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The distribution of relaxin receptors in the anterior segment of primary open-angle glaucoma patients. is present in the anterior segment drainage system of the human eye. Thereforethis receptor may have an active role in regulating the outflow facility and in the reduction of intraocular pressure.Relaxin is a polypeptide hormone produced by the corpus luteum and the decidua in females and by the prostate in males. It has vasodilatory and antifibrotic effects. In the pastit has been reported that injection of relaxin hormone has caused a reduction in the intraocular pressure although its mechanism has not yet been fully understood and the expression of relaxin receptors has not yet been evident in the human eye. Patients with primary open-angle glaucoma who underwent trabeculectomy were recruited. During the surgerya punch biopsy (including the corneascleratrabecular meshworkand Schlemm's canal) was taken and stained with hematoxylin-eosinand immunohistochemistry staining for relaxininsulin-like family peptide receptor 1 positive staining was noted for in the inner uvealcorneoscleraland cribriform meshwork and Schlemm's canal's endothelium. Negative staining for was noted in the cornea and sclera.
Paediatric cataract blindness in the developing world: surgical techniques and intraocular lenses in the new millennium. Paediatric cataract blindness presents an enormous problem to developing countries in terms of human morbidityeconomic lossand social burden. Managing cataracts in children remains a challenge: treatment is often difficulttediousand requires a dedicated team effort. To assure the best long term outcome for cataract blind childrenappropriate paediatric surgical techniques need to be defined and adopted by ophthalmic surgeons of developing countries. The high cost of operative equipment and the uneven world distribution of ophthalmologistspaediatriciansand anaesthetists create unique challenges. This review focuses on issues related to paediatric cataract management that are appropriate and suitable for ophthalmic surgeons in the developing world. Practical guidelines and recommendations have also been provided for ophthalmic surgeons and health planners dealing with childhood cataract management in the developing world.
Distortion maps from preferential hyperacuity perimetry are helpful in monitoring functional response to Lucentis therapy. Preferential hyperacuity perimetry were performed before and within 10 days of treatment. Pre- and posttreatment metamorphopsia maps of contours showing 6 levels of metamorphopsia severity through least to most distortion) were analyzed. Optical coherence tomography outputs were subjected to standardized grading to generate metrics on subretinal fluid heightmaximum retinal thicknessouter high-reflectivity band thicknessand height of pigment epithelial detachment metrics).Complete data were available from 17 patients. Statistically significant reductions were seen between baseline and posttreatment in contour areas and metricsexcept for maximum retinal thickness. Mean best-corrected visual acuity improved by two lettersbut this was not statistically significant. Change in parameters correlated strongly with change in subretinal fluid heightwith values of <0.01 for most comparisons. Change in best-corrected visual acuity did not correlate with change in any of the metrics or distortion map areas.
Transport of drugs by proton-coupled peptide transporters: pearls and pitfalls. The pharmaceutical relevance of proton-coupled peptide transporters is currently under intense investigation in many laboratories. Studies have shown that these membrane proteinsexpressed in intestinekidneychoroid plexus and other tissuesaccept many peptidomimetic drugs and prodrugs as substrates. The focus of this review is on the interaction of beta-lactam antibioticsangiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitorssartans and other drugs with and The article highlights progress made in recent years and the most expedient techniques that have been or are being employed. It also emphasizes the opportunities in rational drug design that are of highest priority and the pitfalls that must be avoided. Finallyan instructional flowchart that might be used to identify a peptide transporter substrate is proposed.
Orbital PlasmacytomaAn Uncommon Presentation of Advanced Multiple Myeloma. Extramedullary plasmacytomas are present in 13% of multiple myeloma patients. Less than 5% of cases are non-secretory. The orbital location is uncommon and a minority of orbital tumours are plasmacytomas.The patient was a 71-year-old manwith right proptosisretro-ocular pain and epistaxis with visual acuity 210limitation of upper eye movement and scattered ecchymosis. Blood tests revealed severe anaemiacoagulopathyincreased serum creatinineLDH and without improvement after antimicrobial treatment. Peripheral immunophenotyping showed 9.4% of plasma cells with intracytoplasmic clonal κ chains. IgG and λ chains were decreased with normal plasma and urine immunofixation. Orbital retro-orbital superomedial tumour with bone destruction. Histology of the tumour and bone biopsy was consistent with plasmacytoma. The patient was deceased in 2 weeks.MM accounts for 10% of haematopoietic tumours; 7% of cases present with plasmacytomas at diagnosis. Orbital locations are rarely reported (frequently in the temporal region). Proptosisptosis and reduced visual acuity are common symptoms. Howeverorbital pain is less frequent. Most cases of demonstrate hypergammaglobulinaemia. Only 5% of cases are non-secretory.The uncommon locationtopographysymptom peculiarities and absence of monoclonality led to the diagnostic challenge of this fatal case of MM.Multiple myeloma represents 10% of malignant haematologic disease13% of which presents plasmacytomas (mostly in the axial skeleton).Orbital plasmacytoma is an uncommon presentation of and only 1% of orbital tumours are plasmacytomas. Proptosis is the most common symptom.Although the majority of cases demonstrate hypergammaglobulinaemianon-secretory is described as constituting less than 5% of cases.
[Alterations in the metabolism of cornmeal epithelium during medium-term storage (author's transl)]. Freshly prepared bovine corneas were stored in medium 199 with penicillin and fetal calf serum at +4 degrees over a storage period of 168h. Every 24hthe levels of glucoselactateand pyruvate in the corneal epithelium were estimated. Also the glucose levels in the corneal epithelium and stroma were compared at the same time intervals. Furthermorealterations in the enzyme pattern of the epithelial cells during storage were observed.
Development and airborne operation of a compact water isotope ratio infrared spectrometer. sensitive laser spectrometernamed (water isotope ratio infrared spectrometer)was developed for the in situ detection of the isotopic composition of water vapour in the upper troposphere and the lower stratosphere. is based on the technique of optical feedback cavity-enhanced absorption spectroscopy. It uses a room temperature near-infrared laserand does not require cryogenic cooling of laser or detectors. The instrument weighs 51 kg including its support structure. One-second averagedvertical profiles of deltaHdeltaO and deltaO in the upper troposphere are shownas are the deltaO-deltaO and deltaH-deltaO relations. The data are discussed with reference to a Rayleigh distillation model. As expectedthere is no indication of non-mass-dependent fractionation (also known as mass-independent fractionation) in the troposphere. Furthermoreimprovements to the thermal management system and a move to a (cryogen-free) longer-wavelength laser source are discussedwhich together should result in approximately two orders of magnitude improvement of the sensitivity.
- 16-year old Warmblood gelding presented with a nonhealing corneal ulcer and absent corneal sensation in the left eye. lesion affecting the maxillary and ophthalmic branches of the left trigeminal nerve was suspected. Magnetic resonance imaging identified marked thickening of the ophthalmic and maxillary branches of the left trigeminal nerve. The nerve was iso- to hypointense on T1-weighted and T2-weighted images with heterogeneous enhancement. peripheral nerve sheath tumor was suspectedhowever granulomatous neuritis was histopathologically confirmed. These inflammatory changes can result in severe nerve enlargement and should be considered with findings suggestive of peripheral nerve sheath tumor.
MultiplexedHigh-Sensitivity Measurements of Antibody Affinity Using Interferometric Reflectance Imaging Sensor. Anthrax lethal factor is one of the enzymatic components of the anthrax toxin responsible for the pathogenic responses of the anthrax disease. The ability to screen multiplexed ligands against and subsequently estimate the effective kinetic rates (kon and koff) and complementary binding behavior provides critical information useful in diagnostic and therapeutic development for anthrax. Tools such as biolayer interferometry and surface plasmon resonance imaging (SPRi) have been developed for this purpose; howeverthese tools suffer from limitations such as signal jumps when the solution in the chamber is switched or low sensitivity. Herewe present multiplexed antibody affinity measurements obtained by the interferometric reflectance imaging sensor (IRIS)a highly sensitivelabel-free optical biosensorwhose stabilitysimplicityand imaging modality overcomes many of the limitations of other multiplexed methods. We compare the multiplexed binding results obtained with the system using two ligands targeting the anthrax lethal factor against previously published results obtained with more traditional surface plasmon resonance (SPR)which showed consistent resultsas well as kinetic information previously unattainable with
Laboratory investigations in uveitis: current practice and future directions. Diagnosis and management of uveitis always remains a challenge to the treating ophthalmologists. Rapid diagnosis and timely initiation of appropriateeffective treatment in uveitis are the critical determinants that lead to good visual outcome and reduce the risk of ocular morbidity. In the last decadesignificant progress has been made in molecular diagnostic modalities and in development of newer diagnostic toolswhich included serological tests and imaging techniques. Howevera tailored approach to laboratory investigations based on meticulous history and comprehensive ocular evaluation has been propounded as the gold standard for successful management of an uveitic entity. In this articlewe review the laboratory diagnostic tests in uveitis as well as recent technological advances in laboratory sciencewhich may be the future direction for diagnosis of uveitis.
Climatic proteoglycan stromal keratopathya new corneal degeneration. To characterize a previously undescribed corneal disorderclimatic proteoglycan stromal keratopathy.We prospectively characterized the disorder in 58 eyes of 29 patients (ages 41 to 84 years) at the El Maghraby Eye HospitalJeddah Saudi Arabia. Light and transmission electron microscopy were performed on six corneal specimens.Clinical criteria for the diagnosis included a centralhorizontally ovalcorneal stromal haze with a ground glass appearancea uniform or lamellar patterngreater extent anteriorly and involvement of 50% to 100% of stromal thickness. It occurred bilaterally but sometimes asymmetrically. Density varied from mild to moderate and seldom decreased visual acuity. Sixteen of 58 corneas had additional degenerative lesions (spheroidal degenerationmild calcific band keratopathyand Salzmann's nodular degeneration). Refractile stromal lines or posterior white dots were present in six of 58 eyes. Videokeratography in 11 of 38 eyes demonstrated flat areas that overlay the stromal haze. Pathologic analysis demonstrated focal intracellular and extracellular deposits of excess proteoglycans. One specimen showed amyloid. We postulate that climatic factors play a pathogenic role because the disorder occurs in individuals who were exposed to the sunnydrydusty environment of the Middle East and because other corneal degenerative disorders were present concomitantly.Climatic proteoglycan stromal keratopathy is a corneal degeneration that appears as an ovalcentralgrayground-glass haze associated with central corneal flattening on videokeratography and as excess proteoglycans on histologic examination. It seldom severely decreases visual function.
Prenatal exposure of ethanol induces increased glutamatergic neuronal differentiation of neural progenitor cells. Prenatal ethanol exposure during pregnancy induces a spectrum of mental and physical disorders called fetal alcohol spectrum disorder The central nervous system is the main organ influenced by FASDand neurological symptoms include mental retardationlearning abnormalitieshyperactivity and seizure susceptibility in childhood along with the microcephaly. Pregnant mice and rats were treated with ethanol (2 or 4 gkgday) diluted with normal saline from to for in vivo animal models. Expression level of proteins was investigated by western blot analysis and immunocytochemical assays. was used for cell viability. Proliferative activity of NPCs was identified by BrdU incorporationimmunocytochemistry and analysis.Reduced proliferation of NPCs by ethanol was demonstrated using BrdU incorporationimmunocytochemistry and analysis. In additionethanol induced the imbalance between glutamatergic and GABAergic neuronal differentiation via transient increase in the expression of Pax6Ngn2 and NeuroD with concomitant decrease in the expression of Mash1. Similar pattern of expression of those transcription factors was observed using an in vivo model of as well as the increased expression of and decreased expression of GAD67.These results suggest that ethanol induces hyper-differentiation of glutamatergic neuron through Pax6 pathwaywhich may underlie the hyper-excitability phenotype such as hyperactivity or seizure susceptibility in patients.
rhomboid mediates specification of blue- and green-sensitive photoreceptor cells in Drosophila. Color vision is based on the differential color sensitivity of retinal photoreceptorshowever the developmental programs that control photoreceptor cell differentiation and specify color sensitivity are poorly understood. In Drosophila there is growing evidence that the color sensitivity of the cell within an individual ommatidium is regulated by an inductive signal from the adjacent cell. We previously examined the retinal patterning defect in Scutoid mutantswhich results from a disruption of rhomboid expression. Here we show that loss of rhomboid blocks the induction of Rh5 expression and misexpression of rhomboid leads to the inappropriate induction of Rh5. These effects are specific to rhomboidbecause its paralogue roughoid is neither required nor sufficient for the induction of Rh5 expression. We show that rhomboid is required cell-autonomously within the photoreceptor cells and nonautonomously elsewhere in the eye for Rh5 induction. Interestinglywe found that the Epidermal growth factor receptor is also required for Rh5 inductionand its activation is sufficient to rescue the loss of Rh5 induction in a rhomboid mutant. This suggests that rhomboid may function in cells to activate Epidermal growth factor receptor signaling in cells and promote their differentiation to a signaling competent state.
ArhGEF18 regulates RhoA-Rock2 signaling to maintain neuro-epithelial apico-basal polarity and proliferation. The vertebrate central nervous system develops from an epithelium where cells are polarized along the apicobasal axis. Loss of this polarity results in abnormal organ architecturemorphology and proliferation. We found that mutations of the guanine nucleotide exchange factor ArhGEF18 affect apicobasal polarity of the retinal neuroepithelium in medaka fish. We show that ArhGEF18-mediated activation of the small GTPase RhoA is required to maintain apicobasal polarity at the onset of retinal differentiation and to control the ratio of neurogenic to proliferative cell divisions. RhoA signals through Rock2 to regulate apicobasal polaritytight junction localization and the cortical actin cytoskeleton. The human ArhGEF18 homologue can rescue the mutant phenotypesuggesting a conserved function in vertebrate neuroepithelia. Our analysis identifies ArhGEF18 as a key regulator of tissue architecture and functioncontrolling apicobasal polarity and proliferation through RhoA activation. We thus identify the control of neuroepithelial apicobasal polarity as a novel role for RhoA signaling in vertebrate development.
Traumatic brain injury and vestibulo-ocular function: current challenges and future prospects. Normal function of the vestibulo-ocular reflex coordinates eye movement with head movementin order to provide clear vision during motion and maintain balance. is generated within the semicircular canals of the inner ear to elicit compensatory eye movementswhich maintain stability of images on the fovea during briefrapid head motionotherwise known as gaze stability. Normal function is necessary in carrying out activities of daily living (egwalking and riding in a car) and is of particular importance in higher demand activities (egsports-related activities). Disruption or damage in the can result in symptoms such as movement-related dizzinessblurry visiondifficulty maintaining balance with head movementsand even nausea. Dizziness is one of the most common symptoms following traumatic brain injury and is considered a risk factor for a prolonged recovery. Assessment of the vestibular system is of particular importance following TBIin conjunction with oculomotor controldue to the intrinsic neural circuitry that exists between the ocular and vestibular systems. The purpose of this article is to review the physiology of the and the visual-vestibular symptoms associated with and to discuss assessment and treatment guidelines for Current challenges and future prospects will also be addressed.
Apparent glaucomatous visual field defects caused by dermatochalasis. We have studied the effects of dermatochalasis on Humphrey automated perimetry of the central 24 degrees visual field. Fifteen visual fields of 9 ocular hypertensive patients (18 eyes) were found to be incongruous with their apparently healthy optic discs. Examination revealed dermatochalasiswhich was felt to be responsible for the field defects. This was confirmed by reversal of the defects on repeating the field test (programme 24-2) with the redundant upper lid skin taped upor in 2 cases following blepharoplasty. The defects always involved the superior visual field. The deepest and largest defects were sited in the supero-temporal quadrant in 13 of the 15 affected fields and the supero-nasal quadrant in 2 fields. The most common pattern was a temporally skewed defect which reflected the tendency of the loose upper lid skin to be greater in extent temporally than nasally. In 7 fields the supero-temporal defect extended to fuse with the blind spotmimicking a superior arcuate scotoma. Temporal extension of the field defects below the horizontal meridian occurred in 5 fields. In cases where visual field testing was repeated without taping up the lid inter-test fluctuation in scotoma size and depth was observedalthough the position of scotomas when present within the visual field remained constant. We conclude that dermatochalasis has the potential to confound diagnostic automated visual field testing for glaucoma.
Postoperative complications were examined immediately following surgery in the hospital as well as 1 year following the hospital discharge.The most common comorbidities in this cohort were hypertension diabetes asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease . Diabetes was the most impactful comorbidity and was associated with higher risk of myocardial infarction = 4.58p < 0.01)pneumonia = 1.80p = 0.02)dysphagia = 1.58p < 0.01)and meningitis = 3.62p < 0.01). Analysis of surgical approaches revealed that the translabyrinthine approachcompared with the open craniotomy approachwas negatively associated with postoperative complications including pneumonia = 0.43p < 0.01)urinary tract infection = 0.55p = 0.01)dysphagia = 0.66p < 0.01)and readmission = 0.45p < 0.01).
Unexpected pathologies in patients referred for endoscopic We reviewed the medical records of 47 consecutive patients (57 sides) with long-standing epiphora between 2007 and 2012. All patients were referred to our tertiary Medical Center with a diagnosis of and were expected to undergo endoscopic dacryocystorhinostomy They all underwent routine sinus scan prior to surgery. All scansas well as the demographic and medical characteristics of these patients were reviewed. Of all 47 patients enrolledin 4 patients (7 % of all sides)unexpected pathologiesother than nasolacrimal system distentioninflammation or infection were identified preoperatively. These included squamous cell carcinoma of the lacrimal sac and nasolacrimal ductrhinoscleroma at Hasner's valve regiona compressing ethmoidal mucocele and a case of dacryocystocele. These unusual pathologies mandated a different management and surgical approach. In all four casesa preoperative scan helped in identifying the pathology and in localizing the lacrimal apparatus in relation to the paranasal sinuses. Different nasalparanasal and lacrimal pathologies may mimic primary acquired high index of suspiciona thorough clinical evaluation and utilizing preoperative imaging may lead to an alteration of patient management and to a completely different surgical approach.
Recessive mutations in KCNJ13encoding an inwardly rectifying potassium channel subunitcause leber congenital amaurosis. Inherited retinal degenerationsincluding retinitis pigmentosa and Leber congenital amaurosis (LCA)comprise a group of disorders showing high genetic and allelic heterogeneity. The determination of a full catalog of genes that canwhen mutatedcause human retinal disease is a powerful means to understand the molecular physiology and pathology of the human retina. As more genes are foundremaining ones are likely to be rarer andor unexpected candidates. Herewe identify a family in which all known RPLCA-related genes are unlikely to be associated with their disorder. combination of homozygosity mapping and exome sequencing identifies a homozygous nonsense mutationc.496C>T (p.Arg166X)in a geneKCNJ13encoding a potassium channel subunit Kir7.1. screen of a further 333 unrelated individuals with recessive retinal degeneration identified an additional probandhomozygous for a missense mutationc.722T>C (p.Leu241Pro)in the same gene. The three affected members of the two families have been diagnosed with All have a distinct and unusual retinal appearance and a similar early onset of visual losssuggesting both impaired retinal development and progressive retinal degenerationinvolving both rod and cone pathways. Examination of heterozygotes revealed no ocular disease. This finding implicates Kir7.1 as having an important role in human retinal development and maintenance. This disorder adds to a small diverse group of diseases consequent upon loss or reduced function of inwardly rectifying potassium channels affecting various organs. The distinct retinal phenotype that results from biallelic mutations in should facilitate the molecular diagnosis in further families.
Experience in cataract surgery assisted by femtosecond laser at Fundación Hospital Nuestra Señora de la Luz. The review of records was made through the internal electronic system accessing the preoperative and postoperative note. The information was collected through a database in Excel. The analysis of variables was performed by means of descriptive statistics with measures of central tendency.86 files met inclusion criteria. The average age was 63 years. There was a general frequency of complications of 27.9% (24 surgeries). The most frequent complications were incomplete or impermeable corneal wound incomplete capsulorhexis and posterior capsule rupture .The femtosecond laser technology incorporated in cataract surgery can be considered successful because of a low overall frequency of complications.
Eye-hand preference in schizophrenia: sex differences and significance for hand function. Hand preference and eye dominance were investigated in 73 (30 women43 men) schizophrenic patients and 71 (30 women41 men) healthy controls. There were significantly more schizophrenic patients and normal controls who were significantly right-hand dominant. Howeverschizophrenic patients showed a significant excess of left-eye dominance relative to controls (65.8% vs 29.6%; Odds Ratio= 4.75p< .001). In additionfemale schizophrenic patients showed a higher rate of nonright (either left or inconsistent) eye dominance than male schizophrenic patients and controls . Analysis of hand performance on the Purdue Pegboard Test indicated that schizophrenic patients who showed crossed eye-hand dominance scored higher than did patients without crossed eye-hand dominance.
Eye movements to pictures reveal transient semantic activation during spoken word recognition. Two experiments explore the activation of semantic information during spoken word recognition. Experiment 1 shows that as the name of an object unfolds (e.g.lock)eye movements are drawn to pictorial representations of both the named object and semantically related objects (e.g.key). Experiment 2 shows that objects semantically related to an uttered word's onset competitors become active enough to draw visual attention (e.g.if the uttered word is logsparticipants fixate on key because of partial activation of lock)despite that the onset competitor itself is not present in the visual display. Togetherthese experiments provide detailed information about the activation of semantic information associated with a spoken word and its phonological competitors and demonstrate that transient semantic activation is sufficient to impact visual attention.
Alloxan-induced diabetesa common model for evaluating the glycemic-control potential of therapeutic compounds and plants extracts in experimental studies. Glycemic homeostasis refers to glucose balance or control within circulation in living organisms. It is normally and largely compromised in diabetes. The compromise when exacerbatedleads to several complications including retinopathynephropathy and neuropathy which are collectively known as diabetic complications and are the principal actors in co-morbidity and eventual mortality often associated with diabetes. The ability of therapeutic compounds including medicinal plants to restore glycemic balance or homeostasis in hyperglycemic condition is an index of their antidiabetic function and relevance. Alloxan and streptozotocin are the most popular diabetogenic agents used for assessing the antidiabetic or hypoglycemic capacity of test compounds. Notablyalloxan is far less expensive and more readily available than streptozotocin. On this groundone will logically expect a preference for use of alloxan in experimental diabetes studies. Surprisinglya sub meta-analysis of randomly selected studies conducted within the last one and half decade revealed otherwise. This observation necessitated the review of alloxan as a diabetogenic agent in animal studies.
Refractive and Corneal Aberrometric Changes After Crescentic Lamellar Wedge Resection in Pellucid Marginal Degeneration. Pellucid marginal degeneration was diagnosed based on the clinical signs and corneal topography. The corneal aberrometry was evaluated with Sirius corneal topography.The mean follow-up period was 14.1 months (range9-24 months). Uncorrected visual acuity was improved in nine eyes and remained unchanged in 1 casewhereas best-corrected visual acuity was improved in all eyes postoperatively. By vector analysisthe overall mean astigmatic drift at the last visit was calculated to be 13.0±6.3 diopters At last visitsignificant reductions were found for all aberrometric measurements. Howeverthe differences were not significant for the measurements of trefoil (P=0.189).Corneal lamellar wedge resection is a favorable surgical option for management of PMDallowing for improved visual acuitykeratometric cylinderand corneal aberrations.
The frequency of the 11-15 Hz spectral peak increased linearly. Sigma frequency power declined with agebut its trajectory was complex (cubic). Power in a group of low sigma subfrequencies declined with age. Power in a group of high sigma frequencies increased with age. Power in subfrequencies within 11-15 Hz also showed different trends across the nightwith lower frequencies increasing across periods and higher frequencies decreasing across periods. The upper and lower boundaries for the sigma frequencies that changed across NREMPs shifted upward with age.We hypothesize that these maturational brain changes result from synaptic elimination which decreases sleep depth and streamlines circuits. displays a maturational trajectory different from both delta and theta power. Theories on the function of sigma must be reconciled with its maturational trajectory.
First 3D-Structural Data of Full-Length Guanylyl Cyclase 1 in Rod-Outer-Segment Preparations of Bovine Retina by Cross-LinkingMass Spectrometry. The rod-outer-segment guanylyl cyclase 1 is a key transmembrane protein for retinal phototransduction. Mutations of correlate with different retinal diseases that often lead to blindness. No structural data are available for so far. We performed a 3D-structural analysis of native from bovine retina by cross-linkingmass spectrometry and computational modeling. Absolute quantification and activity measurements of native were performed by MS-based assays directly in bovine retina samples. Our data present the first 3D-structural analysis of activefull-length derived from bovine retina. We propose a novel domain organization for the intracellular domain Our data of native from rod-outer-segment preparations of bovine retina agree with a dimeric architecture. Our integrated approach can serve as a blueprint for conducting 3D-structural studies of membrane proteins in their native environment.
Herpes simplex virus type 2 induced retinal necrosis in BALBc mice. We injected herpes simplex virus type 2 of or G-strain into the anterior chamber of BALBc mice. In the contralateral eye inflammatory cell infiltration began in the ciliary body; focal retinitisdetected by day 8led to total destruction of the retina by day 10. Contralateral disease was observed in 75% of mice inoculated with 8 x 10 pfu herpes simplex virus type 2but in only 20% of mice receiving 80 pfu herpes simplex virus type 2. Still this low concentrationhoweverproduced a suppressed delayed-type hypersensitivity response. Anti-herpes simplex virus type 2 antibodyfirst detected on day 8reached high titers on day 10; by thenmost of the mice had died of encephalitis. The G-strain of herpes simplex virus type 2 was more neurotoxic than the MS-strainbut produced the same incidence of contralateral retinitis. Herpes simplex virus type 2 products contralateral necrotizing retinitis comparable to that produced by herpes simplex virus type 1. These findingslike those of other authorssuggest a role for herpes simplex virus type 2 in some cases of acute retinal necrosis in humans.
All diffractive MIOLs provided good vision for far and near. ReSTOR +3.00 also restored intermediate vision. The distance-corrected near vision was 0.02 ± 0.04 logMAR in group 10.02 ± 0.05 logMAR in group 2 and 0.01 ± 0.03 logMAR in group 3 (p = 0.822). The distance-corrected intermediate vision was 0.26 ± 0.070.22 ± 0.09 and 0.04 ± 0.05respectively (p < 0.001). The root-mean-square of ocular spherical aberration was significantly lower in groups 2 and 3 compared to group 1 (p = 0.048).
Melatonin ameliorates oxidative stress-mediated injuries through induction of and restores autophagic flux in dry eye. Human corneal epithelial(HCE) cells was exposure to t-butylhydroperoxide(tBH)C57BL6 mice were injected of subcutaneous scopolamine to imitate Melatonin was used both in vivo and in vitro. Cell viability was detected by Cell Counting Kit-8 assay and Lactate Dehydrogenase Leakage. The change of cellular reactive oxygen species levelsmitochondrial membrane potential (MMP)and apoptosis was analyzed by flow cytometry. Western blot assays and immunofluorescence were carried out to measure protein changes. mRNA expression was investigated by sequencing (RNA-Seq) and quantitative real-time The change of autophagic flux were observed through mCherry-GFP-LC3 transfection and electron microscopy(TEM). Clinical parameters of corneal epithelium defectsconjunctival goblet cellstear volumeand level of ocular surface inflammation was recorded. Melatonin was able to reduce excessive production and maintain mitochondrial function. assay found melatonin rescued impaired autophagic flux under tBH. Moreovermelatonin significantly preserved cell viabilityabolished releaseand decreased apoptosis. RNA-Seq indicated that melatonin greatly activating hemeoxygenase-1 expression. InterestinglyHO-1 ablation largely attenuated its protective effects. Besidesin dry eye mouse modelintraperitoneal injection of melatonin showed greatly improved clinical parametersinhibited activated inflammation cascadeand increased density of goblet cells and tear volume. Thusmelatonin protects corneal epithelial cells from oxidative damagemaintain normal level of autophagyand reduce inflammation via trigging expression in
Effect of curcumin on lung resistance-related protein in retinoblastoma cells. These results demonstrate that curcumin modulated the expression of in the retinoblastoma cell line. Thuscurcumin may be used as a chemosensitizer to make the retinoblastoma cells more sensitive to the effects of chemotherapy.Multidrug resistance to anticancer drugs is a major cause of chemotherapy failure in cancer patients. Lung resistance-related protein has been identified as the major vault protein in humanswhich is associated with multidrug resistance in various cancer cells. Western blot and analysis showed that curcumin inhibited expression in a dose-dependent manner in the retinoblastoma cell line.
The problem-solving method: Efficacy for learning and motivation in the field of physical education. Participants in the control group were taught using the traditional methodswhereas participants in the experimental group were taught using the problem-solving method. Both groups took part in a 10-hour experiment over 5 weeks. To measure students' situational motivationa questionnaire was used to evaluate intrinsic motivationidentified regulationexternal regulationand amotivation during the first and the last sessions Additionallythe degree of students' learning was determined via video analysesrecorded at T0the fifth (T1)and T2.Motivational dimensionsincluding identified regulation and intrinsic motivationwere significantly greater (all p < 0.001) in the experimental vs. the control group. The students' motor engagement in learning situationsduring which the learnerdespite a degree of difficulty performs the motor activity with sufficient successincreased only in the experimental group (p < 0.001). The waiting time in the experimental group decreased significantly at and vs. (all p < 0.001)with lower values recorded in the experimental vs. the control group at the three-time points (all p < 0.001).The problem-solving method is an efficient strategy for motor skills and performance enhancementas well as motivation development during physical education courses.
Acute central retinal vein occlusion secondary to reactive thrombocytosis after splenectomy. The diagnosis and treatment of central retinal vein occlusion was reported in a young patient. Central retinal vein occlusion was probably related to secondary to reactive thrombocytosis after splenectomy. The patient was treated with steroids for papilledema and administered coumadin and aspirin. The symptoms resolvedand the findings returned to normal within three weeks. Thusit can be concluded that followup for thrombocytosis and antithrombotic treatmentwhen necessaryare essential for these cases.
Changes in corneal endothelial morphology in cats as a function of age. The central corneal endothelium of 12 kittens and 70 adult cats was photographed using specular microscopy. Endothelial cell density (ECD)coefficient of variation of cell size (used as an index of polymegethism)and cellular shape factor (perimeter 2area) were determined for each animal and analysed as a function of age. We found a rapid non-linear decrease in and polymegethism in the first nine months of post-natal life. Subsequently there was a slight central cell loss of 11 cellsmm2 or 0.37% per year during adult life which was not statistically significant. Howeverpolymegethism increased significantly with age during adult life. The shape factor for endothelial cells was 13.61 throughout adult lifeindicating that the cat corneal endothelium consists predominantly of six-sided cells. Possible explanations for the finding of no significant decrease in cell density with age could include the higher peripheral in the cat which may compensate for central lossthe short life expectancy of the cat and the large individual variation in corneal diameter.
Treatment Patterns and Clinical Outcomes for Central Retinal Vein Occlusion in the Antivascular Endothelial Growth Factor Era. Treatment history and visual acuity measurements were abstracted from medical records and analyzed.A total of 476 eyes of 476 patients (median age 67 yearsmedian follow-up 25.4 months) were included. Optical coherence tomography was obtained in 93.9% and fluorescein angiography in 80% of cases on presentation. Mean at presentation and final visit was 2060 and 2094respectivelyfor eyes with nonischemic CRVOwhereas that of ischemic cases remained worse than 20800 at final follow-up. Intravitreal bevacizumab was the most common first treatment . Intravitreal steroid was the first treatment in 3.6% and ultimately administered in 11.3% of eyes. In the first yearan average of 5.2 ± 3.6 and 2.2 ± 3.4 anti-VEGF injections were given in treatment-naive and nontreatment-naive eyesrespectively.In our real-world cohortanti-VEGF injection burden and frequency are lower than in published clinical trials. Visual outcomes in both ischemic and nonischemic eyes with are poorer than expected and worse than those recorded in controlled trial settings.
Features of Feingold syndrome 1 dominate in subjects with 2p deletions including Interstitial deletions of the distal short arm of chromosome 2 including have only been reported for a small number of individuals. Germline deletions and mutations of cause Feingold syndrome 1 (FS1)a rare disorder characterized by microcephalydigit anomaliesgastrointestinal atresiasshort staturedysmorphic featuresand intellectual disability. We present a series of six individuals referred for microarray with overlapping deletions of 2p ranging from 3.4 to 16.8 Mb in sizewith a common overlapping region of 1.53 Mb spanning and including five genes: NBASDDX1MYCNUTMYCNOSand Clinical information was available for five individuals. Clinical features included core features of such as microcephalydigit anomaliesand gastrointestinal atresias as well as structural cardiac defectshearing lossand renal anomalieswhich are features less consistently associated with Other features observed in several individualsthat have not specifically been associated with were motor delaystructural brain abnormalitiesgenital abnormalitiesand radioulnar synostosis. These results indicate that while individuals with deletions of 2p spanning several megabases and including can present with features not typically associated with FS1the common core features are usually present.
Retinal expression of zebrafish six3.1 and its regulation by Pax6. Homologues of the homeobox genes sine oculis (so) and eyeless (ey) are important regulators of eye development in both vertebrates and invertebrates. Drosophila paralogue of sooptixis an orthologue of the vertebrate Six3 gene family. Our analysis of zebrafish six3.1 demonstrated retinal expression in two separate cell layers and the ciliary marginal zone. This pattern is consistent with the observations of Six3 in other vertebrates and indicates functional conservation. We studied the 5 flanking region of six3.1 and showed that separate enhancing elements are required for expression at different stages of eye development. This analysis also revealed specific binding of zebrafish Pax6.1 protein to an element required for six3.1 expression in ganglion cells. Furthermorean enhancement of six3.1 transcription by Pax6.1 was observed by co-injection experiments. These results provide evidence for a direct regulatory interaction between vertebrate Pax6 and Six3 genes in eye development.
Oral l-Cysteine Supplementation Enhances the Long Term-Effect of Topical Basic Fibroblast Growth Factor (bFGF) in Reducing the Corneal Haze after Photorefractive Keratectomy in Myopic Patients. We aimed at evaluating the long-term effects of l-cysteine oral supplementation to basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) eye-drops on corneal re-epithelization and transparency in myopic patients subjected to photorefractive keratectomy Forty patients subjected to bilateral for myopia were enrolled and randomly divided into two groups receiving an additional therapy together with the standard postoperative treatment consisting in local tobramycin 0.3%dexamethasone 0.1%diclofenac 0.1%and 0.2% hyaluronate. Group 1 included 20 patients (11 males and 9 females; 34.09 ± 8 years of age) receiving only bFGF eye-drops (10 μg10 μL) four times a day for 7 days starting from the day of surgery; Group 2 included 20 patients (12 males and 8 females; 37.35 ± 11.5 years of age) who were postoperatively administered with topical basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF; 10 μg10 μL) four times a day for 7 days plus oral l-cysteine supplementation (500 mgcapsule) once a day for 15 daysstarting 7 days before Patients were followed-up for 12 months. Clinical ophthalmologic parameters were recorded for all the 80 examined eyes. The corneal transparency was evaluated in vivo by slit lamp and confocal microscopy. The data showed that: (a) the corneal haze occurred in a smaller percentage of the patients who were postoperatively administered with topical bFGF plus oral l-cysteine supplementation (Group 2) compared to patients who received only bFGF (Group 1); (b) at 6 months of follow-upthe stromal mean image brightness of the patients belonging to Group 2 was significantly lower than that of the Group 1 (p < 0.03)andinterestinglythe difference was even more evident at 12 month from the treatment (p < 0.001). Moreoverthe final mean of the spherical equivalent refraction was -0.06 ± 0.2 in Group 1 and -0.08 ± 0.3 in Group 2whereas the final uncorrected distance visual acuity was equal or superior to 2025 in 100% of eyes in both Group 1 and 2. Post refractive patients can benefit from the administration of l-cysteine before the surgery and in association with bFGF in the early postoperative periodshowing a faster corneal re-epithelization able to prevent corneal haze in the long-term recovery.
An FEVR-associated mutation in alters the expression of genes involved in the development of vasculature. Familial exudative vitreoretinopathy is an inherited retinal disorder hallmarked by an abnormal development of retinal vasculature. missense mutation in (p.H455Y) was reported to underlie autosomal dominant in a large Dutch familyand was shown to play a role in the development of vasculature. Nonethelesslittle is known about the molecular mechanism of ZNF408-associated To investigate thisan in vitro model of ZNF408-associated was generated by overexpressing wild-type and p.H455Y in human umbilical vein endothelial cells. Cells overexpressing mutant were unable to form a capillary-like network in an in vitro tube formation assaythereby mimicking the clinical feature observed in patients with Intriguinglytranscriptome analysis revealed that genes involved in the development of vasculature were deregulated by the p.H455Y mutation. Chromatin immunoprecipitation showed that p.H455Y has reduced DNA-binding abilityas compared to the wild-type protein. The fact that the p.H455Y mutation disrupts the expression of genes important for the development of vasculature sheds further light on the molecular mechanisms underlying ZNF408-associated
novel test for predicting fusional potential in patients with torsional diplopia. We introduce the novel "white disk" test to evaluate fusional potential in patients with torsional diplopia. In this testa white disk is presented on a black background in a darkened room to eliminate perception of torsion. Horizontal and vertical misalignment is neutralized with prisms when necessary. The absence of diplopia on the white disk test is used to establish fusional ability. Nine patients with torsional diplopia were assessed using this test. All had excyclotorsion (mean9.9° ± 4.2°; range5°-15°) and could achieve single binocular vision on testing. Postoperatively9 patients reported no torsional diplopia in the preferred gaze positionwith a mean excyclotorsion of 0.4° ± 2.8° (range-5° to 4°). The test appeared to predict fusional potential in all patients.
The human pineal gland: a review of the "third eye" and the effect of light. The human pineal gland is an extremely active neuroendocrine transducer. Environmental light acts through the retina and entrains the pineal gland's circadian rhythms by way of the hypothalamus and sympathetic nervous system. Light depresses pinealocyte activity. It is possible to do without the pinealbut this tiny gland is considered to be the "regulator of regulators" and important in general homeostasis. direct retino-hypothalamic pathway is probably involved; and a system of synchronizing potentially independent oscillators is postulated.
The Subunit of the Cone Cyclic Nucleotide-gated Channel Regulates the Light Responses of Cones and Contributes to the Channel Structural Flexibility. Cone photoreceptor cyclic nucleotide-gated channels play a pivotal role in cone phototransductionwhich is a process essential for daylight visioncolor visionand visual acuity. Mutations in the cone channel subunits and are associated with human cone diseasesincluding achromatopsiacone dystrophiesand early onset macular degeneration. Mutations in alone account for 50% of reported cases of achromatopsia. This work investigated the role of in cone light response and cone channel structural stability. We found thatin the absence of was able to travel to the outer segmentsco-localize with cone opsinand form tetrameric complexes. Electroretinogram analyses revealed reduced cone light response amplitudesensitivity and slower response recovery in Cngb3Nrl mice compared with Nrl mice. Absence of expression altered the adaptation capacity of cones and severely compromised function in bright light. Biochemical analysis demonstrated that channels lacking were more resilient to proteolysis than channelssuggesting a hindered structural flexibility. ThusCNGB3 regulates cone light response kinetics and the channel structural flexibility. This work advances our understanding of the biochemical and functional role of in cone photoreceptors.
The perception of target motion during smooth pursuit eye movements in the open-loop condition: characteristics of retinal and extraretinal signals. During smooth pursuit eye movementthe perception of target motion appears to come from retinal and extraretinal influences. To explore thistwo open-loop conditions (experimental stimuli stabilized at the retina) were used: one to look at the combined effect of retinal and extraretinal signals on perception (using sinusoidal target motion); and the other to look at the characteristics of an extraretinal signal alone (using a complex target and square-wave motion). In both conditions subjects tracked target motion in the darkand subsequently compared it to motion of a similar target in the light. This system appears to involve a transport-timewhich could be in the form of a time advance. These features of perception have a variety of implications for motor control.
Neuritic sprouting with aberrant expression of the nitric oxide synthase gene in neurodegenerative diseases. Neuronal losssynaptic disconnection and neuritic sprouting correlate with dementia in Alzheimer's disease Nitric oxide is an important synaptic plasticity molecule generated by nitric oxide synthase oxidation of a guanidino nitrogen of L-arginine. Experimentallythe gene is modulated with neuritic sprouting. Howevereach diseaseincluding ADwas distinguished by the selective alterations in expression and sprouting in structures marred by neurodegeneration. Double label immunohistochemical staining studies demonstrated nitrotyrosine and co-localized in only rare neurons and neuritic sproutssuggesting that peroxynitrite formation and nitration of growth cone proteins may not be important consequences of enzyme accumulation. The results suggest that aberrant expression and III-associated neuritic sprouting in the are major abnormalities common to several important neurodegenerative diseases.
Prospective Randomized Trial Comparing Efficacy of Topical Loteprednol Etabonate 0.5% Versus Cyclosporine-A 0.05% for Treatment of Dry Eye Syndrome Following Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation. To evaluate the safety and efficacy of topical loteprednol etabonate 0.5% compared with cyclosporine (CsA) 0.05% for the prophylaxis and treatment of dry eye syndrome after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT).Seventy-five patients were randomized to (n = 76 eyes of 38 patients) or CsA (n = 74 eyes of 37 patients) pre-HSCT. Among eyes with no at enrollmentthe Kaplan-Meier analysis yielded a 90% rate of development in cyclosporine-treated eyes and a 79% rate of development in LE-treated eyes by 12 months post-HSCT. The Kaplan-Meier analysis of eyes with at enrollment demonstrated a 38% rate of disease progression among cyclosporine-treated eyes and a 26% rate of disease progression among loteprednol-treated eyes by 12 months.
Role of the signalling pathway in the aetiopathogenesis of ocular diseases. There is growing interest in the therapeutic utilization of the pathway for ocular disease treatment. Furthermoreinhibition of signalling might represent more pertinent strategy than activation for ocular disease treatment. Such information will guide the development of more effective modulators for ocular diseases. [Formula: see text].AMP-activated protein kinase plays a precise role as a master regulator of cellular energy homeostasis. is activated in response to the signalling cues that exhaust cellular levels such as hypoxiaischaemiaglucose depletion and heat shock. As a central regulator of both lipid and glucose metabolismAMPK is considered to be a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of various diseasesincluding eye disorders.To review all the shreds of evidence concerning the role of the signalling pathway in the pathogenesis of ocular diseases.Scientific data search and review of available information evaluating the influence of signalling on ocular diseases.Review highlights the significance of signalling in the aetiopathogenesis of ocular diseasesincluding cataractglaucomadiabetic retinopathyretinoblastomaage-related macular degenerationcorneal diseasesetc. The review also provides the information on the AMPK-associated pathways with reference to ocular diseasewhich includes mitochondrial biogenesisautophagy and regulation of inflammatory response.
Several aspects of a newsmall and inexpensive fatigue assessment toolthe Portable Fatigue Meter (PFM)were studied. In the first experiment the effects of room illumination and distance between the and the eyes on critical flicker fusion frequency values were examined. The results revealed that the value varied significantly as a function of the distance between the indicator and the eyesbut it was not affected by room illumination. The effect of ageing on the value was assessed in a second experiment. The results suggested that values are significantly smaller in middle-aged females than in younger females.
Human cataract lens membrane at subnanometer resolution. Human pathologies often originate from molecular disorders. Thereforeimaging technology as one of the bases for the identification and understanding of pathologies must provide views of single molecules at subnanometer resolution. Membrane proteins mediate many of life's most important processesand their malfunction is often lethal or leads to severe disease. The membrane proteins aquaporin-0 and connexons form junctional microdomains between healthy lens core cells in which form square arrays surrounded by connexons. Malfunction of both proteins results in the formation of cataract. We have used high-resolution atomic force microscopy to image junctional microdomains in membranes from an individual human eye lens with senile cataract. Images at subnanometer resolution report individual helix-connecting loops of four amino acid residues on the surface. We describe the supramolecular assembly and the conformational state of in junctional microdomainswhere a mixture of truncated junctional and full-length water channel form square arrays. Imaging of microdomain borders revealed individual tetramers and no associated connexonindicating a lack of metabolite transportwaste accumulationand enlarged regions of non-adhering membranescausing cataract in this individual. This first high-resolution view of the membrane of this pathological human tissue provides insights into cataract pathology at the single membrane protein leveland indicates the power of the as a future tool in medical imaging at subnanometer resolution.
Referential communication in children with challenges in the role of a listener. Children with are less accurate in their interpretations of referential statements. Such difficulties would lead to greater occurrences of miscommunication.Successful communication requires that listeners accurately interpret the meaning of speakers' statements. The present work examined whether children with and without attention-deficithyperactivity disorder differ in their ability to interpret referential statements (i.e.phrases that denote objects or events) from speakers.Children (6 to 9 years old)diagnosed with (n = 27) and typically developing (n = 26)took part in an interactive task in which they were asked by an adult speaker to retrieve objects from a display case. Children interpreted the referential statements in contexts that either did or did not require perspective-taking. Children's eye movements and object choices were recorded. Parents completed questionnaires assessing their child's frequency of symptoms and pragmatic communicative abilities.Behavioral and eye movement measures revealed that children with made more interpretive errors and were less likely to consider target referents across the 2 communicative conditions. FurthermoreADHD symptoms related to children's performance on the communicative task and to parental report of the child's pragmatic skills.
Changes in collagen orientation and distribution in keratoconus corneas. To map the collagen orientation and relative distribution of collagen fibrillar mass in keratoconus corneal buttons.Structural analysis was performed by obtaining synchrotron x-ray scattering patterns across the samples at 0.25-mm intervals. The patterns were analyzed to produce two-dimensional maps of the orientation of the lamellae and of the distribution of total and preferentially aligned lamellae.Compared with normal corneasin keratoconus the gross organization of the stromal lamellae was dramatically changedand the collagen fibrillar mass was unevenly distributedparticularly around the presumed apex of the cone.The development of keratoconus involves a high degree of inter- and probably intralamellar displacement and slippage that leads to thinning of the central cornea and associated changes in corneal curvature. This slippage may be promoted by a loss of cohesive forces and mechanical failure in regions where lamellae bifurcate.
The use of a novel and simple method of revealing neural fibers to show the regression of the lateral geniculate nucleus in the naked mole-rat (Heterocephalus glaber). The lateral geniculate nucleus is an important subcortical nucleus in the visual system. It receives primary projections from the retina and relays these to central visual structures. Although there are studies on the retina and visual cortex of animals with regressed visionlittle is known about the in such animals. The strictly subterranean naked mole-rat (Heterocephalus glaber) has markedly reduced visual acuity with concomitant pronounced changes in the visual cortex. Myelin detection here relies on significant differences in visible light reflection between neural fibers and the gray matter. Moreoverthis simple method does not interfere with further staining for additional analyses. This method reveals that the contribution of the to brain volume in the naked mole-rat is less than a third of that of the rat. This shows that the retinogeniculocortical system in the naked mole-rat is considerably smaller than that of rodents that rely heavily on their visual systembut is nevertheless less regressed than that of the extensively studied blind mole-rat; this may facilitate limited responses to visual stimuli.
Motor deficits are the most frequent and typical symptoms in AChA infarcts. Although small artery disease was considered to be the important etiopathogenesis of the AChA infarctslarge vascular disease may be associated with clinical progression in AChA infarcts. Additionallyprognosis of AChA infarcts is correlated with clinical progressioninfarct size and atrial fibrillation. The demographic and clinical characteristics were collected and analyzed in all patients. The clinical characteristics were compared between clinical progression and no clinical progression groupsgood and poor outcome groupsas well as with and without intravenous rt-PA groups.Hemiparesis was the most common clinical manifestation followed by dyslexia hemianesthesia and other syndromes. Forty-nine patients suffered from clinical progression and showed a higher rate with multiple risk factors together than patients without clinical progression (30.6% vs.14.1%P = 0.039). Moreovermore patients with progression were found with carotid plaques (73.5% vs. = 0.018) or carotid artery stenosis (18.4% vs. = 0.045) than patients without progression. 69.9% of patients got good prognosis at 6-months. In good prognosis groupthe proportion of patients with atrial fibrillationclinical progression and large infarct size were significantly lower than in poor prognosis group (1.3% vs. = 0.047; 23.9% vs. = 0.001; 15.2% vs. = 0.007). No significant difference was found on rate of clinical progression and good prognosis between patients with and without
The is thinner in eyes with The degenerative process of pachychoroid spectrum diseases may begin with retinal pigment epithelium alterations before subretinal fluid accumulation. The lesionscommonly seen above pachyvesselsmay be an indicator of photoreceptor apoptosis.To compare the average thicknesses of central inner retinal layers in eyes with pachychoroid pigment epitheliopathy (PPE)with uncomplicated pachychoroid (UCP)and of healthy subjects.Medical records of patients with and were retrospectively reviewed. Twenty-nine eyes with foveal eyes with UCPand 29 eyes of healthy subjects were included. Spectral-domain optical coherence tomography with enhanced depth imaging was used for all optical coherence tomography scans. Mean central inner retinal layer thicknesses were measured in 1-mm-diameter circle with Spectralis automated segmentation software and compared between groups.The outer nuclear layer and the sum of the outer plexiform layer and were significantly thinner in the group than the and control groups < < 0.001; outer plexiform layer + = = 0.002respectively). There was no significant difference between groups regarding thickness of the outer plexiform layer and other inner retinal layers. Eyes with and normal eyes did not differ.
Treatment of Macular Degeneration with Sildenafil: Results of a Two-Year Trial. To evaluate inhibition with sildenafil to reduce choroidal ischemia and treat age-related macular degeneration.Sildenafil was prescribed to treat participants with macular degenerations or macular dystrophies measured by spectral-domain optical coherence tomographycolor fundus photographyenhanced depth imagingand best-corrected visual acuity.No change in calcified drusen was noted. Vitelliform-type soft drusen were not substantially changed. Thickened Bruch's membrane reduces the beneficial effect of perfusion increasebut all eyes appear to benefit from Notablymaintenance or improvement in the photoreceptor layer may be the most significant result of sildenafil and is consistent with inhibition. Thussil-denafil treatment of macular degeneration offers significant potential for vision retention and recovery.
Photodynamic therapy with verteporfin for age-related macular degeneration or polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy: comparison of the presence of serous retinal pigment epithelial detachment. To evaluate outcomes after photodynamic therapy with verteporfin in Japanese patients with age-related macular degeneration or polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy and compare results with the presenceabsence of a retinal pigment epithelial detachment (PED).We retrospectively reviewed 183 eyes with subfoveal choroidal neovascularisation secondary to with more than 3 months' follow-up (range 3 to 36; mean 15.6). serous developed in 44 of 183 eyes.A total of 124 eyes completed 12 months' follow-up. In 49 eyes with typical AMDthe best-corrected visual acuity improved a mean of 0.48 line. significant (p<0.05 to p<0.0005) decline in occurred in eyes with a serous during any 3-month period. In 75 eyes with PCVthe at 12 months improved a mean of 1.79 lines. There was no significant difference between the in 22 eyes with a and 53 eyes without a during any 3 months.In eyes with typical AMDa serous was associated with a significant decline in compared with eyes without a serous In eyes with PCVthe visual outcomes were unaffected by a serous When is administereddifferentiating from typical using indocyanine green angiography is important.
Effect of intraocular acetylcholine and carbachol on the corneal endothelium. The patients were divided into two groups: the first received 1 ml of 1% acetylcholine chloride and the second 0.5 ml of 0.01% carbachol as intraocular miotics. The endothelial count was done preoperatively and then 1 month after cataract extraction. There were no statistically significant differences in the mean cell loss between both groups. The authors believe that both miotics could be used in cataract surgery.
Eosinophils and mast cell homogeneity of the guinea pig eyelid skinconjunctivaand ileum. Mast cell heterogeneity has been described on the basis of differential staining reactionslight microscopic morphologyanatomic locationdegranulation after polyaminesbiochemical contentsgrowth requirementsand reactions to lymphokines. We have demonstrated typical "connective-tissue mast cells" by using anatomic criteriahistological staining reactionselectron microscopyand reaction to compound 4880 in the guinea pig conjunctivaeyelid skinand ileum. secondmuch larger population of cells in the ileal mucosa and the conjunctivaand rarely in the eyelid skin stained reddish-blue with acid toluidine blue in tissue fixed in ethanol-acetate-lead subacetate and with alkaline Giemsa in formaldehyde-fixed tissuedid not stain with ethanolic or acid toluidine blue in formaldehyde-fixed tissue or with alkaline Giemsa in BLA-fixed tissueand did not degranulate after 4880 treatment. These are features of the rat intestinal "mucosal mast cells"; howeverultrastructural and light microscopic studies with the orcein Giemsa stain demonstrated these cells in the guinea pig to be eosinophils. Tissue culturebiochemicaland immunological studies indicate the existence of a second type of mast cell (bone-marrow-derived mast cell)ultrastructurally almost indistinguishable from the connective tissue mast cell. Our studies demonstrate only one mast cell type in the guinea pig and support the contention that other forms of mast cells are immature forms or variants of the connective-tissue mast cell.
is Required for Hair Cell Regeneration in Zebrafish. Lysine-specific demethylase 1 plays an important role in complex cellular processes such as differentiationproliferationapoptosisand cell cycle progression. It has recently been demonstrated that during developmentdownregulation of inhibits cell proliferationmodulates the expression of cell cycle regulatorsand reduces hair cell formation in the zebrafish lateral linewhich suggests that LSD1-mediated epigenetic regulation plays a key role in the development of hair cells. Howeverthe role of in hair cell regeneration after hair cell loss remains poorly understood. Herewe demonstrate the effect of on hair cell regeneration following neomycin-induced hair cell loss. We show that the inhibitor trans-2-phenylcyclopropylamine significantly decreases the regeneration of hair cells in zebrafish after neomycin damage. In additionimmunofluorescent staining demonstrates that administration suppresses supporting cell proliferation and alters cell cycle progression. Finallyin situ hybridization shows that significantly downregulates the expression of genes related to Wntβ-catenin and Fgf activation. Altogetherour data suggest that downregulation of significantly decreases hair cell regeneration after neomycin-induced hair cell loss through inactivation of the Wntβ-catenin and Fgf signaling pathways. ThusLSD1 plays a critical role in hair cell regeneration and might represent a novel biomarker and potential therapeutic approach for the treatment of hearing loss.
Topographical organization of the olivocerebellar projection upon the posterior vermis in the rat. Projections from the medial accessory olive to lobules and of the cerebellar vermis were investigated in the rat using the retrograde transport of wheatgerm agglutinin-conjugated horseradish peroxidase When was injected into the anterior half of lobule (VIa)retrogradely labeled neurons were found in a relatively narrow zone which traversed approximately the middle of the and a portion of the nucleus beta. In contrastinjection into the posterior half of lobule (VIbc) resulted in labeling of neurons in the medial and lateral portions of the and in the nucleus beta. When was confined to lobule VIIlabeled neurons were found in the medial portion of the caudal No labeled neurons were found in the nucleus beta. When the injection was restricted to lobule VIIIlabeled neurons appeared along the caudal end of the There were many labeled neurons in the nucleus beta. The central portion of the caudal was free of labeled neurons unless the enzyme encroached upon a part of the anterior lobe. Thusthe projection areas to lobules formed a circle surrounding the free area and each of the lobules received fibers from a well-circumscribed portion: lobules received projections from the rostralmedial and caudal portion of the imaginary circlerespectively. The lateral portion was shared by the areas projecting to lobules and In additionthese lobules received projections also from an overlapping area in the nucleus beta.
Efficacy of atropine 0.01% for the treatment of childhood myopia in European patients. Medical charts of paediatric patients with a myopia progression > 0.5 Dyear treated with atropine 0.01% for at least 1 year were included. Patients receive a complete ophthalmic examination before and 12 months after initiation of atropine treatment. group of myopic untreated children serves as a control group. The rate of myopia progression at baseline and 12 months after treatment with atropine was evaluated. The rate of myopia progression in treated and untreated patients was also compared. Adverse events were recorded.Medical records of 52 treated and 50 control subjects were analysed. In the atropine groupthe mean rate of myopia progression after 12 months of treatment (-0.54 ± 0.61 was significantly slower compared with the baseline progression (-1.20 ± 0.64 p < 0.0001) and to the progression in the control group (-1.09 ± 0.64; p < 0.0001). The responders patients were 4152 whereas 1152 patients showed a progression > 0.50 despite treatment. The only adverse event was temporary photophobia in five patients severe adverse events were not reportedand none of the patients discontinued the treatment.
Amacrine cells coupled to ganglion cells via gap junctions are highly vulnerable in glaucomatous mouse retinas. We determined whether the structural and functional integrity of amacrine cells (ACs)the largest cohort of neurons in the mammalian retinaare affected in glaucoma. Intraocular injection of microbeads was made in mouse eyes to elevate intraocular pressure as a model of experimental glaucoma. Specific immunocytochemical markers were used to identify and displaced (d)ACs subpopulations in both the inner nuclear and ganglion cell layersrespectivelyand to distinguish them from retinal ganglion cells (RGCs). Calretinin- and γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-immunoreactive cells were highly vulnerable to glaucomatous damagewhereas choline acetyltransferase (ChAT)-positive and glycinergic subtypes were unaffected. The loss began 4 weeks after initial microbead injectioncorresponding to the time course of loss. Recordings of electroretinogram oscillatory potentials and scotopic threshold responseswhich reflect and activitywere significantly attenuated in glaucomatous eyes following a time course that matched that of the and loss. Moreoverwe found that it was the ACs coupled to RGCs via gap junctions that were lost in glaucomawhereas uncoupled ACs were largely unaffected. Our results suggest that loss in glaucoma occurs secondary to death through the gap junction-mediated bystander effect. Comp. Neurol. 527:159-1732019. © 2016 Wiley PeriodicalsInc.
Identification of potential serum metabolic biomarkers for patient with keratoconus using untargeted metabolomics approach. Venous blood samples were obtained from patients with keratoconus (n = 20) as well as from age-gender- and race-matched control subjects (n = 20). Metabolites extracted from serum were separated and analyzed by liquid chromatographyquadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometer. Processing of raw data and analysis of the data files was performed using Agilent Mass Hunter Qualitative software. The identified metabolites were subjected to a principal component and hierarchical cluster analysis. Appropriate statistical tests were used to analyze the metabolomic profiling data. Togetherthe analysis revealed that the dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate from the steroidal hormone synthesis pathway was significantly upregulated in patients with keratoconus (p < 0.05). Alsoa combination of eicosanoids from the arachidonic acid pathwaymainly prostaglandin F2αprostaglandin A216,16-dimethyl prostaglandin E2and 5-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid were collectively up-regulated as a group in keratoconus patients (p < 0.05). On the other handglycerophospholipid was found to be significantly upregulated in the metabolomics profiles of control subjects (p < 0.05). The differently regulated metabolites provide insights into the pathophysiology of keratoconus and could potentially be used as biomarkers for keratoconus to aid in screening for individuals at risk henceenabling early diagnosis and timely monitoring of disease.
Purtscher-like retinopathy in a paediatric patient with haemolytic uraemic syndrome: case report and literature review. An 8-year-old boy presented with fevervomitsbloody diarrhoeaand blurred vision. The patient was diagnosed with Haemolytic Uraemic Syndrome due to the symptoms and a positive Verotoxin stool test. Funduscopic examination showed retinal involvement in both eyesperi-papillary palenessretinal haemorrhagesand soft "Purtscher Fleckens" exudates. favourable outcome was achieved after hospital admission and systemic treatment. Dialysis treatment was not needed due the preserved diuresis. Although Purtscher-like retinopathy is very uncommonocular examination is mandatory in patients with pancreatitisautoimmune diseasesand thrombotic microangiopathiessuch as
Timing and Reoperation Rate of Rhegmatogenous Retinal Detachments Occurring During Major Ophthalmology Meetings. The authors identified patients with primary repair with cryotherapylaserscleral bucklepneumatic retinopexyor pars plana vitrectomy. Multinomial logistic regression models were used to determine patients' likelihood of receiving each type of repair within 30 days of their diagnosis depending on whether they were diagnosed during a national ophthalmology conference. Linear regression models were used to determine the relationship between the date patients were diagnosed and how long they waited to receive a repair. Main outcome measures included days between diagnosis with and repairreceiving repair on the same day of diagnosisand reoperation rate within 30 days of the primary repair.Mean time from diagnosis to repair was 1.5 days (standard deviation: ± 2.4 days)and 71% of patients underwent repair within a day of diagnosis. Repairs were followed by a second surgery within 30 days in 11.1% of patients. Patients diagnosed during conferences waited 0.23 days longer between diagnosis and repair compared with patients diagnosed outside of conference dates = .001). Patients diagnosed with during conferences were less likely to receive surgical repair within a day of diagnosis compared to patients diagnosed during non-conference dates = .037). Patients who were diagnosed with during a conference date and also received surgery during a conference date were more likely to undergo a second surgery within 30 days of the primary procedure = .006) Patients diagnosed with during national ophthalmology conference dates waited slightly longer for surgerywere slightly less likely to receive surgery within a dayand were more likely to undergo a second surgery within 30 days of the primary procedure. The "national meeting effect" phenomenon is present in ophthalmologyalbeit to a lesser degree that is likely not visually significant. [Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging Retina. 2020;51:328-337. ].
Changes in the expression of Pax6 transcripts in the retina during periods of altered ocular growth in chickens. Genome-wide mapping studies have suggested a possible role for Pax6 in the development of myopia. We therefore investigated the expression of Pax6 transcripts in the chicken retina during periods of increased ocular growthinduced by form-deprivation and negative lens-wearand during periods of decreased ocular growthinduced by diffuser removal from previously form-deprived eyesand plus lens-wear. Levels of Pax6 transcripts in the chicken retina were measured using semi-quantitative real-time RT-PCRat times between 1 h and 10 days after the fitting of diffusers or negative lensesand at times between 1h and 3 days following the removal of diffusers from previously form-deprived eyesor the addition of plus lenses. Pax6 expression was unaffected during the initial 3 days of the response to form-deprivation or negative lens-wearwhen rapid rates of growth are well-established. Alterations in the expression of Pax6 transcripts were only observed after 7-10 days of form-deprivation (7 days-15.7 +- 5.3%; 10 days-32.0 +- 10.3%)with a similar response not seen during negative lens-wearwhen eye growth also increasessuggesting that these alterations are specific to form-deprivationrather to changes in the rate of eye growth. The late changes in Pax6 expression observed during form-deprivation were rapidly reversed after diffuser removalwith the levels of Pax6 transcripts returning to those seen in control birds by 3 days (1 h-27.8 +- 4.7%; 1 day-16.9 +- 4.8%; 3 days + 1.0 +- 8.6%). Analogous changes were not seen in response to positive lenses in which eye growth is also slowed.
674 Cases of Late Postoperative Intraocular Lens Opacification of a Hydrophilic-Hydrophobic Acryl Intraocular Lens in Switzerland and Retrospective Opacification Risk Factor Assessment of 212 Cases. To report the prevalence of late postoperative opacification of a hydrophilic and hydrophobic acrylic intraocular lens and to assess the risk factors in a subset of 212 eyes of patients referred to the University Eye Department in BaselSwitzerland.Retrospective case series.A survey was performed at all large ophthalmological clinics in Switzerland regarding exchanged Lentis lensesand the number of affected eyes was counted. Moreoverconsecutive patients who were referred to a tertiary clinic between September 2015 and November 2016 with Lentis opacification were investigated. All IOLs had a similar pattern of opacification with a yellowishdiffuse appearanceand most of them showed a smallparacentralroundish area that was less affected or not at all. Arterial hypertension hypercholesterolemia and diabetes were the main associated systemic diseasesand statins and betablockers were the main treatments used.The prevalence of opacification was 9.9%. No associated systemic eye disease or medications could be detectedwhich was implicated in the opacification process. The reason for opacification remains unclearbut it seems to be unrelated to the patient's state; thereforeit is attributed to primary calcification.
Comparison of the effects of flickering and steady light on dopamine release and horizontal cell coupling in the mudpuppy retina. 1. The effects of flickering adapting illumination (repetitive flashes) on horizontal cell responses to illumination of the center and surround portions of the receptive field were compared with those of steady adapting illumination in dark-adapted mudpuppy retinas. 2. Exposure to flickering adapting light caused an increase in amplitude of responses to small spots in the receptive-field center and a decrease in the response to a concentric annulus. This is interpreted as due to an increase in coupling resistance between horizontal cells. 3. The uncoupling effect of flickering adapting light was no greater than that of the same quantity of steady adapting light at the same intensityeven when the rate of flickering was varied by a factor of 10. 4. The uncoupling effect of flickering light was blocked by the dopamine antagonists fluphenazine and SCH23390indicating that it is mediated by dopamine release. 5. The uncoupling effect of flickering light was also blocked in the presence of 2-amino-4-phosphonobutyrate (APB)which prevents light responses of on-center but not off-center bipolar cellssuggesting that flickering light increases dopamine release via the on-pathway. 6. The gamma-aminobutyric acid antagonist bicuculline had an uncoupling effect similar to that of adapting illumination. This effect was blocked by dopamine antagonistsindicating that there is tonic GABA-mediated inhibition of dopamine release in mudpuppy retina similar to that previously reported by others in fish and turtle retinas. 7. The uncoupling effect of bicuculline was not reversed by HoweverAPB alone caused an increase in coupling that was rapidly reversed by bicuculline. 250
[First experience with amniotic membrane transplantation]. and four women (78.3 +- 22.3 yrs.) were treated with an and grouped according to the ophthalmologic diagnosis: Group Achronic corneal surface defect without limbal stem cell deficiency (n = 8); Group Bconjunctival fornix reconstruction (n = 7); Group Cfiltering bleb defect (n = 2).1117 AMT's performed in 14 eyes of 13 patients showed a favorable postoperative result after a mean follow-up time of 8.7 months. In Group (chronic corneal surface defect) 48in Group (conjunctival fornix defect) 77 and in Group (filtering bleb defect) 02 showed an improvement of the basic ocular problem. In patients with fornix defectsthe seemed to be a valuable alternative to the more complicated transplantation of mouth- or nose mucous membrane. The two eyes with filtering defects failed.
[Acute pseudobulbar syndrome. Bilateral infarction of the junction of the internal capsule with the corona radiata]. 33 year-old hypertensive woman presented with a pureacutepseudobulbar palsytwo years after a right transient facio-brachial hemiplegia. scan showed two areas of low density projecting over the junction of the internal capsule with the corona radiataat the external border of the lateral ventricles. They involved the territories of both posterolateral choroidal arteriesat the junction with those of the external lenticulostriatal arteries. Clinical dataclinico-pathological correlations in pseudobulbar palsiesand new concepts about the corticobulbar tract anatomy are discussed with evidence from this case.
Screening uptake in a well-established diabetic retinopathy screening program: the role of geographical access and deprivation. To identify criteria that affect uptake of diabetes retinal screening in a community screening program using mobile retinal digital photography units.Data from the regional diabetes population-based retinal screening program and regional ophthalmology laser database were linked to patient postal code (zip code) data. We used distance from retinal screening eventsocial deprivation scoresand demographic information to identify risk factors for nonattendance at a diabetes retinal screening event. Patients were subdivided into urban (>125,000 population)other urban (3,000-125,000 population)or rural (<3,000 population) depending on where they lived. Data were collected from 2004 to 2006 inclusive and included 15,150 patients and 32,621 eye screening records.The mean +- age of patients was 63 +- 15 yearsand 54% were male. Mean travel time to retinal screening event varied from 7.1 to 17.0 min. For 12% of missed appointmentspatients were more likely to be youngerto have longer diabetes durationto have poor and blood pressure controlto be smokersand to live in deprived areas. Poor attendance was not associated with sex or distance to retinal screening event.Social deprivation is strongly associated with poor attendance at retinal screening events. This data can help inform population-based diabetes retinal screening programs about improving patient uptake.
Relationships between ObesityNutrient Supply and Primary Open Angle Glaucoma in Koreans. To investigate the association between nutrient intake and primary open angle glaucoma in Koreansa population-basedcross-sectional surveythe Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveywas analyzed. Glaucoma diagnosis was based on criteria established by the International Society of Geographic and Epidemiologic Ophthalmology. Multivariate regression analysis was used to assess the correlation between dietary intake and the prevalence of in all enrolled subjects. In the low Body mass index(BMI) group <18.5)females with had significantly lower intakes of energyproteinfatcarbohydrateashcalciumphosphorussodiumpotassiumvitamin AB-carotenethiaminriboflavinand vitamin than their non-glaucoma counterpartsbased on a multivariate logistic regression analysis (all p < 0.05). In females with a medium (18.5 ≤ < showed a significant association with lower food intakeenergyproteincalciumphosphoruspotassiumthiamin and niacin. (all p < 0.05). Lower protein thiamine intake in medium males was related to Low dietary intake of several nutrients showed an association with glaucoma in low female subjects. An insufficient intake of certain nutrients may be associated with an increased risk of glaucoma in Koreans. Further large-scale cohort studies are needed to determine how specific nutrients alter the risk of glaucoma.
With the relatively new science of brain imaging, scientists can now observe changes occurring in people’s brains as they learn something new. If you learn to read braille even as an adult, the number of neurons in your brain that receive touch input from your reading index finger increases. Violinists use their right hand for bowing and their left hand for fingering the strings. When playing the violin, the fingers of the left hand move more independently than those of the right. In the 1990s, scientists studied the brains of violinists with magnetic source imaging, and they found that more neurons in the motor cortex of violinists were devoted to the control of the fingers of the left than the right hand. Indeed, twenty years after college, witnessed an amazing example of brain plasticity when my husband, Dan, returned from his first space shuttle mission. Four years later, he flew on his first space shuttle mission. When astronauts orbit the earth on the space shuttle, they are in “free fall”: their spaceship and the objects around them are all falling toward the earth together. They don’t crash into the earth because the space shuttle is orbiting the earth at just the right speed to continually miss the planet and circle it instead. The astronauts and the objects aboard the shuttle all appear to float. Dan tells me that flying is fantastic, more exciting than hang gliding or bungee jumping, but life in free fall does have its problems. If you close your eyes, you have no sense of up or down. For us earthlings, “down” is toward the center of the earth. For orbiting astronauts, “down” is purely subjective. It could be the floor of the space shuttle or it could be where your feet are placed. As an astronaut, you have to construct your own sense of up and down. On his first full day back from space, Jenny asked Dan to close his eyes and extend his arm straight upward. He extended his arm only about 60º up from the horizontal, while the rest of us, even with closed eyes, could easily judge the vertical and raise our arms straight up in the air. We all found this hysterical—to see our space hero so discombobulated. You might think that Jenny’s experiments indicated that Dan’s ability to sense and move had degenerated while he was in space.
The matricellular protein cysteine-rich protein 61 (CCN1Cyr61) enhances physiological adaptation of retinal vessels and reduces pathological neovascularization associated with ischemic retinopathy. Retinal vascular damages are the cardinal hallmarks of retinopathy of prematurity (ROP)a leading cause of vision impairment and blindness in childhood. Both angiogenesis and vasculogenesis are disrupted in the hyperoxia-induced vaso-obliteration phaseand recapitulatedalthough aberrantlyin the subsequent ischemia-induced neovessel formation phase of Yetwhereas the histopathological features of are well characterizedmany key modulators with a therapeutic potential remain unknown. The protein also known as cysteine-rich protein 61 (Cyr61) is a dynamically expressedmatricellular protein required for proper angiogenesis and vasculogenesis during development. The expression of becomes abnormally reduced during the hyperoxic and ischemic phases of modeled in the mouse eye with oxygen-induced retinopathy Lentivirus-mediated re-expression of enhanced physiological adaptation of the retinal vasculature to hyperoxia and reduced pathological angiogenesis following ischemia. Remarkablyinjection into the vitreous of mice of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) engineered to express harnessed ischemia-induced neovessel outgrowth without adversely affecting the physiological adaptation of retinal vessels to hyperoxia. In vitro exposure of HSCs to recombinant induced integrin-dependent cell adhesionmigrationand expression of specific endothelial cell markers as well as many components of the Wnt signaling pathway including Wnt ligandstheir receptorsinhibitorsand downstream targets. CCN1-induced Wnt signaling mediatedat least in partadhesion and endothelial differentiation of cultured HSCsand inhibition of Wnt signaling interfered with normalization of the retinal vasculature induced by CCN1-primed HSCs in mice. These newly identified functions of suggest its possible therapeutic utility in ischemic retinopathy.
Highly significant correlations of and to SSEPs suggest that their latency is representative of widespread microstructural changeand especially demyelination in patients suffering from MSreaching beyond the classic somatosensory regions. This points to the usefulness of SSEPs as a non-invasive tool in the evaluation of microstructural damage to the brain. Cerebral palsy and developmental intellectual disability in children younger than 5 years: Findings from the Rehabilitation Database 2019. Children with developmental disabilities are associated with a high risk of poor school enrollment and educational attainment without timely and appropriate support. Epidemiological data on cerebral palsy and associated comorbidities required for policy intervention in global health are lacking. Point prevalence and YLDs with 95% uncertainty intervals are presented.Globally8.1 million or 1.2% of children under 5 years are estimated to have with 16.1 million or 2.4% having intellectual disability. Over 98% resided in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs). and intellectual disability accounted for 6.5% and 4.5% of the aggregate YLDs from all causes of adverse health outcomes respectively. African Region recorded the highest prevalence of while South-East Asia Region had the highest prevalence of intellectual disability. The top 10 countries accounted for 57.2% of the global prevalence of and 62.0% of the global prevalence of intellectual disability.
Wnt-responsive Lgr5⁺ globose basal cells function as multipotent olfactory epithelium progenitor cells. In the olfactory neuroepitheliumglobose basal cells (GBCs) are considered to be the direct progenitors of olfactory neurons. Here we report that Lgr5a recently discovered adult stem cell markeris exclusively expressed in GBCs in neonatal and adult mice. Lgr5 cells display characteristics of cycling stem cellsincluding Ki67 expression and EdU incorporation. Lineage tracing analysis demonstrates that Lgr5 GBCs regenerate multiple cell types under normal turnover condition or after olfactory lesion. Furthermoreupregulation or downregulation of Wnt signaling in vivo indicates a key role of Wnt signaling not only in maintaining Lgr5 cell proliferation and promoting neuroregenerationbut also in delaying sensory neuron maturation. Togetherour observations provided new insights into the dynamics of neurogenesis in the olfactory epithelium.
Acute angle-closure glaucoma after general anesthesia for bone grafting. Acute angle-closure glaucoma is a rare complication of general anesthesia. The coexistence of individual risk factors for postoperative and factors associated with intraocular hypertension are considered to be required for postoperative to develop. We present a case of after general anesthesia for oral bone grafting in a patient with no preoperative eye symptoms. In this caseseveral factors such as postoperative care in a darkened roompsychological stressand postoperative hypertension may have precipitated the event in this patientwho may have had preexisting undiagnosed elevated intraocular pressure. The interval between the earliest appearance of symptoms at 9 hours and the ultimate diagnosis was 36 hours. In the postoperative period following general anesthesiaany patient is at risk for It is important that a postoperative diagnosis of should be considered and a timely consultation with an ophthalmologist be considered if a postoperative patient complains of red eyesvisual disordereye painheadacheand nausea.
Vascular adhesion protein-1 blockade suppresses choroidal neovascularization. Vascular adhesion protein-1 is an endothelial cell adhesion molecule involved in leukocyte recruitment. Leukocytes andin particularmacrophages play an important role in the development of choroidal neovascularization (CNV)an integral component of age-related macular degeneration Previouslywe showed a role for in ocular inflammation. Herewe investigate the expression of in the choroid and its role in development. was expressed in the choroidexclusively in the vesselsand colocalized in the vessels of the lesions. blockade with a novel and specific inhibitor significantly decreased sizefluorescent angiographic leakageand the accumulation of macrophages in the lesions. FurthermoreVAP-1 blockade significantly reduced the expression of inflammation-associated molecules such as tumor necrosis factor -alphamonocyte chemoattractant protein -1and intercellular adhesion molecule -1. This work provides evidence for an important role of in the recruitment of macrophages to lesionsestablishing a novel link between and angiogenesis. Inhibition of may become a new therapeutic strategy in the treatment of
Flexible egocentric and allocentric representations of heading signals in parietal cortex. By systematically manipulating head position relative to the body and eye position relative to the headprevious studies have shown that vestibular tuning curves of neurons in the ventral intraparietal area remain invariant when expressed in body-world-centered coordinates. Howeverbody orientation relative to the world was not manipulated; thusan egocentricbody-centered representation could not be distinguished from an allocentricworld-centered reference frame. We manipulated the orientation of the body relative to the world such that we could distinguish whether vestibular heading signals in are organized in body- or world-centered reference frames. We found a hybrid representationdepending on gaze direction. When gaze remained fixed relative to the bodythe vestibular heading tuning of neurons shifted systematically with body orientationindicating an egocentricbody-centered reference frame. In contrastwhen gaze remained fixed relative to the worldthis representation changed to be intermediate between body- and world-centered. We conclude that the neural representation of heading in posterior parietal cortex is flexibledepending on gaze and possibly attentional demands.
Oral Newcastle disease vaccination trials in Ethiopia. In experiment Awhich comprised 300 broiler chicksthe efficacy of the oculardrinking water application of the HB1La Sota vaccine was compared with the oculardrinking water and the feed application of the vaccine on untreated barley and sorghum. The vaccine applied by eye-drop or drinking-water protected the chickens against challenge as efficiently as combined HB1La Sota vaccination but untreated barley and sorghum were unsuitable vaccine carriers. The vaccine virus could not be recovered and chickens neither seroconverted nor were they protected. In experiment broiler chicks were divided into 6 treatment groups. One group each received vaccine mixed with untreated barley or sorghum which was applied immediatelyor 14h after mixing and standing at ambient temperature. The fifth group was vaccinated intraocularly and via the drinking water with the vaccine. The sixth group remained untreated. Experiment confirmed the results of experiment In experiment chicks were divided into 5 groups of 20 chickens each. One group each received the vaccine on parboiled barley or sorghum as vaccine carriers 0 and 6h after mixing. The last group remained untreated. Parboiled barley given 0 or 6 h and parboiled sorghum given 0 h after mixing with the vaccine led to seroconversion and protection of the chickens. Parboiled sorghum given 6h after mixing with the vaccine did not. It is concluded that the thermostable vaccine may be a suitable vaccine for oral application under Ethiopian conditions.
Transpupillary thermotherapy in the treatment of circumscribed choroidal hemangiomas. After informed consent was obtainedthe four eyes were treated with All the patients underwent pretreatment ocular examinationwhich included fluorescein angiography and ultrasonography. was applied using a diode laser at 810 nm with a spot size of 4.3 mm. The diode laser was transmitted through a contact lens. The end-point of the treatment was a detectable light-gray appearance of the entire lesion. The patients were re-examined monthly during the first 6 monthsand regularly thereafter.Within 3 months of treatment all eyes had already demonstrated decreased exudation on clinical examination and on fluorescein angiography. Reduction in tumor prominence was observed in all eyes by ultrasonography. Three patients showed an improvement in visual acuity over a period of 6 months. Case 2 from 2060 to 2025; case 3 from 20400 to 2050 and case 4 from 2080 to 2020. The in case 1 remained unchanged (counting fingers). No recurrences were observed within a mean follow-up of 14.5 months.TTT showed no deleterious side effects in treating serous macular detachment secondary to CCHand must be regarded as a therapeutic alternative to manage selected cases.
Late postoperative nocturnal episodic hypoxaemia and associated sleep pattern. Ten patients undergoing major abdominal surgery under general anaesthesia were monitored with a pulse oximeterelectroencephalogramelectromyogramelectrocardiogram and eye and hand movement sensors two nights before and three nights after surgery. Episodic hypoxaemic events were increased significantly after surgery < 0.05). Rapid eye movement sleep decreased significantly on the first night after operation < 0.05). Seven patients had increased amounts of sleep (rebound) on the secondthird or both nights after operation compared with the preoperative night. Slow wave sleep was depressed significantly on the first two nights after operation < 0.05). sleep-associated hypoxaemic episodes for individual patients increased about three-fold on the second and third nights after operation compared with the night before operation < 0.05). We conclude that postoperative sleep pattern is disturbed severely with early depression of and slow wave sleep and with rebound of sleep on the second and third nights. Postoperative rebound of sleep may contribute to the development of sleep disordered breathing and nocturnal episodic hypoxaemia.
Inhibiting Effect of Lithium Chloride on Endotoxin-induced Uveitis in Rats. To evaluate the anti-inflammatory effect of lithium chloride in endotoxin-induced uveitis.A total of 200 Wistar rats were randomly divided into four groups: a control group; group; LiCl-treated control group; and LiCl-treated lipopolysaccharide group. Clinical scoreslit-lamp photographyhematoxylin and eosin staining were used to determine the degree of inflammatory reaction. Level of glycogen synthase kinase3-beta and nuclear factor-kappa p65 in iris-ciliary body was examined by western blot and Cytokines in aqueous humor were detected by ELISA.Pretreatment with LiCl produced an anti-inflammatory effect during endotoxin-induced uveitis With LiCl treatmentthe level of P-GSK3-β in iris-ciliary body was upregulated and the expression of NF-κB p65 was significantly suppressed during EIU.LiCl pretreatment can suppress intraocular inflammatory responses in rats. Mechanisticallythis anti-inflammatory effect may be related to the inhibitory phosphorylation of GSK3-β.
Generation of amyloidogenic C-terminal fragments during rapid axonal transport in vivo of beta-amyloid precursor protein in the optic nerve. The amyloid beta-protein beta) is a major component of extracellular deposits that are characteristic features of Alzheimer's disease. beta is derived from the large transmembrane beta-amyloid precursor protein (beta In the rabbit optic nerveoptic tract (ON)beta is synthesized in vivo in retinal ganglion cell perikaryarapidly transported into the axons in small transport vesicles and is subsequently transferred to the axonal plasma membrane as well as to the presynaptic nerve terminals (MorinP. J.AbrahamC. R.AmaratungaA.JohnsonR.J.HuberG.SandellJ. H.and FineR. Neurochem. 61464-473). Present results indicate that there is rapid processing of beta in the to generate a 14-kDa C-terminal membrane-associated fragment that contains the beta sequence. By using equilibrium sucrose density gradient fractionationthis fragmentas well as non-amyloidogenic C-terminal fragments and intact beta APPare detected in at least two classes of transport vesicles destined for the plasma membrane and the presynaptic nerve terminal. The two classes of transported vesicles are distinguished by labeling kinetics as well as by density. In contrast to the ONonly nonamyloidogenic C-terminal fragments are generated in the retinawhich contains the perikarya of retinal ganglion cells and glial (Muller) cells which also produce beta
Limited inferior macular translocation for the treatment of subfoveal choroidal neovascularization secondary to age-related macular degeneration. To review a series of patients with age-related macular degeneration undergoing limited macular translocation for the treatment of subfoveal choroidal neovascularizationto determine short-term visual acuity outcomesto measure amounts of attainable retinal movementand to identify prognostic factors.A retrospective review was conducted on a consecutive series of patients undergoing inferior limited macular translocation with scleral imbrication for the treatment of subfoveal choroidal neovascularization secondary to age-related macular degeneration. The main outcome measures investigated were distance of macular translocationvisual acuity at 3 and 6 months after surgerychange in visual acuity from baselineand the development of intraoperative and postoperative complications. The range of movement varied from 200 to 2,800 microm with a median movement of 1200 microm. Good baseline visionachieving the desired amount of macular translocationa greater amount of macular translocationand recurrent choroidal neovascularization at baseline were associated with better visual acuities at 3 and 6 months. Poor preoperative vision and the development of complications were associated with worse vision at 3 and 6 months.Limited macular translocation is a technically feasible procedure that can lead to significant visual improvement and good visual acuity in some patients presenting with subfoveal choroidal neovascularization associated with age-related macular degeneration. randomized prospective clinical trial of this surgical technique is warranted.
p. ; em.
Factors related to future peripheral anterior synechiae formation on ultrasound biomicroscopy: 7-year follow-up in eyes with shallow peripheral anterior chambers. The same examiners performed gonioscopy and at the 369and 12 o'clock limbal positions under dark and light conditions in 2001 and 2008. masked examiner performed a quantitative evaluation of the angle configurations in the images. The presence or absence of was determined by compression gonioscopy. The parameters and the number of appositional closures per eye were compared between PAS-positive eyes and PAS-negative eyes.One eye from 15 subjects were randomly selected and included in the analyses. The gonioscopic gradings and parameters did not change significantly between 2001 and 2008. Seven (47%; 95% confidence interval25-70) of 15 eyes developed In 2001under dark conditionsthe appositional angle closure in 3 to 4 quadrants was found more often in 7 eyes where developed during the following 7 years than in other 8 eyes.In eyes with a shallow peripheral anterior chamber but no developed in 47% of eyes followed without intervention for 7 years. was significantly more likely to develop in eyes with the appositional angle closure found in 3 to 4 quadrants under dark conditions.
Erythropsia revisited. We report a case of unilateral erythropsia lasting 1 week that occurred 18 years after cataract extraction and intraocular lens implantation. The unaffected eye was pseudophakic and had an with ultraviolet light protection; the affected eye had an without light protection.
Factors affecting delivery of antiviral drugs to the brain. Although the is in part protected from peripheral insults by the blood-brain barrier and the blood-cerebrospinal fluid barriera number of human viruses gain access to the brainreplicate within this organor sustain latent infection. The efficacy of antiviral drugs towards the cerebral viral load is often limited as both blood-brain interfaces impede their cerebral distribution. For polar compoundsthe major factor restricting their entry lies in the tight junctions that occlude the paracellular pathway across these barriers. For compounds with more favourable lipid solubility propertiesCNS penetration will be function of a number of physicochemical factors that include the degree of lipophilicitysize and ability to bind to protein or red blood cellsas well as other factors inherent to the vascular and choroidal systemssuch as the local cerebral blood flow and the surface area available for exchange. In additioninflux and efflux transport systemsor metabolic processes active in both capillary endothelial cells and choroid plexus epithelial cellscan greatly change the bioavailability of a drug in one or several compartments of the The relative importance of these various factors with respect to the delivery of the different classes of antiviral drugs is illustrated and discussed.
FaceLooks: Smart Headband for Signaling Face-to-Face Behavior. Eye-to-eye contact and facial expressions are key communicatorsyet there has been little done to evaluate the basic properties of face-to-face; mutual head orientation behaviors. This may be because there is no practical device available to measure the behavior. It can also be used for behavioral healthcare applicationssuch as for children with developmental disorders who exhibit difficulties with the behaviorby providing awareness through the visual feedback from the partnerrsquo;s device. Two laboratory experiments showed the devicersquo;s detection range and response timetested with a pair of dummy heads. Another laboratory experiment was done with human participants with gaze trackers and showed the devicersquo;s substantial agreement with a human observer. We then conducted two field studies involving children with intellectual disabilities andor autism spectrum disorders. The device shows its potential to be used in therapy and experimental fields because of its wearability and its ability to quantify and shape face-to-face behavior.
Differential tyrosine phosphorylation of paxillin in human corneal epithelial cells on extracellular matrix proteins. Purpose: To understand the interaction of corneal epithelial cells with lamininfibronectinand collagen type IVmajor components of basement membranewe investigated whether tyrosine phosphorylation of paxillin was increased during attachment of these cells to matrix proteins. Paxillin is one of the focal adhesion proteins and it is tyrosine phosphorylated during cell adhesion.Methods: 40-transformed human corneal epithelial cells were plated on these extracellular matrix proteins and incubated. The cellular lysates were submitted to immunoprecipitation and Western blotting to determine tyrosine phosphorylation of paxillin.Results: When the cells were plated on laminin matrixthe stained band indicating tyrosine phosphorylated paxillin increased in proportion to cultivation periods. The increase was significant at 6 to 24 hours of cultivation. When cells were cultured on various concentrations of lamininpaxillin was up-regulated in phosphorylation in a dose-dependent fashion. On a fibronectin matrixtyrosine phosphorylation of paxillin increased in a time-dependent fashion and peak time point was 6 hours of cultivation. Paxillin was up-regulated in tyrosine phosphorylation in direct relation with the fibronectin concentration. On a type collagen matrixtyrosine phosphorylation of paxillin increased in relation to timebut not so rapidly as cultures on a laminin or fibronectin matrix. Conclusion: Differential tyrosine phosphorylation of paxillin may have been caused by different extracellular matrix proteins.
case of developmental glaucoma presenting with abdominal colic and subnormal intraocular pressure. healthy baby boy presented with abdominal colic. He was subsequently noted to have enlargededematous corneas. clinical diagnosis of developmental glaucoma was made despite ocular hypotony. Trabeculectomies were designed to include peripheral cornea. This served as a biopsy to confirm the diagnosis and as a surgical treatment for the condition. Morphological examination of the outflow system revealed findings compatible with a diagnosis of developmental glaucoma: a hypoplastic trabecular meshwork which contained an abundance of abnormal collagenous tissue in the extracellular spaces and the presence of endothelial cells overlying a continuous collagenous membrane. In the iris stroma there were numerous abnormal blood vesselswith a paucity of mural contractile cells.
The clinical features of combined central and peripheral demyelination in Chinese patients. We reviewed and compared the clinical manifestationlaboratory dataelectrophysiological examinationMRI and the prognosis.CCPD patients presented with sensory disturbance plegia cranial nerve involvement abnormal deep tendon reflexes . data showed increased protein in 81% patients. Oligoclonal IgG bands were negative. Cortical or juxtacorticalperiventricularinfratentorial lesionsthoracic and cervical spinal cord were mostly affected. Visual evoked potentials indicated optic nerves demyelinating in 50% cases. 21 patients were treated with intravenous immunoglobulin or steroids or both of themand the efficacy was 33.3%54.5%71.4%respectively. One case that showed no response to steroids plus intravenous immunoglobulin treatment was improved significantly after using cyclophosphamide.CCPD is a spectrum disease that can't be regarded as a simple combination of and suspected should receive brain and spinal as well as electrophysiological examination to obtain a precise diagnosis.
Ultrasound biomicroscopy and corneal endothelium in Nd:YAG-laser iridotomy. The loss of these cells is inversely proportional to the distance of the iridotomy from the endothelium and the scleral spur.Thirty eyes affected by angle-closure glaucoma that had undergone YAG-laser iridotomy were studied to evaluate variations of central anterior chamber depthwidth of the angleand loss of endothelial cells after laser treatment.These parameters were determined before and after iridotomy: endothelial cell count using a "non-contact" specular biomicroscopeand anterior chamber depth and angle width using ultrasound biomicroscopy The width of the iridotomy and the distance of the iridotomy from the scleral spur and from the corneal endothelium were also measured by UBMafter laser treatment.Results confirmed thatafter iridotomythere is not a significant variation in the central depth of the anterior chamber: it goes from 2.02 mm pre-laser to 2.07 +- 0.38 mm post-laser. There ishowevera statistically significant increase in the angle < .001)which goes from 10.69 +- 8.88 degrees (0.109 +- 0.07 mm) to 21.03 +- 11.28 degrees (0.183 +- 0.09 mm). The mean dimension of the iridotomies was 0.46 +- 0.13 mm. The mean endothelial cell count was 55.8 +- 4.08 cells per linear millimeter before laser treatment and 47.01 +- 5.39 cells per linear millimeter afterward <.001).
Excision of the eyeball was done in 23 cases with diagnosis of retinoblastoma in a medical college of Calcutta. Of them21 cases were histologically proved to be retinoblastoma. Retinoblastoma patients were between 5.5 and 71 months of age57.1% were femalesin 90.4% cases there was unilateral involvement and left eye was affected in 68.4% patients. All the patients had negative family history. Majority of the patients presented with leucocoria. Multiple presenting features were present in 5 patients. Aqueous humour cytology revealed malignant cells in 9.5% patients. Imprint cytology of cut end of optic nerve stump was negative for malignant cells in all the cases. After one year of follow-upnone developed any metastasis except one patient who had developed intracranial metastasis.
Optic-pathway glioma: natural history demonstrated by a new empirical score. The optic pathway glioma uniquely involves the optic pathway in a relatively constant patternallowing for recurrent measurements of its extent and comparison within patients with the same diagnosis. Its natural historyhoweveris unpredictable. We sought to formulate an empirical score to quantify optic-pathway involvement and disease course. The sample comprised 23 children with a diagnosis of optic-pathway glioma who attended a pediatric tertiary medical center from 1975-2004 and underwent at least two annual magnetic resonance imaging examinations over an average of 7 years. Each scan was evaluated for the larger diameters of intraorbital and retro-orbital parts of the optic nervechiasmaand optic tract. Findings were analyzed by time from diagnosis. In untreated childrentumors generally remained stable for about 3 yearsand diminished thereafter. Children with neurofibromatosis-1 had a better course than children with sporadic disease. Young children fared similarly to older ones. Worse outcomes occurred in children who eventually required treatment; this group might have done better with earlier diagnosisand requires careful follow-up. Our new empirical score can define the natural history of optic-pathway gliomasand identify prognostic factors. It may help identify tumors in neurofibromatosis-1 children who potentially require treatment.
Anti-proliferative and angio-suppressive effect of Stoechospermum marginatum Agardh) Kutzing extract using various experimental models. Abundant consumption of seaweeds in the diet is epidemiologically linked to the reduction in risk of developing cancer. In larger caseshoweveridentification of particular seaweeds that are accountable for these effects is still lackinghindering the recognition of competent dietary-based chemo preventive approaches. Thereforeit was further investigated for its anti-proliferative activity in-vitro against choriocarcinoma (BeWo) and non-transformed Human embryonic kidney 293) cellsand for its anti-migratorytube formation activity against cells in-vitro. Subsequentlythe angiosuppressive activity of marginatum was established by inhibition of angiogenesis in in-vivo (peritoneal angiogenesis and chorioallantoic membrane assay) and ex-vivo (rat cornea assay) models.Most brown seaweed extracts inhibited the proliferation of cellswhile green and red seaweed extracts were much less effective. According to the resultsSME selectively inhibited proliferation of BeWo cells in-vitro in a dose-dependent mannerbut had a lesser effect on 293 cells. also suppressed the migration and tube formation of cells in-vitro. In additionSME was able to suppress VEGF-induced angiogenesis in the chorio allantoic membranerat corneaand tumor induced angiogenesis in the peritoneum of bearing mice. decrease in the microvessel density count and antigen staining of treated mice peritoneum provided further evidence of its angiosuppressive activity.Altogetherthe data underline that mediated angiogenesis is the target for the angiosuppressive action of and could potentially be useful in cancer prevention or treatment involving stimulated angiogenesis.
The kinetics of herpes virus on the ocular surface and suppression of its reactivation. Herpes simplex virus type 1 establishes a latent infection in sensory neurons that can sometimes be reactivated. keratitis often recurs and can be vision threatening. Reactivation of the latent virus can be stimulated by stressimmunosuppressiontraumaadrenergic iontophoresisand radiation. Healthy and asymptomatic individuals are known to shed HSV-1and this is a major factor in the spread of the virus. We investigated the frequency of shedding of in tears of dry eye patients and individuals with conjunctivitis. Subjects were divided into 3 groups: normal (12 eyes)dry eye (11 eyes)and conjunctivitis (15 eyes). Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction was used for detection. The incidences of positivity in the normaldry eyeand conjunctivitis groups were 1 of 12 3 of 11 and 4 of 15 respectively. We have previously shown that bromfenac sodium eye dropsintramuscular adenosine monophosphateand geldanamycin effectively lower recurrence rates in a mouse model. Recentlywe also found that nuclear factor κ-Ban IκB kinase-β inhibitorcould be a candidate for reducing reactivation. We sampled recipients' corneal buttons during keratoplasty and performed polymerase chain reaction. Cytomegalovirus was detected in corneas obtained from some patientsand the copy number of the detected was quantified. DNA-positive samples were taken from 2 of the 3 patients with ocular pemphigoid; thusin future workthe relationship between in the cornea and the incidenceonset of ocular diseases of the anterior segment needs to be evaluated.
Helmet-based physiological signal monitoring system. helmet-based system that was able to monitor the drowsiness of a soldier was developed. The helmet system monitored the electrocardiogramelectrooculogram and electroencephalogram (alpha waves) without constraints. Six dry electrodes were mounted at five locations on the helmet: both temporal sidesforehead region and upper and lower jaw strips. The electrodes were connected to an amplifier that transferred signals to a laptop computer via Bluetooth wireless communication. The system was validated by comparing the signal quality with conventional recording methods. Data were acquired from three healthy male volunteers for 12 min twice a day whilst they were sitting in a chair wearing the sensor-installed helmet. Experimental results showed that physiological signals for the helmet user were measured with acceptable quality without any intrusions on physical activities. The helmet system discriminated between the alert and drowsiness states by detecting blinking and heart rate variability parameters extracted from Blinking duration and eye reopening time were increased during the sleepiness state compared to the alert state. Alsopositive peak values of the sleepiness state were much higherand the negative peaks were much lower than that of the alert state. The ratio also decreased during drowsiness.
Curvature is a basic feature for visual search tasks. curved target can be found efficiently among straight distractors in a visual search task. This could reflect the status of curvature as a basic feature for visual search. Alternativelycurvature could be detected as a locus of high variation in orientation. In a series of experiments it is shown that efficient search for curvature is possible even if local variation in orientation is eliminated as a cue. This suggests that curvature is part of the set of basic features for visual search and that this set is derived relatively late in the course of visual processing.
Bilateral mix-and-match versus unilateral multifocal intraocular lens implantation: long-term comparison. To compare the visual outcomes and subjective satisfaction levels of patients who had bilateral mix-and-match implantation or monocular implantation of multifocal intraocular lenses (IOLs).Asan Medical CenterSeoulSouth Korea.Retrospective comparative case series.Patients had implantation of a diffractive multifocal (Tecnis in 1 eye and a refractive multifocal (Rezoom in the other eye via the mix-and-match approach or of a Tecnis in 1 eye only. After 1 yearthe uncorrected distance visual acuity (UDVA)uncorrected intermediate visual acuity (UIVA)uncorrected near visual acuity (UNVA)and contrast sensitivity were evaluated. Patient satisfactionspectacle dependenceand halo and glare symptoms were also evaluated.Twenty-three patients were evaluated. One year postoperativelythe mean values in the bilateral group and unilateral group wererespectivelybinocular logMAR ± 0.18 and 0.10 ± 0.13 logMAR ± 0.12 logMAR and 0.29 ± 0.14 logMAR ± 0.18 logMAR and 0.27 ± 0.25 logMAR Subjective patient satisfaction was slightly higher in the bilateral implantation group There were no significant differences in contrast sensitivityspectacle dependencyhalosor glare.There were no significant differences in postoperative visual acuitysubjective patient satisfactionspectacle independenceor other visual symptoms between patients who had bilateral or unilateral implantation of multifocal IOLs. Unilateral implantation of a multifocal is an option to lower spectacle dependency and increase patient satisfaction.