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Spatial distribution of spotted-wing drosophila (Diptera: Drosophilidae) and other insects in fruit of a sweet cherry (Rosaceae) orchard Abstract Spotted-wing drosophila, Drosophila suzukii (Matsumura) (Diptera: Drosophilidae), is an invasive pest of many small and soft fruits. We present the first results concerning its oviposition in the canopy of a sweet cherry (Prunus avium Linnaeus; Rosaceae) orchard. We examined the distribution of arthropods emerging from fruits of five cultivars ripening successively over seven weeks, in interior and border rows, within four regions of the tree canopy (top/bottom height × north/south aspect), and measured the associated fruit ripeness (ºBrix). Single fruits were reared for more than two weeks: 1328 arthropods emerged from 887 cherries in June, and 10 426 emerged from 1071 cherries in July. When populations were low, significantly more D. suzukii were present in the northernmost row and northern canopy aspect. Later, its distribution with respect to cherry row, height, and aspect was homogenous. Drosophila suzukii density per sweet cherry was highest in the latest ripening cultivar, when its distribution was not homogeneous; significantly more D. suzukii were in the centre than the southernmost row, in the lower canopy, and the southern aspect, than elsewhere. In the early season, single egg clutches were found without aggregation. As population density increased, so did intraspecific aggregation, but D. suzukii did not co-exist with other Drosophila Fallén species, nor with Rhagoletis indifferens Curran (Diptera: Tephritidae) when present.

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[Study on toxicity of halopredone acetate. (I) Acute toxicity study in mice and rats]. Since halopredone acetate (THS-201), a synthetic corticosteroid, is expected to be used clinically for intra-articular injections because of its long-lasting activity in the synovial bursa, its acute toxicity was compared with that of triamsinolone acetonide (TA) and methylprednisolone acetate (MPA). The test animals were Jcl: ICR mice and Jcl: Wistar rats, and drugs were administered orally, intraperitoneally and subcutaneously. The LD50 values of THS-201 both in mice and rats were estimated more than 5000 mg/kg at each route, and these are for above larger than those of TA or MPA. Moreover, in oral and subcutaneous administration of THS-201, no severe toxic signs were observed either in mice or in rats. In intraperitoneal injection, a few of mice and rats died after showing several clinical signs and suppression of body weight gain, and their autopsy revealed atrophy of thymus, spleen and adrenal, induction of infection and hemorrhage in digestive tract. On the other hand, the mice and rats administered TA or MPA revealed the severe toxic signs such as loss of hair gloss, marked emaciation, decrease in spontaneous movement, anemia, bloated face, decrease or suppression of body weight gain, atrophy of thymus, spleen and adrenal, severe induction of infection and lesions in digestive tracts. Accordingly, it is concluded that the acute toxicity of THS-201 in mice and rats was lower than that of TA or MPA.

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Political Experience and the Success of Female Gubernatorial Candidates This research examines the effect that political experience has on the success of female gubernatorial candidates by analyzing the female vs. male gubernatorial elections from 1976–2014. The study questions whether prior statewide political office experience is advantageous for female candidates and is this consistent across party lines. This research builds on the political pipeline theory, which suggests that the shortage of women holding higher level political office, such as governor, is due to the lack of qualified and motivated women running for political office. We argue that women who hold lower level statewide office develop the necessary experience and name recognition that provides them with the qualifications and motivation, both within themselves and from other sources such as political parties, to run for and win the office of governor. Our findings suggest that statewide office experience is important for the success of Democratic women gubernatorial candidates but not for Republican women gubernatorial candidates.

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Examination of association with candidate genes for diabetic nephropathy in a Mexican American population. BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is a multifactorial complication characterized by persistent proteinuria in susceptible individuals with type 1 and type 2 diabetes. Disease burden in people of Mexican-American descent is particularly high, but there are only a few studies that characterize genes for DN in this ethnic group. Two genes, carnosine dipeptidase 1 (CNDP1) and engulfment and cell motility 1 (ELMO1) previously showed association with DN in other ethnic groups. CNDP1 and ELMO1 were examined along with eight other genes that are less well characterized for DN in a new study of Mexican-Americans. DESIGN, SETTING, PARTICIPANTS, & MEASUREMENTS The target sample was patients of Mexican-American ancestry collected from three centers: 455 patients with DN and 437 controls with long-term diabetes but no incident nephropathy. Forty-two, 227, and 401 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in CNDP1, ELMO1, and the other eight genes, respectively, were examined. RESULTS No region in CNDP1 or ELMO1 showed significant P values. Of the other eight candidate genes, an association of DN with a SNP pair, rs2146098 and rs6659783, was found in hemicentin 1 (HMCN1) (unadjusted P = 6.1 x 10(-5)). Association with a rare haplotype in this region was subsequently identified. CONCLUSIONS The associations in CNDP1 or ELMO1 were not replicable; however, an association of DN with HMCN1 was found. Additional work at this and other loci will enable refinement of the genetic hypotheses regarding DN in the Mexican-American population to find therapies for this debilitating disease.

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What Do These People Know that You Don't? On October 6, 2003, the Center for Hospitality Research (CHR) at Cornell University, the publisher of the Cornell Hotel and Restaurant Administration Quarterly, started requiring that users register to view its Web site content. On its Web site (at The Center For Hospitality Research. org), users can download .pdf versions of Reports, Tools for the Hospitality Industry, Working Papers, Case Studies, and more—all gratis. In the first twelve months, more than sixty-four hundred people have registered, with more than fourteen hundred registering in the month of September 2004. In this editorial, I’ll focus on answering three questions: What brings people to the CHR Web site? Who are these folks? and What do they know that you don’t?

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Review : Polymers for Absorbable Surgical Sutures—Part II f) oly(glycolic acid) (PGA) sutures are routinely used for general and surgical specialties. They are more predictable with regard to tissue response and absorption profile than catgut sutures [27,36]. PGA sutures are also significantly stronger for a longer period of time than catgut sutures, which experience a greater rate of strength loss. However, PGA is a relatively rigid polymer and is supplied as a multifilament braid in sizes larger than 7-0. For reasons discussed earlier, strong, absorbable yet flexible monofilament sutures are more desirable. In 1985, Davis and Geck introduced a new synthetic absorbable monofilament suture with the trade name of MaxonTM in an effort to provide a more desirable suture. The material is a copolymer produced by the ring opening polymerization of glycolide and trimethylene carbonate. The general structure is shown in Figure 3, and was reported to contain approximately 32.5 percent of trimethylene carbonate by weight [45]. Diethylene glycol was used as an initiator and stannous

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Γ-Convergence through Young Measures We present a general framework to treat $\Gamma$-convergence of functionals through Young measures and through slicing decomposition. After dealing with a general situation where functionals are defined in Lebesgue spaces, we concentrate on the gradient case. Explicit computations are possible, in this case, when the sequence of functions determining the functionals has a special property. We illustrate the method by examining several well-known situations. More than these examples, emphasis in this paper is placed on the method itself and its generality.

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Finding equivalent keys in openstreetmap: semantic similarity computation based on extensional definitions Volunteered Geographic Information (VGI) projects, such as Open-StreetMap (OSM) enable the public to contribute to the collection of spatial data. In OSM, users may deviate from spatial feature annotation guidelines and create new tags (i.e. key=value pairs), even if recommended tags exist. This is problematic, as undocumented tags have no set meaning, and they potentially contribute to the dataset heterogeneity and thus reduce usability. This paper proposes an unsupervised approach to identify equivalent documented attribute keys to the used undocumented keys. Based on their extensional definitions through their values, co-occurring keys and geometries of the features they annotate, the semantic similarity of OSM keys is evaluated. The approach has been tested on the OSM dataset for the state of Victoria, Australia. Results have been evaluated against a set of manually detected equivalent keys and show that the method is plausible, but may fail if some assumptions about tag use are not enforced, e.g., semantically unique tags.

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Influence of the preparation method on the As-Se-AgI thin films behaviour Bulk glasses of the (As2Se3)1-x (AgI)x and (AsSe)1-x(AgI)x systems, where x = 5, 10, 15 up to 35 mol.% have been prepared by the melt-quenched technique. The thin films have been deposited by means of vacuum thermal evaporation (VTE) and pulsed laser deposition (PLD). The XRD investigation reveals a generally amorphous structure; small peaks are only observed in the samples with the highest AgI. The film compositions have been determined by EDS (energy dispersive X-ray microanalysis). WDS (wavelength dispersive spectroscopy) studies have shown that the films do not contain oxygen within the accuracy of the method (1 %). The films are dense with smooth surface as revealed by using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM).

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1Alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 reduces c-Myc expression, inhibiting proliferation and causing G1 accumulation in C4-2 prostate cancer cells. There is an inverse correlation between exposure to sunlight (the major source of vitamin D) and the risk for prostate cancer, the most common noncutaneous cancer and second most common cause of death from cancer in American men. The active metabolite of vitamin D, 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) [1,25(OH)(2)D(3)] acting through the vitamin D receptor decreases prostate cancer cell growth and invasiveness. The precise mechanisms by which 1,25(OH)(2)D(3) inhibits growth in prostate cancer have not been fully elucidated. Treatment with 1,25(OH)(2)D(3) causes an accumulation in the G(0)/G(1) phase of the cell cycle in several prostate cancer cell lines. One potential target known to regulate the G(0)/G(1) to S phase transition is c-Myc, a transcription factor whose overexpression is associated with a number of cancers including prostate cancer. We find that 1,25(OH)(2)D(3) reduces c-Myc expression in multiple prostate epithelial cell lines, including C4-2 cells, an androgen-independent prostate cancer cell line. Reducing c-Myc expression to the levels observed after 1,25(OH)(2)D(3) treatment resulted in a comparable decrease in proliferation and G(1) accumulation demonstrating that down-regulation of c-Myc is a major component in the growth-inhibitory actions of 1,25(OH)2D(3). Treatment with 1,25(OH)(2)D(3) resulted in a 50% decrease in c-Myc mRNA but a much more extensive reduction in c-Myc protein. Treatment with 1,25(OH)(2)D(3) decreased c-Myc stability by increasing the proportion of c-Myc phosphorylated on T58, a glycogen synthase kinase-3beta site that serves as a signal for ubiquitin-mediated proteolysis. Thus, 1,25(OH)(2)D(3) reduces both c-Myc mRNA levels and c-Myc protein

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stability to inhibit growth of prostate cancer cells.

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Educating North America: lessons learned. Delayed patient presentation to the emergency department plays a major role in the underuse of tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA) for acute ischemic stroke, and multiple studies have been performed to examine factors that contribute to patient delay. Although many have hypothesized that educational interventions could increase the number of patients presenting in time to receive acute stroke therapy, only a handful of studies have examined the impact of such intervention on patient behavior. This article proposes that behavioral interventions for acute stroke can and should be designed and evaluated scientifically.

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Terrain navigation in the magnetic landscape: Particle filtering for indoor positioning Variations in the ambient magnetic field can be used as features in indoor positioning and navigation. We describe a technique for map matching where the pedestrian movement is matched to a map of the magnetic landscape. The map matching algorithm is based on a particle filter, a recursive Monte Carlo method, and follows the classical terrain matching framework used in aircraft positioning and navigation. A recent probabilistic Gaussian process regression based method for modeling the ambient magnetic field is employed in the framework. The feasibility of this terrain matching approach is demonstrated in a simple real-life indoor positioning example, where both the mapping and positioning is done using a smartphone device.

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Controlling the Search in Bottom-Up Evaluation Bottom-up evaluation of queries on deductive databases has many advantages over an evaluation scheme such as Prolog. It is sound and complete with respect to the declarative semantics of least Herbrand models for positive Horn clause programs. In particular, it is able to avoid innnite loops by detecting repeated (possibly cyclic) subgoals. Further, in many database applications , it is more eecient than Prolog due to its set-orientedness. However , the completely set-oriented, breadth-rst search strategy of bottom-up evaluation has certain disadvantages. For example, to evaluate several classes of programs with negation (or aggregation), it is necessary to order the inferences; in essence, we must evaluate all answers to a negative sub-goal before making an inference that depends upon the negative subgoal. A completely breadth-rst search strategy ((14]) would have to maintain a lot of redundant subgoal dependency information to achieve this. We present a technique to order the use of generated subgoals, that is a hybrid between pure breadth-rst and pure depth-rst search. The technique , called Ordered Search, is able to maintain subgoal dependency information eeciently, while being able to detect repeated subgoals, and avoid innnite loops. Also, the technique avoids repeated computation and is complete for DATALOG. We demonstrate the power of Ordered Search through two applications. First, we show that it can be used to evaluate programs with left-to-right modularly stratiied negation and aggregation more ee-ciently than with any previously known bottom-up technique. Second, we illustrate its use for optimizing single-answer queries for linear programs.

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Key considerations for clinical trials of dietary interventions for primary prevention of allergy and asthma in children Key considerations for clinical trials of dietary interventions for primary prevention of allergy and asthma in children Bright I. Nwaru, Suvi M. Virtanen & Aziz Sheikh* Allergy & Respiratory Research Group, Centre for Population Health Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK; School of Health Sciences, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland; Nutrition Unit, Department of Lifestyle and Participation, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland; Center for Child Health Research, Tampere University and University Hospital, Tampere, Finland; The Science Center of Pirkanmaa Hospital District, Tampere, Finland; Division of General Internal Medicine and Primary Care, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA

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Satellite image interpretation using Genetically Optimized Hard C means This paper explains the task of interpreting any given satellite image by Genetically Optimized Hard C means(GOHCM). GOHCM has been used to segment the satellite image. Image segmentation is the process of dividing pixels into homogeneous classes or clusters so that items in the same cluster are as similar as possible and items in different cluster are as dissimilar as possible. The most basic attribute for segmentation is image luminance amplitude for a monochrome image and color components for a color image. Since there are more than 16 million colours available in any given colour image, it is difficult to analyze the image on its entire colour. Hence colour image is converted to gray scale. Genetically Optimized Hard C Means (GOHCM) has been used for segmentation. Depending on the spectral value, the pixels are classified as urban area, bare soil, forest & vegetation and water regions by GOHCM.

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Single–Follicular-Unit Hair Transplantation to Correct Cleft Lip Moustache Alopecia Objective: To present the case of an 18-year-old boy with a cleft lip scar and an obligatory need for facial hair who underwent single–follicular-unit graft hair transplantation that resulted in significant moustache hair restoration in a single procedure. Setting: The surgery was performed in an outpatient private practice setting using oral sedation and local anesthesia. Results: Advances in instrumentation technology and an increased understanding of the anatomical clustering of hair follicles into so-called “follicular units” containing one to six hairs per unit has resulted in a rapid expansion of hair restoration surgery into new areas including female–pattern alopecia, scarring alopecias, and cosmetic surgery scars. These new techniques can be employed to create natural-looking hair lines in front of artificial hair replacement systems; to improve unnatural looking, old “large-plug” hair transplants; and to correct discontinuity of eyebrows and hairlines in patients with congenital facial clefts. Increased awareness is needed to incorporate follicular-unit graft hair transplant surgery into the family of corrective surgery subspecialties.

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Self-Esteem, Problem Solving, and Family Coping Responses: Determinants and Consequences for Black Women. Stress is a significant contributor to disease and often worsens pre-existing conditions. Little research to date has focused on stress and coping in black families, particularly black women. The present study examined how self-esteem affects family coping and problem solving among mothers and daughters (N = 119). Results indicate that black mothers had significantly higher amounts of self-esteem than did daughters, potentially signifying that many issues that reduce self-esteem have been resolved for mothers, whereas daughters might still be dealing with issues that lower their self-esteem. Black mothers scored significantly lower than their daughters on perception of ability to solve problems, suggesting that black daughters might still be facing issues that they are actively using problem-solving skills to address. A significant difference between mothers and daughters on the amount of stress they experienced further supports the intergenerational nature of stress, problem solving, and lower self-esteem in the sample of daughters. The results suggest that black women with spouses or domestic partners are better able to adapt to stress than those who are not in partnerships or married. This study provides a more in-depth understanding of intergenerational family processes related to stress and coping among black women.

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2'-Fluoro-4'-thioarabino-modified oligonucleotides: conformational switches linked to siRNA activity. The synthesis of oligonucleotides containing 2'-deoxy-2'-fluoro-4'-thioarabinonucleotides is described. 2'-Deoxy-2'-fluoro-5-methyl-4'-thioarabinouridine (4'S-FMAU) was incorporated into 18-mer antisense oligonucleotides (AONs). 4'S-FMAU adopts a predominantly northern sugar conformation. Oligonucleotides containing 4'S-FMAU, unlike those containing FMAU, were unable to elicit E. coli or human RNase H activity, thus corroborating the hypothesis that RNase H prefers duplexes containing oligonucleotides that can adopt eastern conformations in the antisense strand. The duplex structure and stability of these oligonucleotides was also investigated via circular dichroism (CD)- and UV- binding studies. Replacement of the 4'-oxygen by a sulfur atom resulted in a marked decrease in melting temperature of AON:RNA as well as AON:DNA duplexes. 2'-Deoxy-2'-fluoro-4'-thioarabinouridine (4'S-FAU) was incorporated into 21-mer small interfering RNA (siRNA) and the resulting siRNA molecules were able to trigger RNA interference with good efficiency. Positional effects were explored, and synergy with 2'F-ANA, which has been previously established as a functional siRNA modification, was demonstrated.

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Birth weight and anthropometric measurements of twins Abstract Background: Genetic and environmental influences on anthropometric measures can be investigated by comparing dizygotic (DZ) versus monozygotic (MZ) twins. Investigating cohorts living in different geographical areas across the globe can identify the variation in heritability versus environment. Aims: (1) To investigate the association between birth weight and anthropometric measurements during adulthood; (2) to study the genetic and environmental influences on body measures including birth weight, weight and height among twins; and (3) to assess the variation in heritability versus environment among two cohorts of twins who lived in different geographical areas. Subjects and methods: Twins were collected from two twin registers. Data on birth weight, adult weight and height in 430 MZ and 170 DZ twins living in two geographically distinct parts of the world were collected. A genetic analysis was performed using MX software. Results: Birth weight was associated with weight, height and BMI. Both MZ and DZ twins with low birth weight had shorter height during their adult life (p = 0.001), but only MZ twins with lower birth weight were lighter at adulthood (p = 0.001). Intra-pair differences in birth weight were not associated with differences in adult height (p = 0.366) or weight (p = 0.796). Additive genetic effects accounted for 53% of the variance in weight, 43% in height and 55% in birth weight. The remaining variance was attributed to unique environmental effects (15% for weight, 13% for height and 45% for birth weight and only 16% for BMI). Variability was found to

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be different in the two cohorts. The best fitting model for birth weight and BMI was additive genetic and non-shared environment and for weight and height was additive genetic, non-shared environment (plus common Environment). Conclusions: Data suggests that the association between weight at birth and anthropometric measures in later life is influenced by both genetic and environmental factors. Living in different environments can potentially relate to variation found in the environment.

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Complex Disguises: Reason in Canadian Philosophy A recent aspect of Canadians' concern to discover their “national identity” has been the interest of some Canadians to discover the history of philosophy in their country. Several decades ago this interest scarcely existed. If any questions about the subject had been raised, the chances are they would have elicited sceptical smiles or yawns. Many would simply have denied—and a few still deny—that there is any “Canadian philosophy” at all. Nowadays, however, the climate of opinion is more accommodating, so that those who study and write about what past philosophers in this country have done can expect to receive a serious hearing. No doubt a conclusive case for the study has yet to be stated. But the most extensive speculative statement made thus far is the book by Leslie Armour and Elizabeth Trott which I shall comment on below.

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A multi-agent concurrent neurosimulated annealing algorithm: A case study on intelligent sensing of manhole gases In this article, we proposed a multi-agent concurrent neorosimulated annealing (CNSA) algorithm, which was used for the supervised training of the neural networks (NN). The proposed CNSA is a population based parallel version of the basic simulated annealing (SA) algorithm. In this work, CNSA was applied for designing an intelligent sensory system that detects proportion of component gases of manhole gas mixture. The proposed intelligent sensory system was modeled using NN, where, the training of NN was supplemented by the proposed parallel version of SA algorithm, that is, CNSA. Once the training of the NN was covered, the sensory system was used for sensing the accumulated toxic gas components of manholes. The manhole gas-mixture problem was treated as pattern recognition and noise reduction problem. This article offers a critical performance analysis of CNSA algorithm, where its performance was compared with backpropagation, conjugate gradient algorithm, particle swarm optimization, and genetic algorithm in both empirical and statistical sense. We found that the proposed CNSA performed significantly well in comparison to its counterparts as far as this case study was concerned.

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N-glycans harboring the Lewis a epitope are expressed at the surface of plant cells. In plants, N-linked glycans are processed in the Golgi apparatus to complex-type N-glycans of limited size containing a beta(1,2)-xylose and/or an alpha(1,3)-fucose residue. Larger mono- and bi-antennary N-linked complex glycans have not often been described. This study has re-examined the structure of such plant N-linked glycans, and, through both immunological and structural data, it is shown that the antennae are composed of Lewis a (Le(a)) antigens, comprising the carbohydrate sequence Gal beta 1-3[Fuc alpha 1-4]GlcNAc. Furthermore, a fucosyltransferase activity involved in the biosynthesis of this antigen was detected in sycamore cells. This is the first characterization in plants of a Lewis antigen that is usually found on cell-surface glycoconjugates in mammals and involved in recognition and adhesion processes. Le(a)-containing N-linked glycans are widely distributed in plants and highly expressed at the cell surface, which may suggest a putative function in cell/cell communication.

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Economic changes and afforestation incentives in rural China This paper uses provincial macro-data from the mid 1980s onwards to investigate the determinants of land-use choice in rural China, by paying particular attention to the decision to plant trees as competing with agriculture. The evidence supports the importance of economic motivations in the afforestation decision. A profit-seeking behavior is found to be at stake in the decision to plant trees, which is made according to both the relative profitability of forestry against agriculture, and their relative risks. Afforestation is also found to strongly depend on the pressure upon land as well as on household wealth.

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A dance/movement therapy group as a community outreach for intercultural women in Tokyo The paper describes a dance/movement therapy (DMT) based community outreach project for the women in the international community of Tokyo. The potential of DMT is explained through its impact on the core-self and body image. The interactive nature of DMT is discussed in the context of trans-culturality and communication. The outreach, which was carried out in a non-profit mental health organization (TELL), is described with the emphasis on the preparation of the project and on its content in terms of movement themes. This project showed a DMT group can foster attentiveness to body and to body sensations in various movement situations and thus help connecting to oneself. This may positively support the person's function in her daily relationships in personal and professional life.

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A gene in human chromosome band Xq28 (GABRE) defines a putative new subunit class of the GABAA neurotransmitter receptor. We have isolated and sequenced a novel human gene (GABRE) of the GABAA neurotransmitter receptor family. A cDNA sequence of the gene coding for a 506 amino acid protein was identified, representing a member of a putative new class (epsilon) of the GABAA receptor. The gene is transcribed at least at low level in several different tissues, with the highest levels being detected in adult heart and placenta. Alternative splicing of GABRE transcripts isolated from different tissues was observed at multiple positions of the gene, yielding an unusually complex variety of cDNA variants. The structure of the 5' region of most cDNAs is compatible with expression of protein sequence epsilon only in adult brain, whereas in other tissues, the majority of transcripts code for truncated protein sequences. The GABRE gene extends over 14 kb and is clustered together with the alpha 3 and the putative beta 4 GABAA receptor subunit genes in an approximately 0.8-Mb interval in chromosome band Xq28, located in the candidate regions of two different neurologic diseases. Based on features of conservation of protein sequences, gene structure, and genomic organization of GABAA receptor gene clusters, we propose that the epsilon and gamma subunit genes have a common ancestor and that GABAA receptor gene clusters in the human genome have diverged by multiple duplication events of an ancestral gene cluster containing one each alpha, beta, and gamma/epsilon precursor gene.

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Heart rate monitoring of physical activity in children and adolescents: the Muscatine Study. To assess the usefulness of whole-day heart rate monitoring as a quantitative measure of physical activity in children, the activity of 76 children and adolescents (ages 6 to 17 years), randomly selected from a school population, was measured during a typical summer day using a light-weight, nonrestrictive heart rate telemetry unit. A 12-hour recall and a simple self-rating of usual activity questionnaire were also administered on the same day. An additional 12-hour recall questionnaire was administered on another day. Within 1 month of the heart rate monitoring, the skinfold measures, peak aerobic capacity, and sexual maturation were assessed. Data analysis indicated that activity as measured by telemetry was related to questionnaire recall on the monitored day (r = .50), nonmonitored day (r = .32), and self-rating (r = .35); level of activity as measured by telemetry was related to peak aerobic capacity in girls (r = .36) but not in boys (r = -.06); body fat was related inversely to activity (r = -.32); and prepubescent children were more active than post- and pubescent children (P less than .003). No difference was found in activity level between boys and girls (P greater than .05). This study suggests that for children whole-day heart rate monitoring is an objective, nonobtrusive method for measuring physical activity; and maturation, but not gender, is an influential mediating factor for activity.

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Factors Affecting Earning Response Coefficient With Profitability as Moderating Variable in Manufacturing Companies The purpose of this study was to obtain empirical evidence about the effect of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) Disclosure, Profitability, Leverage, and Sales Growth on Earning Response Coefficient (ERC) among manufacturing companies that listed on Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX) during the years of 2015-2017. This study used purposive sampling method to collect data consisting of 52 companies listed on IDX during the period. Data was obtained from the annual report and financial statements which had been audited and ended on December 31, 2015-2017. The results of this study showed that (1) CSR disclosure had positive and significant effect on ERC, (2) Profitability, Sales Growth, Earning Persistence, Firm Size and Leverage had no significant effect on ERC, and (3) Profitability strengthened the effect of Corporate Social Responsibility Disclosure, Sales Growth, Earning Persistence, Firm Size and Leverage on Earning Response Coefficient.

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EXPERT: Effective and flexible error protection by redundant multithreading Resiliency is a first-order design concern in modern microprocessor design. Compiler-level Redundant MultiThreading (RMT) schemes are promising because of their capability to detect the manifestation of hardware transient and permanent faults. In this work, we propose EXPERT, a compiler-level RMT scheme which can detect the manifestation of hardware faults in all hardware components. EXPERT transformation generates a checker thread for program main execution thread. These redundant threads execute simultaneously on two physically different cores of a multi-core processor. They perform mostly same computations, however, after each memory write operation committed by the main thread, the checker thread loads back the written data from the memory and checks it against its own locally computed values. If they match, execution continues. Otherwise, the error flag will be raised. Our processor-wide statistical transient and permanent fault injection experiments show that EXPERT error coverage is ∼65x better than the state-of-the-art scheme.

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General Architecture Design of Flight Simulator based on HLA This paper analyzes the technical characteristics and simulation application methods of high-level architecture. The basic composition of flight simulator is introduced. The design difference of simulator for engineering application field and flight training field is analyzed. The system architecture of flight simulator with good openness and versatility is established in accordance with the high-level architecture standards. The modeling method, data communication mode and operation management algorithm of simulator are designed.

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Pulmonary Emboli and Deep Vein Thromboses: Are They Always Part of the Same Disease Spectrum? BACKGROUND Pulmonary embolis (PEs) are thought to emanate from deep vein thromboses (DVTs). Government agencies now use thromboembolic events as a quality metric for reimbursement for care. Recent data suggest that PEs and DVTs may represent different pathologic processes. We sought to identify separate risk factors for PEs and DVTs to test whether they are the same disease process. METHODS A retrospective review of the National Trauma Data Bank between 2007 and 2010 was performed. Demographics, complications, comorbidities, and injury data were reviewed for risk factors for patients diagnosed with a PE or DVT. RESULTS After exclusion criteria were met 521,969 patient entries were analyzed. Of these patients, 4,154 and 1,460 had a DVT or PE, respectively,while 8% (433) of patients had both. PEs and DVTs, had 18 overlapping risk factors, 26 independent risk factors (5 for PEs; 21 for DVTs), and one divergent risk factor. CONCLUSION Despite PEs and DVTs having overlapping risk factors, there are significant independent and divergent risk factors for the two diseases, suggesting that they are not always part of the same process. The constellation of risk factors for each disease may help to predict which one patient is predisposed to and draws into question the concept of using them as a quality metric as whether therapeutic anticoagulation is indicated in trauma patients.

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Estimation of the probability of reinfection with COVID-19 coronavirus by the SEIRUS model With sensitivity of the Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) test used to detect the presence of the virus in the human host, the global health community has been able to record a great number of recovered population. Therefore, in a bid to answer a burning question of reinfection in the recovered class, the model equations which exhibits the disease-free equilibrium (E_0 ) state for COVID-19 coronavirus was developed in this study and was discovered to both exist as well as satisfy the criteria for a locally or globally asymptotic stability with a basic reproductive number R_0=0 for and endemic situation. Hence, there is a chance of no secondary reinfections from the recovered population as the rate of incidence of the recovered population vanishes, that is, B=0. Furthermore, numerical simulations were carried to complement the analytical results in investigating the effect of the implementation of quarantine and observatory procedures has on the projection of the further spread of the virus globally. Result shows that the proportion of infected population in the absence of curative vaccination will continue to grow globally meanwhile the recovery rate will continue slowly which therefore means that the ratio of infection to recovery rate will determine the death rate that is recorded globally and most significant for this study is the rate of reinfection by the recovered population which will decline to zero over time as the virus is cleared clinically from the system of the recovered class.

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Antiproliferative Effects of a Series of Cyclic Imides on Primary Endothelial Cells and a Leukemia Cell Line The present study describes the cytotoxic properties of a series of 15 cyclic imides observed against different endothelial cells and K562 leukemic cells. Initially, eight structurally unrelated compounds were evaluated against cultured bone marrow endothelial cells (BMEC) and human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC). Only two imides showed cytotoxic activity at 10 μm. In continuation of our screening, eight compounds, structurally related to the compound with the higher cytotoxic activity, were assayed against endothelial cells and the K562 leukemic cell line. All of these new compounds except two exhibited cytotoxic and antiproliferative activities at concentrations below 10 μm against BMEC and HUVEC, respectively. The K562 leukemia cell line was only affected by concentrations of 100 μm. Preliminary SAR analysis indicated that the cytotoxic activity of these compounds was related to the presence of a planar imide ring directly bound to an aromatic ring.

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Aspects of the Caribbean Single Market & Economy: How Integrated are Regional Stock Markets This study investigates the degree of integration among stock markets in the Caribbean Single Market area by analyzing the pricing of cross listed stocks within the region. The results show that the law of one price is generally violated for cross-listed stocks and there is little integration among the stock markets. It also suggests that there are arbitrage opportunities for investors. This result is in contrast to the experience of other regions of the world that have sought to integrate their stock markets. Empirical studies of European markets generally confirm that the “law of one price” holds across markets with regard to multiple listed stocks

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Intelligent multimedia tutoring systems e have used advanced technology, including intelligent modeling of the domain and the presumed knowledge of students, to build intelligent multimedia tutoring systems. Simulations, animations, sound, and video are also used to keep students learning and active. However, flashy graphics and simulations alone are not enough. For students to learn, the experience has to be authentic and relevant to their lives. Therefore we place students in situations where they solve problems while the system reasons about the problem being solved and about how to best respond to the students’ idiosyncratic actions. One such situation is a simulated hospital emergency room used for the Cardiac Tutor, and another is a computer-aided design (CAD) environment that proposes injection molding tooling configurations for a student’s part design. Intelligent multimedia tutors may use planners, plan recognizers, or user models to make assumptions about the situation and the user’s state of knowledge and learning needs. Complex representations and sophisticated control structures are also used to respond flexibly to the user. Traditional scenario-based simulations often provide only a few paths through a situation and no ability to adapt the presentation to perceived user needs or individual knowledge. They often classify student actions as correct or incorrect within a limited context. However, knowledge-based systems can suggest that the student’s action is out of order or too late, as compared to an expert’s action. These systems can reason about tutorial goals and situations toward which the simulation should be directed. Dynamic assessment, online calculations, and reasoning about user actions provide

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real-time comparisons between the student’s and expert’s actions. Because the system’s recommendations reflect the current context, they are often relevant and robust.

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[Nutrition and health--hypertension]. Hypertension, defined as a blood pressure > or = 140/90 mmHg upon repeated measurement or the use of antihypertensive medication, is present in 14% of Dutch adults. A healthy diet plays an important role in both the prevention and treatment of hypertension. Under controlled conditions, very good results have been obtained with the 'Dietary approaches to stop hypertension' (DASH) combination diet, which has recently been developed in the United States. The DASH combination diet contains large amounts of fruit, vegetables, fish and nuts, low-fat dairy products and reduced levels of total and saturated fat. This dietary pattern yielded blood pressure reductions of 11.4/5.5 mmHg in mildly hypertensive patients. Intervention studies have shown a favourable effect of salt reduction on blood pressure in hypertensive patients, even in the case of mild hypertension. Simultaneous increases in potassium and magnesium intake could have an additional beneficial effect. The use of a low-sodium, high-potassium mineral salt could make a useful contribution to the prevention and treatment of hypertension. In case of hypertension, it is further recommended to reduce the intake of liquorice to less than 50 g per day. These dietary measures, combined with weight loss and physical exercise, may prevent drug treatment in patients with mild hypertension.

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[High time resolution x-ray study of the dynamics of a single muscle contraction]. A method of the diffraction cinema which enables to study the time-course of structural changes during twitch contraction is described. The method is based on using synchrotron radiation, position-sensitive counter and small-angle focusing X-ray camera. Only 0.1 s is required to record a good muscle X-ray diagram: meridional diagram contains all layer-lines beginning with the 429 A; the equatorial diagram contains 5 reflections including very weak alpha-reflection. The method allows to record 64 sequent diffraction patterns with different duration (1--2000 ms). The experiment is handled by a computer. Some tens of the films of isometric twitch contraction with time resolution of 3--20 ms have been obtained. During isometric contraction considerable changes in the intensity of both meridional and equatorial reflections were found. The changes were interpreted as indicating movement of cross-bridges toward the thin filaments. During the latent phase there are no visible changes in the intensity of the reflections; the result indicates that during this phase there are no structural changes in position and configuration of cross-bridges.

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Factor VIIa Modified in the 170 Loop Shows Enhanced Catalytic Activity but Does Not Change the Zymogen-like Property* Factor VIIa (VIIa) is an unusual trypsin-type serine proteinase that appears to exist in an equilibrium between minor active and dominant zymogen-like inactive conformational states. The binding of tissue factor to VIIa is assumed to shift the equilibrium into the active state. The proteinase domain of VIIa contains a unique structure: a loop formed by a disulfide bond between Cys310 and Cys329, which is five residues longer than those of other trypsin types. To examine the functional role of the loop region, we prepared two mutants of VIIa. One of the mutants, named VII-11, had five extra corresponding residues 316–320 of VII deleted. The other mutant, VII-31, had all of the residues in its loop replaced with those of trypsin. Functional analysis of the two mutants showed that VIIa-11 (K d = 41 nm) and VIIa-31 (K d = 160 nm) had lower affinities for soluble tissue factor as compared with the wild-type VIIa (K d = 11 nm). The magnitude of tissue factor-mediated acceleration of amidolytic activities of VIIa-11 (7-fold) and that of VIIa-31 (2-fold) were also smaller than that of wild-type VIIa (30-fold). In the absence of tissue factor, VIIa-31 but not VIIa-11 showed enhanced activity; the catalytic efficiencies of VIIa-31 toward various chromogenic substrates were 2–18-fold greater than those of the wild-type VIIa. Susceptibility of the α-amino group of Ile-153 of VIIa-31 to carbamylation was almost the same as that of wild-type VIIa, suggesting that

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VIIa-31 as well as wild-type VIIa exist predominantly in the zymogen-like state. Therefore, the tested modifications in the loop region had adverse effects on affinity for tissue factor, disturbed the tissue factor-induced conformational transition, and changed the catalytic efficiency of VIIa, but they did not affect the equilibrium between active and zymogen-like conformational states.

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Sound localization of frequency-modulated sinusoids by Old World monkeys. Directional hearing acuity, as measured by the minimum audible angle (MAA), was determined in four Old World monkeys, Macaca radiata. The acoustic stimuli were linear changes in frequency (sweeps) for different frequency ranges and sweep rates. The sweeps ranged between 0.5 and 1.3 kHz, at two durations, 100 and 200 ms. In upsweeps which began at 0.5 kHz and were 200 ms in duration, MAA decreased as sweep rate and frequency range increased. These thresholds were compared to MAAs of sweeps which traversed the same range of frequencies but at a different rate, to MAAs of sweeps with identical rates but over different frequency ranges, and to the MAAs of downsweeps. These comparisons indicated that range, and not sweep rate, exerts the greatest effect on the MAA. Interaural phase differences derived from the upper limits of the frequency range are discussed as potential FM localization cues.

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Factors affecting the supply of minority physicians in 2000. There was a substantial increase in the number of black and Hispanic physicians between 1970 and 1985. During the next 15 years, 1985 to 2000, the increase is projected to continue. The factors that will determine the size of the increase and the changes in physician to population ratios include black and Hispanic population increases, medical school costs, availability of student support, minority enrollment in undergraduate schools and the pool of these students who will be applicants to medical school, attrition during medical school, competition from other professions for talented minority students, and the effects of intervention programs such as the Health Careers Opportunity Program. The most likely outcome would seem to be that the increases in black and Hispanic physicians will continue to 2000 at 1985 levels because the data show neither strong positive nor strong negative net influences for the factors examined.

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[Cancer risk in pesticide exposed agricultural workers (author's transl)]. In a cohort study to assess the frequency of malignant neoplasms among persons exposed to pesticides, data were collected for 1791 pesticide-exposed agricultural technicians from all regions of the GDR with the exception of Berlin. A total of 169 malignant neoplasms occurred during the study period of which 59 were bronchial, 21 stomach, 19 skin and 11 prostatic. Bronchial carcinoma in the exposed group occurred twice as often as expected based on average GDR experience. There was no increase in tumor incidence at the remaining sites with the exception of skin carcinoma which showed a morbidity of 1.2 times the expected. Of the bronchial carcinomas 54% were smallcell or undifferentiated and 30% were squamous cell carcinomas. The average exposure time to pesticides among the bronchial carcinoma cases was 13.6 +/- 5.1 (range 6-23) years. The average latent time between the onset of exposure and clinically or roentgenologically evident bronchial carcinoma was 17.5 +/- 6.4 (range 6-29) years. Since the smoking habits of the exposed group did not differ from those of the general population, an etiologic role for the pesticide exposure is suspected for the bronchial carcinoma cases. Based on individual exposure experience, experimental data and the usage of these agents in the GDR, the agents of most concern are the arsenic-containing compounds, DDT, HCH, and phenoxy acids.

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Compensation and Conversion in Cello Playing problem which is pretty widespread among teachers with young students. I teach quite a few kids who are as young as 8 or 9 years. My main concern is the absence of a musical ear in most young people here in Miami. As a result of this deficiency, I find myself spending too much of my time telling the kids: 'that note is flat, push up your finger a bit,' or 'that note is sharp, lower your finger a bit.' What bothers me is that the kids are not getting any car-training in the public schools. I'd like to devote my limited lesson time to teaching violin, maybe even getting into phrasing." His letter continued, "Could you write something for these kids that could fill the vacuum created by the schools-something that would develop his ear, get him started on hearing intervals, and enhancing his basic musicianship. If these kids could hear correctly, maybe I could avoid spending so much time on finger placement and correcting elementary mistakes." The result of this letter was the completion of a new manuscript entitled: 'THE 15-MINUTE-A-DAY EAR TRAINING COURSE FOR the YOUNG VIOLINIST." When it is published, editions for the other string instruments will be prepared. This ten lesson course is designed to accompany early lessons for the age group 9 years through high-school age. It is not suitable for tots learning to play without notation. The method is based on the use of the "movable-do" system, using the basic syllables of solfege

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("do-re-mifa-sol-la-ti-do"). This can serve as a very suitable frame of reference for the very young student who probably has seen the movie, "Sound of Music". If he has not seen this movie, it has been my experience that the basic syllables are very quickly learned. The sounds of a major scale are transmitted to the student's ear and to his memory by playing notes and scales on the piano. He is urged to devote at least 15 minutes a day to the piano, playing and listening intently to the sound of pitches. After the basic sound of a major scale is acquired, as proved by his ability to sing the scale in tune, the student begins scales on the violin starting with open strings. From now on it is the student's ear that will guide him to correct finger placement, rather than constant reminder by the teacher. For example, after learning the true intonation of the scale from the piano, and confirming this by checking his singing of the scale with the piano, the student will play a G-scale on the violin beginning on open G. As he plays

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Conceptual model for the use of aerial color infrared photography by mosquito control districts as a survey technique for Psorophora columbiae oviposition habitats in Texas ricelands. Two photographic missions per year are recommended to provide information on land-use and mosquito oviposition habitats. A winter mission, following a rain, will-provide a view of low areas within fields which may be obscured by summer vegetation. A summer mission will provide current land-use and crop distribution information and may show plant stress conditions due to excessive soil moisture. An aerial color infrared photographic survey with directed ground verification should result in a substantial savings in cost and increased efficiency in surveillance of mosquito producing habitats over ground survey techniques currently employed by mosquito control districts.

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[Three-dimensional Anatomical Anastomosis in Total Arch Replacement]. The ascending aorta and the aortic arch curve 3-dimensionally from the right front of the heart to its left rear. If this curve is replaced or connected with a straight artificial graft, the curve will lose its natural shape. Here, we reconstructed the ascending aorta and the aortic arch with 2 different types of grafts, and devised a 3-dimensional(3D) structure by anastomosis. "3D anastomosis" first involves reconstructing the ascending aorta and the aortic arch with separate grafts. An oblique incision was then made at the proximal stump of the aortic arch graft so that its tip pointed to the right side of the patient. Similarly, an oblique incision was made at the distal stump of the ascending aorta graft so that its tip pointed to the anterior position of the patient. Then, the 2 grafts were anastomosed in a twisted manner of 90 degrees. Therefore, a 3D form was created from the right front of the heart to its left rear. We achieved good results in 14 patients using this method.

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Altered epigenetic clock in children exposed to maltreatment at 4.1 mg/dL from blood drawn at 06.00 hours on the second hospital day. Her hands and feet went numb for 30 min at approximately 20.00 hours, so we collected blood. We confirmed a significant decrease in her serum phosphorus concentration to 1.1 mg/dL. We believed it to be refeeding syndrome and administered phosphorus to protect against hypophosphatemia by giving her 200 mg of sodium dihydrogen phosphate along with 620 mg of sodium phosphate via intravenous drip. Her serum phosphorus concentration recovered to 4.9 mg/dL according to a blood test taken 4 hours later (Fig. 1), with much less numbness. Her serum potassium was mildly low at 2.9–3.2 mmol/L during the course of treatment but there was no significant change. The preserved samples were tested again in order to confirm the accuracy of the test results; however, the same results were indicated. We wondered about the rapid recovery of phosphorus, which normally cannot be seen in refeeding syndrome. Regarding respiratory alkalosis, there are reports indicating that decreased serum phosphorus improved in 30 min to 2 h once breathing was stabilized. A decline in PaCO2 due to hyperventilation leads to an increase in pH within the cells, with phosphorus moving inside the cell along with H movement, leading to hypophosphatemia. When hyperventilation disappears and respiratory alkalosis is corrected, phosphorus immediately moves out of the cells and the blood phosphorus concentration rises. The above are the mechanisms of onset and recovery of hypophosphatemia due to respiratory alkalosis. In this case,

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the period from the decrease in serum phosphorus to the recovery thereof was short. There was no decrease in magnesium and potassium, which are seen with refeeding syndrome. The risk factors for refeeding hypophosphatemia developing in AN patients has been previously reported. In this patient, lower BMI (14.7 kg/m) applied as a risk factor, however the other factors are not associated with an increased risk of refeeding hypophosphatemia, the patient was young, and her blood urea nitrogen and creatinine levels on the first day of hospitalization were normal, at 15 and 0.59 mg/dL, respectively. Although no one observed hyperventilation seizures on the second hospital day, based on the fact that mild hyperventilation was observed on the first hospital day, we believe that this patient suffered from hypophosphatemia due to respiratory alkalosis. A blood gas analysis is useful for accurately diagnosing respiratory alkalosis. We did not know that respiratory alkalosis could cause hypophosphatemia at that time and as a result we did not perform a blood gas analysis. When hypophosphatemia occurs while supplying nutrition, it is necessary to consider the possibility of respiratory alkalosis as well as refeeding syndrome. We recommend that serum phosphate levels be carefully monitored even when such patients show no hyperventilation. The patient provided her permission for the publication of these features of her case and her anonymity has been preserved. Disclosure statement The authors declare no conflict of interest.

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Amniocentesis in the West Midlands: report on 1000 births Two laboratories in the West Midlands have monitored 1000 `at risk' pregnancies. Of these 57% were referred for chromosomal indications and 43% for possible neural tube defects. The largest at risk groups (both 37%) were those mothers who had already had a pregnancy resulting in a baby with a neural tube defect (21% spina bifida and 16% anencephaly), and those who were referred because of the increased risk of Down's syndrome in pregnancies where the mother was over 35 years old. Six percent had already borne a child with Down's syndrome. An estimate of the AFP level in the amniotic fluid was achieved in 985 (98·5%) of the pregnancies. Of these, 967 mothers could be reassured that the baby did not have an open neural tube defect and 18 abnormal fetuses were terminated or died spontaneously. Chromosome studies were completed in 846 (85%) of the pregnancies with the consequence that 19 were terminated. Of these, 15 had an abnormal karyotype, including nine with Down's syndrome. Four male fetuses were terminated because of a high chance of carrying X linked disease. The 1000 pregnancies monitored required 1080 amniocenteses. Cases were excluded from this study if the amniocentesis took place after the 20th week of gestation and if follow-up data concerning the outcome had not been received. This follow-up data was obtained through a questionnaire, but only ten cases were lost to the study at this point, mainly because the subject had moved away from the area before the

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birth of her child.

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Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment In September 2007 we forwarded our review of available information on the toxicity and persistence of decamethylcyclopentasiloxane (D5), a proposed alternative for perchloroethylene in dry cleaning. The review was conducted to provide ARB with information on which to base a determination of whether D5 could be considered a non-toxic alternative to perchloroethylene for dry cleaning under AB 998 (Lowenthal, Chapter 821, Statutes of 2003), pursuant to contract number 05-414.

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Sensitivity Versus Accuracy in Multiclass Problems Using Memetic Pareto Evolutionary Neural Networks This paper proposes a multiclassification algorithm using multilayer perceptron neural network models. It tries to boost two conflicting main objectives of multiclassifiers: a high correct classification rate level and a high classification rate for each class. This last objective is not usually optimized in classification, but is considered here given the need to obtain high precision in each class in real problems. To solve this machine learning problem, we use a Pareto-based multiobjective optimization methodology based on a memetic evolutionary algorithm. We consider a memetic Pareto evolutionary approach based on the NSGA2 evolutionary algorithm (MPENSGA2). Once the Pareto front is built, two strategies or automatic individual selection are used: the best model in accuracy and the best model in sensitivity (extremes in the Pareto front). These methodologies are applied to solve 17 classification benchmark problems obtained from the University of California at Irvine (UCI) repository and one complex real classification problem. The models obtained show high accuracy and a high classification rate for each class.

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Accumulation of stress in constrained assemblies: novel Satoh test configuration Abstract A common test used to study the response of a transforming material to external constraint is due to Satoh and involves the cooling of a rigidly constrained tensile specimen while monitoring the stress that accumulates. Such tests are currently common in the invention of welding alloys which on phase transformation lead to a reduction in residual stresses in the final assembly. The test suffers from the fact that the whole of the tensile specimen is not maintained at a uniform temperature, making it difficult to interpret the data. To eliminate this problem, the authors report here a novel Satoh test in which the material investigated is a part of a composite sample. It is demonstrated that this helps avoid some of the complications of the conventional tests and gives results which are consistent with independent tests.

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A Systematic Review of the Effectiveness of Garlic as an Anti‐Hyperlipidemic Agent Purpose To 1) conduct a thorough search of the literature for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) addressing the efficacy of garlic as an antihy‐perlipidemic agent, 2) critically appraise those studies, and 3) make a recommendation for practicing health care professionals. Data Sources Two independent reviewers extracted data from the articles identified from several data bases, using the previously tested Boyack and Lookinland Methodological Quality Index (MQI) as the standard. Results Six of ten studies found garlic to be effective. The average drop in total cholesterol was 24.8 mg/dL (9.9%), LDL 15.3 mg/dL (11.4%), and triglycerides 38 mg/dL (9.9%). The over‐all average MQI score was 39.6% (18%‐70%). Major shortcomings of many of the RCTs included short duration, lack of power analysis and intention to treat analysis, as well as lack of control of diet as a confoundingvariable. Conclusion/Implications The low methodological quality of the studies make it difficult to recommend garlic as an antihyperlipidemic agent. Until larger RCTs of longer duration, which correct the existing methodological flaws, are designed and carried out, it is best not to recommend garlic be used to treat mild to moderate hyperlipidemia.

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A six-year retrospective analysis of the T-Screw bone fixation device. The authors present a retrospective study of the T-Screw bone fixation device and its use for rigid fixation of osteotomies, arthrodesis, and fractures in foot surgery. The following is a discussion of 395 procedures in which the T-Screw was used for fixation. The results of the data confirm that there are specific advantages when using the device.

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BET 3: Observation is unnecessary following a normal CT brain in warfarinised head injuries: an update A short-cut review was carried out to determine whether patients on warfarin with a minor head injury can be discharged safely if they have a normal CT scan. 796 papers were found using the reported search, of which seven were considered relevant to the three-part question. The author, date and country of publication, patient group studied, study type, relevant outcomes, results and study weaknesses are shown in the accompanying table. It is concluded that the risk of delayed intracranial haemorrhage, at least in patients with an INR <3, is extremely small and discharge of these patients should be considered.

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Secure D2D Communication Underlying Cellular Networks: Artificial Noise Assisted In this paper, we investigate D2D underlaying cellular networks in which both the D2D links and the cellular downlink links have secrecy requirement. We aim to enhance the secrecy sum rate of D2D pairs(DUs) and cellular users(CUs)by sharing the downlink resources of cellular users and exploiting artificial noise. We achieve the design principle for the downlink signal and artificial noise, which provide guidance on secrecy sum rate maximization. Moreover, a pricing-based pairing and D2D power control algorithm is proposed to pair the DUs and CUs for maximizing system secrecy throughput. Finally, simulation results indicate that the secrecy sum rates of DUs and CUs are improved efficiently by injected artificial noise. The proposed pricing-based scheme obtains better performance of system secrecy throughput than random or graph-based algorithms.

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PCIS - a visual decision tool for construction and design management Demonstrates the potential of PCIS (Piece-based Construction Information System) as a visualization tool for technical cooperation, collaboration and communication by literally aligning the points of view of architectural, engineering and construction methodologies. There is always complexity during an actual construction or assembly, wherein the sequence is mostly always confused, and this leads to wastage of time, materials and manpower. The pictorial database PCIS, as a decision-aid tool, provides information in a sequence that is often forgotten or missed in construction. PCIS has three components. The first is an anatomical model, functionally organized according to ASTM UNIFORMAT II. This programmatic standard means the model can be sequentially constructed and deconstructed according to a standard work breakdown structure that is tailored to the requirements of almost any building. The second component of PCIS is the dataTheater that surrounds the anatomical model. The theater sets up a combination of 2D data planes that can be hypergraphically accessed to view layout dimensions, details and specifications. The third part of PCIS is the dataWorld, with cameras fixed to the intersections of its latitudes and longitudes. The cameras attached to the dataTheater and dataWorld control the visual display of the pictorial information. A software engine polls the cameras and publishes the images in a set of directories as files that are accessed by the hypergraphic interface. The information visible to these cameras can be changed through a standard survey matrix.

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The New Zealand cervical cancer study: could it happen again? The author is one of the medical advisers to the judge who led a government inquiry into allegations that an experimental research program at the National Women's Hospital in Auckland, New Zealand, to study the natural course of cervical carcinoma in situ had withheld conventional treatment from some patients. She argues that the research proposal should not have been approved at the outset, that consent should have been sought from the patients, that the study was not monitored adequately, and that the concerns of other doctors were not acted on. The reasons for this failure to protect the safety of patients go beyond the individual researcher and must be sought in the attitudes of doctors to science, to accountability, and perhaps to women.

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A Theory of Poverty: Legal Immobility The puzzle of why the cycle of poverty persists and upward socioeconomic mobility is so difficult has long captivated scholars and the public alike. Yet with all of the attention that has been paid to poverty, the crucial role of the law, particularly state and local law, in perpetuating poverty is largely ignored. This Article offers a new theory of poverty, one that introduces the concept of legal immobility. Legal immobility considers the cumulative effects of state and local laws as a mechanism through which poverty is perpetuated and upward socioeconomic mobility is stunted. The Article provides an initial description and normative account of this undertheorized aspect of our laws and argues that in order to fully understand poverty, a more complete understanding of the relationship between law and poverty is needed. After discussing several examples of laws that can contribute to legal immobility (everything from state and local tax laws to occupational licensing laws), the Article offers a three-prong theory to help understand the distinct pathways through which individual laws that contribute to legal immobility function: (1) calculated exploitation; (2) gratuitous management; and (3) routine neglect. This framework provides a guide for future work to build on legal immobility theory. By bringing to light the cumulative effects of local and state laws in perpetuating poverty, the goal is for legal immobility theory to ultimately help lawmakers develop new structural approaches to tackling poverty.

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PCR-based identification of Culex pipiens complex collected in Japan. The Culex pipiens complex consists of vector mosquitoes that transmit important human pathogens. In this study we established a simplified method to distinguish three members of the Cx. pipiens complex, Cx. p. pallens Coquillet, Cx. p. form molestus Forskal, and Cx. quinquefasciatus Say, collected in Japan. Sequence analysis of the Drosophila Ace-orthologous acetylcholinesterase (Ace) gene (668 to 680 bp) revealed that a single polymorphic region characterizes each species. Based on this region, specific primers that distinguish Cx. p. form molestus (ACEpip2) and Cx. p. pallens (ACEpall2) were newly designed. Polymerase chain reactions were performed with the genomic DNA of Culex mosquitoes as the template, and these primers clearly distinguished two Culex spp. The accuracy of the designed primers was evaluated with 38 colonies of mosquito samples collected from 9 prefectures of Japan. The testing revealed that the distribution of anautogenous Cx. p. pipiens has not been confirmed in Japan. It also revealed that the male of Cx. p. pallens possesses an Ace gene haplotype that is highly similar to the sequence of Cx. quinquefasciatus. This improved method allows the evaluation of vector competence of Cx. p.molestus, which is the suspected vector of West Nile virus.

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A knowledge, attitude and practices study of the issues of climate change/variability impacts and public health in Trinidad and Tobago, and St Kitts and Nevis. OBJECTIVE To determine the level of understanding of the issues of climate change (CC)/variability (CV) and public health by populations of St Kitts and Nevis (SKN) and Trinidad and Tobago (T&T) and to find whether respondents would be willing to incorporate these values into strategies for dengue fever (DF) prevention. DESIGN AND METHODS Using a cluster sampling system, representative samples of the communities of SKN (227) and T&T (650) were surveyed for responses to a questionnaire document with questions on the impact of climate variability on health, the physical environment, respondents' willingness to utilize climate issues to predict and adapt to climate variability for DF prevention. Data were analyzed by Epi Info. RESULTS Sixty-two per cent SKN and 55% T&T of respondents showed some understanding of the concept of climate change (CC) and distinguished this from climate variability (CV). With regard to causes of CC, 48% SKN and 50% T&T attributed CC to all of green houses gases, holes in the ozone layer burning of vegetation and vehicular exhaust gases. However some 39.3% SKN and 31% (T&T) did not answer this question. In response to ranking issues of life affected by CC/CV in both countries, respondents ranked them: health > water resources > agriculture > biodiversity > coastal degradation. The major health issues identified for SKN and T&T respondents were: food-borne diseases > water-borne diseases > heat stresses; vector-borne diseases were

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only ranked 4th and 5th for SKN and T&T respondents respectively. There was in both countries a significant proportion of respondents (p < 0.001) who reported wet season-related increase of DF cases as a CC/CV link. Respondents identified use of environmental sanitation (ES) at appropriate times as a method of choice of using CC/CV to prevent DF outbreaks. More than 82% in both countries saw the use of the CC/CV information for DF prevention by prediction and control as strategic but only 50-51% were inclined to become personally involved. Currently, only 50% SKN and 45% T&T respondents claimed current involvement in DF vector surveillance and control in the last two days. CONCLUSION Despite the fact that knowledge and attitudes did not always coincide with practices of using ES for DF prevention, in both countries, even with CC/CV tools of prediction being available, it seems that respondents could be persuaded to use such strategies. There is a need for demonstration of the efficacy of CC/CV information and promotion of its usefulness for community involvement in DF and possibly other disease prevention.

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Prevalence of dental caries among children in a rural Tanzanian community. The age specific prevalences of mixed caries were determined in 346 children aged 1 to 15 years in a rural community in Morogoro Region, south-eastern Tanzania. In primary dentition 58.9% of children were caries free while dmf index averages 1.08. In permanent dentition 74.3% were caries free while DMF index averaged 0.43. Permanent dentition showed a constant increase in caries prevalence with age such that over half of 15 year old children had caries experience with a DMF index of 1.2. This relatively low prevalence of caries is associated with low consumption of refined sugars. Recommendations are made to support preventive dental health services and programmes in primary schools and maternal and child health clinics.

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Perceived Risk for Sexually Transmitted Infections Aligns With Sexual Risk Behavior With the Exception of Condom Nonuse: Data From a Nonclinical Sample of Sexually Active Young Adult Women Background Research on the relationship between sexual risk behavior and perceived risk for contracting a sexually transmitted infection (STI) has yielded mixed results. The objective of this study is to investigate the extent to which 3 measures of perceived risk accurately reflect 5 sexual risk behaviors in a sample of healthy, sexually active young adult women. A positive monotonic relationship between sexual risk behavior and perceived risk for STIs is hypothesized. Methods A sample of 1192 female US Marine Corps on their first duty assignment 10 to 11 months (on average) after graduation from recruit training answered a self-administered paper-and-pencil questionnaire as part of a larger study evaluating an intervention to prevent STIs and unintended pregnancy that was administered during recruit training. Results All but 1 of the 15 bivariate associations between sexual risk behavior and perceived risk for STIs was statistically significant. The expected positive monotonic relationship was observed except for condom use. Women who never used condoms during intercourse reported lower levels of perceived risk than occasional users and, in some subgroups, consistent condom users. Multivariate analyses further explored the relationship between condom use and perceived risk. Conclusions The results suggest that interventions directed at raising awareness of susceptibility to STIs should emphasize how the individual’s own behavior puts them at risk, regardless of situation or context.

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Lysis characteristics and mechanism of excess sludge degraded by ozone and ultrasonic treatment ABSTRACT As a byproduct of activated sludge process, excess sludge has become one of the current problems in the field of environmental protection for its yield huge、high moisture content and easy to pollution. In this study, the joint technology combining ozone with ultrasonic was applied in treatment of excess sludge by strong ozone oxidation and prominent ultrasonic cavitation. The effect on lysis excess sludge cells was explored comprehensively. The lysis mechanism of excess sludge cells degraded by ozone + ultrasonic was revealed by analysis of three-dimensional spectral fluorometer, optical microscope and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results showed that the MLSS was 22.92% lower than the untreated sludge, the SCOD and –N content in the supernatant of the sludge was 1792 and 105.77 mg/L, which was 96.49% and 17.67% higher than the untreated. The supernatant of treated excess sludge contained macromolecular organic matters composed of proteins, polysaccharides, humic acids, and fulvic acids, etc. The whole process of lysis cells of excess sludge degraded by ozone + ultrasonic could be inferred that the microbial particles of excess sludge were exposed after EPS destructed, and then the cell walls of these exposed microbial particles were broken so that a great number of intracellular materials were released. Furthermore, these intracellular material composed of macromolecular organic matters were degraded into small molecule organic matters, H2O, CO2, etc. Finally, the excess sludge was treated gradually by ozone + ultrasonic. GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

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Preparation and Characterization of Porous Nanosized Hydroxyapatite/Collagen Composite as Bone Scaffold Inorganic-organic composites could mimic the composite nature of real bone and combine the toughness of a polymer with the strength of an inorganic one to generate bioactive materials with improved mechanical properties and degradation profiles. In this paper, HAp/Col porous scaffold was prepared based on inorganic nano-sized hydoroxyapatite (nHAp) and organic collagen (Col) by solvent casting/particulate leaching. Sodium chloride (NaCl) and ethyl cellulose (EC) were performed as the porogenic agent and binding agent, respectively. The physical, chemical and biodegradation property of this scaffold were investigated in vitro and its co-culture with cells was also studied. The results showed that the scaffold had good mechanical property with the average pore sizes about 150 μm and porosities as high as 75%. This nHAp/Col porous scaffold had no cytotoxicity to mouse pre-osteoblast MC3T3-E1 and the content of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) was ascending with the extension of culture time. The results of mineralization indicated that HAp/Col scaffold could promote the proliferation, differentiation and biological mineralization of MC3T3-E1.

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P79: NEONATAL VITAMIN D AND ASSOCIATIONS WITH LONGITUDINAL ECZEMA AND FOOD ALLERGY FROM EARLY LIFE TO 25 YEARS OF AGE a secure W-drive and used by our nursing team for booking purposes. Multiple bookings for a single patient indicated a deviation in the required care of the patient requiring VIT induction; the standard booking requirement for a RUSH protocol at FSH is 2 inpatient admissions. An additional excel spreadsheet was created to further interrogate which patients required omalizumab to help achieve a VIT induction and or an increase in VIT dosing.

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Risk factors of workplace violence at hospitals in Japan. BACKGROUND Patients and their relatives exposed to mental stress caused by hospitalization or illness might use violence against healthcare staff and interfere with quality healthcare. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to investigate incidences of workplace violence and the attributes of healthcare staff who are at high risk. DESIGN A questionnaire-based, anonymous, and self-administered cross-sectional survey. SETTING Healthcare staff (n = 11,095) of 19 hospitals in Japan. MEASUREMENTS Incidence rates and adjusted odd ratios of workplace violence were calculated to examine the effect of attributes of healthcare staff to workplace violence by using logistic regression analysis. RESULTS The response rate for survey completion was 79.1% (8711/11,095). Among the respondents, 36.4% experienced workplace violence by patients or their relatives in the past year; 15.9% experienced physical aggression, 29.8% experienced verbal abuse, and 9.9% experienced sexual harassment. Adjusted odds ratios of physical aggression were significantly high in psychiatric wards, critical care centers/intensive care units (ICU)/cardiac care units (CCU), long-term care wards, for nurses, nursing aides/care workers, and for longer working hours. Adjusted odds ratios of verbal abuse were significantly high in psychiatric wards, long-term care wards, outpatient departments, dialysis departments, and for longer years of work experience, and for longer working hours. Adjusted odds ratios of sexual harassment were significantly high in dialysis departments, for nurses, nursing aides/care workers, technicians, therapists and females. The general ward and direct interaction with patients were common risk factors for each type of workplace violence. CONCLUSIONS The mechanisms and the countermeasures for

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each type of workplace violence at those high-risk areas should be investigated.

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Hydrodynamic Forces Laboratory Study of Horizontal Cylinder with Masses near the Ocean Bottom The hydrodynamic forces on horizontal cylinder with masses near the bottom were studied with model test.The drag and in-line forces on horizontal cylinder with masses and mass were measured in the range of Re=3×10 3～2×10 4,K C=0.5～15.The in-line force results obtained by four different methods were compared with each other,it was found that the method--Least Square (LS) is the best one.In the analysis,the Stokes 2 nd wave theory was used to determine the velocity and acceleration of wave field.

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Implementing Frequency Selective Fading for OPNET's Wireless LAN Modules In OFDM-based IEEE 802.11 Wireless LANs, adapting the modulation type per sub-carrier to the frequency selectivity of the wireless channel leads to significant performance improvements. To integrate adaptive modulation into IEEE 802.11a/g networks, some minor modifications to the standard are needed in order to acquire the subcarrier gains and signalize the modulation assignments (on a per-packet basis), amongst others. However, to implement adaptive modulation in OPNET some changes have to be performed at the physical layer processing to include a frequency selective fading profile and to accurately compute packet error events based on the frequencyselective channel profile. We take an analytical approach for this and demonstrate a much more precise packet error behavior than with standard OPNET modules.

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Historical and cultural perspectives of oak trees in the American landscape ABSTRACT Over the course of history, oak trees have played a significant role in the natural landscape and built environment. While providing essential resources that sustain wildlife and even humans, they have aptly developed a legacy reflective of their importance across cultures. They inspire place names, emerge in stories and art, and appear on flags and coins. Their wood products, prominent in the architecture of ships, buildings, hand tools, and more, serve as a testament to their durability. Associated with qualities of endurance and longevity, the oak tree presents as a popular symbol. It is recognised as the national tree in the U.S., where oaks grow prolifically in a variety of environments. With such a reputation and many qualities resembling those of other desirable shade trees, oaks have become some of the most preferred, recommended, and beneficial species in U.S. urban forests.

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p53 null mutations undetected by immunohistochemical staining predict a poor outcome with early-stage non-small cell lung carcinomas. The importance of p53 mutations in the pathogenesis of human lung carcinoma is well established, but it is still controversial whether the presence of p53 mutations or overexpression of p53 protein adversely affects an individual patient's chances of survival. The controversy may be partially due to the methodological differences in examination for p53 alterations: gene analysis or immunohistochemical staining. Furthermore, recent studies have suggested that different types of mutations of the p53 tumor suppressor gene confer different biological properties. To clarify the relationship between immunohistochemical staining and prognosis, we investigated mutations using single-strand conformation polymorphism followed by sequencing for exons 4-8 and 10 in 144 surgically treated non-small cell lung carcinoma patients with intensive clinical follow-up. Of 144 cases, 107 adenocarcinomas were examined for immunohistochemical staining with RSP53 antibody. p53 gene mutations were observed in 65 tumors (45%), including 44 missense and 21 null mutations, the latter comprising 7 nonsense mutations, 8 deletions, 2 insertions, and 4 splicing junction mutations. Presence of p53 mutations was an independent prognostic factor with a statistical trend (P = 0.14) in stage I patients but not in all cases. When examined by mutational pattern, null mutation was a significant indicator of poor outcome by multivariate analysis (P = 0.03) in stage I patients, whereas cases with missense mutations and without mutations did not differ (P = 0.76). Forty (37%) tumors demonstrated overexpression of the p53 protein but without any survival difference. Most tumors

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(76%) with missense mutations were immunopositive, but those with null mutations with one exception (93%) were not, and the concordance between the mutations and immunohistochemical staining was rather low at 65%. These data suggest that the type of p53 mutation is important for prediction of outcome in early-stage non-small cell lung carcinoma patients, whereas immunohistochemical staining for abnormal p53 gene products is nonpredictive. Furthermore, null mutations causing loss of function of the gene product may play more important roles than missense mutations in tumor progression.

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Association of Community Health Nursing Educators 2020 Research Priorities and Research in Action Model. OBJECTIVE The Association of Community/Public Health Nurse Educators (ACHNE) Research Priorities Subcommittee presents a report on the state of the science of public health nursing education. DESIGN Whittemore and Knafl's (Journal of Advanced Nursing, 2005, 52, 546) five-step integrative review was used. SAMPLE Fifty-two articles were reviewed. MEASUREMENTS Braun et al's. (Handbook of research methods in health social sciences, 2019, 843) thematic analysis methods were used. RESULTS Four themes emerged: (a) Community/Public Health Nursing Education and teaching strategies/modalities; (b) Clinical teaching and learning partnerships; (c) Environmental health and emergency response; and, (d) Cultural competence and awareness. CONCLUSIONS Themes informed the following research priorities: (a) a need for rigorous scientific studies highlighting the impact and effectiveness of Community/Public Health Nursing Education; (b) a need for evidence on faculty development, support and training related to community/public health activities; (c) a need for evidence on impact of Community/Public Health Nursing teaching on communities and students, and (d) a need for evidence on impact of C/PHNE strategies on long-term student knowledge, attitudes or behavior (competencies). Finally, a Research in Action Model is proposed as a means for continued forward movement of the discipline, connecting the three fundamental driving mechanisms.

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Hearing aid technology This paper reviews papers published in the past year that highlight advances in hearing aid technology and recently introduced devices to the hearing aid marketplace. In addition, there is a discussion of the mixed results found when attempting to verify the benefit of new advances. The barriers that remain to overcoming public apathy and skepticism regarding hearing aids are also described.

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