Datasets:

Laz4rz
/

wikipedia_science_chunked_small_rag_256

text stringlengths 7 894	category stringclasses 16 values	url stringlengths 38 44	title stringlengths 3 158
Robert Cecil Hayes (19 January 1900–3 September 1977) was a New Zealand astronomer, seismologist and organist. He was born in Wellington, New Zealand on 19 January 1900. Hayes did not have any formal qualifications, however he began work at the Dominion Observatory, Wellington (then named the Hector Observatory) in 1920. The observatory was responsible for maintaining the New Zealand Government Time Service. Hayes was trained in the astronomical observations necessary to keep the clocks accurate. Some of his initial work also involved working on the seismograph that the observatory inherited from seismologist George Hogben. Hayes became acting-director of the observatory after Charles Edward Adams retired from the position in 1936	Natural_sciences	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34605676	Robert Cecil Hayes
Robert Cecil Hayes He was acting-director for 12 years before the position was formalised. One of the contributions Hayes had while at the Observatory was the application of the Richter scale in New Zealand. He was in communication with Charles Francis Richter who had been developing the scale; and by using the same Wood-Anderson type seismographs that Richter used, was able to apply it to earthquakes in New Zealand. Hayes was also interested on the research being done in the area of deep-focus earthquakes. This subsequently lead to his own research on seismic waves and the conclusion that New Zealand was on the continental side of the crust near to the boundary between continental and oceanic crust. He also confirmed the occurrence of deep-focus earthquakes in new Zealand	Natural_sciences	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34605676	Robert Cecil Hayes
Robert Cecil Hayes In 1975, in recognition of his contributions, he was awarded the Hector Medal. Hayes was born in Wellington on 19 January 1900, to Robert Edward Hayes and Ellen Thomas. He was educated in Wellington before attending Christ's College in Christchurch from 1914 to 1918. Hayes married Margaret Wyn Beere on 1 December 1932, they had two daughters. He was the organist at St Mary's Anglican Church in Karori, Wellington for 35 years. He died in Auckland on 3 September 1977.	Natural_sciences	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34605676	Robert Cecil Hayes
Trevor Hatherton (30 September 1924 – 2 May 1992) was a New Zealand geophysicist, scientific administrator and Antarctic scientist. He was born in Sharlston, Yorkshire, England, on 30 September 1924. In the 1958 Queen's Birthday Honours, Hatherton was appointed an Officer of the Order of the British Empire.	Natural_sciences	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34605878	Trevor Hatherton
George Hogben (14 July 1853 – 26 April 1920) was a New Zealand educationalist and seismologist. He was born in Islington, Middlesex, England on 14 July 1853, and died after a short illness at home in Khandallah, Wellington . He was Inspector-General of Schools in New Zealand and was appointed CMG in the 1915 New Year Honours.	Natural_sciences	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34608703	George Hogben
Amy Hodgson Eliza ( Campbell, 10 October 1888 – 7 January 1983) was a New Zealand botanist who specialised in liverworts. Hodgson was born in Havelock North and attended Pukahu Primary School and Napier Girls' High School. She went by her middle name Amy. Hodgson was self-educated in botany as her father refused to allow her to attend university. Hodgson collected numerous specimens and was encouraged by George Osborne King Sainsbury with whom she collected. Hodgson also collected with Kenneth Willway Allison. Hodgson published her first scientific paper at the age of 42 and went on to publish more than 30 papers thereafter. She described two new species of liverworts and nine new genera	Natural_sciences	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34608709	Amy Hodgson
Amy Hodgson The liverwort "Lejeunea hodgsoniana" was named in her honour as was the species "Lepidolaena hodgsoniae". Her herbarium was donated to Massey University in 1972. She was elected a Fellow of the Linnean Society of London and in 1961 was accorded the same honour by the Royal Society of New Zealand. Hodgson was also an honorary member of the British Bryological Society. Hodgson was awarded an honorary doctorate by Massey University in 1976.	Natural_sciences	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34608709	Amy Hodgson
Felipe Mendez was born around 1897 in San Juan, Argentina and participated as a paleontological collector at the "2nd Captain Marshall Field Paleontological Expedition" in 1926. Participants of this international team were Elmer S. Riggs (Leader and Photographer), Robert C. Thorne (Collector) and Rudolf Stahlecker (Collector). The expedition started in April 1926 and finished in November 1926. The purpose was geology fossil collecting in Catamarca, Argentina. The expedition was very successful, and even new species like Stahleckeria have been found during this collaboration.	Natural_sciences	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34611949	Felipe Mendez
Robert C. Thorne Robert Coin Thorne (25 November 1898 – 27 May 1960) was an American paleontologist. Thorne was born in Ashley, Utah. He participated at the "2nd Captain Marshall Field Paleontological Expedition" in 1926. Other participants were Elmer S. Riggs (Leader and Photographer), Rudolf Stahlecker (Collector) and Felipe Mendez. The expedition started in April 1926 and finished in November 1926. The purpose was geology fossil collecting in Puerta Corral Quemado, Catamarca, Argentina, South America. The expedition was successful, and even new species like Stahleckeria have been found during this collaboration. He was a veteran of World War I, an experienced outdoors man, mule driver and fossil collector. He was married to Constance and had with her a son, R	Natural_sciences	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34612110	Robert C. Thorne
Robert C. Thorne Neil Thorne. His letters about the expedition to his wife have 70 years later been published by their son at his own expense. He died in Vernal, Utah.	Natural_sciences	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34612110	Robert C. Thorne
Leslie Grange Leslie Issott Grange (4 March 1894 – 6 October 1980) was a New Zealand geologist, soil scientist and scientific administrator. He was foundation director of the Soil Bureau. In the 1958 Queen's Birthday Honours, Grange was appointed a Companion of the Imperial Service Order.	Natural_sciences	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34614534	Leslie Grange
Udzha is an impact crater on Mars, that measures 45 kilometer in diameter, but has been almost entirely covered by layers of ice and dust. Only the highest part of the crater rim rises above the polar deposits and hint at its circular form. Crater is located at 81.8 degrees north latitude, 77.2 degrees east longitude on Mars. It was named after a village in northern Russia.	Natural_sciences	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34614856	Udzha
Norman Elder (botanist) Norman Lascelles Elder (born Wellington, New Zealand 6 April 1896 - died 10 August 1974) was a New Zealand electrical engineer, teacher, and botanist.	Natural_sciences	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34620473	Norman Elder (botanist)
Thomas Hill Easterfield Sir (4 March 1866 – 1 March 1949) was a New Zealand chemist and university professor. He was born in Doncaster, Yorkshire, England on 4 March 1866. Easterfield was one of the four founding professors of the Victoria University, Wellington. In 1935, he was awarded the King George V Silver Jubilee Medal. He was appointed a Knight Commander of the Order of the British Empire in the 1938 Birthday Honours.	Natural_sciences	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34620703	Thomas Hill Easterfield
Herbert Boucher Dobbie (13 February 1852–8 August 1940) was a New Zealand engineering draughtsman, botanist, stationmaster, orchardist and writer. Dobbie was born in Hayes, Middlesex, England, on 13 February 1852. He died in Auckland, New Zealand on 8 August 1940. Five versions of the first edition of New Zealand ferns were produced by Herbert Dobbie and Eric Craig in the late nineteenth century. These are often referred to as the “blue books” because the pages have full-sized, white silhouettes of ferns on a blue background. The five versions are: A: Dobbie, H. B. "145 Varieties of New Zealand ferns" In two parts. Part 1. (1880) pp. 1-48. B: Dobbie, H. B. "New Zealand ferns. 148 Varieties." In two parts. Part 2, (1880) pp. 49-104. C: Dobbie, H. B. "New Zealand ferns	Natural_sciences	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34622346	Herbert Boucher Dobbie
Herbert Boucher Dobbie 148 Varieties." (1880) 104p. D: Craig, E. "New Zealand ferns, 167 Varieties." (c. 1888) 104p. E: Craig, E. "New Zealand ferns, 172 Varieties." Ed 2. (1892) 100p. They were made by a process similar to blueprinting. A fern specimen was placed on chemically treated paper, which was then exposed to light for a set period of time. The paper was then washed in water which caused the exposed paper to turn blue while the paper under the fern remained white. Herbert B. Dobbie produced three hand-made book versions of fern illustrations (versions A-C). A few years later Dobbie sold the plates for this book to Eric Craig in Auckland who re-issued the books in c. 1888 and c.1892 (D-E)	Natural_sciences	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34622346	Herbert Boucher Dobbie
Herbert Boucher Dobbie There are very few fern specimens collected or identified by Dobbie in New Zealand's herbarium collections. Dobbie's books, and particularly their images, are therefore the principal means of authenticating the identifications and names that he, as the New Zealand expert of that period, used for New Zealand ferns. The blue books are an important early window into Dobbie's understanding and interpretation of New Zealand fern taxonomy and diversity. They are also striking representations of New Zealand's ferns. Dobbie went on to produce the second and later editions of New Zealand ferns from 1921 onwards	Natural_sciences	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34622346	Herbert Boucher Dobbie
Herbert Boucher Dobbie With its fine photographs of fern specimens, hints on collection and cultivation and delightful essays on fern-collecting expeditions it was an entirely different book from that of 1880. Unfortunately, in his effort to cater to the general reader Dobbie deliberately used popular but inaccurate terminology in his fern descriptions. This was remedied in the fourth edition of 1951, revised by Marguerite Crookes. She then rewrote the book for the final edition of 1963, 'incorporating illustrations and original work by H. B. Dobbie'. For 70 years, in one or other of its editions, it was the most popular book on New Zealand ferns.	Natural_sciences	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34622346	Herbert Boucher Dobbie
Jupiter LXXII Jupiter LXXII, originally known as , is a natural satellite of Jupiter. It was discovered by Scott Sheppard in 2011. It belongs to the Carme group. This moon was lost after its discovery in 2011. Its recovery was announced on 17 September 2018.	Natural_sciences	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34627824	Jupiter LXXII
Jupiter LVI Jupiter LVI, provisionally known as , is a natural satellite of Jupiter. It was discovered by Scott Sheppard in 2011. Images of the newly discovered moon were captured using the Magellan-Baade telescope at the Las Campanas Observatory in Chile. It is an irregular moon with a retrograde orbit. The discovery of brought the Jovian satellite count to 67. It is one of the outer retrograde swarm of objects orbiting Jupiter and belongs to the Pasiphae group. The moon was lost following its discovery in 2011. It was recovered in 2017 and given its permanent designation that year.	Natural_sciences	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34627844	Jupiter LVI
Shams al-Din al-Khafri Shams al-Din Muhammad b. Ahmad al-Khafri al-Kashi (died 1550), known as Khafri, was a Persian religious scholar and astronomer at the beginning of the Safavid dynasty, during a period of mass conversion to Shia Islam. He wrote on philosophy, religion, and astronomy, the latter including a commentary on al-Tusi and critiques of al-Shirazi. In his commentary on al-Tusi Khafri contributes some original solutions to the equant problem, three for Mercury and one for the Moon. His solution for the Moon, like Ptolemy's original model, still contains the discrepancy for the Moon's distance that was fixed earlier by al-Shatir, of whose work he was apparently not aware.	Natural_sciences	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34629603	Shams al-Din al-Khafri
Kelvin–Planck statement The (or the Heat Engine Statement) of the second law of thermodynamics states that "it is impossible to devise a cyclically operating heat engine, the effect of which is to absorb energy in the form of heat from a single thermal reservoir and to deliver an equivalent amount of work". This implies that it is impossible to build a heat engine that has 100% thermal efficiency..	Natural_sciences	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34632669	Kelvin–Planck statement
Ruina montium (Latin, "wrecking of mountains") was an ancient Roman mining technique that draws on the principle of Pascal's barrel. Miners would excavate narrow cavities down into a mountain, whereby filling the cavities with water would cause pressures large enough to fragment thick rock walls. It was described by Pliny the Elder ("Natural History" 33.21), who served as procurator in Spain.	Natural_sciences	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34633252	Ruina montium
FasterCures is a Washington, D.C.–based think tank that focuses on accelerating medical research. This healthcare-related non profit is the Milken Institute's Center for Accelerating Medical Solutions. describes itself as an "action tank" that works on many diverse projects in collaboration with industry, academia, non profits, government agencies and philanthropic foundations. FasterCures' mission is to save lives by saving time in the discovery, development and deployment of new therapies for deadly and debilitating diseases. The executive director of is Tanisha Carino. In 2003, The Milken Institute founded as its center for accelerating medical solutions. It is now one of five Milken Institute centers	Natural_sciences	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34634187	FasterCures
FasterCures Gregory Simon was the first president of and remained there until moving on to be Senior Vice President, Patient Engagement at Pfizer, Inc. After Simon's departure, Margaret Anderson became the Executive Director of FasterCures. Melissa Stevens is currently the Deputy Executive Director. is additionally funded by a $35 million grant given in 2007 from the Sumner M. Redstone Charitable Foundation. Since 2003, has grown and evolved to be a leading authority in promoting innovation in medical research. It has partnered with numerous disease research organizations and associations, such as the Council for American Medical Innovation, to spread their message and accomplish common goals	Natural_sciences	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34634187	FasterCures
FasterCures advocates for patient-centered and patient-driven advancements in the medical research community. It works with patient advocates, investors, policymakers, researchers, and any other leaders of medical development to advance four basic areas: has a number of focused programs that execute these above goals with the purpose of saving lives by saving time. Partnering for Cures is FasterCures' annual meeting that brings together diverse participants to discuss and solve the crucial issues facing the medical research world today	Natural_sciences	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34634187	FasterCures
FasterCures Partnering for Cures is structured with thought-provoking panels that host well-known speakers from the different sectors of the medical world; presenters from organizations that are boasting innovative approaches to the issues facing health; pro-bono, personalized advice from experts across medical research fields; and a unique partnering systems that allows conference participants to schedule meetings throughout the weekend to collaborate and create new approaches to save and improve lives. The 2012 Partnering for Cures meeting will be the fourth annual conference and will take place on November 28–30, 2012 at the Grand Hyatt New York, New York. TRAIN Central Station is a portal that provides tools for venture philanthropists	Natural_sciences	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34634187	FasterCures
FasterCures It identifies and promotes innovative venture philanthropies and acts as a model and resource for other nonprofits, industry, academia, policy makers and the media. TRAIN also provides webinars on hot-button medical research issues in today's world. The most recent ones included an informational session on NCATS and a question and answer session with FDA Commissioner Margaret Hamburg. The Philanthropy Advisory Service (PAS) seeks to improve access to medical solutions by easing the philanthropy process. PAS helps philanthropists makes informed decisions about where they should invest their money	Natural_sciences	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34634187	FasterCures
FasterCures PAS was designed to help philanthropists make more impactful donations to medical research by providing information about innovative and efficient disease foundations so that the philanthropists could match their interests to a quality organization and donate wisely. Patients Helping Doctors is a program that offers to connect patients with resources that will facilitate medical breakthroughs. The different aspects of this program include improving electronic health records, facilitating patient enrollment in clinical trials through a partnership with Emerging Med, and engaging with community physicians to help them participate in clinical research	Natural_sciences	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34634187	FasterCures
FasterCures Time Equals Lives, a social media campaign that "FasterCures" launched in 2012, spotlights patient stories that are submitted through the www.timeequalslives.org portal. The campaign also provides infographics highlighting key facts and messages about medical research. advocates for greater resources at the Food and Drug Administration. Additionally, is invested in promoting translational research through the National Institutes of Health. has released publications to inform different sectors of the medical research industry	Natural_sciences	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34634187	FasterCures
FasterCures The topics surrounding their publications include bridging the “Valley of Death,” improving biobanking, advancing the use of electronic health records, maximizing the impact of patient advocates, how to optimize philanthropic decisions, and annual progress reports. https://www.fastercures.org/	Natural_sciences	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34634187	FasterCures
Umbilical ring The umbilical ring is a dense fibrous ring surrounding the umbilicus at birth. At about the sixth week of embryological development, the midgut herniates through the umbilical ring; six weeks later it returns to the abdominal cavity and rotates around the superior mesenteric artery. Dense embryonic connective tissue encircles the attachment of the umbilical cord. It forms an umbilical ring of mesodermal condensation surrounding the coelomic portal, and is present in the 16 mm. embryo, but more emphatically so in the 23 mm. embryo. The compact tissue first appears in the stalk mesoderm, situated superficial to the allantoic vessels	Natural_sciences	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34640808	Umbilical ring
Umbilical ring Cranially it lies ventral to the umbilical vein and on each side extends into the tissue of the lateral pillars of the cord bounding the coelom. When the myotomic downgrowths reach the ventral aspect, their anterior portions (i.e. the sheaths of the recti muscles) become continuous with the tissue of the umbilical ring. When the umbilical ring has failed to close during the gestation (pregnancy) which results in a central defect in the lineal alba. Umbilical hernias are smaller than one centimeter in size that it is present at birth but will only close in four to five years of life	Natural_sciences	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34640808	Umbilical ring
Umbilical ring In some cases, hernias don't need any surgical repair but when it is larger in size that protrusion is blighting to the parent and the child, it would require to get an early surgical repair. It is more common in women with increased intra-abdominal pressure during pregnancy.	Natural_sciences	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34640808	Umbilical ring
Alfred Cockayne Alfred Hyde Cockayne (23 May 1880 – 21 October 1966) was a New Zealand botanist, agricultural scientist and administrator. He was born in Dunedin, or Oamaru, New Zealand, on 23 May 1880. He was the son of another noted botanist Leonard Cockayne. In the 1937 Coronation Honours, Cockayne was made a Companion of the Imperial Service Order. In the 1957 Queen's Birthday Honours, he was appointed a Commander of the Order of the British Empire, for services to agriculture.	Natural_sciences	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34648187	Alfred Cockayne
Monopartite refers to the class of genome that is presented in the genome of the virus. As opposed to multipartite, viruses composed of monopartite genomes have a single molecule of nucleic acid. Most dsDNA viruses are monopartite.	Natural_sciences	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34652450	Monopartite
Multipartite is a class of virus that have segmented nucleic acid genomes. Only a few ssDNA viruses have multipartite genomes, but a lot more RNA viruses have multipartite genomes. An advantage of multipartite genome is its ability to synthesize multiple mRNA strands to avoid the cellular constraint of monocistronicity. Monopartite	Natural_sciences	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34652474	Multipartite
International Organization for Succulent Plant Study The (IOS) describes itself as a "non-governmental organization promoting the study and conservation of succulent and allied plants and encouraging collaboration among scientists and curators of significant living collections of such plants, professional or amateur." In 1984, it was decided that the Cactaceae Section of the IOS should set up a working party, now called the International Cactaceae Systematics Group (ICSG), to produce consensus classifications of cacti down to the level of genera. Their system has been used as the basis of subsequent classifications.	Natural_sciences	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34657052	International Organization for Succulent Plant Study
Val Chapman Valentine Jackson Chapman (14 February 1910 – 5 December 1980) was a New Zealand botanist, university professor and conservationist. He was born in Alcester, Warwickshire, England, on 14 February 1910. Chapman was an associate of Auckland's Mayor Dove-Myer Robinson and was a member of the Auckland Metropolitan Drainage Board between 1955 and 1956. He was a member of the Auckland City Council winning two by-elections in 1954 and 1961. Despite these successes, he was defeated in both subsequent elections in 1956 and 1962, missing out by only 172 votes in his second attempt. In the 1974 New Year Honours, Chapman was appointed an Officer of the Order of the British Empire, for academic and public services	Natural_sciences	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34661234	Val Chapman
Val Chapman In 1977, he was awarded the Queen Elizabeth II Silver Jubilee Medal. Chapman died on 5 December 1980.	Natural_sciences	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34661234	Val Chapman
Robert Brown (New Zealand botanist) Robert Brown (c. 1824 – 13 December 1906) was a New Zealand bootmaker and botanist. He was born in Glasgow, Scotland c. 1824.	Natural_sciences	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34662643	Robert Brown (New Zealand botanist)
Decompression (physics) In physics, decompression refers to a reduction of pressure or compression, and to some extent to the consequences of a reduction of pressure. Decompression has the most obvious consequences when applied to gases or to liquids containing dissolved gases.	Natural_sciences	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34663710	Decompression (physics)
James Gow Black (10 May 1835 – 25 December 1914) was a New Zealand chemist, mineralogist, lecturer and university professor . He was born in Tomgarrow, Perthshire, Scotland on 10 May 1835.	Natural_sciences	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34678258	James Gow Black
James Mackintosh Bell James Abbott Mackintosh Bell (23 September 1877 – 31 March 1934) was a New Zealand geologist, writer and company director. He was born in St Andrews, Quebec on 23 September 1877 and graduated from Harvard University in 1904. In 1909, he married Vera Margaret Beauchamp, the older sister of the writer Katherine Mansfield.	Natural_sciences	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34678542	James Mackintosh Bell
John Arthur Bartrum (24 May 1885 – 7 June 1949) was a New Zealand geologist and university professor. He was born in Geraldine, South Canterbury, New Zealand on 24 May 1885.	Natural_sciences	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34678776	John Arthur Bartrum
Miles Barnett Miles Aylmer Fulton Barnett (30 April 1901 – 27 March 1979) was a New Zealand physicist and meteorologist. He was born in Dunedin, New Zealand, on 30 April 1901. In the 1945 King's Birthday Honours, Barnett was appointed an Officer of the Order of the British Empire (Military Division). In 1953, he was awarded the Queen Elizabeth II Coronation Medal.	Natural_sciences	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34678990	Miles Barnett
Bernard Aston Bernard Cracroft Aston (9 August 1871 – 31 May 1951) was New Zealand's first official agricultural chemist and was also a notable botanist. He was born in Beckenham, Kent, England, on 9 August 1871. He was a member of the 1907 Sub-Antarctic Islands Scientific Expedition. He was appointed a Commander of the Order of the British Empire in the 1949 New Year Honours for services to agriculture and botany.	Natural_sciences	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34683835	Bernard Aston
Harry Allan Harry Howard Barton Allan (27 April 1882 – 29 October 1957) was a New Zealand teacher, botanist, scientific administrator and writer. Allan was born on 27 April 1882 in Nelson, and was educated at Nelson College, and Auckland University College, from where he graduated MA in 1908. For his lengthy botanical study of Mount Peel, he was awarded the degree of Doctor of Science in 1923. In the 1948 King's Birthday Honours Allan was appointed a Commander of the Order of the British Empire for services to botany in New Zealand.	Natural_sciences	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34684337	Harry Allan
Charles William Adams (surveyor) Charles William Adams (7 July 1840–29 October 1918) was a New Zealand surveyor, astronomer and public servant. He was born in Buckland, Tasmania, Australia on 7 July 1840. His son, Charles Edward Adams, pursued a similar career as a university lecturer, surveyor, astronomer and seismologist. His daughter, Ella Spicer, and granddaughter, Peggy Spicer, were both painters.	Natural_sciences	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34684510	Charles William Adams (surveyor)
Hort. Hort., in the taxonomy of plants, is an abbreviation used to indicate a name that saw significant use in the horticultural literature (usually of the 19th century and earlier), but was never properly published. "Hort.," short for "hortulanorum", was proposed in order that a non-wild, cultivated plants known and described in agriculture or gardening circles can be examined by taxonomists, to be examined if they can be established as species, and published. The proposal was made at the 1928 "International Congress of Horticulture of Vienna" by citrus scholar Tyozaburo Tanaka. For example, for the clementine, the following binomial name was adopted by Tanaka:	Natural_sciences	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34694700	Hort.
Jyotirvidya Parisanstha (known as JVP to people of Pune, India and to most of the Indian amateur astronomers) is an association of amateur astronomers. On August 22, 1944 some eminent citizens of Pune formed JVP, primarily for the spread of knowledge of astronomy among the public and also to make their own contribution as far as possible. It was the first association of its kind and remained so far for a few decades. Right from conception, JVP has been actively working for the propagation of astronomy in purely scientific temperament. JVP is the first Amateur Association to Host the ALL INDIA AMATEUR ASTRONOMERS MEET in 1991 and the first All India Messier Marathon in 2012	Natural_sciences	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34716188	Jyotirvidya Parisanstha
Jyotirvidya Parisanstha Study Tour to GMRT and IUCAA Observatory - organized a study tour to Giant meterwave Radio Telescope GMRT at Khodad, and IUCAA Girawali Observatory, Girawali; both near Narayangaon, Pune on Sunday May 25, 2014. GMRT is the world’s largest array of radio telescopes at meter wavelengths. It contains 30 fully steerable 45 meter diameter antennas arranged in ‘Y’ shape with the diameter of nearly 25 km. IUCAA Girawali Observatory has 2 meter optical and near-infrared telescope. Information given on construction and working of these telescopes. Dr. Divya Oberoi, Scientist, GMRT and Mr. Arvind Paranjpye, Director, Nehru Planetarium guided the tour	Natural_sciences	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34716188	Jyotirvidya Parisanstha
Jyotirvidya Parisanstha Exhibition on Optical Observatories - An astronomical exhibition on “Optical Observatories - Infinity Focused with Giant Eye” was organized by Jyotirvidya Parisanstha, Pune during 19–21 September 2014 at “Jawaharlal Nehru Cultural Centre, Opposite Mahatma Phule Museum, Ghole Road, Pune” (Timing: 9 am to 8 pm). The exhibition was inaugurated on 19 September 2014 at 11.00 am. The objective of the exhibition was to spread the knowledge regarding the astronomical observatories with large telescopes. In 1609, Galileo Galilei used telescope for astronomical purpose for the first time and since then the telescope observatories are becoming bigger and more advance	Natural_sciences	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34716188	Jyotirvidya Parisanstha
Jyotirvidya Parisanstha The exhibition provided information on basics of telescope, working of big observatories, amateur observatories, etc. Exhibition consisted of posters, models of some observatories, Jyotirvidya’s telescope setups, multimedia displays, short films, etc. Both day were busy with school students and residents and astronomy enthusiasts. Around 700 school students visited exhibition. Photographs & Video from the event can be found on JVP's Facebook page.	Natural_sciences	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34716188	Jyotirvidya Parisanstha
Mid-Brunhes Event The (MBE) is a climatic shift evident in a number of marine sediment and Antarctic ice cores. It corresponds to an increase in amplitude of glacial-interglacial cycles. The MBE roughly corresponds to the transition between MIS 12 and MIS 11 (Termination V) about 430 kyr ago. It is characterized by a further increase of ice-volume variations with, from then to the present day, four large-amplitude 100-kyr-dominated glacial–interglacial cycles.	Natural_sciences	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34740056	Mid-Brunhes Event
Carl Barus (February 19, 1856 – September 20, 1935) was an American physicist and the maternal great-uncle of the American novelist Kurt Vonnegut. Barus was born in Cincinnati, United States. The son of German immigrants (the musician Carl Barus, Sr. and Sophia, "nee" Möllmann) graduated from Woodward High School, together with William Howard Taft, in 1874. After studying mining engineering for two years, he moved to Würzburg, Germany, where he studied physics under Friedrich Kohlrausch, and graduated "summa cum laude" in 1879. Barus married Annie Gertrude Howes on January 20, 1887. They had two children, Maxwell and Deborah	Natural_sciences	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34742573	Carl Barus
Carl Barus In the United States in 1892, he was a member of the American Philosophical Society, and the youngest of all members to National Academy of Sciences. In 1903 he was appointed as a dean of the Brown University Graduate Department, which he was controlling from his office in Wilson Hall. He remained the dean of the graduate school until his retirement in 1926. By that time, the department had grown large enough to become a school within the university which has been attributed to his many contributions. In 1905 he was a corresponding member of Britain and the same year became a member of the First International Congress of Radiology and Electricity at Brussels. The same year, he became a member of the Physikalisch-Medizinische Sozietät at Erlangen	Natural_sciences	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34742573	Carl Barus
Carl Barus Also, the same year he became the fourth president of American Physical Society, and in 1906, became a member on the advisory board of physics, at the Carnegie Institution of Washington state. Barus died in Providence, Rhode Island, United States.	Natural_sciences	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34742573	Carl Barus
Bengt Fredrik Fries (24 August 1799 in Helsingborg – 7 April 1839 in Stockholm) was a Swedish zoologist. He studied at Lund University.	Natural_sciences	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34771806	Bengt Fredrik Fries
Automated Meteorological Data Acquisition System AMeDAS ("A"utomated "Me"teorological "D"ata "A"cquisition "S"ystem), commonly known in Japanese as "アメダス" ("amedasu"), is a high-resolution surface observation network developed by the Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) used for gathering regional weather data and verifying forecast performance. The system began operating on 1 November 1974, and currently comprises 1,300 stations throughout Japan (of which over 1,100 are unmanned), with an average separation of . Observations at manned stations cover weather, wind direction and speed, types and amounts of precipitation, types and base heights of clouds, visibility, air temperature, humidity, sunshine duration, and atmospheric pressure	Natural_sciences	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34783649	Automated Meteorological Data Acquisition System
Automated Meteorological Data Acquisition System All of these (except weather, visibility and cloud-related meteorological elements) are observed automatically. At unmanned stations, observations are performed every 10 minutes. About 700 of the unmanned stations observe precipitation, air temperature, wind direction and speed, and sunshine duration, while the other stations observe only precipitation. For about 280 stations (manned or unmanned) located in areas of heavy snowfall, snow depth is also observed. All the observational data is transmitted to the AMeDAS Center at JMA Headquarters in Tokyo on a real time basis via dedicated telephone lines. The data is then delivered to the whole country after a quality check	Natural_sciences	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34783649	Automated Meteorological Data Acquisition System
Automated Meteorological Data Acquisition System As well as weather conditions, AMeDAS is also used in the observation of natural disasters. Temporary observation points are set up in areas where there are signs of volcanic eruptions or earthquakes.	Natural_sciences	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34783649	Automated Meteorological Data Acquisition System
Decoupling (meteorology) In weather forecasting, decoupling is boundary-layer decoupling of atmospheric layers over land at night. During the day when the sun shines and warms the land, air at the surface of the earth is heated and rises. This rising air mixes the atmosphere near the earth. At night this process stops and air near the surface cools as the land loses heat by radiating in the infrared. If winds are light, air near the surface of the earth can become much colder, compared to the air above it, than if more mixing of air layers occurred.	Natural_sciences	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34783762	Decoupling (meteorology)
BigDFT is a free software package for physicists and chemists, distributed under the GNU General Public License, whose main program allows the total energy, charge density, and electronic structure of systems made of electrons and nuclei (molecules and periodic/crystalline solids) to be calculated within density functional theory (DFT), using pseudopotentials, and a wavelet basis. implements density functional theory (DFT) by solving the Kohn–Sham equations describing the electrons in a material, expanded in a Daubechies wavelet basis set and using a self-consistent direct minimization or Davidson diagonalisation methods to determine the energy minimum	Natural_sciences	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34784308	BigDFT
BigDFT Computational efficiency is achieved through the use of fast short convolutions and pseudopotentials to describe core electrons. In addition to total energy, forces and stresses are also calculated so that geometry optimizations and ab initio molecular dynamics may be carried out. The Daubechies wavelet basis sets are an orthogonal systematic basis set as plane wave basis set but has the great advantage to allow adapted mesh with different levels of resolutions (see multi-resolution analysis). Interpolating scaling functions are used also to solve the Poisson's equation with different boundary conditions as isolated or surface systems	Natural_sciences	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34784308	BigDFT
BigDFT was among the first massively parallel density functional theory codes which benefited from graphics processing units (GPU) using CUDA and then OpenCL languages. Because the Daubechies wavelets have a compact support, the Hamiltonian application can be done locally which permits to have a linear scaling in function of the number of atoms instead of a cubic scaling for traditional DFT software.	Natural_sciences	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34784308	BigDFT
Abyss Box The is a vessel containing of water at the very high pressure of 18 megapascals to simulate the natural underwater environment of bathyal fauna living at about below the surface. It is on display at Oceanopolis aquarium in Brest, France. It was designed by French researcher Bruce Shillito from Pierre and Marie Curie University in Paris. All the equipment maintaining the extreme pressure inside the weighs . The device keeps deep-dwelling creatures alive so they can be studied, especially regarding their adaptability to warmer ocean temperatures	Natural_sciences	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34793304	Abyss Box
Abyss Box Currently the houses only common species of deep sea creatures including a deep sea crab, "Bythograea thermydron" and a deep sea prawn, "Pandalus borealis", which are some of the hardier species with a higher survival rate in depressurized environments.	Natural_sciences	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34793304	Abyss Box
Alfred Senier (24 January 1853 – 29 June 1918) was a chemist and a Professor of Chemistry, Queen's College, Galway from 1891 until his death. He was one of the founding members of the Aristotelian Society.	Natural_sciences	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34800461	Alfred Senier
Bioproducts engineering or bioprocess engineering refers to engineering of bio-products from renewable bioresources. This pertains to the design and development of processes and technologies for the sustainable manufacture of bioproducts (materials, chemicals and energy) from renewable biological resources. Bioproducts engineers harness the molecular building blocks of renewable resources to design, develop and manufacture environmentally friendly industrial and consumer products. From biofuels, renewable energy, and bioplastics to paper products and "green" building materials such as bio-based composites, Bioproducts engineers are developing sustainable solutions to meet the world's growing materials and energy demand	Natural_sciences	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34808927	Bioproducts engineering
Bioproducts engineering Conventional bioproducts and emerging bioproducts are two broad categories used to categorize bioproducts. Examples of conventional bio-based products include building materials, pulp and paper, and forest products. Examples of emerging bioproducts or biobased products include biofuels, bioenergy, starch-based and cellulose-based ethanol, bio-based adhesives, biochemicals, biodegradable plastics, etc. Bioproducts Engineers play a major role in the design and development of "green" products including biofuels, bioenergy, biodegradable plastics, biocomposites, building materials, paper and chemicals	Natural_sciences	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34808927	Bioproducts engineering
Bioproducts engineering Bioproducts engineers also develop energy efficient, environmentally friendly manufacturing processes for these products as well as effective end-use applications. Bioproducts engineers play a critical role in a sustainable 21st century bio-economy by using renewable resources to design, develop, and manufacture the products we use every day. The career outlook for bioproducts engineers is very bright with employment opportunities in a broad range of industries, including pulp and paper, alternative energy, renewable plastics, and other fiber, forest products, building materials and chemical-based industries	Natural_sciences	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34808927	Bioproducts engineering
Bioproducts engineering Commonly referred to as bioprocess engineering, bioprocess engineering is a specialization of biotechnology, biological engineering, chemical engineering or of agricultural engineering. It deals with the design and development of equipment and processes for the manufacturing of products such as food, feed, pharmaceuticals, nutraceuticals, chemicals, and polymers and paper from biological materials. Bioprocees engineering is a conglomerate of mathematics, biology and industrial design, and consists of various spectrums like designing of fermentors, study of fermentors (mode of operations etc.)	Natural_sciences	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34808927	Bioproducts engineering
Bioproducts engineering It also deals with studying various biotechnological processes used in industries for large scale production of biological product for optimization of yield in the end product and the quality of end product. Bio process engineering may include the work of mechanical, electrical and industrial engineers to apply principles of their disciplines to processes based on using living cells or sub component of such cells.	Natural_sciences	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34808927	Bioproducts engineering
Glossary of astronomy This glossary of astronomy is a list of definitions of terms and concepts relevant to astronomy and cosmology, their sub-disciplines, and related fields. Astronomy is concerned with the study of celestial objects and phenomena that originate outside the atmosphere of Earth. The field of astronomy features an extensive vocabulary and a significant amount of jargon.	Natural_sciences	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34809573	Glossary of astronomy
William Watson (botanist) William Watson (1858–1925) was a British botanist and horticulturist. He was a gardener at the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew from 1879, Assistant Curator 1886–1901 and Curator 1901–1922.	Natural_sciences	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34813318	William Watson (botanist)
Samuel Walter Johnson Smith FRS (January 26, 1871 - August 20, 1948) was an English physicist. He studied Natural Sciences at Trinity College, Cambridge and became Professor of Physics at the University of Birmingham in 1919, where he succeeded J.H. Poynting. He was the son of Walter Mackersie Smith and an elected Fellow of the Royal Society.	Natural_sciences	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34831159	Samuel Walter Johnson Smith
James Howie (bacteriologist) Sir James William Howie FRCP, FRCPGlas, FRCPE, FRCPath (31 December 1907 – 17 March 1995) was a Scottish bacteriologist, Director of the Public Health Laboratory Service, 1963–1973. In November 1966, he was installed as the President of the College of Pathologists.	Natural_sciences	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34847294	James Howie (bacteriologist)
Phase conjugation is a physical transformation of a wave field where the resulting field has a reversed propagation direction but keeps its amplitudes and phases. It is distinguished from Time Reversal Signal Processing by the fact that phase conjugation uses a holographic or parametric pumping whereas time reversal records and re-emits the signal using transducers. Both techniques allow an amplification of the conjugate wave compared to the incident wave. As in time reversal, the wave re-emitted by a phase conjugation mirror will auto-compensate the phase distortion and auto-focus itself on its initial source, which can be a moving object. Propagation of a time reversal replica demonstrates a remarkable property of phase-conjugated wave fields	Natural_sciences	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34854733	Phase conjugation
Phase conjugation of wave field means the inversion of linear momentum and angular momentum of light. methods exist in two main domains:	Natural_sciences	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34854733	Phase conjugation
Boundary friction occurs when a surface is at least partially wet, but not so lubricated that there is no direct friction between two surfaces. When two consistent, unlubricated surfaces slide against each other, there is a specific, predictable amount of friction that occurs. This amount increases as velocity does, but only up to a certain point. That increase generally follows what is known as a Stribeck curve, after Richard Stribeck. On the other hand, if the two surfaces are completely lubricated, there is no direct friction or rubbing at all. In real life, though, there is often a situation where the surfaces are not completely dry, but also not so lubricated that they do not touch	Natural_sciences	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34856488	Boundary friction
Boundary friction This "boundary friction" produces various effects, like an increase in lubrication through the generation of shearing forces, or an oscillation effect during motion, as the friction increases and decreases. For example, one can experience vibration when trying to brake on a partially damp road, or a cold glass that is slowly condensing moisture can be lifted until it spontaneously slides across the surface it is resting on.	Natural_sciences	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34856488	Boundary friction
Benoît-Philibert Perroud Benoit-Philibert Perroud (1796 Lyon -1887, Lyon), was a French entomologist. Benoit-Philibert Perroud was a specialist in Coleoptera. He was a Member of the Société entomologique de France, the Société Linnéenne de Lyon and the Entomological Society of Stettin. partial list	Natural_sciences	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34860047	Benoît-Philibert Perroud
Attila Borhidi Borhidi Attila (born 28 June 1932), is a Széchenyi Prize winning Hungarian botanist, ecologist, professor, politician and full member of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences. He is most noted for his extensive work on plant taxonomy. 1989 to 1992, he was at the Janus Pannonius University Teacher Training Faculty, and from 1992 to 1994 the newly formed Faculty of Science. Between 1997 and 2002 he was Institute director of the Institute of Ecology and Botany. He is a member of the Batthyány Society of Professors.	Natural_sciences	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34860863	Attila Borhidi
Roderich Moessner is a condensed matter physicist working on the physics of strong fluctuations in many-body systems due to frustration, competing degrees of freedom or quantum fluctuations. Moessner received his PhD from University of Oxford and is now serving as one of the directors of the Max Planck Institute for the Physics of Complex Systems in Dresden, Germany. With C. Castelnovo and S. L. Sondhi, he is known for the theoretical proposition of realizing magnetic monopoles within a condensed matter system known as spin ice. He received the Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Prize (Germany's most prestigious research funding prize) in 2013 jointly with Achim Rosch for their contributions to the physics of strongly interacting quantum systems.	Natural_sciences	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34864314	Roderich Moessner
Cryometer A cryometer is a thermometer used to measure very low temperatures of objects. There are many types of devices used as cryometers:	Natural_sciences	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34890050	Cryometer
Dille–Koppanyi reagent The is used as a simple spot-test to presumptively identify barbiturates. It is composed of a mixture of two solutions. Part A is 0.1 g of cobalt(II) acetate dihydrate dissolved in 100 ml of methanol mixed with 0.2 ml of glacial acetic acid. Part B made up of is 5% isopropylamine (v/v) in methanol. Two drops of A are dropped onto the substance followed by one drop of B and any change in colour is observed. The test turns phenobarbital, pentobarbital, amobarbital and secobarbital light purple by complexation of cobalt with the barbiturate nitrogens. The test, in a slightly different formulation, was developed in the 1930s by the Hungarian-American pharmacologist Theodore Koppanyi (1901–1985) and the American Biochemist, James Madison Dille (1928–1986).	Natural_sciences	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34903180	Dille–Koppanyi reagent
Per E. Ahlberg is a Swedish palaeontologist working with the earliest tetrapods. He took his Ph.D. in zoology at the University of Cambridge in 1989. He is currently professor at the Department of organismal Biology, University of Uppsala. He has collaborated with English palaeontologist Jennifer A. Clack on a number of projects. He was elected to the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences early in 2012.	Natural_sciences	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34911660	Per E. Ahlberg
Zwikker reagent The is used as a simple spot-test to presumptively identify barbiturates. It is composed of a mixture of two solutions. Part A is 0.5 g of copper (II) sulfate in 100 ml of distilled water. Part B consists of 5% pyridine (v/v) in chloroform. One drop of each is added to the substance to be tested and any change in colour is observed. The test turns phenobarbital, pentobarbital and secobarbital light purple. Tea and tobacco turn yellow-green. The test's lack of specificity and tendency to produce false positives means it is not widely used for presumptive drug testing, although it does still play a role as a thin layer chromatography stain. It is named after the Dutch scientist Cornelis Zwikker.	Natural_sciences	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34914721	Zwikker reagent
Giles (bacteriophage) Giles is a bacteriophage that infects "Mycobacterium smegmatis" bacteria. The genome of this phage is very different from that of other mycobacteriophages and is highly mosaic. More than half of its predicted genes are novel and are not seen in other species.	Natural_sciences	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34915005	Giles (bacteriophage)
Michele Stossich (10 August 1857 – 7 February 1906) was an Italian-Austrian zoologist and helminthologist born in Trieste. He was the son of biologist Adolf Stossich (1824-1900). Stossich studied at the University of Innsbruck and Vienna Polytechnic, earning his teaching certificate in 1878. Afterwards, he was an instructor in Fiume (1878-1882) and Trieste. In 1902 he described Cyclocoelidae, a family of parasitic flatworms. During his career he classified a number of helminthological species, and has several zoological species named after him	Natural_sciences	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34917339	Michele Stossich
Michele Stossich He was a member of the "Società adriatica di scienze naturali" (Adriatic Society of Natural Sciences), the "Società agraria di Trieste" (Agricultural Society of Trieste) and a corresponding member of the Museum of Rovereto and the Royal Academy of Sciences Modena. He published numerous scientific articles in various periodicals, many of them located in the acts of the Adriatic Society of Natural Sciences, Trieste. The following are a few of his principal publications:	Natural_sciences	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34917339	Michele Stossich
Convective mixing In fluid dynamics, convective mixing is the vertical transport of a fluid and its properties. In many important ocean and atmospheric phenomena, convection is driven by density differences in the fluid, e.g. the sinking of cold, dense water in polar regions of the world's oceans; and the rising of warm, less-dense air during the formation of cumulonimbus clouds and hurricanes.	Natural_sciences	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34927770	Convective mixing
Maarten J. M. Christenhusz Dr Maarten Joost Maria Christenhusz (born 27 April 1976) is a Dutch botanist, natural historian and photographer. He was born in Enschede, the Netherlands, received his undergraduate and master's degrees from Utrecht University in Biology, and earned his PhD from the University of Turku, Finland in 2007. He is an authority on fern, gymnosperm and angiosperm classification, and is a contributor to the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (compiler of APG IV). He has specialised in Marattiaceae and he described many species of "Danaea", including "Danaea kalevala" from the Lesser Antilles. A species of Moraceae, "Dorstenia christenhuszii" was named in honour of its discoverer. He is editor for the Linnean Society. He lives in Kingston-upon-Thames, Surrey, UK	Natural_sciences	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34928789	Maarten J. M. Christenhusz
Maarten J. M. Christenhusz He is the former chief editor and initiator of the botanical journal "Phytotaxa", an associate editor of the "Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society" and chief editor of the "Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society". He has an interest in island biogeography, botanical gardens, floristic treatments, horticulture, photography, natural history and taxonomy. He works as a botanical consultant He is the lead author (together with Michael F. Fay and Mark W. Chase) of an encyclopedia of vascular plants called "Plants of the World". Several vascular plant families and genera were named by him or together with colleagues.	Natural_sciences	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34928789	Maarten J. M. Christenhusz
Enterobacteria phage P4 (also known as satellite phage P4) is a temperate bacteriophage strain of species "Escherichia virus P2" within genus "P2virus" (formerly "P2-like viruses"), subfamily "Peduovirinae", family "Myoviridae". It is a satellite virus, requiring P2-related helper phage to grow lytically. The P4 virion has a tail and an icosahedral head containing a linear double-stranded DNA genome of 11,627 kb. Phage P4 infects "Escherichia coli". It is a satellite virus which cannot engage in lytic growth without the presence of a P2-related helper phage. It generally follows a lysogenic life cycle: after infection, the P4 genome integrates into that of its host. The P4 genome can also exist on its own within the host cell and can replicate as a free plasmid.	Natural_sciences	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34936686	Enterobacteria phage P4
Fusion ignition is the point at which a nuclear fusion reaction becomes self-sustaining. This occurs when the energy being given off by the fusion reactions heats the fuel mass more rapidly than various loss mechanisms cool it. At this point, the external energy needed to heat the fuel to fusion temperatures is no longer needed. As the rate of fusion varies with temperature, the point of ignition for any given machine is typically expressed as a temperature. Ignition should not be confused with "breakeven", a similar concept that compares the total energy being given off to the energy being used to heat the fuel	Natural_sciences	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34946963	Fusion ignition
Fusion ignition The key difference is that breakeven ignores losses to the surroundings, which do not contribute to heating the fuel, and thus are not able to make the reaction self-sustaining. Breakeven is an important goal in the fusion energy field, but ignition is required for a practical energy producing design. In nature, stars reach ignition at temperatures similar to that of the Sun, around 15 million Kelvin (27 million degrees F). Stars are so large that the fusion products will almost always interact with the plasma before it can be lost to the environment at the outside of the star. In comparison, man-made reactors are far less dense and much smaller, allowing the fusion products to easily escape the fuel	Natural_sciences	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34946963	Fusion ignition
Fusion ignition To offset this, much higher rates of fusion are required, and thus much higher temperatures; most man-made fusion reactors are designed to work at temperatures around 100 million degrees, or higher. To date, no man-made reactor has reached breakeven, let alone ignition. Ignition has however been achieved in the cores of detonating thermonuclear weapons. Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory has its 1.8 MJ laser system running at full power. This laser system is designed to compress and heat a mixture of deuterium and tritium, which are both isotopes of hydrogen, in order to compress the isotopes to a fraction of their original size, and fuse them into helium atoms (releasing neutrons in the process)	Natural_sciences	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34946963	Fusion ignition
Fusion ignition In January 2012, National Ignition Facility Director Mike Dunne predicted in a Photonics West 2012 plenary talk that ignition would be achieved at NIF by October 2012. However, , NIF is operating at conditions about 1/10 to 1/3 of breakeven. Confusingly, by LLNL definitions, ignition and breakeven occur at the same point, due to specifics of their experiment. Experts believe that achieving fusion ignition is the first step towards the potentially limitless energy source that is nuclear fusion.	Natural_sciences	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34946963	Fusion ignition

End of preview. Expand in Dataset Viewer.

ScienceWikiSmallChunk

Processed version of millawell/wikipedia_field_of_science, prepared to be used in small context length RAG systems. Chunk length is tokenizer dependent, but each chunk should be around 256 tokens. Longer wikipedia pages have been split into smaller entries, with title added as a prefix.

There is also 512 tokens dataset available: Laz4rz/wikipedia_science_chunked_small_rag_512

If you wish to prepare some other chunk length:

use millawell/wikipedia_field_of_science
adapt chunker function:

def chunker_clean(results, example, length=512, approx_token=3, prefix=""):
    if len(results) == 0:
        regex_pattern = r'[\n\s]*\n[\n\s]*'
        example = re.sub(regex_pattern, " ", example).strip().replace(prefix, "")
    chunk_length = length * approx_token
    if len(example) > chunk_length:
        first = example[:chunk_length]
        chunk = ".".join(first.split(".")[:-1])
        if len(chunk) == 0:
            chunk = first
        rest = example[len(chunk)+1:]
        results.append(prefix+chunk.strip())
        if len(rest) > chunk_length:
            chunker_clean(results, rest.strip(), length=length, approx_token=approx_token, prefix=prefix)
        else:
            results.append(prefix+rest.strip())
    else:
        results.append(prefix+example.strip())
    return results

Downloads last month: 53

Size of the auto-converted Parquet files:

910 MB

Number of rows:

2,381,236