Datasets:

OllieStanley

/

oa_dolly_15k

like 2

{ "CATEGORY": "open_qa", "CONTEXT": "" }

{ "CATEGORY": "general_qa", "CONTEXT": "" }

{ "CATEGORY": "creative_writing", "CONTEXT": "" }

{ "CATEGORY": "summarization", "CONTEXT": "Brdinje (pronounced [bəɾˈdiːnjɛ]) is a dispersed settlement in the hills southeast of Ravne na Koroškem in the Carinthia region in northern Slovenia" }

{ "CATEGORY": "open_qa", "CONTEXT": "" }

{ "CATEGORY": "classification", "CONTEXT": "" }

{ "CATEGORY": "brainstorming", "CONTEXT": "" }

{ "CATEGORY": "summarization", "CONTEXT": "A grilled cheese sandwich is made by placing a cheese filling, often cheddar or American cheese, between two slices of bread, which is then heated until the bread browns and the cheese melts. A layer of butter or mayonnaise may be added to the outside of the bread for additional flavor and texture. Alternatives may include additional ingredients, such as meat, peppers, tomatoes, or onions.[3] Methods for heating the sandwich include cooking on a griddle, fried in a pan, or using a panini grill or sandwich toaster, the latter method more common in the United Kingdom, where the sandwiches are normally called \"toasted sandwiches\" or \"toasties\", in Australia, where they are called \"jaffles\" or \"toasted sandwiches\", and South Africa, where they are called “snackwiches”. Other methods include baking in an oven or toaster oven — or in a toasting bag in an electric toaster." }

{ "CATEGORY": "open_qa", "CONTEXT": "" }

{ "CATEGORY": "open_qa", "CONTEXT": "" }

{ "CATEGORY": "information_extraction", "CONTEXT": "Houseplants do not have an appreciable effect on the concentration of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in normal home environments: it would require between 10 and 1000 houseplants per square meter to achieve the same level of VOC removal as occurs from passive exchange between indoor and outdoor air. [41]\n\nThe idea that houseplants have an appreciable effect on indoor air quality is largely based on the Clean Air Study conducted by NASA in the 1980s.[41][42] The study tested plants in sealed chambers and with highly elevated levels of volatile organic compounds (specifically benzene, trichloroethylene and formaldehyde). It concluded that to the extent that houseplants improve air quality, the mechanism of action is microorganisms within the potting soil, rather than the plants themselves.[43][44][45]\n\nHouseplants do have a statistically significant effect on the concentrations of both carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide in normal indoor environments, reducing carbon dioxide levels by 10-25% and carbon monoxide levels by up to 90%. [46] The effect has been investigated by NASA for use in spacecraft.[47]\n\nPlants also appear to increase the number and diversity of bacteria in homes, while reducing fungal diversity.[48] They tend to increase humidity, reduce temperature swings, and reduce noise.[49]\n\nThere are also many claimed psychological and physiological benefits to having houseplants. A critical review of the experimental literature concluded \"The reviewed studies[50][51] suggest that indoor plants can provide psychological benefits such as stress-reduction and increased pain tolerance. However, they also showed substantial heterogeneity in methods and results. We therefore have strong reservations about general claims that indoor plants cause beneficial psychological changes. It appears that benefits are contingent on features of the context in which the indoor plants are encountered and on characteristics of the people encountering them.\"[52]" }

{ "CATEGORY": "open_qa", "CONTEXT": "" }

{ "CATEGORY": "general_qa", "CONTEXT": "" }

{ "CATEGORY": "closed_qa", "CONTEXT": "Magical thinking, or superstitious thinking,[1] is the belief that unrelated events are causally connected despite the absence of any plausible causal link between them, particularly as a result of supernatural effects.[1][2][3] Examples include the idea that personal thoughts can influence the external world without acting on them, or that objects must be causally connected if they resemble each other or have come into contact with each other in the past.[1][2][4] Magical thinking is a type of fallacious thinking and is a common sour" }

{ "CATEGORY": "brainstorming", "CONTEXT": "" }

{ "CATEGORY": "closed_qa", "CONTEXT": "Born in Scranton, Pennsylvania, Biden moved with his family to Delaware in 1953. He studied at the University of Delaware before earning his law degree from Syracuse University. He was elected to the New Castle County Council in 1970 and became the sixth-youngest senator in U.S. history after he was elected in 1972, at age 29. Biden was the chair or ranking member of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee for 12 years. He chaired the Senate Judiciary Committee from 1987 to 1995; drafted and led the effort to pass the Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act and the Violence Against Women Act; and oversaw six U.S. Supreme Court confirmation hearings, including the contentious hearings for Robert Bork and Clarence Thomas. Biden ran unsuccessfully for the Democratic presidential nomination in 1988 and 2008. Barack Obama chose Biden as his running mate in the 2008 and 2012 presidential elections. Biden was a close counselor to Obama during his two terms as Obama's vice president. Biden and his running mate, Kamala Harris, defeated incumbents Donald Trump and Mike Pence in the 2020 presidential election. On January 20, 2021, he became the oldest president in U.S. history, the first to have a female vice president, and the first from Delaware. \nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Biden" }

{ "CATEGORY": "brainstorming", "CONTEXT": "" }

{ "CATEGORY": "open_qa", "CONTEXT": "" }

{ "CATEGORY": "closed_qa", "CONTEXT": "Largest Earthquakes ever recorded\nThe 10 largest magnitudes in recorded history\n1. Valdivia, Chile 22 May 1960 (magnitude 9.5)\nThis earthquake killed 1655 people, injured 3000 and displaced two million. It caused US$550 million damage in Chile, while the tsunami that it spawned caused deaths and damage as far away as Hawaii, Japan and the Philippines. The 'rupture zone' of the quake was more than 1000 km long. Two days after the initial quake, the nearby volcano Puyehue erupted, sending ash and steam up to 6 km into the atmosphere over a period of several weeks.\n\n2. Prince William Sound, Alaska 28 March 1964 (magnitude 9.2)\nCompared to the Chilean earthquake, this earthquake was less damaging: the resulting tsunami took 128 lives and caused overall US$311 million in damage. The earthquake was felt mainly over Alaska, as well as some places in Canada, while the tsunami created by it caused damage as far away as Hawaii. The most damage was sustained by the city of Anchorage, 120 km north-west of the epicentre. Shaking from the quake itself is reported to have lasted for three minutes.\n\n3. Sumatra, Indonesia 26 December 2004 (magnitude 9.1)\nIn terms of damage and loss of life, the scale of the disaster caused by the resulting Boxing Day Tsunami was enormous. In total, 227,900 people were killed or presumed dead, with around 1.7 million displaced over 14 countries in South Asia and East Africa. The epicentre was 250 km south-east of Band Aceh, Indonesia, at a depth of 30 km. Several days later on 28 December, a mud volcano began erupting near Baratang, Andamar Islands, which is thought to have been associated with the earthquake.\n\n4. Sendai, Japan 11 March 2011 (magnitude 9.0)\nSo far the official death toll stands at several thousand from the combined effect of the powerful earthquake, aftershocks and the tsunami. However, the total is expected to rise, with some estimates of a final toll of over 10,000. Economic impacts are expected to be huge, with the shutting down of nuclear reactors which many industries rely on for power.\n\n5. Kamchatka, Russia 4 November 1952 (magnitude 9.0)\nThis earthquake generated a tsunami that caused widespread damage in the Hawaiian Islands. Property damage was estimated at around US$1,000,000. Some reports describe waves of over 9 m high at Kaena Point, Oahu. A farmer on Oahu reported the loss of six cows to the tsunami, but no people were reported killed.\n\n6. Bio-bio, Chile 27 February 2010 (magnitude 8.8)\nThis earthquake and subsequent tsunami killed at least 521 people, with 56 missing and 12,000 injured. More than 800,000 people were displaced with a total of 1.8m people affected across Chile, where damage was estimated at US$30 billion. The epicentre was 335 km south-west of Santiago, at a depth of 35 km. A minor tsunami travelled across the Pacific causing damage to boats as far away as San Diego, California.\n\n7. Off the coast of Ecuador 31 January 1906 (magnitude 8.8)\nThis earthquake caused a tsunami that is reported to have killed between 500 and 1,500 in Ecuador and Colombia. The tsunami travelled as far north as San Francisco, on the west coast of the US, and west to Hawaii and Japan. The tsunami took roughly 12 hours to cross the Pacific to Hilo, Hawaii.\n\n8. Rat Islands, Alaska 2 April 1965 (magnitude 8.7)\nThe worst of the damage attributed to this earthquake was caused by a tsunami, reported to be about 10 m high on Shemya Island. The wave caused flooding on Amchitka Island, causing US$10,000 in property damage. No deaths or injuries were reported.\n\n9. Sumatra, Indonesia 28 March 2005 (magnitude 8.6)\nThis earthquake killed 1313, with over 400 people injured by the tsunami as far away as Sri Lanka. The epicentre was 205 km north-west of Sibolga, Sumatra, at a depth of 30 km. This region, also the site of the 2004 Boxing Day Tsunami, is particularly geologically active, with three of the 15 biggest known earthquakes having happened here.\n\n10. Assam - Tibet 15 August 1950 (magnitude 8.6)\nThis inland earthquake caused widespread damages to buildings as well as large landslides. 780 people were killed in eastern Tibet, with many villages and towns affected across Assam, China, Tibet and India. Oscillations to lake levels occurred as far away as Norway. The total death toll is likely to be higher, as no definitive total was ever estimated. While the earthquake itself is known as the Assam Earthquake, it is believed the epicentre may have been in Tibet." }

{ "CATEGORY": "brainstorming", "CONTEXT": "" }

{ "CATEGORY": "information_extraction", "CONTEXT": "The United Kingdom is a constitutional monarchy and parliamentary democracy.[m][25] Its capital and largest city is London, the capital of England, a global city and financial centre with a population of over 14 million people. Edinburgh, Cardiff and Belfast are the national capitals of Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland respectively." }

{ "CATEGORY": "creative_writing", "CONTEXT": "" }

{ "CATEGORY": "classification", "CONTEXT": "" }

{ "CATEGORY": "creative_writing", "CONTEXT": "" }

{ "CATEGORY": "information_extraction", "CONTEXT": "The 34th Wisconsin Infantry Regiment was a conscripted infantry regiment that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War. The 34th Wisconsin Infantry was composed of men drafted by state authorities under General Order No. 94. The regiment was organized at Madison, Wisconsin, and mustered into Federal service December 31, 1862." }

{ "CATEGORY": "open_qa", "CONTEXT": "" }

{ "CATEGORY": "summarization", "CONTEXT": "Aries (♈︎) (Greek: Κριός, romanized: Kriós, Latin for \"ram\") is the first astrological sign in the zodiac, spanning the first 30 degrees of celestial longitude (0°≤ λ <30°), and originates from the Aries constellation. Under the tropical zodiac, the Sun transits this sign from approximately March 21 to April 19 each year. This time duration is exactly the first month of the Solar Hijri calendar (Arabic Hamal/Persian Farvardin/Pashto Wray)." }

{ "CATEGORY": "summarization", "CONTEXT": "Denis-Benjamin Viger (French pronunciation: ​[dəni bɛ̃ʒamɛ̃ viʒe]; August 19, 1774 – February 13, 1861) was a 19th-century politician, lawyer, businessman in Lower Canada. He was a leader in the Patriote movement.\n\nViger was part of the militia in the early 19th century and then a captain in the War of 1812. He retired from the militia in 1824 with the rank of major." }

{ "CATEGORY": "brainstorming", "CONTEXT": "" }

{ "CATEGORY": "classification", "CONTEXT": "" }

{ "CATEGORY": "creative_writing", "CONTEXT": "" }

{ "CATEGORY": "brainstorming", "CONTEXT": "" }

{ "CATEGORY": "general_qa", "CONTEXT": "" }

{ "CATEGORY": "creative_writing", "CONTEXT": "" }

{ "CATEGORY": "summarization", "CONTEXT": "The division of labour is the separation of the tasks in any economic system or organization so that participants may specialize (specialization). Individuals, organizations, and nations are endowed with or acquire specialized capabilities, and either form combinations or trade to take advantage of the capabilities of others in addition to their own. Specialized capabilities may include equipment or natural resources as well as skills. Training and combinations of equipment and other assets acting together are often important. For example, an individual may specialize by acquiring tools and the skills to use them effectively just as an organization may specialize by acquiring specialized equipment and hiring or training skilled operators. The division of labour is the motive for trade and the source of economic interdependence.\n\nHistorically, an increasing division of labour is associated with the growth of total output and trade, the rise of capitalism, and the increasing complexity of industrialized processes. The concept and implementation of division of labour has been observed in ancient Sumerian (Mesopotamian) culture, where assignment of jobs in some cities coincided with an increase in trade and economic interdependence. Division of labour generally also increases both producer and individual worker productivity.\n\nAfter the Neolithic Revolution, pastoralism and agriculture led to more reliable and abundant food supplies, which increased the population and led to specialization of labour, including new classes of artisans, warriors, and the development of elites. This specialization was furthered by the process of industrialization, and Industrial Revolution-era factories. Accordingly, many classical economists as well as some mechanical engineers, such as Charles Babbage, were proponents of division of labour. Also, having workers perform single or limited tasks eliminated the long training period required to train craftsmen, who were replaced with less-paid but more productive unskilled workers." }

{ "CATEGORY": "summarization", "CONTEXT": "A generative artificial intelligence or generative AI is a type of AI system capable of generating text, images, or other media in response to prompts.[1][2] Generative AI systems use generative models such as large language models to statistically sample new data based on the training data set that was used to create them.[3]" }

{ "CATEGORY": "classification", "CONTEXT": "" }

{ "CATEGORY": "general_qa", "CONTEXT": "" }

{ "CATEGORY": "open_qa", "CONTEXT": "" }

{ "CATEGORY": "information_extraction", "CONTEXT": "Technological advances also renewed interest in mental states and mental representations. English neuroscientist Charles Sherrington and Canadian psychologist Donald O. Hebb used experimental methods to link psychological phenomena to the structure and function of the brain. The rise of computer science, cybernetics, and artificial intelligence underlined the value of comparing information processing in humans and machines.\n\nA popular and representative topic in this area is cognitive bias, or irrational thought. Psychologists (and economists) have classified and described a sizeable catalogue of biases which recur frequently in human thought. The availability heuristic, for example, is the tendency to overestimate the importance of something which happens to come readily to mind.[91]\n\nElements of behaviorism and cognitive psychology were synthesized to form cognitive behavioral therapy, a form of psychotherapy modified from techniques developed by American psychologist Albert Ellis and American psychiatrist Aaron T. Beck.\n\nOn a broader level, cognitive science is an interdisciplinary enterprise involving cognitive psychologists, cognitive neuroscientists, linguists, and researchers in artificial intelligence, human–computer interaction, and computational neuroscience. The discipline of cognitive science covers cognitive psychology as well as philosophy of mind, computer science, and neuroscience.[92] Computer simulations are sometimes used to model phenomena of interest." }

{ "CATEGORY": "general_qa", "CONTEXT": "" }

{ "CATEGORY": "brainstorming", "CONTEXT": "" }

{ "CATEGORY": "information_extraction", "CONTEXT": "Shuyga (Russian: Шуйга) is a rural locality (a settlement) in Surskoye Rural Settlement of Pinezhsky District, Arkhangelsk Oblast, Russia. The population was 472 as of 2010. There are 11 streets." }

{ "CATEGORY": "general_qa", "CONTEXT": "" }

{ "CATEGORY": "open_qa", "CONTEXT": "" }

{ "CATEGORY": "brainstorming", "CONTEXT": "" }

{ "CATEGORY": "general_qa", "CONTEXT": "" }

{ "CATEGORY": "open_qa", "CONTEXT": "" }

{ "CATEGORY": "brainstorming", "CONTEXT": "" }

{ "CATEGORY": "general_qa", "CONTEXT": "" }

{ "CATEGORY": "open_qa", "CONTEXT": "" }

{ "CATEGORY": "general_qa", "CONTEXT": "" }

{ "CATEGORY": "brainstorming", "CONTEXT": "" }

{ "CATEGORY": "classification", "CONTEXT": "" }

{ "CATEGORY": "information_extraction", "CONTEXT": "Ouzo is a clear liquid. However, when water or ice is added, ouzo turns a milky-white colour. This is because anethole, the essential oil of anise, is completely soluble in alcohol at approximately 38% ABV and above, but not in water. Diluting the spirit causes it to separate, creating an emulsion whose fine droplets scatter the light. This process is called louching and is also seen while preparing absinthe.\n\nThe drinks with a similar flavour of Ouzu include sambuca from (Italy), pastis from (France), oghi (from Armenia), rakı from Turkey, and arak (from the Levant). Its aniseed flavour is also similar to the anise-flavoured liqueur of anís (Spain) and the stronger spirits of absinthe (France and Switzerland). Aguardiente (Latin America), made from sugar cane, is also similar. The Italian drink Pallini Mistra, named after the Greek city of Mystras in the Peloponnese is a version of ouzo made in Rome that closely resembles Greek and Cypriot ouzo." }

{ "CATEGORY": "open_qa", "CONTEXT": "" }

{ "CATEGORY": "open_qa", "CONTEXT": "" }

{ "CATEGORY": "classification", "CONTEXT": "" }

{ "CATEGORY": "general_qa", "CONTEXT": "" }

{ "CATEGORY": "general_qa", "CONTEXT": "" }

{ "CATEGORY": "open_qa", "CONTEXT": "" }

{ "CATEGORY": "classification", "CONTEXT": "" }

{ "CATEGORY": "information_extraction", "CONTEXT": "Despite its theoretical importance, critics of MPT question whether it is an ideal investment tool, because its model of financial markets does not match the real world in many ways\n\nThe risk, return, and correlation measures used by MPT are based on [expected values](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expected_value), which means that they are statistical statements about the future (the expected value of returns is explicit in the above equations, and implicit in the definitions of [variance](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variance)\n and [covariance](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Covariance)). Such measures often cannot capture the true statistical features of the risk and return which often follow highly skewed distributions (e.g. the [log-normal distribution](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Log-normal_distribution)) and can give rise to, besides reduced [volatility](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volatility_(finance)), also inflated growth of return. In practice, investors must substitute predictions based on historical measurements of asset return and volatility for these values in the equations. Very often such expected values fail to take account of new circumstances that did not exist when the historical data were generated.\n\nMore fundamentally, investors are stuck with estimating key parameters from past market data because MPT attempts to model risk in terms of the likelihood of losses, but says nothing about why those losses might occur. The risk measurements used are [probabilistic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Probability) in nature, not structural. This is a major difference as compared to many engineering approaches to [risk management](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Risk_management).\n\nMathematical risk measurements are also useful only to the degree that they reflect investors' true concerns—there is no point minimizing a variable that nobody cares about in practice. In particular, [variance](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variance) is a symmetric measure that counts abnormally high returns as just as risky as abnormally low returns. The psychological phenomenon of [loss aversion](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loss_aversion) is the idea that investors are more concerned about losses than gains, meaning that our intuitive concept of risk is fundamentally asymmetric in nature. There many other risk measures (like [coherent risk measures](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coherent_risk_measure)) might better reflect investors' true preferences.\n\nModern portfolio theory has also been criticized because it assumes that returns follow a [Gaussian distribution](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normal_distribution). Already in the 1960s, [Benoit Mandelbrot](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benoit_Mandelbrot) and [Eugene Fama](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugene_Fama) showed the inadequacy of this assumption and proposed the use of more general [stable distributions](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stable_distributions) instead. [Stefan Mittnik](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stefan_Mittnik) and [Svetlozar Rachev](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svetlozar_Rachev) presented strategies for deriving optimal portfolios in such settings.\n\n[Contrarian investors](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contrarian_investing) and [value investors](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Value_investing) typically do not subscribe to Modern Portfolio Theory. One objection is that the MPT relies on the [efficient-market hypothesis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efficient-market_hypothesis)\n and uses fluctuations in share price as a substitute for risk. [Sir John Templeton](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_John_Templeton)\n believed in diversification as a concept, but also felt the theoretical foundations of MPT were questionable, and concluded (as described by a biographer): \"the notion that building portfolios on the basis of unreliable and irrelevant statistical inputs, such as historical volatility, was doomed to failure." }

{ "CATEGORY": "brainstorming", "CONTEXT": "" }

{ "CATEGORY": "open_qa", "CONTEXT": "" }

{ "CATEGORY": "closed_qa", "CONTEXT": "After World War II, parts of Eastern and Central Europe, including East Germany and eastern parts of Austria were occupied by Red Army according to the Potsdam Conference.[149] Dependent communist governments were installed in the Eastern Bloc satellite states.[150] After becoming the world's second nuclear power,[151] the Soviet Union established the Warsaw Pact alliance,[152] and entered into a struggle for global dominance, known as the Cold War, with the rivaling United States and NATO.[153] After Stalin's death in 1953 and a short period of collective rule, the new leader Nikita Khrushchev denounced Stalin and launched the policy of de-Stalinization, releasing many political prisoners from the Gulag labor camps.[154] The general easement of repressive policies became known later as the Khrushchev Thaw.[155] At the same time, Cold War tensions reached its peak when the two rivals clashed over the deployment of the United States Jupiter missiles in Turkey and Soviet missiles in Cuba.[156]\n\nIn 1957, the Soviet Union launched the world's first artificial satellite, Sputnik 1, thus starting the Space Age.[157] Russian cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin became the first human to orbit the Earth, aboard the Vostok 1 manned spacecraft on 12 April 1961.[158] Following the ousting of Khrushchev in 1964, another period of collective rule ensued, until Leonid Brezhnev became the leader. The era of the 1970s and the early 1980s was later designated as the Era of Stagnation. The 1965 Kosygin reform aimed for partial decentralisation of the Soviet economy.[159] In 1979, after a communist-led revolution in Afghanistan, Soviet forces invaded the country, ultimately starting the Soviet–Afghan War.[160] In May 1988, the Soviets started to withdraw from Afghanistan, due to international opposition, persistent anti-Soviet guerrilla warfare, and a lack of support by Soviet citizens.[161]\n\nFrom 1985 onwards, the last Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev, who sought to enact liberal reforms in the Soviet system, introduced the policies of glasnost (openness) and perestroika (restructuring) in an attempt to end the period of economic stagnation and to democratise the government.[162] This, however, led to the rise of strong nationalist and separatist movements across the country.[163] Prior to 1991, the Soviet economy was the world's second-largest, but during its final years, it went into a crisis.[164]\n\nBy 1991, economic and political turmoil began to boil over as the Baltic states chose to secede from the Soviet Union.[165] On 17 March, a referendum was held, in which the vast majority of participating citizens voted in favour of changing the Soviet Union into a renewed federation.[166] In June 1991, Boris Yeltsin became the first directly elected president in Russian history when he was elected president of the Russian SFSR.[167] In August 1991, a coup d'état attempt by members of Gorbachev's government, directed against Gorbachev and aimed at preserving the Soviet Union, instead led to the end of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union.[168] On 25 December 1991, following the dissolution of the Soviet Union, along with contemporary Russia, fourteen other post-Soviet states emerged." }

{ "CATEGORY": "open_qa", "CONTEXT": "" }

{ "CATEGORY": "classification", "CONTEXT": "" }

{ "CATEGORY": "summarization", "CONTEXT": "In economics, the Gini coefficient, also known as the Gini index or Gini ratio, is a measure of statistical dispersion intended to represent the income inequality or the wealth inequality or the consumption inequality within a nation or a social group. It was developed by statistician and sociologist Corrado Gini.\nThe Gini coefficient measures the inequality among values of a frequency distribution, such as levels of income. A Gini coefficient of 0 reflects perfect equality, where all income or wealth values are the same, while a Gini coefficient of 1 (or 100%) reflects maximal inequality among values. For example, if everyone has the same income, the Gini coefficient will be 0. In contrast, a Gini coefficient of 1 indicates that within a group of people, a single individual has all the income or consumption, while all others have none.\nThe Gini coefficient was proposed by Corrado Gini as a measure of inequality of income or wealth. For OECD countries, in the late 20th century, considering the effect of taxes and transfer payments, the income Gini coefficient ranged between 0.24 and 0.49, with Slovenia being the lowest and Mexico the highest. African countries had the highest pre-tax Gini coefficients in 2008–2009, with South Africa having the world's highest, estimated to be 0.63 to 0.7, although this figure drops to 0.52 after social assistance is taken into account, and drops again to 0.47 after taxation. The global income Gini coefficient in 2005 has been estimated to be between 0.61 and 0.68 by various sources." }

{ "CATEGORY": "open_qa", "CONTEXT": "" }

{ "CATEGORY": "general_qa", "CONTEXT": "" }

{ "CATEGORY": "closed_qa", "CONTEXT": "Rhodes Scholarships are international postgraduate awards given to students to study at the University of Oxford. Since the scholarship program began in 1904, UVA has had fifty-five Rhodes Scholars,[218] the most of any university in the American South, eighth-most overall, and third-most outside the Ivy League (behind Stanford University and the United States Military Academy (West Point)).[219]\n\nEight NASA astronauts and launch directors are UVA alumni: Karl Gordon Henize, Bill Nelson, Thomas Marshburn, Leland Melvin, Jeff Wisoff, Kathryn Thornton, Patrick Forrester; and Michael Leinbach.\n\nThe Pulitzer Prize has been awarded to eight UVA alumni: Edward P. Jones, Ron Suskind, Virginius Dabney, Claudia Emerson, Henry Taylor, Lane DeGregory, George Rodrigue, and Michael Vitez." }

{ "CATEGORY": "general_qa", "CONTEXT": "" }

{ "CATEGORY": "information_extraction", "CONTEXT": "Pep Guardiola and Carlo Ancelotti are the only managers to have won three FIFA Club World Cups; Guardiola won twice with Barcelona and once with Bayern Munich,[9][10] while Ancelotti was victorious once with Milan and twice with Real Madrid. Rafael Benítez, alongside Ancelotti and Guardiola, holds the record for the most appearances in the final, leading English clubs Liverpool and Chelsea, as well as Italian club Internazionale, to one final each.[5][8] Lamine N'Diaye of Senegal in 2010, Faouzi Benzarti of Tunisia in 2013 and Masatada Ishii of Japan in 2016 were the only non-European and non-South American managers to have appeared in the final. The aforementioned three managers, as well as Zoran Mamić in 2018, Ricardo Ferretti in 2020 and Ramón Díaz in 2022, are the only ones to have led a club outside Europe and South America into the decisive match.[8]" }

{ "CATEGORY": "brainstorming", "CONTEXT": "" }

{ "CATEGORY": "brainstorming", "CONTEXT": "" }

{ "CATEGORY": "classification", "CONTEXT": "" }

{ "CATEGORY": "general_qa", "CONTEXT": "" }

{ "CATEGORY": "general_qa", "CONTEXT": "" }

{ "CATEGORY": "general_qa", "CONTEXT": "" }

{ "CATEGORY": "summarization", "CONTEXT": "The Ways to Love a Man is a studio album by American country artist, Tammy Wynette. It was released on January 26, 1970 via Epic Records and was the seventh studio album in Wynette's career. The disc consisted of 11 tracks which included both original material and cover recordings. Its title track was the album's only single included. It became a number one song on the North American country charts while also reaching chart positions in other musical genres as well. The album itself also reached chart positions on the country albums chart following its release. Critics and journalists gave the album a positive reception in the years that followed." }

{ "CATEGORY": "open_qa", "CONTEXT": "" }

{ "CATEGORY": "classification", "CONTEXT": "" }

{ "CATEGORY": "general_qa", "CONTEXT": "" }

{ "CATEGORY": "summarization", "CONTEXT": "Cindy Robinson is an American voice actress who voices in animations and video games. Some of her major roles are Makoto Nanaya and Gii from the Blazblue series, Betty Boop in commercials, Queen Beryl in Sailor Moon, Chitose Nanbu in Ah My Buddha, Kukaku Shiba, Miyako Shiba, Jinta Hanakari (kid) and Kiyone Kotetsu in Bleach, Zola in the Blue Dragon series, Madeline Hatter in \"Ever After High\" Minerva and Hinoka in Fire Emblem. She also makes an uncredited appearance as the voice of the Purge Emergency Broadcast System in The Purge franchise.\n\nRobinson is best known for her role as Amy Rose in the Sonic the Hedgehog franchise since 2010." }

{ "CATEGORY": "brainstorming", "CONTEXT": "" }

{ "CATEGORY": "closed_qa", "CONTEXT": "Gennady Petrovich Lyachin (Russian: Геннадий Петрович Лячин; 1 January 1955 – 12 August 2000) was a Russian navy officer. He was the commanding officer of the Russian submarine Kursk when the vessel suffered a series of explosions and sank on 12 August 2000.\n\nLyachin was born in Sarpinsky in Volgograd Oblast. He entered the Navy in 1972 and graduated from the Higher Naval School of Submarine Navigation named for Lenin Komsomol in 1977 and was commissioned as an officer. He served as a weapons officer aboard the diesel-electric Juliett class cruise missile submarine K-58. From 1984 to 1986, as Captain 3rd Rank, he served as the executive officer of the K-77, also a Juliett Class. In 1986 he attended Advanced Special Officers' Classes during which time he was promoted to Captain 2nd Rank.\n\nIn October 1988, Lyachin received his first command, the K-304 also a Juliett class. He held this position until the K-304 was decommissioned after the fall of the Soviet Union in 1991.\n\nIn April 1991, he was appointed executive officer of a nuclear submarine, the Project 949A Antey class (NATO reporting name Oscar-II) K-119 Voronezh and served aboard through 1996. He and the newly formed crew spent the time between September 1991 and March 1993 undergoing training in Obninsk.\n\nLyachin was promoted to the rank of Captain 1st Rank in 1996 and given command of the Voronezh's sister ship, the ill-fated K-141 Kursk, the very last Project 949A submarine to be completed, which had been commissioned only two years earlier. When the Kursk sank on August 12, 2000, Lyachin perished along with the rest of the 117 crew members." }

{ "CATEGORY": "open_qa", "CONTEXT": "" }

{ "CATEGORY": "open_qa", "CONTEXT": "" }

{ "CATEGORY": "creative_writing", "CONTEXT": "" }

{ "CATEGORY": "information_extraction", "CONTEXT": "Mark Richard Hunt[3] (born 23 March 1974) is a New Zealand[4] former mixed martial artist and kickboxer of Samoan descent,[5] currently living in Sydney, Australia. Hunt competed in the Ultimate Fighting Championship (UFC) until 2018[6] and was the winner of the 2001 K-1 World Grand Prix. He is known as \"King of Walk-Offs\" due to his popularization of walking away and stopping attacks before the referee officially ends the match.[7][8][9]" }

{ "CATEGORY": "summarization", "CONTEXT": "Merrimac Butte[2] is a 5,627-foot (1,715-metre) sandstone summit located in Grand County, Utah, United States, about 12 miles northwest of the town of Moab. Merrimac Butte is a thin, 200–600-foot-wide and 1,600-foot-long east-to-west butte with 200-foot-tall vertical Entrada Sandstone walls overlaying a Carmel Formation base.\n\nMonitor Butte is situated immediately east of Merrimac Butte. The two buttes were named after the Monitor and Merrimack, two ironclad steamships known for clashing during the American Civil War. They can be seen from Highway 313 after it climbs out of Sevenmile Canyon en route to the Island in the Sky section of Canyonlands National Park or Dead Horse Point State Park." }

{ "CATEGORY": "general_qa", "CONTEXT": "" }

{ "CATEGORY": "classification", "CONTEXT": "" }

{ "CATEGORY": "open_qa", "CONTEXT": "" }

{ "CATEGORY": "classification", "CONTEXT": "" }

{ "CATEGORY": "summarization", "CONTEXT": "The first recorded interment occurred on 13 December 1922. Other burials at the cemetery include forty-four German and seven Italian prisoners of war who died at nearby detention camps during World War II, as well as four allied Chinese pilots. As of July 2022, there are three Medal of Honor recipients[1] and twenty general officers interred at the cemetery" }

{ "CATEGORY": "open_qa", "CONTEXT": "" }

{ "CATEGORY": "open_qa", "CONTEXT": "" }

{ "CATEGORY": "brainstorming", "CONTEXT": "" }