200m and the 4x400m team got bronze. It took 48 years for another Trinidad and Tobago contingent to equal and surpass that medal haul at an Olympics. Even so, unlike the case of Wilkes and Kilgour in ‘48 and ‘52, the athletes of 1964 and 2012 could not attribute their successes to local facilities, expertise and training partners. According to Dr Ince: “[…] they had all honed their skills at US colleges and universities. In fact, with the exception of McDonald Bailey, all trackmen who had reached world-class status sharpened their skills on US soil.” This is an appropriate place to introduce Emmanuel McDonald Bailey, who was a fine sprinter, born in Trinidad and Tobago, who represented Britain because of petty island politics. He was the son of McDonald Bailey, who CLR James described as a fine cricketer and a “great all-round sportsman” in Beyond A Boundary. And there were shades of the Trinidad and Tobago Gymnastics Federation’s (TTGF) rift with Thema Williams in the Olympic Committee’s decision to omit Bailey from its 1948 team. Dr Ince quoted from a Trinidad Guardian editorial in 1948: “… the most outstanding decision reached by the Committee is the one affecting McDonald Bailey, the brilliant Trinidad runner who has been so successful in Europe. “The Committee decided not to include Bailey in the contingent, mainly because he had indicated on his last visit here that he would represent Trinidad only if a relay team were sent and this has not been found possible. Of course there are other reasons for the Committee’s action…” Bailey refuted the TTOC’s assertion: “One simply does not set down conditions to be selected for an Olympic team. It is an honour to be selected, and I would have been honoured to represent Trinidad.” The selectors claimed that they were concerned about how Bailey would perform after an injury. So, he opted to represent Britain instead and made it to the 100m final of the 1948 Games. And, unable to switch allegiance for the 1952 Games, he won bronze for the Queen in the 100m where the first four men got to the tape in 10.4 seconds. In the 1950s, Bailey jointly held the 100m world record at 10.2. All of this to say that insularity and amateur/voluntary sport management have long caused trouble for some of Trinidad and Tobago’s most talented athletes. There was a 12 year Olympic medal drought after Tokyo 1964 until Hasely Crawford became the “Lane one, champion/Montreal, gold medal…” and broke the drought spectacularly at Montreal 1976. Ask Maestro. Injury thwarted Crawford in 1972 but 1976 was his year, as he went to Montreal confident of his speed endurance after running several 200m races before the Games. He eased through the rounds and ran to gold from lane one, as rivals Donald Quarrie and Valeriy Borzov could not conquer him. The fact that it took 36 years for Trinidad and Tobago to repeat that feat, shows how difficult it is to win Olympic gold. Between the 1960s and 80s, even though we have never won a medal, Trinidad and Tobago produced several world class cyclists. Roger Gibbon made the final in the 1000m time trial at the 1964 and 1968 Games, where he placed eighth and fifth respectively. At Mexico ‘68, seven cyclists were included on the TTOC’s team. And, in 1984, Gene Samuel narrowly missed out on bronze in the 1000m time trial. Like weightlifting, cycling has virtually disappeared from the T&T sport circuit. And the spanking new cycling facility is unlikely to increase cyclists if there are no structured programmes, resources, bikes and coaches. No wonder Njisane Phillip has unfortunately retired in complete frustration. According to his interview with Wired868, his preparation for the Rio ’16 Olympics was down to his good fortune in being invited to train with Team Canada by a Canadian colleague. During the 1990s, Trinidad and Tobago was spoiled by its greatest track athlete ever: Ato Boldon. In a nerve-racking 100m final with three false starts, Boldon eventually got bronze in 1996 after his lightning start meant he led the race for the first 60 metres and was only beaten by a world record dash from Canada’s Donovan Bailey and an inspired finish by the experienced Frankie Fredericks, who took silver. But, once again, little of Boldon’s success could be attributed to local scouting programmes or training. He was “discovered” in the USA and trained to glory there. His four individual Olympic sprint medals were matched only by the USA’s Carl Lewis—not counting his long jump medals—and Namibia’s Frankie Fredericks, until Jamaica’s Usain Bolt surpassed his tally in Rio this year. This is a great testament to Boldon’s longevity as a sprint doubler in his stellar career. It is near impossible for a track athlete to maintain medal-winning form for three successive Games. Bolt is a physiological and mental anomaly and an exception to the rule. Richard Thompson’s performance in Rio should not be measured against Bolt. Thompson ran in two Olympic 100m finals—winning silver in 2008—and anchored the 4×100 team to silver in 2008 and 2012 (upgraded). He has represented his country with great honour and should not be ostracised for not making it out of the heats in the 100m at Rio. It is not his fault that a younger local runner was not able to dethrone him. There is a similar case to be made for George Bovell III who, between sprint medals in 2000 and 2008, saved T&T from another Olympic medal drought. Bovell’s phenomenal swim in the 200m individual medley at the Athens 2004 Games was bettered only by the legend Michael Phelps—in an Olympic record—and his US teammate Ryan Lochte, who beat Bovell by two tenths of a second. In Athens, no sprinter had yet been groomed to take over from Boldon, who was competing in his last championship. And succession planning has been a consistently weak aspect of Trinidad and Tobago’s Olympic legacy. The 2012 Games was the best Olympics for Trinidad and Tobago. Not since 1964 had the country delivered more than a single medallist. The men’s 4x100m team won silver, the 4x400m team won bronze and Lalonde Gordon won bronze in the 400m. And, with the beautiful and poetic natural athleticism of a West Indian fast bowler and grace of a ballerina, Keshorn Walcott won the country’s second Olympic gold medal in London 2012. Since then, those athletes who made it to Rio have generally not competed as well. The warning signs were there as some showed little improvement leading up to the Olympics and had not been medalling in other competitions. Do not be fooled by the TTOC’s ambitious “10 gold medals by 2024” campaign. Since 1948, the systems for continued success at the Games have not been put in place by the government or the various sporting administrations. Successful athletes have achieved through sheer determination, personal and professional sacrifice and hard work. Medal returns have been purely accidental, due in no way to sporting administration. From 1948 to 2012, T&T won 21 Olympic medals: two gold, six silver and 13 bronze. The fact that Christopher George, the first judoka to represent the country at the Games, had to create a crowd funding campaign to financially support his training tells all that needs to be known about how athletes are treated as they prepare for battle. Walcott had his problems too. A changing body and the rigours of professional competition combined to create a lean run for the reigning champion between the quadrennial Games. Fair-weather fans taunted him as a fluke while his natural athleticism became the butt of many jokes and was used to put him down. But, importantly, his throws grew in distance every year while he won silver in the 2014 Commonwealth Games and gold in the 2015 PanAm Games. Citius, Altius, Fortius—Latin for Faster, Higher, Stronger—is the Olympic motto and should be used a gauge for how our athletes are likely to perform. Walcott passed that test and, hopefully, will prove his detractors wrong in the javelin final on Saturday night. by Jabari Fraser

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The experience of a visitor to the Midway Plaisance, a mile-long carnival area adjacent to the main fairgrounds. A Human Curiosity Shop The Midway Plaisance is a sort of curiosity-shop, in which the curiosities are mainly men and manners.Julian Hawthorne When the Fair’s boosters originally conceived of the World’s Columbian Exposition, they did not intend to set aside any space for a side show, where popular amusements and “exotic” exhibits could titillate spectators. The fair was to be what they considered “high culture” (the ideas and achievements of white westerners) without any “low-brow” (a recently coined term borrowed from phrenology, which popularized the racist idea that non-whites were less evolved, or closer to heavy-browed neanderthals) entertainments. But the popularity of the ethnological exhibits at the 1889 Paris Exposition—not to mention its handsome profits—convinced the Chicago Fair directors to include such a space. For this purpose, they decided to reserve the Midway Plaisance, a mile-long shady pleasure drive (“plaisance”) that connected Jackson Park with nearby Washington Park. In this way, the pre-existing name, Midway Plaisance, was shortened to “midway” and entered the English lexicon as a term denoting any carnival area with games, rides, and vendors. To give the Midway the sheen of educational value, the directors put Frederic Putnam, the head of the Fair’s Department of Ethnology and Archaeology, in charge. Putnam and his associates hired impresario Sol Bloom to plan the Midway’s exhibits, explaining its curious mix of spectacle and “education.” Consequently, visitors were encouraged to see the Midway not just as a carnival but as a kind of living museum of human evolution, as imagined in the racist theory of Social Darwinism then prevalent among anthropologists. At the far end of the strip were exhibits from those the Fair directors considered the “least evolved” peoples of the world (the Dahomeans and the Indigenous Americans), near the center were the “half-civilized” (Middle Easterners and Pacific Islanders), and closest to the fairgrounds were those most nearly approaching the evolutionary heights of white Americans (the Japanese, Irish, and Germans). In reality, space constraints and some turnover in attractions over the course of the Fair meant that the exhibit areas could not be so easily categorized, but the implication of the scheme was not lost on visitors. The Chicago Tribune reported that on the Midway, “an opportunity was here afforded to the scientific mind to descend the spiral of evolution, tracing humanity in its highest phases down almost to its animalistic origins.” A Visit to the Midway If a visitor arrived at the Midway, perhaps on the day after her trip to the White City, she might be overwhelmed by the variety of sights and sounds. Unlike the white Beaux-Arts buildings of the Court of Honor, the Midway was deliberately diverse in its landscape: from the west entrance alone she may have spied an ostrich farm from California, the towers of the Chinese Theatre, a mock Bedouin encampment, and painted reindeer adorning the entrance to Lapland village. A mile long and six hundred feet wide, the Midway included popular amusements along with pavilions constructed by national delegations. Most shows and exhibits charged an additional entrance fee, as opposed to the White City exhibitions, which were free with an entrance ticket. For many visitors, the Midway was the real attraction of the World’s Fair. Those looking for thrills could ride the 264-foot high Ferris wheel (the first ever engineered on such a scale, built by George Washington Gale Ferris himself), ascend in a captive hot air balloon, or zoom around on the refrigerated “ice railway” (toboggan roller coaster). The Midway also offered an education (of questionable accuracy) in world cultures, with food, exhibits, and performances from countries that both were, and were not, officially represented within the White City. Several nations sent delegations to inhabit “villages” where they would exhibit their homes, style of dress, and customs to visitors, while selling food and merchandise. The Western End of the Midway: The Wild West, the Wild East, and Dahomey Village It’s possible that our visitor may have come to the Midway after taking in a performance at Buffalo Bill’s Wild West and Congress of Rough Riders of the World, a touring rodeo of cowboys, Indigenous Americans, and sharpshooters that was unaffiliated with the World’s Columbian Exposition but located a few blocks away from the Fair. The showman and entrepreneur Buffalo Bill had originally intended to exhibit at the Midway but balked when the Fair’s organizers demanded 50% of his profits. They would bitterly regret their decision not to negotiate a smaller cut after the Wild West show’s six-month run reportedly raked in a million dollars, the equivalent of $30 million in 2021 dollars. Among other acts, the Wild West show offered reenactments of famous battles of the Indian Wars, which cast Plains peoples as savages whose attacks on white settlers and the U.S. military must be avenged by white frontiersmen. Within the Midway, exhibitors tried to capitalize on the popularity of the Wild West show by adding both a “Wild East Show” (featuring trick riders from North Africa and the Middle East) and a display of Sitting Bull’s Log Cabin. The cabin—disassembled and transported from its South Dakota location after Sitting Bull’s death at the hands of police—reinforced the idea that Indigenous Americans had been conquered, along with the frontier, and what had been theirs was now the property and even plaything of white Americans. The parade of symbols showing defeated Indigenous people reinforced the Fair’s overall message that Manifest Destiny in North America was complete. If our visitor progressed, the next most notable exhibit she would encounter was the Dahomean village, where more than 100 Fon people from the Kingdom of Dahomey demonstrated music, dance, and religious rituals. Amid the Second Franco-Dahomean War, a French impresario named Pené brought the Dahomeans as an exhibit to Chicago. Known for their fierce female warriors—often called ‘Amazons’ in popular culture—and for their rumored cannibalism, the ethnology department felt that the Dahomeans would serve as an example of the state of nature from which humanity had arisen. The Chicago press portrayed the Fon as savages, “blacker than buried midnight and as degraded as the animals which prowl the jungles of their dark land,” and they were frequent targets of racist caricature, depicted as the least-evolved people at the World’s Fair. At the far end of the Midway, billed as a carnival attraction, the Dahomeans were cast as the antithesis of everything that the White City represented. The Center of the Midway: Rides and Orientalist Spectacles Not everything on the Midway was intended to be an object lesson in Social Darwinism. Past the Dahomey village our visitor could see a panorama of the eruption of Kilauea (the U.S.-backed coup of the Hawaiian throne in January 1893, still being contested that summer, had increased white Americans’ interested in the island nation), ride the enormous Ferris wheel or the ice railway, or stop into the Zoopraxigraphical Hall, the world’s first commercial motion picture theater, where Eadweard Muybridge gave lectures on locomotion and demonstrated moving pictures on his “zoopraxiscope.” A zoopraxiscope was a predecessor of a movie projector using painted cells on a glass disk to simulate movement. But this central part of the Midway was also devoted to North Africa and the Middle East, with an Algerian and Tunisian village, a Moorish Palace, and Egypt’s popular Midway attraction, Cairo Street. Cairo Street aimed to immerse visitors in an Egyptian streetscape featuring houses, shops, a Temple of Luxor replica, and a mosque topped with a minaret (thought to be one of the first mosques in the United States, it was a site of worship for the Muslim citizens who worked at the Fair in addition to a landmark). Visitors could ride camels, see a simulated wedding procession, and view a belly dancer called “Little Egypt,” whose “hootchy-kootchy” dance became an international sensation. These exhibits contrasted an orientalist view of the east as exotic, sexualized, unchanging, and superstitious, against the rational, chaste, developed, and pious West exemplified by the White City. The Eastern End of the Midway: Pacific and European Connections As our visitor drew closer to the White City, there were villages celebrating Europe: a German village and an Irish village featuring a replica of Blarney Castle. These were interspersed with a Javanese village, a Samoan village, and a Japanese bazaar. Unlike the Dahomeans, the Javanese were lauded in the American press as friendly and hardworking, but childlike. (Japan, like its European counterparts, had both an official national pavilion in the main fairgrounds and a village on the Midway thanks to its early and enthusiastic participation in the Fair; China, whose government understandably resented the U.S. Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882, had refused to participate, and the Chinese village on the Midway was operated by Chinese Chicagoans who saw the Fair as an opportunity to promote cultural understanding). The incorporation of Japan reflected U.S. interests in the newly open nation, while the positive, if patronizing, images of the Samoans in the American press helped to lay the groundwork for popular support of annexing American Samoa in 1899. There was a certain logic to this combination of European and Pacific nations: the former—especially the Irish and Germans—were the most recently assimilated ethnicities in the American body politic. The latter were among the nations with whom the U.S. government was most keen to open trade relationships, and whom they eyed as potential imperial subjects. Each was next door to the grand celebration of American cultural and industrial might that was the White City, but remained separate. Conclusion: “The World as Plaything” Julian Hawthorne, son of Nathaniel and keen cultural critic, claimed that the Midway should be named “The World as Plaything,” a set of humans, landscapes, and objects that invited American visitors to view them as toys. Although the Fair’s promoters had not originally intended to include the Midway attractions, they were integral to the narrative of evolution and empire at the Chicago World’s Fair. Within the main fairgrounds was the “civilized” world, capped by the homogenous order of the Court of Honor, which represented what the Fair directors considered the highest achievements of men and whose architecture looked back to ancient Greece and Rome to claim the heritage of western civilization. Outside was the deliberately disordered Midway, with its carnival barkers, jumble of architectural styles, and exoticized cultures. And all of it was for sale, or there for the taking, encouraging white visitors to view the resources and lands of Asia, Africa, and the Americas as theirs for the taking. Just five years after the World’s Fair and the Midway closed in 1893, the United States expanded its empire outside the bounds of North America, formally annexing Hawai’i (after staging a coup that deposed Hawaiian Queen Liliuokalani in 1893) and taking possession of former Spanish colonies in Caribbean and Pacific after its victory in the Spanish-American War. Was it a coincidence that the United States, having claimed ownership of Christopher Columbus’s mantle with its World’s Columbian Exposition, now claimed the lands his voyages had brought into the Spanish empire? Or that the people of Cuba, Puerto Rico, American Samoa, and the Philippines found themselves part of an American empire that would cast them as members of a permanent sideshow, adjacent to but never able to enter the white city of Washington, D.C.? Perhaps, but the Chicago World’s Fair certainly primed white Americans to think in these terms as it transitioned from one frontier to the next. - Julian Hawthorne, “The Lady of the Lake,” Lippincott’s Magazine, Aug 1893. - “Through the looking Glass” Chicago Tribune 1 Nov 1893, 9, quoted in Robert Rydell, All the World’s a Fair: Visions of Empire at American International Expositions, 1876-1916 (University of Chicago Press, 1984), p. 65 - Joy S. Kasson, Buffalo Bill’s Wild West: Celebrity, Memory, and Popular History (Hill and Wang, 2000), p. 129. - Rydell, All the World’s a Fair, p. 66. - Huping Ling, Chinese Chicago: Race, Transnational Migration, and Community since 1870 (Stanford University Press, 2021), p. 63. - Hawthorne, “Foreign Folk at the Fair,” Cosmopolitan Magazine, 15 (1893), pp. 569- 570, quoted in Rydell, All the World’s a Fair, p. 64. - Walk down the Midway with the Chicago 00 Project - Read the autobiography of Sol Bloom - See more images of the Midway at Friends of the White City Originally published by Smarthistory, 07.09.2021, under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International license.

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Oct 01 2021 Approximately 1 trillion dollars’ worth of food is lost or wasted every year. 3 30 40 of Food in the US Is Wasted. According to the USDA’s Economic Research Service roughly 30 to 40 percent of the food in the United States is wasted.That amounts to more than 20 pounds of food per person wasted each month. Waterborne disease outbreaks associated with drinking water United States 1996 N = 6 ===== State Month Class Etiologic agent No. cases Type of system Deficiency Source Setting California Apr III Nitrite 3 Com 4 River School California Sept I AGI 8 Ind 5 Outside tap Waste water plant Idaho Jul III AGI 94 NCom A waste to energy plant is a waste management facility that combusts wastes to produce electricity.This type of power plant is sometimes called a trash to energy municipal waste incineration energy recovery or resource recovery plant.. Modern waste to energy plants are very different from the trash incinerators that were commonly used until a few decades ago. Background G. Laundry and Bedding. Guidelines for Environmental Infection Control in Health Care Facilities 2003 1. General Information. Laundry in a health care facility may include bed sheets and blankets towels personal clothing patient apparel uniforms scrub suits gowns and drapes for surgical procedures. 1245 Although contaminated This Pushmatic Bulldog circuit breaker is a backup replacement should it be needed. Trying to make the house breaker panel last a little longer until I make a new breaker panel box change. This unit fits in a single breaker box position on one panel bus. It is used for two separate non linked individually controlled circuits. OSHA began requiring MSDS s for hazardous materials effective May 26 1986 under 29 CFR 1910.1200 the OSHA Hazard Communication Standard. With the 2012 revision of the HCS OSHA adopted the Globally Harmonized System and started phasing in SDS s from 2013 through 2016. The differences between MSDS s and SDS s are discussed earlier in this FAQ. Jan 14 2020 Electronic waste or e waste refers to any discarded products with a battery or plug.The biggest e waste categories are small and large appliances and heating/cooling equipment. If not properly disposed of e waste is devastating to the environment making recycling and recovery programs critical. Items that can be recovered from e waste to prevent Compactor Management Company former Northern California Compactors Inc. offers installation and support services for waste recycling equipment such as trash compactors balers shredders conveyor systems. Established in 1981 it offers waste management solutions across the United States. the culture wars. The unique characteristics of the fifty states are. diversity competitiveness and resiliency. Generally states and localities with large populations and high levels of per capita income provide. more services and thus employ larger numbers of workers than do smaller less affluent jurisdictions. United States Patent there is therefore no waste as regards the arc extinguishing medium. Furthermore it is also possible to strengthen the insulation of the switch elements in accordance with the power 5 to be Interrupted. A multiple break gas blast circuit breaker of the type including a plurality of sets of co43 operating Type B circuit breakers are designed to trip if the current flowing through hits between three and five times the recommended maximum or ‘rated load’. This is the most sensitive type of MCB designed for domestic applications and low voltage commercial settings where any current surges are likely to be small. energy fuel. These waste resources are underutilized and considered low hanging fruit in biogas generation thus their use could stimulate further development of the industry in the United States. Estimated Methane Generation Potential for Select Biogas Sources in the United States Source Methane Potential tonnes/yr Wastewater 2 339 339 Maintenance bypass panel mounts to wall next to UPS for convenient access. 225A 35 kAIC unit has 3 built in circuit breakers connected to heavy duty buswork. Secure Kirk key interlock system prevents unauthorized access to power. Compatible with Tripp Lite SVX120KL S3M100KX and S3M120KX 3 phase UPS systems. 2 year limited warranty. Butcher Waste Disposal Options for Small Meat Plants Operating in ND . North Dakota Department of Agriculture . 600 East Boulevard Avenue Dept. 602 . Bismarck ND 58505 0020 Proper site location ground water conditions and soil type are important for year round access and to prevent any leaching into ground water or runoff into a nearby Listing and map showing all facilities for Covanta a global Waste to Energy and Environmental Solutions leader The levelized cost of energy LCOE is a metric that attempts to compare costs of different methods of electricity generation on a consistent basis. Though LCOE is often presented as the minimum constant price at which electricity must be sold in order to break even over the lifetime of the project such a cost analysis requires assumptions about the value of various non financial number of major United States power distribution companies have programs to eliminate PCBs and are adopting biodegradable vegetable oil dielectrics. Company representatives report biodegradability is an important consideration. Many coal and hardrock mining companies have adopted dry type transformers for underground use. Steam sterilizers also referred to as autoclaves are an essential part of the decontamination and sterilization process performed by sterile processing departments SPD in healthcare facilities. STERIS offers one of the broadest range of steam sterilizers and has a solution available to maximize department productivity and optimize workflow. Sep 23 2021 The United States has only one deep geologic repository for the disposal of defense related transuranic waste the Waste Isolation Pilot Plant WIPP near Carlsbad New Mexico. However DOE may face delays in expanding WIPP to dispose of all defense transuranic waste and is still recovering from accidents in 2014 that resulted in suspending Energy recovery from waste is part of the non hazardous waste management hierarchy.Converting non recyclable waste materials into electricity and heat generates a renewable 1 energy source and reduces carbon emissions by offsetting the need for energy from fossil sources and reduces methane generation from landfills.. 1 Defined as separated yard Mar 15 2022 Food Spoilage About two thirds of food waste at home is due to food not being used before it goes bad. 50 Food spoilage at home occurs due to improper storage lack of visibility in refrigerators partially used ingredients and misjudged food needs. 51 Over Preparing The remaining third of food waste is the result of people cooking or serving too Dec 14 2013 Toxic e waste dumped in poor nations says United Nations This article is more than 8 years old Millions of tonnes of old electronic goods illegally exported to developing countries as people Mar 14 2022 Background. In the United States US 1.7 million people contract an infectious disease from a hospital based patient care setting i.e. healthcare associated infection HAI annually .These HAIs increase morbidity mortality with costs estimates from 4.5 to 29 billion US dollars annually and are underreported 2 3 .Infections are easily transmitted in healthcare Mar 06 2017 Some examples include the Miniature Circuit Breaker MCB with a rated current not more than 100A and the Molded Case Circuit Breaker MCCB with a rated current up to 2500A. Magnetic Industrial Circuit Breakers use an electromagnetic solenoid whose contacts are held closed by a latch. Feb 25 2022 EPA recommendation send used alkaline and zinc carbon batteries to battery recyclers or check with your local or state solid waste authority. These small round batteries have historically contained silver cadmium mercury or other heavy metals as their main component. Today the majority are made of lithium metal. Mar 18 2021 A general summary of circuit breaker sizes and Generator sizes for various 230 volt pumps are as follows A 15 amp circuit breaker means the pump is smaller than .5 hp and will use 5 amps/700 watts during operation and will require at least 1.2 KW internally regulated generator to start/operate the pump. Safer Easier Shopping. Buy online or through our mobile app and pick up at your local Lowe s. Learn More. Save time and money with free shipping on orders of 45 or more. Learn More. Find what you re looking for with the Lowe s mobile app. For iOS and Android. Learn More. If you find a price from a qualified retailer that’s lower on an exact Oct 03 2017 The United States produces more than 70 million tons of organic waste each year. While source reduction and feeding the hungry are necessary priorities for reducing needless food waste organic wastes are numerous and extend to non edible sources including livestock manure agriculture wastes waste water and inedible food wastes. Jul 23 2019 A small amount of liquid high level waste was generated from reprocessing commercial power reactor fuel in the 1960s and early 1970s. There is no commercial reprocessing of nuclear power fuel in the United States at present almost all existing commercial high level waste is unreprocessed spent fuel. An embankment dam in which more than 50 percent of the total volume is formed of compacted earth material generally smaller than 3 inch size. Hydraulic fill dam . An embankment dam constructed of materials often dredged which are conveyed and placed by suspension in flowing water. Rockfill dam. An embankment dam in which more than 50 percent Jul 26 2017 MSC Guidelines for Electrical Plans Small Passenger Vessels Procedure Number E2 23 Revision Date 26Jul17 U.S. Coast Guard Marine Safety Center 6 it is possible for overcurrent breakers meeting this alternate standard to comply with the Main Circuit Breaker requirements in ABYC it is The effects of this type of disaster are unknown and worrisome. Summing Up. Many people unfortunately assume that all of the waste being generated by nuclear activities worldwide is properly being disposed of. However you can see that waste is not always eliminated at all. Instead it is simply stored on site or in an approved off site location. A circuit breaker is an automatically operated electrical switch designed to protect an electrical circuit from damage caused by overload or short circuit. Jelly beans are a small bean shaped type of confectionery with a hard candy shell and a gummy interior which come in a wide variety of flavors. Timelines of United States inventions If YES here are 50 small business ideas and investment opportunities in USA. Starting a business isn’t a luxury but a necessity for anyone whose aim in life is to make good money and become a millionaire fast. This is one of the reasons why you have got to look at starting a business in the United States of America. May 31 2019 The United States is home to 21 stranded nuclear waste storage sites according to a new map from the Congressional Research Service that displays a total of 80 sites where the country s

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ADHD & Social Anxiety Did you know that ADHD and Social Anxiety Disorder can occur together? What happens when they coexist and how can you effectively manage them both? Find out here. Table of Contents ~ 1. The Overlapping Symptoms of ADHD & Social Anxiety ~ 2. Distinguishing ADHD and Anxiety, An Overview ~ 3. What is Social Anxiety Disorder All About? ~ 4. ADHD and Social Anxiety Disorder Can Co-Exist ~ 5. What Happens When A Person Has Both ADHD And Social Anxiety Disorder ~ 6. Why People With ADHD May Be Afraid To Face People ~ 7. How To Manage ADHD & Social Anxiety Disorder Well ~ ADHD & Social Anxiety FAQ The Overlapping Symptoms of ADHD & Social Anxiety Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder can be confused with several other neurodivergent conditions because of the similarities in their symptoms. Some individuals can be diagnosed with ADHD at first, and then have an entirely different finding afterward. Likewise, ADHD can coexist with other conditions that share similarities. For instance, ADHD can occur together with Social Anxiety Disorder. These two comorbid conditions can have quite similar symptoms and can equally affect each other when not managed well. Distinguishing ADHD and Anxiety, An Overview Before we discuss the similarities between ADHD and Social Anxiety Disorder, let's first discuss them separately. ADHD may present itself in three categories: - Predominantly Hyperactive - Predominantly Inattentive - Combined ADHD Type. These ADHD types can have common symptoms, such as being impulsive, having difficulty focusing on tasks and other activities, or being excessively active and restless. On the other hand, anxiety can be caused by different external factors, making us experience discomfort and distress or uneasy emotions that may affect how we carry on with our daily lives. Some studies suggest that dopamine, a neurotransmitter which affects our ability to handle emotions well, organize things, and plan, is a contributing factor. There are also investigations saying ADHD can be hereditary seeing that it often runs in families. Anxiety Disorders can also be attributed to heredity, but are primarily acquired from external factors, such as previous traumatic experiences, distress, or side effects of medicines. Social anxiety disorder, for instance, may develop while the person is growing up, especially when they are exposed to certain social conditions, like bullying, hearing negative comments, rejection, or humiliation. Sometimes, when a person experiences these instances, it affects how they develop their social skills, leading to social anxiety disorder. What is Social Anxiety Disorder All About? Social Anxiety Disorder (SAD) is one of the types of anxiety disorders. When a person has SAD, even everyday social interactions can cause significant distress, anxiety, and embarrassment. They might also become self conscious due to the fear of being scrutinized. For this reason, some people also call SAD “social phobia.” Some people may dismiss the existence of SAD, thinking that it may only be an exaggerated feeling of shyness or being introverted. But for people dealing with social anxiety disorder, it is more than that. Having social anxiety disorder doesn't necessarily mean that you are afraid to face people. It can, however, affect how a person thinks or acts, especially when interacting with others. They usually worry about the things other people may perceive with their actions, how other people may judge them, or how they would handle difficult situations when alone outside. Social Anxiety Disorder can cause panic attacks and severe trauma in certain situations or environments. Hence, managing SAD should be a priority. To manage social anxiety effectively, you must first acknowledge that you may be experiencing it. With self awareness of the possibility, you can get in touch with a mental health professional for a proper diagnosis and treatment. The intervention from a healthcare professional is a must because it’s possible that your challenges do not come from SAD. Maybe you have another condition or your SAD comes with another neurodivergent issue. One of the most common conditions that can coexist with social anxiety disorder is ADHD. Mental health professionals sometimes have a hard time diagnosing their patients because of these coexisting conditions. ADHD and Social Anxiety Disorder Can Co-Exist According to studies, SAD is one of the most common Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder comorbidities. Adults with ADHD can present with anxiety symptoms as the two neurodivergent conditions often have similarities. Moreover, ADHD can mask the symptoms of SAD and vice versa. After the psychotherapist assesses both ADHD and anxiety symptoms and conducts further evaluations, they may diagnose you with ADHD, SAD, or both. Of course, it’s also possible for you to have another condition, such as Generalized Anxiety Disorder. To help you during your consultation, note all your experiences and write them down on a piece of paper. That way, when you meet your mental health expert, you won't miss anything, and they can provide you with an accurate diagnosis. When you have an accurate diagnosis, you'll have a higher chance to address social anxiety effectively. Remember: when one of these comorbid situations is neglected, more problems may arise, such as experiencing panic attacks, or you can feel intensely nervous when talking to people who you do not generally know. What Happens When A Person Has Both ADHD And Social Anxiety Disorder People with ADHD and/or SAD typically experience challenges during a social interaction or gathering. They may feel nervous before the event (anticipatory anxiety), become extremely anxious during the event, and have intense relief after the fact. Note that individuals with ADHD often know about social cues, but they find it challenging to control their response to them. As a result, they can exhibit behaviors such as restlessness or fidgeting to release the tension they feel. Coming across a familiar face on the street from afar can also trigger the symptoms of ADHD and social anxiety disorder. Before your actual encounter with that person, plenty of things will get inside your head. You feel the need to think of familiar topics to start a good conversation and ask them how satisfying their life is. When you unexpectedly run into these distant or local friends, you'll feel distressed because you know you aren't the best person to have a conversation with. Either you'll zone out and cannot focus on the things they are saying, or you may negatively judge them by their appearance and blurt it out with them. Why People With ADHD May Be Afraid To Face People Younger people with ADHD are sometimes negatively judged by society. The stereotypes made by people who don't have accurate knowledge about ADHD and its most common symptoms may affect how they view a person struggling with it. And as a result, those affected by stereotyping may act differently around them or mask their symptoms because they don't want to feel negative judgment toward them. For example, a child with ADHD that blurts out everything inside his brain and cannot control his thoughts may be viewed by another fellow student as talkative or disturbing. When the same kid has heard negative comments about them, their self-esteem might get affected and fall into a shame spiral, causing her to suppress her thoughts, keep them to herself and feel uncomfortable talking. The impulsivity brought by ADHD may also be a contributing factor as to why some may be afraid to attend gatherings. A person with ADHD might get invited to join a house party and willingly join because of impulsivity. And being a person with an outgoing and hyperactive personality, you can manage to conquer your anxiety and make social interaction with every other attendee at first. However, you may have to take a couple of drinks to boost your self-confidence and reduce the anxiety and tension that you may feel at any given point. And since ADHD and Alcohol don't mix well, certain things may get out of control. This experience may make you feel that you cannot handle it well, making you intensely afraid and reject social gatherings because you might feel overwhelmed again. Untreated anxiety, combined with ADHD, can stem from more severe problems. You can have distinct fear in facing people you once knew or connecting with strangers in your social environment. These experiences may give you a hard time coping with your ADHD symptoms. How To Manage ADHD & Social Anxiety Disorder Well Experiencing ADHD and Social Anxiety Disorder at the same time might mean seeking help from others or asking for assistance, especially when facing complex tasks. If you are experiencing problems in home organization or setting up your schedule, you may have to tap into your immediate family members to help you out. But if you feel anxious, especially when you live independently, the struggle can continue or persist. As much as possible, don’t face the challenges alone. Doing so may contribute to anxiety and depression association. Before things get out of hand, here are some of the things you can do to manage ADHD and social anxiety disorder: - Be mindful of your thoughts, feelings, and emotions. If you are getting overwhelmed by these and struggle to handle them well, you can write a journal about your experiences. This will help you understand your triggers and the situations that give negative feelings. - If you don't feel like writing your thoughts on a piece of paper, you can have the right support in the form of your friends. Remember that it is still quality over quantity. Unlike other people, you may have a smaller circle of friends, but your relationship with them may be more intact. - Having an accountability partner may also be beneficial for you. This person will help you manage your tasks and commitments and provide support when needed. - Remember that it is okay to make mistakes. When exposed to situations where you feel anxious because of people's possible judgment of you, be gentle with yourself.. - When you cannot avoid feeling uncomfortable talking with the crowd or a stranger, practice deep breathing exercises. This can help you calm yourself when you are experiencing panic or anxiety attacks. - If you feel that you are falling into a shame spiral-related social anxiety, try to be around animals. Reports say interacting with animals can help reduce cortisol levels (a stress hormone). - Last but not least is to get professional help. If you feel like your symptoms are starting to take a toll on your daily functioning, it would be best to seek professional help from a psychiatrist or counselor who diagnoses ADHD and social anxiety. A primary care provider may suggest ways to treat ADHD and social anxiety disorder, making you feel better. In conclusion, people with ADHD can also have other mental health concerns, such as social anxiety disorder. It’s also possible that they don’t have ADHD. Rather, SAD just made it seem like they have ADHD. The two, after all, have similarities. It is essential to understand ADHD and social anxiety better to manage them well. Have someone who understands you well and can support you with your struggles. If you still struggle and feel lost, it is best to seek professional help to get back on track and address them adequately. ADHD and Social Anxiety: FAQs (Frequently Asked Questions). 1. Does everyone with ADHD have Social Anxiety? No. Social Anxiety may or may not coexist with ADHD. Other neurodivergent disorders can also affect an ADHD brain, or sometimes, it's just ADHD alone. 2. Is Social Anxiety the same as Social Awkwardness? No. Social Anxiety Disorder is under the Anxiety Disorder umbrella, while Social Awkwardness is not. Social Anxiety Disorder is when a person experiences overwhelming fear in social situations to the point it disrupts their daily functioning. On the other hand, social awkwardness can make a person feel anxious and does not necessarily have to be to the point of avoidance or fearfulness. 3. Is Social Anxiety Disorder Associated with Depression? Depression may occur when ADHD and/or SAD is not managed well. Depression is often associated with SAD because the person may feel like they're not good enough or not meeting up to other people's standards. This can lead to feelings of inadequacy and worthlessness.

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Over the last 5 years, how has the energy mix changed, and what have been the key drivers? Namibia’s main energy sources are petroleum, hydropower, imported electricity and imported coal. Currently, less than 50% of the population has access to power. The country’s traditional generation capacity consists of a mix of hydropower, coal, diesel and thermal. The four state-owned power stations currently supplying electricity to the domestic market are: Anixas (diesel, 22 MW), Paratus (diesel, 16 MW), Van Eck (coal, 120 MW) and Ruacana (hydro, 330 MW). All four plants are owned and operated by the national power utility, NamPower, which also owns and operates the national transmission system. These domestic electricity generation plants, however, supply less than one-third of power consumption. As a result, Namibia imports most of its electricity primarily through bilateral contracts with South Africa’s national power utility (Eskom) and to a lesser extent, the Southern Africa Power Pool. Local installed capacity in 2020 was at 624 MW. According to the National Integrated Resource Plan (NIRP), peak demand is currently at 673 MW and is projected to rise to 931 MW in 2025 and 1,348 MW in 2030. But rising domestic consumption, dependency on electricity imports, peak power challenges, transmission congestion on the import corridor, the decline of surplus generation capacity in the Southern Africa Development Community, as well as securing power supply and projected electricity demand, have led to the need for additional funding through independent power producers (IPPs) and public-private partnerships (PPPs). This gap is further exacerbated by Namibia’s unsustainable dependency on fossil fuels and hydropower. Petroleum and coal are not produced locally. Furthermore, the severe drought that Namibia faced between October 2018 and May 2019 – the worst in 90 years – has debilitated the supply from the Ruacana Hydro Power Station, Namibia’s biggest local energy source. Namibia does, however, have high potential for solar, wind and biomass generation. Invader bush is abundant in the country's north. This allows for a large-scale bioenergy-based production capacity. The country is also one of the ten largest uranium resource holders in the world and provides 8.2% of global production. Namibia has stated its interest in introducing nuclear power into its domestic mix. The desire (and need) to move away from the traditional energy mix, coupled with Namibia’s potential for renewable energy generation, resulted in several reforms over the last few years aimed at attracting IPPs. These reforms include the horizontal consolidation of more than 70 electricity distributors into five regional electricity distribution companies (REDs), the establishment of transparent tariff setting procedures (overseen by the Electricity Control Board, or ECB) and the abandoning of the single buyer model (currently, NamPower or one of the REDs under NamPower’s control). Various policies have also been adopted to facilitate the pursuit of renewable energy exploitation. The NIRP, which broadened the energy mix, was finalized in 2016, and there has been a subsequent increase in small IPP project investments. The Renewable Energy Feed-in Tariff (REFIT) program, initiated by the Ministry of Mines and Energy, the ECB and NamPower in 2015, is intended to reduce Namibia’s electricity imports and attract private investment in the development of renewable energy. Under this program, 14 generation licenses (each with an installed capacity of 5 MW) were issued to IPPs. Most REFIT projects have been completed and are in operation. One project is wind-based, while the rest are all solar projects. The desired zero load-shedding outcome has been achieved, while installed electricity generation capacity was increased from 400 MW in 2016 to over 624 MW by 2020. What is the outlook for the energy and natural resources sector in the next 5 years? In particular: Key policy decisions Over the last few years, the National Energy Policy of 2017, the Renewable Energy Policy and the Independent Power Producers’ Policy have been adopted. They amplify and supplement the new Namibia Harambee Prosperity Plan II 2021 – 2025 (HPPII) and Namibia’s Fifth National Development Plan 2017/18 – 2021/22 (NDP5). Key policy decisions over the next few years will be influenced by these existing policy documents. During the HPPII period (2021 – 2025), further efforts will be made to align the National Energy Policy of 2017, the Renewable Energy Policy and the Independent Power Producer’s Policy to the NIRP to create greater certainty for investors and infrastructure developers. One of the goals of the HPPII is to increase local electricity generation capacity from 624 MW (2020) to 879 MW by 2025. With its abundant, world-class renewable energy resources and increasing demand for green hydrogen worldwide, the HPPII recognizes that Namibia could be an early entrant in this new market. Key policy considerations to drive larger private investments into the energy sector include the approved 2019 electricity supply industry restructuring from a Single Buyer to a Modified Single Buyer (MSB) structure, the full implementation of net metering and equitable connection of embedded capacity at mines and REDs. The MSB model has been effective since September 1, 2019. Similarly, the objectives of NDP5 include reaching a sustainable mix of locally generated power capacity of 755 MW. Under the NDP5, the entrance of IPPs should be promoted to meet the growing demand for energy. Mining, water pumping, the construction sector and urban growth are expected to be major drivers of energy demand.The promotion of IPPs in the electricity supply industry is required to meet the increased demand. NDP5 also envisages the transformation of the current power structure by introducing competition in the energy sector, thus discouraging monopolies and driving down costs. The government resolves to direct the development of the country’s generation and transmission sectors through the NIRP, which optimizes costs for long-term sustainable security of supply, and also regularly updated to reflect changing circumstances and technological developments. It seeks to ensure the implementation of the NIRP by facilitating the procurement of generation capacity through transparent, investor-friendly and timely procurement notices. Main policy challenges While significant progress was achieved in several desired outcomes under the first Harambee Property Plan, some were not achieved due to a combination of factors, including inadequate public sector capacity, funding and insufficiently progressed policy frameworks to facilitate private investment and PPPs. These factors will remain key challenges under the HPPII. The slow pace at which regulatory frameworks (especially in respect of energy, foreign investment and the environment) are developed and adopted will pose additional challenges. The anticipated role that renewables and/or new technologies will play Namibia has great potential for renewable energy, especially solar and wind. Under the National Energy Policy of 2017, the government resolves to guide integrated resource planning by prioritizing generation projects from renewable, non-polluting, indigenous, diverse, and decentralized resources, in a way that optimizes the long-term cost of electricity supply. The Renewable Energy Policy was adopted to guide and facilitate access to modern, clean, environmentally sustainable and affordable energy services. Renewables and new technologies will play an important role in achieving government policy objectives as described above. Increased reliance on renewables will decrease the demand burden on NamPower and the need to import electricity. The use of new technologies will also ensure efficiency and reliability, less emissions and less noise. Renewables and new technologies will also attract and secure infrastructure and foreign direct investment, which in turn could lead to job creation. What are the key investment opportunities in the energy and natural resources sectors over the next 5 to 10 years? The historical focus of the ECB on the electricity sector, which only constitutes 20% of the energy spectrum in Namibia, will be broadened through the enactment of an Energy Regulator Act, to the full scope of energy activities and resources. As a critical enabler of growth, energy policies and strategies need to assume a firmly integrated position across all pillars of HPPII. Increasing local electricity generation capacity from 624 MW in 2020 to 879 MW by 2025 will be achieved through various actions, including the commissioning of 50 MW of IPP projects under the MSB programme during HPPII and commissioning an additional 220 MW generation capacity by NamPower by 2025. The planned projects under the HPPII include a 40 MW biomass bush to electricity project at Tsumeb and a 50 MW Anixas heavy furnace fuel peaking plant expansion at Walvis Bay. Bids for the latter were closed on September 3, 2021. The projects also include a 40 MW wind generation project at Lüderitz, the 20 MW Omburu Solar PV plant at Omaruru, the 20 MW Khan solar PV plant at Usakos and a 50 MW wind IPP project at Lüderitz. Moreover, additional generation capacity will be investigated through PPPs and other frameworks during the HPPII period and beyond. Potential projects for private funding would be a feasibility study on a 100-150 MW concentrated solar power plant, a feasibility study for a 300 MW solar park as Phase 1 of a larger regional solar park project of up to 5 GW, 10-40 MW biomass generation projects, and 20-50 MW solar PV and wind projects. Other key investment opportunities may include investments in battery and storage technologies and investments in natural gas. With particular focus on sustainability, and on reducing carbon emissions, how will the energy and natural resources landscape change over the next 5 to 10 years? With the increased resort to renewable energy, it is expected that the reliance on fossil fuels will decrease over the next five to ten years. In 2015, the cabinet adopted the Nationally Determined Contribution to guide Namibia’s implementation of the Paris Agreement on Climate Change, containing important renewable energy share targets and greenhouse gas emission reduction targets, which were used to stimulate investment into renewable energy infrastructure. Various other policies (and, to a limited extent, legislative measures) have been introduced aimed at sustainable development and the pursuit of UN sustainable development goals (SDGs). Unfortunately, the development of an effective and enforceable environmental regulatory framework incorporating sustainable development and the SDGs has been slow. It is anticipated that government’s policy framework on energy will, over the next few years, be aligned with its environmental and sustainable development policy framework to ensure and effective, enforceable energy framework incorporating sustainability and reduction of carbon emissions.

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“The Svalbard Global Seed Vault’s mission is to provide a safety net against accidental loss of diversity in traditional genebanks. While the popular press has emphasized its possible utility in the event of a major regional or global catastrophe, it will be more frequently accessed when genebanks lose samples due to mismanagement, accident, equipment failures, funding cuts, and natural disasters. These events occur with some regularity. War and civil strife have a history of destroying some genebanks. The national seed bank of the Philippines was damaged by flooding and later destroyed by a fire; the seed banks of Afghanistan and Iraq have been lost completely. According to The Economist, “the Svalbard vault is a backup for the world’s 1,750 seed banks, storehouses of agricultural biodiversity.” By the request of Norwegian government, no genetically modified seeds are stored at the vault.” [reverse snip] “The Norwegian government entirely funded the vault’s approximately NOK 45 million (US$9 million) construction. Storing seeds in the vault is free to end users, with Norway and the Global Crop Diversity Trust paying for operational costs. Primary funding for the Trust comes from organisations such as the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation and from various governments worldwide.” Aren’t they just adorable visionaries and philanthropists looking out for our future food safety? Ach, well, there’s always someone to belly ache about such magnificent munificence, such grand noblesse oblige, isn’t there? For instance: ‘Vandana Shiva: The Great Seed Piracy’ by Vandana Shiva, 21 June 2016 “A great seed and biodiversity piracy is underway and it must be stopped. The privateers of today include not just the corporations — which are becoming fewer and larger through mergers — but also individuals like Bill Gates, the “richest man in the world”. When the Green Revolution was pushed in India and Mexico, farmers’ seeds were “rounded-up” and locked in international institutions, which used these seeds to breed green revolution varieties which responded to chemical inputs. The first two institutions were the International Rice Research Institute (IRRI) in the Philippines and the International Maize and Wheat Improvement Centre (CIMMYT) in Mexico. These institutes took diversity from farmers’ fields and replaced the diversity with chemical monocultures of rice, wheat and corn. Dr. R.H. Richharia, India’s pre-eminent rice research scientist, headed the Central Rice Research Institute (CRRI) at Cuttack, Orissa. The Indian institute existed before IRRI, had the largest collection of rice diversity the biggest rice “bank” in the world. Dr Richharia refused to allow IRRI in the Philippines to pirate the collection. The World Bank removed Dr Richharia, the guardian of Indian rice knowledge, from CRRI so that it could transfer Indian peasant intellectual property to the international institute (which later became part of the Consultative Group of International Agriculture Research). Farmers’ seed heritage is held in the seed banks of CGIAR, a consortium of 15 international agricultural research centers, which is the single biggest recipient of grants from Mr Gates. The Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation is the new World Bank when it comes to using finances to influence policies in agriculture. The Gates Foundation is a major funder of the CGIAR system — and through its funding, it is accelerating the transfer of research and seeds to corporations, facilitating intellectual property piracy and seed monopolies created through intellectual property laws and seed regulations. Control over the seeds of the world for ‘one agriculture’ is Mr Gates’ target! Since 2003, CGIAR centres have received more than $720 million from Mr Gates. Besides taking control of the seeds of farmers in CGIAR seed banks, Mr Gates (along with the Rockefeller Foundation) is investing heavily in collecting seeds from across the world and storing them in a facility in Svalbard in the Arctic — the “doomsday vault”. Mr Gates is also funding Diversity Seek (DivSeek), a global initiative to take patents on the seed collections through genomic mapping. Seven million crop accessions are in public seed banks. DivSeek could allow five corporations to own this diversity. Today, biopiracy is carried out through the convergence of information technology and biotechnology. It is done by taking patents by “mapping” genomes and genome sequences. While living seed needs to evolve “in situ”, patents on genomes can be taken through access to seed “ex situ”. DivSeek is a global project launched in 2015 to map the genetic data of the peasant diversity of seeds held in gene banks. It robs the peasants of their seeds and knowledge, it robs the seed of its integrity and diversity, its evolutionary history, its link to the soil and reduces it to “code”. It is an extractive project to “mine” the data in the seed to “censor” out the commons. The peasants (or farmers as they’re referred to now) who evolved the diversity have no place in DivSeek; their contributions, their knowledge is being “mined” — not recognised, honoured or conserved. This “genetic colonialism” is an enclosure of the genetic commons. The participating institutions are the CGIAR nodes and “public universities” like Cornell and Iowa State, which are being increasingly privatised by the bio-technology industry and Mr Gates. Cornell is where Mr Gates funds the pseudo-science propaganda machine misnamed the Cornell Alliance for Science. Iowa State is where Mr Gates is funding the Unethical Human Feeding Trials of GMO bananas. The Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation is funding the partners of DivSeek, especially the African Agricultural Technology Foundation and an Africa-Brazil partnership in DivSeek. (‘Roundup is delicious!’ by Anthony Freda) Mr Gates is also investing in a one-year-old experimental genetic engineering tool for gene editing, CRISPR-Cas9, through a new front corporation EditasMedicine. While the technology itself is immature and inaccurate, it is a gold rush for new patents. The language of “gene editing” and “educated guesses” is creeping into scientific discourse. Piracy of common genomic data of millions of plants bred by peasants is termed “big data”. But big data is not knowledge, it is not even information. It is data, privateered. Seeds are not just germ plasm. They are living. They are intelligent. They are beings and subjects of evolution, history, culture and relationships. In the 1980s, Monsanto led the push for GMOs and patents on life. Today it is Bill Gates. One rich individual is able to use his wealth to bypass all international treaties and all multilateral governance structures to help global corporations grab the biodiversity and wealth of peasants by financing unscientific and undemocratic processes like DivSeek, and trying to unleash untested technologies like CRISPR. Over the last two decades, humanity has taken actions and written laws to protect the biodiversity of the planet and the rights of farmers to seed, the rights of consumers to safety. These laws include: The Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD); the Cartagena Biosafety Protocol to the CBD; the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources Treaty for Food and Agriculture (ITPGRFA). India needs to strengthen international and national laws to protect biodiversity and farmers rights. Instead, the government is taking steps to facilitate BigMac™ seed biopiracy. (she lists a few of the BigMac™ clauses as well.) Sorry to reprint most of your essay, Miz Shiva, but I wanted to show folks exactly what you’re a bit peeved about. (seriously; thank you for all you do.) ‘Farmer Suicides and Bt Cotton Nightmare Unfolding in India’, 6/01/2010, i-isis.org (Industry disagrees strongly; fancy that.) Now, think (German multinational) Bayer (pain, antibiotic, and other BigPharmeceuticals, and its scandalous history) merging with Monsanto genetic technologies (Its BayerCropscience business develops genetically modified crops and pesticides as well). Then remember what many of us believed about the rescheduling of cannabis happening once Monsanto, Cargill, or Syngenta got cannabis patents as you read excerpts from this essay of Ellen Brown’s: ‘The War on Weed is Winding Down, But Will Monsanto Emerge the Winner?’, June 24, 2016 “A major barrier to broader legalization has been the federal law under which all cannabis – even the very useful form known as industrial hemp – is classed as a Schedule I controlled substance that cannot legally be grown in the US. But that classification could change soon. In a letter sent to federal lawmakers in April, the US Drug Enforcement Administration said it plans to release a decision on rescheduling marijuana in the first half of 2016.” Brown narrates the long history of legal cannabis usages, its wide present usages in hundreds of countries, Nixon’s war on blacks, antiwar hippies and Mexicans, although she only hints at Wm. Randolph Hearst’s part in its criminalization. But this section is worth reading in its entirety; but I’ll just bring a couple of the most relevant snippets as to beneficial health effects: “…cannabis has now been shown to have significant therapeutic value for a wide range of medical conditions, including cancer, Alzheimer’s disease, multiple sclerosis, epilepsy, glaucoma, lung disease, anxiety, muscle spasms, hepatitis C, inflammatory bowel disease, and arthritis pain.” [snip] “These chemicals are responsible for keeping critical biological functions in balance, including sleep, appetite, the immune system, and pain. When stress throws those functions off, the endocannabinoids move in to restore balance”; THC, the primary psychoactive component of the plant, has been found to have twenty times the anti-inflammatory power of aspirin and twice that of hydrocortisone. CBD, the most-studied non-psychoactive component, also comes with an impressive list of therapeutic benefits, including not against cancer but as a super-antibiotic. CBD has been shown to kill “superbugs” that are resistant to currently available drugs.” Any questions? I thought not. As of this morning, the merger hasn’t happened. But when asked by Fortune Magazine this question, the Bayer PR flack’s answer was artful dodging, to say the least: Q: Does this mean Bayer will now try to sell genetically modified Monsanto crop seeds in Europe? A: Unlikely. Political resistance to genetically modified crops remains strong in Europe. Monsanto has only one product there, a pest-resistance variety of maize, and has given up on applications for more after officials failed to act on them despite approval by the European Food Safety Authority. Liam Condon, head of Bayer’s crop science division, said that “the whole discussion is a political one and we don’t see that changing anytime soon.” Café Babylon’s GMO category (page 2), the (older) biggies being toward the bottom: ‘Bono, Obama and the G-8 Ally with Monsanto to Bio-Wreck African Agriculture’ and ‘GMO Crop Likely Tipping Point: Obama USDA to Fast-Track Zombie Crops and Okay Agent Orange 2,4-D Resistant Crops’

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NOTE: Our assessment of New Zealand's 2021 NDC update is here. New Zealand is at a turning point, as it will release an emissions reduction plan by December 2021, which provides an opportunity to set ambitious policies to decarbonise all sectors. The country’s newly-established Climate Change Commission has reviewed the government’s climate policies, and published recommendations on a carbon budget. New Zealand is one of the few countries to have a net zero emissions by 2050 goal enshrined in law, its Zero Carbon Act, but short-term policies cannot yet keep up with that ambition. New Zealand is increasingly relying on the mitigation potential of the land use and forestry sector to meet its target rather than focusing efforts on reducing emissions from high emitting sectors. Although included in the Act, methane from agriculture and waste (over 40% of New Zealand's emissions) is exempt from the net zero emissions goal, and has a separate target (at least 24-47% reduction below 2017 levels by 2050), not yet covered by significant policies. Overall, the CAT rates New Zealand’s current climate targets, policies and finance as “Highly insufficient”. New Zealand submitted an updated NDC in April 2020. The update did not strengthen the country’s 2030 target. Both the present 2030 target – 30% from 2005 levels – and its architecture are deeply flawed. By setting its 30% reduction target against its 2005 emissions excluding land use changing forestry, but then allowing the crediting of its so-called Kyoto forest accounting in 2030 to meet this target, the result is a system that allows net emissions to continue to increase. Under the present NDC construction, the country's net emissions could be 4% above 2005 levels in 2030, and more than 44% above 1990 net emissions. Gross emissions in 2030 would only be about 18% below 2005 levels with this deeply flawed and illogical architecture. The government plans to strengthen its NDC based on the Climate Change Commission’s final advice, which ambiguously recommended a target of “much more than 36%”. However, the Climate Change Commission’s advice does not comply with the Climate Change Response Act and is inconsistent with limiting warming to 1.5˚C, which would require New Zealand to set 2030 target of a reduction in gross emissions of at least 44%. Aside from the need for a major increase in the target number itself, the government also needs to revisit its target architecture and drop the much discredited “gross net” approach to target setting. New Zealand one of only a few countries in the world using this “gross net” accounting system to calculate its 2030 target. The CAT rates New Zealand’s climate targets, policies and finance as “Highly insufficient”. The “Highly insufficient” rating indicates that New Zealand’s climate policies and commitments are not stringent enough to limit warming to 1.5°C and need substantial improvements. New Zealand’s target is rated “Critically insufficient” when compared with its fair-share contribution to climate action and “Insufficient” when compared to modelled domestic pathways. Its policies and action do not put in on track to meet this target and its climate finance is inadequate. New Zealand should increase both its emissions reduction target and climate policies, and provide additional, predictable, finance to others to meet its fair-share contribution. New Zealand is expected to see some significant policy announcements in late 2021, including an emissions reduction plan (ERP). In June 2021, after a period of public consultation, the Climate Change Commission issued its final advice on how New Zealand can achieve a low emissions future. Many of the recommendations are economy-wide, cover short timeframes of one or two years, and if adopted will lead to substantial climate action. The government is required, by 31 December 2021, to set out emissions reduction plans for 2022 to 2025 and three emissions budgets for the period of 2022 to 2035. As of mid 2021, New Zealand is not expected to meet its NDC under current policies and actions. The CAT rates New Zealand’s climate policies and action as “Highly insufficient”. The government’s policy response to COVID-19 has been a mix of fossil fuel support and small steps in climate policy related to green investment and the public sector. Estimated emissions in 2020 are expected to be similar to 2019 emissions (with a 0.3% decline), as the impacts of COVID-19 on emissions have been minimal. In its response to COVID-19, the government introduced post-COVID-19 legislation to fast-track projects. Neither environmental safeguards nor climate change impacts were mandatory for the projects, risking the approval of emissions-intensive projects. The 2021 Budget allocated NZD 300m to the Green Investment Finance Fund and NZD 100m on other climate change initiatives such as a Carbon Neutral Government Programme aiming for the public sector to be carbon neutral by 2025. In June 2020, the government reformed the Emissions Trading Scheme, continuing to exempt the country’s largest contributor to greenhouse gas emissions – the agriculture sector – from a price on its emissions until 2025, when it was originally proposed to cover all sectors. The amendment sets a cap on emissions that can be traded, which will decrease from 2021. The reform phases out free industrial allocations of carbon units, and lifts the cap on the price of carbon from NZD 25 (USD 17) to NZD 35 (USD 23) per New Zealand unit (equal to one tonne of CO2 equivalent). The government plans to ban new coal fired boilers by the end of 2021, and is consulting on plans to phase out fossil fuels in process heat by 2037, as recommended by the CCC, with a few exemptions. Other climate policy highlights include the renewable electricity target of 90% by 2025 and 100% by 2035. The Government has an electric vehicle target for government fleet vehicles to be emissions free by 2025/26 and has introduced the country’s first-ever CO2 emissions standard for imported cars in 2021. The government is developing a hydrogen roadmap. It has a vision paper in support of opportunities for domestic use and the export of green hydrogen. New Zealand’s domestic target in 2030 is not consistent with the Paris Agreement’s 1.5°C temperature limit when compared to modelled domestic pathways. The target aims for GHG emissions to be 30% below 2005 levels by 2030 (including LULUCF). The Climate Change Commission advises that the 2030 target should be “much more than 36%” but failed to recommend a specific number. The CAT finds that if all countries were to follow New Zealand’s domestic target approach, warming could reach over 2°C and up to 3°C. New Zealand has an opportunity to improve its domestic target by raising its ambition and setting a target that will achieve a lower emissions target for 2030. Subsequent targets should remain economy-wide, covering all sectors including agriculture. The CAT rates New Zealand’s domestic target as “Insufficient”. The CAT’s assessment of New Zealand’s total fair share contribution takes into account its emissions reduction target and its climate finance. We rate New Zealand’s target as “Critically insufficient” when compared with its fair-share emissions allocation. The “Critically insufficient” rating indicates that New Zealand’s fair share target in 2030 reflects minimal to no action and is not at all consistent with the Paris Agreement’s 1.5°C temperature limit. New Zealand’s target is not in line with any interpretation of a fair approach to meeting the Paris Agreement’s 1.5°C limit. Substantial improvements are needed. Some of these improvements should be made to the domestic emissions target itself, others could come in the form of additional support for emissions reductions achieved in developing countries in the form of finance. If all countries were to follow New Zealand’s approach, warming would exceed 4°C. New Zealand’s climate finance needs substantial improvements to be consistent with the Paris Agreement’s 1.5°C temperature limit. The country remains committed to climate finance in the period post-2020, but contributions to date have been very low compared to its fair share. The CAT rates New Zealand’s climate finance as “Highly Insufficient”. To improve its rating New Zealand needs to improve climate finance commitments and make explicit commitments to prevent investments in fossil fuel finance abroad. While New Zealand’s finance rating is poor, it is one rating level better than New Zealand’s "Critically insufficient" fair share target rating and can therefore improve the overall fair share rating. Taking both New Zealand’s emissions reduction target and climate finance into account, we rate the overall fair share contribution as “Highly insufficient”. For the past 30 years, New Zealand’s climate action has primarily relied on forests planted in the 1990s rather than effective climate policy, and the carbon removal benefits of the forests are diminishing. New Zealand’s reliance on Land Use, Land Use Change and Forestry (LULUCF) to meet its NDC target has increased from 13% to 35% since last year. Emissions reductions from emissions-intensive sectors should be a focus, rather than reliance on the uncertain mitigation potential of the LULUCF sector. New Zealand has also faced criticism over its LULUCF carbon accounting methodology. Plantation forests have a pattern of sinking carbon during tree growth and releasing carbon when harvested. New Zealand’s LULUCF accounting methodology uses a “modified activity-based” approach which has been found to mask real emissions. This method has implications for the emissions trading scheme, the NDC, and the emissions budgets proposed by the Climate Change Commission. New Zealand passed its Zero Carbon amendment to the Climate Change Response Act in 2019, which sets a target for all greenhouse gases except for biogenic methane – methane from agriculture and waste – to reach net zero by 2050. Methane emissions from these two sectors represent over 40% of New Zealand’s current emissions. Implementation is key and the methane exemption weakens the target considerably. There is a separate target for biogenic methane emissions to be at 24-47% below 2017 levels by 2050. A true commitment to net zero would require a further reduction of 18-25 MtCO2e in 2050, corresponding to the residual methane emissions that would remain unmitigated by the 2050 target. These would need to be achieved in other sectors, in particular through full decarbonisation of energy and industry emissions by 2050. The net zero target has good legal architecture. However, in addition to biogenic methane, international aviation and shipping are outside of the target’s scope, and the government reserves the right to use of international offset credits to meet the target. The CAT evaluates the target as “Poor”. The full details are here.

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COVID-19 forced schools around the world to invest in digital learning experiences so that they could continue to educate their students without in-person meetings. Even outside of this forced transition, however, schools and students alike were increasingly seizing the opportunities that the internet and technology offered them in education. As many as 34% of college students reported taking at least one course online over the course of their degree, even before the pandemic hit. As schools begin to think about how to incorporate different forms of digital learning into their curriculum, they may encounter the terms ‘blended learning’ and ‘eLearning’. Although these two approaches sound the same, they actually employ different strategies and teaching techniques. Educators and school administrators should think carefully about what these two systems entail so that they can select the systems that best fit their needs and the learning experience that they want to create for their students. Here is what everyone involved in the education system should understand about these approaches of digital education. What is eLearning? When people refer to eLearning, they refer to a system of learning that revolves completely around the online experience. Like a live class, students progress through the course in a sequential way and interact to varying degrees with their fellow classmates and their teacher, depending upon how the course has been set up. As education through the internet has become more common, two main formats of eLearning have developed: Self-paced and online. If teachers want to create these entirely online courses for their students, here are the key differences between these two formats. Self-directed and self-paced courses These courses are asynchronous and allow students to progress independently as they master the material. This can work particularly well for students who want to complete degrees while also facing other types of obligations, such as jobs. When their schedule permits, they can go through their class material and complete their assignments without worrying about having to log in at a particular time to attend a live class. Creating courses of self-paced eLearning To create this type of course, teachers will create various types of media-rich content. They might create PowerPoint slides, videos, podcasts, or various interactive forms, such as digital quizzes. The best types of content will create colorful, engaging and interactive experiences for students, allowing them to use a variety of different learning styles as they progress through the material. Many educators find creating these materials, however, to be labor-intensive. Some teachers will find videos to be the easiest means of creating these courses. By creating a series of videos, they can upload content that feels largely like a lecture, without the ability to have a question and answer portion of the class. With these videos, students can then listen to the foundational course content on their own schedule. Examples of self-paced eLearning This form of digital education has become increasingly popular across a variety of different platforms. LinkedIn Learning or Udemy, for example, both use this format to create their immensely popular courses and learning opportunities. When does this type of learning work well? As already mentioned, certain types of non-traditional students find this format to be particularly beneficial. Those who have obligations that hinder their ability to attend courses on a set schedule enjoy the ability to review material and take classes on their own schedule. From an educator standpoint, this delivery method may work best for courses that deliver more foundational information. Since less direct interaction occurs between the teachers and the students, higher-level courses that naturally solicit more discussion-based learning will not work well in this format. The other key classification of eLearning classes is ‘online learning’. These courses work by taking some of the benefits of the self-paced courses described above and infusing a greater level of participation on behalf of the students. For classes where you want to incorporate opportunities for discussion and group engagement, which can be an important part of the learning process, this format of digital learning can work well. Since the classes still offer considerable flexibility in scheduling, many students working jobs as they simultaneously complete their degrees appreciate the opportunities found in these classes. Creating courses for online learning Educators interested in creating courses for online learning may still create largely asynchronous material. Video remains a popular format for professors, as they can pre-record lectures and information for the students to then watch on their own schedule. Teachers can also incorporate other types of rich content that students can digest independently. The key area that differentiates these courses from the first type of eLearning, however, lies in professors building in additional opportunities for engagement within the class. Alongside the content that students can consume alone, there should also be planned activities between the students and teacher, as well as among the students, that help students dive in more deeply into the material and better digest the curriculum. These additional activities can include discussions, research projects, presentations and study sessions, for example, to help the students gain a better grasp of the material. Aside from these interactive activities, increased opportunities for feedback from the educator should also be available for the students. When students complete tests or quizzes or when they turn in projects, they should receive feedback from the professor about their performance and how to continue to grow in their learning. Even if the vast majority of the class content gets delivered to students asynchronously, educators should still prioritize having at least feedback sessions with students synchronously. This provides them with the opportunity to offer advice and guidance to their students and thus enriching the educational experience. Creating more synchronous sessions within the class can also occur on a variety of different types of platforms. For example, instant messaging, real-time editing of papers and projects, and video web conferencing software can all allow students and educators to communicate live. Examples of online learning Our online MBA program here at EHL provides an excellent example of online learning. Students enrolled in this program have the chance to engage with most of the material on their own schedule, but they still receive personalized feedback. Opportunities for live interaction with fellow students and teachers are also available throughout the program. Times when online learning works best Since online learning provides more opportunities to dive deeply into the material compared to entirely self-paced courses, these options can work well for higher-level classes. Educators will need to carefully consider the level of discussion and interaction necessary to help students properly digest the curriculum. They can then determine the amount of live interaction and feedback needed to create the right learning environment. The potential to create these involved learning opportunities, while still providing a large degree of flexibility, benefits students who already have entered the workforce. This makes the online system a good possibility for many different types of classes. The key to blended learning lies in understanding how different forms of digital education can work alongside more traditional face-to-face methods to create a modern learning environment. Students and teachers get to leverage both the potential for technology in the creation of effective classes as well as the built-in benefits of meeting face-to-face to discuss and learn the critical material for the class. By bringing together the benefits of different learning environments, blended learning can leverage asynchronous learning opportunities to provide students with foundational knowledge, then leaving the times when the class comes together face-to-face to dive into richer conversations and create a deeper learning experience. Students have the chance to learn the core material on their own time and then analyze, discuss and dissect the material with the guidance of the teacher and together with their classmates to create an improved learning environment. Students in our modern 21st-century world have become highly accustomed to gathering information online. They enjoy consuming content that helps them better understand the world around them through rich media. Thus, they often respond well to opportunities to gain important basic knowledge for a course through various content-rich digital opportunities with the guidance of their educator. The ability to select their own schedule to gather this information will then help them experience some of the flexibility that digital learning opportunities can create as well. Despite the allure of self-scheduling, however, the benefits of in-person discussions with classmates and educators should not be underestimated. Classmates can challenge each other to think more deeply about the material, improve each other’s reasoning skills and help them uncover questions they might not have explored on their own. Blended learning brings these scenarios together. Creating blended learning classes Designing blended learning classes requires balancing asynchronous learning opportunities for students to digest the groundwork knowledge independently, but then bring that learning to a live classroom experience where they engage with the information in a deeper way. Educators will want to consider how they want to impart the foundational, core knowledge of the class. They can record lectures and use videos or make use of other options, such as slides, podcasts or screencasts. When it's time for the class to come together to explore and discuss the material, some teachers and schools might use technology to facilitate these synchronous discussions as well. Particularly in the modern era of COVID-19, digital classes enhance the ability to continue learning without sacrificing the social distancing guidelines. Completing this portion of the class online can also help to remove geographical boundaries. Students can take classes or even complete entire degrees through a school that might not be near them, and thus avoid having to move or select a different school to complete their desired degree. Teachers will want to carefully consider which portions of the program should be completed through the asynchronous portion of the class, which should largely consist of core knowledge that can then be explored more deeply when the students have face-to-face classes scheduled. The overarching goal, however, should be to bring both the asynchronous and synchronous learning opportunities together seamlessly to create a technology-powered educational experience. Examples of blended learning Examples of blended learning can be found in a variety of learning environments, including here at EHL. Particularly with schools that have been forced online due to the pandemic, many colleges and universities have offered these types of classes for students to take advantage of the benefits of both technology and face-to-face discussions. Times when blended learning opportunities work best Blended learning offers excellent opportunities to dive deeply into topics and allow for a rich learning experience. Higher-level classes that prepare students for their careers and to integrate the curriculum knowledge completely will work well with this set-up. Selecting between eLearning and blended learning options Making the decision to design a class as either an eLearning option or using a blended education model can be a challenge. Educators and school administrators should ask themselves the following questions: What type of material will this class cover? What is the context of the material and what role will technology play? Will this class work best entirely self-paced, largely self-paced with facilitator involvement or in a blended learning environment? How important is it for the teacher to interact with the students face-to-face and for the students to interact with each other? How well does the class material integrate with technology? Is the goal of the class to convey basic knowledge or to improve students’ critical thinking skills through interaction and active learning? Technology continues to become an increasingly prominent part of our everyday lives, including how classrooms are structured and how students learn. Designing digital learning opportunities can help tap into this potential and create creative ways to engage students and seize the opportunities in front of them. Carefully consider how these different technology models might work with your goals and the benefits they offer. If you are not sure which educational model might work for you, let us know. We would love to help you.

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Your Weight Is Important Losing weight will make it easier for your body to lower your blood sugar level, and can improve your blood pressure and cholesterol. To know whether you’re overweight, work out your body mass index . If you need to lose weight, it is recommended for most people to do it slowly over time. Aim for around 0.5 to 1kg a week. The charity Diabetes UK has more information on healthy weight and weight loss. There is evidence that eating a low-calorie diet on a short-term basis can help with symptoms of type 2 diabetes. And some people have found that their symptoms go into remission. A low-calorie diet is not safe or suitable for everyone with type 2 diabetes, such as people who need to take insulin. So it is important to get medical advice before going on this type of diet. Page last reviewed: 18 August 2020 Next review due: 18 August 2023 Foods To Avoid With Type 2 Diabetes Flour and sugar represent two ingredients most likely to wreak havoc for people with diabetes because they typically add unnecessary calories and end up leading to a boost in blood sugar and your weight a double whammy. While you dont have to avoid white flour and sugar altogether, be aware that foods made with themincluding sugar-sweetened cookies, cakes, doughnuts, and other baked goods and sugar-sweetened drinkshave little nutritional value and are likely to send your blood sugar soaring. Its also important to steer clear of processed foods when possible. The more a food has been mechanically handled, and refined, the greater the likelihood that its nutritional value will decrease, and such foods are often high in sugar, refined flour, or saturated fats. By eating foods considered highly refined , you are filling up on foods that will make it harder to manage your weight and your blood sugar levels. While a diabetes diet is more about avoiding certain types of foodsi.e., empty carbs and foods with little nutritional valuethan cutting out any single bad food, there are some clear items to avoid or minimize: White breads and pastries Pasta made from white flour Processed foods made with added sugar or high-fructose corn syrup Foods high in saturated fat Candy and soft drinks that contain sugar and high fructose corn syrup Best Diabetic Diet Options For our Best Diets of 2022 ranking, the Forbes Health editorial team created a Forbes Health Best Diets Panel of experts to analyze 19 diets in a variety of areas, including diabetic health. The diets we identified as the Best Diets for People With Diabetes had the highest average scores across our panel of physicians and registered dietitians for diabetic health, which we defined as the diets ability to prevent type 2 diabetes or help diabetics manage their diabetes. Be sure to consult your doctor before beginning a new diet or eating plan. You May Like: What Dosage Does Metformin Come In Ditch The Working Lunch Are you rushed, not properly chewing your food, and possibly suffering from gastrointestinal issues? Do you drink your food? How you eat and drink matters. Studies are indicating that this has more of an impact than we previously thought. When it comes to how you eat, let’s first look at mindful eating. Mindful eating can help to promote more healthful eating behaviours. Simply put, it means to take smaller bites, eat slowly, chew thoroughly, and savour every bite. Notice and appreciate the smell, taste and texture. Breathe. Mindful eating helps to give your digestive system the hint to prepare for digestion and to secrete necessary enzymes. Eating with attention and intention also addresses the role of hunger and satiety cues and stresses eating in response to those cues instead of eating in response to automatic patterns. This can also help with weight loss because eating slower often means eating less. Did you know that it takes about 20 minutes for your brain to know that your stomach is full? We also know that more thoroughly chewed food is easier to digest and it makes it easier to absorb all of those essential nutrients. And what about about drinking your food? If youre keen on crafting your own smoothies, here are a few tips: If You Think Diabetes Is That Bin Bulaya Mehmaan Then Kick It Out Of Your Life With This Nutritionist There are many things in this world that are irreversible, but lets bring you some good news. Diabetes or to be precise type 2 diabetes is not one of them. Shocked? Well yes, you heard it absolutely right. And to help us see the truth, we have celebrity nutritionist and dietician, Manisha Chopra. According to her, it is absolutely possible for some people to reverse diabetes through a strict balanced diet, weight loss, and consistent workouts. Although theres no cure, theres a high likelihood to get your blood sugar levels back on track through these measures. She says, Weight loss is the most effective way to reverse diabetes, as it helps in maintaining blood sugar levels in the body. Foods that you must include in your diet to reverse diabetes 1. Green leafy vegetables If you refrain from eating leafy green vegetables, its time to befriend them. Green leafy vegetables contain a number of nutrients like vitamin C and antioxidants, which are important for diabetics. 2. Fatty fish Fatty fish is rich in omega-3. It helps to reduce inflammation and is a good source of protein. That makes it very important to regulate blood sugar levels. 3. Nuts and seeds Nuts and seeds are an essential part of a balanced diet. They are rich in fibre, and also help to control blood sugar levels and bad cholesterol in the body. Garlic is known to reduce inflammation in the body. It lowers blood sugar, LDL cholesterol and blood pressure in diabetics. Read Also: Diabetes Drug Side Effects Food And Nutrient Components Of Plant A whole-foods, plant-based eating pattern generally includes legumes, whole grains, fruits, vegetables, and nuts, and is high in fiber. All of these elements have been found to be protective against diabetes. Whole grains, including whole-grain bread, whole-grain cereals, and brown rice, have been associated with reduced risk of developing diabetes , a recent systematic review and meta-analysis of 16 cohort studies found a summary relative risk of 0.68 for three daily servings of whole grains. Specific fruits and vegetables, including root vegetables, green leafy vegetables, blueberries, grapes, and apples, have been linked to lower diabetes rates., Legumes have also been shown to ameliorate insulin resistance and protect against metabolic syndrome, and greater nut consumption has been associated with lower diabetes risk. Cereal fiber appears to be especially protective against type 2 diabetes. Can Type 2 Diabetes Be Reversed Type 2 diabetes can be a life-long, chronic disease in which the body either does not produce enough insulin or the cells in out body doesnt respond to insulin correctly. Because of these two problems, there isnt enough insulin to move the glucose from the blood into the cells. When glucose builds up in the blood instead of going into cells, the bodys cells cant function properly. Type 2 diabetes is more likely to occur in people who are over the age of 40, overweight, or have a family history in diabetes. Certain ethnic and racial groups also have higher risk for type 2 diabetes, including black, Hispanic/Latino, American Indian, Asian American and Pacific Islander. However, over the past decade the incidence of type2 diabetes has been increasing in adolescents and the young adult population. According to recent research, type 2 diabetes cannot be cured, but individuals can have glucose levels that return to non-diabetes range, or pre-diabetes glucose level The primary means by which people with type 2 diabetes achieve remission is by losing significant amounts of weight. We talk of remission and not a cure because it isnt permanent. The beta cells have been damaged and the underlying genetic factors contributing to the persons susceptibility to diabetes remain intact. Over time the disease process reasserts itself and continued destruction of the beta cells ensues. An environmental insult such as weight gain can bring back the symptomatic glucose intolerance. Recommended Reading: Will Drinking Water Lower Blood Sugar How Type 2 Diabetes Is Diagnosed The hemoglobin A1c test measures the amount of glycosylated hemoglobin in your blood and provides information about your average blood glucose levels over the previous 2 to 3 months. Hemoglobin A1c levels over 6.5% are suggestive of diabetes. Another diagnostic test is the fasting blood glucose test. If your fasting blood glucose level is over 126, this establishes that diabetes is present. Random blood glucose levels over 200 are also consistent with diabetes. What Foods To Avoid With Diabetes Not all diets are created equal, and some of the more restrictive diets should be approached with caution. Highly carbohydrate-restricted diets, such as the extreme forms of keto diets, should be assessed carefully, says Dr. Horowitz. Though many people do very well with lower carbohydrate diets, and modified keto diets are often beneficial, diets that eliminate entire food groups are not balanced and may lead to deficiencies of macronutrients. They are also difficult to maintain. In general, foods and drinks that people with diabetes should limit include: - Fried foods - Foods high in saturated fats and trans fats - Foods high in sodium - Beverages with added sugars Also Check: How Long Does It Take To Lower Glucose Levels In This Article Well Take A Closer Look At What Foods Can Help Lower Blood Sugar Both Immediately And Over Time While there isnât one food that will magically protect your body from developing diabetes, there are some foods that research has proven can help promote healthy blood sugar levels over time. Keep reading to learn what foods help lower blood sugars, and which foods to eat in the moment when your blood sugar is higher than youâd like. *This article is not intended to provide medical advice, diagnosis, opinion, treatment or services. This article and the links contained in it provide general information for educational purposes only. The information provided in this article is not a substitute for medical care. It should not be used in place of the advice of your physician or registered dietitian.* Current Guidelines And Macronutrients In their 2017 Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes, the ADA states that a variety of eating patterns are acceptable for the management of type 2 diabetes and pre-diabetes, including Mediterranean, DASH, and plant-based diets. These guidelines recommend carbohydrate intake from legumes, whole grains, fruits, vegetables, and dairy products, with an emphasis on nutrient-dense, high-fiber, low-glycemic load foods. They also include a recommendation that people with diabetes follow the guidelines for the general population for intakes of saturated fat, dietary cholesterol, and trans fat. Plant-based diets are consistent with these guidelines. The Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics states that vegetarian and vegan diets are appropriate for all stages of life, from infancy to adulthood, and may provide benefits for the prevention and treatment of diabetes, obesity and ischemic heart disease. Don’t Miss: Diabetes Meds Side Effects How Many Meals Should You Eat To Reverse Diabetes Eating smaller frequent meals throughout the day will only continue to release insulin into the bloodstream and making it difficult to control the sugar spikes to manage diabetes. As a diabetic, we often hear that eating multiple small meals a day is beneficial but is this advice true? Or is it a myth that is passed down for generations? Growing up we often hear that eating 5 small meals a day is far healthier than eating 2-3 large meals but the reality is different if you are diabetic, according to science the more we eat, the more insulin our body produces, thus causing a fluctuating rise in blood sugar levels which makes it difficult to manage diabetes. The release of insulin is triggered by our food intake, especially by food that is high in carbs. Every time we eat, there is an insulin response from the body. So when we increase the number of times we eat, that is by including small frequent meals, there is a constant production of insulin that is secreted when the food is broken down during digestion. This continues the increase of insulin production, resulting in cells becoming insulin resistant. This ultimately results in high blood glucose levels. The right way to manage diabetes is by not eating or giving a few hours of space during each meal. The less you eat, the lesser production of glucose in the blood, and the easier it is for your body to manage it, this gives time to process the food last eaten and helps metabolize it better. How To Reverse Prediabetes The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention has done extensive research on reversing prediabetes and found three main lifestyle changes that can reduce the risk of developing Type 2 Diabetes by more than 60%. These lifestyle changes are directly related to food choices and movement and have been shown to be even more effective than medication. You and your nutritionist can decide how to best implement these changes into your lifestyle! Learn more about the three main ways to reverse prediabetes below: Moderate weight loss 5-7% Research shows that moderate weight loss of 5-7% can drastically reduce the likelihood of developing Type 2 Diabetes. As a reference, this would be a 10-14 pound loss for someone weighing 200 pounds. The Diabetes Prevention Program study identified that changes in food habits and increased movement not only helped people lose the weight, it also helped them keep the weight off. The idea is to maintain a healthy long term weight to avoid your blood sugar re-entering the danger zone. Even if you aren’t overweight, developing better habits via a prediabetes diet and incorporating physical activity could be the two missing pieces to the puzzle that will help return your blood sugar back to normal. Let’s look into exactly how to go about this… Regular physical activity Curious what the end result could be if you make significant improvements to your diet and lifestyle? Read more about what it looks like to reverse your prediabetes. Read Also: What Cheese Can A Diabetic Eat Can I Follow A Vegetarian Or Vegan Diet With Type 2 Diabetes Yes, definitely, and in fact plant-based diets can be especially beneficial for people with diabetes by providing lots of dietary fiber . Vegetarian and vegan are not necessarily synonymous with nutritious you could eat a vegetarian or vegan diet filled with highly processed junk, like chips and candy. So make sure your plant-based plan contains plenty of healthy items like fruits, vegetables, legumes, whole grains, nuts, and seeds and is relatively low in added sugar and processed fare. Does Following A Type 2 Diabetes Diet Mean I Wont Need To Take Insulin It might. For people with type 2 diabetes, your pancreas produces plenty of insulin that is not sensed by the cells, so your body is unable to properly use the insulin you make. Usually, type 2 diabetes can be controlled well with lifestyle changesparticularly shifting from processed carbs to high fiber foods and walking dailywith the addition of medication as needed. Some people with type 2 diabetes may also need to begin taking insulin at some point, says Sandra Arevalo, MPH, RD, CDE, a diabetes expert and spokesperson with the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics. It can depend on your age and your individual ability to control your blood sugar with diet and exercise. However, when type 2 diabetes is found early enough and weight loss is achieved, in most cases, insulin is never needed. You May Like: Metformin Vs Insulin Which Foods Fight Diabetes Dark green leafy vegetables. Theyâre low in calories and carbs, and high in nutrition. They also have a low glycemic index, so theyâll help keep your blood sugar under control. And they contain magnesium, a mineral that helps your bodyâs insulin work like it should. Add spinach, kale, or collard greens to your salads, soups, and stews. Berries. To satisfy your sweet tooth, pick berries. Theyâre loaded with fiber, antioxidants, and vitamins. Research shows that eating low-GI fruit as part of a low-glycemic diet can lower blood pressure and heart disease risk. Fatty fish. Aim to eat fish twice a week. Fatty fish, like salmon, tuna, mackerel, and sardines, are packed with healthy omega-3 fats, which lower inflammation. They protect against heart disease and an eye condition called diabetic retinopathy. For the biggest benefit, skip fried, breaded fish and serve it broiled, baked, or grilled. Nuts. Research shows that eating nuts makes people with diabetes less likely to get heart disease. Theyâre full of healthy fats, protein, and fiber to keep you full and your blood sugar steady. Whether you prefer peanuts, almonds, or walnuts, snack on a handful of nuts at least three times a week. What Is Causing The Diabetes Epidemic Before we get into how to reverse diabetes naturally, I first want to talk a little bit about what is causing the diabetes epidemic. Lets start with the most obvious cause diet. The average American consumes over 156 pounds of added sugar in a year thats 17 times more than what we ate 200 years ago. Processed foods, rich in carbohydrates and chemicals add to the refined sugar burden. But its not just refined sugar causing the problem its fat, too. Especially the combination of high fat and high sugar foods like cookies, cakes, donuts, pastries, etc. According to Dr. Michael Greger from NutritionFacts.org: Lower the level of fat in peoples blood and the insulin resistance comes right down. If we clear the fat out of the blood, we also clear the sugar out. That explains the finding that on the high fat, ketogenic diet, insulin doesnt work very well. Our bodies become insulin resistant. But as the amount of fat in our diet test lower and lower, insulin works better and better a clear demonstration that the sugar tolerance of even healthy individuals can be impaired by administering a low-carb, high-fat diet. We can decrease insulin resistance, however, by decreasing fat intake. Well touch more on diet in the 10 steps Ive outlined below. Don’t Miss: Metformin Blurred Vision

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Motor nameplate details We have all seen the motor nameplate attached on the motor side (or on top). All motors have a permanent nameplate which lists all important data, further data is usually available in the motor catalogue. The nameplate for a two-pole 15 kW motor may have the following important data: The motor has three phases and is for a mains supply with a frequency of 50 Hz. The rated output of the motor is 15 kW, i.e. the motor is able to supply a shaft output of at least 15 kW if connected to the mains supply as indicated. The rated output of the asynchronous motor has been written into a standard. This allows the user a free choice of the different motor makes for various applications. The standard series has output levels such as displayed in Table 1 – Motor output series: Horsepower (HP) is not now a commonly used unit for measuring motor output and it can be converted as follows: 1 HP = 0.736 kW Data #3 and #4 The stator windings can be connected in a “star” or “delta” formation. If the mains voltage is 400 V, the windings must be connected in a “star” formation. The motor current is then 27.5 A per phase. If the mains voltage is 230 V, the windings must be connected in a “delta” formation. The motor current is then 48.7 A per phase. This has led supply companies to issue regulations ordering the start-up current of large motors to be reduced. This can be achieved by, for example, having the motor start up in a star connection and subsequently switching to a delta connection. With the star connection power and torque are reduced to 1/3rd, and the motor cannot start at full load. A motor designed for star connection will be overloaded if there is no switch-over to star connection for full-load operation. The motor protection rating indicates the degree of protection provided by the motor enclosure against the penetration of liquids and foreign bodies. Designations used are described in the international standard IEC Publication 34-5. The basic layout of the IP code is as follows: IP 2 3 C S - IP – Code letters - 2 – first digit (from 0-6) contact and foreign bodies protection - 3 – second digit (from 0-8) water protection - C – supplementary letter A, B, C, D (optional) - S – complementary letter H, M, S, W (optional) You should also note that: - If a digit does not have to be stated, it can be replaced by the letter “X”. - Supplementary and/or complementary letters can be removed without being replaced by anything else. - If more than one complementary letter is required, the alphabetical sequence must be followed Figure 3 – Listing of the protection of motors under IEC 34-5 |Digit||First digit||Second digit| |Contact protection||Foreign body protection||Water protection| |0||No protection||No protection||No protection| |1||Protection against contact with the back of the hand||Protection against solid foreign bodies with 50 mm dia.||Protection against vertically dripping water| |2||Protection against contact with the fingers||Protection against solid bodies 12.5 mm dia.||Protection against water dripping at a slope (15°)| |3||Protection against contact with tools||Protection against solid foreign bodies 2.5 mm dia.||Protection against water sprayed to an angle of 60°| |4||Protection against contact with a wire||Protection against solid foreign bodies 1 mm dia.||Protection against water sprayed from all directions| |5||Protection against contact with a wire||Dust protection||Protection against beamed water| |6||Protection against contact with a wire||Dust protection||Protection against strongly beamed water| |7||–||–||Protection against temporary sub-mersion in water| |8||–||–||Protection against permanent sub-mersion in water| Optional supplementary letter The optional supplementary letter indicates that people are protected against access to hazardous components: - Back of hand: Letter A - Finger: Letter B - Tools: Letter C - Wire: Letter D The optional complementary letter indicates that operating plant is protected and provides complementary information especially on: - High-voltage units: Letter H - Water test during operation: Letter M - Water test during standstill: Letter S - Weather conditions: Letter W In case of operating plant protected against dust (first digit is 5), dust penetration is not completely prevented; however, dust is only allowed to enter in limited quantities and the unit will continue to operate without interfering with safety. An operating unit with the designation IPX7 (temporary submersion) or IPX8 (permanent submersion) need not necessary also comply with the requirements concerning protection against water jets IPX5 or strong jets of water IPX6. If both equirements are to be fulfilled, the operating unit must be given a double designation to cover both, e.g. IPX5/IPX7. Example // IP 65 says that the motor is contact-safe and holds tight against dust and water jets. The rated current Is, which the motor takes up, is called apparent current and can be divided into two: an active current Iw and a reactive current IB. Cosϕ indicates the share of the active current as a percentage of the motor current at rated operation. The active current is converted into shaft output, while the reactive current indicates the power required to build up the magnetic field in the motor. When the magnetic field is subsequently removed, the magnetising power will be fed back to the mains supply. The word “reactive” indicates that the current moves to and from the wires without contributing to the shaft output. The size of this displacement depends on the frequency of the supply network. At a frequency of 50 Hz, the displacement between the current is 5 milliseconds. A geometrical summation is thus required: The currents can be seen as the sides of a right-angled triangle, where the long side equals the square root of the sum of the short sides squared (following Pythagoras’s geometry). ϕ is the angle between the apparent current and the active current and cosϕ is the ratio between the size of the two currents: cosϕ can also be shown as the ratio between the actual output P and the apparent output S: The phrase “apparent power” means that only part of the apparent current generates power, i.e. the part termed Iw, the active current. The rated speed of the motor is the motor speed at rated voltage, rated frequency and rated load. Electric motors are designed for different types of cooling. Normally the cooling method is stated in accordance with international standard IEC Publication 34-6. Figure 5 shows the designations of this standard and IC stands for International Cooling. Motor selection must be determined by the application as well as the installation. The international standard IEC 34-7 gives the mounting type of the motor in the form of two letters, IM (International Mounting) and four digits. Figure 6 shows some of the most common designs. Using the data from the motor nameplate, other motor data can be calculated for example, the rated torque of the motor can be calculated from the following formula: The efficiency η of the motor can be determined as the ratio between the power rating and the electrical input power: The motor slip can be calculated, since the nameplate gives the rated speed and frequency. These two data items indicate a twopole motor which has a synchronous speed of 3,000 rpm. The slip speed (ns) is thus 3,000-2,910 = 90 rpm. The slip is normally stated as a percentage: Of course the motor catalogue contains some of the nameplate data. In addition other data is given as well: Shaft output, speed, cosϕ and motor current can be taken from the nameplate. Efficiency and torque can be calculated on the basis of the nameplate information. Furthermore, the motor catalogue says that the starting current of the 15 kW motor, Ia, is 6.2 times higher than the rated current, IN. Ia = 29 × 6.2 = 180 A The starting torque of the motor (Ta) is stated to be 1.8 times the rated torque Ta= 1.8 ×49 = 88 Nm. This starting torque requires a starting current of 180 A. The maximum torque of the motor, the stalling torque (Tk) is twice the size of the rated torque: Tk = 2 × 49 = 98 Nm Finally, the moment of inertia and the weight of the motor are stated on the motor nameplate. The moment of inertia is used for calculating the acceleration torque. The weight may be of significance in connection with transportation and installation. Some motor manufacturers do not publish the moment of inertia, and use the flywheel effect WR2 instead. However, this value can be converted as follows: - g is the acceleration due to gravity - The unit for the flywheel effect WR2 is [Nm2] - The unit for the moment of inertia J is [kgm2] Reference // Fact Worth Knowing About Frequency Converters by Danfoss

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What Technology & Services Do We Offer? Orthodontics is not merely for improving the aesthetics of the smile; orthodontic treatment improves a “bad bite” (malocclusion). A malocclusion occurs as a result of tooth or jaw misalignment, and it can affect the way you smile, chew, clean your teeth, or feel about your smile. According to studies by the American Association of Orthodontists, untreated malocclusions can result in a variety of problems: Crowded teeth are more difficult to properly brush and floss, which may contribute to tooth decay and/or gum disease. Protruding teeth are more susceptible to accidental chipping. Crossbites can result in unfavorable growth and uneven tooth wear. Openbites can result in tongue-thrusting habits and speech impediments. Ultimately, orthodontics does more than make a pretty smile – it creates a healthier you. In an underbite, the lower jaw extends out, causing the lower front teeth to sit in front of the upper front teeth. Spacing problems may be caused by missing teeth or they may be only a cosmetic issue. Upper Front Teeth Protrusion The appearance and function of your teeth are impacted by upper front teeth protrusion, which is characterized by the upper teeth extending too far forward or the lower teeth not extending far enough forward. Crowding occurs when teeth have insufficient room to erupt from the gum. Crowding can often be corrected by expansion, and many times, tooth removal can be avoided. In a crossbite, the upper teeth sit inside the lower teeth, which may cause tooth stratification and misaligned jaw growth. In an overbite, the upper front teeth extend out over the lower front teeth, sometimes causing the lower front teeth to bite into the roof of the mouth. Proper chewing is impacted by an openbite, which occurs when the upper and lower front teeth do not overlap. Openbites may be caused by habits such as thumb sucking or tongue thrusting. Dental Midlines Not Matching Dental midlines that do not match are evident when the back bite does not fit and match appropriately. This may negatively impact jaw and proper dental function. Though Dr. Palasz can enhance a smile at any age, there is an optimal time period to begin treatment that ensures the greatest result and the least amount of time and expense. The American Association of Orthodontists recommends that the initial orthodontic evaluation should occur at the first sign of orthodontic problems or no later than age 7. At this early age, orthodontic treatment may not be necessary, but we can anticipate the most advantageous time to begin treatment. Benefits of early orthodontic evaluation Early evaluation provides both timely detection of problems and greater opportunity for more effective treatment. Prudent intervention guides growth and development, preventing serious problems later. When orthodontic intervention is not necessary, Dr. Palasz can carefully monitor growth and development and begin treatment when it is ideal. Age 7 is considered the optimal time for screening By the age of 7, the first adult molars erupt, establishing the back bite. During this time, Dr. Palasz can evaluate front-to-back and side-to-side tooth relationships. For example, the presence of erupting incisors can indicate possible overbite, open bite, crowding or gummy smiles. Timely screening increases the chances for an incredible smile. The best time to start treatment truly depends on the problem. In children, treatment may be done in two phases, Phase 1 and Phase 2. Phase 1 orthodontics most often occurs between ages 6 to 11 and takes between 1 to 1.5 years to complete. An initial evaluation to determine if early Phase 1 treatment is needed may be recommended by your family dentist. Early orthodontics for children may achieve results not possible once the face and jaw have finished growing. After the adult teeth have erupted between ages 11 and 13 years of age, Phase 2 orthodontic treatment may be recommended if the teeth are not properly aligned. This treatment usually takes between 2 and 3 years to complete. Direct Results of Early Treatment Early treatment (Phase 1) offers many benefits, often achieving one or more of the following goals: minimizing future jaw surgery minimizing removal of permanent teeth helping prevent fractures to buck teeth enhance self-esteem by improving appearance of teeth shortening or improving the results of the Phase 2 treatment create more stable, long-term results for those with severe bite problems allowing treatment at an age when children are more cooperative Orthodontics is not merely for improving the aesthetics of the smile; orthodontic treatment improves bad bites (malocclusions). Malocclusions occur as a result of tooth or jaw misalignment. Malocclusions affect the way you smile, chew, clean your teeth or feel about your smile. The most common time for orthodontic treatment occurs between the ages of 11 and 15. By the age of 12, most if not all of the permanent teeth have erupted and are in place, and crooked teeth, gaps and bad bites can easily be detected. These problems will rarely correct themselves, so this is when most parents decide to seek orthodontic treatment. This is also a good time for orthodontic treatment because most children are influenced by their peers, and braces are extremely popular for this age range. Besides the benefits of fitting in with their friends, children at this age are growing rapidly, and Dr. Palasz can usually take advantage of these growth spurts to help shape the bite and teeth correctly. Children at this age have high metabolisms, which can help shorten overall treatment time and reduce the discomfort of orthodontic treatment. You are never too old for a beautiful smile! Braces aren’t just for kids anymore. Tooth alignment can be changed at any age if your gums and bone structure are healthy. We offer a variety of treatments that are designed for different age groups – including adults. A new smile can begin today. Orthodontic treatment at later stages in life can dramatically improve your personal appearance and self-esteem. Improving the health of your teeth and gums is equally important. Crooked teeth and a bad bite can contribute to gum and bone loss, tooth decay, abnormal wear of the teeth, headaches, and jaw pain (TMJ/TMD). Good news! The new techniques and appliances we use greatly reduce discomfort levels, decrease the frequency of visits, shorten treatment time, and may allow you to choose from several cosmetically pleasing options for treatment. These options may include smaller traditional metal braces, clear braces, lingual braces (on the inside of the teeth), Incognito and Invisalign, all of which will improve cases of misaligned teeth. During the initial examination, we will be able to determine the best possible treatment for your individual needs. We will outline the treatment plan, length of treatment time expected, and the approximate cost. Many of our patients are adults, and they agree that it’s never too late to improve their greatest asset – their smile. When You Finish Treatment Completed orthodontic treatment does not guarantee perfectly straight teeth for the rest of your life. You will need to wear retainers to protect your investment in a beautiful smile! When we remove your braces, we will begin the retention stage of your treatment. The retention stage lasts for a minimum of 6 months during which you will wear retainers. Your final orthodontic result depends on you wearing your retainers, so follow through with the hard work you’ve put in so far, and wear them as prescribed by the doctor. Remember to remove your retainer before brushing, and brush your retainer before placing it back in your mouth. If you lose or break your retainer, call us immediately to schedule an appointment to have a new set of retainers made. Foods to Avoid Examples of Sticky Foods to Avoid: Gum (sugar-free or regular) Examples of Hard Foods to Avoid: Hard taco shells French bread crust/rolls Corn on the cob Apples and carrots (unless cut into small pieces) Uncooked carrots (unless cut) Minimize Sugary Foods Like: Only Once a Day (at most): Drinks with sugar It’s important to regularly check your braces for bent or loose wires and brackets. In the event of a loose/broken wire or bracket, call our office immediately at 626-0600 to arrange an appointment for repair. The best way to ensure a clean and healthy smile is brushing and flossing. Food particles can accumulate on teeth and in braces, and over time, turn into plaque. The bacteria that results from this accumulation can lead to gum disease, tooth decay and even loss of teeth. To avoid these problems while you are in orthodontic treatment, take special care of your braces, teeth and gums to ensure you will have the best possible result. Use a toothbrush with soft bristles and a small strip of fluoride toothpaste. When you brush your teeth, move the brush in small, circular motions to reach food particles that may be under your gum line. Hold the toothbrush at an angle and brush slowly and carefully, covering all areas between teeth, between braces and the surface of each tooth. It will take you several minutes to thoroughly brush your teeth. Brush up on the lower teeth, down on the upper teeth and the outside, inside and chewing surface of your front and back teeth. Brush your tongue and the roof of your mouth before you rinse. Especially during orthodontic treatment, brush your teeth four times daily to avoid the accumulation of food particles in your teeth and braces: In the morning after breakfast After lunch or right after school You will need to replace your toothbrush more often due to your appliances. As soon as the bristles start to wear down or fray, replace your toothbrush with a new one. It may be difficult for your toothbrush to reach some areas under your archwire. Do not swallow any toothpaste; rinse your mouth thoroughly with water after you finish brushing. It is important to floss and use an antibacterial mouthwash and fluoride treatment throughout your orthodontic treatment and beyond for optimal oral hygiene. For areas between the teeth that a toothbrush can’t reach, use dental floss to remove food particles and plaque. Flossing takes more time and patience when you are wearing braces, but it is important to floss your teeth every day. Use the reusable floss threader provided by our office to floss under your archwire daily. Pull a small length of floss from the dispenser through the threader and slide it up and down along the front of each tooth. You will be able to feel when the tooth is clean and hear the squeak of the floss against your clean teeth. Use care around your archwire and do not floss too forcefully around it or put too much pressure on it. After you floss between your archwire and braces, floss between your other teeth and gums. If you are flossing without the floss threader, pull a small length of floss from the dispenser. Wrap the ends of the floss tightly around your middle fingers. Guide the floss between all teeth to the gum line, pulling out food particles or plaque. Unwrap clean floss from around your fingers as you go, so that you have used the floss from beginning to end when you finish. Floss behind all of your back teeth. Floss at night to make sure your teeth are clean before you go to bed. When you first begin flossing around your braces, your gums may bleed a little. If the bleeding does not go away after the first few times, inform a staff member at your next appointment.

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Blocked Fallopian Tubes What is Blocked Fallopian Tubes? In the female reproductive system, fallopian tubes are the connection between the ovaries and the uterus. The fallopian tubes work for carrying the egg from an ovary to the uterus during ovulation. It happens every month in the middle of a menstrual cycle. The occurrence of conception happens in the fallopian tube. The meeting of an egg with sperms happens in the fallopian tube and is known as fertilization. After fertilization of the egg, the embryo goes to the uterus through the fallopian tube. The fallopian tube is the passage for meeting the egg and sperm, and also the way to the uterus for the fertilized egg. If the passage gets blocked, it will disrupt the whole procedure. The scar tissues, pelvic adhesions, and infection are the reason behind the blockage of the fallopian tube. Causes of the blocked fallopian tube Scar tissues block fallopian tubes and there are many reasons behind blocked fallopian tubes. These are as follows: - Pelvic inflammatory disease can cause scarring. - In the fallopian tube, endometriosis can build up endometrial tissues, which are the reason for the blockage. On the outside of a fallopian tube, endometrial tissue can develop on other organs like the ovary and lead to scarring, fibrosis and cause a blockage. - Gonorrhea and Chlamydia are some sexually transmitted infections that can cause scarring. It can lead to pelvic inflammatory disease. - Past ectopic (tubal) pregnancy can scar the tubes. - The growth of fibroids can cause blockage between the paths where the uterus is attached to the fallopian tubes. - If someone has a history of abdominal surgery or surgery on fallopian tubes can cause blockage of the tubes because of pelvic adhesions. Including these, there are other reasons behind the blockage of tubes. Sub Treatments For Fertility Enhancing Surgeries Blocked fallopian tubes symptoms Blocked fallopian tubes do rarely present symptoms other than difficulty in conceiving. Doctors say this when someone has tried to conceive for 1 year without success. Blocked fallopian tubes may cause some other symptoms, like feeling pain in the belly or the pelvis. This pain can be sometimes felt during periods, or it can also be constant. In some serious cases, a blockage in one of the fallopian tubes can cause a fertilized egg to get stuck and result in an ectopic pregnancy. According to a survey, a blocked fallopian tube may make getting pregnant difficult. But if one fallopian tube is blocked, it may still be possible for an egg to be fertilized. If both are blocked, this is less likely to happen. Diagnosis of blocked fallopian tubes The diagnosis of blocked fallopian tubes can be difficult. Medically, both the tubes can be open or close sometimes, so it is difficult to tell if they are actually blocked or just closed. There are three major tests to diagnose the blocked fallopian tubes: - An X-ray test, hysterosalpingogram or HSG, is a test that tells about the blocked fallopian tubes. For this test, the doctor injects a harmless dye into the uterus that goes and flows into the fallopian tubes. If this happens, we can see a stain on an X-ray. But if the fluid or the dye does not flow into the tubes, this shows that the tubes are blocked - An ultrasound test or a sonohysterogram is very similar to the HSG test, but it uses sound waves in order to build up a picture of the fallopian tubes on the computer screen. - Keyhole surgery also called laparoscopy is a surgery where a surgeon makes a slight cut in the body and inserts a tiny tube that has a camera to examine fallopian tubes by taking its pictures. For diagnosing blocked fallopian tubes, a laparoscopy is the most specific test. However, sometimes the doctors may not recommend this type of test as an early diagnosis of it because it is invasive and cannot treat the problem. Blocked fallopian tubes and pregnancy A blocked fallopian tube is one of the common causes of infertility in women. For a pregnancy to happen, an egg and a sperm meet in the fallopian tube for fertilization. But, if there is a blockage in the tube, the fertilization can not take place, making it harder for women to conceive. Now, if one tube is not blocked, there are chances that pregnancy could happen. The fertilization can take place in the unaffected fallopian tube But, if both the fallopian tubes are blocked, then treatment is required to conceive. The first treatment option is doing surgery. This surgery aims to open up the blockage in the fallopian tubes to increase the chances of conceiving. Now, to say if surgery can really help a woman conceive depends upon various things like: - her age - the health of her partner’s sperm - the level of fallopian tube damage If this surgery went unsuccessful, the doctor may recommend in vitro fertilization (IVF). IVF involves placing the fertilized eggs directly into the uterus so that the fallopian tubes are not involved in conceiving. Treatments for blocked fallopian tube Doctors use laparoscopic surgery for removing the blockage and opening the tubes, only if you are having small amounts of scar tissue or adhesions in the fallopian tubes. On the other hand, the treatment of removing large amounts of scar tissue or adhesions from the fallopian tube is not possible. If the ectopic pregnancy causes damage to the tubes, doctors can opt for surgery. When the fallopian tubes get damaged because of the blockage, the doctor can connect the healthy parts by removing the damaged portion. The treatments that the doctors perform to repair the fallopian tubes are: - If your fallopian tubes are blocked, the doctor can opt for Fallopian Tube Recanalization (FTR) which is a surgical procedure in which laparoscopy and hysteroscopy are combined and done. This process includes minor cuts on the tummy to introduce a laparoscope. To keep your vagina open, they will use a tool named speculum and will insert the hysteroscope. A fine catheter is inserted into the uterus through the cervix. After this procedure, they will inject methylene blue dye through the catheter and visualize the fallopian tube and uterus. It helps them to check the condition of blockage. To execute the last step of clearing the blockage, they will choose a smaller catheter which is passed along the hysteroscope via the uterus up to the fallopian tube opening in the uterus known as tubal Ostia. The fine catheter is passed through the tubal Ostia into the tube. This procedure is sometimes useful for clearing a tubal blockage. - Tubal Ligation Reversal Surgery applies to patients who had a history of cutting fallopian tubes for preventing pregnancy. They can opt for this procedure to undo it. In this process, the doctors give general anesthesia and will make a small cut in the abdomen to reconnect the parts of the tubes. After performing this surgery, eggs will get to travel through fallopian tubes. But the successful outcome of pregnancy largely depends on the length of the tube available for recanalization. - Salpingostomy is another process of removing blockage of the fallopian tube where the tube is filled with fluid and the condition is known as hydrosalpinx. In this procedure, the doctor will give a small cut to open the blocked and swollen end of a tube, which is filled with fluid and will leave the tubes in place after removing the blockage. They will let it heal naturally. Neosalpingostomy and fimbrioplasty are other names of this procedure. - Salpingectomy or Tubal Clipping is another procedure done for treating Hydrosalpinx. During salpingectomy, doctors remove the fallopian tubes whereas, during clipping, the doctor either ties a knot or cuts or clips the tube to disconnect the fluid-filled tube (Hydrosalpinx) from the uterus. This process increases the chances of getting pregnant by in vitro fertilization. The major cause of infertility is the blockage of fallopian tubes. The connection between the ovaries and the uterus is the fallopian tubes which are female reproductive organs. The fallopian tubes work for carrying the eggs from the ovary to the uterus in the middle of the menstrual cycle. If sperm fertilizes an egg, for implantation the embryo goes to the uterus through the fallopian tubes. So, these tubes are the passage for the sperm to connect with eggs but if the passage gets blocked, the path of the egg fertilization gets blocked. Infections, pelvic adhesions, and scar tissues are reasons behind the blockage of the fallopian tubes. Generally, it does not have symptoms and women also do not get to know about it until they face issues in getting pregnant. Pain in one side of the abdomen can be a symptom of blocked fallopian tubes. The doctors recommend the patients go for in vitro fertilization or else they need to do treatment for it to get pregnant. It’s always the word of mouth that’s the best advice Our Expert Team Dr. Pradyot Kumar Founder, CEO and a specialized Neurosurgeon who is an expert in complex Brain and Spine surgeries. (25+ years of experience) Mr. Gaurav Singhai COO and an entrepreneur who co-founded Gujan IVF world along with Dr Gunjan and Dr Pradyot. (5+ years of experience) He is a highly experienced and successful Embryologist with more than 10 years of experience in IVF. (10+ years of experience) Along with treating our patients, we also guide them with the help of our educational blogs and videos. The fallopian tubes are two narrow tubes, one on each side of the womb, that aid to get the developed egg into the womb. A woman has a blocked fallopian tube, also known as tubal factor infertility when a barrier stops the egg from moving down the tube. This can happen on one side or both sides, causing infertility for up to 30% of infertile women. Pelvic inflammatory conditions are the most prevalent cause of obstructed Fallopian tubes (PID). Additional possible reasons include: IVF is an advanced reproductive treatment in which we fertilize an egg in the lab and then transfer it to the woman’s uterus for pregnancy. The success rate of IVF treatment is approximately 60%. So why isn’t it a hundred percent? IVF is a popular infertility treatment that is helping thousands of couples conceive. However, many couples have a misconception that IVF is a costly procedure and they can’t afford it. IUI stands for Intrauterine insemination or also known as artificial insemination. In this method, semen is washed and placed inside the uterine cavity so once the ovulation occurs or the egg is released the sperm will fertilise the egg. This is a question that couples often ask when they are considering this treatment option. Couples trying to conceive often have to weigh the cost of different fertility treatments. When it comes to the cost of IUI treatment, there is no one-size-fits-all answer. Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) is a hormonal disorder that affects women of reproductive age. It is characterized by menstrual irregularities, cysts on the ovaries, and high levels of testosterone. If you have been diagnosed with PCOS, you may be wondering if you are still able to get pregnant. The good news is that most women with PCOS can still conceive a child, but there are some things that you need to keep in mind.

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Баку, 27 февраля 2016 – Newtimes.az By Eugene Chausovsky Throughout the Cold War, the symbolic center of the standoff between the Soviets and the West was Germany, split in two – much as the whole of Europe was – by the infamous Iron Curtain. But now, in Ukraine, a new center has emerged in the rivalry between East and West, dividing the country in ways that could prove just as enduring as the decadeslong partition of Germany. This week marks the second anniversary of the Euromaidan uprising that drove former Ukrainian President Viktor Yanukovich from power, shaking Ukraine to its foundations and driving Russia-West relations to their lowest point since the end of the Cold War. Much has changed in the two years since: A pro-West government formed in Kiev, Russia annexed Crimea, and a rebellion in eastern Ukraine developed into a full-fledged war. Meanwhile, the United States and the European Union have levied sanctions against Russia. Moscow has responded with countersanctions against the West. Economic activity between Ukraine and Russia has ground to a halt. As the Ukrainian conflict enters its third year, a flurry of negotiations aimed at ending hostilities is taking place. At higher levels, officials are holding talks in Normandy to address the conflict’s political aspects, while on the tactical front, there are discussions in Minsk to sort out the details of a cease-fire. Alongside both, countless bilateral meetings are being held. Occasionally, these talks renew hope that a lasting agreement can be reached. In reality, though, Ukraine’s crisis is not a short-lived skirmish that a little additional negotiation can resolve. Rather, it is a deep-seated conflict, rooted in geopolitics, that stretches back centuries and will likely continue to exist in some form for many more years. Understanding Ukraine’s role in the Russia-West rivalry, with its similarities to Germany’s role during the Cold War, is crucial to envisioning how Europe’s future may evolve. Ukraine: Divided Between East and West Ukraine has long been a polarized country. Strategically located on the open plains of Eastern Europe, the country can trace its divisions to the numerous powers and empires that sought to claim shares of its territory. Ukraine first belonged to Kievan Rus, a medieval Eastern Slavic state centered on Kiev that encompassed modern-day Russia, Belarus and Ukraine. But the kingdom began to decline, eventually falling to the Mongols in the 13th century, and the center of Eastern Slavic power shifted to Moscow. Kiev, and the territory that today makes up Ukraine, languished. Still, Ukraine was not left to its own devices for long. To the east and west, respectively, Tsarist Russia and the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth each controlled parts of Ukrainian territory and jockeyed to gain more. Over time, the Russian Empire chipped away at the commonwealth’s hold over Ukraine, until the Polish Partitions eliminated that state altogether. The Russian Empire subsequently divided Ukraine with the Austro-Hungarian Empire to the west until both fell during World War I. After a brief period of independence, Ukraine was divvied up once again, this time between the Soviet Union and the newly independent Poland. Nazi Germany occupied Ukraine during World War II, after which Ukraine was reincorporated into the Soviet Union until the bloc collapsed in 1991. Ukraine has thus been a site of competition between Russia and Western powers for most of its history, a truth that has not changed since Ukrainian independence in 1991. While Ukraine is no longer directly ruled by outside forces, it continues to be influenced by – and torn between – Russia, on one hand, and Europe and the United States on the other. The country’s political orientation roughly aligns with historical borders; Ukraine’s west and center lean toward Europe while its east and south pull toward Russia. Every major election in Ukraine has reflected these preferences. Pro-West parties have long competed with pro-Russia parties for control of the government, which has led to abrupt about-faces in Ukrainian foreign policy. For example, the 2004 Orange Revolution set Ukraine on a pro-West path, while Yanukovich’s 2010 electoral win brought it closer to Moscow. Competing Visions for Ukraine’s Future Just as the people of Ukraine held different ideas of which orientation and foreign policies Kiev should have, so, too, did Russia and the West. The Euromaidan uprising that led to the current standoff in Ukraine was not just a reflection of the country’s own polarization; it was also a product of competition between two conflicting geopolitical imperatives. Russia must maintain a buffer on its periphery, particularly Ukraine, to feel secure and project power, while the United States and Europe must prevent Russia’s rise as a regional power in Eurasia. Though it took several years for these colliding imperatives to manifest in the Euromaidan uprising, the groundwork was nevertheless being laid as soon as Ukraine became an independent state. With Yanukovich’s presidential victory, Russia had achieved its goal. The defeat of the Orange government removed the threat of an EU- and NATO-allied country on Russia’s doorstep, giving Moscow a much-needed bulwark to the west. The Kremlin was able to improve its position even further by signing a set of strategic deals with Yanukovich; early in his term, the president not only outlawed Ukraine’s membership in NATO but also extended the Russian Black Sea Fleet’s lease of Crimea by 25 years in exchange for discounted natural gas. However, these events violated the West’s imperative, because they enabled Russia to re-emerge as a regional power with the potential to establish hegemony in the former Soviet periphery and beyond. Not only had Ukraine become pro-Russia, but Moscow had also boosted Russia’s economic and military influence elsewhere in the region by launching the Customs Union and fortifying the Collective Security Treaty Organization, an alternative military bloc to NATO. The European Union grew alarmed as it watched Russia become increasingly assertive on the Continent’s eastern flank. And so it became imperative for the United States and certain EU countries to stop Russia’s resurgence. The most effective avenue for doing so was Ukraine. Despite his reputation as the Kremlin’s stooge, Yanukovich dealt with both Russia and the West as a means of extracting concessions from each. (He did this by simultaneously negotiating association and free trade agreements with the European Union and deals on financial aid and energy with Moscow.) The balancing act, as well as the deep political fissures between Ukraine’s pro-Europe and pro-Russia populations, gave the West the opening it needed to undermine Russia’s position in Ukraine. The situation came to a head in November 2013, when Yanukovich suspended Kiev’s negotiations on the EU association and free trade deals in response to mounting pressure from Russia. His move immediately ignited pro-Europe demonstrations in Kiev, which led to his ouster three months later. The protests, which came to be known as the Euromaidan revolution, certainly had strong support at the grassroots level, but they were also greatly encouraged by the United States and European Union. When a pro-West government replaced Yanukovich’s administration in Kiev, the West attained its imperative in Ukraine. At the same time, though, Russia lost its strategic buffer space, and it began to look for ways to regain it by undermining the new Ukrainian government. To this end, it annexed Crimea, which had long been the most pro-Russia portion of Ukraine. Moscow also threw its support behind a pro-Russia, anti-West rebellion in eastern Ukraine, using tactics similar to those used in the Euromaidan uprising – namely, sustained protests and the storming of government buildings in major cities. However, the rebellion had an additional component: Some protesters were armed, and some were undercover Russian military personnel. Russia’s intention was to use the armed protests and building occupations to pressure the new government in Kiev into neutrality, thereby re-establishing its buffer space. But when Kiev chose to use military force to quash the demonstrations in April 2014, combat broke out in eastern Ukraine and pushed Kiev further toward the West and away from Moscow, bringing us to the current, tense standoff between the two. As of now, Russia’s geopolitical imperative is being violated: The United States has effectively stunted Russia’s growth as a regional power and weakened its clout in Ukraine. Both the United States and Europe are propping up Ukraine’s pro-West government with economic deals, security assistance and political support. But as long as Ukraine remains oriented toward the West, Russia can be expected to do whatever it can – whether supporting rebels in the east, implementing economic restrictions or manipulating Ukraine’s political and social rifts – to undermine the government in Kiev. The Standoff Endures This is why it has been so difficult to negotiate an end to Ukraine’s conflict, even with the array of talks that have taken place among the vested parties. Not only has Ukraine become immensely more polarized since it gained independence, but Russia and the West have also exacerbated those fissures to try to gain a strategic advantage in pursuit of their own geopolitical imperatives. Ukraine’s current conflict is not unique; it is merely the latest iteration of a dispute that has been playing out for centuries. This is not to say that talks will be fruitless, or that Russia, the West and Ukraine will fail to reach an understanding over certain aspects of the crisis. In fact, developments elsewhere in the world, such as the deterioration of Russia’s economy and Moscow’s involvement in the Syrian civil war, may give peace talks in Ukraine greater momentum down the road. However, any concrete progress should be couched within the broader motives of the players involved. In the end, Russia will undoubtedly seek to weaken any Ukrainian government that is aligned with and supported by the West, just as the United States and the European Union will do to any that threatens to become a pro-Russia satellite. The manner and intensity of the competition will certainly change over time. But considering that the rivalry for Eurasia has existed between Russia and the West for as long as Ukraine has been a state, it is not a question of whether the contest will continue, but how. This article was originally published by Stratfor, a leading global intelligence and advisory firm based in Austin, Texas.

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No dog breed in the world is more feared, and misunderstood, than Pit bulls (American Pit Bull Terriers). A powerful and muscular dog by nature, the pit bull’s imposing appearance has resulted in the entire breed being vilified as one of the most dangerous in the world. The sad truth behind this classification is that mankind is responsible for much of the woe and misinformation that surrounds this loyal breed of dog. Much of what is known by the public today regarding the pit bull comes from the nightly news and reports of dog fighting rings throughout the country. In reality, the pit bull is a breed with a long history that begins across the Atlantic Ocean in the United Kingdom. Ironically, the country responsible for the pit bull breed Americans know today has since banned the breed. The Science Behind Pit Bulls History of the American Pitbull Terrier The pit bull breed can trace its roots back to Ireland and England during the early 1800s. The breed was the result of Old English Terriers and Old English Bulldogs being crossbred. The original purpose for this breeding mixture was farming. Individuals with land to work used the dog’s tenacity and strength, which many consider unrivaled by other dog breeds, to work land alongside farmers. Duties for the pitbull in these early days consisted of herding cattle and hogs. Unfortunately, fans of popular bloodsports at the time would often use that same tenacity and strength for darker purposes. Many owners would breed the dogs, with their combination of gameness (terrier) and power (bulldog), to participate in pit matches and fighting rings. Examples of early bloodsports the pitbull competed in range from bull and bear baiting to dog fighting rings. During many of these bloodsports, the pit bulls were often enclosed in a pit with other animals to do battle. At one point in time, pit bulls were even used in activities such as rat baiting. The dog would be placed in a pit and left to do battle with hoards of rats. These cruel games eventually gave rise to the breed’s popular name. Given their role in the pits, the breed picked up the colloquial name pitbull. When Britain began enacting animal welfare laws during the 1830s, many of these popular bloodsports were outlawed and new forms of illegal games were created to satisfy the bloodlust of fans of the game. It was at this juncture in history that pit bulls were first forced into bloody battles against one another in dogfighting rings. As the pit bull was introduced in the United States during the 1870s, it quickly became a popular breed. In the US the breed took on the official name of American Pitbull Terrier. Today, the breed technically has two different names. The American Kennel Club officially recognizes the breed as the American Staffordshire Terrier. Conversely, the United Kennel Club refers to the dog as American Pitbull Terrier. Pitbulls have a strong drive to please their masters. As powerful and muscular as the pitbull is, it is equally passionate and loyal as a member of a pack. The image of pit bulls as dangerous or violent towards people by nature is a tragic misconception. This image has been cultivated through decades, even centuries, of abuse the breed has suffered in dog fighting rings run by humans. When law enforcement officials capture dogs that have been used in dog fighting rings, the animals have had fear and aggression beaten into them for so long that violent outbursts are not uncommon. Likewise, a pitbull raised in a violent environment with poor training is just as likely to act out aggressively towards human beings. In reality, the pitbull is just as capable of being a loyal best friend to mankind as any other breed. However, just like those breeds, a pitbull needs guidance and training in order to become man’s best friend and not the beast it is often portrayed as. Pit bulls do possess a natural aggression towards other dogs and animals through more than one hundred years of breeding as working dogs, but that does not have to be their fate. The average pit bull is good-natured, amusing, and capable of extreme affection for the members of its pack. What a pit bull, like any other breed, really needs is a strong leader and early socialization. Owners that socialize a pitbull with a calm, confident demeanor will help the dog learn its place in the pack. With proper training from a young age, an owner will have a pit bull that is obedient and ready to please its master. Socialization is extremely important in curtailing the aggressive tendencies of the pitbull. The breed is known for its intelligence, courage, and protective nature. A strong leader is necessary because an intelligent pit bull will defend its pack and home with violent aggression, unless it is shown from a young age how to interact with guests (both human and animal). Unfortunately, all of these wonderful qualities a pit bull possesses can easily be taken advantage of to turn the dog into a vicious animal. No pit bull is born with violent tendencies. The combination of no socialization and physical (and emotional) abuse turn pit bulls into the violent dogs rescued from dog fighting rings. These individuals take advantage of the natural instincts of the pit bull, using fear, beatings, and starvation to turn this lovable breed into violent aggressors. Size, Structure, and Physical Characteristics of the American Pit Bull Terrier American Pitbull Terriers can vary in size drastically based upon a number of factors. The amount of exercise a pit bull receives, its daily diet, and its role as a working dog or family pet can determine its weight. As for its size, male pit bulls generally reach taller heights than females of the breed. The average pit bull will reach a height of 14 to 24 inches when fully grown, with an average weight anywhere between 22 lbs. and 78 lbs. There is potential for confusion in the general public between the pit bull and closely related breed known as the American Bully. The latter breed has similar physical characteristics to the APBT, but tends to weigh upwards of 90 to 100 lbs. APBT dogs that reach these weights are often the result of breeding with other, larger dog breeds and not indicative of the usual weight pit bulls reach. Pit bulls have a smooth, short coat that is easy to groom with a once-weekly brushing. Owners can expect the average pit bull to live roughly 12 years and experience relatively few health problems. In some cases, pit bulls are prone to hip dysplasia, cataracts (hereditary), grass allergies, and even congenital heart disease. By in large though, the breed is extremely healthy. Raising an American Pitbull Terrier In addition to the socialization, training, and care guidelines provided above, individuals wishing to own a pit bull need to be prepared to provide their dog with a useful outlet for its natural working dog instincts. The pitbull was bred to work on a farm, so living its life stuck inside an apartment all day simply won’t do for this dog. Pit bulls need regular exercise to stay healthy and prevent them from acting out around the home in a destructive manner. Those looking to own a pit bull should take extra time to research breed-specific legislations enacted in their area. Pitbull breeds have been banned in numerous nations and municipalities around the world, including the United Kingdom, Australia, and the Canadian province of Ontario. In the US, individual counties and cities have enacted breed-specific legislation targeting the pitbull and other misunderstood breeds. Thorough research is required before purchasing a pitbull to ensure that it is not banned by local and regional officials. To date, there is no state in the US with a statewide ban on pitbulls. Pit Bull bloodlines - Castillo: Created by Tekla Castillo in California around 1984. This line was created by line breeding Champion and Grand Champion Family Red Nose Bloodlines. These included Hemphill and Wallace bloodlines. - Bette’s Mealers: Created by Greg Mealer roughly 25 years ago. Mealer’s bloodline is considered an XXL bloodline. The Mealer bloodline was created by line breeding a handful of red nose bloodlines. These included Chevy Red Dog, Camelot, Bismarck, Eddingington, and Whopper to name a few. - Eddington: Created by Edgar Eddington. This bloodline is a cross between the American Bulldog, the Dogue de Bordeaux, and the Freeman bloodline pit bull. Edgar was given a permission for a single registry for his dog “Wanna be a Whopper”. This was the start of the Eddington line of XXL pit bulls. - Camelot : The Camelot bloodline was been founded by Kenny Sonia in Tennessee. The foundation of this line is based off of SPAULDING’S Chevy Red Dog. Currently the most well known and heavily bred on Kenny’s yard is a dog by the name of Sonias Chief. Red Devil and Old Family Reds: One of the oldest bloodline that dates back before the civil war period. The exact dates of when these dogs were imported is unclear since no records were kept. However, one thing that is clear is that these dogs came from various parts of Europe, specifically Spain and Sicily. Some of the most famous importations were also made from Ireland. These dogs were mainly imported by the Boston-Irish immigrants themselves after them emigrated to America. The majority of the irish pit bulls importations closely follow the great Irish migration that resulted from the famous potato famine. The dogs were, small, bred very tightly, and showed immense gameness. Especially the strain known as the Old Family. Iron Kid: A line based off of the dog registered as Garlaunis’ Rambo (he was generally known as Iron Kid). This dog made its name known in the 1980’s when a dogman called Cune, from Serbia, imported him from Holland. He was sired by Van Herpen’s Ace, his dam was Garlaunis’ Susy. Colby: Colby is one of the most easily recognized and oldest bloodlines. Created by John P. Colby in 1889, his bloodline was created by importing dogs from England and Ireland into the US. They were brought here by immigrants to such ports as Boston, Ma, Portsmouth, NH and New York. The Colby bloodline has been bred continuously since then. A “Colby dog” is readily recognized by game breeders anywhere in the USA. Their gameness, conformation, and temperament are the attributes that made this bloodline popular with game dog breeders and owners worldwide. This bloodline has an extremely high energy level and must be exercised daily. Other noteworthy pit bull bloodlines: Corvino, Patricks (Bolio/Tombstone), Banjo, Hollingsworth, Hammonds, Boyles, McCoy, Sorrells, Sarona, Homer (Mountain Man), Ironline,(Norrod), Clemmons, Snooty, Cowboy, Maverick, Clouse, Giroux, Tab, Nigerino, Rascal, Jee, Six Bits, Honeybunch, Red Boy, Jocko, Tant, Wildside, Buck, Mayday, Lonzo, Greenwood, Gambler’s Virgil, Zeno, Whitsell, Bullyson (Hall), Mayfield (Tudor), Lightner, Two Eyes (Fat Bill), Alligator (Rufus), Peterson, Boudreaux, Carver, T-N-T, Chinaman, Frisco (Chinaman), Jeep, and Maximillion. The majority of game bloodlines all follow the same structure and characteristics. That can be traced back to the fighting dogs imported from Italy, Ireland, and England in the 1800’s. They show extreme drive and gameness. These dogs should never show human aggression and should have family oriented temperaments. These dogs can potentially be extremely dog aggressive is raised improperly. It’s recommend that game bred dogs should only be owned by experienced dog owners who are able to handle a strong dog breed. Game Bred Pit Bull Photos

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What Is A Credit Report And What Does It Include Reading time: 3 minutes - A credit report is a summary of how you have handled your credit accounts - It’s important to check your credit reports regularly to ensure the information is accurate and complete A credit report is a summary of how you have handled credit accounts, including the types of accounts and your payment history, as well as certain other information thats reported to credit bureaus by your lenders and creditors.; Potential creditors and lenders use credit reports as part of their decision-making process to decide whether to extend you credit and at what terms. Others, such as potential employers or landlords, may also access your credit reports to help them decide whether to offer you a job or a lease. Your credit reports may also be reviewed for insurance purposes or if youre applying for services such as phone, utilities or a mobile phone contract.; For these reasons, it’s important to check your credit reports regularly to ensure the information in them is accurate and complete. The three;;that provide credit reports nationwide are;Equifax, Experian and TransUnion. Your credit reports from each may not be identical, as some lenders and creditors may not report to all three. Some may report to only two, one or none at all.; Your Equifax credit report contains the following types of information: - Identifying information - Inquiry information; There are two types of inquiries: soft and hard. - Collections accounts How Many Hard Inquiries Is Too Many The effect of a hard inquiry on your credit scores ultimately depends on your overall credit health. In general, adding one or two hard inquiries to your credit reports could lower your scores by a few points, but its unlikely to have a significant impact. Having a lot of hard inquiries within a short time frame though will likely have a greater impact on your scores. This is because lenders and in effect, credit-scoring models look at multiple credit applications in a short amount of time as a sign of risk. Though there can be exceptions when youre shopping for specific types of loans, like car loans, student loans or mortgages. Unauthorized Hard Credit Inquiry On Credit Report I recently was advised by Equifax about 2 hard inquiries done in my credit report on 5/7/2018, I do not have anything with AT&T nor I authorized this. I do not have any contact information to reach out to AT&T to dispute this, it has affected my credit report bad. I need this fix immediately. Thank you for visiting us on the Business Forum. Please review the below thread for further assistance with credit inquiries: I apologize you have an unauthorized credit check form AT&T on your credit report.; I will be happy to assist you with this matter. You will need to file a dispute with Equifax to get this removed from your credit report.; Here is a link to the Equifax support page.; Thank you for being part of the Community Forums and have a tremendous weekend. Anthony, AT&T Community Specialist 3 y ago I too have this issue and of course AT&T hides behind a facade of false numbers and irrelevant recordings preventing anyone from actually reaching anyone to resolve this isssue. ;As hard credit inquiries require PII that I did not furnish, I too am going to contact the office of the Attorney General for the State of Colorado. ;Additionally I will be contacting our local news agency so their invesigative team and bring light to this issue that AT&T refuses to address and correct. ; 3 y ago 3 y ago 3 y ago Look For Unauthorized Or Incorrect Hard Inquiries You can request to remove hard inquiries from your credit reports if If you did apply for a credit account or authorize a hard inquiry, you cant remove it from your reports. It remains on your credit reports as part of an accurate representation of your credit history. If thats the case, it should fall off your reports after about two years. How To Dispute A Hard Inquiry On Your Credit Report Many or all of the products featured here are from our partners who compensate us. This may influence which products we write about and where and how the product appears on a page. However, this does not influence our evaluations. Our opinions are our own. Here is a list ofour partnersandhere’s how we make money. If youve checked your credit reports, you may have noticed youre not the only one taking a peek. Utilities use them to decide whether to charge you a deposit. Companies may check your credit standing so they can market products to you. Potential landlords and employers may look to see how reliable you are. Inquiries stay on your report for two years, but not all of them affect your score. Heres what you need to know about when and how to remove a hard inquiry from your credit report. You May Like: Is 524 A Good Credit Score What To Do If You Dont Recognize An Inquiry On Your Credit Report If you see an inquiry you dont recognize, first check what kind of inquiry it is hard or soft. Soft inquiries dont affect your credit score and only you can see them. Hard inquiries typically happen when a lender or company accesses your credit report with the intention to extend you credit or apply for a new financial obligation. Lenders can only access your credit report if they have a permissible purpose. That is, they must have a specific, allowable reason under the Fair Credit Reporting Act. If a hard inquiry is a result of fraud, it can be removed from your report. But just because an inquiry on your credit report doesnt look familiar, that doesnt mean its unauthorized or inaccurate. Store credit cards are a great example. Sometimes, the name of the bank on the credit report isnt the same as the company the card is for. If you request to increase your credit line on a credit card you already have, that will often cause a hard inquiry too. These are easy to miss or forget about when reading through a credit report. One quick way to double check if you applied for new credit is to search your email for the name of the creditor on your credit report. If you find an application, check the terms and conditions, which will say if you gave the creditor permission to access your report. If you still think a hard inquiry on your credit report is unauthorized, run through this checklist for suggested steps to take and further protect your credit health: Applying For Credit Hard Inquiries When applying for new credit you will generally give your name, address, phone number and social security number. These are needed to accurately identify the correct credit record to pull. Your credit application will require your signature, giving the lender or a financial consultant permission to access your credit file. You may be familiar with this approach if you have ever bought a car. If you walk into the dealership, they will ask you to fill out a credit application before they allow you to test drive. You may be subject to multiple hard inquiries using this approach, as the dealership will shop around for the best deal for you. Events like this results in a hard pull. After I bought my car from a national dealership, I viewed my credit report and saw eight entries. I immediately panicked because I was not aware that the dealers finance personnel petitioned that number of lenders. After some research, I found that the FICO scoring models treated multiple inquiries for one type of loan as one inquiry, indicating that you were shopping around for the best rates. This method prevents your score from taking a complete nosedive. How long do hard inquiries stay on your report? Hard inquiries impact your score for about a year, but generally fall off your report within 2 years. Don’t Miss: 779 Credit Score At&t’s Credit Check Policy So youve decided to join the AT&T/DIRECTV family! Did you have questions regarding the credit check requirement? You will find some helpful information below: - AT&T requires a credit check when ordering new products . - The results of the credit evaluation and the cost of the device will determine if security is required. ;; - Guarantors or co-signers for credit applications are not accepted by AT&T. - In order to consent to a credit check and service activation with AT&T, potential individual customers must meet the minimum age requirement;of 18.; Puerto Rico age of consent would be 21. Unable to Submit to Credit Evaluation:; - All customers are eligible to apply for service. Information required to process an application for credit may be different depending on the product line. ; - You may be listed as having unknown credit. Depending on the service youre signing up for security may be required. Reimbursement of Fees:; - If a Credit Management Fee is required, a credit will be applied to the account as long as the service remains active and is in good standing. - If your credit rating changes the fee will remain on the account.; Understanding Hard Inquiries On Your Credit Report Reading time: 3 minutes - When a lender or company requests to review your credit reports after you’ve applied for credit, it results in a hard inquiry - Hard inquiries usually impact credit scores - Multiple hard inquiries within a certain time period for a home or auto loan are generally counted as one inquiry Some consumers are reluctant to check their credit reports because they are concerned that doing so may impact their credit scores. While pulling your own credit report does result in an inquiry on your credit report, it will not affect your credit score. In fact, knowing what information is in your credit reportand checking your credit may help you get in the habit of monitoring your financial accounts. One of the ways to establish smart credit behavior is to understand how inquiries work and what counts as a hard inquiry on your credit report. What is a hard inquiry? When a lender or company requests to review your credit report as part of the loan application process, that request is recorded on your credit report as a hard inquiry, and it usually will impact your credit score. This is different from a soft inquiry, which can result when you check your own credit or when a promotional credit card offer is generated. Soft inquiries do not impact your credit score. Recent hard inquiries on your credit report tell a lender that you are currently shopping for new credit. This may be meaningful to a potential lender when assessing your creditworthiness. You May Like: How To Remove Items From Credit Report After 7 Years Example Of A Credit Inquiry Lets assume John is looking to purchase a new vehicle. After deciding on the make and model, he decides to look into financing terms. The dealership has an on-site financing arm and pulls Johns credit report. John has had a steady job for four years and doesnt have any outstanding debts. He has also paid his bills on time throughout the years. Based on the credit inquiry, the dealership offers him their lowest percentage rate of 4% to purchase the vehicle. Negative Codes On An Equifax Credit File For instance, here are a host of credit problems you may have faced, along with the Equifax letter code that summarizes or abbreviates the problem. Collection Account: CA Voluntary Surrender: VS When it comes to missed payments, Equifax uses number codes to indicate the severity of your delinquency. So the length of your time that your payment was past due will typically serve as the number code used. Thus, if youre 30-59 days past due on an account, it will say: 30. Past-due accounts are noted on Equifax like this: 30-59 Days Past Due: 30 60-89 Days Past Due: 60 90-119 Days Past Due: 90 120-149 Days Past Due: 120 150-179 Days Past Due: 150 180+ Days Past Due: 180 Obviously, the longer you go without making required payments, the more damaging that is to your credit score. The good news is that even if you have less-than-perfect credit, you can still get credit or a loan, as long as your credit files arent completely riddled with late payments and other negative marks. Also Check: Credit Score 524 Examples Of Hard Credit Inquiries And Soft Credit Inquiries The difference between a hard and soft inquiry generally boils down to whether you gave the lender permission to check your credit. If you did, it may be reported as a hard inquiry. If you didnt, it should be reported as a soft inquiry. Lets look at some examples of when a hard inquiry or a soft inquiry might be placed on your credit reports. Note: The following lists are not exhaustive and should be treated as a general guide. A Credit Inquiry Is A Record Of When A Lender Or Creditor Requests Your Credit File While a single hard inquiry, also known as a hard pull, is unlikely to impact your eligibility for new credit products such as a new credit card, it can affect your credit scores for up to two years. When reviewing hard inquiries on your credit reports, you want to make sure that they are legitimate. What does that mean? For each hard inquiry line item you see, did you authorize the creditor or lender to pull your credit? If you did, you dont need to take any action. But its possible that when youre monitoring your credit reports that youll flag instances of unauthorized hard inquiries. If you find one of these, youll want to file a dispute with the credit bureau that generated the report and ask the bureau to remove the unauthorized inquiry. Heres how to dispute inaccurate hard inquiries from your credit reports. Don’t Miss: Can I Get A Credit Card With A 524 Credit Score How Credit Scores Are Affected By Hard Inquiries When a hard inquiry is reported, be aware that you may see a minor decrease in your credit score. This decrease will last for about a year. If you are in the market for a car or house and need to shop around for favorable loan terms, you should focus on keeping your inquiries within a 30-day time frame. All inquiries during this time frame will count as one, having a minimal impact on your score. Monitoring your credit utilization and refraining from obtaining new credit are other tactics to mitigate the effects of hard inquiries on your credit score. I have found the point reduction to be minute in comparison to the decline in my score due to an increase in my credit card balance. With an inquiry requesting information on a car refinance, I saw a drop of two points. With the credit card balance increase, there was a on my report. If Warranted File A Dispute With The Corresponding Credit Bureau If you dispute errors in your credit reports, including unauthorized hard inquiries, the credit bureaus are required to investigate. Theyre also required to correct information thats found to be inaccurate. You can file a dispute with any of the three major consumer credit bureaus Equifax, Experian and TransUnion that has an inaccurate hard inquiry recorded for you on its corresponding credit report. Credit Karma members can dispute errors on their TransUnion® report through the tool. You may be able to dispute inquiries online, but consider mailing your dispute. Look for sample credit dispute letters online, like the one available from the Federal Trade Commission, to help you draft your dispute letter. If the credit bureau in question investigates and finds that the inquiry wasnt authorized, it should remove the inquiry from your corresponding credit report. Don’t Miss: Does Klarna Improve Credit Score Negative Codes On An Experian Credit File For example, here are a variety of negative credit scenarios, and the Experian codes used to describe them: 30 Days Past Due: 30 60 Days Past Due: 60 90 Days Past Due: 90 120 Days Past Due: 120 150 Days Past Due: 150 180 Days Past Due: 180 Claim filed with government: G Insurance claim: IC Voluntarily surrendered: VS Again, none of these is a flat-out credit deathblow in and of themselves. But if your credit reports show a repeated pattern of late payments and an inability or unwillingness to pay your obligations, then banks, credit unions and other financial institutions definitely wont be beating down your door to offer you credit. On Your Transunion Credit Report Finally, the TransUnion credit bureau also has its own codes to summarize your credit history and payment behavior. The main code you want to see is OK as this notation means that you are current on an account. Besides an OK listing, there are four neutral codes on a TransUnion credit file. These are: N/R which means Not Reported X which means Unknown None of these codes harm your credit rating, so dont panic if you see them on your TransUnion credit report. You May Like: Why Is There Aargon Agency On My Credit Report If Youve Applied For Financing Or Other Credit And The Lender Checked Your Credit Scores As Part Of The Process Youve Probably Experienced Whats Called A Hard Credit Inquiry When lenders check your credit with a hard inquiry , they often make a note of their official review in your . They use that information to assess how youve handled credit in the past, how often youve paid your debts and bills on time, and whether you have any derogatory marks on your credit reports. They also want to know how much credit youre juggling and how long youve been managing your credit. All of these factors help creditors decide whether to extend new credit to you or give you additional credit. You can help yourself prepare for a hard credit pull by monitoring your credit reports and making sure there arent any unpleasant surprises. Checking your own credit reports often involves whats known as a soft credit inquiry, or soft pull. Lets take a deeper look at the differences between hard credit inquiries and soft credit inquiries.

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With the visit of former U.S. President Jimmy Carter to Cuba in May, Cubans were exposed to unprecedented public discussion of democracy and human rights. But as no legal or institutional reforms were made, the country's lack of democracy and intolerance of domestic dissent remained unique in the region. The highlight of former President Carter's five-day visit to Cuba was his address on May 14 at the University of Havana, which was broadcast live on Cuban television. Speaking in Spanish, Carter urged the Cuban authorities to allow democratic changes and to grant basic political freedoms. He specifically criticized the Cuban government's ban on opposition movements and made direct reference to the Varela Project, a petition drive organized by Cuban dissidents to call for a national referendum on civil and political reform. At the close of his speech, he engaged in a spirited question-and-answer session with members of the audience--an audience that included Cuban President Fidel Castro. Carter drew attention to some of the country's most serious human rights problems. A one-party state, Cuba restricted nearly all avenues of political dissent. Although the criminal prosecution of opposition figures was becoming increasingly rare, prison remained a plausible threat to Cubans considering nonviolent political dissent. The government also frequently silenced its critics by using short-term detentions, house arrests, travel restrictions, threats, surveillance, politically-motivated dismissals from employment, and other forms of harassment. Cuba's legal and institutional structures were at the root of rights violations. The rights to freedom of expression, association, assembly, movement, and the press were strictly limited under Cuban law. By criminalizing enemy propaganda, the spreading of "unauthorized news," and insult to patriotic symbols, the government curbed freedom of speech under the guise of protecting state security. The government also imprisoned or ordered the surveillance of individuals who had committed no illegal act, relying upon laws penalizing "dangerousness" (estado peligroso) and allowing for "official warning" (advertencia oficial). The government-controlled courts undermined the right to fair trial by restricting the right to a defense, and frequently failed to observe the few due process rights available to defendants under domestic law. The organizers of the Varela Project, led by prominent dissident Oswaldo Payá, presented an important symbolic challenge to the government's intransigence in the area of political rights. On May 10, the organizers delivered a petition to the National Assembly--Cuba's unicameral legislature--containing more than eleven thousand signatures. Relying on constitutional protections for the right to petition, the Varela Project asked the government to hold a referendum on a broad array of civil and political rights, including competitive elections, freedom of the press, and an amnesty for political prisoners. The Cuban government responded to the reform effort with a signature drive of its own. In June, in what seemed like a distorted caricature of the earlier campaign, the authorities organized a mass signature collection effort in support of Cuba's socialist system. Holding marches all across the country, and employing many thousands of signature collectors, the government claimed to have gathered more than eight million signatures in two days. With this purported mandate, the National Assembly then proceeded to approve an official proposal enshrining the socialist system in Cuba's constitution as "irrevocable." A number of political dissidents were detained over the course of the year, with some facing criminal prosecution. The Cuban Commission for Human Rights and National Reconciliation (Comisión Cubana de Derechos Humanos y Reconciliación Nacional, CCDHRN), a respected Havana-based nongovernmental group, released a partial list of political prisoners in July that included 230 reliably documented cases. (It should be noted that not all of the cases listed involved persons who were wrongly detained or prosecuted on the basis of nonviolent political expression; it also listed people convicted of crimes such as "piracy," if the crimes were politically motivated.) The list showed a net increase of twenty cases over a similar list compiled in January. The increase led the CCDHRN to suggest that a ten-year general trend away from the use of political imprisonment was coming to an end. The vast majority of the year's politically motivated detentions took place during incidents in February and March. The first group of arrests occurred when the government tried to block members of the opposition from commemorating the anniversary of the 1996 shoot-down of two small planes by the Cuban air force. Several dissidents were arrested in advance of the event, while others were detained when they tried to reach a beach in the Miramar neighborhood of Havana to throw flowers into the sea. While most of the detainees were quickly released, a few remained in long-term detention. Among those still detained as of early November were Leonardo Miguel Bruzón Avila, president of the February 24 Human Rights Movement, Carlos Alberto Domínguez González, an independent journalist, and Emilio Leyva Pérez and Lázaro Miguel Rodríguez Capote, president and coordinator, respectively, of the Cuban Pro Human Rights Party. None of the detainees had been officially charged with a crime. To call attention to his indefinite detention without trial, Bruzón Avila reportedly went on a hunger strike that began in late August and continued into October, raising serious concerns for his health. On February 27, in a dramatic incident, a group of twenty-one young male Cubans, including three teenagers, crashed a stolen bus through the gates of the Mexican embassy in Havana. The group apparently believed that Mexico was granting refugee visas to Cubans, a rumor sparked by a U.S.-funded Radio Martí broadcast in which the Mexican foreign minister was reported saying that the embassy was open to all Cubans, including dissidents. Scores of other Cubans were turned away after trying to enter the embassy on foot. At the embassy's request, Cuban police entered the compound some thirty hours after the break-in and detained the asylum seekers. More than one hundred others were also arrested. Some thirty political dissidents who did not participate in the embassy actions were also reportedly detained, having been arrested at some distance from the embassy. As of early November, a group of prisoners that included Iovany Aguilar Camejo, coordinator of the Fraternal Brothers for Dignity Movement, and Carlos Oquendo Rodríguez and José Aguilar Hernández, president and vice-president of the July 13 Movement, respectively, remained behind bars. The embassy incident ended in a swirl of recriminations and conspiracy theories. The Cuban government accused the U.S. of maliciously instigating the break-in, while some dissidents surmised that President Castro had engineered the incident in order to embarrass Mexican President Vicente Fox, seen by the authorities as overly sympathetic to the Cuban dissident community. The Cuban authorities even aired a special television broadcast to discuss the incident. In it, Castro emphasized that "no one who storms into an embassy will ever leave [Cuba]," and attacked the asylum-seekers as "delinquents and anti-social elements." A group of ten dissidents, human rights advocates, and independent journalists was arrested on March 4 at a provincial hospital in Ciego de Avila. They had gone to the hospital to visit a reporter who had reportedly been physically attacked by the police earlier in the day while he was traveling to a meeting of the Cuban Foundation for Human Rights. Reacting with disproportional severity to a minor disruption, state security police arrested the group after its members shouted statements such as "Long live human rights." Among those taken into custody was Juan Carlos González Leiva, a blind human rights advocate who was said to have been assaulted by police when he was arrested, requiring four stitches on his forehead. The other arrestees were seven dissidents and human rights activists--Delio Laureano Requejo, Lázaro Iglesias Estrada, Virgilio Mantilla Arango, Enrique García Morejón, Antonio García Morejón, Odalmis Hernández Matos, and Ana Peláez García--and two independent journalists--Léster Téllez Castro and Carlos Brizuela Yera. The authorities quickly released the two women who had been arrested, placing them under house arrest. The remaining prisoners were kept in detention, however, and remained there as of early November. In September, the Ciego de Avila prosecutor's office notified the ten members of the group that they had been formally charged with the crimes of contempt of authority (desacato), public disorder, resistance, and disobedience. The threatened sentences varied, with one defendant facing seven years of imprisonment. Of González Leiva, the lead defendant, who faced a possible six-year sentence, the indictment noted critically that "he was not integrated into mass organizations and was not involved in any socially useful activities." The year also saw the release of several well-known dissidents. In early May, just prior to Carter's visit, Vladimiro Roca Antúnez was freed from Ariza prison. He had spent over two years of his five-year sentence in solitary confinement. Prosecuted together with three other well-known dissidents, who were all released from prison in 2001, Roca was freed two months before the expiration of his sentence. The son of the late Blas Roca, considered a hero of the Cuban revolution, Roca was educated as an economist and had once flown missions as a Cuban air force fighter pilot. Years later, with his three co-defendants, Blas had embarked upon relatively high-profile dissident activities, holding press conferences in 1997 and releasing an analytical paper on the Cuban economy, human rights, and democracy. In the resulting criminal prosecution, the government had cast him as the group's ringleader, giving him the stiffest sentence of the four. On October 31, Dr. Oscar Elías Biscet González was released from prison, having served out a three-year criminal sentence. A physician and prominent activist, Biscet was convicted in February 2000 of dishonoring patriotic symbols, public disorder, and instigating delinquency, for protests that included turning the Cuban flag upside-down and carrying anti-abortion placards. Other dissidents who continued serving out their prison sentences included Francisco Chaviano González, incarcerated since 1994, Carlos Cabrera Roca, incarcerated since 1996, Joaquín Barriga San Emeterio, incarcerated since 2000, and co-defendants Néstor Rodríguez Lobaina and Eddy Alfredo Mena González, both incarcerated since 2000. The government continued to prosecute people for "illegal exit" if they attempted to leave the island without first obtaining official permission to do so. Such permission was sometimes denied arbitrarily, or made contingent on the purchase of an expensive exit permit. Prisoners were kept in abusive conditions, often in overcrowded cells. Many prisoners lost weight during incarceration and received inadequate medical care. Some endured physical and sexual abuse, typically by other inmates with the acquiescence of guards. Prison authorities insisted that all detainees participate in politically oriented "re-education" sessions or face punishment. Political prisoners who denounced poor conditions of imprisonment were frequently punished by long periods in punitive isolation cells, restricted visits, or denial of medical treatment. Cuba retained the death penalty for a large number of offences, but a de facto moratorium on its use seemed to be in effect. Because the authorities did not release public information on death sentences and executions, however, it was difficult to ascertain the status of prisoners facing capital punishment. The government maintained tight restrictions on the press, barring independent news reports from being published within Cuba. Although local independent journalists regularly sent their stories outside of Cuba for publication, they had to work under extremely difficult conditions. They frequently faced police questioning, short-term detention, surveillance, confiscation of their notes and other materials, and travel restrictions aimed at preventing them from covering certain events. In May, the Committee to Protect Journalists, a U.S.-based press freedom group, named Cuba as one of the "ten worst places to be a journalist." Besides Domínguez, detained since February, and Téllez Castro and Brizuela Yera, detained since March, the authorities kept independent journalist Bernardo Arévalo Padrón behind bars. Incarcerated since 1997, Arévalo Padrón was serving a six-year sentence for "insulting" President Castro. Despite some limits on freedom of religion, religious institutions and their leaders were granted a degree of autonomy not granted to other bodies. Several religious-run groups distributed humanitarian aid and carried out social programs. The authorities did, however, continue to slow the entry of foreign priests and nuns, limit new church construction, and bar religious institutions from running schools (although religious instruction was allowed). In contrast to the first decades after the Cuban revolution, discrimination against overtly religious persons was rare. The government recognized only one labor union, the Worker's Central of Cuba (Central de Trabajadores de Cuba, CTC). Independent labor unions were denied formal status and their members were harassed. Workers employed in businesses backed by foreign investment remained under tight government control. Under restrictive labor laws, the authorities had a prominent role in the selection, payment, and dismissal of workers, effectively denying workers the right to bargain directly with employers over benefits, promotions, and wages. Cuba also continued to use prison labor for agricultural camps and ran clothing assembly and other factories in its prisons. The authorities' insistence that political prisoners work without pay in poor conditions violated international labor standards. Human rights monitoring was not recognized as a legitimate activity, but rather stigmatized as a disloyal betrayal of Cuban sovereignty. No local human rights groups enjoyed legal status. As a result, human rights defenders faced systematic harassment, with the government placing heavy burdens on their ability to monitor human rights conditions. Besides routine surveillance and phone tapping, the authorities in some instances used arbitrary searches, short-term arrests, evictions, travel restrictions, and politically motivated dismissals from employment. Human rights defenders were generally denied exit visas to travel abroad unless a humanitarian reason (such as a sick overseas relative) could be proffered. Oswaldo Payá, for example, was unable to travel to Washington, D.C., in September to receive a democracy award from the National Democratic Institute. International human rights groups such as Human Rights Watch were barred from conducting fact-finding investigations on the island. Cuba was also one of the few countries in the world, and the only one in the Western Hemisphere, to deny the International Committee of the Red Cross access to its prisons. At its fifty-eighth session in April, and for the tenth time in eleven years, the U.N. Commission on Human Rights passed a resolution on human rights in Cuba. The language of the resolution, passed by a vote of twenty-three to twenty-one, was weaker than any in the past. Rather than expressing concern about violations, the resolution simply invited the Cuban government to make the same progress with respect to civil and political rights that it had with regard to economic and social rights. What was most notable about the resolution, however, was that it had the broad support of Latin American countries, which were increasingly willing to recognize Cuba's human rights problems. Cuban representatives played a negative role at the commission by pressing to weaken the commission's human rights monitoring mechanisms under the guise of reviewing their functioning. In November, similarly, Cuba was one of only eight countries to vote against the U.N. General Assembly's adoption of the Optional Protocol to the Convention Against Torture, a new treaty aimed at eliminating torture and improving prison conditions. In November 2001 and November 2002, as in past years, the U.N. General Assembly adopted by a resounding majority a resolution calling for an end to the U.S. economic embargo on Cuba. Table of Contents Printer Friendly Version More on Cuba

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Do I sift flour before measuring? Is sugar supposed to be packed? Are liquid and dry measurements the same? What do I do with semi-liquids: dry or wet measuring cups? If you’ve ever had any of these questions, this is the post for you. I’m going to (perhaps exhaustively) cover how to measure ingredients. With the “baking season” coming up (note that baking ingredients will be on sale during November and December), this is a great time to learn or review this information. When cooking dinner, tossing a handful of this and pinch of that often works. Baking is not forgiving of error and mis-measurement. Cookies can be hard as rocks because of an extra teaspoon salt. Extra or not enough flour also affects them drastically. As it does pie crusts. You get the idea: baking is a science. And science requires proper measurements. Note that American measuring is often different from the rest of the world. They often weigh everything, plus often use metric. - Please check out the “Ingredients” and “Substitutes” pages for information on any cooking ingredient or what and how to substitute when you need. FREE printable cooking measurement conversion chart at the bottom of this post! [vc_separator_2 style=”line_symbol” icon_type=”typicons” color_line=”#73ce9b” color_symbol=”#8874cf” padding_top=”5″ padding_bottom=”5″ sep_width=”full” icon_typicons=”typcn typcn-star-outline”] Flour is a subject of debate. Professional bakers insist you actually weigh flour. This is because the amount of flour in one cup can actually vary drastically between sifted, fluffed up/then measured in cup, cup dipped into canister/then leveled off, etc. Vary by more than you can imagine. And with flour being the main ingredient in many a baked good, this is important. So, IF you have a scale and don’t mind the extra step, I recommend weighing. There is a chart next to this that shows common flour (all-purpose, self-rising) and how much a cup should weigh. (Yes, various flours have different values, another reason I’m going to recommend just using a measuring cup). This is a smart part of a graphic “The Bearfoot Baker” (yes, it’s spelled that way) has on her site. Click on either her name or the graphic to be sent directly there. It also has larger flour measures, sugar, and powdered sugar. If you need measures for other types of flours, please check out “King Arthur Flours” handy, exhaustive chart. The weight argument being set aside, I don’t weigh my ingredients. I already have measuring cups out for everything. And I’ve never had a problem. To properly measure: 1. Using a spoon, stir up the flour in the canister a little bit. 2. Using the spoon, scoop the stirred up flour into the measuring cup until it is overflowing. Do NOT pack down the flour, scoop the cup into the flour canister, or tap the cup to get the flour to settle. All result in too much flour. 3. Then use a flat edge to scrape the excess flour off the top back into the canister. If a recipe specifies sifted flour: -1 cup flour, sifted- you sift AFTER measuring. -1 cup sifted flour- you sift, THEN measure. Brown– pack brown sugar into the measuring cup until well-packed and completely full. Make sure it is leveled off. When you dump the cup out, the brown sugar should be packed enough to retain the shape of the cup. Granulated– this sugar is forgiving and easy. If you haven’t used your sugar in awhile and it has packed down, use a spoon to stir up the sugar in the canister. Scoop the measuring cup in the canister, fill to overflowing. Then use flat edge to level. Powdered sugar (aka confectioner’s sugar)– this one can be slightly confusing. Recipes often call for the sugar to be sifted. But before or after measuring? -1 cup powdered sugar, sifted- you sift AFTER measuring. -1 cup sifted powdered sugar- you sift, THEN measure. For the measuring, it is the same as flour above. Spoon into measuring cup (don’t pack or tap measuring cup), then level off. Full disclosure: I often sift the powdered sugar after measuring even if the recipe doesn’t specify sifting it. It gets rid of lumps and results in a smoother finished product. Leaveners: Baking Powder, Baking Soda, Yeast, Etc. If you skip every other section, don’t skip this one. Leavening agents are the most important ingredients in baked goods and must be measured exactly. Baking powder & Baking soda: before you start measuring, check expiration dates. Both of these go over fairly quickly (4 months and 6 months, respectively) so fresh product is important. Quick tests if you’re not sure: baking powder: place a teaspoon of baking powder in a 1/3 C. of hot water. If it bubbles ‘enthusiastically,’ it is still fresh. Baking soda: mix 2 tsp. white vinegar and 1/4 tsp. baking soda. If it bubbles up immediately, it is still fresh. -Shake up the container slightly in case any settling has occurred. Dip measuring spoon into container, level off. Yeast: again, check the expiration date. Quick test if you’re not sure if it’s too old: sprinkle onto 2 Tbsp. of HOT water (110°-115°). It should start foaming within five minutes. Even if the recipe doesn’t call for proofing the yeast, it shouldn’t hurt to do so. -If you’re an infrequent baker, you probably just buy the little packets that are 1/4 ounce (2 & 1/4 teaspoons). If using a jar or needing a smaller amount, dip the measuring spoon into container (or packet), level off. As with flour and powdered sugar, spoon into measuring cup (don’t pack or tap measuring cup), then level off. I have heard of requiring powder to be sifted, but have never done so. I do use a small spoon to break up and squash any lumps. Spices & Salts: If the spoon fits in the jar, simply place in the jar, fill, then level off. If the spoon doesn’t fit (a common problem), pour spice from the jar into the measuring cup with a small bowl underneath. Level off. Pour excess spice back into jar. I have a flexible plastic bowl I use with a pour spout. However, if you don’t own such a thing, use a small funnel or fashion a piece of paper into a funnel. For fresh herbs, if the recipe doesn’t specify, very lightly pack. There is a lot of volume between leaves. This category includes items such as chocolate chips, nuts, dried fruit, candy pieces, sprinkles, etc. Either scoop the measuring cup into the the container or pour the items into the measuring cup. Level off. These ingredients are just as they are labeled (add-ins); they don’t contribute much to structure or baking chemistry, hence exact measurements aren’t as important. Some recipes may specified firmly or lightly packed. This is often for ingredients such as shredded coconut or shredded cheeses, which can form large air pockets. If it doesn’t specify, I usually give the measuring cup and good shake and tap. It allows for a small amount of settling. This category includes ingredients such as peanut butter, applesauce, yogurt, sour cream, etc. Use dry measuring cups. If needed, spray a bit of non-stick into measuring cup. Then use a spoon to fill measuring cup. Pack down lightly; this is to prevent any air pockets (a common problem with peanut butter!). Level off. If you’re having trouble getting ingredients out of measuring cup, use a spatula. (Side note: I have a fabulous measuring cup from Pampered Chef that actually allows you to push the ingredients out…I’m not being paid to recommend it. But I recommend it. Plus it has liquid on one side of the cup and dry on the other. It’s amazing). Wet ingredients are measured with liquid measuring cups. They generally have a pour spout. Note that there IS a difference in volume for wet and dry measuring cups. In addition, you need to check level in cups at eye level. Leave the cup on the counter, and lower down to read the cup…don’t lift the cup to eye level. You can’t make sure you’re holding it straight. However, to confuse matters, some newer cups are made so you can read them from above. I simply ignore this fact. Use the above method for oils, water, milk, heavy cream (and other liquid milk products), etc. For sticky liquid items (honey, molasses, syrups, etc.), lightly spray the measuring cup with non-stick spray before pouring liquid in cup. It will easy pour back out without losing too much to sticking. If you’re going to be very precise, the meniscus the curved upper surface of a liquid. The BOTTOM of the meniscus should be at the measuring line, not the top of it. Another way of describing it: water curves downward. Have the bottom of the curve at the measuring line, not the top. Random Tips & Hints: - This is fairly obvious…but use real measuring cups and spoons. Don’t use the cups you drink from. Don’t use the spoons you eat with. I admit: I didn’t know the bit about the spoons when I started baking. Our eating spoons are NOT teaspoon and tablespoon size. - Make sure you have dry and liquid measuring cups. - Never measure over the bowl of mixed ingredients. If you over-pour the salt or vanilla, you can’t remove it from the recipe. I had this issue with vanilla once. - Crack eggs open into a separate bowl one by one. Smell and then dump into recipe. I thought it was an urban legend until I actually got a bad egg. Ick. - For sticky ingredients, spray non-stick spray into the measuring cup before adding the ingredient. It will be easy to pour or remove. - -Or- place plastic wrap in the measuring cup. Fill, then pull out plastic wrap and dump out ingredient. This works well with shortening, which often sticks to the cup and is hard to clean out. Again, I recommend the Pampered Chef measuring cup…it removes this problem. • Print options: regular paper works, but you can also use card stock. • The file is in pdf below. Or click on the image. It will open in a new window and you can either print directly or save to computer. • The default size of these is full-page.

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he Mark IV tripod data plate is found mounted on the center top of the rear leg. By Robert G. Segel Much has been written about the sad state of affairs concerning the history of early machine gun development and acceptance by the military in the United States in the early part of the 20th century. While there was great experimentation going on due to the advent of the industrial revolution, many of the great American firearm inventors of the time such as Hiram Maxim, Isaac Lewis and Laurence Benét sought acceptance of their ideas overseas and it was the Europeans who embraced them. The United States, always slow on the uptake, did conduct tests and trials but could hardly ever make up their minds due to politics, lack of appropriated money and no real perceived threat or need. The U.S. Navy used the Colt Automatic Gun Model of 1895 designed by John Browning with some degree of success. The U.S. Army adopted the Automatic Machine Rifle Model of 1909 (Benét-Mercie) with 670 guns being produced by both Springfield Armory and Colt. The army later adopted the heavy Maxim gun which was designated as the Model of 1904 with a total of 287 guns being produced. The first 90 being made by Vickers, Sons & Maxim in England and the remaining 197 guns made by Colt. The U.S. also had 353 Savage Lewis guns chambered in the .303 British round for use along the Mexican Border in our action against Pancho Villa. All in all, not a very impressive national machine gun arsenal for the U.S. military in the early 1900s. By 1913 the U.S. began to realize how vastly under-armed in automatic weapons it was and started a new series of tests. The new improved version of the Maxim gun, now called the Vickers, was the clear winner. The Vickers was based on the same operating principle as the old Maxim, except the toggle joint action was reversed, spent cartridge cases were ejected through the bottom rather than through an ejection port in the front and the overall weight of the gun was reduced. In January of 1919, Captain John S. Butler of the Office of the Chief of Ordnance, Engineering Division, wrote a comprehensive report on the adoption, procurement, field tests and parts failures entitled “The Vickers Machine Gun Model of 1915, Caliber .30, Water-Cooled”. In his seventy-plus page report, Butler writes: “The Board of Ordnance & Fortifications held a meeting on March 15, 1913 to consider the adoption of a new type of machine gun…” He continues with: “The Board convened for the competitive test of automatic machine guns at Springfield Armory on September 15, 1913. Seven makes of automatic machine guns were considered and tried out. The Board consisted of two officers of the Infantry, one of the Cavalry, one of the Field Artillery and one of the Ordnance Department. This report will summarize the performance of only the three most important guns submitted to the test. The Lewis gun during the endurance test had 206 jams and malfunctions, 35 broken parts, 15 parts not broken but requiring replacement as against respectively 23, 0, 0, for the Vickers gun and 59, 7, 0 for the Automatic Machine Rifle .30, Model of 1909, the Benét-Mercie.” The Board concluded, after careful consideration of the data collected, together with the knowledge of the suitability of the various designs of machine guns gained by observation during the test, that the Vickers Machine Gun and the Benét-Mercie machine rifle were the only two types sufficiently serviceable to warrant their entry into a field test. The following is quoted from the recommendations of the Board. “The Board is of the opinion that, with the exception of the Vickers gun, none of the other guns submitted showed sufficiently marked superiority for the military service, in comparison with the service Automatic Machine Rifle to warrant further consideration of them in the field test.”…. “The Board is of the unanimous opinion that the Vickers rifle caliber gun, light model, stood the most satisfactory test. As to the merits of the Vickers gun there is no question – it stood in a class by itself. Not a single part was broken nor replaced. Nor was there a jam worthy of the name during the entire series of tests. A better performance could not be desired.” As a result of these initial tests in 1913 and the subsequent field tests conducted in 1914, the Board unanimously approved the type for the Army. In 1915 funds were secured for an initial order of 125 guns to be made by Colt’s Patent Firearms Manufacturing Company and the gun was designated as the Model of 1915. In 1916 more money was made available and an additional order for 4,000 Vickers manufactured by Colt was placed along with 960 pack outfits and accompanying spare parts and accessories even though the first order of 125 guns had not yet been made. Colt, however, was not prepared to immediately tool up production on the Vickers for the U.S. Army. They had an order to produce Vickers for the Russians that they were behind on and were busy making other weapons as well, including the M1911 .45 pistol. There were also minor modifications and changes in design that needed to be worked out and approved. The Vickers was a relatively complicated gun to make. When the United States entered World War I in April 1917, not a single Colt Vickers M1915 had been delivered, though work was in progress. Hot on the heels of all this was the push to accept and produce the American designed Browning water-cooled machine gun, which would become known as the Model of 1917, that Colt was also tooling up production for. The Browning M1917 would replace the Vickers as the Army wanted an American-designed gun as its main heavy machine gun and the Browning design had fewer and less complicated parts making it more efficient to produce. Colt finally started producing Vickers guns in late 1917 in the .30 caliber model and in 1918 expanded production to include the .30 caliber aircraft and then the 11mm aircraft models. By mid 1918 Colt Vickers guns started to be shipped overseas. The first twelve divisions arriving in France were issued the French Hotchkiss Model of 1914 machine gun though they had been trained back in the States using the Colt Automatic Gun 1895, Maxim Model of 1904 and the few U.S. Vickers that were available. It wasn’t until the next ten divisions sailed for France in May and June of 1918 that they were equipped with Colt Vickers. The next twelve divisions were supposed to be equipped with the new Browning M1917 but spare parts shortages prevented that. By August 1918, thirteen divisions were using the Colt Vickers. In all, 12,125 Colt Vickers M1915 ground guns were produced. Of that total 2,888 were converted to aircraft guns leaving 9,237 infantry ground guns. 7,653 were issued to the American Expeditionary Forces either in France or on their way to France. With normal loss due to war damage there remained after the war about 8,000 Colt Vickers M1915 ground guns in the U.S. inventory. These guns were held in reserve until World War II when 500 guns were sent to the Dutch East Indies and several hundred more were sent to the Philippines. These guns were ultimately lost or captured by the Japanese. The U.S. also sent about 7,000 Colt Vickers, plus ammunition, to Great Britain under Lend-Lease. In the dark early days of the Second World War, the British Vickers production was busy turning out guns to equip their regular army, especially after the huge losses of equipment at Dunkirk. The U.S. made Colt Vickers were relegated to the British Home Guard for national defense should that very real invasion emergency arise. The U.S. Vickers were painted with a two inch wide red stripe to differentiate the U.S. caliber .30-06 guns from the British Vickers .303 caliber guns. The red stripe was painted on the feedblock cover, around the mouth of the feedblock and on the lock (bolt). This pretty much depleted all Colt Vickers on hand in the United States inventory at the outbreak of World War II. By the end of World War II, Great Britain had not been invaded and war production of British Vickers was at an all time high. British Vickers production guns that had been retired from active service replaced the Colt Vickers in use by the Home Guard. After the war, the U.S. Colt Vickers in Great Britain were unceremoniously destroyed and dumped into the North Sea. In 1916, the Colt factory accepted an order through the British Government for the manufacture of a Russian Maxim Machine Gun, otherwise known as the Russian Vickers. The Colt company made up quite a number of the guns in the 7.62 Russian caliber and found them to function perfectly. In the meantime, before delivery could be made, the revolution in Russia terminated further work on these guns, which then lay in storage in the U.S. Early in 1918 a demand came from the Ordnance experts in France for an 11mm gun, especially designed for balloon work. The Colt factory found that the Russian Vickers, then on hand, could be altered to take the larger caliber cartridge. So it was that these Vickers were altered into 11mm caliber to augment the production of Model 1918 aircraft guns. The 11mm cartridge was known as the French Desvignes cartridge, a development of the French Ordnance Department. The heavy 11mm bullet could carry a much larger charge of incendiary material than the smaller caliber rifle bullet used by the warring nations and so was more effective against the envelope of a gas balloon or dirigible. In the smaller bullet the burning core did not last long enough after leaving the gun to set fire to the hydrogen gas of the balloon bag. Instead, the result was simply a small round hole instead of a burning balloon. About 1,200 of these Model of 1918 11mm Vickers were delivered before the Armistice. Since most of the U.S. stock of Colt Vickers Model 1915 were sent to Great Britain, who ultimately destroyed them, it makes unmodified or unaltered original Colt Vickers Model of 1915 machine guns extremely rare today with maybe two dozen or so examples in private collections. I say unmodified or unaltered because after World War I the Colt Vickers Model of 1918 aircraft guns the government had left were disposed of on the open market and could be bought for as little as $7.75 each! Since these guns were of the same basic construction and design as the ground infantry gun, and spare parts were available, a number of dealers modified these M1918 aircraft guns into the M1915 ground infantry configuration. Some of the conversions are obvious and others will need a well-trained eye to detect. Things to look for include seeing if the air-cooling louvers on the jacket of the aircraft gun have been closed up and welded. (You may need a flashlight and a mirror to check from the inside.) If the entire end cap and jacket have been replaced with an infantry end cap and water jacket, then check the serial number located at the bottom of the end cap and see if it matches the serial number located on the inside of each side plate and on the bottom of the trunnion block. (The number on the top of the end cap is not the gun serial number but an army control number.) Other things to look for include having the correct top cover with the same sight as is found on the Browning M1917, and the spade grips should be made of plastic, not wood. And, among the finer points, look to see if the gun had ever been deactivated by having the side plates deformed or cut and welded back together. Also, look at the rivet heads on the side plates to see if they have been removed, replaced or reseated. The U.S. Colt Vickers is essentially a licensed copy of the British Vickers Mk. I. Obvious differences are, of course, the barrel, lock and feedblock to accommodate the U.S. cartridge. The muzzle booster does not have the armored cone attachment that became standard on the British model. As mentioned above, the rear sight and spade grips are different. The condensing hose is also the same as is used on the M1917 Browning water-cooled which is different than the British version. But the main “first glance” visual clue as to whether U.S. or British made is the “Browning” type of rear sight. The tripod is a copy of the British Mk IV tripod except the U.S. rear leg has a flattened “shovel” foot. The Vickers design, an improvement of the Maxim design, has endured active military usage in the British armed forces for over 60 years and can still be found in use today in some third world countries. That the United States actually made a good decision in 1915 to use this type of weapon as a stop gap measure until the Browning was able to be fielded showed that while always late, it was better than never. Historical note: Stembridge Gun Rentals Inc, of Glendale California, registered 10 of the 1915 Colt Vickers Ground guns in 1934, and 5 of the “Air” version in 1934 as well. These were all sold out in the SGR inventory disposition by LMO.- Dan Shea |This article first appeared in Small Arms Review V3N10 (July 2000)| and was posted online on March 13, 2015

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Using Healthy Nutrition To Deal With Obesity If you start consuming more calories than your body actually burns, then you’re at a high risk of getting obese. The COVID-19 pandemic has contributed to increased obesity rates because an increased population in the UK is going towards processed foods. Canned foods and processed foods with extended shelf life have been more used by people in the COVID-19 outbreak. Prolonged use of high-calorie foods and lifestyle patterns are the leading causes of obesity. Healthy nutrition is an important factor for keeping your weight in check. Maintaining an ideal weight doesn’t mean you have to avoid foods; it means that you have to keep everything within a limit. Replacing fresh veggies and fruits with processed foods can be very helpful in shedding pounds. Everything in this modern world, from advanced networks to better technology, is taking a step ahead, but we are still one step behind all this progress in terms of health. Modern and sedentary lifestyles have made us more susceptible to various medical conditions and a host of diseases. One such rampant medical concern is obesity that is worsening with every passing year. Let’s have a look at what obesity is, its causes, and healthy nutrition to tackle it. What Is Obesity? Excessive or abnormal accumulation of fat due to unhealthy lifestyle and eating habits is called obesity. People with a BMI of more than 25 are considered obese. When you start eating more “bad” fat than “good” fat, you become more susceptible to various health complications like cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, certain types of cancer, dementia, and stroke. (1) Obesity causes many health complications due to which around 2.8 million die across the globe. According to the National Health Service (NHS), 1 out of 5 adults is obese in the UK. Body Mass Index (BMI) is a method of checking whether you’re obese or not. BMI is the ratio of your height and weight. However, you cannot diagnose obesity with your BMI because athletes and people with strong muscles often have high BMI without any fat accumulation. If you want to check whether you have a healthy weight or not, BMI can help. - You have a healthy weight if your BMI is 18 to 25. - BMI of 25 to 29.5 indicates you’re overweight. - Obesity indicates a BMI of 30 to 40. - If you’re severely obese, you’ll have a BMI of 42 or above. (2) Causes of Obesity: There are a variety of reasons, which can trigger obesity. Excessive accumulation of fat can also result due to preexisting conditions in the body. Talking about obesity in COVID-19 outbreak, obesity is due to a sedentary lifestyle and poor dietary choices. Here are some of the few causes that could lead to obesity: - Food Addiction: Appeasing the temptations and constant cravings for food put you at a greater risk of obesity. If you have no control over your eating behavior or you feel a sense of pleasure after eating sugary and greasy food, you’re gaining weight. Moreover, if you have easy access to food outlets and cafes and you’re just one call away from your favorite pizzas and burgers, then you cannot keep your obesity at bay. (3) - Junk Food: Sugary drinks, unhealthy fats, aerated sodas, crispy fries, and tall greasy burgers have become more common in the pandemic. This unhealthy western diet has not only increased the risk of obesity but can also elevate your blood sugar levels. - Hormonal Issues: One hormone that is the leading cause of obesity is the leptin hormone produced by fat cells. Hypothalamus in your brain receives special signals from the leptin hormone that we are full and need to stop eating. Obese people have very high levels of obesity because leptin becomes unavailable to cross the blood-brain barrier. (4) - Genetics: If you have obese parents, you are more likely to get obese because family history/genetics play an important role. Which genes should be expressed and which should not greatly depend on what you eat. For example, when non-industrialized people eat a western diet, the environment and diet send signals to the genes to change. Healthy Nutrition to Tackle Obesity: Obese people really want to maintain a healthy weight by adopting some healthy eating habits. Here some of the following nutritional tips for tackling obesity: - Avoid Processed Foods: Boxed snack foods and white bread add up extra weight to your body. Avoided processed foods and those with refined sugar can be helpful in shedding pounds. According to a study, a highly processed diet caused weight gain more than a minimally processed diet consumed by participants. (5) Another study reported that obesity is linked with ultra-processed foods because such foods encourage overeating. (6) - Consume “Good” Fat: A low-fat diet is linked with a reduced risk of heart disease and cholesterol levels. According to a study of 2017, reduced risk of obesity and cholesterol levels was associated with the consumption of polyunsaturated fats. (7) - Focus On Low Glycemic Index Foods: Some foods have a low glycemic index, and some foods have a high glycemic index. It means how quickly your blood sugar levels are raised when you eat food. When your blood sugar levels are steady, your healthy weight is maintained. Therefore, try to eat foods with a low glycemic index. Foods with a low glycemic index include beans, lentils, bread, porridge, yogurt, honey, and orange juice, etc. - Eat Plenty of Dietary Fiber: Dietary fibers and whole grains are packed with essential nutrients, which are digested slowly. Slow digestion keeps you full for a long time. Whole grains include wheat, barley, brown rice, etc. One study reported that people who consumed fiber supplements for 12 weeks shed 5% of their total body weight. (8) - Incorporate more Plant-Based Foods: Plant based foods will not only reduce the risk of obesity but will also improve your overall health. It is recommended that you should eat six to nine servings of fruits and veggies per day. Consumption of vegetables and fruits sends signals to the brain that you have eaten a significant amount. - Avoid Sugar-Sweetened Beverages: Both diabetes and obesity are linked with sweetened beverages. Many studies report increased calorie intake and weight gain with soft drink intake. According to a study, a 0.08 unit increase in the body mass index has been seen with the consumption of 12 ounces of sugary beverages. (9) These rapidly digested carbohydrate beverages contain more than 200 calories. Studies have suggested that you can now lose weight by reducing the intake of sugary beverages. - Consume More Proteins: High-protein foods are low in fat and carbohydrates. Therefore, more benefits are associated with the consumption of high proteins. A high protein diet is useful because of its greater thermic effect, improved body composition, and more satiety. Your blood lipid profiles are highly improved with high-protein consumption, reducing the risk of diabetes and heart disease. Poultry, beans, nuts, and fish are low in fats and high in proteins, reducing the risk of health complications by shedding extra pounds. - Dietary Supplements: Some dietary supplements can also help people lose weight. These supplements include bitter orange extract, green tea extracts, Chinese herbs, fish oils, omega 3s, and chitosan. Fruit Juice and Obesity: Many people have a misconception that fruit juices contain more calories than sweetened beverages, but this is not true. Fruit juices contain as high calories as beverages; although they are enriched with natural sugars, they have high calories and sugar content. It was revealed in a long-term research study of 1,200,000 participants that weight gain was associated with those participants who increased their intake of fresh fruit juice compared to those who didn’t. It is therefore recommended to drink one small glass of fresh juices for children and adults. (10) Why Does Prevention Matter? Healthy life choices can have a considerable effect on your body. Obesity carries many complications. You can have serious health complications and day-to-day problems. Obesity increases the chances of: - Heart disease - High blood pressure - Osteoarthritis - stiffness, and pain in joints - Kidney and liver disease - Complications in pregnancy like preeclampsia or gestational diabetes - Sleep apnea - Metabolic syndrome Obesity also causes difficulties with daily activities, such as: - Low self-esteem - Less self-confidence - Feeling isolated - Difficulty physical activity - Feeling very tired - Increased sweating - Lower back pain Don’t Forget to Exercise: If you’re obese and want to lose weight more quickly, incorporate exercise into your routine. Physical activity is very important for remaining active, losing weight, and improving the quality of life. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), you should engage in 75 minutes of vigorous aerobic exercise or 150 minutes of moderate aerobic exercise per week to maintain your weight. According to a research study, individuals have lower body mass index or lower weight and lower waist circumference who walk at a fast pace than those who do not walk. (11) Physical inactivity and poor dietary choices are the two major contributors to obesity in the UK. Adapting healthy nutrition can help you lose weight and maintain optimal health. - Obesity Diet: What To Eat And Avoid To Manage Obesity [Internet]. NDTV Food. [cited 2021 Apr 12]. Available from: https://food.ndtv.com/food-drinks/obesity-diet-what-to-eat-and-avoid-to-manage-obesity-1815463 - Obesity [Internet]. nhs.uk. 2017 [cited 2021 Apr 12]. Available from: https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/obesity/ - Avena NM, Rada P, Hoebel BG. Evidence for sugar addiction: Behavioral and neurochemical effects of intermittent, excessive sugar intake. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2008;32(1):20–39. - Sáinz N, Barrenetxe J, Moreno-Aliaga MJ, Martínez JA. Leptin resistance and diet-induced obesity: central and peripheral actions of leptin. Metabolism. 2015 Jan;64(1):35–46. - Ultra-Processed Diets Cause Excess Calorie Intake and Weight Gain: An Inpatient Randomized Controlled Trial of Ad Libitum Food Intake: Cell Metabolism [Internet]. [cited 2021 Apr 12]. Available from: https://www.cell.com/cell-metabolism/fulltext/S1550-4131(19)30248-7 - Mendonça R de D, Pimenta AM, Gea A, de la Fuente-Arrillaga C, Martinez-Gonzalez MA, Lopes ACS, et al. Ultraprocessed food consumption and risk of overweight and obesity: the University of Navarra Follow-Up (SUN) cohort study. Am J Clin Nutr. 2016 Nov 1;104(5):1433–40. - Liu AG, Ford NA, Hu FB, Zelman KM, Mozaffarian D, Kris-Etherton PM. A healthy approach to dietary fats: understanding the science and taking action to reduce consumer confusion. Nutr J [Internet]. 2017 Aug 30 [cited 2021 Apr 12];16. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5577766/ - Grube B, Chong P-W, Lau K-Z, Orzechowski H-D. A Natural Fiber Complex Reduces Body Weight in the Overweight and Obese: A Double-Blind, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Study. Obes Silver Spring Md. 2013 Jan;21(1):58–64. - Sugar-sweetened beverages and BMI in children and adolescents: reanalyses of a meta-analysis | The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition | Oxford Academic [Internet]. [cited 2021 Apr 12]. Available from: https://academic.oup.com/ajcn/article/89/1/438/4598275?login=true - Boston 677 Huntington Avenue, Ma 02115 +1495‑1000. Food and Diet [Internet]. Obesity Prevention Source. 2012 [cited 2021 Apr 12]. Available from: https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/obesity-prevention-source/obesity-causes/diet-and-weight/ - Do All Activities “Weigh” Equally? How Different Physical Activities Differ as Predictors of Weight - Lordan - 2015 - Risk Analysis - Wiley Online Library [Internet]. [cited 2021 Apr 12]. Available from: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/risa.12417

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Cough - whooping; Whooping cough Pertussis, also known as whooping cough, is a very contagious bacterial infection of the respiratory tract. Someone with whooping cough will cough violently, often making a "whoop" sound on the in breath. Whooping cough can be deadly to infants and small children. A vaccine can protect against whooping cough, and children in the U.S. are routinely vaccinated for pertussis. But the disease is making a comeback, especially in infants who have not completed the series of vaccinations, and in teens whose immunity has worn off. Babies need a series of 3 vaccines before they are fully protected from whooping cough, however, studies show significant protection after just one dose of the vaccine. The vaccine keeps children from getting the disease when they are most at risk. Immunity weakens as we get older, so teens and adults who have been vaccinated can still get a milder form of the disease. The American Academy of Pediatrics recommends that children 11 to 18 get a booster shot that includes a whooping cough vaccine. Signs and Symptoms There are 3 stages of the disease. Stage 1 lasts 1 to 2 weeks: - Upper respiratory infection. (may be mistaken for the common cold) - Slight fever -- less than 100.4°F (38°C) - Loss of appetite - Very runny nose - Mild, occasional cough Stage 2 lasts 1 to 6 weeks: - Cough gets worse (2 to 50 times a day) and coughing spells last longer - Cough may end with a "whooping" sound as the person tries to draw a breath (not all people make the "whoop" sound) - Sudden intense bouts of coughing can cause bulging and tearing eyes, tongue sticking out, and bluish discoloration - Vomiting or choking may follow coughing bouts - Pneumonia may develop Stage 3 lasts 2 weeks to several months as the cough slowly goes away. What Causes It? Whooping cough is caused by a bacteria called Bordetella pertussis. It is spread through droplets coughed or sneezed into the air. It is a highly contagious disease. Adults with a mild form can infect people who have not yet been vaccinated. What to Expect at Your Doctor's Office Your doctor may be able to diagnose whooping cough by listening to your cough, however, whooping cough can be hard to diagnose in the early stages. Your provider may take a smear from your nose or throat, and ask you to avoid contact with others while you are contagious. People with complications, severe coughing bouts, or who are under 2 years of age are hospitalized. Whooping cough can be deadly to a baby under 6 months of age, and can cause complications even in toddlers. A baby with pertussis should be treated immediately by a doctor. In adults, treatment is largely to control symptoms and prevent spreading. Quarantine, IV fluids and nutrition, oxygen, and a ventilator may be needed in some cases. - Antibiotics. Reduce the chance of giving whooping cough to someone else and help you get better faster. Azithromycin (Zithromax) or erythromycin are often prescribed. - Corticosteroids such as betamethasone (0.075 mg daily per kilogram of body weight). May reduce severity and length of coughing fits, especially in infants. - Albuterol (0.3 to 0.5 mg daily per kilogram of body weight). Reduces the severity of coughing fits. Over-the-counter cough suppressants do not work and should not be used, especially in children under 2. Surgical and Other Procedures Doctors may suction secretions and use oxygen, IV fluids, and electrolytes in infants and adults who are at risk for longer illness. Mist by tent may help infants. Complementary and Alternative Therapies Someone with whooping cough needs antibiotics. DO NOT use herbs and supplements alone, especially for children. Supplements, herbs, and homeopathy may help you get better faster when used along with conventional medications. Always talk with your doctor if you are using alternative therapies in addition to medication, and work with a knowledgeable provider.Nutrition Give small, frequent meals of vegetable broths, steamed vegetables, and fresh fruit. Vitamin C, zinc, and beta-carotene. Be sure to use beta-carotene and not vitamin A. Ask your doctor before giving vitamin supplements to a child.Herbs Herbs are a way to strengthen and tone the body's systems. As with any therapy, you should work with your health care provider to diagnose your problem before starting treatment. You may use herbs as dried extracts (capsules, powders, or teas), glycerites (glycerine extracts), or tinctures (alcohol extracts). Unless otherwise indicated, make teas with 1 tsp. herb per cup of hot water. Steep covered 5 to 10 minutes for leaf or flowers, and 10 to 20 minutes for roots. Drink 2 to 4 cups per day. You may use tinctures alone or in combination as noted. DO NOT use herbs by themselves to treat whooping cough, especially in children. Make sure you have your pediatrician's approval before giving any herb to a child. There are no studies that use specific herbs to treat whooping cough. These herbs have been used traditionally to treat coughs and strengthen the immune system. All have side effects and can interact with other medications, so it is crucial to talk to your doctor or your pediatrician before using any herbs. Your doctor can advise you about whether these herbs would help you or your child, and can help you determine the right dose. - Echinacea (Echinacea purpurea). Echinacea can interact with many medications. People with plant allergies should not take echinacea. - Garlic (Allium sativum). Garlic can interact with many medications, including some medications used to treat HIV, and may raise the risk of bleeding, especially if you also take blood thinners, such as warfarin (Coumadin) or clopidogrel (Plavix). - Astragalus (Astragalus membranaceus). Astragalus can interact with some medications, including lithium. Expectorants (help get rid of mucus): - Hyssop (Hyssopus officinalis). Pregnant women should not take hyssop. - Anise (Pimpinella anisum). Anise may interact with medications that affect hormones, including birth control pills and tamoxifen. - Elecampane (Inula helenium). Pregnant or breastfeeding women should not take elecampane. People who are allergic to ragweed, have diabetes, or high or low blood pressure should ask their doctor before taking elecampane. DO NOT take elecampane with any sedative medications. - Mullein (Verbascum densiflorum) - Indian tobacco (Lobelia inflata). Lobelia can be dangerous, so do not take it except under a doctor's close supervision. - Catnip (Nepeta cataria). Catnip may cause nausea and vomiting in some people. It can interact with sedatives and lithium. It may also cause heavy periods. - Chamomile (Matricaria recutita). People who are allergic to ragweed should ask their doctor before taking chamomile. - Jamaican dogwood (Piscidia erythrina). Jamaican dogwood can be dangerous, so do not take it except under a doctor's strict supervision. It should not be combined with sedative medications. - Thyme (Thymus vulgaris). Thyme may raise the risk of bleeding, especially if you also take blood thinners. Although few studies have examined the effectiveness of specific homeopathic therapies, professional homeopaths may consider the following remedies as supplemental treatment for the symptoms of pertussis as long as the underlying infection has been appropriately treated. Before prescribing a remedy, homeopaths take into account a person's constitutional type, includes your physical, emotional, and psychological makeup. An experienced homeopath assesses all of these factors when determining the most appropriate treatment for each individual. - Aconite. Take during the first 24 hours after symptoms appear, particularly if they develop following exposure to cold weather. This remedy is most appropriate for individuals with a hoarse, dry, cough who complain of dry mouth, thirst, restlessness, worsened symptoms from cold air or lying on the side, and being awakened from the cough. - Bryonia. For painful cough with a marked tendency to hold their chest or hold something to the chest when coughing. - Drosera. For dry, spasmodic cough with sharp chest pain and a tickling sensation in the throat that may cause the individual to gag, choke, or vomit. This remedy is most appropriate for individuals who tend to be hoarse, become worse when lying down, and perspire during the night. - Hepar sulphuricum. For later stages of pertussis with wheezing, little mucus production, and coughing that comes on when any part of the body gets cold. - Ipecacuanha. Spasmodic cough and gagging or vomiting. This remedy is commonly prescribed for infants. - Phosphorus. For several different types of cough, most particularly a dry, harsh cough described as a persistent tickle with sharp chest pain signified by the individual clutching their painful chest. This remedy is most appropriate for individuals who are often worn out and exhausted, have undue anxiety, even fear of death, and require a lot of reassurance. - Spongia. For harsh, barking cough that produces no mucus and is associated with a tickling in the throat or chest that worsens when lying down and improves when the individual eats or drinks warm liquids. This remedy is often used when Aconite is unsuccessful. Chest rubs. Use 3 to 6 drops of essential oil (camphor, thyme, eucalyptus, and rosemary) with 1 tbs. food-grade oil (coconut, almond, flax, or olive). Avoid getting essential oils in the eyes. Make sure the mixture is not too strong, as it could irritate the respiratory tract. DO NOT give essential oils by mouth because they can be toxic. Castor oil pack. Apply oil to clean soft cloth, place on chest, and cover with plastic wrap. Place a heat source over the pack, and let sit for 30 to 60 minutes. DO NOT use for more than 4 days in a row. DO NOT give castor oil by mouth (internally). Place 3 to 6 drops of essential oil in a humidifier or a warm bath. Alternate hot and cold applications to the chest or back. Alternate 3 minutes hot with 1 minute cold.Acupuncture Although acupuncture has not been studied for whooping cough, some people may use acupuncture to help strengthen the immune system.Massage Foot massage can be relaxing and may help a child sleep. Some children may not want to be touched, however. Most adults and children make a complete recovery. Vaccinations are 80 - 90% effective. They last about 12 years. Chaudhry R, Nagpaul-Chaudhry I, Buchta WG, Kircher KJ, Sampathkumar P. The prevention and treatment of pertussis. Manag Care Interface. 2007;20(2):43-46. Gregory DS. Pertussis: a disease affecting all ages. Am Fam Physician. 2006;74(3):420-426. Mooi FR, Van Der Maas NA, De Melker HE. Pertussis resurgence: waning immunity and pathogen adaption - two sides of the same coin. Epidemiol Infect. 2014; 142(4):685-94. Munoz FM. Pertussis in infants, children, and adolescents: diagnosis, treatment, and prevention. Semin Pediatr Infect Dis. 2006;17(1):14-19. Nelsen J, Ulbricht C, Barrette EP, Sollars D, Tsourounis C, Rogers A, Basch S, Hashmi S, Bent S, Basch E. Red clover (Trifolium pratense) monograph: a clinical decision support tool. J Herb Pharmacother. 2002;2(3):49-72. Nilsson L, Lepp T, von Segebaden K, Hallander H, Gustafsson L. Pertusis vaccination in infancy lowers the incidence of pertussis disease and rate of hospitalisation after one and two doses: analyses of 10 years of pertussis surveillance. Vaccine. 2012; 30(21):3239-47. Nooitgedagt JE, Warris A, Liem KD, van 't Hek L, Henriet SS. Pertussis in young infants: a dangerous disease with non-specific signs. Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd. 2013; 157(4):A5573. Posfay-Barbe KM. Whooping cough: a diagnosis one shouldn't forget. Rev Med Suisse. 2006;2(54):503-6, 509-511. Raguckas SE, VandenBussche HL, Jacobs C, Klepser ME. Pharmacotherapy. 2007;27(1):41-52. Spector TB, Maziarz EK. Pertussis. Med Clin North Am. 2013; 97(4):537-552. Zamir CS, Dahan DB, Shoob H. Pertussis in infants under one year old: risk markers and vaccination status--a case-control study. Vaccine. 2015; 33(17):2073-8. Zoorob R, Sidani MA, Fremont RD, Kihlberg C. Antibiotic use in acute upper respiratory tract infections. Am Fam Physician. 2012; 86(9):817-822. Review Date: 4/27/2016 Reviewed By: Steven D. Ehrlich, NMD, Solutions Acupuncture, a private practice specializing in complementary and alternative medicine, Phoenix, AZ. Review provided by VeriMed Healthcare Network.

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There couldn’t be any better empirical evidence than COVID-19 to prove the transformational impact of AI on healthcare. Had AI not been there, it would be unviable to develop and distribute vaccines at record speed, empower public health officials and front-line workers, support equipment manufacturers, take critical life-saving actions, and respond to these abnormal times. Leading pharmaceutical company Moderna relied on automated processes and AI algorithms to rapidly bring out their covid vaccine nominee for its first clinical trial. From an anticipated 15% chance of success, AI helped the pharmaceutical company lift their success rate to a whopping 50%, placing the vaccine efficacy levels close to 94.5%. AI’s role in healthcare isn’t limited to pharmaceuticals alone. In this piece, we’ll see what AI holds in store for healthcare now and in the coming years. Top Applications of AI in Healthcare Over these years, AI has brought more sophistication into what humans do, particularly in segments like healthcare. Here’re a few AI healthcare transformations currently underway: 1. Allows People to Stay Fit AI and the Internet of Medical Things (IoMT) have helped launch several consumer health applications and self-health monitoring devices such as wireless-enabled wearables, activity trackers, pedometers, smartwatches, and other physical fitness monitoring gadgets. These healthcare technology applications encourage people to take proactive measures for maintaining a healthy lifestyle and allow consumers to be in control of their health and well-being. Similarly, healthcare professionals can rely on AI to better understand what their patients need. With insightful patient data, caregivers can provide the necessary guidance and support, thereby enabling people to stay healthy. 2. Early Disease Detection It’s well established that the early detection, screening, and treatment of cancer can improve outcomes. American Cancer Society is successfully using cloud ML engine on Google Cloud Platform to analyze breast cancer images with 12x improved speed. Advanced deep learning models are being used to detect Diabetic Retinopathy (DR) during the early and asymptomatic stages. This helps save diabetic patients from the daunting issue of irreversible blindness caused by lesions on the retina. The proliferation of consumer wearables and self-health monitoring devices, combined with AI allows doctors and caregivers to detect potentially life-threatening ailments at more treatable stages. 3. Medical diagnosis The market value of global AI in medical diagnostics is estimated to be worth $3988.0 million by 2026. Leading AI platforms such as IBM Watson Health and Google DeepMind Health enable a large number of healthcare organizations to unlock massive amounts of clinical data to boost medical diagnosis. Combining machine learning and neuroscience, AI helps build powerful neural networks that are capable of imitating human abilities. Watson can review and store huge volumes of medical data scattered across journals, seminars, conferences, treatment case studies, and umpteen other sources. AI’s ability to ingest enormous amounts of data, decipher images, and discover hidden patterns escaping even the most-canny human eye are expected to significantly transform healthcare in the near future. Read more: Deploying Digital Twins in Healthcare 4. Clinical Decision-making In the past, clinical decision support systems (CDSS) were fed by inaccurate datasets that led healthcare professionals to make flawed assumptions. Diagnostic errors are one of the top reasons behind higher mortality rates and prolonged hospital stays. Thanks to AI, ML, and the growing volumes of real-time clinical data gathered from numerous healthcare apps and devices. Clinical decision-making is now more precise and efficient with the emergence of AI-powered CDSS. Sepsis Watch, a deep learning tool installed in the emergency department of the Duke University Health System has considerably lowered sepsis-induced patient deaths. The tool flags sepsis patients who are at medium to high risk, allowing doctors to identify early signs of sepsis. Not only does AI reduce diagnostic errors, it also suggests the best practices for post-surgical care and patient discharge, as well as recommends medications and follow-up checks to optimize patient care. 5. Medical Research and Training The average cost of bringing a pharma product to the market is exploding year over year. Manual R&D processes and the time taken to conceive, design, and conduct clinical trials slow down drug production and increase the costs involved. The latest advances in AI help streamline drug research and discovery and reduces the time to market for new drugs. Researchers can use AI-enabled simulations on their devices to explore the impact of new therapies or medicines, thereby reducing the risk of testing in live conditions. AI allows training and quick catch-up sessions to be held from anywhere, even after a medical resident leaves the campus post a tricky clinical case. AI-powered chatbots can answer queries on the fly, at any hour of the day. With instinctive AI diagnostic support and a low level of supervision, the next generation of medical students will definitely rely on automated self-learning platforms. Most-anticipated AI Innovations in Healthcare! Real-time data, technological advancements, and innovation are driving the industry forerunners to discover new AI opportunities in healthcare. Here’re a few healthcare AI innovations to behold in the coming days. 1. Address the Shortage of Physicians Google is running experiments to develop transformative AI imaging and diagnostic tools that can assist clinicians and even address the dearth of talent in a possibly grueling situation (like the global pandemic). Further research is being held to improve the detection of breast and lung cancer, sight-threatening eye conditions as well as skin diseases. 2. Genomic Analysis Research proves that 30% of individual health effects are congenital. All of us carry 4 to 5 million genetic variants, each of which can influence our health traits. The cost to sequence a genome and poor sequencing data have marred genomic analysis in the past, preventing clinicians from identifying genetic disorders and high-risk diseases at an early stage. Deep neural networks such as DeepVariant exhibits top-class accuracy in analyzing genetic variants and sequencing genome data. 3. Decentralized Clinical Trials The advent of AI is helping medical researchers and pharma companies worldwide to reduce in-person assessments in clinics. Various digital endpoints, such as smartphones, healthcare software, wearable sensors, EHRs, video conferencing, and numerous physical fitness monitoring devices are being used to gather data with the patient’s consent. This has drastically shifted medical trials from clinics, thereby reducing the risk of compromised immunity, exposure to fatal viruses, respiratory or cardiac malfunction, and other lethal health risks. Decentralized clinical trials allow institutional and federal health boards to review existing processes, implement new regulations quickly, listen to feedback and concerns, take proactive steps, and make healthcare more accessible to everyone. AI is Pivotal to Healthcare New Normal Necessity commands invention. Over the past two years, we saw how healthcare stakeholders around the globe took efforts to harness AI technologies – for discovering new drugs, extending the capability of existing drugs, reducing the time to distribution, screening for COVID-19 symptoms, supporting clinical decisions, automating hospital operations, and so on. Key U.S. healthcare decision-makers surveyed by Intel stated that their trust in AI in processing medical records has increased by 67%. As AI gets infused into more crucial areas of healthcare, it’s important to earn customer confidence and comfort, and support from various stakeholders in the ecosystem. Fingent helps develop innovative, AI-integrated, custom healthcare software applications to improve your competitive advantage, time-to-market, ROI, and clinical precision. As the world enters a new era of health, it’s important to choose the right technology partner that helps adopt the right technology at the right time. We have an eminent list of healthcare clients, including NHS, Novita Healthcare, Mundipharma, and Casenet, LLC among others. Contact us to understand how we’re helping businesses build trust and deliver sustained outcomes by making the most of our experience and technology. How is AI Facilitating Healthcare Innovation Over Years Today Artificial Intelligence (AI) is being used to enhance and improve all spheres of our lives. Artificial Intelligence in medicine is truly life-altering. The technology is used to solve complex healthcare challenges today. AI in medicine helps interpret the data obtained by diagnosing several chronic diseases such as diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, Alzheimer’s, and cancer. Automated systems, tools, and algorithms allow healthcare professionals to minimize errors and control disease progression. Artificial Intelligence in medicine has considerably advanced two fields: diagnosis and clinical decision-making. The implementation of AI in medicine enables physicians to minimize intra-observer variability and inter-observer variability. It facilitates the interpretation of diagnostic results with high accuracy and speed. A real-life example: Chest X-rays are among the most common imaging modalities read and interpreted by radiologists in hospitals today. Despite their widespread use, the modalities are difficult to interpret due to their low resolution. The AI models developed by IBM Research Center in California can read X-rays, and their performance is at par with the resident radiologists. This blog explains how Artificial Intelligence in medicine has been transforming healthcare in the past and present and how it can benefit us in the future. How AI has transformed healthcare in the past In the past, Artificial Intelligence focused primarily on the development of computerized machines that were capable of making inferences or decisions that only humans can make. In 1966, Shakey- “the first electronic person” was developed. It was a mobile robot capable of interpreting instructions. Unfortunately, reduced funding and lack of interest pushed Artificial Intelligence in the medical industry into a phase popularly referred to as “AI winter.” Thankfully, that was not the end. How is AI transforming the present Artificial Intelligence in medicine has crossed numerous milestones after the bleak “AI winter.” The present generation has witnessed a paradigm shift across patient treatment, clinical diagnosis, and decision-making. Armed with large amounts of data, doctors are now more capable of providing effective treatment to their patients. AI has revamped analytic methods and changed clinical decision-making techniques. Read more: 7 Major Impacts of Technology in Healthcare Increased data volumes enable decision-makers to gain unparalleled insights in all stages of treatment, such as diagnosis, treatment variability, care process, and patient outcomes. According to an analysis by Accenture, Artificial Intelligence in medicine can save 150 billion dollars for the US economy by 2026! Here’s how AI is transforming medicine and improving patient outcomes. 1. Electronic health records A CDC survey revealed that nearly 75% of healthcare providers trusted their EHR to improve patient care. AI can make the existing EHR system more intelligent and flexible. AI can improve data discovery and personalize treatment recommendations. When used with virtual medical assistants, a practitioner can retrieve information from EHRs without becoming a victim of clinical burnout. Thus, AI in EHR can improve both clinical outcomes and clinicians’ quality of life. 2. Medical imaging diagnostics Medical imaging developers have discovered numerous ways to use Artificial Intelligence in medicine to detect and diagnose a wide range of diseases. These developments range from automating workflows to improving processing speed. While AI imaging may seem expensive, it saves a vast amount of capital spent on invasive disease treatment and prolonged hospital stays by detecting the disease at an early stage. Ai also improves the accuracy of screenings for conditions by helping doctors in early diagnosis. The advent of molecular imaging allows doctors to diagnose an ailment at the cellular level leading to accurate treatment, better patient outcomes, and decreased mortality and morbidity. 3. Virtual health assistance Virtual health assistance enhances outcomes by cutting short hospital stays, reducing readmission rates, and improving the patient experience, especially among chronically ill patients. Combining AI with healthcare wearables helps streamline telemedicine and improve patient outcomes. A Virtual Health Assistant is developed to manage chronic diseases. It collects information about a patient every time he/she visits a doctor. It can be programmed to perform health screenings and send the results to the doctor. Each healthcare facility may choose to have a tailored virtual health strategy. This will help integrate appropriate healthcare platforms and technologies into the delivery model. 4. Proactive medical care Conventional medical treatment involved treating the patient after detecting the disease. This was called ‘reactive medical care.’ Thankfully, AI brought in a significant shift turning reactive medical care into ‘proactive medical care.’ AI-enabled proactive medical care includes studying patients’ medical history to locate high-risk markets for various diseases. Then they are monitored for any changes. Once an alarming change is detected, the application suggests medical intervention. These apps encourage the patient to be an active participant in their personal healthcare. These can be extremely helpful or even life-saving in conditions such as palliative care, congenital heart disease, and diabetes management. Such proactive medical care enables the patient to take care of oneself’s daily routine, including emergencies. Future of AI in medical industry The journey of Artificial Intelligence in the medical industry has just begun. It has significantly changed patient experience, clinicians’ practice, and pharmaceuticals. AI has found its way from our smartwatches to the supply chain. The future of AI in medicine includes everything from answering the phone to therapeutic drug and device design, making clinical diagnoses and treatment plans, and even conversing with patients. Here are two examples: 1. Drug discovery AI solutions for the medical industry can identify new potential therapies from vast information available on existing medicines. These will help healthcare providers in redesigning treatments that target new threats such as the Coronavirus. AI can improve the efficiency and success rate of drug development. It can also accelerate the process in response to deadly disease threats. A report by PwC states that the healthcare and pharma sectors are experiencing 67% improvement in clinical trials and drug discovery with the help of AI. Listed below are a few examples of how AI handholds frontline workers in the battle against Coronavirus pandemic: - AI-enabled contactless and wireless thermal scanning devices designed to collect and store precise temperature data of individuals. Care providers can integrate this data into healthcare platforms for further analysis. - AI-based computer vision programs that can be integrated into drones and CCTV cameras installed in public places to monitor the adherence of the public to COVID safety protocols. It can send real-time alerts to police and public health departments in case of safety violations. - AI-based robots that help physicians and healthcare workers with patient screening to avoid the risk of virus exposure. It can also enable video conversations with medical experts to procure prescriptions. - Customized AI applications that help predict COVID-19 symptoms through sample screening. AI also helps in predicting COVID risk scores. 2. Primary care Multiple organizations are working on ‘direct to patient solutions’ offering advice through voice or chat-based interaction. This can enable patients to receive quick, scalable access for their medical issues minimizing unnecessary trips to the healthcare facility. Healthcare providers should use AI-based direct-to-patient solutions to provide essential guidance for patients in remote geographies of the world. Artificial Intelligence is revolutionizing the medical industry Artificial intelligence in medicine is changing the role of doctors and medical professionals. It is also helping patients improve personal health management. AI is here to grow and transform numerous aspects like diagnosis, decision-making, treatment plan, drug development, etc. AI can play a leading role in how the future medical industry operates, ensuring optimal patient outcomes. Fingent keeps a close eye on the happenings in the medical industry and has developed the necessary capabilities to enable a connected healthcare ecosystem for our clients by developing advanced, end-to-end digital solutions. Give us a call, and let’s discuss your digital needs.

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Wild plants we can eat are all around us, and knowledge of edible plants is essential in a survival situation. It’s critical to understand wild flora and its uses, so we are ready when crisis strikes. Table of contents - Locating Important Plants - Wild Plants We Can Eat – A List of Edible Wild Plants - Dandelion (Taraxacum Officinale) - Chickweed (Stellaria Media) - Wood Sorrel (Oxalis Spp) - Herbit (Lamium Ampllexicaule) - Dead-Nettle (Lamium Purpureum) - Plantain (plantago lanceolate) - Sow thistle (Sonchus Spp) - Wild Onion (Allium Spp) - Cress (Cardamine Spp) - Blackberries (Rubus Fruticosus) - Asparagus (Asparagus Officinalis) - Elderberries (Sambucus) - Pine (Pinus) - Kudzu (Puenraria Lobata) - Daylily (Hemerocallis) - Pecans (Carya illinoinensis) - Hazelnuts (Corylus) - Walnuts (Juglans Regia) - Acorns (Quercus) - Hickory Nuts (Carya) - Clovers (Trifolium Repens) - Red Clovers (Trifolium Pratense) - Chicory (Cichorium Intybus) - Coltsfoot (Tussilago Farfara) - Creeping Charlie (Glechoma Hederacea) - Cattail (Typha Latifolia) - Garlic Mustard (Alliaria petiolata) - Chickweed (Stellaria Media) - Hop Clover (Trifolium Campestre) - Herb Robert (Geranium Robertianum) - Beach Lovage (Ligusticum Scoticum Hultenii) - Shepherd’s Purse (Capsella Bursa-Pastoris) - Research Before Eating Wild Plants - Final Thoughts Locating Important Plants Medicinal, edible plants are everywhere, but you must know where to look for them. Much of what you find will be dependent upon your location. In humid and tropical regions, most edible wild plants can be found in clearings with direct sun. In dry areas, the majority of wild edible plants can be found near the water. Wild plants, such as dandelions, plantain, wood sorrel dead-nettle, and grass, can often be found in places that have been recently cleared. Below, we’ve listed some edible plants that can be found in the woods and used for food, medicine, or both. Wild Plants We Can Eat – A List of Edible Wild Plants Dandelion (Taraxacum Officinale) Dandelion can be steamed whole. Its young center greens can be eaten raw, and the best part of the plant is its flower. The best way to eat the plant is to remove the green base of the flower and extract the bitter white sap. This plant is abundant in the wild and has sweet, filling leaves. Chickweed (Stellaria Media) Chickweed plants are entirely edible and all of their parts can be consumed. When eaten, chickweed tastes like sweet grass. Wood Sorrel (Oxalis Spp) Whole wood sorrel plants can be consumed raw. Make sure to avoid the red stem and leaves due to their bitter taste. The rest of the plant has a refreshing, acidic flavor that is nice to the palette. Wood sorrel is a common plant that can usually be seen in clearings, lawns, and deep wilderness. Consume this plant in moderation. Its oxalate content is quite high, and this can cause gastrointestinal ailments when taken in large quantities. Herbit (Lamium Ampllexicaule) This is another wild plant that is wholly edible and can be eaten raw. It tastes like mild mint with a tinge of a grassy, sweet flavor. Before eating herbit, avoid its stems and remove the tops. The herbit comes in a huge carpet formation, usually in the early times of the year. Dead-Nettle (Lamium Purpureum) This plant has many similar properties to the herbit, and it is consumed in the same way. It grows in abundance, like a huge carpet on the ground, mostly during spring time. Plantain (plantago lanceolate) The young leaves in the center of this plant are eaten raw and have a good salty flavor. The English plantain variety and the common plantain are quite similar to each other. Sow thistle (Sonchus Spp) Sow thistle is like dandelion, with yellow flowers that can be prepared in the same process and eaten raw. This thistle is more prickly-looking than dandelion. Wild Onion (Allium Spp) Wild onion plants are commonly found in areas that are regularly mowed. Bunches of wild onions are normally used like scallions. Cress (Cardamine Spp) Cress is a wild plant that can often be seen in cities. It is part of the mustard family and therefore has a slightly tangy mustard flavor when eaten raw. Full-grown cress plants can be steamed like mustard greens. Blackberries (Rubus Fruticosus) Most wild berries are not safe for human consumption, with the exemption of blackberries which are 100% edible and safe. Blackberries have long thin stems with green jagged leaves. They are abundant in spring and can be found clustered around its bush. Blackberries are ripe from the months of August to September. Asparagus (Asparagus Officinalis) Asparagus is mostly found in Europe and regions of North Africa. This plant gives the urine a peculiar smell when it is ingested. This plant is a great source of vitamin C, potassium, vitamin B6, and thiamine. The asparagus is best consumed after it’s boiled or roasted. It can be eaten raw in a pinch. Elderberry shrubs produce a large quantity of food and often grow up to 10 feet tall. They have about 7 central leaves stretched out from the stems, creating a long jagged-edged appearance. The white flowers of this plant form a cluster that looks like an umbrella. Berries from the elderberry plant are ripe by September. Elderberries must be properly processed to prevent intoxication, but they can be used to treat flu and colds. The berries can be processed into homemade jellies. Pine comes in different varieties and species. It is a good source of food and can also be used for some medicinal purposes. Native Americans use ground pine to treat scurvy. Pine is rich in vitamin C and can also be made into a tea by boiling a water bowl and dropping in a few pine needles. Kudzu (Puenraria Lobata) Kudzu is fully edible and has many medicinal properties; it can treat inflammation, migraines, and headaches. Boil, steam, or eat the stems and roots raw. The Daylily is a common plant that is scattered in many places. It has bright orange flowers with surrounding foliage that comes straight out of the ground. The flower buds can be eaten even before they open or be cooked like any other ordinary vegetable. Pecans (Carya illinoinensis) Pecan trees grow to an average of 20 to 30 feet tall, and their leaves have long, smooth edges. This plant has its origins in the south-central part of North America. Pecan trees provide a filling, nutritious food cache for those lucky enough to live near them. Hazelnut trees grow up to 20 feet in height and bear green, bright leaves with pointed edges. Hazelnuts mature in pods and are usually ripe in September and October. Walnuts (Juglans Regia) Walnut trees are the tallest nut trees in North America, growing to a maximum height of 30 feet tall. Their leaves look similar to the pecan nut tree. Walnuts grow in clusters and are ready to be eaten by fall. Acorns are also known as oak nuts. They are bitter to the taste and can be easily recognized by the shape of their shells. Before acorns are eaten, they must be thoroughly cooked. Only eat acorns in small quantities. Hickory Nuts (Carya) Hickory trees grow to about fifty to sixty feet tall. They have large leaves that look like a spear with pointed edges. Hickory nuts have a green, round shell, and are ripe for eating by September or October of every year. Clovers (Trifolium Repens) Clovers are edible and can be found in many places. You’ll find clover wherever grass is growing Distinctive trefoil leaves and white flowers make the Trifolium easy to spot. This plant tastes best when it’s boiled. Red Clovers (Trifolium Pratense) Red clovers are abundant in the wild. Eat these flowers and blossoms as they are, or steep in hot water to make tea. Enjoy all parts of this plant in a salad, if you’d like. Chicory (Cichorium Intybus) Chicory is found in North America, Australia, and Europe. The whole plant is safe for eating, including its blue flowers, which may come in white or pink colors. Chicory is renowned for its potency when used on internal parasites. Coltsfoot (Tussilago Farfara) The flowers, along with the young leaves of this plant, are edible. Coltsfoot flowers are eaten raw or can be mixed with salads to produce an aromatic flavor. The flower’s head, when added to honey, is often used as cough medicine. The leaves are bitter, but they can still be used for salads and stews. Coltsfoot is known to be a natural cough remedy. However, prolonged use is not advisable. Pregnant women and infants should avoid coltsfoot due to its liver-damaging properties. Creeping Charlie (Glechoma Hederacea) Enjoy the creeping charlie’s young leaves raw or cooked, depending on your preference. The slightly bitter flavor of the leaves produces an aromatic tang that goes well with salad or in juice. They can also be added to omelets, stews, soups, or dried to create tea. The common name for creeping Charlie is ground-ivy, tunhoof, alehoof, coltsfoot, field balm run-away-robin, and gill-over-the ground. Cattail (Typha Latifolia) North Americans commonly know this plant as punks, but its common name in England is reedmace or bullrush. This plant is typically found in freshwater wetlands. Cattails have been a traditional part of Native American tribe diets and are eaten raw or boiled. The best part of the cattail is the white part of the stem at the bottom part of the plant. Cattail flowers essentially taste like corn at the beginning of summer and are quite enjoyable. Garlic Mustard (Alliaria petiolata) Garlic mustard’s leaves, flowers, roots, and seeds can be eaten. The leaves have a bitter taste, but their flowers are often sliced up to be enjoyed in salads. When flower stalks are not present, the plant’s roots can be used for its pleasant horseradish flavor. Garlic mustard is harvested in late fall and early spring. Chickweed (Stellaria Media) Chickweeds are eaten raw, but can also be boiled prior to consumption. These nutritious wild plants become visible during the months of May and July. Hop Clover (Trifolium Campestre) All the parts of the hop clover can be used raw or processed for beverages and other food items. Hop clover flowers are used for tea. The seeds, which are harvested in autumn, can be grounded into flour or eaten raw. The leaves can be added to salads, juices, omelets, and sandwiches. Herb Robert (Geranium Robertianum) The herb Robert plant’s parts are all edible. The leaves can also be used to ward off mosquitoes by rubbing them on the skin. Whole herb Robert plants deter deer and rabbits from gardens, offering a natural form of protection for cultivated plants. Beach Lovage (Ligusticum Scoticum Hultenii) Raw leaves from this plant can be tossed in salads or added to soups and salsas. Beach lovage has better taste before its flowers emerge, so its great flavor is often sought after for seasoning purposes. Shepherd’s Purse (Capsella Bursa-Pastoris) Young leaves from the shepherd’s purse plant are great when added to salads or soups. Its leaves can be eaten for the whole summer period, but its mature leaves have a less appealing peppery flavor. Research Before Eating Wild Plants We recommend purchasing a guidebook for a complete understanding of wild plants and their edible or medicinal properties. This will also help you identify plants in your local area. When searching for edible plants, be on the lookout for ornamental trees that have attractive flowers. These flowers will often lead you to edible berries, plums, or crab apples. The majority of nuts in the wild are healthy and fit to be consumed by humans. They can usually be found underneath trees. Acorns are in abundance under the oak tree’s leaves and can be consumed without the need for further processing. Trees that bear edible fruits can usually be found in the open, mostly on roadsides, forest clearings, and nearby bodies of water. Keep in mind that fruit trees need the sun to bear their fruits, so the likelihood of finding fruit-bearing trees deep in the forest is nil. See more of our tips on how to survive in the wild for added information on wilderness survival. I’ve also provided a list of good plant foraging books below. - The Scout's Guide to Wild Edibles: Learn How To Forage, Prepare & Eat 40 Wild Foods - Mushrooming without Fear: The Beginner's Guide to Collecting Safe and Delicious Mushrooms

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What the next president does or doesn’t do over the next four years will have a profound impact on whether the world is able to avert the worst effects of climate change, scientists, policymakers and activists say. They say the world needs a US president who cares about climate change, for two main reasons. First, many nations take their cue from US policy, particularly on issues such as the climate crisis, meaning Washington has a unique opportunity to influence. Second, the US is the world’s second-biggest polluter after China, meaning it has a moral obligation to act. His Democratic challenger former Vice President Joe Biden, said at the same debate that “global warming is an existential threat to humanity. We have a moral obligation to deal with it.” Biden’s comments echo what the scientists are saying. Global carbon dioxide concentrations — the main culprit warming the planet — are at higher levels than at any time in human history. Under a US president who pushes for climate policies, however, the world could work toward “marginal, incremental damages” rather than catastrophic ones, said Jonathan Pershing, program director of environment at the William and Flora Hewlett Foundation, who was the former special envoy for climate change at the US Department of State during the second term of the Obama administration. Pershing added: “Every succeeding election becomes more and more urgent because the time is shorter to manage those really grievous damages.” The coronavirus pandemic, which has killed more than 230,000 and infected 9.1 million people in the US, has exposed that Trump’s administration is hostile to science and decades of research. That endangers lives and livelihoods, according to Kim Cobb, a professor and researcher of paleoclimate and climate change at Georgia Tech. “It’s not really the planet anymore. It’s really about people. And that’s something that we all have to wake up to. It’s not about saving polar bears and coral reefs, it’s about us,” Cobb said. “We can simply not afford to put our heads in the sand about this other lasting global challenge which is a direct threat to our country.” Why Paris matters The Paris Agreement, a pact signed into effect in 2016 by almost all the world’s countries, seeks to limit global warming to well below 2°C and pursue efforts to limit it to 1.5°C. To do so, countries need to reach net-zero emissions by 2050. “It’s critically important for the entire movement that the US be a part of it,” said Lois Young, Belize’s ambassador to the United Nations. “Other countries that are big emitters are saying, Well if the United States is not accountable, why should I be?” At UN climate talks in Madrid last year, Young, who is also head of the Alliance of Small Island States, accused big polluters like the US of “ecocide.” She said the Trump administration’s policies on climate have been “a total disaster.” “They have closed their eyes to the science,” she said, adding that fossil fuel emissions pollute and impact the whole world. “Emissions don’t have borders. We are all in this together, as we are with Covid. So what happens in America doesn’t stay in America. We all pay a price.” “If Trump wins again, the chances of achieving anything like Paris compliance are very, very low. That’s the level we are at already,” said Tim Benton, who leads the Energy, Environment and Resources groups and the British think tank Chatham House. “If Biden wins, there is much more space for ambitious climate action on a global basis,” he said, but warned it’s so late in the day for action to reduce the required emissions that “we still might not get to Paris levels.” In recent years, young people have been increasingly vocal about the climate crisis, demanding the issue remains on the international agenda. “The future of all youth is at stake here, and there is no turning back if we pass the point of no return when it comes to our climate,” said Sohanur Rahman, a leading Bangladeshi youth activist and founding member of YouthNet for Climate Justice. “History will remember the course the next administration takes.” “Every fossil fuel infrastructure that the United States builds affects me and my people, as well as those from vulnerable countries around the world,” said Rahman. He said the US needs to use its influence and wealth to “offer support to Bangladesh and other global south countries through technology transfer, renewable energy subsidies, and finance for climate mitigation.” A continent away, young activists in Africa also say the US’ domestic policy on climate change has profound impacts on them, because the African continent and the Global South are facing some of the worst climate effects. “US policy decisions, their ideological impact has been felt especially hard since the introduction of the Trump administration. Through their withdrawing from the Paris Agreement in June of 2017 and their continued investment in and support for climate change denial,” wrote Nick Ford, 17, and Petra de Beer, 16, in a joint email statement. They are activists with the Cape Town-based African Climate Alliance, a youth-led environmental and social justice group. They say it’s vital the next administration is “strongly cognizant of their global impact and recognizes its obligations” which take place “through both the policy decisions of those in power within the US, and in the information which the US chooses to disseminate or suppress.” Across Asia Pacific, the climate crisis has also affected people, ecosystems and livelihoods. Storm surges in the Philippines have become harder to predict and more intense, the Mekong River in Southeast Asia — a lifeline for 60 million people — is at its lowest level in 100 years, and rising sea levels are threatening megacities, such as Dhaka, Shanghai, and Jakarta or entire Pacific Islands. Chuck Baclagon, finance campaigner for environmental group 350 Asia, said the US pulling out of the Paris Agreement was “an injustice for many Asian countries who are least responsible and have least benefited from the massive burning of fossil fuels in the past 150 years.” Why the world needs the US to act on climate Global solidarity, Baclagon said, is more important than ever. “With less than a decade to tackle the climate crisis, the United States’ involvement in climate action is extremely important.” According to Baclagon, America could use its influence to lean on private financial institutions — including banks, insurance companies, and pension funds — that continue to invest in fossil fuels. “The onus is not solely on the United States — as several of the largest financial institutions are based in Asia. But if the new US administration will make clear that climate is back on top of their agenda, financial institutions worldwide will take notice,” he said. Young said the world won’t succeed in reducing the necessary emissions, or adapting to the climate onslaught without America. “On a scale of 1-10 without the US, we would be at a 6 in success. We need the US to take us over the finish line to 10,” she said. “You hate to say you are beholden or that you need one country but the fact of the matter is, we need the US.” That’s because the US has the science, the technology, and the finance to move forward and “their influence is critical,” Young said. “When it comes to climate leadership over the last four years, Europe in effect has stepped into the gap left by the United States, particularly working with China and low income countries,” said Chatham House’s Benton. “They have made some progress, but that is much less than would have been the case if you had a US-EU-China strong coalition.” As part of the Paris Agreement, wealthy countries also pledged to mobilize $100 billion a year in climate funding for developing countries — something Trump said the US would not do under his administration. “And that’s where the biggest threat lies, because the US would be one of the major contributors to these funds, and that makes it much harder for the European Union to just stand in and say we can cover the American contribution … that would be really difficult to pull off,” said Robert Falkner, the Research Director of the LSE’s Grantham Research Institute on Climate Change and the Environment. For some nations, like Australia, the outcome of the US election could determine in which direction they move on their own climate policy. “What Washington says and wants reverberates very closely in Canberra,” said Frank Jotzo, director of the Centre for Climate and Energy Policy at Australian National University. “If Trump has a second term then we will see a hardening of Australia’s position not to do much, not to take on a stronger targets, not to declare a net zero target for middle of the century,” Jotzo said. A Biden presidency, he said, would “put pressure for positive climate change policy on all its allies.” The US being part of the Paris Agreement doesn’t ensure the world will avoid dangerous climate change. Indeed, if governments stick to their current targets submitted under the Paris Agreement, the world is set to warm by 2.7°C by the end of the century, according to CAT, bringing more extreme storms, heatwaves, greater sea level rise, and, for many parts of the world, worse droughts and rainfall extremes. Jotzo said what is likely to make the biggest difference is investment and innovations in clean energy from the private sector. The price of renewable forms of energy, such as solar power, are now cheaper than the price of coal, and electric vehicles are becoming more affordable. Innovations in green tech are finding other ways to deal with other planet-warming gases like methane and refrigerants, and there has been innovation around zero-carbon steel. “The long term trajectory is clearly towards very substantial reductions in greenhouse gas emissions,” Jotzo said. Zero emission technologies are now cost competitive with polluting technologies and “this creates an incentive for many corporates in many countries to actually push in that direction.” Keeping fossil fuels in the ground, reducing emissions and stopping subsidies for coal and oil, as well as ramping up use of renewables is vital for limiting climate disasters and avoiding economic impacts worse than the coronavirus pandemic has wrought, Young said. To achieve this, the US needs to be accountable, according to Young: “Covid will be overcome, the climate crisis cannot be overcome unless we have American leadership.”

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Architects mediate the complexity of the world and their ideas through different instrumental modalities. Whether perspective drawings, proportional relationships, descriptive geometry, material prototypes, scaled models, maquettes or three-dimensional models – models serve the purpose of collecting and indexing information into measurable and rational systems so that the architectural project can be nurtured, refined, measured, and its behaviour simulated, tested and possibly predicted before getting built. The model works, at the same time, as an instrument of measurement, representation and forecast. It measures the extensive characteristics of matter, it represents the built form via other media, and it predicts its intensive traits, its behaviour. The model operates in the Deleuzian domain of the virtual: it is ‘non-actual, nonetheless it’s real’. The history of architecture unfolds vis-à-vis the history of machinic civilisation. It can be argued that the evolution of machines intertwines the evolution of rational thinking which, in turn, has contributed to the development of architecture. In his book Curious Technique, Paolo Portoghesi reflects on ‘the machine designed mentally before being built, even the machine only conceived and investigated abstractly as an idea’. In essence, overcoming the cognitive and cultural boundaries of paleo-technological societies, machines have ranged from tools as a simple extension of the body (such as a hoe or a spade), to something that ‘begins to impose itself as a direct projection of reasoning or as a fantastic stimulus linked to the mysterious sense of nature, to the desire to discover and celebrate the secrets of movement, strength and time together’. Machines have, in time, embodied many of our deepest fears and our brightest expectations: from early functional objects at the service of mankind to the inexhaustible force of transformation and change, all the way to acquiring the physiognomy of a living being capable of reproducing itself and endowed, if not with its will, with a surprising power to impose its rhythms and rules on humanity. Following Turing’s theory and artificial intelligence, Portoghesi discussed these issues with philosopher Vittorio Somenzi. They perceived by intuition that the machine can reproduce itself and is, therefore, able to collect the message of one generation and transmit it to the next one. The utopian project for the city of Dikaia, developed by Portoghesi in 1969, was born precisely from these reflections: an entirely mechanical city capable of reproducing itself and based on the systematic transmission of information, generation after generation. This fascination for machines ran parallel with Portoghesi’s obsession with the figure of Francesco Borromini. Born in Rome in via Monterone, a stone’s throw from Piazza Sant’Eustacchio, Portoghesi observed the dome of Sant’Ivo on his daily commute to school. That ‘strange’ building would haunt him for the rest of his life. Sant’Ivo alla Sapienza, built by Borromini between 1642 and 1660, together with the Oratorio dei Filippini which is located nearby the house of his grandparents in Piazza della Chiesa Nuova, exerted a charm that marked his entire career as an architect and an intellectual. Borromini became part of Paolo Portoghesi’s imagination from a very young age. His architecture became a ‘problem’ to which Portoghesi dedicated study and insight for the rest of his life. At 16 he wrote his first booklet dedicated to the Baroque master: hand-typed, printed in very few copies and distributed to his closest friends. It was the first act of love for a figure to whom Portoghesi dedicated numerous books, becoming one of the greatest scholars and historians of the Baroque. In the seventeenth century, the progress in modern mathematics opened up new possibilities and freed architecture from its hefty Vitruvian tradition. It is within this context that early forms of proto-parametric processes emerged. Parametric design can be defined as a system to organise the relationship between the constituent parts of a building and its entirety by means of dependent variables. These relationships can be either explicit – they depend on an explicit constraint – or implicit, that is a variable dependent on another variable. Some sort of proto-parametric systems governing the alteration of geometry by means of proportional dimensions can be dated back to antiquity. The Golden Section, for instance, can be described as a case in point. As Mario Carpo points out, these forms of notations emerged out of necessity due to the lack of an accurate system of reproduction of graphic drawings rather than from a cultural necessity. Since Vitruvius, architectural orders were described as a modular subdivision of an initial quantity. The diameter of a column, for instance, could be taken and recursively subdivided to proportionally scale all its component parts. This dimensional system allowed the dimensioning of the column so that it complies with the requirements of the classical order. At the turn of the seventeenth century, Baroque architecture represents one of the most sophisticated examples of proto-parametric architectural styles. At its core lies a novel understanding of architectural form as a variation of a set of malleable geometrical parameters. Bernini and Borromini understood the relation with the classic Vitruvian tradition as a model to be used to develop a new formal vocabulary rather than a style to adhere to and replicate. For them, true freedom lay within the canon, which should be mastered and manipulated through its intrinsic parametric logic. They exploited the possibilities offered by the very instruments they had at their disposal for the development of geometrical composition, such as cords and rulers. These manipulations were of fundamental importance as they allowed for a series of proto-parametric transformation of geometry. In San Carlino alle Quattro Fontane, for instance, Borromini employed recursive geometric subdivisions to achieve surface continuity. He used the pantograph (which possesses the quality of the cord and the ruler) to generate flowing curves with varying tangents. He achieved that by recursively tracing curves along the path of another curve. Moreover, both in plan and in the elevation of the facade, the church was developed by using the diameter of the columns to create a complex interplay of concave and convex geometries. Whereas classical architecture follows the aggregation logic of simple square or rectangular prismatic forms, Borromini subverted this principle by means of a recursive subdivision of convex and concave geometries rendering the plan of the building as well as the entire composition, a dynamic elegant whole. Borromini, however, did not enjoy the favour of his contemporaries. He was considered extravagant and a profane interpreter of the classic canon. Computation without computers In 1970, Paolo Portoghesi published Roma Barocca and, throughout his academic and professional career, he entertained a virtual intellectual ‘dialogue’ with Francesco Borromini. This passion surfaced, in different forms, time and time again throughout his built and written works. Machines, the Baroque and applied mathematics outline a very different profile to Portoghesi’s official biography. The architectural climate around the second half of the twentieth century was one where, with the advance of computer science, a renewed interest for the algorithmic and the procedural approach to architectural design was blossoming. Architects of late-Modernism started to develop new procedural design methodologies, whether through the direct use of computers or through the development of analogically and yet systematic ways of working. Paolo Portoghesi, most famously known for being the first curator of the Venice Architecture Biennale in 1982 and subsequently one of the main interpreters of the Postmodern, represents an interesting and unexpected case in point. Between the 1960s and 1970s, Portoghesi engaged in a series of projects in which he explored, as an architect, some of the themes developed through his friendship with Bruno Zevi who, at the time, was trying to contrast the orthodoxy of the modern movement through a critical rapprochement to history. Quoting Sullivan, Zevi sought to find ‘the new in the old and the old in the new’. This approach seduced Portoghesi, so they both started working on Michelangelo architetto, a book that never saw the light of the day due to a clash between the egos of the two authors. Nonetheless, on the back of this experience, in 1974 Portoghesi published Inibizioni dell’architettura moderna (The inhibition of modern architecture), where he attempts to develop a comprehensive theory of space. Starting from a series of stories and personal memories of his youth in Rome, the author expresses the fascination for the ‘Eternal City’ and, of course, its Baroque heritage. In the book, Portoghesi tried once again to go beyond the orthodoxy of the Modern that operated a dogmatic caesura between the historic city and modernity. On the contrary, he tried to mend the historic heritage and modern experience. Portoghesi prayed for a re-appropriation of history without fear or inhibitions, integrating the memory of the past with the desires and needs of modernity. Portoghesi, helped by his friend Norberg-Schulz, set out to discover ‘Rome before Rome’, a formal matrix for the urban development of the city of Rome. He found it along the Treja valley, in northern Lazio, where the beloved fortified historic centre of Calcata is located. Portoghesi interpreted le forre, a system of gorges and inlets that cut the morphology of the territory thanks to the action of the waterways, as a matrix of the spatiality of Rome, also made up of insulae and narrow streets. Inhibitions is however significant for the ‘Teoria dei Campi’ (the Field Theory). From the observations of the ornaments of the altars in Baroque churches, Portoghesi reflected on architectural elements that can ‘emanate’ waves, as if they were magnetic fields, which affect the surrounding spaces of the church. This intuition needs new models and representative tools. This research produced a series of diagrams in which a series of rippled waves emanate in concentric circles. Even before being architectural plans, these drawings are spatial diagrams that produce a field of lines of varying intensity. This field becomes the model in which walls, structures and dividing elements can be arranged and, at the same time, less tangible qualities of space can be expressed, such as light and sound. In this case, the diagram can be understood as a way of reading the intensive qualities of space: each centre can be understood as a point of particular intensity – due to its program or due to its specific quality of light or sound. Although not developed with computers, this design methodology follows strictly algorithmic logic. The field, in addition to exploring the potential for a more open and porous spatiality, becomes a model for the articulation of a new formal expression. This theory was applied for the first time in the project for Casa Andreis (1964–1969). The layout of the walls and the division of the space of the house follow the model built through the circles. The result is a structure that supports free movement and establishes a very fluid interaction between solid and void and between inside and outside. Once again, the influence of Borromini is reflected in Portoghesi’s architecture. Here, as in the drawings for San Carlino, the regulatory layout, the system that demonstrates the scientific nature of the architectural composition is used as the generative matrix of the project. Borromini was one of the few artists, between the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, who used graphite (most of his contemporaries drew with the pen), managing to express his ability to draw ‘mathematically’ achieving absolute precision and accuracy. In his works, Borromini was determined to fully rationalise the process: he was not satisfied with the direct control over the project, by means of instructing the builders or adjusting the design in constructione. Instead, he was willing to use systems of indirect control that can guarantee extreme accuracy, both during the design phase as well as during the on-site setting out. In the same way, Portoghesi established a virtual matrix (the field) as a tool of soft control over the project. He discussed and applied the concepts of field, growth, rhythm and process, which were conceived as indirect control systems. Since his first projects for a villa for the Baldi family on the outskirts of Rome, Portoghesi has experimented with a proto-algorithmic design methodology using generative diagrams as an organizational principle. The result is an open structure that produces a heterogeneous space in which the parameters that affect space (walls, air, light, etc.) define the shape of the building. The project for the church of the Holy Family in Salerno is undoubtedly the most mature and successful example of this corpus of works as the exploration of the fields fully extends into the third dimension. While in Casa Baldi or in Casa Andreis, the project emerges as a direct extrusion from the two-dimensional diagram, in the project for the church in Salerno the field includes all three dimensions. The idea of designing through a ‘soft’ control process on the project gave Portoghesi the opportunity to articulate open compositions in which architecture leaves room to life. Although Portoghesi continued to design copiously throughout the eighties and nineties, this period undoubtedly remains one of the happiest moments of his architectural production. This attempt to theorise the formal logic in architecture will remain unfinished. Portoghesi went on to join the cause of Postmodernism, propelling his career on the International stage. However, this body of works leaves a memorably bright trace in the history of late-Modernism and an all too often forgotten milestone in the development of proto-algorithmic models for architecture. Gilles Deleuze, Bergsonism (New York: Zone Books, 1988), 96. Paolo Portoghesi, Tecnica curiosa. Dall’infanzia delle macchine alle macchine inutili (Milan: Edizioni Medusa, 2015), 32. Mario Carpo, The Alphabet and the Algorithm (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2011). Roberto Bottazzi, Digital Architecture beyond Computers (London: Bloomsbury, 2018), 90-97. Paolo Portoghesi, Roma Barocca (Rome: Bestetti, 1966). Louis Sullivan, “Ornament”, The Engineering Magazine, August 1892. Paolo Portoghesi, Le inibizioni dell’architettura moderna (Rome: Laterza, 1974).

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Welcome to the 15th century! As in the century, we will begin in the heart of it all: Italy. As Italy works to move past the tragedies of the 14th century, it begins to take on the ideals of Petrarch, and humanism becomes the norm. The first would be the Kingdom of Sicily, and the fact that Alfonso V of Aragon, now secure in his dominance of the Sicilian Island, would use it to launch an invasion of the Kingdom of Naples. We will learn more about his full reign when we discuss Spain, but for now know he did not focus on Aragon much, and instead set his attention to Italian expansion. His attempts were brutal, but unsuccessful until Joanna II of Naples adopted him and named him her heir. She would recant this and was incredibly hot-cold over the arrangement. When she would rally against Alfonso, she would seek to the other possible heir she has, Louis III of Anjou. Alfonso would return home to help settle a dispute between Aragon and Castile, and then return to Italy. Once he returned, he would never set foot in Spain again. In 1442, he was successfully named King of Naples, where he spent the rest of his life in Italy. When he died in 1458, he did not have a legitimate heir despite being married for years. He split his kingdom between his two heirs: his brother John was given Aragon and Sicily, his eldest illegitimate son, Ferdinand, inherited Naples. Ferdinand would rule Naples until his death in 1494; his reign would be dominated by the conflicts of the surrounding states, high taxes, and attacks from the Ottoman empire. The rest of Italy was still dealing with the consequences of the Papal Schism. The Papacy has returned permanently to Rome, but that doesn’t mean everyone is happy about it. The church maintains stiff control over Ancona & Southern Umbria, and that’s about it. Even Rome holds strong anti-papacy/pro-republic sentiments. This brings a rise in power for the people as “papal vicars” start to rise; specifically Este of Ferrara, Montefelto of Urbino, and the Bentivoglio and Baglioni families. The various Popes worked to change this and assert more power. Martin V began renovations to the church and commissioned art for them that helped give the Renaissance more momentum. Eugene IV tried unsuccessfully to unite Roman Catholic and East Roman Orthodox churches when he suggested a crusade against the Turks, and allowed Henry, Prince of Portugal, to raid Northern Africa for slaves. Nicholas V began to change things around for the Pope’s though. He helped end the 100-Year-War, commissioned art and architecture like St. Peter’s Basilica, and finally reunited the Papal States. His predecessors worked to maintain the work he started and build upon it to reach their immediate domain strong (in theory their domain was any Roman Catholic country). Sixtus IV is supposed to have brought their vision to light, and under him Rome embraced the Renaissance, especially with the construction of the Sistine Chapel. He also aided Spain with the inquisition and was involved in what is known as the Pazzi scheme. Pope Innocent VIII almost had everything come crashing down. A man with few morals, he disposed Ferdinand as King of Naples in 1489 and engaged in wars throughout Italy that depleted the church’s treasury. His reign ended in 1492, and the infamous Pope Alexander VI. Under his rule, his family name of Borgia became a synonym for nepotism and libertinism, and it is mostly remembered for using his power to further those of his children who are as infamous (if not more so) than he is; Lorenzo, Gioffre, and Lucrezia. It is no wonder that most of the Italian States searched elsewhere for leadership with the ebb and flow of their Papacy, and insufficient faith this appeared to establish. Many states witnessed the rise of “Papal Vicars”, who would rule on “behalf” of the papacy. Some of the most prominent were Este of Ferrara, Montefeltro of Urbino, and the families of Bentivoglio and Baglioni. While some states struggled, others prospered. Florence, for instance, flourished with strong trade and wealth from banking. Giovanni di Bicci founded Medici Bank in 1397, after breaking with the bank his nephew owned, and moved from Rome to Florence. Slowly, he began to build influence and wealth. He commissioned the Church of San Lorenzo by Brunelleschi, with art by Donatello. He fought successfully for the release of anti-pope John XXIII, but had supported Pope Martin. He worked diligently to remain in favor of the population, and did his best not to flaunt his growing wealth. This began to change though when he started bringing his sons, Cosimo and Lorenzo, more into the family business. By the time he passed in 1429, they were the 2nd wealthy family in Florence and the unofficial rulers of the state. Cosimo was the one to inherit the business, and he was considered a menace by those who were anti-Medici. The beginning of his rule is marked by a series of exiles as factions pushed him out and pulled him back again. In 1434, this dance ended, and he returned to Florence with the goal to stomp out the factionalism that led to his revolving door of exile in the first place. In 1447, he sent Francesco I Sforza to Milan after the death of Filippo Visconti, who had only one legitimate heir named Bianca. Francesco was considered a thug by many, having gained his lands and title through theft, and he set his sights on Milan. He married Bianca, and when he succeeded, aligned with Cosimo. This, along with the alliance of Venice and Naples, was greeted with a general peace in Italy for almost 50 years. Cosimo worked steadily during this period to bring peace to Italy and attempted to keep foreign powers out of the area, and after his death, the Signoria of Florence gifted him the title once held by Cicero, “Father of the Fatherland”. His work towards peace, his patronage of several artists including Donatello, Michelozzo, Benozzo Gozzoli, and Fran Angelico, as well as his construction of the San Marco library, helped the Renaissance snowball into the movement we know it as. He died in 1464 and was succeeded at the bank by his son, Piero the Gouty. Piero was not nearly as crafty as his father with business, and while he kept it operating smoothly, he created new enemies of the Medici’s by driving them into bankruptcy. He died of gout and lung disease 5 years after his father. His son though, was as legendary as his father, and known as Lorenzo the Magnificent. Lorenzo managed the bank alongside his brother Giuliano, and the brothers were known for participating in jousts and horse racing in their spare time. While Lorenzo had been groomed for power, he inherited a complicated situation, and hatred for the Medici rule was growing. It came to a boiling point in 1478 when Pope Sixtus IV approved the assassination of the two brothers in what is known as the Pazzi conspiracy. Named for the family that orchestrated it, the men were attacked on April 26th in the Cathedral of Santa Maria del Fiore. Giuliano died, but Lorenzo escaped with minor injuries thanks to poet Poliziano. The public was furious, and justice against the Archbishop of Pisa and involved Pazzi family members was brutal and swift. In response, Pope Sixtus excommunicated Lorenzo and the Florence government while seizing every Medici asset he could get his hands on. This had little effect, so he recruited Ferdinand Iof Naples to use his army to enact justice. Lorenzo did rally the people, and despite not having allies like the Duke of Milan, they were able to hold off the army. It wasn’t enough though, and Lorenzo traveled to Naples and negotiated in person, as a prisoner, for peace. His success gave him more power and allowed him secure constitutional changes to the Republic. He spent the rest of his tenure advocating for peace, including with Sultan Mehmed II of the Ottoman Empire, whom he traded with. He expanded the Medici business into mining in Tuscany and spent over 600,000 florins on charity (something he was proud of). He died at the end of the century in 1492, and the business and role as Lord of Florence went to his eldest, Piero the Unfortunte. Piero would lose the title after two years after he infuriated the public and ruling Signoria when he attempted to coerce Charles VIII of France an ally, and instead caved to the Frenchman’s every demand. The peace Lorenzo had formed was toppled when France and Spain began fighting over territory, and this was Piero’s way of protecting Florence, but instead it forced him to flee and the Medici’s would not rule over Florence again until 1512. Would you believe me if I told you this is only half of what was going on in Italy during this century? Well, this is part one, so we definitely have more to cover! In part two, we will dive in the Duchy of Milan, the Republic of Venice, and what prompted France and Spain (mostly Aragon) to play tug-o-warfare between the Italian States leading into the Italian Wars. I hope you are excited to learn more about the 15th century! If you believe we missed some things in the 14th century, have no fear. There is a list, and once we finish the 17th century, we will be free posting and circling back! There are heaps of topics from the Renaissance, and we are excited to discuss them all! If you have any suggestions, please feel free to reach out on our social media accounts! Thank you for your support!

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The world is full of wonders. A lot of things we don’t know or never saw. Moreover, some things we don’t know even exist. Like yesterday, I was wondering on the internet like any other day. Suddenly I come across a fish image that has an odd face structure. Then I looked into the details. The heading was “Fish That Looks Like a Human.” I was like, seriously! After checking the image more carefully, what you know! The face portion does look like a human. Therefore, this topic picked up my interest. Then, I checked up the term on Google and found several articles and videos with similar topics. However, most of the information doesn’t carry any valid source or looks fake. So, I decided to put few popular ones in a single blog post that has some validity. Here are some similar articles we’ve covered on our site. If you feel interested, click the links below to read them. Fishes With HUman-like Appearances Blobfish (Psychrolutes marcidus): Blobfish, also known as the smooth-head Blobfish that is from the family Psychrolutidae. This species lives in 600-1200 m (where the pressure is 100 times greater) of the sea depth of New Zealand, Australia, and Tasmania. The Blobfish was discovered in 2003 in New Zealand by marine ecologist Kerry Parkinson. It’s also known as one of the ugliest-looking fish/creatures on earth. - Blobfish can reach a maximum length of 30 cm or 12 inches and weigh around 2 kg. - The flesh of this species is primarily a gelatinous mass that density a little above the water. However, bringing a dead blobfish on the surface will look like a 1980s dessert. - Blobfish don’t have a swim bladder; the air sac-style organ helps them to stay closer to the surface and control buoyancy. - They float just above the seafloor without swimming or energy spending. - The blobfish lack muscle and bones. - Also, it doesn’t have a skeleton. - The face or head is fat-looking. - Their bodies, pinkish-grey in color, taper to the tail a bit like a tadpole. - The eyes are round and black. - They feed on floating edible matters like crustaceans. Similarities with Humans: As you can see in the above picture, their forward extended body parts look like a human nose. The eyes are black that resemble humans. The wrinkled below parts match to human mouth and chin. Overall, if you look at the picture, the Blobfish has a face that looks like a human. This renowned Koi species also looks like it having a human face if you stare from above or from a certain angle. The Matsuba Koi’s origin is in Japan. It’s a metallic body-colored (color may vary) with a net pattern Koi fish. - It’s a Koi species with a variety of colors, including Yellow, Red, Metallic, etc. - They’re from the carp family. - Matsuba Koi can grow about 3 inches. - It’s a hardy fish that can survive in poor water conditions. - The ideal water temperature is about 70 degrees Fahrenheit. - They can eat almost anything, omnivore. - Water pH should be between 6.8 and 7.2. - The minimum pond size recommended is 1000 gallons with 3 inches depth. Similarities with Humans: As we’ve mentioned before, if you look at this Koi from above, the mouth part will look like a human face. Especially the metallic-colored Matsuba. Fish with Human Teeth (Sheepshead): This one is more interesting than the rest. Nathan Martin is a regular angler at the fishing spot Jeannette’s Pier in North Carolina. And he was waiting for a long time for this fish. And his patience was paid off. First, it looked like any other usual fish. However, observing the fish for a while, Martin discovered the frontal teeth of that fish terrifically similar to human teeth structure. After that, he took few snaps by holding the fish and upload it on Social media. And it stirred the internet world, and many people were saying, “it has better teeth than mine.” However, it was Archosargus Probatocephalus, also known as the Sheepshead. It’s a marine fish that can grow about 80 centimeters in length. The name Sheepshead comes from their resemblance with the sheep heads, hence, the name. Its body contains 5 to 6 black bars on a gray-colored body. The dorsal spine of sheepsheads is sharp. And their mouth is hard and contains multiple rows of stubby teeth. This fish’s diet contains clams, oysters, bivalves, fiddler crabs, barnacles, and other usual crustaceans. Fish with a Human Face in China: A video went viral in November or April 2019 on various social media platforms. That video footage showed a Carp fish with a human face tapping its head above the water surface at the lake’s or pond’s edge. The video publisher claimed that the video was recorded outside the city of Kunming in South China. Although the authenticity of the video was questioned, it created a huge uproar on the internet. Many top-rated news sites published articles about this human-like carp fish in China. This video was first published in the Chinese version of TikTok and later many other social media platforms. However, we couldn’t find the original video source. Therefore we couldn’t embed it here. Rather, we’ve found a good clip on Youtube, and we’re embedding it here for your convenience. In the video, the recorded carp fish has two black dots resembling human eyes. And two vertical stripes that gave it a nose shape. Also, it had a horizontal line giving it a mouth shape. However, most people agree that this shape is visible if you look at it from a certain angle. However, another popular theory that people agreed with is linked to Ningyo, a fish-like creature from Japanese folklore. Here’s the link if you’re interested in reading more about the topic. Pacu: Fish with human-like teeth: Pacu is omnivorous South American freshwater serrasalmid fish species that can grow up to 1 meter (100 cm) long and 40 kg (About 88.5 lb.) in weight. Pacus are connected to the Piranhas. Both of them inhabit rivers, floodplains, reservoirs, and lakes in South America. The main difference between pacus and piranhas is their jaw alignment. The Pacu has straighter teeth (more like to human teeth structure) with a less severe underbite/overbite. On the other hand, Piranha has pointed teeth like knives for flesh or scales. A few anglers from Michigan unexpectedly meet the red-bellied species of Pacu with human-like teeth structure. From the researchers’ perspective, the uncannily human-like teeth of this fish aren’t normal. Therefore, they’re trying to find the reasons behind it. Moreover, unlike Piranhas, Pacus feed mostly on plant matters rather than other kinds. However, Pacus’s human-like teeth are strong enough to break the fingers of a man. But, they use those chompers for cracking nuts and seeds for eating. Fish with Human-like Teeth and Lips from Malaysia: Another human-like fish that shook up the internet in mid-July of 2020. @raffnasir from Malaysia posted a fish image on Twitter on 2nd July of 2020, saying, “her lips are sexier than me.” After few days, it took over the internet, saying fish with human-like plump lips and teeth. And, Some of the big news sites published articles regarding this fish. The fish’s lips were terrifically similar to humans. And, the teeth structure was highly matched to human chompers. As we’ve identified, this fish is called “Triggerfish.” However, after researching this topic for a long time, we can tell you that this was a Triggerfish for sure. But, the image is most probably a modified one. And we do want to believe our conclusion is wrong. Even after watching the picture, some marine specialists said that the real Triggerfish has pulp lips, and their teeth have an unusual structure. But those aren’t similar to human chompers. Triggerfish have around 40 species, and they’re part of the Balistidae family. This fish species live in comparatively shallow coastal and coral reefs of the tropical and subtropical oceans. The average length of the Triggerfish Species is about 20-50 cm. It has an oval-shaped body with a large head. The Triggerfish has a strong jaw with teeth that are capable of crushing shells. The eyes are small which are quite far from the mouth. This colorful species feed on slow-moving mollusks, sea urchins, and crustaceans, and have fins. Other than these fish stories we’ve mentioned in this post, there’re a few more stories or photos you may find on google. However, after reading all of those and digging more, we couldn’t find much authenticity or validity for those information. So, we’ve skipped those. But, if you feel interested, you can google it anytime. The human brain loves to see patterns. When we come across something that looks like a person, it triggers our brains and causes us to pay attention more. The same is true for fish. Fish that looks like a human isn’t a myth or an absurd idea. There’re few fish species that you may encounter in the real world that have similarities with us. Moreover, most of the information on the internet regarding this matter are fake, or the images are engineered. However, we’ve collected the most popular human-like fish stories with some authenticity in them. Some of those fishes have human-like faces or teeth structures that made people wonder if the humans really evolved from them.

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The death toll due to Acute Encephalitis Syndrome (AES) continues to rise in Bihar, reaching 117 on Thursday, June 20. Over 500 cases of AES have been reported this year but the cause of this undeclared outbreak still remains unknown. The All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), Delhi, is planning to begin a comprehensive study into the actual cause of AES that is annually killing thousands of children under the age of 15 in the country. However, the study, which is scheduled to begin next month, is not outbreak-related and will only focus on causes that trigger the syndrome in children admitted at AIIMS. The first AES case recorded in Bihar was in 1995, Muzaffarpur. But there is no fixed pattern that the outbreak of this disease follows. Here’s what’s known about the causes of AES until now: Encephalitis is a type of brain disease that has afflicted Bihar for more than two decades. However, health experts remain clueless about the cause of this disease, that has claimed hundreds of lives of children in the past years. The Chief Medical Officer of Muzaffarpur’s SK Medical College SP Singh said after the outbreak this year that the cause of the disease was yet to be ascertained. “We don’t know it and it is being ascertained medically,” said Singh. While a recent study suggested that the natural toxins in litchis could harm undernourished children by blocking their ability to produce enough blood sugar, which can lead to death, the link to the fruit remains inconclusive. Alok Ghosh, the Muzaffarpur district magistrate said that in about half the cases of encephalitis this year, the children hadn’t consumed litchis. Medical professionals have also said that serious dehydration and increasing heat and humidity can be blamed for the disease. What is AES? AES is an umbrella term of infections that cause swellings on the brain, mainly caused by a viral or bacterial attack. Certain toxins and chemicals can also cause the illness, studies have proved. The Japanese encephalitis (JE) virus is the most common cause of encephalitis syndrome in India, causing up to 35 per cent of the cases. In Bihar, the Directorate of Health Services (DHS) claimed that the JE virus had caused only two of the AES cases this year (this assessment came at a time when the total cases were 342). In the latest outbreak in Muzaffarpur, the cause is yet to be clinically identified in most of the children. The symptoms of AES generally include headache, vomiting, confusion and seizures, and complications include memory loss, coma and even death. How is hypoglycaemia linked to AES? Hypoglycemia is a condition caused by a very low level of blood sugar and electrolyte imbalance. The combination of AES with hypoglycaemia is unique to Muzaffarpur, Vietnam and Bangladesh. “Hypoglycaemia is not a symptom but a sign of AES. In Bihar, convulsions in children (which is AES) are found in combination with hypoglycaemia. This hypoglycaemia is caused by malnourishment and lack of proper diet,” said Dr Kavinder Sinha, former Director of Health Services in Bihar. But since 98 per cent of the patients in Bihar are also suffering with hypoglycaemia, doctors have attributed the deaths to it. Dr Arun Shah and T Jacob John suggested that hypoglycaemia was the trigger that led to diagnosis of encephalitis in a study conducted by them in Muzaffarpur in 2014. How is Lichi linked to AES? A research paper, ‘Epidemiology of Acute Encephalitis Syndrome in India: Changing Paradigm and Implication for Control’ drew a parallel between cases in Bihar’s Muzaffarpur and in Vietnam’s Bac Giang province, in 2014, because there were litchi orchards in the neighbourhood in both the places. “The possible association with some toxin in litchi or in environment needs to be documented. Methylene cyclopropyl glycine (MCPG) which has been known to be a content of litchi fruit has been shown to cause hypoglycaemia in experimental animals,” the study said. A controversial 2017 study also identified two toxins in the fruit’s seed, called methylene cyclopropyl acetic acid (MCPA) and methylene cyclopropyl glycine (MCPG). Both toxins block a metabolic pathway called gluconeogenesis, which the body uses to maintain blood sugar levels. In February 2019, researchers from the Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Lucknow, and the Banaras Hindu University reported finding amounts of MCPG in ripe and semi-ripe litchi fruits in Muzaffarpur. Dr Sinha said after the recent deaths that when litchi harvesting starts in May, several workers spend time in the fields. “It is common for children to feed on fallen litchis and sleep without food. The toxin in litchi lowers blood sugar level during night, and these children are found unconscious in the morning,” he said. However, this connection has not been ascertained yet. “If toxins from litchi were causing hypoglycaemia, then these cases should have remained consistent each year and affected children of all socio-economic strata. This year, all deaths have all been recorded in the lower income groups,” said Dr Ragini Mishra, Bihar state surveillance officer. She added that while the cause of AES is still being researched, hypoglycaemic AES may be caused by malnutrition, heat, lack of rain, and entero-virus. Measures to mitigate the situation: Union Health Minister Dr Harsh Vardhan chaired a meeting in New Delhi on Wednesday to take stock of the ongoing measures to tackle the cases of AES. Five teams of senior paediatricians and the paramedics were directed to be sent to Muzaffarpur. Chief Minister Nitish Kumar visited the SKMCH and Hospital on Tuesday, to take stock of the situation and hold a review meeting with the hospital administration. Bihar Chief Secretary Deepak Kumar told reporters in Patna after CM’s visit that Nitish was satisfied with medical facilities at SK Medical College and Hospital (SKMCH) and has also ordered 24-hour availability of doctors to deal with an emergency situation. A press release from the state government also stated that after holding a review meeting with SKMCH administration, the CM ordered an increase in SKMCH capacity from 600-bed to 1,500-bed in the first phase and 2,500-bed subsequently. The state government declared that it would bear the expense for treatment of those found with the syndrome even if the treatment took place at private hospitals. The Bihar Chief Secretary also said that awareness is being created about children not sleeping on an empty stomach and that they should be immediately brought to the hospital if they fall sick. “We’ve given directions that all ASHA workers, ANMs and Anganwadi workers should distribute ORS in all households and educate the families about its importance,” he said. State Government’s fault: However, a health department official from Bihar reportedly said that an encephalitis awareness campaign was not launched this year due to the Lok Sabha polls. The intensive awareness drives in and around Muzaffarpur district in 2015 reduced AES deaths among children to 15, as compared to 117 in 2014. In 2016 and 2017, the figures were six and 12, respectively. But the state government was at fault for the outbreak-like situation in the state this year as it skipped the drive, the official said. Social media wrath: Upon the CM’s visit to SKMCH, which has seen around 98 deaths since June 1, angry relatives of several patients sloganeered against him, shouting “Nitish Kumar go back”. The crowd was angry over him choosing to visit the hospital only after the death toll crossed 100. The protests further continued on social media as well, with many people even demanding resignation from CM and Deputy CM. “You don’t deserve to be a CM @NitishKumar if u can’t handle such situation where hundreds of children are dying in lack of treatment and lakhs are affected due to heat waves. #ChildrenKilledByEncephalitisinBihar #ShameOnYou,” one Twitter user wrote. “Shameless Nitish Kumar and Sushil Modi (Bihar Deputy Chief Minister). Children are dying (sic) due to non-availability of proper medical care and medicine. Bihar govt officials have time for enjoying the party. Why Nitish Kumar is so insensitive towards the death of children. Why the central govt is silent spectator,” wrote another user. Opposition parties including the Rashtriya Janata Dal (RJD), Congress, Hindustan Awam Morcha (HAM) and the Left had also earlier demanded resignation from Bihar Health Minister Mangal Pandey for asking about the latest score in the World Cup cricket match between India and Pakistan in the mid of a press conference held in Muzaffarpur. “The trio of Nitish, Sushil Modi and Harshavardhan should resign and quit politics forever. #BiharInvestigation,” said a Twitter user. “#BiharInvestigation This outbreak has reoccurred in past also.A good administrator learns from past experience & mistakes, thus the CM is either a incompetent or insensitive man & same is the case of his health minister,” wrote another user. Steps towards prevention and cure: The Supreme Court has agreed to hear a plea on June 24, which seeks a direction to urgently constitute a team of medical experts for treatment of children. The petition also seeks for a direction to the centre and Bihar government to immediately arrange a 500-bed Intensive Care Unit, with required medical professionals to deal with the emergent situation. All rights and copyright belong to the author: Source – https://www.ibtimes.co.in/acute-encephalitis-syndrome-claims-over-110-lives-bihar-heres-what-causes-disease-799961

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Evaluating the Seven Components of Wisdom In this interview, we speak to Professor Dilip Jeste about what 'wisdom' actually is, how it can be assessed, and what this can mean for our health. Please could you introduce yourself? Tell us about your background within neuroscience and what inspired your latest research into wisdom. I am Dilip Jeste. I am a professor of psychiatry and neurosciences and director of the Center of Healthy Aging at the University of California, San Diego. I am a geriatric psychiatrist and a neuroscientist. I was born and raised in India where I went to medical school. Like most Eastern cultures, in India, it is thought that older people are wiser, and that wisdom is a real thing. However, I did not think much of it until decades later, when as a geriatric psychiatrist I started studying older people. I found out that, contrary to expectation, as people get older they seem to get happier. Although their physical health is declining, people become more contented. And I wondered, what does that mean? Does that mean they are actually becoming wiser, and if so, what is wisdom? As a geriatric psychiatrist and neuroscientist, I thought it was an important thing to study because wisdom is an ancient concept in most religions and philosophies. Empirical research on wisdom only started in the 1970s at Max Planck Institute in Berlin and at the University of Southern California in Los Angeles. It has been growing since then. I thought that as a geriatric psychiatrist and neuroscientist, it was important for me to study what wisdom is. That is how I actually got into wisdom research. What is meant by the term wisdom and how does this differ from the term intelligence? Wisdom is a personality trait. It is a personality trait like resilience, optimism, neuroticism or extroversion. This means it describes a characteristic pattern of behavior in a person, but it is different from other traits in that it has multiple components. It differs from intelligence in the sense that although it requires some basic intelligence, it is much more than intelligence. The biggest components that I will describe to you are not a part of intelligence. Also, intelligence usually does not increase much with aging. IQ remains pretty stable through most of life. Wisdom on the other hand is potentially modifiable - it can increase. Further, intelligence is useful for some things, but it is not necessarily useful for others because, for example, mass murderers are often very intelligent people: they do not lack intelligence, what they lack is wisdom. Previous research has shown that wisdom is comprised of seven components. Please can you tell us more about the seven components of wisdom? There are seven components. The most important single component is what is called prosocial behavior. That is the things that we do for other people rather than things that we do for ourselves selfishly. So, this includes empathy and compassion. Empathy means understanding and sharing somebody else's emotions or thoughts. Compassion means acting on it and helping somebody else. You cannot be wise unless you have more than enough empathy and compassion. The second component, also important, is emotional regulation - control over your emotions. Think about a teenager, whose emotions fluctuate hour to hour, minute to minute, and think about a wise older person who is calm, collected, not ruffled easily, and takes things in stride. That is control over emotions or emotional regulation. The third important component is self-reflection - the ability to look inwards and understand our own behavior, thinking, and feeling. Typically, when something goes wrong, we blame other people, or we blame something else. If you have self-reflection you will think ‘did I do something wrong that caused a problem and how can I do better?’ It means understanding one's own strengths and limitations. These are the three most important components: empathy and compassion, emotional regulation, and self-reflection; but there are also others that are involved. One is accepting uncertainty and diversity of perspectives. So, I may have strong values about something, whether it is my philosophy, politics, religion, whatever it may be, but I should accept the fact that I could be wrong and that people who think differently from me may have a reason to think along that line. It does not mean that one of us is either evil or dumb. People can have rational differences of opinion. We need to accept uncertainty and diversity of perspectives. The next one is decisiveness. Although we accept uncertainty, we have to be decisive when needed. Decisiveness does not necessarily mean making a quick decision, it depends on what kind of decision is needed. Some decisions have to be made right away. For example, if somebody is seriously sick, you need to do something right away. But many decisions can be delayed and given good thought to come to a rational conclusion. Decisiveness means rational thinking to come to a decision. Next is social advising - the advice that we give to other people. If a wise person keeps things to herself or himself, that is not benefiting society. To be wise, you give advice that is not in your selfish interest, where you do not have a conflict of interest. The last one is somewhat controversial: spirituality. Spirituality is different from religiosity. Atheists can still be spiritual. Spirituality means feeling constantly connected with something or someone that we do not see, hear or feel. People can call it spirit, soul, consciousness, God. There are some people who do not believe that spirituality should be a component of wisdom and some who do. Those are the seven components of wisdom. Do you foresee wisdom measures becoming more frequently used due to the increase in mental health research in recent years? I do hope that there is more research on wisdom and more people studying it in more depth in the future. Why? Because wisdom is not only useful for the individual, it is also useful for society. A number of studies have shown that wisdom is associated with more happiness, more contentedness, and greater compassion and empathy for others. It is useful not only to yourself but to your family, to your community, to your group, and to society as a whole. Wisdom means not just focusing on how much money I have, but also how I can be a useful member of society and how we can help others. Humans need wisdom; the words homo sapiens actually means ‘wise man’. Wisdom has to include this social connectedness. That is why it is useful and that is why there should be more research on wisdom: because it is useful for individuals, but also for society as a whole. Wisdom means not just focusing on how much money I have, but also how I can be a useful member of society and how we can help others." You previously developed the 28-item San Diego Wisdom Scale, SD-WISE-28, to help determine a person's level of wisdom. Why did you choose to shorten your scale? We need to be able to study personality traits using a standardized, reliable, and valid rating scale. It is hard to measure wisdom objectively and that is also true for other personality traits like resilience, optimism, neuroticism, and extroversion. Typically, the personality scales include a bunch of statements about behavior. You say to what extent you agree or disagree with that statement when it applies to you. I developed the scale with my colleague Michael Thomas, a psychologist and expert in scale development. Michael was at UC San Diego before, but now he is at Colorado State University and we collaborate. We jointly developed the San Diego Wisdom Scale or Jeste-Thomas Wisdom Index. The original scale had 28 items, four items for each of the seven components. The items are things like: "I have toruble thinking clearly when I am upset". That means when I am upset, my emotions take over, I have no control over them and I cannot do anything rationally. It is the opposite of emotional regulation. Some items are negatively worded like this. Some are positively worded, for example, you can say that "I treat others the way I want to be treated". We have 28 items, four for each of the components of wisdom. There are some other scales for wisdom too, that have been in the literature and that have been used, but we wanted to develop a scale that was based on our definition, including these seven items and there is no other scale like that. As a neuroscientist, I had looked at the brain basis for these traits. We published a paper on the neurobiology of wisdom, looking at the areas of the brain that were involved and the prefrontal cortex and limbic Striatum. Our scale is unique in that it is based around these seven components and has a potential biological basis in the brain. It is a good way to measure wisdom, although there is no perfect way of measuring anything because these qualities are subjective. You ask people to what extent they agree or disagree. It is possible that people lie, but usually, this does not happen in research because the data are anonymous. It is not like I am applying for a job and I have to describe myself: then I would say, ‘oh, I am the most compassionate person in the world’. That is why, typically, you get pretty reliable and valid ratings from people, even though they are based on self-report. Then there are some psychometry properties like reliability and validity that have to be met for a scale to be published. Can you describe how you designed your seven-item scale for wisdom and how you tested it? What did you discover when testing it? We somewhat randomly selected large samples of people in the Diego community. They were selected using random digit dialing, ranging in age from 20 to 100+ across the adult lifespan. We gave them a number of items of wisdom that we had in mind, starting with a large number of items and then narrowing them down to 28. In addition to these items, we also gave two other scales of wisdom that have been published and validated. As I said, wisdom is associated with better mental health, more resilience, and more happiness. We also use scales for resilience, happiness, and optimism, as well as physical health, mental health, cognitive function, and negative things like loneliness, depression, anxiety. The expectation is that a valid scale of wisdom will be positively associated with happiness, optimism, and resilience, and negatively associated with depression, anxiety, loneliness. That is what we found with our scale. It met the criteria for validity that we had and correlated with the other wisdom scale that had been published. It was not identical because it was based on different conceptualizations of wisdom, but all in all, we found it was quite reliable and we had a large sample in which we could test this and show that it worked. How accurate is your seven-item scale in determining a person's level of wisdom? How could your wisdom scale potentially help us to further understand mental and cognitive health? In terms of accuracy, there are no objective measures of wisdom because what we are measuring is a pattern of a person's behavior over their lifetime or at least over a number of years. There is no way to characterize that fully unless we videotape somebody 24/7, which has its own problems. Somebody may say, how about asking other people how the person behaves? There is a different kind of bias here. If I like somebody, I will rate that person highly. If I do not like that person, I will give a low rating. These personality scales are reasonably reliable, valid, and accurate. Nothing is hundred percent accurate, but they are significantly accurate based on the statistics used so long as you have a large sample size. The SD-WISE scale has been translated into several languages and we have used it in different populations. It looks like it is an accurate, valid, and reliable scale. In terms of understanding mental and cognitive health, there are other measures of mental and cognitive health that must be used because they are not measuring the same thing. However, they correlate with each other and that is the important thing. Wisdom study is important because wisdom is potentially modifiable. You can increase somebody's wisdom and you can decrease somebody's wisdom. There have been studies showing that people who have brain trauma in specific regions, or patients who have certain kinds of disease like frontotemporal dementia, can change in this respect. Those people who were wise before, that is they had more empathy, compassion, self-reflection, and emotional regulation can become unwise after that trauma or disease. But on the other hand, wisdom can be increased with psychosocial behavioral intervention. We published a paper on a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials to increase components of wisdom like empathy, compassion, emotional regulation, and spirituality. To increase wisdom, we need to find out how wise a person is, whether the person needs help, and in what areas they need help. Once we know that, we can use intervention appropriately. That is why studying wisdom is important. Wisdom study is important because wisdom is potentially modifiable. You can increase somebody's wisdom and you can decrease somebody's wisdom. " Do you believe that with continued research into wisdom we will continue to see more factors that are associated with higher levels of wisdom? I certainly hope so. We really need more research on wisdom because research in wisdom is only in the relatively early stages. We need broad-based multidisciplinary research including not only psychologists, philosophers, and ethicists but also neuroscientists, physicians, social workers, nurses, people who do brain imaging research, neurobiology research. We really need these different groups to do joint research, then we will understand wisdom better. What are the next steps for you and your research into wisdom? We are looking at several different things, and one is to understand the biology of wisdom more. We are beginning to do some brain imaging studies, something called functional MRI or functional magnetic resonance imaging. You ask a person to do a certain thing when they are in the magnet, for example, you tell them to think about something or feel a certain way by looking at a picture. Then you measure the blood flow in the brain or activation of different areas. That is how you can see how wise people differ from unwise people, or compassionate versus non-compassionate, emotionally regulated versus non-emotionally regulated, etc. That is what will help us understand the brain better because once we know the basics of the brain, we can increase our interventions to biological interventions. For example, if we know that some part of the brain is critical for wisdom, then maybe if we stimulate that part the wisdom will grow. Right now, we are not there because neuroscience is still growing. But in the near future, I think that will be possible. We need to understand the underlying neurobiology, which will provide more tools for us for promoting wisdom. Is there anything else you wanted to mention at all or anything else you wanted to include? One thing I want to mention is that one of the most consistent findings we have had is that wisdom, especially the compassion portion, and loneliness go in opposite directions. People who score high on wisdom are not lonely and vice versa. We found that in several cross-section studies and even in a longitudinal study. When people were followed longitudinally, those who had high levels of compassion and wisdom at baseline were much less likely to be lonely five to six years later. Loneliness is bad for health. It is associated with diabetes, obesity, heart disease, depression, dementia, and increased mortality to a significant extent. I know in the UK there is a Ministry of Loneliness. It is a major public health issue and we need to find solutions for that. There are no good solutions at this time, but we are working on developing an intervention that will increase compassion and other components of wisdom to reduce loneliness because that will be a direct contribution to improve not just mental but also physical health and potentially longevity. We feel that this is an exciting new area to work on. About Professor Dilip V. Jeste Dilip V. Jeste, M.D. is the Senior Associate Dean for Healthy Aging and Senior Care, Estelle and Edgar Levi Memorial Chair in Aging, Director of the Sam and Rose Stein Institute for Research on Aging, Distinguished Professor of Psychiatry and Neurosciences at University of California San Diego, and Co-Director of the UC San Diego-IBM Center on Artificial Intelligence for Healthy Living. His main areas of research include schizophrenia, neuropsychiatric interventions, and successful aging. He has published 14 books, including his most recent book titled “Wiser” in which he describes evidence-based findings on definition, measurement, and neurobiology of wisdom as well as its relationship with aging and interventions to promote wisdom. Dr. Jeste has published over 750+ articles in peer-reviewed journals and 160+ invited book chapters. He is Past President of the American Psychiatric Association, American Association for Geriatric Psychiatry, the West Coast College of Biological Psychiatry, and Founding President of International College of Geriatric Psychoneuropharmacology. Dr. Jeste is a member of the National Academy of Medicine. He is Past Editor-in-Chief of The American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry and currently Editor-in-Chief of International Psychogeriatrics. He was listed in “The Best Doctors in America” and the Institute of Scientific Information list of the “world's most cited authors” comprising fewer than 0.5% percent of all publishing researchers of the previous two decades. Please use one of the following formats to cite this article in your essay, paper or report: Henderson, Emily. (2022, February 25). Evaluating the Seven Components of Wisdom. News-Medical. Retrieved on August 10, 2022 from https://www.news-medical.net/news/20220310/Evaluating-the-Seven-Components-of-Wisdom.aspx. Henderson, Emily. "Evaluating the Seven Components of Wisdom". News-Medical. 10 August 2022. <https://www.news-medical.net/news/20220310/Evaluating-the-Seven-Components-of-Wisdom.aspx>. Henderson, Emily. "Evaluating the Seven Components of Wisdom". News-Medical. https://www.news-medical.net/news/20220310/Evaluating-the-Seven-Components-of-Wisdom.aspx. (accessed August 10, 2022). Henderson, Emily. 2022. Evaluating the Seven Components of Wisdom. News-Medical, viewed 10 August 2022, https://www.news-medical.net/news/20220310/Evaluating-the-Seven-Components-of-Wisdom.aspx.

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Continuing our post-financial crash series on small countries around the world, Hamish Kirk looks at the recent history of Bulgaria. When Romania and Bulgaria were accepted as the newest (and last?) states to be accepted into the EU what did we at the other end of Europe know about them? Even amongst those who follow current affairs, Bulgaria was a far-away country of which they knew nothing. Stories about sinister doings with poisoned umbrellas, attempts to murder the Pope, and a vague idea of a place for cheap package holidays in the sun might emerge from those who could differentiate between Bulgaria and Bavaria. This is strange because for at least a decade in British politics, Bulgaria was centre stage. The ‘Bulgarian Atrocities’ of the 1870s dominated public political discourse. As the Ottomans attempted to hold onto Bulgaria during an armed uprising against their rule, news reached the European press, including The Times, of massacres committed by irregular forces against the Bulgarian population. Gladstone, MP for a Scottish Constituency, tapped into this outrage and railed at every opportunity against the continuing Ottoman occupation of Bulgaria and the rest of the Balkans. The ‘Eastern Question’ acted as a litmus test for political opinion in 19th Century Britain. Tories were pro-Ottoman. Liberals and other radicals were vociferously on the side of the insurgents in the Balkans. The Uprising against Ottoman rule ended in massacre, but did result in The Russian Tsar declaring war on Ottoman Turkey. The Imperial Russian forces, with help from Romania, crossed the Danube and military defeat after a long winter campaign led to a peace treaty in which the government in Istanbul agreed to a free Bulgaria. Liberation of Bulgaria was paid for in the blood of Russian soldiers. Bulgarians did not forget that and pro-Russian sympathies are not hard to account for. Despite the machinations of Disraeli, Bulgaria did achieve a limited independence within the Ottoman Empire in 1878. And with that, it would seem Bulgaria disappeared from the political agenda in Europe and from the consciousness of the radicals and socialists of the continent and the world. During the period of economic growth after independence, Bulgaria began to industrialise and parts of the country, for example Sofia and Gabrovo, saw the growth of an urban proletariat. The Socialist movement saw rapid growth, with close ties between the Bulgarian movement and those in Germany, Austro-Hungary and Russia. 1891 was the year when the first Social Democratic Party in the Balkans was founded by Dimitar Blagoev. The Bulgarian Social Democratic Workers’ Party split in 1903 with a Narrow Wing and a Broad Wing, mirroring splits in other parties in Europe. Parallel with the growth in the Socialist Party we can see a growth in trade unions representing labour and also a growth in the cooperative movement, especially in the field of agriculture and of handicrafts. During this period of development and change in Bulgaria, one important factor was that the dominant feature of agricultural life in most areas of Bulgaria was the peasantry. As in other areas of Europe, there were no agricultural clearances in Bulgaria. Individual peasant farmers continued to farm the land with small, mixed farms accounting for much agricultural production. Imagine an economy which is dominated by crofters; that was then and continued to be, a feature of Bulgarian life. There was not an urban proletariat totally separated from the land. Most town dwellers maintained family and personal contacts with those producing food as smallholders. This was a tendency that has continued until today and is a crucial factor in explaining developments in Modern Bulgaria. It accounts for major differences between Bulgaria and the Soviet Union. After partial independence in 1878, Bulgaria did not develop into the ‘Switzerland of the Balkans’ that some patriots had hoped to see. There was a minor war with Serbia in 1885 and then the disastrous Balkan Wars of 1912 and 1913. Bulgaria lost territory as a result of these, including the fertile Dobrudja which produces huge quantities of wheat. In an attempt to regain lost territory in Dobrudja, Macedonia and Thrace, Bulgaria sided with the Central Powers and in 1915 became a belligerent fighting with Germany, Austria and Turkey against Imperial Russia, France and Britain. Ferdinand, a German prince of the House of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha, certainly played a role in allying Bulgaria with the Central Powers. The disastrous defeat of Bulgaria and the imposition of the Peace Treaty of Neuilly cost him his throne.Attempts to establish a republic were unsuccessful.A left-wing government under Alexander Stamboliski was overthrown by a military coup in 1923, and the organised left, including the organised peasantry and the socialist groupings were the victims of death squads and arbitrary executions. Stamboliski himself, a prominent anti-war activist, adversary of King Ferdinand and signatory of the Peace of Neuilly (the Bulgarian ‘Versailles Treaty’) was tortured, mutilated and murdered by his Macedonian captors. Writers like the Symbolist Geo Milev disappeared. Thousands of others shared their fate. Political activists, those who had opposed the War, and trade unionists were particular targets for the Death Squads. Police and Army played their part in helping crush the Left. Those who are nostalgic about pre-war ‘Bourgeois Bulgaria’ would do well to remember that this regime had more in common with some vile South Americanmilitary dictatorship than with the liberal democracies of Western and Northern Europe. After 1923 a series of undemocratic and authoritarian governments ran Bulgaria.Influences from Austria and Germany were always strong and after 1933 it was clear to most observers that Bulgaria would be with the new powers in Berlin in any conflict.The political repression and political executions committed from 1923 on go a long way to explain the ferocity of the Peoples Court in the period after 1944. As the World divided itself into two camps in the late 1930s and 1940s, Bulgaria was clearly with the Axis Powers. Berlin had engineered a settlement between Romania and Bulgaria whereby the Southern Dobrudja including the towns of Dobrich, Silistra, Balchik and Tutrakan were retuned to Bulgaria after 27 years of Romanian administration. After the occupation of Greece, Western Thrace was given back to Bulgaria which had controlled this area briefly after the Balkan Wars. This area had a substantial ethnically Bulgarian population, and furthermore gave Bulgaria direct access to the Mediterranean without the need to go from the Black Sea through the Bosporus. King Boris, unlike his father King Ferdinand who had been forced to abdicate in 1918 could learn something from history. As a result after he declared war on Great Britain and the USA, he did not declare war on the USSR. He realised that there was a huge sympathy for Russia amongst the people, partly as a result of the role played in establishing Bulgarian independence. The organised left in Bulgaria had gone underground and after the German attack on the USSR, armed struggle against the ‘monarcho-fascist’ government in Sofia was decreed. The partisan struggles in Bulgaria were determined and no one should doubt the enthusiasm and courage of those involved. It never reached the levels of the partisan war in Yugoslavia under Tito. Students of British Social History may have come across the name of E P Thompson who wrote *The Making of The English Working Class*. Not so well known is his brother, Frank Thompson, who as a liaison between London and the Bulgarian partisans was arrested, tried and executed. A village to the North of Sofia is named after him. The war took its inevitable course and as the Red Army crossed the Danube into Bulgaria in September 1944,partisan units took over the administration in Sofia. A Popular Front-style government under the leadership of Georgi Dimitrov took over. Revenge for the repression of the previous two decades was swift. Large numbers of politicians and administrators were executed. These included Prince Kyril, regent and brother of King Boris who had died in mysterious circumstances in 1943 after a visit to Berlin. A referendum in 1946 abolished the monarchy and the infant King Simeon left. First port of call for the ex-royals was Egypt where King Farouk offered asylum. After Farouk lost his job, General Franco gave the family a pied-a-terre in Madrid. Bulgaria had not suffered the devastation that other European countries had seen during the Second World War, but the 1940s and 1950s were hard times economically. Bulgaria was fully integrated in Comecon and assigned the role of agricultural producer with some heavy industry. Prosperity did come in the 1960s and later, although in terms of measured GDP she was always down at the bottom of the list. Let us not forget though the role of the peasant farmer. Small farmers in Bulgaria, even during collectivisation continued to produce food. In the economic collapse coming after the fall of the USSR and the end of Comecon, this was to prove a blessing to many families. Large enterprises in many cases after 1989 simply stopped paying wages, or paid only part wages many months in arrears. Because large sectors of the population still lived like crofters, they could survive this catastrophe. Of course Bulgaria during the period of the People’s Republic was no Workers’ Paradise, but there were certain gains. Full employment, a health system that provided basic health care for all, decent housing for people in the towns were some of the gains. One sign of prosperity was that from the 1960s it became increasingly common for a family to have an apartment in town as well as a house in the village. How many proletarians in Britain had two houses? The changes after 1989 came to Bulgaria slowly. There were no dramatic scenes as were witnessed with the end of the Ceausescu’s in Romania. Blood was not spilt and the transition was peaceful. Nonetheless the ‘Changes’, as the euphemism goes, did bring about real changes for many. A few became rich. Many were pauperised. Times were not good for pensioners, the chronically sick, large families and the Roma. The age of full employment ended in the early 1990s. From a system where everyone had a job (indeed where everyone was *required* to work), we now have a system where there is mass unemployment. Whole sectors of industry have disappeared – the most recent being the Steel Plant at Kremikovtsi. Accession to the European Union in 2007 was not universally popular, although some analysts saw this as providing Bulgaria with alternative markets for its produce. Many within the political class had a clear interest in administering the grants and other aid that were expected from the EU and true to predictions of some commentators there have been many cases of corruption involving agricultural development funds from Brussels. A dramatic illustration of the hard times can be seen by looking at the case of emigration – emigration from Bulgaria is a new historical phenomenon. Unlike Poland or Scotland, Greece or Italy, this country has no tradition of sending its sons and daughters into exile. Look no farther to see that the Triumphalism we witnessed amongst the ideologues of the Cold War in 1989 rings very hollow to many. A sad anecdote will illustrate the reality of the New Bulgaria for many. This story was reported recently on Bulgarian TV and in Novinite (the Sofia News Agency). A couple from a village in the North east of Bulgaria were unemployed. They listened to advice from a man who promised them work in a factory in Prague. They parted with their money for his fee and for the bus fare to the Czech republic. There was no job.Stranded in a foreign country with no money they came back the only way they could. They walked the 1100 km from Prague to Russe.

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The PR industry arose to promote and protect private interests in neoliberal economies Public Relations (PR) and propaganda are key mechanisms by which power and influence are won (and lost). PR consultancies are also behind significant victories on behalf of big business, resulting in a tilted, biased market. PR emerged as a distinct discipline as a result of threats to the interests of business and government along with a ‘promotional culture’. Evidence indicates that PR arose rapidly in tandem with neoliberal policies. Those countries with the most marked privatisation and deregulation from the 1980s onwards – the US, the UK and Japan – had the largest PR industries. By contrast, countries such as France and Germany, which retained significant elements of consensus-based policies and state investment in industry, have much smaller PR industries. The global PR industry is dominated by a few big players, most of which are US or UK in origin and Relative size of PR agencies in Europe, the US and Japan: The expansion and power of Trans National Corporations (TNCs) relative to nation states has been a key spur to the development of communications conglomerates, which provide a full range of ‘promotional’ services and aspire to a global reach. TNCs’ influence over the policy making process by entering an international market place has also led to a globalising of the PR industry. Multinational corporations, particularly in the US, and increasingly in the UK, look for global PR agencies who can operate adaptably and locally, wherever they are needed. The consensus in British politics was based on a compromise between organised labour and capital, which was founded on the post war 1945 settlement. This did secure real and significant democratic advances for ordinary citizens in the shape of the NHS, the welfare state, universal education, significant public ownership of utilities and heavy industry and, partly as a result, some amelioration of inequality in wealth distribution. The end of the consensus in British politics during the New Right era ushered in more competitive politics in which traditions were displaced by a neoliberal tilt to the market in government policy. The crisis of the consensus shifted decisively with the 1979 election of Margaret Thatcher’s government which favoured the role and ‘right’ of employers to ‘manage’, with government rolling back state mediation. During the Thatcher era, changes in the communication strategies of the nationalised industries were crucial to the changed relationships between management and workers. Controversial government actions and policies also led to a vast increase in PR spending by governments and by corporations in their attempts to influence government policy. Fundamental to this is the relationship between PR, lobbying, and neoliberalism, (particularly the privatisation of national assets and the deregulation of business and service provision in state institutions). There are several parts to this relationship which are interrelated and in some respects, mutually reinforcing. These include: • Lobbying and preparation for deregulation, • Spending on privatisation by government/nationalised industries, • Spending by newly privatised companies, • Spending on promotion by industries and professions following • Increased spending on PR in the new business climate created by the deregulation of the City. Conservative policies could not work without the PR industry and the PR industry would not have developed in the spectacular way it did without consecutive Conservative governments. The British privatisations of the 1980s were instrumental in the rapid expansion of the PR industry. Once industries are privatised, PR, corporate identity consultants and advertising are needed to promote the private interests of the companies and as a part of their strategic armoury to create positive public images of them. By the 1990s, accountancy firms also routinely employed lobbying firms. Lobbying increased deregulation which increased PR spending by encouraging financial institutions to market themselves, and by ‘selling’ the marketing. Nowadays there are no matters for business, government or private interest pressure groups that have not been first addressed by promotional professionals, which has made, in turn, further contribution to shaping economic-political life and profoundly reduced the quality of our democracy. PR consultancy and neoliberal ideology are intimately connected, the role of PR has facilitated an institutional corruption in British governance. The rise of political branding and marketing, where the primary development involves the way political candidates, parties, government, lobbyists and groups have borrowed communication techniques from the private sector in the attempt to achieve strategic objectives like gaining votes, driving public opinion or influencing legislation, is generally regarded to be an Americanisation of campaigning in the UK. However, the identifiable practices like negative advertising, personalised politics, and high pre-election campaign expenditures are generally more about maintaining a neoliberal status quo, and these methods are a ‘whatever it takes’ approach that are subsequently exported in a pre-packaged box of persuasion techniques to other countries. Political identities are being constructed rather than given, policies are presented on showroom dummies, dressed up in techniques of persuasion. Yet there is evidence to suggest that overexposure to this kind of window dressing and made-over political coverage has contributed towards widespread political alienation. The rise of political marketing with its techniques of ‘spin’, selling and persuasion may have somewhat undermined the credibility of political leaders and institutions, with the elevation of style over content and image over substance, along with a concomitant ‘brand and package’ pack mentality political journalism, ultimately leading to hardened public cynicism. We are after all, inhabiting a world dominated by PR operations that leave little place for objective reporting. Every message that the public receives is “sponsored” by someone trying to sell us something – be it a product, a service, a candidate, a government or a legislative act. The content of the messages is calculated to generate superficial and shallow emotive responses rather than inspiring deliberative, rational and critical thinking. It wouldn’t be such a stretch to imagine that, in addition to the reductionist and glib sloganisation of politics, the normalised use of emotive, negative and ‘attack’ Conservative political advertising may in fact demobilise the electorate, too. The Conservatives in the ‘war room’ – a case study The UK Policy Group is the UK branch of a notorious US political organisation – Definers Public Affairs – which has worked for Donald Trump’s administration and has aggressively targeted his critics. The company boasts: “What sets us apart is our focus on political-style research, war room media monitoring, political due diligence and rapid response communications. “We help our clients navigate public affairs challenges, influence media narratives and make informed decisions to disrupt crowded markets. “The global political, policy and corporate communications landscapes are evolving rapidly. Decision makers need high quality research to make informed decisions and need relevant content to drive the court of public opinion and provide context to shape decisions by policymakers. “With affiliates in Washington, D.C., and Silicon Valley, UK Policy Group employs some of the best communicators, researchers and media analysts as part of our team.” The Conservatives have outsourced their “research” to the UK Policy Group, privatising their dirt digging and smear campaigns. US lobbying firm Definers Public Affairs was founded by Mitt Romney’s 2012 presidential campaign manager, Matt Rhoades and former Republican National Committee research director Joe Pounder. Rhoades and Pounder are also directors of UK Policy Group. Definers made headlines in December 2017 when it was paid US$120,000 in a no-bid contract by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to build up dossiers of compromising information on “resistance figures”, opposed to the policy agenda of Scott Pruitt, and Donald Trump, the man who appointed him. Definers cancelled the contract in short order after its activities were exposed. UK Policy Group was originally called, and registered with Companies House as, ‘UK Rising’. Rhoades and Pounder are co-founders of America Rising, a political action committee (PAC), that specialises in helping [Republican] party candidates and Conservative groups find damaging information on political rivals. Both companies “craft convincing narratives and focused messaging”. The expansion by Definers Public Affairs came at a time when US lobbying firms were eyeing UK expansion in anticipation of flood of Brexit-related work. UK Policy Group’s website unambiguously states it works for ‘corporate clients’, however, not a single one of those running the company has a significant private sector background. In fact, each of the five individuals standing alongside Pounder and Rhoades is intimately connected with the Conservative Party. Former government officials are advising this highly controversial company. The UK company’s vice president is Andrew Goodfellow, who was the Conservative Party’s director of policy and research. He specialised in ‘opposition’ research. James Caldecourt was previously a Political Adviser in the Conservative Research Department, also specialising in ‘opposition’ research, and was part of George Osborne’s team while he served as Chancellor of the Exchequer 2010 — 2015. He has worked on several national election and referendum campaigns in political, policy and operational roles. Louis McMahon worked for two tears for two Conservative government ministers, and previously co-authored a criminal justice report for the Center for Social Justice think tank, founded by Conservative MP Iain Duncan Smith MP in 2004. Ameet Gill, who was the former director of strategy Number 10 and founder of lobbying company Hanbury Strategy, is providing consultancy to the firm. Official documents reveal that David Cameron ’s former director of strategy, Gill, was given permission by parliamentary authorities to accept a contract advising the firm through his political strategy company Hanbury Strategy. Pelham Groom, a company director, was previously head of ‘media monitoring’ for the Conservative Party. Chris Brannigan, Theresa May’s former Director of Government Relations is also a member of the group’s advisory board. Rhiannon Glover is an analyst, formerly, the late duty press officer for the Conservative Party and researcher in the office of Nick Hurd. The company says: “We offer our clients an end-to-end system of research on issues and opponents, monitoring the news cycles, and shaping narratives via rapid rebuttal communications. UKPG provides our clients with unparalleled campaign-style research as the foundation of driving informed decisions that allow them to shape public opinion, and impact outcomes.” The company employs people to find damaging information on political rivals. Scrutinising the personal histories, online videos and posts of Labour Party candidates, the company collects dossiers of potential discrediting and smear material to be handed to the Conservative Party. It’s understood that the information is then handed to right-wing websites and newspapers to construct narratives and add a veneer of evidence to negative articles. The company expansion by US-based company Definers Public Affairs came at a time when US lobbying firms were eyeing UK expansion “in anticipation of flood of Brexit-related work, using their capacity to influence the national news cycle’ and as a ‘master of opposition research”. Ian Lavery MP, Labour Party Chair, said: “I am disappointed but not surprised to hear that in an attempt to deflect from their total lack of direction and policy, the Tories are reduced to digging low and dragging British politics through the gutter, in the desperate hope that they may find some salacious morsel. “This kind of base mudslinging has no place in British democratic debate, and deflects from the real issues facing people today. It is time that Theresa May stops spending money and effort on these tactics and focuses on policies to improve the lives of those who have suffered because of her government’s heartless policies.” It may be argued that there are communications requirements of modern democracies. However, a representative democracy requires that political communication is dialogic – it flows in both directions between government and people. In fact that is a prerequisite. Instead we witness a manipulative neoliberal monologue from the current administration. Neoliberal Conservative governments and the PR industry are very closely aligned, each profiting from the other. The condition of the spectacular growth of the PR and lobbying industry was to facilitate and profit from the marked redistribution of wealth from the poorest citizens to the rich, establishing, elevating and securing the prioritisation of the private interests and power base of the 1% over and above – and at the expense of – public interests. I don’t make any money from my work. I’m disabled through illness and on a very low income. But you can make a donation to help me continue to research and write free, informative, insightful and independent articles, and to provide support to others. The smallest amount is much appreciated – thank you.

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Psychological and emotional abuse involves an individual acting in a way to manage, separate, or scare somebody else. The type of abuse might be actions, dangers, or statements, and also there might be a pattern or consistency to the habits. Discovering more regarding the signs as well as circumstances in which emotional misuse may happen can help individuals identify their scenario as well as look for the assistance they require. Where does it take place? Abusive people tend to abuse those they are really close with. For instance, it may be their partner that they are abusing. Emotional misuse may additionally take place in various other types of partnerships. These consist of: - with a business partner or close team member. - with a parent - with a caretaker - with a friend an individual counts on As the National Organization of Adult Survivors of Youngster Misuse note, psychological as well as emotional misuse can be very subtle at times. The person might not even discover that somebody is adjusting them. It is necessary to determine these patterns and attempt to put an end to them. Psychological abuse takes lots of shapes but may fall under among several categories depending upon what the abusive person is attempting to do. We cover a few of these kinds of abuse in the sections below. - Managing actions is a red flag in any kind of partnership. Instances of regulating behavior include: - making orders or needs as well as anticipating them to be satisfied - making all decisions, also canceling an additional’s strategies without asking - constantly checking an additional person’s whereabouts - demanding routine phone calls, messages, or images describing where the person is, as well as also appearing to these areas to see to it they are not lying - calling for instant feedbacks from messages or phone calls - putting in financial control over the various other, such as by keeping accounts in their name or providing the other person an allocation - spying by undergoing the individual’s phone, inspecting their internet history, or browsing their interactions with others - having a rule in area requiring the individual’s passwords for their phone, social media accounts, as well as email any time - treating the individual as though they are a youngster, including telling them what to consume, what to wear, or where they can go - yelling, which is frequently a scare method and can be a means for a violent person to allow the various other understand who is in control - making use of the various other’s individuals concerns; abusive individuals will frequently manipulate a person’s worries to manage them - withholding affection; abusers may punish an individual for “bad” actions by holding back affection or making them feel they are undeserving of love - giving extreme gifts with the ramification that these gifts may disappear at any time, or as a suggestion of what they would shed if they left the connection Violent individuals may attempt to make an individual feel pity for their imperfections or really feel as though they are much worse for these shortcomings. This takes several types, consisting of: - Lectures: The abusive person might give talks regarding the various other individual’s behavior, in such a way to make it clear that the various other person is inferior. - Outbursts: This involves elements of control. Refraining from doing what an abusive individual desires might lead to an outburst of mad actions from them. It is both a method to manage the individual as well as make them really feel embarassment for “not listening.” - Lies: Abusive people may blatantly lie, informing the individual incorrect opinions from their close friends regarding their “negative” habits. - Walkouts: Violent individuals might leave a situation rather than resolve it. In an argument at home, as an example, they might remark regarding how the other is “insane.” This can put all the blame on the other individual and make them really feel ashamed while also never ever resolving the issue. - Trivializing: If the various other individual wants to speak about their issues or problems, the violent person might criticize them for even having the problem or tell them that they are making a big deal out of absolutely nothing. Criticize usually originates from the violent person’s feeling of instability. By criticizing others, they do not need to feel their drawbacks. This might take lots of forms, such as: - Jealousy: Envy can be an abuse strategy. The violent individual might on a regular basis face the other for talking to or “flirting with” other individuals. They might charge the various other individual of unfaithful on them consistently. - Playing the sufferer: The abusive person may attempt to transform the tables on the various other individual by condemning them for the concerns the violent person has not dealt with. They might also accuse the other individual of being the abusive one in the relationship. - Egging the person on: The abusive individual generally recognizes just how to get the various other one mad. They might aggravate them till the individual ends up being distressed, and after that blame them for getting dismayed. Much of the moment, an abusive individual’s activities or words appear to offer no purpose other than to degrade the other. This sort of actions consists of: - Outright name calling: Abusive people might coldly call the other silly, “a bonehead,” or various other harmful names. They might try to pass it off as sarcasm if challenged. - Joking or sarcasm: Although mockery can be a tool for comedic release if both people enjoy the joke, sometimes, abusive people camouflage their defamatory remarks as mockery. If the various other individual feels upset, the abusive one might tease them further for “lacking a sense of humor.” - Harmful nicknames: Labels or pet names might be typical in relationships. Nonetheless, a name that injures is unacceptable. - Show and tell: Abusive people might freely pick fights in public, just responsible the various other individual if they become angry. They may likewise badger the various other person or freely make fun of them in a social setup. - Patronizing: This might include talking down to another individual for trying to discover something new, or making it evident that the individual is “out their degree.” - Disrespects on look: A violent individual may disrespect the various other’s look around others. - Dishonesty: Violent individuals may rip off on their companions to hurt or degrade them, or to suggest that they are highly preferable. Violent individuals might appear to make circumstances chaotic for nothing else factor than to keep the other in check. Unpredictable actions might consist of: - radical mood swings, such as from being very affectionate to loaded with rage as well as breaking things - psychological outbursts. - starting debates for seemingly no reason. - self-contradiction, such as making a statement that contradicts the one they just claimed. - gaslighting, such as denying truths or making the various other feel as though they do not remember the circumstance properly. - acting two dealt with, such as being lovely in public yet totally altering the minute they obtain house. Abusive individuals likewise act in lots of means to make the other feel isolated from others, consisting of: - telling one more person they can not spend time with pals or household. - concealing the individual’s automobile secrets. - stealing, concealing, or even destroying the person’s mobile phone or computer. - teasing or belittling the individual’s pals or family members, making the other person really feel bad for hanging out with them. - occupying all of the person’s free time. - locking the individual in a room or the house. What to do Anybody that really feels that they are in prompt danger of physical damage ought to attempt to call 911. Any individual that is seeing the signs of emotional abuse yet is not in instant threat needs to look for help. The National Domestic Physical violence Hotline supplies anonymous assistance by phone, text, or even on the internet chat. The hotline is offered 24/7 as well as can help an individual locate a sanctuary or other services. If an individual really feels unpleasant connecting to solutions such as these promptly, they can reach out to a pal or member of the family. Telling a trusted person may help them really feel supported and also much less isolated. Some people feel that they can manage the abuse, or they might try to justify it by claiming that it is not as poor as physical abuse. Nevertheless, as the Workplace on Women’s HealthTrusted Resource note, emotional misuse has its own long term effects, as well as it is additionally often an indication that physical abuse will follow. Because of this, it is necessary to take action toward tipping far from a mentally abusive circumstance. This includes steps such as: - Setting borders with the violent person: This consists of defending oneself to any level required to obtain the misuse to stop. In a lot of cases, this includes ending a connection or reducing connections with a partner as well as never ever talking with them again. - Changing concerns: Abusive people control an individual’s sense of sympathy, often to the point that they are ignoring themselves while taking care of the violent individual. It is necessary to finish this behavior as well as start placing one’s own top priorities first. - Get expert aid: Seeking long term specialist assistance in the form of treatment and support system can reinforce a person’s resolve and help them think that they are not alone in recovering from misuse. - Leave plan: Any person that feels that they remain in a psychologically violent circumstance ought to additionally have a plan for leaving the circumstance when the time comes. Working with those that enjoy as well as support them may help this plan feel stronger, and also it might assist the individual do something about it when the moment is right. Psychological misuse takes many types and also can be much more refined than other types of misuse. Any individual seeing the indicators of psychological misuse must look for help in any manner they feel comfortable with. Confiding in a specialist or a buddy might help them approach a future in which they can step far from the situation.

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Parenting teens can be tough. The rapid changes in adolescents’ brain development can pose more challenges for parents. During puberty, adolescents are motivated to expand their autonomy and experiment with making decisions on their own. Reorienting socially towards peers and romantic partners facilitates this developmental shift. It may seem as if they are new problems, but many of them are rooted in existing issues. This transition simply creates more opportunities for conflicts, exposing problems that already existed but were not as prominent before. What makes things difficult is the fact that they have been brewing for almost a decade. So there are usually no quick fixes. While this poses challenges for families, there are ways to help parents of teens through this period. These tips can help parents navigate adolescence. 1. Stop calling your child’s issues “teenage problems” Teenage problems only appear during those years, don’t they? Why can’t we use that term? The issue is not the term, but how parents use it. It’s easy to blame everything on the teenage phase or the malleable adolescent brains. But most likely, teenage problems began long before the teenage years. They probably went unnoticed until your child made them known during their teenage years, when they tend to have less self-control1 and show more risky behavior2. If we generalize all the problems into one thing, we are ignoring the underlying causes. Unless we acknowledge a real problem exists, and not just a result of adolescence, we cannot solve the issue. 2. Relationship, relationship, relationship Children of any age benefit from having a close relationship with their parents, but this is especially important during adolescence. During the teen years, the degree of family connectedness is significantly and inversely associated with teen’s emotional distress, suicidality, drinking, substance use, and early sexual behaviors3. Parent-child relationships should be every parent’s top priority. However, parent-adolescent conflicts are a common occurrence for some families. These conflicts tend to perpetuate themselves because negativity begets more negativity. From one year to the next, teenagers’ negative feelings for their parents predict an increase in parents’ negative feelings towards them, and vice versa4. And family discord during the adolescent years predicts family conflict between parents and children during young adulthood5. The importance of relationships and how fragile they are during the teen years makes it imperative that parents address this issue before anything else. Don’t put your relationship with your teenager on the back burner. Your relationship with your child is more precious than their grades. Your relationship with your child is more invaluable than chores. That doesn’t mean you let your teen do whatever they want. It means you adopt a warm, responsive parenting style, become an authoritative parent, and use disciplinary measures that don’t damage your relationship. In addition, have meals together every day. Make this a quality time to connect, check in with each other, and have family conversations. 3. Support autonomy Autonomous functioning is a crucial developmental process for adolescents. It is the ability to make choices and act on them freely6. Children who receive autonomy support from their parents tend to have better academic performance, social functioning, motivation, mental health7, competence, engagement, and positive attitudes toward school. Autonomy supportive parents are characterized by acknowledging children’s viewpoints, encouraging them to explore, allowing them to make decisions, and placing minimal control on them8. They are nurturing, flexible, and keep lines of communication open. In adolescence, relationships undergo a transformation that prepares them for less hierarchical and more autonomous interactions as adults9. Instead of telling their teens to study, autonomy supportive parents explain to them why engaging in an activity like education is important to help them develop their intrinsic motivation. 4. Be a coach, not a manager Reducing dependence on parents is one of the developmental goals during the teenage years. Parents are no longer in charge of teenagers’ lives. Instead of managing them, become their coaches. Become their emotion coaches to help them develop strong emotional regulation. Give advice, comfort, and encouragement on their life decisions. Many people refer to parents’ roles during this period as consultants. But parental involvement goes far beyond consulting. In addition to guidance and advice, parents also support their teens emotionally and relationally as well. They provide a secure base for children to explore the world from and a safe haven for them to return to when they need comfort. 5. Discipline using induction and critical thinking Let them practice their critical thinking skills to become a responsible teen. When it is safe to do so, let your child make decisions and experience the natural consequences, good or bad. To become a responsible teen, your child needs opportunities to practice their critical thinking and decision making skills. The decisions they make may not always be good ones. But making mistakes along the way, with your coaching, is part of the learning process. 6. Monitor peer influence Watch your child’s social circle closely, but not intrusively. One important aspect of adolescence is developing the ability to form strong bonds and friendships. Being exposed to significant levels of problematic behavior within their peer groups is unavoidable. The behavioral susceptibility to peer influence is a cause of concerns for parents even among relatively normal adolescent peer groups10. There is a strong correlation between parental monitoring and preventing deviant peer influence such as substance use and juvenile delinquency11. Monitoring adolescents’ activities while providing autonomy support depends largely on their voluntary disclosure. So, monitoring is embedded in the parent-child relationship, which reinforces the importance of nurturing a close relationship with your teen12. 7. Exercise, adequate sleep, and mental health care Adolescence is a critical time for emotional, social, and mental development. As the brain develops, it establishes neural pathways and behavioral patterns that will last into adulthood. During this time, the brain is more malleable than it will ever be again, presenting remarkable abilities of adaptation13. But this is also a peak time when many mental illnesses begin to develop. An increase in stress-related psychological disorders such as anxiety and depression in teens is associated with this period14. Other common mental health issues found in teenagers include unhealthy weight control, drug abuse, suicide attempts, body dissatisfaction, and low self-esteem. Approximately 20% of teenagers suffer from a mental illness that will be carried into the adult years15. Exercising regularly, meditating and getting the recommended 8 to 10 hours of sleep are great ways to promote mental wellbeing16. If you notice or suspect your teenager is struggling with psychological issues, seek professional help as soon as possible. 8. Give unconditional love Teenagers need a secure attachment and a strong bond with their parents just as much as younger children do. Knowing that they can count on you and you will always be there help their development and outcomes. The development of a secure attachment is associated with fewer mental health problems, improved social skills, and enhanced coping strategies17. 9. Be patient (and mood swings are not personal) To help your child develop, your understanding is paramount as your child may have unpredictable mood swings than usual. It is not personal. Many of the problems you face have probably been developing over a long period of time. They are unlikely to disappear overnight. But things will eventually fall into place, as long as you keep your relationship as your priority and work on it. Take a deep breath when you are frustrated. Think about how you would choose 20 years from now. Will homework still bother you then or will your relationship (or lack thereof)? Also See: Parenting Teenagers Need Help Motivating Kids? If you are looking for additional tips and an actual step-by-step plan, this online course How To Motivate Kids is a great place to start. It gives you the steps you need to identify motivation issues in your child and the strategy you can apply to help your child build self-motivation and become passionate about learning. Once you know this science-based strategy, motivating your child becomes easy and stress-free. - 1.Casey BJ, Caudle K. The Teenage Brain. Curr Dir Psychol Sci. Published online April 2013:82-87. doi:10.1177/0963721413480170 - 2.Sercombe H. Risk, adaptation and the functional teenage brain. Brain and Cognition. Published online August 2014:61-69. doi:10.1016/j.bandc.2014.01.001 - 3.Ackard DM, Neumark-Sztainer D, Story M, Perry C. Parent–Child Connectedness and Behavioral and Emotional Health Among Adolescents. American Journal of Preventive Medicine. Published online January 2006:59-66. doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2005.09.013 - 4.Kim KJ, Conger RD, Lorenz FO, Elder GH. Parent–adolescent reciprocity in negative affect and its relation to early adult social development. Developmental Psychology. Published online 2001:775-790. doi:10.1037/0012-16220.127.116.115 - 5.Belsky J, Jaffee S, Hsieh KH, Silva PA. Child-rearing antecedents of intergenerational relations in young adulthood: A prospective study. Developmental Psychology. Published online 2001:801-813. doi:10.1037/0012-1618.104.22.1681 - 6.Soenens B, Vansteenkiste M, Lens W, et al. Conceptualizing parental autonomy support: Adolescent perceptions of promotion of independence versus promotion of volitional functioning. Developmental Psychology. Published online 2007:633-646. doi:10.1037/0012-1622.214.171.1243 - 7.Brenning K, Soenens B, Van Petegem S, Vansteenkiste M. Perceived Maternal Autonomy Support and Early Adolescent Emotion Regulation: A Longitudinal Study. Social Development. Published online January 15, 2015:561-578. doi:10.1111/sode.12107 - 8.Deci EL, Ryan RM. Self-Determination Theory. Handbook of Theories of Social Psychology: Volume 1. Published online 2012:416-437. doi:10.4135/9781446249215.n21 - 9.Laursen B, Collins WA. Parent-Child Relationships During Adolescence. Handbook of Adolescent Psychology. Published online October 30, 2009. doi:10.1002/9780470479193.adlpsy002002 - 10.Allen JP, Chango J, Szwedo D, Schad M, Marston E. Predictors of Susceptibility to Peer Influence Regarding Substance Use in Adolescence. Child Development. Published online December 21, 2011:337-350. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.2011.01682.x - 11.Dishion TJ, McMahon RJ. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review. Published online 1998:61-75. doi:10.1023/a:1021800432380 - 12.Dishion TJ, Nelson SE, Bullock BM. Premature adolescent autonomy: parent disengagement and deviant peer process in the amplification of problem behaviour. Journal of Adolescence. Published online October 2004:515-530. doi:10.1016/j.adolescence.2004.06.005 - 13.Kieling C, Baker-Henningham H, Belfer M, et al. Child and adolescent mental health worldwide: evidence for action. The Lancet. Published online October 2011:1515-1525. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(11)60827-1 - 14.Romeo RD. The impact of stress on the structure of the adolescent brain: Implications for adolescent mental health. Brain Research. Published online January 2017:185-191. doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2016.03.021 - 15.Lee FS, Heimer H, Giedd JN, et al. Adolescent mental health–Opportunity and obligation. Science. Published online October 30, 2014:547-549. doi:10.1126/science.1260497 - 16.Hirshkowitz M, Whiton K, Albert SM, et al. National Sleep Foundation’s sleep time duration recommendations: methodology and results summary. Sleep Health. Published online March 2015:40-43. doi:10.1016/j.sleh.2014.12.010 - 17.Moretti MM, Peled M. Adolescent-parent attachment: Bonds that support healthy development. Paediatrics & Child Health. Published online October 2004:551-555. doi:10.1093/pch/9.8.551

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The US Constitution gives states the power to regulate the "time, place, and manner" of elections Here's what you need to know With early voting underway in a growing number of states and Donald Trump talking about a “rigged” election and warning about what he says will be voter fraud, there have been significant discussions about “poll watchers,” and concerns that certain individuals may try to intimidate their fellow voters. But what are the rules governing polling places and poll watchers? As it turns out, the US Constitution gives states the power to regulate the “time, place, and manner” of elections – which means, in practical terms, that most of the rules governing voting and polling places are made at the state level – and can therefore vary widely from one jurisdiction to the next. Indeed, questions like whether you need a photo ID to vote, whether it’s legal to take a “ballot selfie,” or whether you can wear campaign paraphernalia into the voting booth don’t currently have national answers, but instead depend upon each state’s widely varying rules. Here’s what you need to know: 1) Who/what is a poll watcher and why do states allow them? The general idea behind poll watchers is that they help promote transparency and openness — not through their actions so much as by simply being in the room. Most states (and the District of Columbia) allow at least some kind of observer in polling places, but the rules for how poll watchers are picked (and by whom) vary from state to state. Most importantly, poll watchers are not just individuals who show up at the precinct on Election Day; virtually every jurisdiction requires that official poll watchers be identified and approved in advance—usually at least two weeks beforehand. And to avoid conflicts of interest or the potential for implicit intimidation, most states do not allow otherwise eligible law enforcement officers or state officials to serve as poll watchers. For example, in Florida, a poll watcher must be a registered voter in the county in which they are observing a polling place. At each polling place, each candidate is entitled to one poll watcher whose application has to be approved in advance by the local supervisor of elections, so both the campaigns and local government officials have a role in identifying the individuals who are allowed to serve as poll watchers. Requirements vary from state to state. Illinois allows two poll watchers per candidate who are registered voters in the state and not necessarily the local jurisdiction; Missouri’s rules largely resemble Florida’s, except that the poll watchers are chosen by the chair of county committee of each political party; North Carolina is the same, except that poll watchers must also be of “good moral character”; and Pennsylvania allows watchers on behalf of both the candidates and the political parties, so long as the watchers are registered to vote in the same jurisdiction. 2) What are poll watchers allowed to do? What can’t they do? As the name suggests, poll watchers are generally expected to watch what happens in individual polling places and not play an especially active role in the actual voting process. Poll watchers generally have two functions: Ensuring that all votes cast in that polling place are counted correctly and reporting suspected irregularities to local officials, be it the poll workers at the polling place, the election board or some other body. This last point is the potential source for controversy, because most states’ laws allow poll watchers to challenge individual voters’ right to vote — not directly, but through the poll workers — which has provoked concerns about poll watchers trying to intimidate voters. Poll watchers in Florida are allowed to challenge the identity or right of a person to vote in the county in question so long as they explain their reasons for doing so under oath, and file the challenge with the clerk of the local election board. If the challenge cannot be immediately resolved on site (for example, by verifying that the voter appears on the local election roll), the local election board is then supposed to have the challenged voter cast a “provisional,” rather than “regular” ballot — which is usually supposed to be counted once the voter’s right to vote is confirmed. In practice, however, it is often not counted until and unless it might make a difference (for example, as part of a recount in a state in which the final margin is incredibly close). At the same time, Florida law makes it a crime for a poll watcher to file a “frivolous” challenge of any person’s right to vote. Illinois also allows challenges, but directs that they be resolved on site. If a majority of the local “judges” (usually the poll workers) sustain the challenge, the voter casts a provisional ballot. If the challenge is rejected, the voter casts a regular ballot. Pennsylvania is the same, but, unlike Illinois or Florida, does not have criminal penalties for bad-faith challenges. And Missouri and North Carolina have a similar process — except both contemplate that the challenge will be resolved one way or the other on-site, such that the voter will either be removed from the rolls or cast a legal vote. Most states also allow poll watchers to count the voters — and to report to their respective candidate the identities of those who have voted in their precinct. But there’s a distinction between taking names and taking pictures; most states prohibit poll watchers from taking any pictures or making any audio recordings within the polling place. 3) Is this an intimidation technique? Just about every state forbids poll watchers from any conduct that might tend to intimidate voters —including approaching voters and challenging them directly. Voters are usually allowed to ask poll watchers who they are and who they represent, and in some states, can also ask them for specific kinds of assistance. But if poll watchers have concerns, they must always raise those concerns with the poll workers in the polling place, and not with the voters directly. The Republican National Committee is currently under a court order prohibiting it from conducting or funding “ballot security” measures that are designed to intimidate minority voters, an order the Democratic National Committee this week asked a court to extend to cover the Trump campaign. 4) Who else should you expect to see at your local polling place? Every polling place is going to have the actual poll workers, who are, depending upon the jurisdiction, some combination of state employees, temporary contractors or volunteers. Unlike poll watchers, poll workers are the ones who can help you if you need assistance, who are trained to answer questions, and who have legal authority under state law to confirm a voter’s entitlement to vote and to resolve other challenges made by poll watchers, other voters, or other authorized personnel. You’ll also see fellow voters (and those who they’re allowed to bring with them to the polling place, including minor children). And you may also see local law enforcement officers or security guards, but their functions are carefully circumscribed on election day — as noted above, these personnel are almost always forbidden from playing a direct role in supervising or challenging voters. And since most polling places are on or near public property, it is of course possible — if not likely — that there will be vocal supporters of different candidates, members of the media, exit pollsters, and others outside the polling place, although state law bans on “electioneering” usually require some minimum distance between the polling place and these personnel — anywhere from 30 to 250 feet. And unlike official poll watchers, individuals outside the polling place have no legal right to challenge a voter’s right to vote. 5) What should you do if a poll watcher or someone else at your polling place acts in a manner that you believe is inappropriate? The individuals in the best and most immediate position to assist you are the poll workers, who can answer questions you might have, and who are trained to respond to particular types of inappropriate situations. Every state makes it illegal to intimidate a voter — and federal law makes it a crime to intimidate voters or otherwise seek to suppress voting based upon race, color, national origin or religion. For example, an individual’s actions designed to interrupt or intimidate voters at polling places by questioning or challenging them, or by photographing or filming them, under the pretext that these are actions to uncover illegal voting may violate federal voting rights law. Further, federal law protects the right of voters to mark their own ballot or to be assisted by a person of their choice. Thus, concerns that cannot be adequately resolved by the poll workers can and should be reported to local and/or federal law enforcement officers as soon as possible. In addition to familiarizing yourself with your state election officials, helpful resources may include the Justice Department’s online form for filing election-related complaints; your local US Attorney’s Office (each of which will have a designated staffer to answer questions and field concerns on Election Day); and the Election Protection Program, run by the Lawyers Committee for Civil Rights, which has a helpful website, along with English (1-866-OUR-VOTE) and Spanish (1-888-VE-Y-VOTA) hotlines for asking questions or reporting Election Day concerns or problems. 6) What about photo IDs, ‘ballot selfies’ and wearing one’s preferred candidate’s attire? Alas, we can’t answer everything. You should check the rules for your state, but the National Conference of State Legislatures has a helpful guide on the voter ID issue: http://www.ncsl.org/research/elections-and-campaigns/voter-id.aspx. Justin Timberlake spurred a discussion of “ballot selfies”: And the laws concerning whether you can wear supportive attire to vote are an absolute muddle (if you want to try it, it’s probably wise to wear something non-partisan underneath your favorite candidate’s likeness, just in case you’re not allowed to vote without removing the offending item). But as with everything else these days, your mileage may vary. Vladeck is a CNN contributor and professor of law at the University of Texas School of Law.

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Your paper must be MLA formatted with proper in-text CITATIONS and a Work Cited page. Refer to Rules When Writing About Literature. Also, be sure to follow the guidelines on creating Academic Tone before drafting. There are no rewrite opportunities for this assignment, so please be sure to read the assignment directions carefully, and email me with any questions. Submit the essay by clicking here. Write a well-developed, 4 paragraph paper which discusses all of the following: Paragraph 1 – introduces the novel Frankenstein and its author by explaining how this piece of literature exemplifies the ideals or characteristics of Romanticism (using specific references to the text) Paragraph 2 and 3 – Each paragraph discusses a theme (different one in each paragraph) that evolves from this novel. Prove your theme interpretation by making several specific references to happenings in the text and/or quotes. Possible subjects for themes include, but are not limited to the following: nature verses nurture appearances verses reality duty verses responsibility justice verses injustice Again, these are only a few subjects to consider. A theme, however, is the commentary you believe the author is making regarding this subject. For example, if the subject was “love”, an interpreted theme might be “love can overpower all adversity.” Also, please realize that a theme should never be expressed in terms of a cliche, such as “love conquers all.” Paragraph 4 – Comments on whether you believe these interpreted themes are relevant and thought provoking for today’s society. If yes, use specific examples to explain. If no, explain what has changed to no longer make the themes relevant. Your paper must be MLA formatted with proper in-text citations and a Work Cited page. Essays should follow the Rules When Writing About Literature. Essays must also have proper academic Tone by following these guidelines. The Following are General Tips for Creating an Academic Tone in Your Writing Avoid using contractions Avoid using the word “thing” Avoid using the words “you” or “your” Have an original and intriguing title for your essay, not simply the subject of your paper Avoid stating obvious information Avoid using cliches Avoid using first person (“I” “to me” “in my opinion”) in your writing Never submit an essay that has not been reviewed by the spell check/grammar check tool Never submit an essay that has not been carefully reread aloud! Title to your essay: Your title must be original and should imply your thesis. Your title should not be the title of the piece of literature. Your introduction paragraph must have each of the following: Opening lead: You must grab the reader’s attention to your essay. Some techniques that could be used are: rhetorical question that relates to the subject of the essay; a relevant quotation from the work itself or from another source; a brief passage of dialogue or description from the work; a description of your initial response to the work; a reference to a current issue or problem that relates to the work; a shocking, amusing, challenging, or clever generalization that will lead naturally to your thesis. Author and title of work: The first time you refer to an author, use his or her full name. Thereafter, use only his or her last name. Present the title using appropriate punctuation. Short story: “The Storm” Poem: “Ballad of the Landlord” Play: A Doll House Brief summary of the work: Be careful not to retell the story. A summary should be concise, comprehensive, coherent, and unbiased. Thesis statement: This one sentence should be focused, specific and have an assertion. The Misfit’s Twisted Personality What turns a man into a murderer? Does time in prison rehabilitate a man, or does it make him even more evil? Answers to these questions can be found in the short story “A Good Man is Hard to Find” by Flannery O’Connor. The Misfit, imprisoned for murdering his father, has escaped from a prison and encounters a family of six after their accident on a lonely road in Georgia. He methodically orders the murder of Bailey, his wife, and their three children, and then the oldest family member – the grandmother – by shooting her three times in the chest. The forces that produced this evil, misshapen personality were the Misfit’s relationship with his father, his experiences in prison, and his confusion over religion. The basic pattern of the body paragraphs can be outlined this way: Introductory information (background) for the supporting quote Quotation from the work that proves the topic sentence Analysis showing how and why the quote proves the topic sentence Transitional words or sentences to prepare for a second supporting quotation Introductory information for the quotation Quotation that strongly supports the topic sentence Analysis – thoroughly developed – of the details in the quotation that prove the topic sentence. The Misfit’s early life was marked by ambivalent feelings about his father. When the grandmother suggests that he must come from good people, the Misfit responds, “`…my daddy’s heart was pure gold’” (127), but then later adds, “` He [his father] never got in trouble with the Authorities … Just had the knack of handling them”’ (129). On the one hand, The Misfit suggests that his father was an upright man, but his mention of the authorities implies that his father was an evil man who was clever enough to escape the punishment that his deeds deserved. This dual view suggests that The Misfit loved his father but that he also saw his father’s flaws. This could lead to feelings of distrust that might have been fueled by his father’s judgment of him. The Misfit tells the grandmother, “`My daddy said I was a different breed of dog…”’ (128). This labeling could have affected The Misfit’s self-esteem, and since his father said he was different, he decided to live out that role. He was “into everything” (129), and that probably led to the conflict with his father which resulted in The Misfit’s murdering him. Because he both loved and hated his father, his conscious mind could not acknowledge this terrible act, and so he has repressed it. Obviously, The Misfit’s psychotic personality has been produced by his father’s influence. Your conclusion must summarize your topic sentences and thesis. However it must also comment on the significance of the ideas either to the audience it was written for, and/or to audiences today. An effective conclusion technique for the last sentence is to use the title of your essay, or a close variant of it. Unless you have been asked to write an informal response, do not use first person (I) and the second person (you) in your essay. When referring to literature, you should typically use the present tense. Poor: Eveline decided to stay in Dublin. Better: Eveline decides to stay in Dublin Why Work with Us Top Quality and Well-Researched Papers We always make sure that writers follow all your instructions precisely. You can choose your academic level: high school, college/university or professional, and we will assign a writer who has a respective degree. Professional and Experienced Academic Writers We have a team of professional writers with experience in academic and business writing. Many are native speakers and able to perform any task for which you need help. Free Unlimited Revisions If you think we missed something, send your order for a free revision. You have 10 days to submit the order for review after you have received the final document. You can do this yourself after logging into your personal account or by contacting our support. Prompt Delivery and 100% Money-Back-Guarantee All papers are always delivered on time. In case we need more time to master your paper, we may contact you regarding the deadline extension. In case you cannot provide us with more time, a 100% refund is guaranteed. Original & Confidential We use several writing tools checks to ensure that all documents you receive are free from plagiarism. Our editors carefully review all quotations in the text. We also promise maximum confidentiality in all of our services. 24/7 Customer Support Our support agents are available 24 hours a day 7 days a week and committed to providing you with the best customer experience. Get in touch whenever you need any assistance. Try it now! How it works? Follow these simple steps to get your paper done Place your order Fill in the order form and provide all details of your assignment. Proceed with the payment Choose the payment system that suits you most. Receive the final file Once your paper is ready, we will email it to you. No need to work on your paper at night. Sleep tight, we will cover your back. We offer all kinds of writing services. No matter what kind of academic paper you need and how urgent you need it, you are welcome to choose your academic level and the type of your paper at an affordable price. We take care of all your paper needs and give a 24/7 customer care support system. Admission Essays & Business Writing Help An admission essay is an essay or other written statement by a candidate, often a potential student enrolling in a college, university, or graduate school. You can be rest assurred that through our service we will write the best admission essay for you. Our academic writers and editors make the necessary changes to your paper so that it is polished. We also format your document by correctly quoting the sources and creating reference lists in the formats APA, Harvard, MLA, Chicago / Turabian. If you think your paper could be improved, you can request a review. In this case, your paper will be checked by the writer or assigned to an editor. You can use this option as many times as you see fit. This is free because we want you to be completely satisfied with the service offered.

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Slab-on-grade or floating slab foundations are a structural engineering practice where the concrete slab, that is to serve as the foundation for the structure, is formed from a mold set into the ground. The concrete is then placed into the mold, leaving no space between the ground and the structure. There is no basement and no crawl space. Cracks in concrete floors often indicate slab settlement problems. This issue is most commonly found in “slab-on-grade” homes and buildings. It's when the floor slab is closer to the surface of the ground and therefore more affected by changes in the soil beneath. When changes occur in the moisture content, and density of the soils beneath a concrete slab, the result is usually slab cracking and settlement. The most common causes of slab cracking and settlement are: These causes, among others, will eventually create a void beneath the concrete slab. If the slab isn't strong enough to span the void, it will eventually settle and break. The result is a cracked, sunken concrete slab. And once this occurs, you will most likely start to notice other signs of foundation damage throughout your home or building such as jammed doors or cracks in the walls and ceilings. Rather than breaking the inside slab of an established home, there are solutions to this issue. Polyurethane foam for lifting settled slabs is a very successful repair for slab on grade settlement. Don't let the word "foam" fool you. Structural grade polyurethane foam is engineered for heavy lifting such as this. Settled slabs are lifted, soil beneath the home is stabilized, cracks in drywall close, doors are opening and closing well again, etc. This process of concrete leveling and stabilization can be completed in a matter of a few days. Let us be your cost effective alternative to replacement. Call today for more information Concrete Corrections 770-558-5862 Summer turning into fall means kids going back to school, family schedules becoming more hectic, and family budgets preparing for increased energy bills. One other thing ushered in by fall is the increasing need to complete home maintenance tasks to avoid costly repairs. A little bit of time and money spent during fall saves families a ton of time and money later when necessary systems fail because they were not maintained properly. We share the best ways for you to approach end-of-summer home maintenance to avoid costly repairs below. 1. Prevent Frozen Pipes As the weather turns cooler, families that do not take steps to prevent frozen pipes are at risk of losing hot water and experiencing water damage. Be proactive and prevent expensive damage and potential flooding by keeping your basement at least 55 degrees Fahrenheit during cold snaps. It’s also important to keep unused portions of your home at that temperature, at least, to prevent frozen pipes. During a cold snap, keep your interior doors and cabinet doors open so heat from the house can circulate and keep the pipes warm. If you think a pipe will freeze, allow the faucet to drip to prevent pressure from building and bursting it. You also should inspect the areas around your pipes and apply caulk to holes and cracks near them on both interior and exterior walls. Consider applying electrical heating tape to pipes, but be sure to carefully follow the instructions to keep your home and family safe. Another option is insulating pipes to prevent them from freezing. Fit exposed pipes with foam rubber or fiberglass sleeves, and add insulation to walls and ceilings as needed to keep your pipes warm. 2. Replace Furnace Air Filters Before Winter Home energy costs become costly, but you can keep costs down by replacing your furnace air filter before winter to help the system run more efficiently. Clogged or damaged air filters force your heating system to run much harder, which can cause it to break down; in fact, replacing air filters is one of the best ways to prolong the life of your home’s HVAC system. Smart homeowners replace furnace air filters in fall because the demand is not high enough for them to drive prices upwards. 3. Check Your Smoke and Carbon Monoxide Detectors As people turn on their heat and keep their windows closed in winter, they put their families at greater risk of house fires and carbon monoxide poisoning. Because heat is necessary during winter, you need to keep your family safe from the potential hazards of heating your home by checking your smoke and carbon monoxide detectors before the first deep freeze sets in. One smart way to keep on top of your detectors is to change the batteries when daylight savings time ends. When you make your clock fall back, install fresh batteries and test your detectors to ensure they are in working order. A few dollars for batteries and a few minutes of testing will give you peace of mind and help your alarms keep your family safe. 4. Repair Concrete If you have noticed that you have sunken or uneven concrete in your driveway, sidewalk, patio, steps, or other areas around your home, you should contact a professional to correct the issue no later than autumn. You also should repair cracks of all sizes before winter approaches. Repairing concrete issues before winter is important because water works its way into the cracks, freezes, expands, and causes more damage to your concrete. You can attempt to repair hairline cracks your concrete sidewalks and driveways yourself this fall. Begin by removing debris from the area by spraying water into it and using a stiff broom or brush. Then, apply a concrete mix to the damaged area or plugging the rack with a premixed filler. If you use a premixed filler in a tube with a caulking gun, overfill the crack and scrape away excess. If you are uncomfortable repairing your concrete yourself, or if the cracks are in your foundation, you should contact a local professional to do the repairs for you before more damage occurs as the weather becomes cold. Being proactive with home maintenance this fall is the best way to avoid costly repairs. You should take steps to prevent frozen pipes, replace furnace air filters before winter, check your smoke and carbon monoxide detectors, and repair concrete around your home. Image via Flickr by Centre for Alternative Technology We want to ring in the New Year with great savings from Concrete Corrections. Do you have settled concrete or erosion problems around your home? Take $100 Off your next home project estimate! Please mention this ad during your free site visit. Call Today 770-558-5862 This offer expires 1/31/2017 Happy first day of summer y'all! So, by now most homeowners have their money pit, I mean swimming pools, open. It's summer vacation and the neighborhood kids hang out and swim all day. Maybe the neighbors come over in the evenings for a cook out. Do you have that area around the pool where you don't want anyone to see or use? It can be blocked off with planters or outdoor furniture? Put some bright colored tape down, so no one trips. . . Settled pool decking, what happened? How in the world do you fix this, and WHO do I call for this? These are some popular questions from pool owners. To start, the first question tends to fall into two categories: Is there a leak in the pool liner or skimmer? Or was the area not compacted properly during construction? Often times, we see settled or sunken concrete slabs around pools that have simply dropped over time because the soil underneath has finally compacted, which is no longer supporting the weight of pool decking above. If you're lucky, and the company who installed the pool decking layed out the joints correctly, the settled decking piece may not have a new crack across the middle, but is still in good shape. In cases where there was a leak somewhere around the pool, there tend to be larger voided areas and greater degrees of settlement. (We recommend getting that leak fixed first!) Please remember, before beginning any pool deck repair project, the first and most important step is to figure out what caused the damage and then determine the best repair procedure for solving the problem. There are a few ways to fixed settled concrete around the swimming pool. One traditional way of repairing sunken concrete is to simply "tear it out and replace it". This is sometimes more easily said than done. Things get tricky when it comes to the back area of a home. Fancy landscaping, distance to the area of repair, matching decorative finishes and time frame for repair are just a few. Polyurethane foam injection for lifting and supporting swimming pool decks is becoming a more and more popular method of repair. The injection holes tend to be small (approximately 5/8" in diameter), polyurethane foam is incredibly lightweight but very strong, it cures instantly and areas are ready for use immediately, and there is little to no disturbance to landscape around the area. There are so many reasons polyurethane foam is the perfect solution to lift / support settled slabs around the pool! In today's world, it can be overwhelming to have to educate yourself on the problem at hand, then find the correct solution for your settled concrete issues. Give us a call today to find out how polyurethane foam injection may be your solution for lifting and supporting settled pool decks. Consider these top reasons to fixing your sinking and unlevel concrete slabs 1. The Problem Always Gets Worse If a slab has cracked or has begun to sink, the issue will not eventually stop or fix itself, it WILL continue to get worse. And when problems get worse, the cost of fixing the issue increases. 2. Resale Value Of Your Home Today's homebuyer doesn't typically want to purchase a home with an unleveled driveway and front walkway, a stoop pulling away from the house, or floors that are cracked and sinking. First impression does make a difference in some cases. Also, be prepared for this to be a "bargaining chip" in the price offer. Concrete slabs with large voids or settled and uneven do not look safe. Settled or unlevel concrete is unsafe. As a homeowner or landlord, this is incredibly dangerous and open you up to unwanted liability. 5. Water Intrusion Cracks are exposed to the surrounding environment and when cracks let in water, damage can worsen. 6. Pooling Water Unlevel concrete will encourage low spots where standing water will pool. In cooler months, these pools can freeze, which causes more safety concerns and further damage. 7. Structural Damage Shifting concrete on a ground level can affect the structures above the slab. As a result, doors and windows will start to stick and other structural damages throughout your home may occur. Load bearing walls should be watched closely. If the problem is left too long, cost of repair will increase significantly. For Further Info: Contact Us Today 770-558-5862 Spray Foam Breakers Laying down pipelines has always been a back breaking job, but some pipeline companies are utilizing a technology that can ease the process along -- spray foam. Traditionally sand bags were stacked in the trench around a pipeline at about 50 foot intervals on inclined stretches. Used for erosion control, the sand bags for breakers would slow the flow of water down the trench. And now, life can be made a little easier with the latest in spray foam insulation technology - experts can prepare a trench breaker in minutes - conformed to any shape or condition the application requires - spray foam expands 120 times per second - forming a watertight barrier that won’t break down over time - polyurethane helps hold welded joints together - acts as rock shield - the pipes themselves can also be insulated - It’s also environmentally friendly, containing no CFCs, formaldehyde or ozone depleting agents. This now means pipeline companies are going to be spending less on labor as spray foam is a much more pain free solution to erosion control. Stacking the 30-50 pound sand bags around the pipelines has always been one of the most physically demanding jobs on the site. Laborers would have to stand in the bottom of the trench and position the heavy sandbags around the pipeline by hand. Spray foam is faster! With one or two workers, breakers can be installed in 15-20 minutes, an hour long job for crews with sand bags. Using spray foam can be a cost saver for pipeline companies for that reason. In addition to decreasing expenditures for pipeline companies, spray foam is also a matter of being environmentally responsible. By adhering to the pipe and to the bank, spray foam is very efficient at erosion control and helps to prevent wash outs. Additionally, because of the rigidity of the foam and its adherent qualities, it is very effective at keeping the pipelines in place. Spray foam prevents the pipes form moving and causing an environmental disaster. For more info on spray foam breakers or polyurethane for erosion control, call 770-558-5862 Soil and concrete are constantly moving. When you have poor compaction and erosion involved, things REALLY move. Sidewalk slabs are forever shifting and one of the quick and inexpensive "fixes" is to grind the concrete down to level. One of the problems is that grinding leaves unsightly marks on the finished surface, which some people don't necessarily mind. But for those that have decorative finishes on driveways and pool decking, this is a serious concern that they should know about ahead of time. The real concern here is that the REASON the concrete settled in the first place. Most likely poor compaction or erosion has affected this area, causing slab movement. When grinding the slab, you are essentially shaving off the top side to make level for walking. Nothing is done to stabilize the soil beneath the slab, and so there is a very good chance for resettlement in the future. Especially since water has now found it's way past the walkway or path of least resistance. By injecting structural grade polyurethane material below the slab and lifting the slab back toward original position, you've now pushed down (or compacted) the compromised soil, void filled where soil has been eroded out, and lifted the slab back up. From the top, the sidewalk looks like it did years ago, the colors all match and the slabs are fully supported. Believe it or not, lifting and leveling sunken concrete pricing is very cost effective. We always suggest that homeowners look at all of their options before making a decision. Compare the pros & cons, pricing and estimated time the fix will last. To find out more about lifting and supporting settled concrete slabs, contact us today 770-558-5862 or email email@example.com A sunken concrete slab whether a sidewalk, driveway, pool deck or patio, will eventually need a concrete repair or replacement. The decision will often come down to the cost, benefits and capability. Planning to replace your sunken concrete, yourself? If so, keep in mind that you'll need to not only pour a new slab, including building a form and finishing the new concrete, you'll need to remove the old concrete. This means breaking it up and hauling it away. Another point to remember is, WHY did the settlement occur in the first place? When replacing concrete, it is important to make sure the soil base is solid. Otherwise, your newly poured concrete may move and settle again in the near future. Lifting And Supporting Sunken Pool Deck Slabs With Polyurethane Foam If you're like most in-ground pool owners your concrete pool deck has settled in one or more places causing trip hazards and unsightly conditions. You may have considered having it torn out and replaced but have been holding off due to the expense and inconveniences associated with doing so. With the use of structural grade Polyurethane Foam, we are capable of lifting and leveling settled concrete slabs around pool decks with very minimal disruptions and typically for 1/2 the cost of replacement. Why Has My Concrete Settled? After your pool has been constructed the area around the pool is often back-filled with dirt preparing it for the concrete decking to be poured. In most cases, this soil is improperly compacted and over time as it settles or erodes it no longer supports the weight of the concrete sections,ultimately causing them to settle How Can I Tell If I Have Issues? When the concrete begins to settle you will be able to see signs such as cracks in the slabs, puddling water, trip hazards between sections and/or excessive sloping from and separation at the pool coping. Signs may occur within months or take years to develop but the sooner you identify them, and stabilize the soil, the less damage there will be to the concrete and your pool. We Can Help With Concrete Corrections, you have a cost effective alternative and a less disruptive solution to repairing your settled concrete. Often times, pool deck projects can be completed in 1 day and the areas are cured and ready to use immediately. So, you're under a time crunch with selling your home or planning that Labor Day Party, we can work with you on a timely schedule. We lift and support settled concrete, void fill and stabilize soil all over Atlanta and North Georgia. Call Today 770-558-5862 So, yesterday after seeing our mountain neighbors having some trees cut, for better views off their back deck, we were inspired to discuss: The Effects Of Cutting Trees & Erosion. How trees stabilize soil and prevent erosion, particularly on slopes. How your concrete walkways, pool decks and driveways, EVERYTHING around your house, is effected by erosion and cutting all the trees away from your house, indeed has an impact. Even just ONE tree. We thought, well maybe they could've just cut some of the branches off or topped the tree (to make it shorter) and see over it, in an effort not to kill it completely. And did they plant any trees anywhere else, to replace the ones that were cut? Obviously there are "problem trees" out there that need to be addressed (disease, locations, etc), and in an effort to not get too personally involved we will stop there, but we found some interesting reading out there. So take a look and maybe take 1 or 2 things away from this today. Read Here about the Value Of Living Trees - at the living tree educational foundation

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From The Passenger Pigeon in Pennsylvania By John C. French Flight of Pigeons Frank Kiess Owns Net in Which He Caught Hundreds of Birds James V. Bennett, Pigeoneer Methods of Netting Described by Men Who Actually Caught and Sold Charles H. Eldon, Taxidermist, Has Interesting Display Flights of wild pigeons that almost obscured the sun are recalled by the display of a large net, a stool, hubs, baskets and other equipment used by the pigeoneers in the days when the netting of pigeons was a business of raising of squabs today. Many of the older residents of Williamsport recall the flights of the birds and not a few followed the business of trapping them back in the ‘70s. They were caught frequently in the hills four miles north of this city, and in the Warrensville section. Today, there is only one wild pigeon in existence, and she is in captivity in the Cincinnati Zoological Garden, having been captured in 1876. Charles H. Eldon has the last wild pigeon killed in this section. It was shot near Linden, October 5, 1890, and shows the typical plumage of the species. Frank C. Kiess, a native of Warrensville, but now a resident of this city, netted pigeons in his younger days, and preserved his equipment, including a net 24 x 28 feet in size and made from flax raised by himself and spun by his aunts, Dorothy and Katherine Kiess. The net, when completed, was stained in butternut bark to resemble the color of the earth, so that it would not be observed by the pigeons. James V. Bennett, of the contracting firm of James V. Bennett & Co., followed the pigeons from Oklahoma, their roost, to the creek valleys in this vicinity where they nested, and made a business of supplying the market with dead and live birds. In those days, the dead pigeons brought from 90 cents to $2.00 a dozen. Many were shipped to Buffalo, and other shooting clubs in cities, where they brought $2.25 a dozen. In his business as pigeoneer, Mr. Bennett came in close touch with the methods of trappers. From the time the pigeons started their spring flight from roosts in Texas, Oklahoma and Arkansas, they were the prey of netters and gunners until they reached their nesting grounds on Potato Creek in McKean County, Cherry Creek in Potter County and Tionesta and Blue Jay Creeks in Elk County. Even in the nesting places raiders sometimes disturbed the birds and slaughtered them, leaving their eggs and young to perish. Mr. Bennett states that in a single shot on a roost in Oklahoma, he brought down forty-one birds, so thickly were they crowded among the trees on the roost that wads said to extend over a distance of fifteen miles wide and forty miles long. The shot was made near Hococ, Oklahoma, in 1882, after the birds had ceased their flights orth, the last of these being in 1875. Mr. Bennett stopped netting in 1882. Netting pigeons was no small trick, according to Mr. Bennett. In order to insure success, it was necessary to keep stool pigeons and flyers from one year to another. When the flights of the pigeons began, the pigeoneers wrote letters and postals detailing the general direction of the flight. In the sprin, nets usually were set in cornfields with the corn cut low in spots. In the fall, the nets were spread in buckwheat fields. In preparing for a catch, the pigeoneers concealed themselves in a bough house, made from spruce or other loose material. The net at one side of a section of prepared earth, salt being whipped in, the net being spread in narrow folds. One side was made fast to the earth and the rope from the other was attached to the ends of two spring poles that could be released from the bough house some fifty or sixty feet away. Near the net was the stool with the stool pigeon. The bird was blinded temporarily by running silk threads through the eyelids and tied so as to not injure the sight. The stool pigeon would then sit quietly and not flutter about so as to frighten away the flocks that were sought by the trapper. When a flock came in sight, the flyers would be sent up with twine attached. These birds would attract the attention of the flock and cause it to land near the net. When the flock appeared to break the stool would be pulled so that the stool pigeon would go through a hovering motion as if it was about to land. Like an arrow, the birds would swerve from their course, breaking in the middle and amid a great fluttering of wings would land on the bed prepared for them. That instant the rope from the bough house would release the spring poles, and the net would be thrown over all the birds within reach. The other birds would fly away in fright, while the men from the bough house would rush out and throw their weight on the net or lay rails on the edge of it to keep the birds within from escaping. The birds were killed by pinching their necks between the thumb and fingers of the pigeoneer. This method proved tiresome in big catches, so Mr. Bennett invented a pair. In these catches it was not unusual to take as many as from 150 to 200 dozen birds. These were killed and dressed for market or were smoked and kept for home use. The latest great flight of wild pigeons recalled by Mr. Bennett, was up the Missouri river, in March, 1883, but after that date, there appears to be no record of wild pigeons in great numbers. What became of them is unknown. Some believe they were driven out to sea in a storm and perished, while others insist that the birds still are in Canada and may yet return to their native haunts. However, it is generally assumed among scientists who have made careful investigation of the disappearance of the wild pigeons that they were victims of disease and natural and unnatural enemies until finally the birds were exterminated. – Williamsport, Pa., “Grit” (Old Home Week Edition). Extracts from a Personal Letter from Mr. Eldon Dear Col. Shoemaker: The pincers for killing passenger pigeons was invented and used by James V. Bennett. The passenger pigeon picture shows its present mounting under an oval covered glass – the window reflection in the picture could not be avoided. The artist can eliminate it in the making of the cut. The bird is in a sealed case, and I did not care to open it. Hence the picture through the glass. I thought to have a picture made of myself and the framed bird, a copy of which will also be sent you. The stool pigeon basket is of unusual form – there being no top so the heads and backs of the pigeons could not be injured in their efforts to get out, nor could their backs and wing coverts be injured by abrasion while being carried. I just called up by phone, Mr. Frank B. Rynearson, of Huntersville, Pa., from whom I obtained the basket. It was made and used for several years by his father, Mr. Bernet Rynearson, who was a noted pigeon netter at the above named place, where the pigeons nested regularly. The basket is over one hundred years old. This basket I am keeping for you until you return to Restless Oaks, or will be sent to some other address as you may select. I overlooked in my former letter to say the pigeon that forms the subject of this letter, was killed on the old Fincher Homestead. Enclosed also, is a copy of a letter received from the General Manager of the Cincinnati Zoological Company, which will explain itself later on. Mr. Stephan wrote me telling me of the death of the Passenger Pigeon which occurred on Saturday, August 29, 1914, at two o’clock P.M., in the Zoological Garden, Cincinnati, Ohio, it being the last of a flock of seventeen that was captured in the year 1876. During my search for the letter, I came across a wealth of information gleaned from repeated talks with Mr. Bennett, upon his favorite topic – the Passenger Pigeon – even more comprehensive if possible, than the papers given you, shows that life habits of birds which have been aptly told, in their varying forms, and will be a wonderful addition for a revised edition of the book, if you do not care to delay this the first issue for their insertion. I was greatly pleased to find this memoranda, and will some day put this item in readable form as soon as the present business rush is over. I have a drawing made by Mr. Bennett, showing the method of setting the nets and method of springing the net, and throwing same by spring poles over the birds, location of bough houses, and stool pigeons, etc. I cannot find the clipping from Grit, giving an account of Old Home Week, in which was given a description of my exhibit of pigeon trapping outfit which was shown in front of my business place at that time. I have, however, a type-written copy of the same which was furnished to me some time past – they being unable to furnish a clipping. I will enclose for you a copy of same. I’m quite convinced the description will be interesting and instructive. I am also pleased to enclose the article written by Mr. Bennett and to which I referred in my previous letter. Mr. Bennett is away on a hunting trip, so Mrs. Bennett informed me yesterday – but that she would send me by her son, the desired postal. I did not receive them until last evening, or I should have had a photo made of the one you desire, March 25, 1888, which will be attended to Monday morning. Charles H. Eldon Dec. 34d, 1918 P.S. As to the Passenger Pigeon now in my collection, this bird was shot October 5, 1890, by Mr. Jasper H. Fincher, two miles north of the town of Linden, Pa., in a woods through which the Queneshaque Creek flows. Mr. Fincher and a company of friends were picnicking there, when he saw a bird fly up from the ground and light on a tree. He shot the bird and was surprised when informed that it was a wild pigeon – he having never seen one before or since. I mounted the bird promptly upon its receipt, for Mr. DeLoss Mahaffey, who left it in my care. A few years ago, I purchased the bird from Mr. Mahaffey. I regard the bird as one of my choice possessions. C.H.E.

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Reign of the Andalusian Umayyads ʿAbd al-Rahman I The ascent of ʿAbd al-Raḥmān assured the survival of Muslim power in Spain. Confronted by the intrigues of the ʿAbbāsids, by the jealousy of the earlier Muslim settlers, who opposed his appointments, and by the uncertain situation on the Frankish frontier, he nevertheless succeeded in establishing himself in Córdoba, setting up an Umayyad administration, and introducing the elements of Syrian culture into Al-Andalus. Supported by his standing mercenary army, he temporarily repressed the rivalries of the Arab aristocracy. In 763 he defended his territories against an invasion organized by al-Manṣūr, the ʿAbbāsid caliph of Baghdad. After defeating the ʿAbbāsid force, ʿAbd al-Raḥmān executed its leaders and sent their preserved heads to Baghdad as a gesture of defiance. The ʿAbbāsids were subsequently unable to effectively intervene in Spain and never succeeded in recovering northwest Africa. ʿAbd al-Raḥmān introduced internal reforms to Al-Andalus, which included the formation of a council of state, the reorganization of the judiciary under a senior qadi (judge), and the division of Spain into six military provinces. His embellishment of Córdoba included the construction of a spectacular mosque, schools, and hospitals, and he was noted for his clemency toward Spain’s Christian population. The Frankish annexation of Narbonne and of the hitherto independent duchy of Aquitaine further weakened the Pyrenean frontier, and, when a dissident governor of Zaragoza appealed to the Franks, their king, Charlemagne, invaded Spain, only to find the gates of Zaragoza shut against him. He was defeated by a combination of Basques and Muslims as he retreated through the Pyrenees at Roncesvalles (778). After this failure, Charlemagne realized that he could not win Spanish support for his designs without the favour of the Spanish church. He intervened in the adoptionist controversy in order to discredit the metropolitan of Toledo and to separate the church of the small independent kingdom of Asturias. He succeeded in undermining the authority of Toledo, and the creation of the kingdom of Toulouse enabled his frontiersmen to conquer Barcelona (801), which was placed under a Gothic governor. The imperialism of the Franks soon led to a revival of localist sentiment, however, and, after Charlemagne’s death in 814, the Basques and other Pyrenean peoples broke away from Frankish rule. In the Asturias, the peace with the Muslims had ended as the authority of Toledo was rejected, and armies from Córdoba advancing up the Ebro began to raid Álava and Castile. The young Alfonso II withstood these attacks for 10 years, until a succession crisis in the emirate of Córdoba gave him some respite. Challenges to the Umayyad emirate ʿAbd al-Raḥmān had designated his second son, Hishām I (788–796), to follow him, but this was challenged by his elder son, Sulaiman, governor of Toledo. The standoff was resolved when Sulaiman accepted a pension in Africa. Hisham was succeeded by his young son al-Ḥakam I (796–822), but again the succession was disputed. The rebellion of Toledo, savagely repressed by the murder of many of the Gothic inhabitants, obliged the emir to engage large numbers of professional soldiers, often Slavs or Berbers, and to levy new taxation to support them. When the population of Córdoba rebelled, the uprising was put down with great bloodshed, and the suburb of Secunda was razed. Under ʿAbd al-Raḥmān II (822–852), the urban rebellions were stilled, as the Muslim garrisons protected themselves in inner fortresses. Frankish pressure, after the fall of Barcelona and Tarragona, was relaxed, and the Muslims left the northeast to the mawālī Banū Qāsī family, whose influence was for a time so great that they were called the “Third Kings of Spain.” The court of Córdoba, now prosperous, cultivated Arabic literature and the refinements of Eastern life. The tranquility of Al-Andalus was shaken in 844 when the Norsemen sailed down the Atlantic seaboard and forced their way into the Guadalquivir, raiding Sevilla. In the north, Alfonso II’s small Asturian kingdom had allied itself with its Basque neighbours and repopulated the frontier of Castile. It occupied the new capital of Oviedo and attracted the bishops of Galicia, where the discovery of the supposed tomb of St. James at Padrón had turned the nearby town of Santiago de Compostela into a significant Christian religious centre. In the south, the Christians of Córdoba, now obliged to use Arabic or be excluded from the business of the state, again became restless. When ʿAbd al-Raḥmān II was succeeded by his son Mohammed I (852–886), some of these Mozarabs (Spanish Christians who retained their faith but adopted the Arabic language) protested by seeking out martyrdom. This movement, led by Eulogius (died 859), ultimately collapsed, and many Christians subequently converted to Islam. Finding themselves still discriminated against, they joined the great rebellion of the crypto-Christian chief ʿUmar ibn Ḥafṣūn, which raged from 880 until 928. ʿUmar’s rebellion grew under a pair of weak emirs—al-Mundhir (886–888) and ʿAbd Allāh (888–912)—and for a moment ʿUmar threatened Córdoba itself. ʿUmar’s contemporary, Alfonso III (866–910), king of Asturias, supported the cult of St. James at Santiago de Compostela in an effort to energize his Christian kingdom. He authorized Vimara Peres to set up the county of Portugal, and claimed that his goal was the restoration of the Visigothic monarchy in Spain. Alfonso styled himself as emperor, but his aspirations were quashed when he was deposed by his sons, and his dream of a reborn Visigothic kingdom died with ʿUmar. Instead, the new ruler of Córdoba, ʿAbd al-Raḥmān III (912–961), outplayed the Christians with a shrewd combination of diplomacy and aggression. The Golden Age of Muslim Spain ʿAbd al-Raḥmān III would prove to be the greatest of the Spanish Umayyad rulers. His grandfather was the emir ʿAbd Allāh, and his father, Muhammad, was assassinated when ʿAbd al-Raḥmān was still an infant. Gifted with charm and a keen intellect, the young prince quickly became ʿAbd Allāh’s favourite, and he was selected as the emir’s heir apparent over a number of other contenders. ʿAbd Allāh died in October 912, and ʿAbd al-Raḥmān ascended the throne when he was just 21 years old. He would govern Muslim Spain for nearly half a century. The restored gate to the palace at the ruins of the royal city of Madīnat al-Zahrāʾ, built by ʿAbd al-Raḥmān III. The first 10 years of ʿAbd al-Raḥmān III’s reign were spent in restoring central authority, the rest in defending his northern borders against the inroads of the Leonese and in stemming the westward advance in North Africa of the Fāṭimids. Almost from the moment he assumed the throne, he campaigned against ʿUmar, reducing the warlord’s sphere of influence and capturing his strongholds. ʿUmar died in 917, and, although his sons resumed their allegiance to the rulers of Córdoba, the rebel fortress of Bobastro would not fall until 928. In 929 ʿAbd al-Raḥmān III declared himself caliph, and under his rule Córdoba grew to become the largest and most cultured city of Europe. The seat of Europe’s first academy of medicine and a centre for geographers, architects, craftsmen, artists, and scholars of every kind, Córdoba rivaled for a brief period the splendour of Harun al-Rashid’s Baghdad. He also built the opulent royal city of Madīnat al-Zahrāʾ (Medina Azahara) some 5 miles (8 km) west of Córdoba. The city was abandoned after the unrest that consumed the Umayyad caliphate in 1009, and the ruins of Madīnat al-Zahrāʾ would remain undiscovered until the early 20th century. In 2018 Madīnat al-Zahrāʾ was designated a UNESCO World Heritage site as an outstanding example of the arts and architecture of Muslim Spain. For a time ʿAbd al-Raḥmān III’s navy mastered the western Mediterranean, and he maintained diplomatic relations with the Byzantine emperor and with the princes of southern Europe. He also dominated northwest Africa, which supplied him with Berber troops. These forces would prove vital for his struggle against the Christian kings of Leon and Navarre. The Leonese had tested ʿAbd al-Raḥmān in the first year of his reign by driving deep into Umayyad territory and slaughtering the Muslim population of Talavera de la Reina. Beginning in 920, ʿAbd al-Raḥmān led a series of campaigns that culminated in the sacking of the Navarrese capital at Pamplona in 924. This brought a period of stability to the Christian frontier, but the ascent of Ramiro II to the Leonese throne in 932 ushered in an era of renewed hostility. Skirmishes along the frontier led to a clash at Simancas in 939, where the Muslims were soundly beaten and ʿAbd al-Raḥmān himself narrowly escaped death. A growing Castilian separatist movement within his own domains rendered Ramiro unable to capitalize on this victory, however, and he negotiated a five-year truce with the caliphate in 944. After Ramiro’s death in 950, the Christian kingdoms descended into civil war, and ʿAbd al-Raḥmān was quick to recover that which had been lost. By the end of the decade, Muslim domination of Spain was virtually complete. The king of Navarre, Garcia Sánchez, was ʿAbd al-Raḥmān’s cousin, and he owed his throne to the caliph’s support. Sancho I, the king of Leon, was deposed by his own nobles but regained the crown in 960 entirely as a result of ʿAbd al-Raḥmān’s intervention. By the time of ʿAbd al-Raḥmān’s death in 961, the Christian kingdoms had been thoroughly subjugated. Ambassadors from Leon, Navarre, Barcelona, and Castile all traveled to Cordóba to pledge homage and pay tribute to the caliph. The decline of the Spanish Umayyads ʿAbd al-Raḥmān III was succeeded by his son, al-Ḥakam II (961–976), a lover of learning who gave protection to writers and thinkers who were not strictly orthodox. During his largely peaceful reign, the library of Cordóba boasted a collection of more than 400,000 books. Al-Ḥakam came to the throne relatively late in life, and his heir, Hishām II (976–1013), succeeded him at age 12. The young caliph would spend his reign as a puppet; his mother had supported the rise of Abū ʿĀmir al-Manṣūr (Almanzor), a courtier who could trace his descent to the initial Muslim conquest. Manṣūr possessed keen political instincts and, with skill, tact, and efficiency, came to establish himself as the de facto ruler of the caliphate. With his father-in-law, the general Ghālib, he overthrew the previous ḥajib (chief minister) in 978. A rupture with Ghālib led to the latter’s defeat and death in battle in 981, and that year Manṣūr adopted the honorific al-Manṣūr bi-Allāh (“Made Victorious by God”). Manṣūr gave the African territories local independence under Umayyad suzerainty, maintaining the caliphate’s influence in the Maghreb while reducing the drain on his own treasury. He introduced military reforms that professionalized the army, and he recruited a new cadre of skilled Berber troops. Manṣūr showed no hesitation about using this force, and he carried out dozens of punishing campaigns against the Christian states of northern Spain. He sacked the capitals of virtually every Christian kingdom on the Iberian Peninsula, and in 997 he razed Santiago de Compostela. Although Hishām II retained the nominal title of caliph, in 994 Manṣūr began to style himself as al-Malik al-Karīm (“Noble King”) as a reflection of the power he wielded. He died at Medinaceli on August 10, 1002, while returning from a campaign. Manṣūr’s eldest son, ʿAbd al-Malik al-Muẓaffar, continued the so-called ʿĀmirid dictatorship, ruling for six years before his premature death in 1008. His younger brother, ʿAbd al-Raḥmān Sanchuelo, lacked the political skill to operate the delicate machinery that his father had constructed. He lost control of the Berber generals and angered the Arab aristocracy by having himself proclaimed successor to the caliph. In 1009 a revolution in Cordóba led to the deposition of Hishām II and murder of Sanchuelo. No Umayyad could control the Berbers, who sacked the capital and began to demand land in Al-Andalus. The uprising would usher in some 20 years of unrest. In 1016 the Ḥammūdids of Ceuta intervened and set up their own caliphate but spent nearly a decade fighting among themselves. Finally, in November 1031 the leading families of Cordóba abolished the caliphate and declared a republic. The provinces of Al-Andalus became independent taifas (principalities) whose rulers pretended to be ḥajibs of a no-longer existent caliphate.

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In the previous topic, you created a tree diagram. Key issues identified must also be sorted in the order of their importance. A prioritization matrix helps determine the order for dealing with different issues or selecting solutions according to their relative importance. In this topic, you will create a prioritization matrix to identify crucial issues that require immediate attention. You must prioritize key issues identified according to their importance to determine which issues or solutions are the most critical and need to be addressed first. Using a prioritization matrix, you can determine such crucial areas where Six Sigma projects need be implemented to improve your business processes. A prioritization matrix is a tool used for determining the most important issues or solutions. This tool can be used for any prioritization activity. In a Six Sigma project, it can be used for filtering or prioritizing either causes or solutions. For example, the cause-and-effect matrix is a prioritization matrix used for prioritizing causes, while the criteria-based matrix is used for prioritizing solutions. Whatever the matrix, the procedure used for prioritization is the same. The Six Sigma team identifies different criteria to be used for measuring different solutions. The relative importance of each criterion is determined and a numerical value indicating the weight of each criterion is entered in a column. Ratings are then assigned to the solutions against different criteria. The different solutions are scored against the identified criteria. Each rating is then multiplied by the criteria weights to obtain the weighted scores. The weighted scores are then added to find the cumulative value. The option with the highest total value is regarded as the option with the highest priority. The metrics of a Six Sigma project reflect customer needs and ensure that the internal metrics of the organization are achieved. The selection of project metrics is one of the crucial elements in the Define phase of the Six Sigma methodology. A primary metric, also called a project CTQ, is a CTQ measure that is used to monitor project progression and success. It is the reference point throughout the Six Sigma project. Ideally, project CTQs should have direct impact on customers. For any Six Sigma project, the primary metrics should be: A secondary metric, also known as a consequential metric, is a project metric that you do not want to sacrifice at the expense of primary improvements in a process. These metrics ensure that the process is improving and not shifting one metric at the expense of another. It means that the secondary metrics have a relationship with the primary metrics of a Six Sigma project. Therefore, the primary goal of a Six Sigma project will be to move the primary metrics, but ensure that secondary metrics do not deteriorate or stay constant. Some of the secondary metrics include cycle time, volume shipped, inspection data, and rework hours. These metrics should not be sacrificed to achieve the primary metrics such as customer satisfaction, on-time delivery of products, and final product quality. The voice of the customer (VOC) is gathered and converted into technical requirements in this phase. A business case is then established and a project charter is prepared along with milestones. A team is also formed to carry out the project. Roles and responsibilities of the team members are also set during this phase. These activities are accomplished using tools such as Quality Function Deployment (QFD); Failure Modes and Effects Analysis (FMEA); the Suppliers, Inputs, Process, Outputs, and Customers (SIPOC) diagram; the Integrated Product Delivery System (IDPS); target costing; and benchmarking. In this phase, the concept design is developed by formulating alternative concepts and choosing the best concept after evaluating the alternatives. Risks associated with the chosen concept design are also determined. The functional requirements and their Critical to Quality (CTQ) attributes are identified by the Six Sigma team. The CTQ attributes are deployed after assessing their effect on functional requirements. Raw materials and their procurement plan with the related manufacturing plan are created during this phase. In addition, the Sigma capability is predicted. These activities are accomplished using tools such as smart simple design, risk assessment, FMEA, engineering analysis, materials selection software, simulation, DOE, systems engineering, and the capability of the process is evaluated to verify if the CTQs can be met. The design is optimized for reliability and performance by developing detailed design elements. This helps optimize the Sigma capability and cost. These activities are accomplished through manufacturing database and flowback tools, a design for manufacturability, process capability models, a robust design, Monte Carlo methods, tolerancing, and Six Sigma tools. The prototype is tested using formal tools to validate the design. After evaluating the performance, failure modes, and risks of the design, new requirements to be met are sent to manufacturing and sourcing units. The design is iterated until it meets the requirements of the customer. A final phase review to assess the reliability is also carried out to validate the design. The term Verify is also used interchangeably for this phase. These activities are accomplished through accelerated testing, reliability engineering, FMEA, and disciplined New Product Introduction (NPI). Organizations strive to eliminate three basic categories of waste in their business processes. Basic Waste Category are: Among these three basic categories of wastes, Lean focuses on eliminating activities that do not add any value. These activities are further classified into seven types of wastes: transport, inventory, motion, waiting, overproduction, over processing, and defects. A Balanced Scorecard (BSC) is a strategic performance management framework for measuring the impact of strategic decisions across all organizational drivers of an organization. A BSC provides a wider perspective on strategic decisions made by an organization by measuring the impact on key business drivers such as finance, customer requirements, internal processes, innovation, and growth perspectives. The BSC was conceived with the intent to overcome the limitations of traditional performance measurement tools. At the basic level, managers utilize it to track the activities of their direct reports and monitor the impact of their actions. At the decision-making level, a BSC is used both as a tool that facilitates strategic decision-making and as one that provides an insight into future performances. Example of Balanced Scorecard? An automobile manufacturer embraced BSC as a way to remain competitive in a rapidly evolving sector. The ensuing benchmarks show how BSC permeated into each department to coordinate the delivery of quality products and the ability to offer diverse models. The Six Sigma is an approach to business process improvement and performance management which encompasses a statistical and method-driven process. In order to effectively deploy the process in your organization, it is necessary to identify the basic elements that drive the Six Sigma methodology. Knowledge of the Six Sigma fundamentals is the first step toward a successful Six Sigma implementation. Before applying any business strategy in an organization, you must identify the goals and benefits of the strategy. You must also recognize the need for such a business strategy in the organization. Surviving in a business world that is full of competition is crucial to any organization. Six Sigma provides the means to handle declining product prices in the market, which helps any organization compete with the best companies in business. It targets zero defects by setting a common performance goal for the entire organization. Six Sigma helps an organization achieve increased profitability and quality improvement rates, ahead of any of its competitors. Reduced scrap-related costs, rework, improved yield, and increased customer satisfaction are identified in companies striving to achieve Six Sigma. A Six Sigma initiative differs from other quality improvement methodologies because it ensures that the costs involved in implementation are offset by the gains received from improvements. The primary goal of Six Sigma is to implement a measurement-based strategy in an organization that concentrates on process improvement and reducing variation. In addition to this, the other important goals of Six Sigma include: Whatever is the nature of your business, innovation is critical today. In order to survive competition and be the customers’ choice, you need to come up with really new products and services. All it means is that your ability to manage the change is a direct measure of your success. In other words, timely launch of new products/services in desired quality and price are going to determine your success, apart from cultural change aspect. So whether you want it or not, good project management skills are essential in today’s business to survive and win. Without digressing on other pre-requisites of good project management, let’s focus on one of most important but rarely focused area. There are several project management techniques and tools available such CPM, PERT and Critical Chain. Immaterial of the base on which these models are structured, out of my experience, everything finally boils to predicting time duration for a task and the delivering as predicted. In small organizations(less than 10 employees), it is more of coordination, multi-tasking and communication that will determine if a task can be completed as predicted. But with organizations involving a few tens of employees, it is all about how resources and efforts are synchronized. There may be lack of knowledge of what is to be done next, on who owns which piece, how & when to escalate lack of clarity on authority and decision making. Additionally unlike bigger organizations, smaller companies will have to manage with inexperienced and understaffed scenarios. So to make life easy for everyone, if processes associated with project management such as supply chain management processes, finance processes, clearly defined inter-department service levels and authorities, etc., are established well, that will help the organization deliver projects in time. Isn’t this what ‘Process Management’ is all about! Mathematically also it makes sense to focus on process management. For instance, consider the PERT model in which the PERT Time (Task duration) is a function of Optimistic Time (OT), Most Likely Time (MLT) and Pessimistic Time (PT). When OT and PT are wide apart, it means that it is not possible to predict the task duration accurately. In other words, the process on which the task is dependent has high variation. Such a process leads to higher PERT Time. When all the tasks of the project have widely spread OTs and PTs, the overall project duration itself will be high and unpredictable. In order to have closely defined OTs and PTs, we should have confidence that our processes will consistently deliver on-time. In other words, our process should be statistically under control and stable. Again, it’s Process Management! In a Continuous improvement journey, improvement projects are nothing but the lifeline. In this series of articles, we covered on the Need for Project Selection and the Criteria for project. Now we’ll answer the big question – Where can I get my projects from? Essentially various sources of the project! Customers Interactions: “Customers” are the biggest source for improvement projects. Classically, negative customer sentiments are good places to start. Your customers are unhappy, so it’s time to fix the issue. Mixed or ambiguous sentiments are also relevant places to start. ·Customer Complaints:If your organization has a list of customer complaints, then that is an apt place to commence. Complaints are not only sore for your customers, but for you too. Such complaints may cover a vast product or service attributes such as product or service quality, delivery time, responsiveness, people issues, pricing or areas of monetary impact including warranty claims,process & policy issues. · Repeat Complaints: You can go one step further and target repeat complaints instead. Repetitive complaints from the same customer with the same tagging indicates high priority area for improvement. ·Enquiries & Requests: Few organizations target the need of customers to call or contact the organization and, reduce them. It might not be a complaint, instead just an enquiry or request. In other words, interactions with the organization that can be avoided. Looking at enquiries and requests serve as a proactive means to identify future problem areas. ·VoC Program output: If your organization conducts structured VoC surveys, then the outputs of such mechanism can be a good source of Continuous Improvement or Lean Six Sigma projects ·Customer Experience (CX) Dipstick: Customer Experience is usually hidden and not so obvious as customer feedback. Structured and unstructured mechanisms can be deployed to understand the customer experience. For example, many organizations now use mystery shopping to unearth issues in customer experience. Observation or Listening posts are also a good way to identify how customer experience can be improved. First Time Right (FTR): If you closely have a look at your company’s process, you will find that there are many internal defects (work-in-progress) occurring, such as rework, repairs & in-process rejections. Such defects are silent killers because they drain organization’s efficiency and effectiveness silently. If your organization is measuring FTR, then its improvement can be an ideal project. More evolved organizations use RTY (Rolled Throughput Yield) as a metric which is also a good place to demonstrate Continuous Improvement. However, most organizations have a simpler measure of success for quality – Defect Rate (% Defective). While there’s nothing wrong with this metric, is a bit holistic and hence factors leading to inefficiencies escape unnoticed with this metric. Nonetheless, it is good starting point for Continuous Improvement projects. Reliability Data/Warranty data: Field failures are sometimes grave. It can cost you a lot and, the overall cost of ownership for customers might increase esp if the warranty is denied or the product is under breakdown. In broader terms, the principle of warranty is to institute accountability in the event of an untimely failure of an item or the inability of the item to perform its intended function. Experts consider reliability data analysis as a quality measure over time. This reliability analysis is done to analyze whether your product will survive for the time defined by the company in the normal conditions. Improving the reliability of a product can work both ways – organizations can lower its operational cost and provide longer warranty and customers would experience break down less often. Process Performance Data: If your organization has a well-defined and structured reporting mechanism for process performance metrics, such as a dashboard or scorecard, then it would be a very good source to identify opportunities for continuous improvement projects. As leadership teams are consumers of such reports, such opportunities can easily gain sponsorship as well. Competitive Benchmarking: Benchmarking is a continuous process of comparing your firm’s or company’s practice to those of the competitors or say most successful competitors. In certain cases, you might not be doing well. For example, having control over the delivery time to the customers. Then this can be taken as a project for improvement in our company. So, to generalize, competitive benchmarking results can also be a good source for Continuous Improvement projects. Business Plans/Strategies: Gap between strategic plan and reality can be the cause of concern for leadership. Sometimes such problems may be because of supporting processes. They can hinder new business plans or strategies. Such process improvement opportunities are also a good source for projects, provided they are scoped well with well-defined objectives & goals. Employee Feedback: While customers don’t see your process but only experience its outcomes, employees have an end to end visibility. They experience problems as customers and can associate inward aspects of such poor experience. Many organizations, pilot their products with employees, because employees are pseudo customers. If you can establish a structured process through which employees are encouraged to share their experience and enable them to take up such opportunities as Continuous Improvement or Lean Six Sigma projects, there’s nothing like it. All the above can serve as a good source for Continuous Improvement or Lean Six Sigma projects. As a business analyst you are often expected to act as a bridge between a functional domain and the business stakeholders. Business analysts must be great verbal and written communicators, tactful diplomats, problem solvers, thinkers and analyzers. Though you have been extensive training in project management and related areas, using systematic business and management tools such as graphical analysis, data distribution & visualization, statistical discovery, etc are considered to be difficult by many Business Analysts. Fortunately Lean Six Sigma, which is process improvement methodology provides many of the tools that can be handy for Business Analysts at one place. It comprises of statistical tools and techniques along with visualization tools. There are many tools such as Visual Analysis & Data Discovery tools like Fish-bone, 5 why, in scope-Out scope, Box plots and analytical tools like MSA, Descriptive Statistics, Variation, Correlation and Regression. They are explained in brief as under: There are many tools which a business analyst will learn from Lean Six Sigma Green Belt Certification. We’ll talk about few Visual analysis tools from Lean Six Sigma in brief as under: Here are few examples of data discovery analytical tools that a Business Analyst will learn from Six Sigma. A business analyst having Green Belt Certification shall have a comprehensive understanding of Lean six sigma and shall be able to apply its tenets to their daily work. The principles of Six Sigma are so widely applicable that employees getting trained are highly valued and aggressively sought after. Lean Six Sigma Certification will be a stepping stone for professionals to a higher level as you avail expertise in different problem solving tools and techniques of Lean Six Sigma.

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photography by OLIVIER ZAHM text by JEFF RYAN All archive images taken from Heritage Collection: Gio Ponti, Werner Blaser, Yasuhiko Itoh, Afra e Tobia Scarpa published by Molteni&C courtesy of Gio Ponti Archives and Archivio Storico Molteni&C Gio Ponti is a modernist master, and certainly the most famous Italian architect. He was involved in the Novecento art movement and, in 1928, founded Domus magazine, the bible of architecture. However, he is less recognized for his innovative furniture design, which was an essential part of his perfectionist aesthetic. Luckily, the manufacturer Molteni has reissued several of his pieces for its Heritage Collection. Gio Ponti wanted to be a painter. Instead, to calm his parents’ nervousness about a son they considered fragile — yet who was everything but — he trained as an architect. His first job was as artistic director of the Richard-Ginori ceramics factory, where he worked from 1923 to ’30. There, he began to reveal his talent as a jack-of-all-trades and master of many. He designed Majolica vases, porcelain, sinks, and toilets, a line of furnishings for the Rinascente department stores called Domus Nova, and flatware for Reed & Barton, which used a crystal-like diamond pattern that would later reappear in furniture, building façades, and carpets. In 1928, Ponti founded Domus magazine and remained its editor-in-chief until ’41. He edited Stile magazine from 1942 to ’47 and returned the following year to Domus, where he remained until his death. (A domus was an ordinary Roman dwelling.) Through Domus, in the late ’20s, he became involved with the Novecento art movement, created in 1922 in support of Benito Mussolini’s Fascism, which favored classical Italian art. Painters Giorgio de Chirico and Giorgio Morandi were among its members, as were many World War I veterans, including Ponti, who’d served from 1916 to ’18, receiving the Bronze Medal and the Italian Military Cross and rising to the rank of captain. Ponti was more artistic than political, though this, of course, was a time when politics was a matter of survival. Ultimately, Ponti wanted to bring life into Italian design, and he was sought after by the group for his patriotic fervor. In 1931, he created the Bilia lamp, a sphere mounted on a metallic cone, which looked both classical and modern. He based his design for the interior rotunda of the Italian pavilion at the 1932 Venice Biennale on the Pantheon in Rome, adding modern styling to a classical icon. His only building in Rome, the mathematics department at the University of Rome (1934), was also his only one to incorporate a rationalist plan and Fascist-style front door. The Novecento group began to distance itself from the dictator’s anti-Semitic ordinances of 1938, and soon after fell apart. Ponti was in every way different from the rest of them. As an artist, he appreciated the beauty of simplicity. As an architect, he understood the value of elegance and function in space. He created the blueprint for an eclectic, idiosyncratic Italian lifestyle that was chic, functional, and industrially produced. To do that, he took on building and home design from outside to inside. Ponti had been born into a world where furniture was designed and crafted by hand. In the early days of modernism, mass-market furnishings were manufactured by machine, sometimes using cast-iron molding. But these pieces were often bulky and heavy, and lacked the sophistication of handcrafted objects. Ponti became a pioneer in the use of lighter and more practical industrial materials, such as aluminum, which was then becoming more widely available. He saw furniture as functional art and focused on every detail, creating sleek, simple, elegant objects that could be mass-produced and looked unlike anything from the past. He devised building exteriors as giant geometric patterns over structures that were influenced by Andrea Palladio’s 16th-century villas as well as modern streamlining. He based his iconic 127-meter-tall Pirelli Tower in Milan (1956), at the time Europe’s tallest building, on a six-sided diamond shape, the motif he used in the flatware mentioned above, in the stairwell of the mathematics building in Rome, and under his glass-topped tables. The Pirelli Tower brought him international commissions in Caracas, Baghdad, Hong Kong, Tehran, Eindhoven, and Denver, as well as the opportunity to design a series of churches in Milan. Ponti’s holistically conceived houses had sliding partitions and modular chairs, cabinets, and tables. He made desks, chandeliers, bedroom furniture, flatware, vases, and rugs with the same attention to composition as his buildings. His side tables and three-legged coffee tables had transparent tops and rounded corners, all the better to create airier interiors. A Ponti lamp did not simply light the room; it was an objet d’art. His 1953 Distex lounge chair, with a kind of inverted trapezoid shape, melded comfort with essentialist design. His curvaceously iconic La Cornuta espresso machine of 1948 and his ultra-light 1957 Superleggera chair changed seating and café society — which Fellini made fun of in his 1960 film La Dolce Vita. Ponti, who had the dapper look of an Italian movie star, could almost have starred in it. Ponti did it all. And everything fell under his careful eye: he wrote articles (well over 500 in total) for every magazine he edited; he heralded new artists, architects, and designers; he was a teacher; he worked for more than 100 companies; he built in more than a dozen countries; he made thousands of works. At his office, a giant converted garage, his assistants rode to their desks on Italian scooters, as if in a Fellini film. Several of Ponti’s armchairs, easy chairs, modular chests, cabinets, bookcases, and a rug are now being reissued by Italian furniture manufacturer Molteni&C. He designed one of the them, his well-known Via Dezza chair, for his family home at 49 via Dezza, a building he had also designed. The chair now comes in a choice of two different velvet fabrics, which were also his creations. Widely admired for his kindness, Ponti was a true explorer of life and style. When he died in 1979 at the age of 87, his daughter claimed he could do 60 hours of work in a single day. [Table of contents] Frédéric Beigbeder and Jay McinerneyRead the article Viviane SassenRead the article AA BronsonRead the article Duncan HannahRead the article Purple 25 Years 25 covers text by Olivier Zahm Emanuele CocciaRead the article Mark GrotjahnRead the article Roberta SmithRead the article Martine RoseRead the article by Daniel Pinchbeck Age of Anesthesia by John Jefferson Selve Glenn O’Brien on the death of Jean-Michel Basquiat and Andy WarholRead the article by Richard Prince by Jeff Rian by Karley Sciortino Betony VernonRead the article Mei KawajiriRead the article Cactus StoreRead the article Adrián Villar RojasRead the article Robert StadlerRead the article Harumi Klossowska de RolaRead the article JacquesRead the article Ludo LefebvreRead the article by Sven Schumann by Olivier Zahm by Jeff Ryan by Jethro Turner Guinevere van Seenus by Inez and Vinoodh by Inez and Vinoodh by Inez and Vinoodh by Olivier Zahm by Takashi Homma by Juergen Teller By Pierre-Ange Carlotti by Terry Richardson by Anuschka Blommers and Niels Schumm by Sandy Kim Saskia de Brauw by Colin Dodgson by Viviane Sassen by Roby Rodriguez by Anders Edström by Casper Sejersen by Katja Rahlwes by Wolfgang Tillmans Best of Men’s F/W 2017 Fashion by Andreas Larsson by Jeremy Everett Hollywood Kids The Next Generation By Sandy Kim Gio Ponti Furniture Re-Edition Molteni&CRead the article Luigi Serafini CodexRead the article Xerophile Cactus ExpeditionsRead the article Betty Woodman New York / FlorenceRead the article The cineama, said André Bazin, substitutes for our gaze, a world in harmony with our desires by Georgina Graham Frédéric Mitterrand Olympic Cinema 1971Read the article Concrete CocoonsRead the article by Giasco Bertoli by Alain Badiou, Mehdi Belhaj Kacem, Dodie Bellamy, Nicolas Bourriaud, Emanuele Coccia, Tristan Garcia, Chris Kraus And Hedi El Kholti, Bernard-Henri Levy, Paul Mccarthy, Jean-Luc Nancy, Paul B. Preciado, Ariana Reines An ’80s Slice of City Life by Jeannette Montgomery Barron Desire Caught by the Tail John KayserRead the article

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SOURCES OF RADIATION EXPOSURE WHAT ARE THE SOURCES OF RADIATION EXPOSURE ? There are two types or radiation: (1) ionizing and (2) nonionizing: Ionizing radiation (e.g., x-rays) knocks electrons from atoms producing ions (i.e., ionizations). Nonionizing radiation (e.g., sunlight) usually does not dislodge the electrons and is considered not as hazardous as ionizing radiation. Here, the focus is on sources and exposures to the more hazardous ionizing as may arise from a radiological incident. Radioactive substances are those that give off radiation. Radioactivity measures how radioactive a substance is. Units for expressing radioactivity are presented in Section 2. Marie Curie a Polish-born chemist, was the first to coin the word radioactivity, even though the Frenchman Henri Becquerel discovered it in 1896. In 1898, Marie and her husband, Pierre, discovered that uranium gave off radiation and then mysteriously turned into other elements. One of these elements she called polonium, after her homeland. Another she called radium, the “shining” element. A few years earlier in 1895, Wilhelm Roentgen, a German physicist, had discovered x-rays. The term irradiated refers to the process of being exposed to radiation. For radiological incident scenarios, one mainly deals with the following types of radiation: (1) alpha radiation, (2) beta radiation, (3) gamma rays, and (4) neutrons. Alpha Radiation Alpha radiation is made up of helium atoms stripped of electrons. The stripped atoms are called alpha particles. Emitted alpha particles are positively charged. They can be stopped by a piece of paper and pose a concern mainly when emitted inside the body. Alpha emitters are isotopes that emit alpha particles. When the alpha emitter is on the surface of the skin, the dead layer of the skin adequately protects the body from harm by trapping the emitted alpha particles. However, if the skin has a wound, the alpha emitter can enter the body through the wound and cause harm. Beta Radiation Beta radiation is made up of negatively charged electrons. These electrons are called beta particles. Beta emitters are isotopes that emit beta particles. Beta particles can pass through the dead layer of the skin and cause harm to the body. Clothing can provide some protection from beta radiation injury to humans when the beta emitter lands on the outside of the clothing. Beta emitters that are inhaled into the lung or ingested into the gastrointestinal tract can cause harm. Gamma Rays Gamma rays have no charge or mass. Gamma rays can go through the entire body and can damage multiple organs. Gamma emitters are isotopes that emit gamma rays. Gamma emitters that deposit on the outside of the body and those taken inside the body both can cause harm. Clothing provides little protection from gamma rays. Neutrons Neutrons have mass but no charge. Neutrons can penetrate deep into the body, and while doing so, can produce gamma rays through their interaction with tissue atoms. Thus, all neutron exposures involve some gamma rays. Clothing provides essentially no protection from neutrons. Figure 1.1 shows the relative penetrating power of different radiations. Figure 1.2 shows how ions produced by different radiations are spaced differently in tissue because of the different penetrating power of the different radiations. People are exposed to radiation in mainly two modes: From radiation sources outside the body (external exposure). From radioactive substances that are inhaled or ingested into the body (internal exposure). Figure 1.3 shows the external and internal models of exposure. Radioisotopes taken into the body deposit in and irradiated different tissue depending on their chemical properties. Radiation sources can also enter the body via wounds. There are many different radiation exposure scenarios that can be evaluated. Some examples follow: External exposure from relatively distant radiation sources (e.g., neutrons and/or gamma rays) External exposure from nearby radioactive soil External exposure from radioactive contamination on the outside of the body Internal exposure from inhaled radioactive substances Internal exposure from ingested radioactive substances Combinations of the above The radiation exposures may be brief as during a nuclear detonation or protracted (i.e., spread over an extended period) as could arise after inhaling or ingesting radioactive substances released from a nuclear accident or radiological weapon. Exposure to radiation from natural sources also occurs for everyone but has no impact on performance and is more relevant to public health risk assessment. 1.1 Natural Sources Radiation took part in the big bang, which is the event considered to have created the universe around 20 billion years ago. Since that time, radiation has been present throughout the cosmos. Everything in the cosmos gets exposed to at least small amounts of radiation. Radioactive substances became part of our planet Earth when it was formed, presumably as a result of the big bang. Throughout the history of Earth, cosmic radiation has fallen on its surface from outer space, and terrestrial radiation has come from radioactive substances in its crust. The major part of the radiation received by the world’s population comes from natural sources. Although everyone on our planet gets irradiated from natural sources, some people at certain locations get much more radiation than others because of where they live (e.g., locations with particularly radioactive rocks and soils). All humans were born slightly radioactive because all living tissue contains radioactive substances. The radioactive characteristic is maintained throughout life. However, the normal radioactivity found in humans is nothing to worry about. Furthermore, nothing can be done to eliminate it. The main radioactive materials in rocks are potassium-40, rubidium-87, and two series of radioactive elements arising from the decay of uranium-238 and thorium-232. Uranium-238 and thorium-232 are long-lived radioactive isotopes that have remained on Earth since its origin. The levels of terrestrial radiation differ from place to place around the world because the concentrations of these materials in the Earth’s crust vary. The naturally occurring isotopes carbon-14 and tritium are produced by cosmic radiation. Other naturally occurring isotopes of interest include potassium-40, lead-210, polunium-210, radon-222, and radon-220. Public exposure to radon in homes has received much attention by governmental agencies. 1.2 Nuclear Workplace The nuclear workplace includes occupational settings such as nuclear power plants, nuclear weapons production facilities, nuclear medicine-related facilities, and radiation therapy facilities. Many workers are routinely exposed to radiation in such facilities. However, their radiation exposures are usually strictly controlled to avoid harmful effects of irradiation. One nuclear worker population worth mentioning relates to Russians who were involved in producing plutonium for nuclear weapons during the late 1940s through the 1960s. These activities took place at the Mayak plutonium production facility in the Chelyabinsk region near the Urals Mountains. Workers that were involved in using nuclear reactors to make plutonium were exposed to both neutrons and gamma rays. Workers that were involved in extracting the plutonium were exposed to high levels of both alpha and gamma radiations. Some of these exposures caused the loss of lives. 1.3 Nuclear Weapons Nuclear weapons initially produce both gamma rays and neutrons after detonation (Figure 1.4). These radiations present the primary early exposure hazard. Some weapons are designed to produce many neutrons (neutron bombs). Delayed exposure can arise from the radioactive fallout (from the sky) from fission weapons and involves alpha-, bet , and gamma-emitting isotopes. Anything on which the fallout lands (e.g., ground, lake, people, etc.) can become highly radioactive. In 1954, Japanese fishermen on a boat (Lucky Dragon) in the Pacific were covered with fallout from a distant U.S. thermonuclear test explosion. The radioactive cloud that carries the fallout from fission weapons emits radiation. This radiation is called cloud shine. Radiation can also come from fallout that deposits on the ground. This radiation emission is called ground shine. A useful rule of thumb is the rule of sevens. This rule states that every seven-fold increase in time following a fission detonation (starting after 1 hour), the airborne radioactivity decreases by a factor of about 10. Thus, after 7 hours (following hour 1), the residual radioactivity decreases to about one-tenth its level at 1 hour after the detonation. This rule of sevens corresponds to an approximate t-1.2 scaling relationship. Here, t is time after arrival of fallout in hours. 1.4 Radiological Weapon Incidents Radiological weapons are explosive devices intended to spread radioactive material over a target area and cause harm (e.g., to people). The radioactive zone can be influenced by environmental conditions such as wind direction and speed as well as by the location (e.g., height) of the detonation. A radiological incident involving a radiological weapon could have serious impacts on health and also on property values. Human exposures to radiation could involve external exposures (e.g., to beta particles from radionuclides deposited on the skin) or internal exposures (e.g., from inhaled radioactive material). 1.5 Nuclear Reactor Accidents/Destruction Nuclear accidents, such as occurred in 1979 at Three Mile Island in the U.S. and in 1986 at Chernobyl in Russia, lead to public and worker exposures to radiation. Unlike the Three Mile Island accident, the Chernobyl accident led to the loss of many lives. Such accidents can lead to the release of large amounts of alpha-, beta-, and gamma-emitting radionuclides (i.e., radioactive isotopes) into the environment. As with nuclear weapons, fallout can arise from nuclear power plant accidents. The terms “cloud shine” and “ground shine” are therefore also used in describing radiation sources associated with nuclear accidents. Nuclear facilities can also be destroyed by weapons leading to similar radiation sources such as those that arise from nuclear accidents. 1.6 Medical Treatment Radiation sources are used to diagnose and treat cancer. This leads to exposure of both patients and medical personnel. Medical x-rays are routinely administered at most hospitals. Radiation sources are used in various industries and have led to worker exposures. Radioactive isotopes occur in the environment as a result of natural processes and normal human activities. Human exposure pathways associated with radioactive isotopes in the environment are presented in Figure 1.5.

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To view original articles click here Excerpts from Autism Speaks Canada website: Medicines for treating autism are most effective when used in conjunction with behavioral therapies. Ideally, medicines are a complement to other treatment strategies… Medicines for treating the three core symptoms of autism – communication difficulties, social challenges and repetitive behavior – have long represented a huge area of unmet need. Unfortunately, few drugs on the market today effectively relieve these symptoms and none of the options most often prescribed by practitioners work well for every individual. In fact, while the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has approved two drugs for treating irritability associated with the autism (risperidone and aripiprazole), it has yet to approve a medicine for treating autism’s three core characteristics. Nonetheless, medicines such as risperidone and aripiprazole can be beneficial… [note: there is no proven benefit to takers – SSRI Stories Ed] The good news is that the range of medication options may soon change, thanks to recent advances in our understanding of the biology that produces autism’s core symptoms. This has made it possible for researchers to begin testing compounds that may help normalize crucial brain functions involved in autism. Early experiments suggest that several compounds with different mechanisms of action have great potential for clinical use, and many are now in clinical trials. Although these developments are exciting and hold real promise for bettering the lives of people with autism, we will have to wait at least a few more years before we know if any of these drug studies produce enough information on safety and effectiveness to merit FDA approval for the treatment of core symptoms. Today, most medicines prescribed to ease autism’s disabling symptoms are used “off label,” meaning that their FDA approval is for other, sometimes-related conditions such as attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), sleep disturbances or depression. Such off-label use is common in virtually all areas of medicine and is usually done to relieve significant suffering in the absence of sufficiently large and targeted studies. An example in autism would be the class of medicines known as selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitors (SSRIs), including fluoxetine. Several of these medicines are FDA-approved for the treatment of anxiety disorders and depression, in children as well as adults. Although large clinical trials have yet to demonstrate their effectiveness, parents and clinicians have found that they can ease social difficulties among some people with autism. However, it has proven to be difficult to predict which medicines in this class may produce the greatest benefit for a given patient with autism. Similarly, it can be challenging to determine the best dose. Because using these medications in children and adolescents can be a difficult decision for parents, you may find it helpful to use our Medication Decision Tool Kit, a guide for actively working with a physician to find the approach that fits best with your values and goals. You can download it free here. These are exciting times in the development of new medicines for relieving autism’s most disabling symptoms, and Autism Speaks is increasing its funding and focus in this promising area, while placing great emphasis on ensuring the safety of promising new medicines. To view original articles click here Asperger syndrome has been associated with autism spectrum disorder, a complex neuro-biological disorder that affects the ability to verbalize thoughts, manage anxiety, cope with changes to routine and participate in unstructured social situations. Symptoms also include repetitive behaviours and fixations. But violent behaviour is not typically associated with the disorder, said Margaret Spoelstra executive director of Autism Ontario. “Autism and mental health (problems) are not synonymous. Autism is a neuro-biological disorder. But it is not about violence,” she said Tuesday. “Autism is not the reason someone gets behind the wheel of a van and plows through a crowd of people.” Alek Minassian, 25, of Richmond Hill, is alleged to have been behind the wheel of a white rental van that struck pedestrians at Yonge St. and Finch Ave. He is facing charges in the deaths of 10 people, and attempted murder charges for 13 others who were injured. In 2009, the Richmond Hill Liberal quoted Minassian’s mother Sona in a story about the loss of Helpmate, a local social service organization that helped her son, who she said has Asperger syndrome. The story did not name the son. A 25-year-old who plowed a van into a crowded Toronto sidewalk was ordered held Tuesday on 10 counts of murder 13 of attempted murder. (The Associated Press) However, Minassian’s classmates at Sixteenth Ave. Public School, Thornlea Secondary School and Seneca College, described him as socially awkward, someone who kept to himself and who would frequently fidget or twitch. He was also a computer whiz. Asperger syndrome was dropped from the American Psychiatric Association’s Diagnostic and Statistical Manual, Fifth Edition (DSM-5) in 2013. Any previous subcategories of autism, such as Asperger’s, are now defined as autism spectrum disorder or ASD. “Obviously, this is such a tragedy at every level. I cannot even begin to imagine these families going through such an awful time realizing their loved ones are gone,” Spoelstra said in an interview. “Then, of course, I think of this young man and his family and what sounds like . . . a very complex-needs young man who was, indeed, participating in society,” she added, referring to Minassian’s years as a student at Seneca College Spoestra said she does not know Minassian or any of the challenges he may have been facing. “But what we can say is that diagnostic criteria for autism does not include violent behaviour,” she said. “Clearly something was happening for this young man that was disturbing him in a serious way,” she said. “What that was, is not known or understood at this point. We feel the same sense of shock and would never make an assumption that someone with autism would do this. So the reasons for this are something else.” Mark Mendelson, a former lead detective with the Toronto Police homicide squad, said it is too early to speculate about motive. But a key part of the investigation in the coming days will be a forensic analysis of online activity, examining the websites he visited and posts he made online. Minassian’s mental health will be an important factor going forward, he said, predicting that the accused killer may attempt to claim to be not criminally responsible in the deaths — a legal defence known as NCR. “If you look at it for what it is, it would not surprise me if an NCR defence is on the minds of any lawyer he is going to get,” Mendelson said. The Canadian Mental Health Association has also urged people against connecting mental illness with violence, noting that those who suffer from mental health challenges are far more likely to self-harm or be a victim of violence than to be violent themselves. With files from Wendy Gillis Man who used van to kill pedestrians in Toronto found guilty on all counts — (The Glone and Mail) MOLLY HAYES CRIME AND JUSTICE PUBLISHED MARCH 3, 2021 Survivors along with family and friends of survivors and victims share a moment outside the courthouse in Toronto on March 3, 2021. NATHAN DENETTE/THE CANADIAN PRESS Nearly three years after he deliberately ran down pedestrians on Toronto’s busy Yonge Street, killing 10 people and injuring many others, a 28-year-old man has been convicted of carrying out the deadliest mass killing in the city’s history. After a seven-week trial held virtually last fall as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, a judge on Wednesday found Alek Minassian guilty on 10 charges of first-degree murder and 16 of attempted murder. As she delivered her ruling, Superior Court Justice Anne Molloy said that she would avoid using the killer’s name, referring to him instead as “John Doe.” Notoriety, she stressed, “is exactly what this man sought.” Toronto van attack decision opens door for future verdict of not criminally responsible due to autism She took a moment to read the names of each victim, carefully noting the lives lost and the catastrophic injuries suffered on April 23, 2018, in the attack, which he admitted planning and carrying out. His defence, as argued by lawyer Boris Bytensky, was that his autism spectrum disorder (ASD) made him unable to understand on a rational level that what he was doing was wrong. As a result, he said, his client should be found not criminally responsible (NCR). The not criminally responsible defence has traditionally applied to people with psychosis. In her ruling, Justice Molloy concluded that the choice to carry out the attack was conscious and deliberate. “He knew death was irreversible. He knew their families would grieve. At various times, during his assessments by various experts, he described his actions as being ‘devastating,’ ‘despicable,’ ‘shocking,’ ‘morally terrible,’ ‘a horrible thing’ and ‘irredeemable,’” she said of the killer. “He knew it was morally wrong by society’s standards, and contrary to everything he’d been taught about right and wrong. He then made a choice. He chose to commit the crimes anyway, because it was what he really wanted to do.” Thousands of people tuned in to watch the verdict online – a reminder of how deeply the attack affected the city. The mayor and police chief issued statements afterward, expressing solidarity with the victims and their families. The case was also high-profile because of the attempt to use autism as a defence, which drew ire from the autism community. Mr. Bytensky stressed throughout the trial that the defence did not represent a generalized claim about people with ASD, who are more likely to be victims of violence than perpetrators. Justice Molloy, too, emphasized during the proceedings that autism itself was not on trial. The defence relied heavily on the testimony of Alexander Westphal, a Yale University professor with expertise in ASD. In her ruling, Justice Molloy rejected much of his findings, calling them selective. She said that he at times “appeared to be more of an advocate than an objective expert witness.” She said she was convinced ASD could qualify as a “mental disorder” eligible for a defence of not criminally responsible under the Criminal Code, but added that this does not “say anything at all about any connection between ASD and criminality,” and stressed that every case is different. This case, she found, did not meet the requirements for an NCR defence. The van attack case also highlighted the dangers of misogyny and online radicalization after it was revealed that the assailant had been reading and fantasizing about mass murders since high school. The court heard the killer took particular interest in the incel (short for involuntarily celibate) subculture, an internet-based network of misogynistic men who blame women for their inability to have sexual relationships. Minutes before the attack, he posted a message to Facebook that made specific reference to a U.S. mass killer who brought “incels” into the public eye by killing six people and then himself in Santa Barbara, Calif., in May, 2014. And though Mr. Minassian gave differing explanations of his motive after the attack, he told psychiatrists he felt “happy” with how it went, and that he wished there were more female victims. The court was told that on the morning of April 23, 2018, the killer asked his father for a ride to Woodbridge, where he said he planned to meet a friend for coffee at a bookstore. After his dad pulled away, he walked four kilometres to a Ryder rental car outlet to pick up a cargo van he’d booked three weeks earlier. According to an agreed statement of fact, he drove southeast toward Toronto, reaching Yonge Street at Finch Avenue West just before 1:30 p.m. As he watched clusters of pedestrians crossing the road there, he decided this was where his “mission” would begin. He accelerated into the crowd. For 2.57 kilometres, he weaved on and off the sidewalk, plowing into and over people, and stopping only after a drink held by his final victim splashed on his windshield, obstructing his view. On a side street, Poyntz Avenue, Toronto Police Constable Ken Lam yelled at him to get down. He used his wallet to intimate having a gun, saying later that he had hoped the officer would shoot him. When that didn’t happen, he surrendered and was arrested. In a matter of minutes, he’d killed 10 people: Ji Hun Kim, 22; So He Chung, 22; Geraldine Brady, 83; Chul Min (Eddie) Kang, 45; Betty Forsyth, 94; Munir Abdo Habib Najjar, 85; Anne Marie D’Amico, 30; Beutis Renuka Amarasingha, 45; Dorothy Sewell, 80; and Andrea Bradden, 33. Sixteen others were seriously injured. In her ruling on Wednesday, Justice Molloy said she also wished to “acknowledge the true heroes of that day.” Among the many first responders and the people who comforted those who lay injured and dying, she also thanked “those individuals who chased after the van in an attempt to stop it, shouted out warnings to others who might otherwise have become victims and particularly those who, without regard to their own safety, attempted to reach through the open window of the moving van and wrest control away from Mr. Doe.” The case will return to court on March 18 to schedule sentencing proceedings. Mr. Bytensky said he had not yet discussed any plans to appeal with his client. Both he and prosecutor Joseph Callaghan expressed gratitude to Justice Malloy for her careful and respectful analysis. “Based on all the evidence in this case, this was the fair and just result,” Mr. Callaghan said at the courthouse, where some victims and family members had gathered to watch the verdict. Cathy Riddell, one of the survivors, said she felt “relieved and grateful” her attacker was found guilty. She was in hospital for months after the attack, and had no memory of what happened. She learned details after the agreed statement of facts was entered into evidence at the beginning of the trial. “Since that day, it has been very hard to absorb. It’s like I’m going through trauma now that I didn’t go through before,” she said. But with the trial over and a guilty verdict entered, she said she “probably will sleep tonight, for the first time in a while.” “It’s not closure,” she said. “And it’s not like I’m happy – I don’t feel like dancing. But I feel like justice has been done.”

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As China surpasses the United States as the world’s largest economy, flexes its might in the South and East China seas, and takes a leading role fighting climate change, it appears to be on course to challenge America’s superpower status. Despite a seeming rapprochement over chocolate cake between China’s President Xi Jinping and President Trump in April, how the two countries navigate their strategic interests and work through China’s rise remains unclear. Is conflict inevitable when an upstart challenges a dominant power, or does history provide a road map for peaceful coexistence? Graham Allison, the Douglas Dillon Professor of Government and outgoing director of the Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs at Harvard Kennedy School, calls this the defining question of the 21st century. In a new book, “Destined for War: Can America and China Escape Thucydides’ Trap?,” Allison examines the looming complications, using lessons drawn from the clashes between Sparta and Athens in ancient Greece, as well as other world conflicts. He spoke about his book and these issues in an interview. GAZETTE: How would you characterize relations between China and the United States today as compared with, say, the 1970s under President Richard Nixon? ALLISON: What most Americans still haven’t awakened to is that just in the last generation [China] has emerged like a rocket to displace the U.S. as the No. 1 producer of automobiles, computers, smartphones, and artificial intelligence. Indeed, it’s the largest economy in the world as measured by the best yardstick for comparing national economies: purchasing power parity. In the book, I illustrate this in terms of a seesaw, in which the U.S. is on one end and China is on the other. If you go back to 1990, China had about 15 percent the weight of the U.S. By 2014, China is roughly equal with the U.S., and by 2024 will be half again larger. So, just in our lifetime, a state that hardly mattered in international affairs and hardly mattered as a buyer or seller of anything has emerged as a serious rival and, in many arenas, has surpassed us. GAZETTE: Can you explain Thucydides’ Trap? What prompted you to consider U.S.-China relations through this lens, and how does it help? ALLISON: Thucydides’ Trap is the dangerous dynamic that occurs when a rising power threatens to displace a ruling power. That dynamic creates structural conditions in which events by third parties or accidents that would otherwise be inconsequential or manageable can in fact cascade to consequences that nobody wanted or could imagine. The insight comes from Thucydides in his great history of the Peloponnesian War. He wrote about the competition between the two leading city-states in classical Greece. In probably the most quoted one-liner in international relations study, he wrote, “It was the rise of Athens and the fear that this instilled in Sparta that made the war inevitable.” You’ve got two variables here: the objective condition of the rise of Power A relative to Power B, and then a subjective condition, which is the perception of that, especially by the ruling power. In the past 500 years, I’ve found there have been 16 cases in which a rising power threatens to displace a ruling power. In 12 of these, the outcome was war. In four, the outcome was not war. Think about the rise of Germany 100 years ago and the fear that this instilled in Britain. If one asks: How is it conceivable that the assassination of an archduke who would have been successor to the throne in Austria-Hungary becomes the match that lights a fire that, by its end, has burned down all of the European houses? The answer is this occurs in the context of this Thucydidean dynamic. Because it’s fearful of a rising Germany, Britain enters into entanglements which it had rigorously resisted with both Russia and France. And Germany, having only one ally, feels required to back its weakling Austrian-Hungarian empire. Otherwise it would have no allies. So an event that would have otherwise been manageable comes to create a conflagration. As I argue in the book, at the end of World War I in 1918, what happened to the things that all of the principal actors cared about most? The answer is, they had lost them. The Austrian-Hungarian emperor [“relinquish(ed) every participation in the administration of the State”] and his empire is dissolved. The Russian czar who’s backing the Serbians has been overthrown by the Bolsheviks, so he’s lost his whole regime. The Kaiser in Germany has been dismissed. The French have been bled for a whole generation. And Britain has been shorn of its treasure and its youth and turned into a debtor when before it had been a creditor. So if you’d given a chance to any of these parties for a do-over, nobody would’ve made the decisions that they made. But they were made, and that was the outcome. So the application to the case of China and the United States today is that no sane person in the U.S. government thinks a war with China is a good idea. Similarly, I don’t believe there’s anybody in China who matters who thinks a war with the U.S. is a good idea. Does that mean war cannot happen? The answer is it does not. But if we look at our histories, we discover that despite the fact that people have the right perception that a war would be catastrophic for their interests, they nonetheless may find themselves making choices in which they are prepared to tolerate risks they normally wouldn’t if they were not caught up in the grips of the dynamics of Thucydides. Take the Cuban missile crisis and its analogue unfolding today with North Korea. In the missile crisis, Kennedy was prepared to run a 1-in-3 chance of a nuclear war that could kill 100 million people to prevent the Soviet Union from placing nuclear missiles in Cuba. When he got into the middle of this crisis, and especially as he got to the end, he began to have second thoughts. I think as we watch what’s likely to happen over the next year in North Korea, we’re going to see what level of risk of a war Trump will accept to prevent North Korea from being able to launch a nuclear warhead against Los Angeles or San Francisco. I don’t believe it will be less than what Kennedy was prepared to run as a risk. And if you think about it, that’s terrifying. GAZETTE: You say the U.S. must better understand what China is trying to do. What are they trying to do, and how do we improve our understanding of them? While China is clearly an economic force, there are other dimensions — cultural, political, social, leadership — that comprise what it means to be a superpower. ALLISON: Absolutely. We should imagine that President Xi and his colleagues are similar to Teddy Roosevelt and his colleagues when the U.S. was supremely confident it was going to be the “American Century.” Teddy Roosevelt, as I describe in the book — a Harvard graduate, one of my heroes, 37 years old — becomes the No. 2 civilian in the Navy. That’s in 1897. He’s been writing that it makes no sense whatsoever to have these foreigners in our hemisphere, especially offended by the Spanish who are controlling Cuba. So in the decade that follows his becoming the assistant secretary of the Navy, we fight a war with Spain, we liberate Cuba, we take Puerto Rico, we get Guam as a spoil of war, and the Philippines. Second, we support and sponsor a coup in Colombia that creates a new country, Panama, that gives us a contract for the canal that we want to build. We threaten war with Britain and then secondly with Germany unless they’ll butt out of territorial disputes in Venezuela, and we ultimately steal the biggest part of the tail of Alaska from Canada, and that’s just for starters. And we announce, as Teddy does, the Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine. The corollary says if any nation in our hemisphere behaves in ways we don’t like, we will send the Marines and change the government. And we send the Marines once a year every year that follows while he’s there. From the Chinese perspective, what is the name of the sea that’s adjacent to its border? It’s called the South China Sea. It’s not called the American Sea; it’s not called the Asian Sea; it’s not called the International Sea. And this other one is called the East China Sea. When they look out at these waters adjacent to their border, they think it’s as strange and anomalous to see the American Navy as the arbiter of what happens there as Teddy Roosevelt thought it was for the Spanish to be in Cuba. They aspire to the normal aspirations of a rising power in the Thucydidean story. A rising power thinks “I’m bigger, I’m stronger, so I deserve more say, and I deserve more sway, and my interests deserve to matter more. And the arrangements that I’ve inherited from a previous condition in which I used to be small and weak are unfair and were unreasonable, so they need to be adapted.” When we tell them, “Wait a minute, this is the rules-based international order that’s allowed you to emerge. You would never have emerged if it hadn’t been for what we’ve provided in the way of security and economic order,” that’s what’s under the surface of events happening in the South China Sea and also in the Korea peninsula. GAZETTE: China is not without its own growing pains. I wonder whether the fact that major economic and cultural changes are hitting China so quickly may hinder its growth and strength. It’s something they’ve never dealt with, so there’s no history to fall back upon. Meanwhile, the U.S. has 240 years of a mostly stable economic and political system, which is a decided structural advantage. Are we perhaps overstating China’s rise much like we did with Japan in the ’80s? ALLISON: They’re completely shell-shocked by how fantastically their world has changed in such a short period of time. Now of course, our world has changed hugely, too. This book is not pessimistic or fatalistic in any way, but I think it’s essential to recognize the inherent and inescapable risks — extreme risks — in this structural condition. China has fantastic problems at home, and the U.S. has fantastic problems at home. The Chinese are trying to run six revolutions at the same time. They’ve got their population problem. They’ve got, as you say, no established institutions, so they’ve got no constitutional framework. There are lots of reasons for thinking that they could find themselves in trouble. But of course, that’s been true five years ago, 10 years ago, 15 years ago, 20 years ago. My gut tells me that we should not count on them derailing themselves. We should count on them continuing along this path, and we should expect their behavior to look like what I call the “rising power syndrome.” The emanations from it, I think, give us a pretty good clue to how they think about “one belt, one road,” or what should happen in the South China Sea, or who should be calling the tune with development assistance, particularly as the U.S. exits some of these arenas, putting together a trade agreement in Asia, which I think they will succeed in doing. Or even, as at the Davos discussions, declaring themselves to be the leader in trying to deal with the climate problem. To whatever extent we back off or back down and leave vacuums or empty space, maybe they’ll overstretch and overpromise. But they’re there. GAZETTE: Despite Thucydides’ Trap, you say war between China and the U.S. is not inevitable. Why? ALLISON: There’s no reason why it’s necessary to make the mistakes that gave us World War I or that produced a number of the other examples. I try to draw 12 lessons for peace, both from the failures and from the successes. No. 1: Learn from the past. No. 2: Analyze the situation just like you were taking a very high-level strategic perspective. So it is the case that the overwhelming problems for China lie at home. And it is the case that the overwhelming problems for the Americans lie at home. Is it impossible to imagine people having a sense of priorities? No, it’s not. It’s hard, but not impossible. Third, look at the problems that we’re not able to solve unilaterally, that can only be solved if we act cooperatively. Climate is a dramatic example. You can’t solve the problem by yourself. This has to be done either collectively among the big guys, of which China and the U.S. are the two leaders, or it fails. That’s why the Paris Accord was so significant. So there are areas in which cooperation is necessary for our selfish objectives. Climate is a dramatic case, but I think the same thing is in avoiding a nuclear war between the U.S. and China. Next, for the areas where we have competing interests, can we imagine adjusting things that we’ve become accustomed to, but are not necessary? I call this distinguishing between the vital and the vivid. Can we take account of what’s vital for American well-being and then figure out what other things are maybe important but less important? If we’re to manage the problem that’s emerging in the Korean peninsula, will we have to adjust some of the things that we’ve taken for granted? I think we will. Is compromise a bad idea? In politics, maybe so, but not in the real world and not in strategy. Diplomacy will be of the essence. This has to do with the way the governments relate to each other, the way the parties understand each other, the level of even trust in the sense of predictable expectations. I think it’s a challenge, but it’s not a challenge all that much more difficult than in the period after World War II and especially in the late ’50s, ’60s, and ’70s when it looked like the Soviet Union was going to surpass the United States. My hope about the book is that we’ll recognize the extreme risks and then we will understand that we need to have a strategic imagination proportionate to the risk. This interview has been edited for clarity and length.

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Construction has always been dangerous. Ancient builders met the challenge of jobsite injury by adding more men to the workforce, replacing the dead and injured. In modern times, the use of what is considered basic safety gear—such as hardhats and safety shoes—has only been accepted by the labor force in the recent past. In many ways, construction workers have had an image of being “cowboys” or “daredevils” at work. Not so much anymore. Much of the difference can be related to changes in government policy, or more accurately, to the evolution of government policy. That evolution started in 1922 with the formation of the Bureau of Labor Standards and progressed to the enactment of the Occupational Safety and Health Act, signed by President Richard Nixon on Dec. 29, 1970. A new agency, the OSHA (Occupational Safety and Health Admin.), which is run by the Dept. of Labor, was opened for business in April of 1971. The safety standards set out by OSHA for the construction industry specifies qualifications that must be satisfied on a jobsite, including security precautions, training and education, and what protective gear must be in use. Employers are required “to provide their employees with a workplace free from recognized hazards likely to cause death or serious physical harm.” And while that might seem logical, construction is a high hazard industry and all too often hazards are accepted as “part of the job.” Construction workers engage in activities that expose them to serious hazards like falling from elevated surfaces, unguarded machinery, being struck by heavy equipment, electrocution, and exposure to dust, silica, asbestos, and other toxics. Safety starts before the job starts. One of the most important aspects of a successful safety management plan for construction sites is effective communication. This includes workers, supervisors, and managers on-site from the prime contractor and subcontractors who may be working on the site at any given time. Communication needs to be clear and concise to understand the safety procedures and follow them. Daily pre-task-planning cards or forms are safety checklists the employees fill out every day before starting work, or starting a new task during the day, or when moving to a new area of the project. They help employees identify hazards associated with the work they are performing in addition to identifying noncompliance and unsafe conditions in their work area. The employee fills out the form identifying any hazards associated with the task and what steps they are taking to eliminate or minimize the hazard. As a tool for communications, guidelines and printed or electronic handbooks are one step. The Kilgore Companies guide, for example, explains why safety protocols are critical. Another critical element of a good safety management plan is a designated safety officer responsible for overseeing all aspects of the construction site. This person should have the authority to make decisions regarding safety procedures and develop them. They should also be responsible for maintaining safety equipment and ensuring workers are adequately trained. In addition to having a designated safety officer, it is also essential to conduct regular site inspections to identify any potential hazards and ensure that everyone follows established safety protocols for the construction jobs. The designated safety officer can do this, but it may also be helpful to have a team of workers responsible for conducting these routine inspections. The CPWR, an organization in construction safety, identified eight leading indicators of a safety climate: demonstrating management commitment; aligning and integrating safety as a value; ensuring accountability at all levels; improving site safety leadership; empowering and involving workers; improving communication; training at all levels; and encouraging owner/client involvement. It created a safety climate workbook and a rubric-based measurement tool called the S-CAT (Safety Climate Assessment Tool) that construction companies of any size could use to self-assess their level of safety maturity across the indicators and identify ways to continually improve along the spectrum from inattentive to exemplary in their efforts to strengthen jobsite safety climate. Software companies are also innovating reporting and monitoring tools for construction safety. ProcessMAP spent two years developing a construction safety software that includes key capabilities such as incident management, audits management, sustainability management, risk assessment, hazard reporting and safety suggestions, behavior-based safety, training management, permit to work, all designed to mitigate risks and protect the workforce proactively. The digital platform is equipped with preloaded inspections and audit checklists, safe work permit checklists, and other content to start quickly. Safety processes such as inspections, hazard observations, Tool Box Talks, incident reporting, safe work permits, and others, play a key role in driving safety at a construction project site. ProcessMAP’s construction safety platform has been deployed at more than 1,000 sites globally in the last two years with quantifiable results: 120% increase in hazard & near miss reporting250% increase in asset and workplace inspections100% safe work permits issued digitally over mobile solutions140% reduction of lag time in reporting an incident in a year300% increase in incident investigation completed within 24 hours450% increase in total action items44% increase in on time closure of action item Training safety officers, supervisors, workers, and others is a time-intense requirement. As one contractor found out, it pays to pay for the time. Richard Wagner Enterprises in North Carolina reports, “We made it mandatory for all our field workers to pass the OSHA 10-hour safety class and any of our job foremen to pass the 30-hour class. We pay for the class, they take it in their off-time, and if they complete it within 30 days, we pay them a bonus equal to the 10 or 30 hours of class time. We also empower all our employees to stop working if an unsafe or hazardous condition arises anywhere on the jobsite.” What will the safety officer have to contend with? BigRentz, the nation’s largest construction equipment rental network, publishes 25 Construction Safety Statistics and Trends to increase awareness of the challenges and opportunities associated with the industry. For their 2022 list, culled from statistics from CDC and the Bureau of Labor Statistics, the top five are: 1.1 in 5 deaths among U.S. workers is in the construction industry. 2. Of the 42 annual crane-related deaths, around 60% involve a falling object. 3. A total of 1,008 construction workers died on the job in 2020. 4. Each year, 10.2 of every 100,000 construction workers suffer a fatal injury, which is the third highest rate of any industry. 5. Falls account for 34% of all construction deaths and eliminating falls in construction would save more than 300 lives every year. Work-related injuries have resulted in a loss of 104,000,000 production days for companies. One fatal injury costs an average of $991,027 in hospital costs. Companies are acknowledging the crisis and taking steps to reduce these horrible numbers. Some construction safety tips are obvious: wear proper headgear, inspect equipment, display adequate signage, stay focused, stay hydrated, and promote open communication among teams. Putting the basics in place is the start since research shows that businesses can save $8 for every dollar spent on an effective health and safety program. The next step, one more companies are taking rapidly is to find and implement technology solutions that add to the safety of the workers. This can be as simple as a safety harness and guy wires to prevent falls from scaffolding and high iron works to cloud-based applications for training and monitoring safety on the job. The harness, which many workers consider uncomfortable and resist using, is only one of many wearables that can improve jobsite safety. Others include the more exotic exoskeleton. As noted by Trimble, exoskeletons come in powered and unpowered versions. Unpowered exoskeletons are primarily meant to redistribute loads and make heavy lifting easier. These devices can distribute weight to stronger muscles, so you don’t strain weaker parts of the body. Powered exoskeletons take things one step further by using a network of sensors and motors to help workers when lifting heavy objects. A few years ago, smart glasses were a fad for a while. Projecting information onto the lens of the glasses allows workers to get schematics and diagrams they need without going back and forth to the source documents in the trailer of remote location. Other visual wearables use an optical aid on or in hats or visors that enhance or promote visual images for the wearer. They improve efficiency because they allow fieldworkers to be hands-free while they work. Monitoring the worker is also a valuable safety tool. Smart clothing has the ability to monitor vital signs, giving an early alert if an employee is suffering from fatigue or otherwise impaired. Wearable tools can analyze data and warn the worker of hazards. For example, they can be an attachment to hardhats, personal protection equipment, or safety glasses. One wearable gaining interest is the Triax Spot-r Radius, a wearable that provides realtime preventative alerts and daily operational data insights, enabling companies to operate more safely and productively. It provides device-to-device connectivity, which has helped keep workers safe through social distancing and contact tracing at more than 275 worksites during the COVID-19 pandemic. In addition to realtime safety alerts that proactively notify workers before entering hazardous areas or no-go zones, Spot-r Radius automates headcount and hours for daily reporting and labor billing verification; tracks equipment utilization; identifies bottlenecks causing inefficiencies on site; and supports social distancing and digital contact tracing, as needed. Its analytics’ reports—automatically uploaded to the cloud at the end of each day—help organizations improve sitewide efficiency and measure workforce behavior. Other wearables are being outfitted with biometrics and environmental sensors, GPS and location trackers, Wi-Fi, voltage detectors, and other sensors to monitor workers’ movements, repetitive motions, posture, and slips and falls. With geofencing, construction supervisors can establish restricted areas that will sound an alarm if an employee enters a potentially dangerous area. Universities and colleges are doing research into jobsite safety and adding the results to their courses. Capitol Technology University in Washington, DC is one where a variety of technologies for safety are taught. Virtual reality, for example, has the potential to make a major impact on safety and training in the construction industry. The platform is finding value for use in the construction industry on everything from operating cranes and excavators to doing welding and masonry work. Similar to virtual reality, augmented reality has the ability to improve safety on the construction site. Workers could walk to a specific area of a jobsite and have a safety checklist, specific to the task at hand, pop up on a display integrated into a smart hard hat or safety goggles. With augmented reality, construction managers can monitor employee performance, offering tips for increased safety on the site. Most of the tasks on a construction site have seen changes with more powerful and complex tools and machinery being implemented. To complicate the situation, consider the growth of construction immigrant workers, where the vast majority comes from Latin American countries. Besides agriculture, the construction industry is the top employer of immigrant workers who usually lack trade related skills and, more significantly, language skills. Research at the University of Massachusetts-Lowell found approximately one third of Hispanic construction workers speak only Spanish. In the United States, construction has a larger share of Hispanic workers than any industry (18%), except agriculture (37%). Hispanic workers are in some ways overrepresented in their rates of work related fatal and non-fatal injuries and in their participation in high hazard industries. Drywall, tile, and concrete workers as well as painters, roofers, and laborers are the occupations with a significant participation of the Hispanic workforce. The CDC indicates Hispanics make up an especially vulnerable population in the construction industry. Hispanic construction workers experience high rates of occupational injury, likely influenced by individual, organizational, and social factors. For example, even though Hispanic workers are only 29% of the construction workforce, they account for 39% of fatal falls to a lower level. Several factors may contribute to this disparity, including language barriers and discriminatory practices that create hazardous work environments for Hispanic workers. It’s true Hispanic workers bring with them varied histories, cultural sensibilities, strong health beliefs, and a different cultural background compared with non-Hispanic workers. English is not the first language of Hispanic workers and, consequently, their understanding of educational materials about safety at work will be significantly lower in comparison with native English speakers. This problem is aggravated by the fact that a small, but significant, portion of Hispanic workers are illiterate in their own language. These factors point to the need for safety documents to be available in multiple languages, especially Spanish, when the jobsite employees are diverse. Selection of a simple, direct translation of safety materials, however, might communicate incorrect meanings. A safety coordinator fluent in Spanish (or other first languages used on the jobsite) would be a good investment, even if on a temporary basis. In general, it is recognized that effective safety and health training and education of Hispanic workers should include programs that are developed in a language that is familiar to the workers, should be delivered in a learner centered environment, should be culturally sensitive, and should be accompanied by a true commitment to safety. Developing an effective way of disseminating materials on construction safety and health and assessing its impact should also prove beneficial. Monitoring the jobsite for safety breeches requires labor or technology. Combining the two, by having a dedicated site observer equipped with technology can be an answer. One technology that can be used is the quadcopter or drone. Drones are becoming increasingly important tools on construction sites. They’re effective at surveying the worksite for any potential hazards and can be used to supervise workers to ensure they remain safe on the job. Because they can take photos and videos in realtime, you can maintain live updates of changing work conditions. For example, the drone can record wind speed, temperature, and pressure readings to ensure all workers are operating within a safe environment. A similar technology is the CCTV camera that can be enhanced with AI (artificial intelligence). AI CCTV is an electronic device integrated with an AI chip for processing and enhancing its functionality, enabling them to accomplish various tasks such as face recognition, movement detection, people counting, perimeter detection (human vs animal differentiation), and stranger detection. According to Research and Markets, the global AI CCTV market size was valued at $14.83 billion in 2020, and is projected to reach $55.22 billion by 2030. According to Megapixall, a security camera supplier to construction, CCTV benefits include the ability to stream images in realtime over Wi-Fi. Wireless cameras can be installed anywhere and moved easily and can be visible to encourage workers to attend to safety knowing they are being monitored. There are also downsides to their use. Installed on site, a construction security camera is vulnerable to many more hazards when compared to other locations. Cameras monitoring constructions sites may very well be damaged by high winds, debris, sleet and snow, or heavy rain. Faulty operated machinery is a common cause of accidents on construction sites. To eliminate the risk of human error in machine operation and maintenance, construction technology now features software applications that can be used to monitor safety in individual machines. These safety-related software features allow operators to control the sway of heavy loads, adapt the lifting speed of machines to match the load, and more easily maintain important equipment. And because all data is collected and analyzed within a centralized software, you have more control over machine maintenance and operation on the worksite. Not all hazards are easily recognized on the jobsite, nor can they be avoided through traditional safety protocols. The CDC (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention’s) NIOSH (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health) and the Bacterial Special Pathogens Branch describes cases of welder’s anthrax, a newly identified, deadly occupational disease. Several studies have shown an increased risk of pneumonia and death among welders and other workers exposed to metal fumes and mineral dusts. Research suggests it is possible that exposure to metal fumes might increase susceptibility to lung infection, even with common, relatively harmless infectious agents. Furthermore, iron oxide deposited in the lungs after inhaling welding fume has been found in the lungs for years, even after removal from exposure. Welder’s anthrax, for example, is defined as pneumonia in a metalworker caused by bacteria that produces anthrax toxin. Seven patients diagnosed with what is now termed welder’s anthrax were reported to the CDC from 1994–2020. And perhaps the biggest safety issue is one that usually starts before the worker approaches the job. The “elephant in the room” on too many jobsites these days, and one that technology cannot eliminate, is drugs. Across all populations, demographics, and occupations, more than 250 lives were lost to drugs every day in the United States in 2020. A study published in July 2021 reported during the COVID pandemic the U.S. saw some of the deadliest months on record for the opioid overdose epidemic. The CDC reports construction workers have been shown in many studies to have high rates of death from overdose compared to workers in other occupations. For example, a study in 2018 showed that, among all occupations, construction workers had the highest rate of death from overdose, including overdose from heroin. In a recent study of workers compensation data from 27 states, mining and construction workers were more likely than workers in other industries to receive opioids when receiving a prescription for pain medication. Workers in very small companies, with payrolls of $4 million or less, are prescribed opioids more frequently than workers in larger ones. About 90% of construction companies have fewer than 20 employees. Researchers have identified high rates of injuries in construction as a driver for the high prevalence of opioid use disorder among workers in the industry. About one-third of construction workers have at least one MSD (musculoskeletal disorder) and opioid prescription use is three times higher among construction workers with MSDs than those without an MSD. Construction workers who received opioids for reasons other than MSDs, such as kidney stones, stomach pain, and dental visits, were not found to have an increased risk of long-term use and opioid dependency. Additionally, workers with broken bones, neurologic conditions in the arms (such as carpal tunnel syndrome), and neurologic spinal pain are most likely to receive an opioid when getting a prescription for pain medicine. Younger workers are more likely to use illicit drugs whereas older workers are more likely to use prescribed opioids. The researchers found construction workers prescribed opioids for musculoskeletal pain had a higher risk for long‐term opioid use and for developing opioid use disorder. Annually, 15% of workers who were prescribed opioids became long‐term users. They also found long-term users were nearly 10 times as likely to develop opioid use disorder. So, safety on the jobsite can be enhanced by careful application of communications, monitoring, and personnel. It can be augmented by traditional technology and cutting-edge technology. It can be improved by recognizing the diversity of today’s construction industry and providing appropriate training, in the languages and cultural forms that are needed. It can be increased by noting and dealing with the growing drug problem caused by injuries treated with opioids. It can be all these things, but it can’t be ignored. Want to tweet about this article? Use hashtags #construction #sustainability #infrastructure #IoT #AI #cloud #edge #futureofwork

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When the first impact of the coronavirus started being felt in Europe, I looked up which Psalms were said for sick people according to Judaism. In the past year, through my work in poetry and Bible translation, I had found myself increasingly circling the Psalms and looking for a way in. “The last thing the world needs is another translation of the Psalms,” my wife remarked, and I was wont to agree: the first recorded English poetry, long before Beowulf, are odd translations of Psalms. But I kept looking at them, trying to figure out what exactly this curious edifice of one hundred and fifty outpourings of glee and desperation to the Lord could possibly mean. The term “Psalms” derives from the ancient Greek translation Psalmoi, meaning “songs.” The Greek Septuagint and all the European translations that followed from it place this book of poems second of a group of poetic Bible books starting with Job and concluding with Proverbs. The Psalms were written in Hebrew reportedly by King David, who “knew how to play” and healed King Saul with his music before starting a political career by killing Goliath. “Then David had rest from wars and dangers, and enjoyed perfect peace from that day on, and composed songs and praises (psalms) to God in different meters,” writes Flavius Josephus in Antiquities of the Jews, “and devised instruments and taught the Levites to thank God with them on the day called the Sabbath and other festivals.” Other ancient sources – Ben Sirah, the book of Maccabees, the Dead Sea scrolls of Qumran – concur with this account. But there are difficulties with this attribution, because some of the Psalms bear the names of figures predating David, such as Moses – some even purport to go back as far as Adam – and some post-date him, like his son Solomon. To deal with these oddities, the Jewish tradition holds that ten righteous men recited the book of Psalms, but it would bear the name of David, “the sweetest singer of Israel” (2 Samuel 23:1). A not-so-religious Canadian poet friend of mine once remarked to me that she reads the Catholic Bible regularly but keeps coming back to the Psalms because that is where you hear a human voice at the other end. A friend once remarked to me that she keeps coming back to the Psalms because that is where you hear a human voice at the other end. This human voice – the one understood to have healed Saul – how might it speak to this moment of suffering? I found on a Chabad site a list of thirty-six Psalms that “it is customary to recite” for someone who is ill but no citation for where this list came from. Nevertheless I copied down the list and made a stab at one or two. Then my curiosity got the better of me and I looked again for some reference to these thirty-six Psalms. A Yeshiva University page led me to a reference to a book called Gesher Hachaim (The Bridge of Life) and its author, Rabbi Yechiel Michel Tucazinsky. Chabad had suggested the saying of these Psalms was from “time immemorial,” but Tucazinsky was born in Belarus in 1871, moved to Jerusalem in 1882, and died there in 1955. He is virtually our contemporary. In 1952 he was awarded the Rav Kook prize by the city of Tel Aviv-Jaffa for Torah Literature. Tel Aviv is the city of the flesh to Jerusalem’s city of the spirit. I can only imagine Rabbi Tucazinsky was well-regarded indeed for the city of Tel Aviv to want to recognize his writings. He is commonly referred to in the religious world not by his name but by that title of his most famous book, Gesher Hachaim, which it turns out is considered one of the final authorities on Jewish laws of mourning. I opened it to the introductory section on the laws of visiting the sick. There he writes that “the commandment of visiting the sick is two-fold,” both “fulfilling the needs of the sick person” and “the prayer you pray over them. The commandment of visiting the sick is one of body and soul, the body – by serving and taking pains for the needs of the sick person, and the soul – to pray for them.” He emphasizes: “And anyone who visited the sick not for his benefit and didn’t pray for him – has not fulfilled the commandment of visiting the sick.” This observation struck me quite forcibly. If you consult the standard work of Jewish law, the 1563 Shulchan Aruch, you’ll find the source of his language about how essential prayer is to the sick person and some suggestions of verses to say, but Tucazinsky’s is a sharpening of that perspective. “The patient who calls the physician should know that the physician is only the messenger of the Physician of all flesh, who gave him permission to perform his errand,” he goes on, and names eighteen Psalms to say “when praying in a synagogue or some other location for the sick person (not in their presence)”: 2, 13, 22, 25, 30, 32, 38, 69, 88, 102, 103, 107, 116, 118, 142, 143, and 130. That is a commandment you could fulfil in a matter of minutes and feel you had done something for somebody you otherwise couldn’t reach. He suggests a further eighteen Psalms to say should you wish to. But the initial list is only of eighteen, the rest a matter of your own conscience. It is much less demanding of people to specify just eighteen Psalms they should say. That is a commandment you could fulfil in a matter of minutes and feel you had done something for somebody you otherwise couldn’t reach. I had finally found my source, and promptly took a stab at the first of a much shorter list: Psalm 2. Why do the nations hullaballoo and races talk rot? This very first line presents all the problems inherent in translating these poems. The question of tone, and the question of synonyms. Psalms persistently phrase things in parallels, asking a question about x and y when x and y are loosely translated into English as the same thing. So how do you treat x and y? Then there is that question of tone. These are deeply personal poems apparently written in great anguish and ecstasy. How do we address the Lord nowadays if we are not using language that has been pre-processed by some religious organization? How do we use contemporary language without being glib or disposable, but avoiding the high-flown or sanctimonious? I had come up with a range of solutions to these problems when translating the Pentateuch, but the Psalms are so deeply personal and so opaque at times that it is like going from a walk in the park to a stumble through a dark wood. I had often compared my obscure midlife path to the sense of waking up in Dante’s wood, and here he was in this thicket, bumping into me again. They fall in line, the kings of the earth and monarchs band as one Against the Lord and His anointed one: Who is this anointed one? Miles Coverdale, the sixteenth-century Christian who was the first to translate a number of these poems into English from the original, would have taken any such line as a reference to Jesus. I am translating as a modern Jew who is notionally still expecting the messiah; not only that, but I have seen the State of Israel rise out of the ashes of mid-twentieth-century Jewry with not a messiah in sight. Tucazinsky had seen modern Israel founded before his very eyes and died before it was a decade old. What anointed one could he have imagined this line could possibly be referring to? It certainly wasn’t Ben Gurion in his new parliament building in Jerusalem. Let us cut off our reins and throw off our restraints He who sits in heaven laughs – the Lord ridicules them. Then He will address them in His wrath and in His rage sweep them away. But I anointed my own King and Zion my sacred mountain. Again, in my mind’s eye I see the modern city of Jerusalem as it expands ever outward with its buildings of Housing Ministry–regulated Jerusalem white stone, not the ancient Temple Mount. Even the Jerusalem of Tucazinsky’s early twentieth century, though smaller and shabbier and divided in 1948, would have seemed a far cry from any sacred mountain. Who would he have seen swept away? Not the British who had only just left the country, certainly not any of the Arab neighboring countries that had barely been fought to a standstill. The nearest people Tucazinsky might have thought to be the people throwing off the reins and restraints were his own non-religious Jewish countrymen, those very hedonists in Tel Aviv-Jaffa who gave him a prize for his Torah writings. But I soon put such questions out of my mind. Translating the Psalms requires a curious doublethink. You need to find contemporary equivalents for language, without being bound either to the source period or the contemporary period. A sort of timeless dialogue with the Almighty in a language he did not speak then and certainly does not speak now. An occasional lapse into the vernacular is possible, but who is talking to whom and about what is finally all but unanswerable. I come to speak into law: The Lord said to me, You are my son This very day I bore you: Ask and I’ll give you nations as your estate make your inheritance the ends of the earth You’ll herd them with a rod of iron like handicraft vessels shatter them to bits. But now kings grow wise take counsel chieftains of the land: Worship the Lord in awe and rejoice in your trembling: Kiss the son or He’ll rage and you’ll lose the way home. For His wrath blazes all at once lucky are those who sit in his shade. What is this poem meant to do for a sick person, aside from that last line, which suggests the suffering patient may be fortunate if he or she takes comfort in the Lord? Is that why this poem is on that list? Rabbi Tucazinsky isn’t answering, and his book didn’t give a source for his list, though he gave plenty of sources for his view that praying for the sick is an obligation. After his death, the city of Jerusalem named a street in one of the burgeoning new religious neighborhoods, Mekor Baruch, after his book. Can you imagine an obscure American religious leader having a street named after him, let alone one of his books, let alone a book about mourning? I daresay there are streets named after Cotton Mather, Jonathan Edwards, Brigham Young, even Billy Graham – but I never heard of a “Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God” avenue in Georgetown. As I began translating the Psalms I got a call from the religious judge of Leeds, Dayan Refson, who also founded the day school I take my children to on the train. He was asking if I would do an hour’s work for him as kosher supervisor in the one kosher butcher's of Leeds. This was an hour’s work on Purim (which this year fell on March 9), the day when everybody gets drunk, and you may be surprised to hear not too many people were taking him up on his offer. The regular supervisor had to mind the communal meal at the synagogue down the road. Dayan Refson also asked if my family and I would like to join him and his wife for the festive meal of Purim. I asked if it was all right for my son to come because he had caught a cold and people were starting to get jumpy about the virus. His wife said that was fine; in fact, her husband also had a cold and she was telling people if they didn’t want to come eat with them that was their choice. I went and supervised for an hour, the kosher butchers were very grateful, and I got a lift to Dayan Refson’s house for the feast. I sat next to him at dinner. His voice was an octave lower than usual and he was a little subdued. Somebody made a speech about how this virus was very contagious but not as deadly as SARS, and how nobody around that table would die because today’s seventy-year-olds were not the elderly of yesteryear. I said goodbye to Dayan Refson and he shook my hand. That night I translated the passage from Gesher Hachaim about which Psalms to say for a sick person. The following week I was asked to replace the kosher supervisor in the butcher’s shop for two days. Then three. The usual supervisor had a cold and his usual replacement didn’t want to come in that day. I went in and supervised, each day the shop staff getting more nervous. They had started to wear surgical masks as they stood behind the till. That Sunday I had a call telling me to come in for three days a week until further notice. The second supervisor had quit at his wife’s request. She was too worried. The first supervisor was not allowed to come back after his cold because as a seventy-year-old diabetic he was at too high a risk. Then a lockdown was declared, all non-essential businesses closed. But the kosher butcher was an essential service, so I prepared to continue traveling in on the now-empty trains. I got up on Monday morning and opened my email to learn that Dayan Refson had passed away in the night. No mention of symptoms or cause of death. There would be no seven days of mourning, no opportunity to comfort his wife. The synagogues had closed the previous week. Funerals were limited in size. Nobody was visiting anybody. I kept translating Psalms, on the train, in and out of Leeds, with nobody around me, going to supervise the kosher butcher. I found myself stacking the shelves with biscuits, with pasta, anything, to comfort the shell-shocked Jews of Leeds who were staggering in from having gone to their supermarket and found the shelves emptied by panicked buyers. The least I could do as a communal service was give them a full shelf to look at when they came in the door. As soon as the butchers could throw kosher packs of meat on the shelf they were being grabbed off and shelves were bare again. Last week I was asked not to stay in the shop but to keep to myself upstairs in the offices. To come down once an hour and make sure everything was fine, but not to expose myself to risk of infection from the public. Tape was put down on the floor to mark two-meter distances from the paying counter. Plastic screens were hung in front of the cashiers. I came in and translated Psalms upstairs. One night I greeted the owner of the shop as he planned to put stronger screens in front of the cashiers. I went in and translated more Psalms, and called another rabbi to ask him about the butchers eating bread in the corner of the kitchen. He called to tell the butchers not to eat inside. Then he called me back ten minutes later. The owner of the shop had gone into self-isolation and did not want me supervising the store anymore, worried about what I was exposed to on the train. I told the rabbi the train was empty, but he said there was nothing he could do. I took my apron and my volume of Psalms, bought kosher meat for Passover, and said goodbye to the butchers. The only response I have come up with to the constant thought of death has been translating these cries from another time and place. It is too late to pray for Dayan Refson with these Psalms or any others. But aside from stacking the shelves with pasta, the only response I have come up with to the constant thought of death has been translating these cries from another time and place for him to pay attention. As it says most eloquently in Psalm 69: Rescue me God because the waters have come for my life I’m drowned in the mulch of the depths and there’s no place left to stand.

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Sustainability Newsletter #30 #Figure of the month - 9 million deaths per year Pollution killing 9 million people a year, Africa hardest hit Worsening outdoor air pollution and toxic lead poisoning have kept global deaths from environmental contamination at an estimated 9 million per year since 2015, equivalent to a 7% increase per year up to 2019 – countering modest progress made in tackling pollution elsewhere, a team of scientists reported in May. These 9 millions represent one of every six deaths worldwide, and costs $4.6 trillion per year which is comparable to smoking related deaths. "We're sitting in the stew pot and slowly burning," said Richard Fuller, a study co-author and head of the global nonprofit Pure Earth. But unlike climate change, malaria, or HIV, "we haven't given (environmental pollution) much focus." Deaths from traditional pollutants are declining globally. But they remain a major problem in Africa and some other developing countries. Tainted water and soil and dirty indoor air put Chad, the Central African Republic and Niger as the three countries with the most pollution-related deaths, according to data adjusted for population. Deaths caused by exposure to modern pollutants such as heavy metals, agrochemicals and fossil fuel emissions are "just skyrocketing", rising 66% since 2000, said co-author Rachael Kupka, executive director of the New York-based Global Alliance on Health and Pollution. When it comes to outdoor air pollution, some major capital cities have seen some success, including in Bangkok, China, and Mexico City, the authors said. But in smaller cities, pollution levels continue to climb. Trends and Initiatives EU countries call for 1,000 gigawatts of solar energy by 2030 The bloc should have at least 1,000 gigawatts of photovoltaics installed in the region by 2030 -- equivalent to roughly the world’s current capacity -- according to a joint letter signed by Austria, Belgium, Lithuania, Luxembourg and Spain to the bloc’s climate chief Frans Timmermans and Energy Commissioner Kadri Simson. The EU can deploy at least 70 million solar rooftops by the end of the decade it said. The bloc will outline a raft of measures, from speeding up the roll out of renewables to cutting red tape for wind and solar farms, while also kicking off a campaign for consumers to save energy. Possible measures to curb recent electricity market volatility are also being considered. The EU countries are also calling for 75% of solar panels to be produced within the bloc, which would help boost independence from China, which currently manufacturers the bulk of the world’s photovoltaics. New Zealand to speed EV adoption to cut emissions New Zealand will accelerate its adoption of electric vehicles and investigate hydrogen as an alternative energy source as it seeks to phase out fossil fuels and play its role in mitigating global warming. Announcing its first emissions reduction plan on Monday in Wellington, the government said it would initially allocate $NZ2.9 billion ($2.6 billion) over four years to fund a range of measures, from electric car incentives to phasing out coal boilers and helping farmers reduce methane emissions from livestock. Despite contributing only a tiny fraction to global greenhouse gas emissions, the government says New Zealand needs to play its part in limiting world temperature rise to 1.5 degrees Celsius above pre-industrial levels. But the measures also aim to protect the nation’s environment and maintain the clean, green reputation it trades on. Funds will be allocated to develop a comprehensive energy strategy, including a hydrogen road map and the creation of a regulatory framework for offshore wind energy. “Hydrogen as a fuel could enable the decarbonisation of hard to electrify sectors such as heavy freight and steel,” the government said. China triples solar investments as clean energy push accelerates Investment in solar was 29 billion yuan ($4.3 billion) from January through April, about 204% higher than in the same period a year earlier, according to an National Energy Administration statement. That compares to 51.3 billion yuan invested in solar in the first 11 months of last year. China, which already has the world’s largest fleet of renewables, is rapidly accelerating investments in solar and wind projects as it aims to build a larger and more flexible grid to meet goals to peak carbon emissions before 2030 and zero them out by 2060 or earlier. The nation is forecast to add a record 220 gigawatts of total power capacity this year, according to the NEA. Coal will continue to play a central role in the country’s energy mix for years, and Beijing has expanded plans to adapt power plants using the fuel to act as backup to renewables. Society and Planet China's sea levels touched new high in 2021, govt study shows China's sea levels reached their highest on record last year, swelled by rising water temperatures and the melting of glaciers and polar icecaps, the government said in a report. Coastal sea levels were 84 mm higher in 2021 than the average over the period from 1993 to 2011, the National Marine Environmental Monitoring Center said in an annual bulletin. Saturday's report warned that rising sea levels brought by climate change were having a "continuous impact" on the development of coastal regions, and urged authorities to improve monitoring and bolster early warning and prevention efforts. Last year, the environment ministry forecast a rise of another 55 mm to 170 mm in coastal water levels during the next 30 years, which would require a greater effort by China to protect its coastline. Its east coast cities have begun making contingency plans against rising sea levels, with the commercial hub of Shanghai looking into building new drainage tunnels and tidal gates. Climate change: Iraq suffers seventh severe sandstorm in a month One person died in Iraq and more than 5,000 others went to hospital on Thursday due to respiratory problems caused by a sandstorm, the seventh to hit the country in a month, the health ministry said. Residents in seven Iraqi provinces, including the capital Baghdad and the large semi-desert region of Al-Anbar in the west of the country, once again woke up to a thick orange cloud with sand seeping into homes. Sandstorms have only worsened in recent weeks in Iraq, one of the five countries in the world most vulnerable to climate change and desertification. The weather service expects these sandstorms to recur throughout May. This is the seventh sandstorm since mid-April in Iraq, resulting in hospital admissions for respiratory problems. Over the next two decades, Iraq is expected to experience "272 dusty days" per year and by 2050, the threshold of 300 days per year will be reached, said Issa al-Fayyad, a senior Environment Ministry official, in early April. Among the measures recommended to combat this phenomenon, the ministry cited "the creation of forests that act as windbreaks". Holcim to use proceeds from Indian sale on lower carbon acquisitions - Company : HOLCIM AG - Sector : STEEL, CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS, OTHER METALS AND MINING - Clover rating : 0/10 Holcim will use cash raised from the sale of its Indian business for acquisitions focused on building products and solutions, Chief Executive Jan Jenisch said in May, with the cement-maker currently eyeing 10 potential targets. Holcim agreed to sell its Indian business to Adani Group for 6.4 billion Swiss francs ($6.38 billion), its largest divestment in years, as it seeks to lower its carbon profile and raise funds for takeovers. "We hope we can keep a similar pace and put this money to work very fast," Chief Executive Jan Jenisch told reporters. Making cement is an energy intensive industrial process which produces high levels of carbon, a situation which has deterred many investors and weighed on Holcim's share price. TotalEnergies: before the AGM, investors are up in arms against the climate policy - Company : TOTALENERGIES SE - Sector : ENEGRY - Clover rating : 6/10 The climate strategy that the oil group has submitted to its shareholders for a vote at its general meeting in May is dividing investors. Ofi AM, Meeschaert Amilton, Mandarine Gestion, and Sycomore AM, are voting against the Say on Climate, as are Edmond de Rothschild Asset Management, Financière de l'Echiquier and the Dutch MN. "Despite improvements, TotalEnergies has failed to meet investors' expectations regarding the alignment of its reduction targets with the Paris Agreement," said the group of 11 investors." Deutsche Bank, DWS Offices Searched by Authorities on Greenwashing Claims - Company : DEUTSCHE BANK - Sector : DIVERSIFIED FINANCIALS - Clover rating : 3/10 German authorities raided the Frankfurt offices of Deutsche Bank and its investment arm DWS today, deepening the greenwashing concerns that have surrounded the company for the past several months. According to statements from the Frankfurt prosecutor’s office, the search had been triggered by media reports that DWS overstated the green or sustainability-related aspects of financial products, and following examination of evidence leading to suspicion of “prospectus fraud.” The new actions follow reports of investigations last year by the US’ SEC and Germany’s federal financial supervisory authority BaFin after claims that the trillion dollar asset manager has misled investors on its use of ESG considerations in its investment practices and its ESG investing capabilities. In August 2021, DWS’ former sustainability chief Desiree Fixler, alleged that the firm misrepresented in its annual report on the extent to which assets were invested using ESG integration in the investment process. Climate change ‘already’ raising risk of virus spread between mammals Mammals forced to move to cooler climes amid global warming are “already” spreading their viruses further – with “undoubtable” impacts for human health, a new study says. The research, published in Nature, uses modelling to map how climate change could shift the geographic ranges of 3,100 mammals species and the viruses they carry by 2070. As species migrate to new areas, they carry their viruses with them. The new study says there are “at least 10,000” viruses that have the capacity to infect humans, but “at present, the vast majority” of them “are circulating silently in wild mammals”. It finds that climate change is increasingly driving new encounters between mammal species, raising the risk of novel disease spread. The world’s “biodiversity hotspots” and densely populated parts of Asia and Africa are most likely to be affected. The findings suggest that climate change could “easily become the dominant [human] driver” of cross-species virus transmission by 2070, the authors say. The research comes in the third year of the Covid-19 pandemic, a disease passed from animals to humans that has so far killed more than six million people across the world. Japan Set to Make Companies Disclose Gender Pay Gap This Year Japan will likely require companies to disclose the wage gap between male and female workers from this summer as part of Prime Minister Fumio Kishida’s New Capitalism plans. The proposals point out how Japan trails other advanced nations in achieving gender pay equality, and also calls for wages to be raised across the country. By forcing companies to disclose gender pay gaps, the government could help pay keep up with prices or outpace them, provided it results in women’s compensation being raised instead of men’s wages being cut. The rule will apply from this summer to businesses with more than 300 employees, regardless of whether they’re listed. Disclosure will be required whenever the firm’s fiscal year closes, meaning companies will likely start to report from around the summer. The bulk of firms will report next spring as the financial years of many large firms in Japan end in March. Japanese women earn 77.5% of what men do, far below the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development average of 88.4%. Calls by the government for more women to hold corporate and political leadership roles have largely sputtered. Do not hesitate to contact your dedicated Relationship Manager should you need any more requirements. This material was produced by BNP Paribas (Suisse) SA. 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Now the only way to avoid this shipwreck, and to provide for our posterity, is to follow the counsel of Micah, to do justly, to love mercy, to walk humbly with our God. For this end, we must be knit together, in this work, as one. — John Hutchinson, 1630 John Hutchinson led a ragtag group of Puritan colonists into a deadly winter of New England discontent. But it was an experiment and new start for these hopeful refugees of British overreach. Hutchinson’s lasting image came from Jesus and the Sermon on the Mount: a “city on a hill” that cannot be hid. We will be, he dreamed on the swaying ocean-tossed ship Arbela, a model for the world, a shining beacon for others to emulate. He liberally quoted from Galatians 6, Paul’s impassioned imperative to care for one another, to bear one another’s burdens, to work for the common good. And citing Micah 6:8, he extolled his Puritan travelers: “Now the only way to avoid this shipwreck, and to provide for our posterity, is to follow the counsel of Micah, to do justly, to love mercy, to walk humbly with our God. For this end, we must be knit together, in this work, as one.” The balance of justice and compassion Only then would their ship (both the Arabella and their future ship of his envisioned society) survive. Hutchinson’s vision incorporated clear compassion for all involved — the deeply spiritual Puritans as well as their largely secular escorts, the soldiers and merchants who accompanied them. His call for justice comingled with his clear concern that each should care equally for the other. They were to be their brother and sister’s keepers. So a balance of justice and compassion were central to this new experiment on a distant shore. They were not attempting to free themselves from anything. Instead, their effort was to purify the old ways, to work harder, to be more disciplined and together create a new citizenship that would benefit all the members. “A balance of justice and compassion were central to this new experiment on a distant shore.” Problems would arise in this experimental balancing act, of course. Baptists, Quakers, Native Americans, Seekers and any number of other non-Puritan types generated serious problems for those in charge of regulating social behaviors. Freedom was elusive. For these New England Puritans, this odd concept of any kind of liberty was suspect and never a priority. Freedom was indeed being experimented with; but to find the experiment in practice, one had to venture farther south. New Amsterdam, 1624 It was a small trading post on the tip of a long island they would call Manhattan. Unconstrained by a need to regulate ethnicity or religion, the crafty Dutch and the merchants who plied their commercial trade were the richest and most successful in the world at the time. They discovered that commerce works best when traders are motivated by profit, not by petty national or religious bigotries. The Dutch invented the stock market in 1602. The resulting commercial empire they cultivated quickly expanded. And their experiment with capital demonstrated the value of multicultural, multiethnic commercial interactions. Within a brief time, New Amsterdam and this new harbor on what would be called the Hudson River bustled with every kind of ethnicity, religion and language most Europeans had ever imagined. “If liberty of this kind worked in the commercial world, perhaps it could work in the religious one as well.” This was what freedom would begin to look like. It was frightening to some. But the clear commercial victories the Dutch enjoyed revealed a message that could not be ignored. Commercial freedom worked. And if liberty of this kind worked in the commercial world, perhaps it could work in the religious one as well. When the British took over New Amsterdam in 1664 and renamed it New York, they wisely maintained the Dutch commitment to free trade, openness to new ideas and unconcern with national origins. Liberty of thought, heart and pocketbook began to take hold in a strange, unique and highly successful secular experiment that continues to thrive. The lessons of freedom in New York and the commitment to biblical justice and compassion in New England battled with each other for most of our country’s earliest years. The tension found a new and visionary articulation coming from a highly influential voice. Frederick Douglass, 1867-68 Frederick Douglass preached a series of sermons in these two post-Civil War years. As a person who had escaped slavery, Douglass embodied a potent message. His intellect, experience and growing name recognition positioned his words to be heard across the bounds of race, class and geography. He crossed the country to bring healing to a land still ravaged by horrible wounds, young men scarred for life, families torn asunder by poverty, loss and grief. But even more, his was a titillating challenge. These sermons of 1867-68 cast a broad and lasting vision. He artfully alludes to Hutchinson, a city on a hill and the caring for one another in Galatians 6. He then creatively combines this biblical imperative with the secular discoveries begun in New Amsterdam and adapted in New York. Intrinsic equality and helpful mutuality should be the order of the land. Justice and compassion should balance the freedom, or the rational liberty we crave. In whatever else other nations may have been great and grand, our greatness and grandeur will be found in the faithful application of the principle of perfect civil equality to the people of all races and of all creeds, and to those of no creeds. We are not only bound to this position by our organic structure and by our revolutionary antecedents, but by the genius of our people. Gathered here, from all quarters of the globe by a common aspiration for rational liberty as against caste, divine right governments and privileged classes, it would be unwise to be found fighting against ourselves and among ourselves; it would be madness to set up any one race above another, or one religion above another, or proscribe any on account of race, color or creed. “The lasting brilliance of his words echoes still among our daily debates.” The lasting brilliance of his words echoes still among our daily debates. How equal are we? How much common ground can we find? We continue to live in the tense balancing act of freedom, justice and compassion Douglass casts before us? And he would not be alone. Emma Lazarus and The New Colossus, 1883 Emma Lazarus grew up in New York City, the daughter of immigrants, a Jewish woman ministering to Jewish refugees. They came to this harbor on the Hudson fleeing the pogroms of Russia, Poland and Eastern Europe. Watching them arrive with nothing, many sick and malnourished, Emma Lazarus witnessed the tragedy of poverty and the travesty of prejudice. She also saw in these survivors of genocide and ethnic cleansing a compelling resiliency. She wrote a poem, words inspired by these irrepressible men and women rising from their wounds to generate new energy in her native city. Her words speak still from the pedestal of the Statue of Liberty: “Give me your tired, your poor, your huddled masses yearning to breathe free.” Notice how the vision of Hutchinson, the mutuality of Galatians, the vibrancy of New York, the equitable and colorblind calling of Douglass coalesce in the compassionate, welcoming justice of Lazarus all “yearning to breathe free.” Still, there is more. Katherine Lee Bates and Pike’s Peak, 1893 Katherine Lee Bates taught English at Wellesley College. She was a single woman struggling for recognition and tenure. She was battling the consistent tides of prejudice because of her giftedness and gender. And in 1893 she took a vacation to the Rocky Mountains of Colorado. There, she found inspiration at the summit of Pike’s Peak. She titled the resulting poem by that name. But later, she and others realized her lyrics captured a far larger vision. The poem Pike’s Peak became America the Beautiful. O beautiful for spacious skies, For amber waves of grain, For purple mountains majesties, Above thy fruited plain. God shed his grace on thee And crown thy good with brotherhood From sea to shining sea. O beautiful for heroes proved in liberating strife, Who more than self their country loved And mercy more than life! America, America, may God thy gold refine ’Til all success be nobleness And every gain divine! Katherine Bates’ inspired words rekindle every heart with a hopeful vision of providence. She lived for years as a single woman, a professor committed to the craft of writing, to the call of teaching and to the need of social reform. She also was devoted to her roommate, a woman she loved with passion and deep loyalty. She never could acknowledge their mutual love publicly. But her letters reveal decades of faithfulness that today would allow us to celebrate her affiliation with the LGBTQ community. Her descriptive lyrics in America articulate the delicate balancing act so painstakingly raised over the centuries. “Through ebbs of hubris and occasional flows wisdom, our continued storm-tossed American identity debate rages.” Through ebbs of hubris and occasional flows wisdom, our continued storm-tossed American identity debate rages. Battle lines have been forming for decades. Anger seems to overwhelm us. But we can again shape a judicious path through our current discontent. With these wise voices of our past, we still can forge more lasting and respectful bonds. Our visions differ. But our calling remains. Hutchinson, Douglass, Lazarus and Bates all speak with one clear American voice, one calling in balanced tones of equal and highly biblical measures: Freedom, justice and compassion sensibly balanced for all. May it be so now, and for our future together. David Jordan serves as senior pastor of First Baptist Church of Decatur, Ga. Hope for a new year out of the historical disunity of our United States | Opinion by David Jordan John Adams, Thomas Jefferson and necessary grace | Opinion by David Jordan

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From a distance, it’s not obvious that Earth is full of life. You have to get pretty close to see the biggest forests, and closer still to see the work of humans, let alone microbes. Nevertheless, from space the planet itself seems alive. Its landmass is broken apart into seven continents, which are separated by vast waters. Below those oceans, in the unseen depths of our planet, things are even livelier. The Earth is chewing itself up, melting itself down, and making itself anew. A dozen cold, rigid plates slowly slip and slide atop Earth’s hot inner mantle, diving beneath one another and occasionally colliding. This process of plate tectonics is one of Earth’s defining characteristics. Humans mostly experience it through earthquakes and, more rarely, volcanic eruptions. The lava that spurted from backyards in Hawaii last month—the result of a deep-mantle hot spot—is related to tectonic activity. But there’s more to plate tectonics than earthquakes and eruptions. A wave of new research is hinting that Earth’s external motions may be vital to its other defining feature: life. That Earth has a moving, morphing outer crust may be the main reason that Earth is so vibrant, and that no other planet can match its abundance. “Understanding plate tectonics is a major key to understanding our own planet and its habitability. How do you make a habitable planet, and then sustain life on it for billions of years?” says Katharine Huntington, a geologist at the University of Washington. “Plate tectonics is what modulates our atmosphere at the longest timescales. You need that to be able to keep water here, to keep it warm, to keep life chugging along.” In the past few years, geologists and astrobiologists have increasingly tied plate tectonics to everything else that makes Earth unique. They have shown that Earth’s atmosphere owes its longevity, components, and incredibly stable Goldilocks-esque temperature—not too hot, but not too cold—to the recycling of its crust. Earth’s oceans might not exist if water were not periodically subsumed by the planet’s mantle and then released. Without plate tectonics driving the creation of the coastlines and the motion of the tides, the oceans might be barren, with life-giving nutrients relegated forever to the stygian depths. If plate tectonics did not force slabs of rock to dive underneath one another and back into the Earth, a process called subduction, then the seafloor would be entirely frigid and devoid of interesting chemistry, meaning that life might never have taken hold in the first place. Some researchers believe that without the movement of continents, life might not have evolved into complex forms. In 2015, James Dohm and Shigenori Maruyama of the Tokyo Institute of Technology coined a new term for this interdependence: the Habitable Trinity. The phrase describes a planet with abundant water, an atmosphere, and a landmass—all of which exchange and circulate material—as a prerequisite for life. Yet understanding how plate tectonics affects evolution—and whether it is a necessary ingredient in that process—hinges on finding answers to some of the hottest questions in geoscience: how and when the plates started moving. Figuring out why this planet has a movable crust could tell geologists more not just about this planet, but about all planets or moons with solid surfaces, and whether they could have life, too. In 2012, the film director James Cameron became the first person to dive solo all the way down the deepest gash on Earth. He touched down about 36,000 feet below the ocean surface in the Challenger Deep, a depression within the Mariana Trench, itself a much larger trough at the intersection of two tectonic plates. Cameron collected samples throughout the trench, including evidence of life thriving on the seams of our planet. As the Pacific plate is dragged down into Earth’s mantle, it warms up and releases water trapped within the rock. In a process called serpentinization, the water bubbles out of the plate and transforms the physical properties of the upper mantle. This transformation allows methane and other compounds to percolate out of the mantle through hot springs on the otherwise frigid ocean floor. Similar processes on early Earth could have supplied the raw ingredients for metabolism, which may have given rise to the first replicating cells. Cameron brought back evidence of such cells’ modern descendants: microbial mats, clumps of microbes that thrive beneath nearly seven miles of water, where sunlight can’t penetrate and pressure is more than 1,000 times that of sea level. “It’s really exciting because it links plate tectonics with life,” says Keith Klepeis, a geologist at the University of Vermont. “It gives us ideas of what to look for elsewhere in the solar system. It gives us an idea of what early life could have been on Earth.” Cameron’s record-setting dive was not the only expedition to demonstrate a connection between plate tectonics and ocean life. Recent research ties plate-tectonic activity to the burst of evolution called the Cambrian explosion, 541 million years ago, when a stunning array of new, complex life arose. In December 2015, researchers in Australia published a study of roughly 300 drill cores from seafloor sites around the globe, some containing samples that were 700 million years old. They measured phosphorus as well as trace elements such as copper, zinc, selenium, and cobalt—nutrients that are essential for all life. When these nutrients are abundant in the oceans, they can spark rapid plankton growth. The researchers, led by Ross Large of the University of Tasmania, showed that these elements increased in concentration by an order of magnitude around 560 to 550 million years ago. Large and his team argue that plate tectonics drove this process. Mountains form when continental plates collide and shove rock skyward, where it can more readily be battered by rain. Weathering then slowly leaches nutrients from the mountains into the oceans. Maybe more surprising, Large and his colleagues also found that these elements were low in abundance during more recent periods—and that these periods coincided with mass extinctions. These nutrient-poor periods happened when phosphorus and trace elements were being consumed by the Earth faster than they could be replenished, Large said. Tectonic activity also plays an essential role in maintaining the long-term stability of Earth’s thermostat. Consider the case of carbon dioxide. A planet with too much carbon dioxide could end up like Venus, a planetary blast furnace. Plate activity on Earth has helped regulate the level of carbon dioxide over eons. The same weathering that pulls nutrients from mountaintops down into the oceans also helps remove carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. The first step of this process happens when atmospheric carbon dioxide combines with water to form carbonic acid—a compound that helps dissolve rocks and accelerate the weathering process. Rain brings both carbonic acid and calcium from dissolved rocks into the ocean. Carbon dioxide also dissolves directly into the ocean, where it combines with the carbonic acid and dissolved calcium to make limestone, which falls to the ocean floor. Eventually, over unimaginable eons, the sequestered carbon dioxide is swallowed by the mantle. “That is something that regulates CO2 in the atmosphere on long timescales,” Huntington says. Plate tectonics might even be responsible for another, and arguably the most important, atmospheric ingredient: oxygen. A full 2 billion years before the Cambrian explosion, back in the Archean eon, Earth had hardly any of the air we now breathe. Algae had begun to use photosynthesis to produce oxygen, but much of that oxygen was consumed by iron-rich rocks that used the oxygen to make rust. According to research published in 2016, plate tectonics then initiated a two-step process that led to higher oxygen levels. In the first step, subduction causes the Earth’s mantle to change and produce two types of crust—oceanic and continental. The continental version has fewer iron-rich rocks and more quartz-rich rocks that don’t pull oxygen out of the atmosphere. Then, over the next billion years—from 2.5 billion years ago to 1.5 billion years ago—rocks weathered down and pumped carbon dioxide into the air and oceans. The extra carbon dioxide would have aided algae, which then could make even more oxygen—enough to eventually spark the Cambrian explosion. Plate tectonics may also have given life an evolutionary boost. Robert Stern, a geologist at the University of Texas at Dallas, thinks plate tectonics arose sometime in the Neoproterozoic era, from 1 billion to 540 million years ago. This would have coincided with a period of unusual global cooling around 700 million years ago, which geologists and paleoclimate experts refer to as “snowball Earth.” In April, Stern and Nathaniel Miller of the University of Texas at Austin published research suggesting that plate tectonics would have catastrophically redistributed the continents, disturbing the oceans and the atmosphere. And, Stern argues, this would have had major consequences for life. “You need isolation and competition for evolution to really get going. If there is no real change in the land–sea area, there is no competitive drive and speciation,” Stern says. “That’s the plate-tectonics pump. Once you get life, you can really make it evolve fast by breaking up continents and continental shelves and moving them to different latitudes and recombining them.” Stern has also argued that plate tectonics might be necessary for the evolution of advanced species. He reasons that dry land on continents is necessary for species to evolve the limbs and hands that allow them to grasp and manipulate objects, and that a planet with oceans, continents, and plate tectonics maximizes opportunities for speciation and natural selection. “I think you can get life without plate tectonics. I think we did. I don’t think you can get us without plate tectonics,” he says. Stern imagines a far future in which orbiting telescopes can determine which exoplanets are rocky, and which ones have plate tectonics. Emissaries to distant star systems should aim for the ones without plate tectonics first, he says, the better to avoid spoiling the evolution of complex life on another world. But everything depends on when the process started, and that’s a big, open question. Earth formed about 4.6 billion years ago and started out as an incandescent ball of molten rock. It probably did not have plate tectonics in any recognizable form for at least 1 billion years after its formation, mostly because the newborn planet was too hot, says Craig O’Neill, a planetary scientist at Macquarie University, in Australia. Back then, as now, convection within the planet’s inner layers would have moved heat and rock around. Rock in the mantle is squeezed and heated in the crucible of Earth’s innards and then rises toward the surface, where it cools and becomes denser, only to sink and start the process again. Picture a lava lamp. Through convection, vertical motion was happening even on the early Earth. But the mantle at that time was relatively thin and “runny,” O’Neill says, and unable to generate the force necessary to break the solid crust. “Subduction wasn’t happening. There was no horizontal motion,” Keith Klepeis says. “So there was a time before continents, before the first continent formed”—the time before land, if you will. Earth would have had a so-called stagnant lid, without disparate plates. O’Neill published research in 2016 showing that early Earth might have been more like Jupiter’s volcanic moon Io, “where you have a volcanically active regime, and not a lot of lateral motion,” O’Neill says. As the planet began to cool, plates could more readily couple with the mantle below, causing the planet to transition into an era of plate tectonics. This raises the question of what cracked the lid and created those plates in the first place. Some researchers think an intrusion might have gotten things moving. In the past two years, several teams of researchers have proposed that asteroids left over from the birth of the solar system might have cracked Earth’s lid. Last fall, O’Neill and colleagues published research suggesting that a bombardment of asteroids, half a billion years after Earth formed, could have started subduction by suddenly shoving the cold outer crust into the hot upper mantle. In 2016, Maruyama and colleagues argued that asteroids would have delivered water along with their impact energy, weakening rocks and enabling plate movement to start. But it’s possible Earth didn’t need a helping hand. Its own cooling process may have broken the lid into pieces, like a cake baked in a too-hot oven. Three billion years ago, Earth may have had short-lived plate-tectonic activity in some regions, but it was not widespread yet. Eventually, cooler areas of crust would have been pulled downward, weakening the surrounding crust. As this happened repeatedly, the weak areas would have gradually degraded into plate boundaries. Eventually, they would have formed full tectonic plates driven by subduction, according to a 2014 paper in Nature by David Bercovici of Yale and Yanick Ricard of the University of Lyon, in France. Or the opposite might have happened: Instead of cold crust pushing down, hot mantle plumes—like the kind that are driving Hawaii’s eruptions—could have risen to the surface, percolating through the crust and melting it, breaking the lid apart. Stern and Scott Whattam of Korea University, in Seoul, showed how this could work in a 2015 study. According to these theories, plate tectonics may have started and stopped several times before picking up momentum about 3 billion years ago. “If you had to press everyone’s buttons and make them take a number, there’s a running ballpark in the community that around 3 billion years ago, plate tectonics started emerging,” O’Neill says. Yet it’s hard to know for sure because the evidence is so fragmentary. “Oceanic crust is only 200 million years old. We’re just missing the evidence that we need,” O’Neill says. “There’s a lot of geochemistry that’s come a long way since the 1980s, but the same fundamental questions are still there.” The oldest rocks on Earth suggest that some sort of proto-subduction was happening as far back as 4 billion years ago, but these rocks are hard to interpret, O’Neill said. Meanwhile, sometime between 3 billion and 2 billion years ago, Earth’s mantle apparently underwent several chemical changes that can be attributed to cooling, changing its convection pattern. Some geologists take this as a recording of the gradual onset and spread of tectonic plates throughout the planet. “The real answer is we don’t know,” says Brad Foley, a geophysicist at Penn State University. “We’ve got these rocks, but we can’t figure out what’s the smoking gun that would tell us there is plate tectonics or subduction at this time, or there definitely wasn’t.” So are tectonics essential to life? Ultimately, the problem is that we have one sample. We have one planet that looks like Earth, one place with water and a slipping and sliding outer crust, one place teeming with life. Other planets or moons may have activity resembling tectonics, but it’s not anything close to what we see on Earth. Take Enceladus, a frozen moon of Saturn that is venting material into space from strange-looking fractures in its global ice crust. Or Venus, a planet that seems to have been resurfaced 500 million years ago but has no plates that we can discern. Or Mars, which has the solar system’s largest volcano in Olympus Mons, but whose tectonic history is mysterious. Olympus Mons is found in a great bulging province called Tharsis, which is so gigantic that it might have weighed down Mars’s crust enough to cause its poles to wander. O’Neill has published research showing that a Mars-size planet with abundant water could be pushed into a tectonically active state. And others have argued that some regions in Mars’ southern hemisphere resemble seafloor spreading. But researchers agree that it hasn’t had any action for at least 4 billion years, which is roughly the age of its crust, according to data from orbiters and robots on the surface. “There is some argument that maybe very, very early on, it could have had plate tectonics, but my view is it probably never did,” Foley says. The InSight Mars lander, which launched in May and is scheduled to arrive on November 26, will help settle the debate. InSight’s three instruments aim to measure the thickness and makeup of the Martian crust, mantle, and core, providing new clues as to how Mars lost its magnetic field and whether it once had plate tectonics. “If we can understand other planets, like Venus and Mars, and the moons of Jupiter, it helps us know what to look for here on Earth. It’s a reason to keep exploring other planets—it helps us back home,” Klepeis said. While the origins of plate tectonics remain a subject for debate, geologists can agree that at some point, the gears will stop grinding. O’Neill has come to think of plate tectonics as a middle-age phase for rocky planets. As a planet ages, it may evolve from a hot, stagnant world to a warm, tectonically active one, and finally to a cold, stagnant one again in its later years. We know planets can grow quiet as they cool down; many geologists think this is what happened to Mars, which cooled off faster than Earth because it is so much smaller. Earth will eventually cool down enough for plate tectonics to wane, and for the planet to settle down into a stagnant-lid state once more. New supercontinents will rise and fall before this happens, but at some point, earthquakes will cease. Volcanoes will shut off for good. Earth will die, just like Mars. Whether the life forms that cover its every crevice will still be here is a question for the future. This post appears courtesy of Quanta Magazine. We want to hear what you think about this article. Submit a letter to the editor or write to firstname.lastname@example.org.

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written by Zoe Yamada Stave (Boise State University) While Libarna has been somewhat under-researched (aside from periodic excavations throughout the last two centuries and some research by the Soprintendenza in the late 20th), the environmental history of this specific site is almost non-existent. The relationship between humans and their environment is often not a relationship that we would go to to understand the past; but, agricultural practices can provide a plethora of answers to questions we may never have even asked. Through the lens of environmental history, the relationship between the Ligurian peoples (the people who occupied and resided in the Ligurian region where Libarna rests) and their surrounding environment of Libarna, will be examined in order to construct a better contextual understanding of the agricultural, pastoral, and cultivation practices of this ancient civilization. Introduction: A Brief Introduction to the History of Libarna Ligurians inhabited the area prior to the foundation of the Roman colony of Libarna, residing along a thriving trade route in Northwest Italy, having been developed and established between the sixth and fifth centuries BCE and its transformation into the official Roman road, the via Postumia.1 Although research suggests that the colony had been occupied by the Ligurians, it seems to have disappeared before the Roman conquest of Liguria; leading to the re-settlement of the area during the construction of the via Postumia.1 Libarna is most known for its location along the via Postumia, but what is it? This trade route provided travelers with various goods and supplies for their travels and as well as customers for the many traders. Travelers included the Roman military, as most of the empire’s roads were constructed to move and supply the army.2 This trade route has been not only proved by its lithic remnants, but also through various evidence-based inferences through archaeological artifacts, historical orations, and maps. One such example is the Tabula Peutingeriana, a thirteenth century remake of a Roman map of the road system of the empire, that included the via Postumia (and Libarna, marking the latter as a significant locale). Other evidence of the existence of this trade route is supported by the discovery of materials not naturally found in the region of Liguria or engraved/decorated by outside cultural influences. The presence of prestige goods, such as ceramic vases and pots characteristic of inland colonies, suggests that tradesmen and travelers were present for the intention of growing commercial interests through an expanding trade network through the exploitation of the via Postumia.2 Agriculture in the Surrounding Region Not only was the via Postumia important for Libarna’s status as an economically prosperous colony, but agriculture also played a key role in its development as a Roman settlement. Over the course of multiple centuries, the land that was formally an urban center, has been since cleared and reutilized for agricultural cultivation, leading to incredible changes to the landscape.3 Liguria and Piemonte, the modern regions which encompass northern Italy and the borders of which Libarna now straddles, underwent extreme land transformation, synchronous with changes in climate and human occupation. 4 Based on archaeobotanical studies done at sites scattered throughout the regions of Liguria and Piemonte, climate change and human influences (such as land exploitation, farming, and deforestation) are the most influential factors that affected vegetation changes.4 Between 3250-2350 BCE, the few cultivated plants present and accounted for were oats, barley, and hemp.4 The presence of these hardy plants and cereals suggests that the people living here were not aware of the gradual climate change, but rather adapted to the minute changes over time.4 Another site called Vado Sabatia (modern Vado Ligure) has proved to be incredibly beneficial to environmental history research for the region, following the recent discovery of an ancient Roman well containing animal, ceramic, and lithic remains; suggesting that this well was used as a dump by its residents.5 The well provided even stronger evidence for the presence of hemp, oats, and barley; additionally affirming theories of other cultivated crops such as cucumber, fava beans, flax, beets, cabbage, olives, and grapes.5 The presence of grapes in the first century BCE, as well as wine-making equipment, gives researchers the opportunity to create a timeline for the history of wine.5 Agriculture in Libarna: An Applied Case Study Since the site-specific environmental research for Libarna is virtually nonexistent, I have had to apply the research done at other relevant sites until we are able to carry out the core-sampling and digging for the environmental sampling that we require. Through artefacts and primary historical resources (such as historical documents and inscriptions), not only are the cultivation practices of Liguria highlighted, but pastoral and land surveying applications can be identified as well. Several authors who lived at the time of Libarna (not exactly representative to Libarna’s conception, nor decline) wrote about the Ligurian peoples, oftentimes insinuating various agricultural applications and practices they utilized and relied upon. One such writer, the Greek author Strabo, described the region in his monumental work, Geographica (1st century CE): ‘This country is occupied by the Ligures, who live on sheep, for the most part, and milk, and a drink made of barley; they pasture their flocks in the districts next to the sea, but mainly in the mountains. They have there in very great quantities timber that is suitable for ship-building, with large trees. These, accordingly, the people brought down to the emporium of Genoa, as well as flocks, hides, and honey, and received therefore a return-cargo of olive oil and Italian wine.’6 Strabo’s account of Liguria is particularly intriguing as it highlights the lack of olive and grape cultivation, the large quantities of timber that act as their primary mode of exchange, the region’s reliance on trade, and the very important presence of pastoralism and animal husbandry. The data collected at the various core sites throughout the Ligurian region and northern Italy (although thousands of years before Strabo’s geophysical and geocultural account of the Ligurian region), in conjunction with Strabo’s account, indicates that the presence of barley cultivation and sheep pastoralism relied upon the fields and, indirectly, the cultural adaptation to the aridification of the region.4 Landscape of Libarna and Liguria Other notable accounts of woodlands in Liguria rest in stories and orated histories of the Roman conquest efforts of Liguria and other regions of Northern Italy. The spread of Roman influence, between 201 and 148 BCE, relied heavily on the occupation of the Po Valley and subsequent surrounding areas, but the peoples of the Cisalpine Gaul remained ‘incredibly hostile’ according to Diodorus Siculus (1st cent. BCE), who wrote a particularly harsh account of the landscape and peoples of Liguria.7 Diodorus focused rather obsessively on the harshness and barbaric tendencies of the people in the eyes of ‘distinguished’ Roman cultural perspectives, citing that the mountainous, stony region that they occupied was particularly brutal and perceived that the lives they lived were ‘grievous and unfortunate.’7 But these ‘barbaric’ tendencies of the Ligurian peoples were most notably cited in the second Punic War; the hesitations of the Romans to traverse through the heavily wooded areas had been exploited by Hannibal in order to encourage, or rather force, the fighting to ensue on his terms.6 With historical accounts of these densely wooded areas, Strabo’s account of timber and lumber trading being a vital part of the region’s economy can be taken as reality for the peoples of the time. The control of Rome brought changes to the region that had a drastic effect on the landscape. The inhabitants of Liguria prior to Roman conquest had a deeply rooted history in exploiting the natural resources and landscape around them, with very little effort in ensuring its capability to maintain their lifestyle. But with the conquest of the Ligurian region, the Romans began to use careful land management techniques to shift the focus of coastal exploitation to more balanced land use between coastal regions and mountainous areas.6 the progressive cultiavtion of plants such as hemp (fibrous qualities for wicks and baskets as discussed previously), barely and cereals, and the progressive and growing practice of pastoralism in the region, indicate Roman efforts to balance land usage.6 Today, Liguria and Piemonte’s landscape, riddled with short valleys, plotted lands and wooded mountains, gives a perfect insight into the ancient land management practices in the region. These ‘short valleys’ are ideal for moving flocks from the pastures in the winters to the mountains in the summers, with many of the routes that pastoralists have utilized for centuries (including the via postumia) still being utilized today; albeit, purposes fluctuating under the cultural pressures of economic needs.6 These short valleys were subject to other land management applications, such as surveying and plotting. One tool, found in a previous study at the site of Libarna, was identified as being used for land survey (characteristic of Roman survey tools). The tool, groma, was used for land centuriation by the Romans in order to plot for distribution to settlers and citizens for field-cultivation use and inventory to determine taxation rates.8 This tool having been found in the area of Libarna proves the existence of land management and survey techniques, showing that Libarnians relied upon their plotted fields for economic and personal prosperity; suggesting further that Libarna had a plethora of agricultural fields (also present in today’s landscape through generational succession of agricultural practices).3 The clearing of woodlands for the purpose of cultivation and agriculture in the late Roman period has been discussed, but how it was accomplished has yet to be acknowledged. Evidence of controlled burning has been found in pollen samples (where an increase in wild grasses and cultivated cereals are present), as well as historical accounts which discuss the potential legal consequences of allowing travelers to exploit unharvested fields for their horses.6 Written sources also suggest that controlled burning had legal consequences as well, if not practiced correctly: ‘he who makes a fire beside the road should extinguish it before he goes away and not leave it negligently.’6 With grazing pastures being utilized for both pastoral and agricultural purposes being highlighted by way of controlled falling of trees and slash/burn techniques, the knowledge of these practices being present in Liguria suggest that their application to Libarna specifically could be appropriate. Concluding Statement: The Case of Under-Researched Libarna The cross-application of plant macro remains from the Vada Sabatia well, historical accounts of the landscape of Liguria (including evidence of land management practices), and historical accounts of pastoralism in the region suggest that Libarna was an essential component of the region’s agricultural and economic development. Today, Libarna’s modern agricultural economy relies heavily on the cultivation of hardy crops (such as alfalfa and barely, both of which were present in the well, during the time of Libarna’s existence), which receive no irrigation (characteristic of many crops in Northern Italy).3 Pastoral practices that were essential for the trade industry of Libarna (primarily because of its location on the via Postumia), as well as the cultivation of cereals, vegetables and fruits (or absence thereof), were present throughout the region of Ligura and formed a rather tumultuous and conflictual relationship with its environment. This relationship between Libarnians and Romans with their environment relied heavily on what the environment had to offer (especially given the issue of historical over-exploitation of land and resources) after deforestation and aridification, and the eventual introduction of efficient land management practices (that is, balancing the exploitation of the coastal region to its mountainous one) led to a healthier relationship between them. While there is significantly absent site-specific research on the environmental history and agricultural practices of Libarna throughout its existence in pre-Roman conquest times, application of the knowledge base from the various core samples utilized in this research, are appropriate for the time-being. Until specific core samples are obtained from Libarna itself, the inferences made of Libarna’s agricultural and pastoral history will have to rely on these case studies. Final Thoughts, Acknowledgement & Thanks I would like to thank the many supporters I have had throughout my research process including many of my professors (namely Dr. Lisa Brady of BSU who made my research possible), as well as the support from the LULP itself and my peers. And a major thanks to Dr. Huntley for allowing me access to sources that I would not have otherwise been able to utilize, as well as her continued support in my educational passions and career. I would also like to acknowledge the incredible data collection and analytical efforts by the sources that I utilized for this research, those of which all proved to be invaluable to the project’s ability to construct an environmentally historical context of Libarna. While this was merely a shortened version of my research, if you would like to read/access the full draft, please let me know personally. And, finally, if there are any questions or concerns, please do not hesitate to contact me directly. Katherine V Huntley, Hannah Friedman, and Penelope Allison, “Recovering the Fragments of the Roman Colony of Libarna: Libarna Archaeological Project (LAP) Field Report, Season 1,” The Journal of Fasti Online Associazione Internazionale di Archeologia Classica. (2016), 1. Finocchi, S. (ed.) 1996. Libarna. Castelnuovo Scrivia: MAXMI Editore, 47-48. (translated) Katherine Huntley et al., “Ancient Peoples, Historical Crops, Modern Drone: Climate Change and Mapping the Local Landscape of Libarna,” Research Gate, January 10, 2021, 8. Anna Maria Mercuri et al., “A Marine/Terrestrial Integration for Mid-Late Holocene Vegetation History and the Development of the Cultural Landscape in the Po Valley as a Result of Human Impact and Climate Change,” Vegetation History and Archaeobotany 21, no. 4-5 (2012): pp. 354. Daniele Arobba et al., “Roman Landscape and Agriculture on the Ligurian Coast through Macro and Microremains from a Vada Sabatia well (Vado Ligure, Italy),” Environmental Archaeology 18, no. 2 (2013): pp. 114. Ross Balzaretti, Dark Age Liguria: Regional Identity and Local Power, c. 400-1050 (London: Bloomsbury Academic, 2013), 13. Clifford Ando, “The Changing Face of Cisalpine Identity,” A Companion to Roman Italy, August 2016, pp. 269-287, https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118993125.ch14, 15. “Centuriation,” Encyclopædia Britannica (Encyclopædia Britannica, inc.), accessed April 11, 2021, https://www.britannica.com/topic/centuriation.

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