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35 | discoverer or inventor | 3409 Abramov | nikolai chernykh | ['egide walschaerts', 'isaac newton', 'roger penrose', 'birmingham university', 'odin', 'max wolf', 'lewis swift', 'takashi murakami', 'albert einstein', 'grigory neujmin', 'maurice martenot', 'william hyde wollaston', 'nanking', 'edward bowell', 'niels bohr', 'werner heisenberg', 'michael brown', 'lee de forest', 'george maciunas', 'sir arthur evans', 'charles messier', 'james watt', 'john grinder', 'george berkeley', 'nikolai stepanovich chernykh', 'ernest johnson', 'harlow shapley', 'lyudmila chernykh', 'franz anton mesmer', 'carl auer von welsbach', 'linear', 'mikhail lazarev', 'bickley', 'eleanor helin', 'tycho', 'crimean astrophysical observatory', 'august derleth', 'pelageya shajn', 'nikola tesla', 'otto hahn', 'ephraim shay', 'kazuro watanabe', 'sir winston churchill', 'gerry anderson', 'alessandro malaspina', 'tsutomu seki', 'louis boyer', 'carl gustav mosander', 'mike brown', 'speke', 'carl friedrich gauss', 'christopher latham sholes', 'blackberry', 'hyperloop', 'henri cartan', 'chad trujillo', 'paolo maffei', 'joseph priestley', 'lord rayleigh', 'microsoft', 'johann palisa', 'hermann goldschmidt', 'frederick scott archer', 'gridshell', 'sergey belyavsky', 'marija gimbutas', 'stallman', 'august kopff', 'james bradley', 'ernest hemingway', 'james dunlop', 'kin endate', 'eugene shoemaker', 'claude chappe', 'gause', 'edward said', 'christopher alexander', 'carlos torres', 'johan gadolin', 'eric elst', 'silas weir mitchell', 'gustav rose', 'purple mountain observatory', 'henry holt', 'robert luther', 'toshimasa furuta', 'donald knuth', 'charles darwin', 'michael faraday', 'carolyn shoemaker', 'edwin hubble', 'nauchnyj', 'georg cantor', 'babbage', 'julian huxley', 'vint cerf', 'kant', 'thorstein veblen', 'ingrid'] | 3409 Abramov | 3409 Abramov, provisional designation 1977 RE6, is a stony asteroid from the outer region of the asteroid belt, about 11 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 9 September 1977, by Soviet–Russian astronomer Nikolai Chernykh at Crimean Astrophysical Observatory in Nauchnyj on the Crimean peninsula. The stony S-type asteroid is a member of the Koronis family, a group consisting of about 200 known bodies. It orbits the Sun at a distance of 2.6–3.1 AU once every 4 years and 10 months (1,762 days). Its orbit is nearly co-planar to the plane of the ecliptic, tilted by only 1 degree, and shows an eccentricity of 0.08. In 2008, a photometric light-curve analysis at the Universidad de Monterry Observatory, Mexico, has given a rotation period of 7.791±0.002 hours with a brightness amplitude of 0.50 in magnitude, while an alternative, less accurate observation rendered a period of 9.0 hours. According to the survey carried out by the NEOWISE mission of the U.S. Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, the asteroid has an albedo of 0.24 with a corresponding diameter of 10.8 kilometers. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link (CALL) closely agrees with these results. The minor planet was named in memory of Fyodor Abramov (1920–1983), well-known novelist and literary critic who depicted in his works the difficult lives of the Russian peasant class and fates of the ordinary people of northern Russia. |
35 | discoverer or inventor | 5333 Kanaya | toshimasa furuta | ['hyperloop', 'harold urey', 'bill mollison', 'crimean astrophysical observatory', 'niels bohr', 'sylvain arend', 'moog', 'arnold schoenberg', 'mikhail lazarev', 'microsoft', 'babbage', 'ernest johnson', 'niels henrik abel', 'gridshell', 'herschel', 'nikolai stepanovich chernykh', 'nicolas bourriaud', 'roger penrose', 'mike brown', 'sir arthur evans', 'carlos torres', 'rudolf diesel', 'hermann goldschmidt', 'evangelista torricelli', 'tsutomu seki', 'liisi oterma', 'michael faraday', 'lord rayleigh', 'cornelis johannes van houten', 'claude chappe', 'lionel penrose', 'edwin mcmillan', 'schelte bus', 'chad trujillo', 'louis boyer', 'sir alexander fleming', 'ingrid', 'anselm', 'james bradley', 'alonzo church', 'dmitri mendeleev', 'miguel itzigsohn', 'oak ridge observatory', 'robert luther', 'kazuro watanabe', 'william rowan hamilton', 'sir nigel gresley', 'johann palisa', 'cavendish', 'henry holt', 'henry bessemer', 'sergey belyavsky', 'birmingham university', 'carl wilhelm scheele', 'speke', 'urbain le verrier', 'loneos', 'bartolomeo cristofori', 'henri cartan', 'leibniz', 'seymour papert', 'carl wirtanen', 'james dunlop', 'hyperboloid', 'fabian gottlieb von bellingshausen', 'ephraim shay', 'paolo maffei', 'albert einstein', 'alexander grothendieck', 'pieter zeeman', 'charles darwin', 'vint cerf', 'christopher latham sholes', 'alessandro malaspina', 'gustav rose', 'heinrich ruhmkorff', 'eugene shoemaker', 'donald knuth', 'pelageya shajn', 'joseph priestley', 'christopher cockerell', 'lee de forest', 'ernest rutherford', 'silas weir mitchell', 'tycho', 'nanking', 'eleanor helin', 'noam chomsky', 'lyudmila zhuravleva', 'icao', 'isaac newton', 'julian huxley', 'urata', 'karl drais', 'franz kaiser', 'purple mountain observatory', 'nauchnyj', 'humphry davy', 'kin endate'] | 5333 Kanaya | 5333 Kanaya, provisional designation 1990 UH, is a carbonaceous asteroid from the inner regions of the asteroid belt, about 14 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered by Japanese astronomers Makio Akiyama and Toshimasa Furuta at Susono Observatory, Japan, on 18 October 1990. The dark C-type asteroid, classified as a Ch-subtype in the SMASS taxonomic scheme, orbits the Sun at a distance of 2.0–2.7 AU once every 3 years and 7 months (1,312 days). Its orbit is tilted by 11 degrees to the plane of the ecliptic and shows an eccentricity of 0.17. According to the surveys carried out by the Japanese Akari satellite and the U.S. Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, the body has an albedo between 0.04 and 0.05, while the Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes a slightly higher value of 0.06. Several photometric light-curve observations rendered a rotation period of 3.7 and 3.8 hours, respectively. The minor planet was named for the Japanese town of Kanaya (金谷町 Kanaya-chō) in Haibara District of the Shizuoka Prefecture. It is the native town of the first discoverer, Makio Akiyama. It is also an old station on the ancient national road "Tokai-do", some 200 km west of Tokyo. The Malinohara tablelands to the south of this town on the west bank of the Oi river are famous as one of the largest tea fields in Japan. |
35 | discoverer or inventor | 1777 Gehrels | tom gehrels | ['hyperboloid', 'michael brown', 'bernhard schmidt', 'bill mollison', 'takashi murakami', 'carl wilhelm scheele', 'august derleth', 'albert einstein', 'ernst mayr', 'carolyn shoemaker', 'william rowan hamilton', 'sir arthur evans', 'heinrich ruhmkorff', 'vapnik', 'lewis swift', 'crimean astrophysical observatory', 'oak ridge observatory', 'odin', 'joseph priestley', 'johann palisa', 'ole kirk christiansen', 'henry bessemer', 'purple mountain observatory', 'loneos', 'carl auer von welsbach', 'christopher cockerell', 'linear', 'hermann goldschmidt', 'frederick scott archer', 'sir alexander fleming', 'harlow shapley', 'ephraim shay', 'cavendish', 'niels bohr', 'heinrich schenker', 'lord rayleigh', 'moog', 'carl wirtanen', 'marguerite laugier', 'max wolf', 'ernest rutherford', 'icao', 'indiana asteroid program', 'marie curie', 'michael faraday', 'august kopff', 'sir winston churchill', 'robert luther', 'gotthold ephraim lessing', 'fabian gottlieb von bellingshausen', 'william hyde wollaston', 'vint cerf', 'james bradley', 'miguel itzigsohn', 'gridshell', 'george maciunas', 'donald knuth', 'gerry anderson', 'thorstein veblen', 'nauchnyj', 'louis boyer', 'thomas newcomen', 'brouwer', 'mikhail lazarev', 'nikolai chernykh', 'roger penrose', 'sergey belyavsky', 'kant', 'carl gustav mosander', 'george berkeley', 'sir nigel gresley', 'benjamin franklin', 'urata', 'lyudmila chernykh', 'toshimasa furuta', 'edward bowell', 'werner heisenberg', 'james watt', 'henri lebesgue', 'tycho', 'lyudmila zhuravleva', 'lee de forest', 'humphry davy', 'babbage', 'eugene shoemaker', 'isaac newton', 'blackberry', 'kin endate', 'clyde tombaugh', 'ptolemy', 'maurice martenot', 'tsutomu seki', 'nicolas bourriaud', 'ernest hemingway', 'gustav rose', 'arnold schoenberg', 'anselm', 'harold urey', 'rudolf diesel'] | 1777 Gehrels | 1777 Gehrels, also designated 4007 P–L, is an asteroid from the middle region of the asteroid belt, about 13 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered during the Palomar–Leiden survey by the Dutch astronomer couple Ingrid and Cornelis van Houten, in collaboration with Dutch–American astronomer Tom Gehrels at Palomar Observatory, California, on 24 September 1960. The stony asteroid is classified as a transitional Sq-type in the SMASS classification taxonomy. It orbits the Sun at a distance of 2.6–2.7 AU once every 4 years and 3 months (1,555 days). Its orbit shows an eccentricity of 0.02 and is tilted by 3 degrees to the plane of the ecliptic. It has an albedo of around 0.22 to 0.28. and rotates every 2.8 hours around its axis. The designation P–L stands for Palomar–Leiden, named after Palomar Observatory and Leiden Observatory, which collaborated on the fruitful Palomar–Leiden survey in the 1960s. Gehrels used Palomar's Samuel Oschin telescope (also known as the 48-inch Schmidt Telescope), and shipped the photographic plates to Ingrid and Cornelis van Houten at Leiden Observatory. The trio are credited with several thousand asteroid discoveries. The minor planet was named in honor of Dutch-born American astronomer Tom Gehrels (1925–2011), professor at the University of Arizona, staff member of the LPL research center at Tucson, a principal investigator in the Pioneer program, receiver of the Masursky Award, initiator of the Spacewatch project, and co-discoverer of thousands of minor planets in the Palomar–Leiden survey (see above). He was a pioneer in the field of photometric and polarimetric observations of Solar System bodies in the 1950s. |
35 | discoverer or inventor | 90482 Orcus | michael brown | ['frederick scott archer', 'johan gadolin', 'seymour papert', 'charles messier', 'eric elst', 'henri lebesgue', 'johann palisa', 'henry bessemer', 'george maciunas', 'malcolm mackerras', 'babbage', 'sequoyah', 'takashi murakami', 'gotthold ephraim lessing', 'franz anton mesmer', 'moog', 'toshimasa furuta', 'ole kirk christiansen', 'pieter zeeman', 'franz kaiser', 'linear', 'edwin mcmillan', 'maurice martenot', 'julian huxley', 'paolo maffei', 'gridshell', 'alexander grothendieck', 'harlow shapley', 'john grinder', 'claude chappe', 'evangelista torricelli', 'sylvain arend', 'vint cerf', 'microsoft', 'james watt', 'leibniz', 'pelageya shajn', 'lionel penrose', 'ptolemy', 'christopher cockerell', 'benjamin franklin', 'annibale de gasparis', 'kin endate', 'emmett chapman', 'herschel', 'rudolf diesel', 'turing', 'indiana asteroid program', 'vapnik', 'karl reinmuth', 'alonzo church', 'gustav rose', 'karl drais', 'lord rayleigh', 'henri cartan', 'harry edwin wood', 'lee de forest', 'oak ridge observatory', 'cyril jackson', 'lyudmila zhuravleva', 'isaac newton', 'bartolomeo cristofori', 'egide walschaerts', 'icao', 'conway', 'carl wirtanen', 'carlos torres', 'michael faraday', 'ernst mayr', 'odin', 'eleanor helin', 'james dunlop', 'nicolas bourriaud', 'carl friedrich gauss', 'ernest johnson', 'james bradley', 'christopher latham sholes', 'louis boyer', 'nikolai stepanovich chernykh', 'auguste charlois', 'eugene shoemaker', 'robert luther', 'purple mountain observatory', 'loneos', 'tycho', 'edward said', 'marie curie', 'edwin hubble', 'gerry anderson', 'niels bohr', 'hermann goldschmidt', 'christopher alexander', 'harold urey', 'henry holt', 'marguerite laugier', 'otto hahn', 'ernest rutherford', 'thorstein veblen', 'nanking'] | David L. Rabinowitz | David Lincoln Rabinowitz (born 1960) is a researcher at Yale University. He has built CCD cameras and software for the detection of near-Earth asteroids and Kuiper Belt Objects, and his research has helped reduce the assumed number of near-Earth asteroids larger than 1 km by half, from 1,000–2,000 to 500–1,000 He has also assisted in the detection of distant solar system objects, supernovae, and quasars, thereby helping to understand the origin and evolution of the solar system and the dark energy driving the accelerated expansion of the universe. Collaborating with Michael Brown and Chad Trujillo of the Quasar Equatorial Survey Team, he has participated in the discovery of several plutoids such as 90377 Sedna (possibly the first known inner Oort cloud object), 90482 Orcus, Eris (more massive than Pluto), Haumea, and Makemake, although he would not get credit for Haumea. Together with Tom Gehrels of the University of Arizona and his Spacewatch Team, Rabinowitz discovered or co-discovered other astronomical objects including 5145 Pholus and 1991 BA. |
35 | discoverer or inventor | NGC 185 | herschel | ['nanking', 'eric elst', 'carl friedrich gauss', 'frederick scott archer', 'nikolai chernykh', 'eleanor helin', 'henri lebesgue', 'odin', 'karl drais', 'emmett chapman', 'george berkeley', 'pieter zeeman', 'henry bessemer', 'franz kaiser', 'ptolemy', 'august kopff', 'alessandro malaspina', 'hyperboloid', 'edwin mcmillan', 'harold urey', 'oak ridge observatory', 'schelte bus', 'robert luther', 'ernst mayr', 'urata', 'lionel penrose', 'urbain le verrier', 'sir arthur evans', 'george maciunas', 'harlow shapley', 'rudolf diesel', 'auguste charlois', 'gridshell', 'miguel itzigsohn', 'sir alexander fleming', 'bernhard schmidt', 'vapnik', 'nicolas bourriaud', 'sequoyah', 'indiana asteroid program', 'ernest johnson', 'toshimasa furuta', 'hendrik van gent', 'marie curie', 'birmingham university', 'ingrid', 'johan gadolin', 'mikhail lazarev', 'christopher cockerell', 'eugene shoemaker', 'ernest hemingway', 'gotthold ephraim lessing', 'james dunlop', 'michael faraday', 'liisi oterma', 'julian huxley', 'isaac newton', 'cornelis johannes van houten', 'edward said', 'nauchnyj', 'anselm', 'evangelista torricelli', 'werner heisenberg', 'alonzo church', 'egide walschaerts', 'kant', 'ward cunningham', 'heinrich ruhmkorff', 'john grinder', 'sylvain arend', 'loneos', 'niels bohr', 'thomas newcomen', 'crimean astrophysical observatory', 'nikola tesla', 'carlos torres', 'purple mountain observatory', 'tycho', 'clyde tombaugh', 'henry holt', 'lyudmila zhuravleva', 'michael brown', 'harry edwin wood', 'sergey belyavsky', 'christopher latham sholes', 'annibale de gasparis', 'babbage', 'karl reinmuth', 'gause', 'william hyde wollaston', 'heinrich schenker', 'dmitri mendeleev', 'william rowan hamilton', 'turing', 'george van biesbroeck', 'stallman', 'vint cerf', 'grigory neujmin', 'carl wirtanen'] | NGC 185 | NGC 185 (also known as Caldwell 18) is a dwarf spheroidal galaxy about 2.08 million light-years away in the constellation Cassiopeia. It is a member of the Local Group, and is a satellite of the Andromeda Galaxy (M31). NGC 185 was discovered by William Herschel on November 30, 1787, and he cataloged it "H II.707". John Herschel observed the object again in 1833 when he cataloged it as "h 35", and then in 1864 when he cataloged it as "GC 90" within his General Catalogue of Nebulae and Clusters. NGC 185 was first photographed between 1898 and 1900 by James Edward Keeler with the Crossley Reflector of Lick Observatory. Unlike most dwarf elliptical galaxies, NGC 185 contains young stellar clusters, and star formation proceeded at a low rate until the recent past. NGC 185 has an active galactic nucleus (AGN) and is usually classified as a type 2 Seyfert galaxy, though its status as a Seyfert is questioned. It is possibly the closest Seyfert galaxy to Earth, and is the only known Seyfert in the Local Group. |
35 | discoverer or inventor | 1735 ITA | pelageya shajn | ['georg cantor', 'nicolas bourriaud', 'kin endate', 'vapnik', 'michael faraday', 'egide walschaerts', 'edwin mcmillan', 'gustav rose', 'donald knuth', 'ernest rutherford', 'hendrik van gent', 'odin', 'clyde tombaugh', 'mikhail lazarev', 'malcolm mackerras', 'eleanor helin', 'max wolf', 'dmitri mendeleev', 'arnold schoenberg', 'henry bessemer', 'benjamin franklin', 'harold urey', 'james bradley', 'frederick scott archer', 'michael brown', 'lee de forest', 'hermann goldschmidt', 'john grinder', 'microsoft', 'hyperboloid', 'leibniz', 'christopher alexander', 'speke', 'miguel itzigsohn', 'fabian gottlieb von bellingshausen', 'nikola tesla', 'ward cunningham', 'sylvain arend', 'karl drais', 'ole kirk christiansen', 'lord rayleigh', 'robert luther', 'ernest hemingway', 'nikolai stepanovich chernykh', 'vint cerf', 'babbage', 'cyril jackson', 'robert bunsen', 'niels henrik abel', 'alexander grothendieck', 'henri lebesgue', 'christopher latham sholes', 'george berkeley', 'franz kaiser', 'harlow shapley', 'crimean astrophysical observatory', 'edward bowell', 'nauchnyj', 'carolyn shoemaker', 'james dunlop', 'bickley', 'gridshell', 'urbain le verrier', 'cornelis johannes van houten', 'indiana asteroid program', 'kazuro watanabe', 'brouwer', 'henri cartan', 'edwin hubble', 'werner heisenberg', 'nikolai chernykh', 'sir winston churchill', 'franz anton mesmer', 'james watt', 'mike brown', 'nanking', 'harry edwin wood', 'gause', 'eric elst', 'johann palisa', 'moog', 'rudolf diesel', 'sergey belyavsky', 'lewis swift', 'albert einstein', 'hyperloop', 'ingrid', 'cavendish', 'william hyde wollaston', 'christopher cockerell', 'otto hahn', 'sequoyah', 'toshimasa furuta', 'linear', 'icao', 'lionel penrose', 'humphry davy', 'william rowan hamilton', 'turing'] | 1735 ITA | 1735 ITA, provisional designation 1948 RJ1, is a carbonaceous asteroid from the outer region of the asteroid belt, about 62 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 10 September 1948 by Soviet–Russian astronomer Pelageya Shajn at the Simeiz Observatory located on the Crimean peninsula. The C-type asteroid orbits the Sun at a distance of 2.7–3.5 AU once every 5 years 7 months (2,032 days). Its orbit shows an eccentricity of 0.13 and is tilted by 16 degrees to the plane of the ecliptic. It has a rotation period of 12.6 hours and an albedo of about 0.06, according to observations by IRAS, Akari and WISE/NEOWISE. It was named in 1979 on the occasion of the 60th anniversary of the founding of the USSR Academy of Sciences' Institute for Theoretical Astronomy (ITA), in what was then Leningrad. |
35 | discoverer or inventor | 1365 Henyey | max wolf | ['nicolas bourriaud', 'tom gehrels', 'william hyde wollaston', 'toshimasa furuta', 'loneos', 'lewis swift', 'edwin mcmillan', 'albert einstein', 'eric elst', 'niels bohr', 'niels henrik abel', 'harlow shapley', 'herschel', 'vint cerf', 'odin', 'isaac newton', 'annibale de gasparis', 'hendrik van gent', 'urata', 'harry edwin wood', 'gerry anderson', 'kirchhoff', 'louis boyer', 'hyperboloid', 'nanking', 'bernhard schmidt', 'cornelis johannes van houten', 'james dunlop', 'henri cartan', 'anselm', 'dmitri mendeleev', 'nikolai stepanovich chernykh', 'marguerite laugier', 'august kopff', 'bartolomeo cristofori', 'johan gadolin', 'noam chomsky', 'lord rayleigh', 'charles messier', 'carl friedrich gauss', 'henri lebesgue', 'hermann goldschmidt', 'ernst mayr', 'tycho', 'heinrich schenker', 'cavendish', 'liisi oterma', 'linear', 'karl reinmuth', 'george berkeley', 'seymour papert', 'blackberry', 'george westinghouse', 'cyril jackson', 'james bradley', 'eugene shoemaker', 'carlos torres', 'julian huxley', 'leibniz', 'moog', 'christopher cockerell', 'henry holt', 'marie curie', 'egide walschaerts', 'michael brown', 'microsoft', 'johann palisa', 'lee de forest', 'maurice martenot', 'brouwer', 'stallman', 'lionel penrose', 'ernest rutherford', 'tsutomu seki', 'alessandro malaspina', 'kazuro watanabe', 'icao', 'franz kaiser', 'claude chappe', 'werner heisenberg', 'james watt', 'christopher alexander', 'gause', 'evangelista torricelli', 'edwin hubble', 'christopher latham sholes', 'birmingham university', 'rudolf diesel', 'august derleth', 'lyudmila chernykh', 'nauchnyj', 'ole kirk christiansen', 'sylvain arend', 'pelageya shajn', 'ernest hemingway', 'sir nigel gresley', 'sir winston churchill', 'kant', 'bill mollison'] | 1365 Henyey | 1365 Henyey, provisional designation 1928 RK, is a stony asteroid from the inner regions of the asteroid belt, about 11 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered by German astronomer Max Wolf at Heidelberg Observatory, southern Germany, on 9 September 1928. The asteroid is a member of the Flora family, a large group of S-type asteroids in the inner main-belt. It orbits the Sun at a distance of 2.0–2.5 AU once every 3 years and 4 months (1,232 days). Its orbit shows an eccentricity of 0.12 and is tilted by 5 degrees to the plane of the ecliptic. It has a rotation period of 18.99 hours and an albedo of 0.28 and 0.24, based on data of the WISE/NEOWISE mission and on assumptions made by the Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link, respectively. It was named after American astronomer Louis Henyey (1910–1970), known for his contributions in the field of stellar structure and stellar evolution. The lunar crater Henyey is also named in his honour. |
35 | discoverer or inventor | 2423 Ibarruri | lyudmila zhuravleva | ['edward said', 'miguel itzigsohn', 'christopher alexander', 'donald knuth', 'carolyn shoemaker', 'harlow shapley', 'purple mountain observatory', 'carl auer von welsbach', 'edwin mcmillan', 'henri cartan', 'nikolai chernykh', 'herschel', 'harry edwin wood', 'franz anton mesmer', 'edwin hubble', 'urata', 'robert bunsen', 'eric elst', 'rudolf diesel', 'microsoft', 'kazuro watanabe', 'cyril jackson', 'thomas newcomen', 'christopher latham sholes', 'grigory neujmin', 'arnold schoenberg', 'franz kaiser', 'sequoyah', 'sylvain arend', 'urbain le verrier', 'august kopff', 'nanking', 'evangelista torricelli', 'george maciunas', 'johann palisa', 'indiana asteroid program', 'michael faraday', 'frederick scott archer', 'charles darwin', 'max wolf', 'harold urey', 'henry bessemer', 'hermann goldschmidt', 'gotthold ephraim lessing', 'cornelis johannes van houten', 'george berkeley', 'karl reinmuth', 'emmett chapman', 'carl wilhelm scheele', 'ernest rutherford', 'gustav rose', 'heinrich ruhmkorff', 'sir arthur evans', 'marie curie', 'marija gimbutas', 'nauchnyj', 'annibale de gasparis', 'albert einstein', 'eleanor helin', 'william hyde wollaston', 'odin', 'conway', 'gerry anderson', 'chad trujillo', 'maurice martenot', 'silas weir mitchell', 'schelte bus', 'henri lebesgue', 'nikolai stepanovich chernykh', 'august derleth', 'carl friedrich gauss', 'carlos torres', 'cavendish', 'georg cantor', 'liisi oterma', 'tom gehrels', 'speke', 'kirchhoff', 'gridshell', 'james dunlop', 'alonzo church', 'icao', 'turing', 'toshimasa furuta', 'william rowan hamilton', 'louis boyer', 'eugene shoemaker', 'egide walschaerts', 'pieter zeeman', 'niels bohr', 'brouwer', 'george westinghouse', 'karl drais', 'carl gustav mosander', 'ernest johnson', 'robert luther', 'nicolas bourriaud', 'anselm', 'john grinder'] | 2423 Ibarruri | 2423 Ibarruri, provisional designation 1972 NC, is an eccentric, slow tumbling asteroid and Mars-crosser from the inner regions of the asteroid belt, about 7 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered by Russian–Ukrainian female astronomer Lyudmila Zhuravleva at the Crimean Astrophysical Observatory in Nauchnyj, on 14 July 1972. The spectral type of the asteroid is that of a rare A-type in the SMASS taxonomy, with its surface consisting of almost pure olivine, which gives the body a very reddish color. As of November 2015, only 17 minor planets of this type are known. It orbits the Sun at a distance of 1.6–2.8 AU once every 3 years and 3 months (1,182 days). Its orbit shows a high eccentricity of 0.28 and an inclination of 4 degrees towards the plane of the ecliptic. Ibarruri has a notably slow rotation period of 140 hours, and seems to be in a non-principal axis rotation (NPAR), colloquially called as "tumbling". As a spectroscopic A-type asteroid, it belongs to the larger group of bodies with a silicaceous composition. However, the Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link classifies the asteroid into the carbonaceous group, despite the fact that is assumes a relatively high geometric albedo of 0.20, which is rather typical for stony asteroids. The minor planet was named after Rubén Ruiz Ibárruri (1920–1942), son of Spanish communist leader Dolores Ibárruri and a posthumous Hero of the Soviet Union. He enlisted in the Soviet army and died in the early stage of the Battle of Stalingrad in September 1942. |
35 | discoverer or inventor | 1889 Pakhmutova | lyudmila chernykh | ['nicolas bourriaud', 'ernest rutherford', 'bill mollison', 'crimean astrophysical observatory', 'john grinder', 'microsoft', 'tsutomu seki', 'carl wirtanen', 'karl reinmuth', 'cornelis johannes van houten', 'kirchhoff', 'ernest johnson', 'isaac newton', 'claude chappe', 'ward cunningham', 'marguerite laugier', 'henri cartan', 'henry holt', 'georg cantor', 'franz anton mesmer', 'humphry davy', 'gause', 'indiana asteroid program', 'carl auer von welsbach', 'gustav rose', 'carl gustav mosander', 'nikolai stepanovich chernykh', 'herschel', 'james watt', 'mike brown', 'speke', 'sir winston churchill', 'mikhail lazarev', 'hermann goldschmidt', 'carlos torres', 'ole kirk christiansen', 'silas weir mitchell', 'henri lebesgue', 'blackberry', 'james dunlop', 'tycho', 'stallman', 'odin', 'oak ridge observatory', 'leibniz', 'niels bohr', 'rudolf diesel', 'brouwer', 'kin endate', 'moog', 'heinrich ruhmkorff', 'eric elst', 'edwin mcmillan', 'otto hahn', 'egide walschaerts', 'niels henrik abel', 'franz kaiser', 'william hyde wollaston', 'paolo maffei', 'gridshell', 'sequoyah', 'marie curie', 'august kopff', 'edward bowell', 'james bradley', 'robert luther', 'christopher latham sholes', 'charles messier', 'carolyn shoemaker', 'ernest hemingway', 'harold urey', 'urata', 'carl wilhelm scheele', 'birmingham university', 'gerry anderson', 'annibale de gasparis', 'lewis swift', 'toshimasa furuta', 'evangelista torricelli', 'clyde tombaugh', 'harlow shapley', 'george berkeley', 'frederick scott archer', 'edwin hubble', 'vapnik', 'kant', 'auguste charlois', 'urbain le verrier', 'harry edwin wood', 'icao', 'sir nigel gresley', 'turing', 'lee de forest', 'ingrid', 'alessandro malaspina', 'vint cerf', 'max wolf', 'lyudmila zhuravleva', 'thorstein veblen'] | 1889 Pakhmutova | 1889 Pakhmutova, provisional designation 1968 BE, is a dark, carbonaceous asteroid from the outer region of the asteroid belt, about 34 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered by Russian astronomer Lyudmila Chernykh at the Crimean Astrophysical Observatory in Nauchnyj on 24 January 1968. The C-type asteroid orbits the Sun at a distance of 2.7–3.4 AU once every 5 years and 5 months (1,984 days). Its orbit shows an eccentricity of 0.11 and is inclined by 13 degrees to the plane of the ecliptic. It has a well-defined rotation period of 17.5 hours. Its albedo is in the range of 0.06–0.08, as measured by the Akari, IRAS and WISE/NEOWISE surveys. The asteroid is named in honor of the Russian composer Aleksandra Pakhmutova, one of the best known figures in Soviet and later Russian popular music. |
35 | discoverer or inventor | 52266 Van Flandern | eugene shoemaker | ['harold urey', 'linear', 'thomas newcomen', 'nanking', 'gridshell', 'kazuro watanabe', 'silas weir mitchell', 'toshimasa furuta', 'james dunlop', 'robert bunsen', 'speke', 'urbain le verrier', 'henri cartan', 'anselm', 'bickley', 'robert luther', 'chad trujillo', 'niels bohr', 'microsoft', 'humphry davy', 'james watt', 'alexander grothendieck', 'george westinghouse', 'oak ridge observatory', 'roger penrose', 'nikolai chernykh', 'herschel', 'karl drais', 'vapnik', 'christopher alexander', 'noam chomsky', 'egide walschaerts', 'benjamin franklin', 'ernest rutherford', 'julian huxley', 'william rowan hamilton', 'seymour papert', 'george berkeley', 'ernest johnson', 'mikhail lazarev', 'vint cerf', 'carl friedrich gauss', 'pelageya shajn', 'tsutomu seki', 'indiana asteroid program', 'cyril jackson', 'pieter zeeman', 'carl gustav mosander', 'george maciunas', 'moog', 'carolyn shoemaker', 'henry holt', 'henry bessemer', 'alessandro malaspina', 'liisi oterma', 'sequoyah', 'bernhard schmidt', 'henri lebesgue', 'cornelis johannes van houten', 'eric elst', 'ward cunningham', 'albert einstein', 'isaac newton', 'werner heisenberg', 'conway', 'hyperboloid', 'bill mollison', 'james bradley', 'clyde tombaugh', 'hendrik van gent', 'gause', 'nauchnyj', 'marija gimbutas', 'tom gehrels', 'gotthold ephraim lessing', 'cavendish', 'donald knuth', 'loneos', 'stallman', 'ole kirk christiansen', 'lee de forest', 'georg cantor', 'heinrich schenker', 'carl auer von welsbach', 'harry edwin wood', 'birmingham university', 'edwin mcmillan', 'franz anton mesmer', 'malcolm mackerras', 'hyperloop', 'gustav rose', 'lewis swift', 'ephraim shay', 'mike brown', 'kirchhoff', 'nicolas bourriaud', 'franz kaiser', 'william hyde wollaston', 'sir nigel gresley'] | 52266 Van Flandern | 52266 Van Flandern, provisional designation 1986 AD, is a stony asteroid from the inner regions of the asteroid belt, about 4.5 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered by American astronomers Carolyn and Eugene Shoemaker at the U.S. Palomar Observatory, California, on 10 January 1986. The stony S-type asteroid is a member of the Phocaea family, a group of asteroids with similar orbital characteristics. It orbits the Sun at a distance of 1.8–2.8 AU once every 3 years and 7 months (1,303 days). Its orbit shows an eccentricity of 0.22 and an inclination of 24 degrees from the plane of the ecliptic. In 2011 and 2013, three photometric light-curve analysis at the Via Capote Observatory in California, the Palomar Transient Factory, as well as at the Australian Oakley Southern Sky Observatory, rendered a well-defined rotation period between 9.88 and 9.89 hours with a small brightness amplitude of 0.01 or lower in magnitude. Light-curves with such low amplitudes typically indicate that the asteroid has a nearly spheroidal shape. A provisional, fourth light-curve observation by astronomer René Roy at Blauvac Observatory, France, in 2011, agrees reasonably well. According to the survey carried out by NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer (WISE) with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, the asteroid's surface has an albedo of 0.25. WISE also finds a diameter of 4.4 kilometers for the stony asteroid. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes a slightly lower albedo of 0.22 with a corresponding diameter of 4.6 kilometers, as the lower the body's reflectivity (albedo), the larger its diameter, for a given absolute brightness (absolute magnitude) of 13.9. In 2009, the minor planet was named after American astronomer Tom Van Flandern (1940–2009), who predicted and comprehensively analyzed lunar occultations at USNO, and published pioneering papers on the dynamics of binary minor planets in the 1970s. Van Flandern helped improve the accuracy of the Global Positioning System and established Meta Research to support alternative cosmological ideas. |
35 | discoverer or inventor | WikiWikiWeb | ward cunningham | ['henri lebesgue', 'gridshell', 'julian huxley', 'carl wirtanen', 'carolyn shoemaker', 'christopher cockerell', 'george berkeley', 'lewis swift', 'lionel penrose', 'nikolai stepanovich chernykh', 'fabian gottlieb von bellingshausen', 'max wolf', 'robert luther', 'ernst mayr', 'bartolomeo cristofori', 'arnold schoenberg', 'liisi oterma', 'alexander grothendieck', 'isaac newton', 'louis boyer', 'hendrik van gent', 'august kopff', 'hyperloop', 'claude chappe', 'edward said', 'harold urey', 'mike brown', 'grigory neujmin', 'blackberry', 'werner heisenberg', 'robert bunsen', 'henri cartan', 'gustav rose', 'sir nigel gresley', 'eleanor helin', 'marguerite laugier', 'indiana asteroid program', 'ephraim shay', 'maurice martenot', 'miguel itzigsohn', 'george westinghouse', 'eric elst', 'cornelis johannes van houten', 'speke', 'auguste charlois', 'roger penrose', 'brouwer', 'charles darwin', 'gause', 'franz anton mesmer', 'linear', 'eugene shoemaker', 'otto hahn', 'john grinder', 'nicolas bourriaud', 'noam chomsky', 'hyperboloid', 'carl friedrich gauss', 'johann palisa', 'purple mountain observatory', 'kin endate', 'herschel', 'harry edwin wood', 'nauchnyj', 'ernest hemingway', 'christopher alexander', 'george maciunas', 'clyde tombaugh', 'malcolm mackerras', 'pelageya shajn', 'georg cantor', 'edwin mcmillan', 'william rowan hamilton', 'urbain le verrier', 'crimean astrophysical observatory', 'benjamin franklin', 'alonzo church', 'ernest johnson', 'mikhail lazarev', 'donald knuth', 'henry holt', 'carl gustav mosander', 'lord rayleigh', 'franz kaiser', 'michael faraday', 'egide walschaerts', 'carl auer von welsbach', 'edwin hubble', 'august derleth', 'ptolemy', 'henry bessemer', 'vapnik', 'johan gadolin', 'ole kirk christiansen', 'ingrid', 'turing', 'gotthold ephraim lessing', 'vint cerf', 'bill mollison'] | History of wikis | The history of wikis is generally dated from 1994, when Ward Cunningham gave the name "WikiWikiWeb" to the knowledge base, which ran on his company's website at c2.com, and the wiki software that powered it. c2.com thus became the first true wiki, or a website with pages and links that can be easily edited via the browser, with a reliable version history for each page. He chose "WikiWikiWeb" as the name based on his memories of the "Wiki Wiki Shuttle" at Honolulu International Airport, and because "Wiki" is the Hawaiian word for "Quick". Wiki software has some conceptual origins in the version control and hypertext systems used for documentation and software in the 1980s, and some actualized origins in the 1970s "Journal" feature of NLS. Its distant ancestors include Vannevar Bush's proposed "memex" system in 1945, the collaborative hypertext database ZOG in 1972, the NoteCards system from Xerox, the Apple hypertext system HyperCard. As was typical of these earlier systems, Cunningham's motive was technical: to facilitate communication between software developers. Many alternative wiki applications and websites appeared over the next five years. In the meantime, the first wiki, now known as "WardsWiki", evolved as features were added to the software and as the growing body of users developed a unique "wiki culture". By 2000, WardsWiki had developed a great deal of content outside its original stated purpose, which led to the spinoff of content into sister sites, most notably MeatballWiki. The website Wikipedia, a free content encyclopedia, was launched in January 2001, and quickly became the most popular wiki, which it remains to this day. Its meteoric rise in popularity (it entered the top ten most popular sites in 2007) played a large part in introducing wikis to the general public.[citation needed] There now exist at least hundreds of thousands of wiki websites, and they have become increasingly prevalent in corporations and other organizations.[citation needed] |
35 | discoverer or inventor | 56 Melete | hermann goldschmidt | ['hyperloop', 'lionel penrose', 'gridshell', 'malcolm mackerras', 'liisi oterma', 'indiana asteroid program', 'ingrid', 'carlos torres', 'babbage', 'james dunlop', 'mike brown', 'leibniz', 'niels henrik abel', 'grigory neujmin', 'tsutomu seki', 'gotthold ephraim lessing', 'harry edwin wood', 'kirchhoff', 'august kopff', 'paolo maffei', 'eleanor helin', 'louis boyer', 'robert luther', 'sergey belyavsky', 'ernest johnson', 'robert bunsen', 'edwin mcmillan', 'ptolemy', 'schelte bus', 'brouwer', 'lyudmila zhuravleva', 'george maciunas', 'sir nigel gresley', 'turing', 'annibale de gasparis', 'carl friedrich gauss', 'miguel itzigsohn', 'conway', 'otto hahn', 'carl auer von welsbach', 'icao', 'georg cantor', 'michael brown', 'humphry davy', 'thorstein veblen', 'johann palisa', 'oak ridge observatory', 'rudolf diesel', 'sir arthur evans', 'henry holt', 'nikolai chernykh', 'birmingham university', 'claude chappe', 'nanking', 'august derleth', 'michael faraday', 'urbain le verrier', 'lord rayleigh', 'anselm', 'noam chomsky', 'nikola tesla', 'edward said', 'charles darwin', 'sir winston churchill', 'christopher latham sholes', 'nauchnyj', 'sir alexander fleming', 'ernest rutherford', 'charles messier', 'stallman', 'bartolomeo cristofori', 'henri lebesgue', 'pelageya shajn', 'carl wilhelm scheele', 'egide walschaerts', 'christopher cockerell', 'marie curie', 'sequoyah', 'linear', 'donald knuth', 'werner heisenberg', 'franz kaiser', 'albert einstein', 'fabian gottlieb von bellingshausen', 'eric elst', 'purple mountain observatory', 'maurice martenot', 'henry bessemer', 'kazuro watanabe', 'bill mollison', 'james watt', 'george berkeley', 'tycho', 'evangelista torricelli', 'william hyde wollaston', 'nicolas bourriaud', 'karl drais', 'roger penrose', 'blackberry'] | 56 Melete | 56 Melete (/ˈmɛlᵻtiː/ MEL-i-tee) is a large and dark main belt asteroid. It is a rather unusual P-type asteroid, probably composed of organic rich silicates, carbon and anhydrous silicates, with possible internal water ice. Melete was discovered by Hermann Goldschmidt from his balcony in Paris, on September 9, 1857. It orbit was computed by E. Schubert, who named it after Melete, the Muse of meditation in Greek mythology. It was originally confused for 41 Daphne before it was confirmed not to be by its second sighting on August 27, 1871. In 1861, the brightness of 56 Melete was shown to vary by German astronomer Friedrich Tietjen. To date, two stellar occultations by Melete have been observed successfully (in 1997 and again in 2002).[citation needed] Melete has been studied by radar. Photometric observations of this asteroid at the Palmer Divide Observatory in Colorado Springs, Colorado in 2007 gave a light curve with a period of 18.151 ± 0.002 hours and a brightness variation of 0.15 ± 0.02 in magnitude. This result is in agreement with a period of 18.1 hours independently reported in 1993 and 2007. |
35 | discoverer or inventor | NGC 5189 | james dunlop | ['henri lebesgue', 'toshimasa furuta', 'urbain le verrier', 'tycho', 'nanking', 'hyperboloid', 'edward bowell', 'seymour papert', 'maurice martenot', 'mike brown', 'august derleth', 'august kopff', 'herschel', 'lewis swift', 'moog', 'nikola tesla', 'chad trujillo', 'max wolf', 'sir nigel gresley', 'bernhard schmidt', 'sir alexander fleming', 'edwin mcmillan', 'humphry davy', 'odin', 'michael brown', 'otto hahn', 'microsoft', 'lionel penrose', 'cavendish', 'bickley', 'julian huxley', 'nikolai stepanovich chernykh', 'lee de forest', 'kant', 'benjamin franklin', 'carl auer von welsbach', 'cyril jackson', 'auguste charlois', 'carl gustav mosander', 'henry bessemer', 'robert bunsen', 'hyperloop', 'carolyn shoemaker', 'edwin hubble', 'annibale de gasparis', 'nikolai chernykh', 'alonzo church', 'nicolas bourriaud', 'edward said', 'james watt', 'rudolf diesel', 'gridshell', 'christopher latham sholes', 'speke', 'george van biesbroeck', 'cornelis johannes van houten', 'carl wilhelm scheele', 'fabian gottlieb von bellingshausen', 'harlow shapley', 'robert luther', 'pieter zeeman', 'liisi oterma', 'loneos', 'ingrid', 'emmett chapman', 'sir arthur evans', 'george maciunas', 'sequoyah', 'gotthold ephraim lessing', 'william hyde wollaston', 'roger penrose', 'kirchhoff', 'heinrich ruhmkorff', 'frederick scott archer', 'william rowan hamilton', 'ernest hemingway', 'johan gadolin', 'turing', 'karl drais', 'arnold schoenberg', 'stallman', 'ole kirk christiansen', 'paolo maffei', 'henri cartan', 'oak ridge observatory', 'linear', 'crimean astrophysical observatory', 'werner heisenberg', 'conway', 'georg cantor', 'charles darwin', 'george berkeley', 'thomas newcomen', 'urata', 'lord rayleigh', 'gustav rose', 'christopher alexander', 'donald knuth', 'ephraim shay'] | NGC 5189 | NGC 5189 (Gum 47, IC 4274, nicknamed Spiral Planetary Nebula) is a planetary nebula in the constellation Musca. It was discovered by James Dunlop on 1 July 1826, who catalogued it as Δ252. For many years, well into the 1960s, it was thought to be a bright emission nebula. It was Karl Gordon Henize in 1967 who first described NGC 5189 as quasi-planetary based on its spectral emissions. Seen through the telescope it seems to have an S shape, reminiscent of a barred spiral galaxy. The S shape, together with point-symmetric knots in the nebula, have for a long time hinted to astronomers that a binary central star is present. Observations with the Southern African Large Telescope have finally found a white dwarf companion in a 4.04 day orbit around the rare low-mass Wolf-Rayet type central star of NGC 5189. NGC 5189 is estimated to be 546 parsec. or 1,780 light years away from Earth. Other measurements have yielded results up to 900 parsecs (~3000 light-years) |
35 | discoverer or inventor | deuterium | harold urey | ['grigory neujmin', 'johan gadolin', 'thorstein veblen', 'dmitri mendeleev', 'crimean astrophysical observatory', 'maurice martenot', 'edward bowell', 'claude chappe', 'carl wirtanen', 'bartolomeo cristofori', 'william rowan hamilton', 'louis boyer', 'gerry anderson', 'bill mollison', 'frederick scott archer', 'indiana asteroid program', 'eric elst', 'niels bohr', 'lyudmila zhuravleva', 'ernest hemingway', 'pieter zeeman', 'franz kaiser', 'urata', 'brouwer', 'hermann goldschmidt', 'herschel', 'gustav rose', 'thomas newcomen', 'otto hahn', 'birmingham university', 'joseph priestley', 'speke', 'lewis swift', 'niels henrik abel', 'bickley', 'kant', 'noam chomsky', 'hyperboloid', 'karl reinmuth', 'benjamin franklin', 'evangelista torricelli', 'henry bessemer', 'cornelis johannes van houten', 'gause', 'eugene shoemaker', 'mike brown', 'tsutomu seki', 'vint cerf', 'nikola tesla', 'edwin hubble', 'linear', 'robert bunsen', 'egide walschaerts', 'kirchhoff', 'johann palisa', 'annibale de gasparis', 'sergey belyavsky', 'nauchnyj', 'alonzo church', 'nikolai chernykh', 'sequoyah', 'babbage', 'robert luther', 'arnold schoenberg', 'michael brown', 'carolyn shoemaker', 'ernest rutherford', 'heinrich schenker', 'emmett chapman', 'edwin mcmillan', 'ptolemy', 'william hyde wollaston', 'harlow shapley', 'carl gustav mosander', 'schelte bus', 'lee de forest', 'stallman', 'liisi oterma', 'toshimasa furuta', 'marija gimbutas', 'miguel itzigsohn', 'christopher latham sholes', 'nicolas bourriaud', 'charles darwin', 'karl drais', 'james watt', 'silas weir mitchell', 'george westinghouse', 'marie curie', 'moog', 'donald knuth', 'ernst mayr', 'john grinder', 'cyril jackson', 'werner heisenberg', 'henri lebesgue', 'pelageya shajn', 'icao', 'ephraim shay'] | Ferdinand Brickwedde | Ferdinand Graft Brickwedde (26 March 1903 – 29 March 1989), a physicist at the National Bureau of Standards (now the National Institute of Standards and Technology), in 1931 produced the first sample of hydrogen in which the spectrum of its heavy isotope, deuterium, could be observed. This was a critical step in the discovery of deuterium, for which Brickwedde's collaborator, Harold Urey, was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1934. |
35 | discoverer or inventor | Grothendieck topology | alexander grothendieck | ['louis boyer', 'gridshell', 'linear', 'ephraim shay', 'hendrik van gent', 'gotthold ephraim lessing', 'edwin mcmillan', 'humphry davy', 'kant', 'henri cartan', 'purple mountain observatory', 'oak ridge observatory', 'michael faraday', 'hyperboloid', 'lewis swift', 'clyde tombaugh', 'carl friedrich gauss', 'niels bohr', 'isaac newton', 'tsutomu seki', 'loneos', 'marija gimbutas', 'kirchhoff', 'grigory neujmin', 'lyudmila chernykh', 'kazuro watanabe', 'lee de forest', 'nauchnyj', 'schelte bus', 'indiana asteroid program', 'birmingham university', 'seymour papert', 'hyperloop', 'alessandro malaspina', 'urbain le verrier', 'george van biesbroeck', 'nicolas bourriaud', 'rudolf diesel', 'chad trujillo', 'icao', 'james watt', 'carl wirtanen', 'nanking', 'franz anton mesmer', 'vapnik', 'ole kirk christiansen', 'marie curie', 'bill mollison', 'carl wilhelm scheele', 'sir winston churchill', 'henry bessemer', 'harold urey', 'harlow shapley', 'ernest rutherford', 'henry holt', 'edwin hubble', 'pieter zeeman', 'crimean astrophysical observatory', 'christopher latham sholes', 'auguste charlois', 'brouwer', 'george maciunas', 'james bradley', 'herschel', 'robert luther', 'johan gadolin', 'robert bunsen', 'august derleth', 'eleanor helin', 'carlos torres', 'cyril jackson', 'miguel itzigsohn', 'heinrich schenker', 'stallman', 'gerry anderson', 'eric elst', 'paolo maffei', 'evangelista torricelli', 'odin', 'microsoft', 'ptolemy', 'turing', 'claude chappe', 'moog', 'gustav rose', 'sir nigel gresley', 'edward bowell', 'mikhail lazarev', 'arnold schoenberg', 'lord rayleigh', 'george berkeley', 'kin endate', 'conway', 'nikolai stepanovich chernykh', 'august kopff', 'bartolomeo cristofori', 'lionel penrose', 'ernest hemingway', 'john grinder'] | Grothendieck topology | In category theory, a branch of mathematics, a Grothendieck topology is a structure on a category C which makes the objects of C act like the open sets of a topological space. A category together with a choice of Grothendieck topology is called a site. Grothendieck topologies axiomatize the notion of an open cover. Using the notion of covering provided by a Grothendieck topology, it becomes possible to define sheaves on a category and their cohomology. This was first done in algebraic geometry and algebraic number theory by Alexander Grothendieck to define the étale cohomology of a scheme. It has been used to define other cohomology theories since then, such as l-adic cohomology, flat cohomology, and crystalline cohomology. While Grothendieck topologies are most often used to define cohomology theories, they have found other applications as well, such as to John Tate's theory of rigid analytic geometry. There is a natural way to associate a site to an ordinary topological space, and Grothendieck's theory is loosely regarded as a generalization of classical topology. Under meager point-set hypotheses, namely sobriety, this is completely accurate—it is possible to recover a sober space from its associated site. However simple examples such as the indiscrete topological space show that not all topological spaces can be expressed using Grothendieck topologies. Conversely, there are Grothendieck topologies which do not come from topological spaces. |
35 | discoverer or inventor | modern evolutionary synthesis | ernst mayr | ['harry edwin wood', 'ptolemy', 'charles darwin', 'werner heisenberg', 'george maciunas', 'harold urey', 'robert luther', 'hermann goldschmidt', 'isaac newton', 'henry holt', 'hendrik van gent', 'ephraim shay', 'eric elst', 'carolyn shoemaker', 'herschel', 'ernest rutherford', 'eleanor helin', 'tsutomu seki', 'henry bessemer', 'kirchhoff', 'lionel penrose', 'ward cunningham', 'ingrid', 'seymour papert', 'clyde tombaugh', 'malcolm mackerras', 'henri lebesgue', 'thorstein veblen', 'brouwer', 'alexander grothendieck', 'michael faraday', 'georg cantor', 'christopher latham sholes', 'rudolf diesel', 'niels henrik abel', 'vapnik', 'mike brown', 'george van biesbroeck', 'michael brown', 'gerry anderson', 'william rowan hamilton', 'chad trujillo', 'louis boyer', 'albert einstein', 'august kopff', 'harlow shapley', 'microsoft', 'arnold schoenberg', 'james watt', 'nanking', 'liisi oterma', 'maurice martenot', 'sir arthur evans', 'kin endate', 'charles messier', 'carlos torres', 'stallman', 'bickley', 'heinrich schenker', 'indiana asteroid program', 'henri cartan', 'bill mollison', 'edwin mcmillan', 'birmingham university', 'sir nigel gresley', 'crimean astrophysical observatory', 'emmett chapman', 'sir alexander fleming', 'bartolomeo cristofori', 'grigory neujmin', 'pieter zeeman', 'donald knuth', 'toshimasa furuta', 'edwin hubble', 'john grinder', 'eugene shoemaker', 'cyril jackson', 'babbage', 'egide walschaerts', 'purple mountain observatory', 'christopher alexander', 'nauchnyj', 'speke', 'gustav rose', 'cornelis johannes van houten', 'thomas newcomen', 'august derleth', 'marie curie', 'icao', 'tycho', 'paolo maffei', 'nikolai stepanovich chernykh', 'noam chomsky', 'gridshell', 'gause', 'benjamin franklin', 'turing', 'ernest johnson', 'odin'] | G. Ledyard Stebbins | George Ledyard Stebbins, Jr. (January 6, 1906 – January 19, 2000) was an American botanist and geneticist who is widely regarded as one of the leading evolutionary biologists of the 20th century. Stebbins received his Ph.D. in botany from Harvard University in 1931. He went on to the University of California, Berkeley, where his work with E. B. Babcock on the genetic evolution of plant species, and his association with a group of evolutionary biologists known as the Bay Area Biosystematists, led him to develop a comprehensive synthesis of plant evolution incorporating genetics. His most important publication was Variation and Evolution in Plants, which combined genetics and Darwin's theory of natural selection to describe plant speciation. It is regarded as one of the main publications which formed the core of the modern evolutionary synthesis and still provides the conceptual framework for research in plant evolutionary biology; according to Ernst Mayr, "Few later works dealing with the evolutionary systematics of plants have not been very deeply affected by Stebbins' work." He also researched and wrote widely on the role of hybridization and polyploidy in speciation and plant evolution; his work in this area has had a lasting influence on research in the field. From 1960, Stebbins was instrumental in the establishment of the Department of Genetics at the University of California, Davis, and was active in numerous organizations involved in the promotion of evolution, and of science in general. He was elected to the National Academy of Science, was awarded the National Medal of Science, and was involved in the development of evolution-based science programs for California high schools, as well as the conservation of rare plants in that state. |
35 | discoverer or inventor | subjective idealism | george berkeley | ['ephraim shay', 'urbain le verrier', 'urata', 'carl gustav mosander', 'sergey belyavsky', 'lord rayleigh', 'maurice martenot', 'werner heisenberg', 'stallman', 'harlow shapley', 'robert luther', 'johan gadolin', 'franz anton mesmer', 'henri cartan', 'ward cunningham', 'lionel penrose', 'bernhard schmidt', 'ernst mayr', 'turing', 'takashi murakami', 'eric elst', 'purple mountain observatory', 'miguel itzigsohn', 'nicolas bourriaud', 'henry holt', 'eleanor helin', 'ernest hemingway', 'claude chappe', 'james bradley', 'georg cantor', 'sir alexander fleming', 'pieter zeeman', 'james dunlop', 'schelte bus', 'charles messier', 'bartolomeo cristofori', 'marguerite laugier', 'alexander grothendieck', 'heinrich schenker', 'noam chomsky', 'thomas newcomen', 'auguste charlois', 'paolo maffei', 'emmett chapman', 'christopher alexander', 'carl wilhelm scheele', 'linear', 'ernest johnson', 'vapnik', 'ptolemy', 'lyudmila chernykh', 'sequoyah', 'clyde tombaugh', 'gustav rose', 'harry edwin wood', 'chad trujillo', 'sir winston churchill', 'icao', 'microsoft', 'james watt', 'gause', 'nanking', 'george maciunas', 'indiana asteroid program', 'karl drais', 'tsutomu seki', 'lyudmila zhuravleva', 'bickley', 'albert einstein', 'william hyde wollaston', 'max wolf', 'herschel', 'karl reinmuth', 'gerry anderson', 'hendrik van gent', 'mike brown', 'fabian gottlieb von bellingshausen', 'gotthold ephraim lessing', 'kin endate', 'edwin hubble', 'carlos torres', 'cornelis johannes van houten', 'birmingham university', 'kazuro watanabe', 'thorstein veblen', 'nikola tesla', 'mikhail lazarev', 'oak ridge observatory', 'anselm', 'silas weir mitchell', 'moog', 'hyperloop', 'heinrich ruhmkorff', 'babbage', 'george van biesbroeck', 'egide walschaerts', 'tycho', 'sir nigel gresley', 'speke'] | Absolute idealism | Absolute idealism is an ontologically monistic philosophy attributed to G. W. F. Hegel. It is Hegel's account of how being is ultimately comprehensible as an all-inclusive whole. Hegel asserted that in order for the thinking subject (human reason or consciousness) to be able to know its object (the world) at all, there must be in some sense an identity of thought and being. Otherwise, the subject would never have access to the object and we would have no certainty about any of our knowledge of the world. To account for the differences between thought and being, however, as well as the richness and diversity of each, the unity of thought and being cannot be expressed as the abstract identity "A=A". Absolute idealism is the attempt to demonstrate this unity using a new "speculative" philosophical method, which requires new concepts and rules of logic. According to Hegel, the absolute ground of being is essentially a dynamic, historical process of necessity that unfolds by itself in the form of increasingly complex forms of being and of consciousness, ultimately giving rise to all the diversity in the world and in the concepts with which we think and make sense of the world. The absolute idealist position was dominant in nineteenth century England and Germany, while exerting significantly less influence in the United States. The absolute idealist position should be distinguished from the subjective idealism of Berkeley, the transcendental idealism of Kant, or the idealisms of Fichte and Schelling. |
35 | discoverer or inventor | Radium | marie curie | ['cyril jackson', 'nanking', 'christopher latham sholes', 'frederick scott archer', 'hyperloop', 'bill mollison', 'charles messier', 'anselm', 'evangelista torricelli', 'malcolm mackerras', 'henry holt', 'seymour papert', 'edward bowell', 'george berkeley', 'eugene shoemaker', 'carlos torres', 'niels bohr', 'franz anton mesmer', 'edwin hubble', 'karl drais', 'lord rayleigh', 'august kopff', 'kazuro watanabe', 'annibale de gasparis', 'marija gimbutas', 'microsoft', 'kin endate', 'clyde tombaugh', 'sir alexander fleming', 'sequoyah', 'noam chomsky', 'james bradley', 'emmett chapman', 'lee de forest', 'stallman', 'hermann goldschmidt', 'eleanor helin', 'dmitri mendeleev', 'conway', 'johann palisa', 'william rowan hamilton', 'gotthold ephraim lessing', 'gridshell', 'carl friedrich gauss', 'henry bessemer', 'thomas newcomen', 'mike brown', 'julian huxley', 'christopher alexander', 'john grinder', 'speke', 'hendrik van gent', 'michael brown', 'carolyn shoemaker', 'albert einstein', 'bickley', 'brouwer', 'ernest hemingway', 'urata', 'august derleth', 'lyudmila chernykh', 'herschel', 'birmingham university', 'christopher cockerell', 'kant', 'franz kaiser', 'sir winston churchill', 'sylvain arend', 'max wolf', 'icao', 'johan gadolin', 'claude chappe', 'chad trujillo', 'gustav rose', 'linear', 'schelte bus', 'liisi oterma', 'alexander grothendieck', 'cavendish', 'nauchnyj', 'nikolai chernykh', 'niels henrik abel', 'marguerite laugier', 'werner heisenberg', 'ole kirk christiansen', 'turing', 'harold urey', 'rudolf diesel', 'nicolas bourriaud', 'gause', 'ernst mayr', 'blackberry', 'purple mountain observatory', 'humphry davy', 'moog', 'ernest rutherford', 'sergey belyavsky', 'egide walschaerts', 'lyudmila zhuravleva'] | Carla Killough McClafferty | Carla Killough McClafferty (born July 11, 1958), is an American author of non-fiction for children, writing mostly about science and history. The International Reading Association awarded the 2007 Children's Book Award for Intermediate Nonfiction to her book Something Out of Nothing: Marie Curie and Radium. The National Council of Teachers of English gave a 2008 Orbis Pictus Recommended book designation to In Defiance of Hitler: The Secret Mission of Varian Fry. |
35 | discoverer or inventor | Fornax Dwarf | harlow shapley | ['michael brown', 'moog', 'james dunlop', 'gerry anderson', 'franz kaiser', 'james watt', 'humphry davy', 'albert einstein', 'henry bessemer', 'donald knuth', 'silas weir mitchell', 'christopher cockerell', 'dmitri mendeleev', 'henry holt', 'leibniz', 'malcolm mackerras', 'hyperboloid', 'babbage', 'herschel', 'grigory neujmin', 'henri cartan', 'alexander grothendieck', 'noam chomsky', 'william rowan hamilton', 'purple mountain observatory', 'hyperloop', 'oak ridge observatory', 'kant', 'carolyn shoemaker', 'franz anton mesmer', 'bill mollison', 'sequoyah', 'carlos torres', 'alonzo church', 'ptolemy', 'ernest rutherford', 'paolo maffei', 'lyudmila chernykh', 'charles messier', 'brouwer', 'bartolomeo cristofori', 'harry edwin wood', 'gridshell', 'cavendish', 'anselm', 'sir arthur evans', 'birmingham university', 'egide walschaerts', 'eric elst', 'georg cantor', 'maurice martenot', 'pelageya shajn', 'annibale de gasparis', 'ephraim shay', 'robert bunsen', 'gustav rose', 'benjamin franklin', 'toshimasa furuta', 'hendrik van gent', 'evangelista torricelli', 'kirchhoff', 'august derleth', 'john grinder', 'christopher alexander', 'fabian gottlieb von bellingshausen', 'robert luther', 'marguerite laugier', 'bickley', 'seymour papert', 'bernhard schmidt', 'conway', 'mikhail lazarev', 'george westinghouse', 'isaac newton', 'marie curie', 'henri lebesgue', 'edwin mcmillan', 'frederick scott archer', 'kin endate', 'indiana asteroid program', 'takashi murakami', 'schelte bus', 'cornelis johannes van houten', 'crimean astrophysical observatory', 'odin', 'pieter zeeman', 'william hyde wollaston', 'niels bohr', 'harold urey', 'lord rayleigh', 'mike brown', 'cyril jackson', 'ernest johnson', 'blackberry', 'urbain le verrier', 'eugene shoemaker', 'carl friedrich gauss', 'nikolai stepanovich chernykh', 'ernst mayr'] | Fornax Dwarf | The Fornax Dwarf Spheroidal is an elliptical dwarf galaxy in the constellation Fornax that was discovered in 1938 by Harlow Shapley. He discovered it while he was in South Africa on photographic plates taken by the 24 inch Bruce refractor at Boyden Observatory, shortly after he discovered the Sculptor Dwarf galaxy. The galaxy is a satellite of the Milky Way and contains six globular clusters; the largest, NGC 1049, was discovered before the galaxy itself. The galaxy is also receding from the Milky Way at 53 km/s. It mostly contains population II stars. |
35 | discoverer or inventor | 1206 Numerowia | karl reinmuth | ['harlow shapley', 'ole kirk christiansen', 'speke', 'hyperloop', 'mike brown', 'stallman', 'henri cartan', 'franz anton mesmer', 'nanking', 'moog', 'anselm', 'charles darwin', 'lee de forest', 'mikhail lazarev', 'sequoyah', 'werner heisenberg', 'joseph priestley', 'julian huxley', 'paolo maffei', 'maurice martenot', 'bartolomeo cristofori', 'heinrich schenker', 'noam chomsky', 'sergey belyavsky', 'nauchnyj', 'silas weir mitchell', 'sir alexander fleming', 'blackberry', 'cyril jackson', 'henry holt', 'alexander grothendieck', 'kin endate', 'microsoft', 'james watt', 'auguste charlois', 'thomas newcomen', 'benjamin franklin', 'franz kaiser', 'grigory neujmin', 'august derleth', 'tycho', 'alessandro malaspina', 'john grinder', 'ptolemy', 'urata', 'edwin hubble', 'clyde tombaugh', 'george van biesbroeck', 'carl auer von welsbach', 'louis boyer', 'kirchhoff', 'lionel penrose', 'frederick scott archer', 'donald knuth', 'edward bowell', 'crimean astrophysical observatory', 'hyperboloid', 'isaac newton', 'george berkeley', 'edward said', 'james bradley', 'charles messier', 'michael faraday', 'lyudmila zhuravleva', 'malcolm mackerras', 'nikolai chernykh', 'niels henrik abel', 'eleanor helin', 'odin', 'thorstein veblen', 'indiana asteroid program', 'johan gadolin', 'robert bunsen', 'marija gimbutas', 'urbain le verrier', 'robert luther', 'seymour papert', 'eric elst', 'hendrik van gent', 'johann palisa', 'sir winston churchill', 'ingrid', 'arnold schoenberg', 'marguerite laugier', 'karl drais', 'vint cerf', 'egide walschaerts', 'harry edwin wood', 'lord rayleigh', 'hermann goldschmidt', 'liisi oterma', 'tom gehrels', 'conway', 'bill mollison', 'christopher alexander', 'edwin mcmillan', 'claude chappe', 'babbage', 'gustav rose'] | 1206 Numerowia | 1206 Numerowia, provisional designation 1931 UH, is an assumed carbonaceous asteroid from the outer region of the asteroid belt, about 15 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered by German astronomer Karl Reinmuth at Heidelberg Observatory in southern Germany on 18 October 1931. The asteroid orbits the Sun at a distance of 2.7–3.0 AU once every 4 years and 10 months (1,772 days). Its orbit shows an eccentricity of 0.06 and is tilted by 13 degrees to the plane of the ecliptic. It has a rotation period of 4.8 hours and an albedo of 0.14–0.17, based on observations by the Japanese Akari and the Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer (WISE) satellites. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link (CALL) assumes the body to be a carbonaceous C-type asteroid, rather than a silicaceous one, with a much lower geometric albedo of 0.06. As a consequence, the body's diameter would be twice as large, or about 28 kilometers, compared to the results by the space-based Akari and WISE missions. The minor planet was named after Russian astronomer and geophysicist Boris Numerov (1891–1941), founder and director of the Institute for Theoretical Astronomy in Leningrad, who was executed for espionage by the Soviet Union in 1941. The accusation was based on the fact that a German had named the asteroid after him. In 1957, his memory was rehabilitated. The lunar crater Numerov was also named in his honour. |
35 | discoverer or inventor | 1809 Prometheus | cornelis johannes van houten | ['alexander grothendieck', 'robert luther', 'edward said', 'pelageya shajn', 'michael brown', 'herschel', 'lyudmila zhuravleva', 'carl friedrich gauss', 'vapnik', 'carl wilhelm scheele', 'brouwer', 'speke', 'thorstein veblen', 'georg cantor', 'ernest hemingway', 'henri lebesgue', 'george maciunas', 'noam chomsky', 'tycho', 'takashi murakami', 'sylvain arend', 'stallman', 'henri cartan', 'paolo maffei', 'bickley', 'moog', 'crimean astrophysical observatory', 'julian huxley', 'heinrich schenker', 'carolyn shoemaker', 'hyperboloid', 'malcolm mackerras', 'linear', 'alonzo church', 'cavendish', 'fabian gottlieb von bellingshausen', 'hendrik van gent', 'ernest johnson', 'dmitri mendeleev', 'louis boyer', 'lionel penrose', 'kirchhoff', 'ernst mayr', 'gridshell', 'george van biesbroeck', 'james bradley', 'marie curie', 'urbain le verrier', 'albert einstein', 'vint cerf', 'microsoft', 'miguel itzigsohn', 'ward cunningham', 'odin', 'karl drais', 'charles messier', 'seymour papert', 'niels bohr', 'kin endate', 'edwin mcmillan', 'mikhail lazarev', 'silas weir mitchell', 'otto hahn', 'carl gustav mosander', 'harlow shapley', 'michael faraday', 'rudolf diesel', 'bartolomeo cristofori', 'tsutomu seki', 'harold urey', 'nauchnyj', 'alessandro malaspina', 'egide walschaerts', 'urata', 'turing', 'max wolf', 'tom gehrels', 'eric elst', 'johann palisa', 'toshimasa furuta', 'lord rayleigh', 'charles darwin', 'donald knuth', 'gause', 'august derleth', 'eleanor helin', 'ptolemy', 'emmett chapman', 'thomas newcomen', 'benjamin franklin', 'lyudmila chernykh', 'sir nigel gresley', 'isaac newton', 'blackberry', 'sir alexander fleming', 'niels henrik abel', 'leibniz', 'gustav rose', 'robert bunsen'] | 1809 Prometheus | 1809 Prometheus, also designated 2522 P–L, is an asteroid from the outer region of the asteroid belt. It was discovered on September 24, 1960 by the Dutch astronomer couple Cornelis Johannes van Houten and Ingrid van Houten-Groeneveld at Leiden, on photographic plates taken by Dutch–American astronomer Tom Gehrels at Palomar, San Diego County, California. The asteroid orbits the Sun at a distance of 2.6–3.2 AU once every 5 years (1,829 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.10 and is tilted by 3.3 degrees to the plane of the ecliptic. Little is known about the asteroids size, composition, albedo and rotation, despite having a well-observed orbit with the lowest possible uncertainty of 0 and an observation arc that spans over a time period of more than 60 years. The designation P–L stands for Palomar–Leiden, named after Palomar Observatory and Leiden Observatory, which collaborated on the fruitful Palomar–Leiden survey in the 1960s. Gehrels used Palomar's Samuel Oschin telescope (also known as the 48-inch Schmidt Telescope), and shipped the photographic plates to Cornelis Johannes van Houten and Ingrid van Houten-Groeneveld at Leiden Observatory. The trio are credited with several thousand asteroid discoveries. The asteroid is named after Prometheus, a Titan of a Greek saga, who stole the fire from the gods. The name has also been given to a moon of Saturn, Prometheus (moon), discovered by the Voyager 1 spacecraft in 1980. The minor planet 1810 Epimetheus is named after his brother. |
35 | discoverer or inventor | 4348 Poulydamas | carolyn shoemaker | ['malcolm mackerras', 'urbain le verrier', 'julian huxley', 'vapnik', 'claude chappe', 'arnold schoenberg', 'hendrik van gent', 'ward cunningham', 'gridshell', 'pieter zeeman', 'henri lebesgue', 'edward bowell', 'george berkeley', 'carlos torres', 'sergey belyavsky', 'carl wilhelm scheele', 'carl wirtanen', 'liisi oterma', 'silas weir mitchell', 'marguerite laugier', 'george westinghouse', 'harold urey', 'schelte bus', 'ptolemy', 'humphry davy', 'ernest hemingway', 'maurice martenot', 'joseph priestley', 'icao', 'kin endate', 'conway', 'charles messier', 'clyde tombaugh', 'noam chomsky', 'johan gadolin', 'evangelista torricelli', 'emmett chapman', 'isaac newton', 'alessandro malaspina', 'birmingham university', 'marie curie', 'crimean astrophysical observatory', 'nauchnyj', 'roger penrose', 'louis boyer', 'moog', 'gerry anderson', 'ernest rutherford', 'toshimasa furuta', 'annibale de gasparis', 'cornelis johannes van houten', 'alexander grothendieck', 'john grinder', 'carl friedrich gauss', 'robert luther', 'lee de forest', 'blackberry', 'mike brown', 'niels henrik abel', 'ernst mayr', 'bartolomeo cristofori', 'august kopff', 'chad trujillo', 'gotthold ephraim lessing', 'indiana asteroid program', 'frederick scott archer', 'bickley', 'dmitri mendeleev', 'kirchhoff', 'nikolai stepanovich chernykh', 'sequoyah', 'babbage', 'karl reinmuth', 'niels bohr', 'harlow shapley', 'georg cantor', 'tycho', 'george van biesbroeck', 'thomas newcomen', 'urata', 'george maciunas', 'microsoft', 'sir arthur evans', 'miguel itzigsohn', 'eugene shoemaker', 'heinrich ruhmkorff', 'franz anton mesmer', 'max wolf', 'turing', 'robert bunsen', 'fabian gottlieb von bellingshausen', 'purple mountain observatory', 'lyudmila chernykh', 'thorstein veblen', 'pelageya shajn', 'grigory neujmin', 'michael faraday', 'auguste charlois', 'christopher cockerell'] | 4348 Poulydamas | 4348 Poulydamas, provisional designation 1988 RU, is a large carbonaceous Jupiter Trojan, about 80 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered by American female astronomer Carolyn Shoemaker at the U.S. Palomar Observatory in California, on 11 September 1988. The dark C-type asteroid orbits the Sun in the Trojan camp at a distance of 4.7–5.8 AU once every 12.00 years (4,382 days). Its orbit shows an eccentricity of 0.10 and is tilted by 8 degrees to the plane of the ecliptic. During 1990, photometric observations of this asteroid were used to build a light-curve showing a rotation period of 9.908±0.018 hours with a brightness variation of 0.21±0.01 magnitude. Based on the surveys carried out by the Japanese Akari and the NEOWISE mission of the U.S. Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, the asteroid has a very low albedo of 0.048 and 0.033, while the Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link (CALL) assumes a somewhat higher albedo of 0.057 for the carbonaceous body. Accordingly, CALL calculates the asteroid's diameter to be only 67 kilometers while the two space-based surveys gave a larger diameter of 82 and 88 kilometers, respectively. The minor planet was named after Poulydamas from Greek mythology, the most trusted strategist and advisor of the Trojan prince Hector, after whom the minor planet 624 Hektor is named, and who was born on the same night as Poulydamas. The gods gave Hektor skill with arms and gave Poulydamas better judgment. He sensibly advised Hektor to lock the gates of Troy against Achilles (also see 588 Achilles), but Hector disregarded his friend's advice and went out of the city to his doom and to the eventual doom of Troy. |
35 | discoverer or inventor | 10121 Arzamas | eric elst | ['george van biesbroeck', 'harry edwin wood', 'marguerite laugier', 'claude chappe', 'fabian gottlieb von bellingshausen', 'carl auer von welsbach', 'sir nigel gresley', 'sir arthur evans', 'crimean astrophysical observatory', 'lewis swift', 'odin', 'edwin mcmillan', 'ernst mayr', 'edward said', 'miguel itzigsohn', 'heinrich ruhmkorff', 'urata', 'christopher cockerell', 'arnold schoenberg', 'gause', 'henry bessemer', 'hendrik van gent', 'sir alexander fleming', 'franz kaiser', 'christopher latham sholes', 'niels henrik abel', 'harlow shapley', 'lord rayleigh', 'schelte bus', 'gridshell', 'bartolomeo cristofori', 'carl wirtanen', 'henri cartan', 'gerry anderson', 'cyril jackson', 'silas weir mitchell', 'frederick scott archer', 'lyudmila chernykh', 'pelageya shajn', 'icao', 'johann palisa', 'ptolemy', 'lee de forest', 'roger penrose', 'christopher alexander', 'donald knuth', 'humphry davy', 'moog', 'carolyn shoemaker', 'ernest johnson', 'chad trujillo', 'purple mountain observatory', 'auguste charlois', 'pieter zeeman', 'alexander grothendieck', 'lionel penrose', 'cornelis johannes van houten', 'john grinder', 'charles darwin', 'robert bunsen', 'thomas newcomen', 'henri lebesgue', 'michael faraday', 'louis boyer', 'sergey belyavsky', 'hyperboloid', 'otto hahn', 'gotthold ephraim lessing', 'seymour papert', 'nikolai chernykh', 'egide walschaerts', 'evangelista torricelli', 'carl gustav mosander', 'johan gadolin', 'eugene shoemaker', 'august kopff', 'ole kirk christiansen', 'sequoyah', 'ingrid', 'paolo maffei', 'tom gehrels', 'werner heisenberg', 'thorstein veblen', 'vapnik', 'kant', 'nanking', 'urbain le verrier', 'alessandro malaspina', 'speke', 'bill mollison', 'kirchhoff', 'karl reinmuth', 'maurice martenot', 'bickley', 'ephraim shay', 'microsoft', 'albert einstein', 'nikolai stepanovich chernykh', 'robert luther'] | 10121 Arzamas | 10121 Arzamas, provisional designation 1993 BS4, is a carbonarceous asteroid from the outer region of the asteroid belt, about 10 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 27 January 1993, by Belgian astronomer Eric Elst at Caussols , southeastern France. The dark C-type asteroid is a member of the Themis family, a dynamical family of outer main-belt asteroids with nearly coplanar ecliptical orbits. It orbits the Sun at a distance of 2.7–3.7 AU once every 5 years and 9 months (2,095 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.16 and an inclination of 1° with respect to the ecliptic. Two photometric light-curve observations at the U.S. Palomar Transient Factory, California, rendered a rotation period of 12.1±0.3 and 12.1991±0.0060 hours with a brightness amplitude of 0.7 and 0.6 in magnitude, respectively (). According to the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, the asteroid measures 10.8 kilometer in diameter based on an albedo of 0.08. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link (CALL) also assumes an albedo of 0.08 and calculates a diameter of 10.3 kilometers. The minor planet is named after the Russian city of Arzamas, a major transit center on the road from Moscow to the eastern parts of the country. It was founded in 1578 by Ivan the Terrible and is located on the Tyosha River. Its main industry has always been the production of leather and the dyeing of fabrics. |
35 | discoverer or inventor | 232 Russia | johann palisa | ['julian huxley', 'bickley', 'harlow shapley', 'james watt', 'eleanor helin', 'john grinder', 'hendrik van gent', 'schelte bus', 'hermann goldschmidt', 'werner heisenberg', 'herschel', 'grigory neujmin', 'ole kirk christiansen', 'carl wilhelm scheele', 'arnold schoenberg', 'urbain le verrier', 'george van biesbroeck', 'pieter zeeman', 'bernhard schmidt', 'marguerite laugier', 'sir winston churchill', 'william hyde wollaston', 'edward bowell', 'donald knuth', 'carl friedrich gauss', 'carl wirtanen', 'ernest rutherford', 'albert einstein', 'vapnik', 'dmitri mendeleev', 'lyudmila zhuravleva', 'fabian gottlieb von bellingshausen', 'anselm', 'tycho', 'crimean astrophysical observatory', 'toshimasa furuta', 'cavendish', 'lionel penrose', 'lyudmila chernykh', 'heinrich schenker', 'gotthold ephraim lessing', 'leibniz', 'linear', 'urata', 'pelageya shajn', 'mikhail lazarev', 'nikola tesla', 'cyril jackson', 'niels bohr', 'conway', 'christopher cockerell', 'heinrich ruhmkorff', 'chad trujillo', 'george westinghouse', 'thorstein veblen', 'birmingham university', 'bill mollison', 'ernest johnson', 'brouwer', 'annibale de gasparis', 'eric elst', 'ingrid', 'rudolf diesel', 'henry holt', 'robert luther', 'malcolm mackerras', 'nicolas bourriaud', 'harry edwin wood', 'hyperloop', 'auguste charlois', 'sequoyah', 'icao', 'vint cerf', 'joseph priestley', 'odin', 'mike brown', 'ward cunningham', 'bartolomeo cristofori', 'sylvain arend', 'george maciunas', 'miguel itzigsohn', 'gustav rose', 'alonzo church', 'robert bunsen', 'gause', 'tom gehrels', 'ernst mayr', 'kant', 'loneos', 'ptolemy', 'nikolai stepanovich chernykh', 'benjamin franklin', 'edward said', 'kirchhoff', 'alexander grothendieck', 'michael faraday', 'henri cartan', 'sergey belyavsky', 'silas weir mitchell'] | 232 Russia | 232 Russia is a large Main belt asteroid. It is classified as a C-type asteroid and is probably composed of primitive carbonaceous material. It was discovered by Johann Palisa on January 31, 1883 in Vienna and was named after the country of Russia. Photometric observations of this asteroid collected during 2007 show a rotation period of 21.8 ± 0.2 hours with a brightness variation of 0.2 ± 0.02 magnitude. A follow up study during 2014 discovered that the rotation period varied depending on the phase angle of observation. The measured rotation varied from 22.016 ± 0.004 hours at a phase angle of 21.5 degrees to 17.0, to 21.904 ± 0.002 hours at phase angles between 5.2 degrees and 9.6 degrees. The reason for this variation has to do with the shape of the asteroid. |
35 | discoverer or inventor | 21501 Acevedo | loneos | ['august kopff', 'george van biesbroeck', 'birmingham university', 'sergey belyavsky', 'hendrik van gent', 'george maciunas', 'dmitri mendeleev', 'johan gadolin', 'ernest johnson', 'marguerite laugier', 'evangelista torricelli', 'odin', 'cornelis johannes van houten', 'egide walschaerts', 'michael brown', 'franz anton mesmer', 'brouwer', 'nauchnyj', 'clyde tombaugh', 'conway', 'henry holt', 'lord rayleigh', 'harold urey', 'hyperboloid', 'malcolm mackerras', 'alexander grothendieck', 'crimean astrophysical observatory', 'grigory neujmin', 'gause', 'charles messier', 'gridshell', 'claude chappe', 'noam chomsky', 'moog', 'harlow shapley', 'toshimasa furuta', 'christopher cockerell', 'otto hahn', 'sir alexander fleming', 'mike brown', 'schelte bus', 'nanking', 'niels henrik abel', 'microsoft', 'speke', 'kazuro watanabe', 'hermann goldschmidt', 'nikolai stepanovich chernykh', 'albert einstein', 'heinrich schenker', 'humphry davy', 'harry edwin wood', 'henri cartan', 'edward bowell', 'william hyde wollaston', 'georg cantor', 'blackberry', 'annibale de gasparis', 'bartolomeo cristofori', 'nicolas bourriaud', 'emmett chapman', 'vint cerf', 'herschel', 'indiana asteroid program', 'pieter zeeman', 'urata', 'james bradley', 'ptolemy', 'eleanor helin', 'carl gustav mosander', 'james watt', 'mikhail lazarev', 'heinrich ruhmkorff', 'christopher alexander', 'sequoyah', 'liisi oterma', 'eric elst', 'edwin mcmillan', 'karl reinmuth', 'turing', 'bickley', 'gustav rose', 'rudolf diesel', 'fabian gottlieb von bellingshausen', 'icao', 'franz kaiser', 'ephraim shay', 'lyudmila zhuravleva', 'kant', 'carl auer von welsbach', 'bill mollison', 'christopher latham sholes', 'robert luther', 'arnold schoenberg', 'ernest rutherford', 'gerry anderson', 'august derleth', 'sir winston churchill', 'max wolf'] | 21501 Acevedo | 21501 Acevedo, provisional designation 1998 KC8, is a stony asteroid from the inner regions of the asteroid belt, about 2.4 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered by the U.S. Lowell Observatory Near-Earth Object Search (LONEOS) at Anderson Mesa Station, near Flagstaff, Arizona, on 23 May 1998. The S-type asteroid is a member of the Flora family, one of the largest groups of stony asteroids in the main-belt. It orbits the Sun at a distance of 2.1–2.5 AU once every 3 years and 6 months (1,286 days). Its orbit shows an eccentricity of 0.07 and is tilted by 6 degrees to the plane of the ecliptic. In 2010, a photometric light-curve analysis at the Palomar Transient Factory gave a rotation period of 6.5689±0.0050 hours with a brightness amplitude of 0.10 in magnitude, while the Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes an albedo of 0.24, a typical value for asteroids with a stony surface composition, and identical to the albedo of the Flora family's namesake, 8 Flora. The minor planet was named in honour of Tony Acevedo (b. 1950), a multimedia graphic designer and media officer at the Arecibo Observatory. |
35 | discoverer or inventor | Internet | vint cerf | ['blackberry', 'carolyn shoemaker', 'kin endate', 'kirchhoff', 'gustav rose', 'grigory neujmin', 'nicolas bourriaud', 'donald knuth', 'lord rayleigh', 'malcolm mackerras', 'oak ridge observatory', 'arnold schoenberg', 'cavendish', 'franz kaiser', 'hendrik van gent', 'tom gehrels', 'george maciunas', 'lyudmila chernykh', 'alonzo church', 'lyudmila zhuravleva', 'kazuro watanabe', 'sylvain arend', 'max wolf', 'annibale de gasparis', 'evangelista torricelli', 'george van biesbroeck', 'henri lebesgue', 'alessandro malaspina', 'hermann goldschmidt', 'harold urey', 'leibniz', 'william hyde wollaston', 'gridshell', 'ernest hemingway', 'ernest rutherford', 'microsoft', 'bill mollison', 'edward bowell', 'sergey belyavsky', 'herschel', 'crimean astrophysical observatory', 'humphry davy', 'marija gimbutas', 'carl gustav mosander', 'michael faraday', 'robert luther', 'george berkeley', 'sir alexander fleming', 'bernhard schmidt', 'joseph priestley', 'nikola tesla', 'isaac newton', 'vapnik', 'bartolomeo cristofori', 'hyperboloid', 'tycho', 'harlow shapley', 'michael brown', 'noam chomsky', 'bickley', 'karl drais', 'james bradley', 'liisi oterma', 'charles messier', 'pelageya shajn', 'chad trujillo', 'silas weir mitchell', 'thorstein veblen', 'edwin mcmillan', 'paolo maffei', 'marie curie', 'gerry anderson', 'robert bunsen', 'henri cartan', 'moog', 'odin', 'ptolemy', 'william rowan hamilton', 'birmingham university', 'karl reinmuth', 'franz anton mesmer', 'benjamin franklin', 'toshimasa furuta', 'christopher latham sholes', 'loneos', 'sir arthur evans', 'ole kirk christiansen', 'eugene shoemaker', 'christopher cockerell', 'james dunlop', 'sequoyah', 'auguste charlois', 'edwin hubble', 'albert einstein', 'seymour papert', 'ernest johnson', 'turing', 'rudolf diesel', 'louis boyer'] | Adam Dunkels | Adam Dunkels, Ph.D., is a Swedish entrepreneur, programmer and founder of Thingsquare. His work is mainly focused on networking technology and distributed communication for small embedded devices and wireless sensor networks on the Internet. Adam is best known to the embedded community as the author of the uIP (micro-IP) and lwIP TCP/IP protocol stacks. He is also the creator of protothreads and author of the Contiki operating system. The MIT Technology Review placed him on the TR35 list of world's top 35 innovators under 35, in 2009. His book Interconnecting Smart Objects with IP - the Next Internet, co-authored with JP Vasseur and with a foreword by Vint Cerf, was published in 2010. He is a founder of the IPSO Alliance, who promotes IP networking for smart objects such as embedded systems and wireless sensors, and author of the alliance's white paper. Adam Dunkels received the 2008 EuroSys Roger Needham PhD Award for his PhD thesis "Programming Memory-Constrained Networked Embedded Systems.". |
35 | discoverer or inventor | dandy horse | karl drais | ['charles darwin', 'bartolomeo cristofori', 'ernest johnson', 'henri lebesgue', 'gerry anderson', 'vapnik', 'paolo maffei', 'roger penrose', 'christopher cockerell', 'alonzo church', 'gotthold ephraim lessing', 'nikola tesla', 'james watt', 'bickley', 'michael faraday', 'toshimasa furuta', 'carl wirtanen', 'icao', 'dmitri mendeleev', 'birmingham university', 'robert luther', 'ingrid', 'gause', 'vint cerf', 'harold urey', 'mike brown', 'claude chappe', 'eleanor helin', 'kin endate', 'edward said', 'gustav rose', 'hyperloop', 'chad trujillo', 'ernest hemingway', 'sequoyah', 'humphry davy', 'niels henrik abel', 'cornelis johannes van houten', 'annibale de gasparis', 'john grinder', 'nanking', 'franz anton mesmer', 'carl auer von welsbach', 'cavendish', 'albert einstein', 'carl wilhelm scheele', 'fabian gottlieb von bellingshausen', 'hermann goldschmidt', 'tsutomu seki', 'lyudmila chernykh', 'mikhail lazarev', 'seymour papert', 'silas weir mitchell', 'edward bowell', 'christopher latham sholes', 'babbage', 'sergey belyavsky', 'alexander grothendieck', 'louis boyer', 'donald knuth', 'noam chomsky', 'auguste charlois', 'charles messier', 'james bradley', 'ptolemy', 'ernst mayr', 'james dunlop', 'sylvain arend', 'kant', 'ephraim shay', 'august derleth', 'stallman', 'niels bohr', 'tom gehrels', 'clyde tombaugh', 'henry holt', 'sir winston churchill', 'nikolai stepanovich chernykh', 'microsoft', 'nicolas bourriaud', 'max wolf', 'kazuro watanabe', 'sir alexander fleming', 'brouwer', 'johan gadolin', 'linear', 'george maciunas', 'malcolm mackerras', 'julian huxley', 'speke', 'ernest rutherford', 'werner heisenberg', 'purple mountain observatory', 'carolyn shoemaker', 'oak ridge observatory', 'christopher alexander', 'tycho', 'edwin hubble', 'heinrich ruhmkorff'] | Dandy horse | The dandy horse is a human-powered vehicle that, being the first means of transport to make use of the two-wheeler principle, is regarded as the archetype of the bicycle. The dandy horse was invented by Baron Karl Drais in Mannheim, Germany, and patented in France in February 1818 (Badenian privilege in January 1818). It is also known as a Laufmaschine (Drais' own terminology, German for "running machine"), the official designation velocipede, or draisine (a term now used primarily for light auxiliary railcars regardless of their form of propulsion), and in its French form draisienne. The dandy-horse was a two-wheeled vehicle, with both wheels in-line, propelled by the rider pushing along the ground with the feet as in regular walking or running. The front wheel and handlebar assembly was hinged to allow steering. Several manufacturers in France and England made their own dandy-horses during its brief popularity in the summer of 1819—most notably Denis Johnson of London, who used an elegantly curved wooden frame which allowed the use of larger wheels. Riders preferred to operate their vehicles on the smooth sidewalks instead of the rough roads, but their interactions with pedestrians caused many municipalities worldwide to enact laws prohibiting their use. Later designs avoided the initial drawback of this device when it had to be made to measure, manufactured to conform with the height and the stride of its rider. An example is Nicéphore Niépce's 1818 velocipede with an adjustable saddle for his 'velocipede' built by Lagrange. However, in the 1860s in France, the vélocipède bicycle was created by attaching rotary cranks and pedals to the front-wheel hub of a dandy-horse. |
35 | discoverer or inventor | Local Group | edwin hubble | ['nanking', 'lionel penrose', 'bickley', 'heinrich ruhmkorff', 'ernest hemingway', 'nikola tesla', 'indiana asteroid program', 'bill mollison', 'nauchnyj', 'ernst mayr', 'christopher cockerell', 'sir arthur evans', 'nikolai stepanovich chernykh', 'hyperboloid', 'noam chomsky', 'maurice martenot', 'silas weir mitchell', 'charles messier', 'alessandro malaspina', 'harlow shapley', 'birmingham university', 'schelte bus', 'donald knuth', 'vapnik', 'joseph priestley', 'nicolas bourriaud', 'george westinghouse', 'odin', 'marie curie', 'alonzo church', 'charles darwin', 'eugene shoemaker', 'purple mountain observatory', 'turing', 'mikhail lazarev', 'ernest rutherford', 'cornelis johannes van houten', 'seymour papert', 'nikolai chernykh', 'cavendish', 'henri lebesgue', 'toshimasa furuta', 'franz kaiser', 'miguel itzigsohn', 'icao', 'harold urey', 'henry bessemer', 'william rowan hamilton', 'paolo maffei', 'carlos torres', 'annibale de gasparis', 'georg cantor', 'herschel', 'karl reinmuth', 'humphry davy', 'tycho', 'isaac newton', 'brouwer', 'ward cunningham', 'carl gustav mosander', 'michael brown', 'henry holt', 'kin endate', 'ingrid', 'james dunlop', 'grigory neujmin', 'liisi oterma', 'chad trujillo', 'bartolomeo cristofori', 'babbage', 'oak ridge observatory', 'sir winston churchill', 'ptolemy', 'kant', 'frederick scott archer', 'urata', 'george maciunas', 'kirchhoff', 'sequoyah', 'ole kirk christiansen', 'stallman', 'ephraim shay', 'john grinder', 'gridshell', 'thomas newcomen', 'lord rayleigh', 'edward bowell', 'claude chappe', 'julian huxley', 'george berkeley', 'anselm', 'pieter zeeman', 'auguste charlois', 'gause', 'karl drais', 'speke', 'james watt', 'niels bohr', 'pelageya shajn'] | IC 10 | IC 10 is an irregular galaxy in the constellation Cassiopeia. It was discovered by Lewis Swift in 1887. Nicholas Mayall was the first to suggest that the object is extragalactic in 1935. Edwin Hubble suspected it might belong to the Local Group of galaxies, but its status remained uncertain for decades. The radial velocity of IC 10 was measured in 1962, and it was found to be approaching the Milky Way at approximately350 km/s, strengthening the evidence for its membership in the Local Group. Its membership in the group was finally confirmed in 1996 by direct measurements of itsdistance based on observations of Cepheids. Despite its closeness, the galaxy is rather difficult to study because it lies near the plane of the Milky Way and is therefore heavily obscured by interstellar matter. The apparent distance between IC 10 and the Andromeda Galaxy is about the same as the apparent distance between the Andromeda Galaxy and the Triangulum Galaxy, which suggests that IC 10 may belong to the M31 subgroup. IC 10 is the only known starburst galaxy in the Local Group of galaxies. It has many more Wolf-Rayet stars per square kiloparsec (5.1 stars/kpc²) than the Large Magellanic Cloud (2.0 stars/kpc²) or the Small Magellanic Cloud (0.9 stars/kpc²). Although the galaxy has a luminosity similar to the SMC, it is considerably smaller. Its higher metallicity compared to the SMC suggests that star formation activity has continued for a longer time period. The evolutionary status of the Wolf-Rayet stars suggests that they all formed in a relatively short timespan. The ratio between the two types of Wolf-Rayet stars (WC stars and WN stars) in IC 10 is very different from the ratio in other galaxies in the Local Group, which may be somehow due to the starburst nature of the galaxy. Currently the galaxy produces stars at the rate of 0.04–0.08 solar masses per year, which means that the gas supply in the galaxy can last for only a few billion years longer. Observations of IC 10 in the far-infrared show that the dust in this mild starburst galaxy is deficient in small grains. It is hypothesized that any small grains that formerly existed were destroyed by strong ultraviolet radiation in the areas around the hot luminous stars that were formed in the galaxy's recent burst of star formation. The galaxy has a huge envelope of hydrogen gas, with an apparent size measuring 68′ × 80′, which is far larger than the apparent size of the galaxy in visible light (5.5′ × 7.0′). IC 10 is also unusual in the respect that the visible part of the galaxy seems to rotate in a different direction than the outer envelope. It has a H II nucleus. |
35 | discoverer or inventor | Iron Curtain | sir winston churchill | ['kin endate', 'frederick scott archer', 'james dunlop', 'paolo maffei', 'lewis swift', 'noam chomsky', 'brouwer', 'bickley', 'bartolomeo cristofori', 'thomas newcomen', 'ernest rutherford', 'carl wirtanen', 'george berkeley', 'speke', 'lord rayleigh', 'michael faraday', 'ernst mayr', 'miguel itzigsohn', 'tsutomu seki', 'joseph priestley', 'cavendish', 'carolyn shoemaker', 'ephraim shay', 'ptolemy', 'urbain le verrier', 'humphry davy', 'nicolas bourriaud', 'carl gustav mosander', 'benjamin franklin', 'isaac newton', 'rudolf diesel', 'mikhail lazarev', 'alexander grothendieck', 'maurice martenot', 'alessandro malaspina', 'nikola tesla', 'kazuro watanabe', 'hyperboloid', 'thorstein veblen', 'anselm', 'gause', 'christopher alexander', 'marie curie', 'johann palisa', 'karl drais', 'niels henrik abel', 'edward said', 'chad trujillo', 'clyde tombaugh', 'william rowan hamilton', 'johan gadolin', 'harlow shapley', 'fabian gottlieb von bellingshausen', 'franz anton mesmer', 'niels bohr', 'blackberry', 'emmett chapman', 'birmingham university', 'nanking', 'tom gehrels', 'henri cartan', 'conway', 'odin', 'edwin hubble', 'eugene shoemaker', 'bill mollison', 'moog', 'max wolf', 'christopher latham sholes', 'sylvain arend', 'nikolai stepanovich chernykh', 'august derleth', 'egide walschaerts', 'julian huxley', 'lee de forest', 'roger penrose', 'carlos torres', 'arnold schoenberg', 'hermann goldschmidt', 'james bradley', 'heinrich ruhmkorff', 'carl wilhelm scheele', 'gerry anderson', 'turing', 'sir arthur evans', 'august kopff', 'liisi oterma', 'eric elst', 'gustav rose', 'stallman', 'linear', 'purple mountain observatory', 'carl friedrich gauss', 'christopher cockerell', 'edwin mcmillan', 'sequoyah', 'otto hahn', 'annibale de gasparis', 'leibniz'] | St Mary Aldermanbury | St. Mary Aldermanbury was a church in the City of London first mentioned in 1181 and destroyed by the Great Fire of London in 1666. Rebuilt in Portland stone by Christopher Wren, it was again gutted by the Blitz in 1940, leaving only the walls standing. In 1966 these stones were transported to Fulton, Missouri, by the residents of that town, and rebuilt in the grounds of Westminster College as a memorial to Winston Churchill. Churchill had made his Sinews of Peace, "Iron Curtain" speech in the Westminster College Gymnasium in 1946. The footprint of the church remains at the junction of London's Aldermanbury and Love Lane, planted with bushes and trees; to this footprint has been added a memorial plaque placed by Westminster College. The gardens also house a monument to Henry Condell and John Heminges, key figures in the production of the First Folio of William Shakespeare's plays and co-partners with him in the Globe Theatre. Condell and Heminges lived in the St. Mary Aldermanbury parish and were buried in its churchyard. This monument is topped with a bust of Shakespeare. The remains of the church were designated a Grade II listed building on 5 June 1972. The monuments are separately listed. In the 1830s, the notable missionary William Jowett was a lecturer at the church. Notable burials in the church included the notorious "hanging judge" Judge Jeffreys and the Puritan author and minister James Janeway and his father, William. Of the interment of Judge Jeffreys, Leigh Hunt wrote: |
35 | discoverer or inventor | Dumbbell Nebula | charles messier | ['james dunlop', 'eric elst', 'james watt', 'nanking', 'blackberry', 'noam chomsky', 'karl reinmuth', 'linear', 'lee de forest', 'hyperloop', 'pelageya shajn', 'rudolf diesel', 'gridshell', 'edwin hubble', 'sir winston churchill', 'donald knuth', 'humphry davy', 'lord rayleigh', 'alessandro malaspina', 'anselm', 'ernest rutherford', 'kant', 'thorstein veblen', 'carolyn shoemaker', 'max wolf', 'sylvain arend', 'robert luther', 'sir alexander fleming', 'malcolm mackerras', 'odin', 'indiana asteroid program', 'ole kirk christiansen', 'crimean astrophysical observatory', 'edwin mcmillan', 'michael brown', 'johann palisa', 'chad trujillo', 'henry holt', 'purple mountain observatory', 'claude chappe', 'emmett chapman', 'johan gadolin', 'george westinghouse', 'mikhail lazarev', 'tom gehrels', 'edward said', 'edward bowell', 'tycho', 'conway', 'albert einstein', 'karl drais', 'dmitri mendeleev', 'carl wirtanen', 'loneos', 'george maciunas', 'gotthold ephraim lessing', 'bill mollison', 'niels henrik abel', 'ingrid', 'sir arthur evans', 'lyudmila zhuravleva', 'lewis swift', 'hermann goldschmidt', 'harlow shapley', 'ward cunningham', 'icao', 'franz kaiser', 'robert bunsen', 'alexander grothendieck', 'james bradley', 'nikola tesla', 'gustav rose', 'werner heisenberg', 'christopher alexander', 'kin endate', 'nikolai chernykh', 'clyde tombaugh', 'egide walschaerts', 'heinrich ruhmkorff', 'ernest johnson', 'nicolas bourriaud', 'maurice martenot', 'eleanor helin', 'carl friedrich gauss', 'charles darwin', 'georg cantor', 'bartolomeo cristofori', 'seymour papert', 'takashi murakami', 'cyril jackson', 'vint cerf', 'sequoyah', 'august derleth', 'frederick scott archer', 'microsoft', 'carl gustav mosander', 'benjamin franklin', 'gerry anderson', 'bickley'] | Dumbbell Nebula | The Dumbbell Nebula (also known as Apple Core Nebula, Messier 27, M 27, or NGC 6853) is a planetary nebula in the constellation Vulpecula, at a distance of about 1,360 light-years. This object was the first planetary nebula to be discovered; by Charles Messier in 1764. At its brightness of visual magnitude 7.5 and its diameter of about 8 arcminutes, it is easily visible in binoculars, and a popular observing target in amateur telescopes. |
35 | discoverer or inventor | 11824 Alpaidze | lyudmila chernykh | ['christopher latham sholes', 'brouwer', 'harlow shapley', 'arnold schoenberg', 'birmingham university', 'marija gimbutas', 'ward cunningham', 'joseph priestley', 'kirchhoff', 'nikolai stepanovich chernykh', 'stallman', 'max wolf', 'nauchnyj', 'toshimasa furuta', 'lionel penrose', 'anselm', 'seymour papert', 'sylvain arend', 'kant', 'evangelista torricelli', 'harold urey', 'christopher alexander', 'leibniz', 'august kopff', 'schelte bus', 'george van biesbroeck', 'christopher cockerell', 'humphry davy', 'carl auer von welsbach', 'niels bohr', 'purple mountain observatory', 'franz kaiser', 'ingrid', 'sequoyah', 'urbain le verrier', 'johann palisa', 'henry bessemer', 'kin endate', 'kazuro watanabe', 'carolyn shoemaker', 'emmett chapman', 'ephraim shay', 'john grinder', 'james dunlop', 'crimean astrophysical observatory', 'odin', 'bickley', 'vapnik', 'vint cerf', 'karl drais', 'hyperboloid', 'speke', 'carl wirtanen', 'takashi murakami', 'tom gehrels', 'sergey belyavsky', 'heinrich schenker', 'auguste charlois', 'gause', 'werner heisenberg', 'bernhard schmidt', 'tsutomu seki', 'nicolas bourriaud', 'charles darwin', 'lyudmila zhuravleva', 'paolo maffei', 'carlos torres', 'carl wilhelm scheele', 'loneos', 'sir nigel gresley', 'isaac newton', 'edward bowell', 'edward said', 'michael faraday', 'eric elst', 'icao', 'james bradley', 'sir alexander fleming', 'sir winston churchill', 'rudolf diesel', 'lewis swift', 'alessandro malaspina', 'edwin mcmillan', 'benjamin franklin', 'tycho', 'william hyde wollaston', 'alexander grothendieck', 'lee de forest', 'alonzo church', 'sir arthur evans', 'grigory neujmin', 'nanking', 'miguel itzigsohn', 'albert einstein', 'egide walschaerts', 'louis boyer', 'heinrich ruhmkorff', 'claude chappe', 'roger penrose'] | 11824 Alpaidze | 11824 Alpaidze, provisional designation 1982 SO5, is a stony asteroid from the middle region of the asteroid belt, about 5 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 16 September 1982, by Russian female astronomer Lyudmila Chernykh at the Crimean Astrophysical Observatory in Nauchnyj, on the Crimean peninsula. The S-type asteroid orbits the Sun at a distance of 1.8–3.4 AU once every 4 years and 3 months (1,563 days). Its orbit shows an eccentricity of 0.31 and is tilted by 2 degrees to the plane of the ecliptic. It has a rotation period of 4.1 hours. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes a low albedo of 0.10, which is rather untypical for a stony asteroid. The minor planet is named after Gregorian-born, Soviet Lieutenant General Galaktion Alpaidze (1916–2006), Hero of the Soviet Union and laureate of the USSR State Prize, who was the chief of the cosmodrome in Plesetsk from 1963 to 1975. Under his leadership the cosmodrome was developed for testing space vehicles, and it became the most active launch site in the world. |
35 | discoverer or inventor | relativistic | albert einstein | ['michael faraday', 'speke', 'maurice martenot', 'evangelista torricelli', 'dmitri mendeleev', 'bickley', 'niels bohr', 'otto hahn', 'ephraim shay', 'george maciunas', 'edward bowell', 'claude chappe', 'herschel', 'benjamin franklin', 'joseph priestley', 'marguerite laugier', 'paolo maffei', 'carl gustav mosander', 'lyudmila zhuravleva', 'clyde tombaugh', 'icao', 'isaac newton', 'franz anton mesmer', 'nicolas bourriaud', 'pieter zeeman', 'robert bunsen', 'kazuro watanabe', 'oak ridge observatory', 'edwin hubble', 'james bradley', 'edwin mcmillan', 'ernest rutherford', 'lewis swift', 'george van biesbroeck', 'kant', 'robert luther', 'tom gehrels', 'silas weir mitchell', 'brouwer', 'carl wilhelm scheele', 'tycho', 'eric elst', 'birmingham university', 'heinrich schenker', 'harold urey', 'ernst mayr', 'harry edwin wood', 'moog', 'urbain le verrier', 'crimean astrophysical observatory', 'johann palisa', 'sir nigel gresley', 'august kopff', 'anselm', 'lee de forest', 'franz kaiser', 'ernest hemingway', 'lord rayleigh', 'auguste charlois', 'toshimasa furuta', 'karl reinmuth', 'rudolf diesel', 'christopher cockerell', 'henri cartan', 'hyperboloid', 'mikhail lazarev', 'sir arthur evans', 'egide walschaerts', 'henri lebesgue', 'james watt', 'august derleth', 'louis boyer', 'ward cunningham', 'gridshell', 'donald knuth', 'georg cantor', 'gustav rose', 'stallman', 'tsutomu seki', 'michael brown', 'william rowan hamilton', 'annibale de gasparis', 'sylvain arend', 'charles messier', 'ingrid', 'carolyn shoemaker', 'ernest johnson', 'bill mollison', 'cyril jackson', 'werner heisenberg', 'henry bessemer', 'sequoyah', 'carl auer von welsbach', 'turing', 'karl drais', 'pelageya shajn', 'george westinghouse', 'fabian gottlieb von bellingshausen', 'liisi oterma'] | Giovanni Amelino-Camelia | Giovanni Amelino-Camelia (born 14 December 1965, Naples) is an Italian physicist of the University of Rome La Sapienza who works on quantum gravity. He is the first proposer of doubly special relativity that is the idea of introducing the Planck length in physics as an observer-independent quantity, obtaining a relativistic theory (like Galileian relativity and Einstein's special relativity). The principles of doubly special relativity probably imply the loss of the notion of classical (Riemannian) spacetime; this led Amelino-Camelia to the study of non-commutative geometry as a feasible theory of quantum spacetime. Amelino-Camelia is famous also for being the initiator of "quantum-gravity phenomenology", for being the first to show that with some experiments under reach of current technology sensitivity to Planck-scale effects is feasible (see Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope). |
35 | discoverer or inventor | 5148 Giordano | cornelis johannes van houten | ['johan gadolin', 'alessandro malaspina', 'emmett chapman', 'mike brown', 'hendrik van gent', 'ernst mayr', 'urbain le verrier', 'claude chappe', 'loneos', 'carl gustav mosander', 'john grinder', 'annibale de gasparis', 'bill mollison', 'carl wilhelm scheele', 'james bradley', 'edward bowell', 'miguel itzigsohn', 'johann palisa', 'ernest johnson', 'stallman', 'george berkeley', 'carl wirtanen', 'august kopff', 'otto hahn', 'lyudmila chernykh', 'hyperboloid', 'julian huxley', 'sir arthur evans', 'urata', 'marguerite laugier', 'ptolemy', 'ernest hemingway', 'george van biesbroeck', 'sequoyah', 'nikolai stepanovich chernykh', 'conway', 'donald knuth', 'birmingham university', 'humphry davy', 'henry holt', 'pieter zeeman', 'paolo maffei', 'toshimasa furuta', 'malcolm mackerras', 'sergey belyavsky', 'frederick scott archer', 'grigory neujmin', 'clyde tombaugh', 'carolyn shoemaker', 'nicolas bourriaud', 'arnold schoenberg', 'gerry anderson', 'chad trujillo', 'ephraim shay', 'eugene shoemaker', 'karl reinmuth', 'linear', 'niels bohr', 'liisi oterma', 'roger penrose', 'marie curie', 'crimean astrophysical observatory', 'herschel', 'alexander grothendieck', 'lionel penrose', 'odin', 'lord rayleigh', 'eleanor helin', 'gause', 'james watt', 'nauchnyj', 'ernest rutherford', 'lewis swift', 'tsutomu seki', 'schelte bus', 'ingrid', 'heinrich schenker', 'noam chomsky', 'sir nigel gresley', 'dmitri mendeleev', 'charles messier', 'moog', 'karl drais', 'vapnik', 'charles darwin', 'bernhard schmidt', 'icao', 'michael brown', 'william rowan hamilton', 'ward cunningham', 'nikolai chernykh', 'isaac newton', 'rudolf diesel', 'august derleth', 'babbage', 'heinrich ruhmkorff', 'sylvain arend', 'niels henrik abel', 'nanking'] | 5148 Giordano | 5148 Giordano (5557 P-L) is a main-belt asteroid discovered on October 17, 1960 by Cornelis Johannes van Houten, Ingrid van Houten-Groeneveld and Tom Gehrels at Palomar Observatory. The asteroid was subsequently designated 5148, as a permutation of Bruno's birth year (1548). Another asteroid related (with his name) to Giordano Bruno is 13223 Cenaceneri named after work of him La Cena delle Ceneri ("The Dinner of the Ashes") in which, for the first time in Western philosophical thought, there is discussion of the infinity of worlds in the universe. He published it in 1584. |
35 | discoverer or inventor | 266 Aline | johann palisa | ['johan gadolin', 'carl gustav mosander', 'james watt', 'claude chappe', 'michael faraday', 'lewis swift', 'gotthold ephraim lessing', 'urata', 'vint cerf', 'ole kirk christiansen', 'henry holt', 'donald knuth', 'speke', 'gerry anderson', 'noam chomsky', 'linear', 'clyde tombaugh', 'isaac newton', 'cornelis johannes van houten', 'babbage', 'silas weir mitchell', 'lee de forest', 'ernest johnson', 'sir nigel gresley', 'liisi oterma', 'brouwer', 'henry bessemer', 'turing', 'nikola tesla', 'annibale de gasparis', 'george berkeley', 'sir alexander fleming', 'gustav rose', 'bernhard schmidt', 'rudolf diesel', 'alessandro malaspina', 'hyperloop', 'nikolai chernykh', 'carlos torres', 'nauchnyj', 'marie curie', 'microsoft', 'mike brown', 'benjamin franklin', 'roger penrose', 'alexander grothendieck', 'heinrich ruhmkorff', 'tycho', 'vapnik', 'egide walschaerts', 'marguerite laugier', 'pelageya shajn', 'birmingham university', 'moog', 'sergey belyavsky', 'nikolai stepanovich chernykh', 'takashi murakami', 'kirchhoff', 'herschel', 'james bradley', 'nicolas bourriaud', 'hermann goldschmidt', 'otto hahn', 'paolo maffei', 'karl reinmuth', 'schelte bus', 'charles darwin', 'mikhail lazarev', 'christopher latham sholes', 'john grinder', 'carolyn shoemaker', 'emmett chapman', 'urbain le verrier', 'niels bohr', 'tom gehrels', 'ingrid', 'carl wilhelm scheele', 'anselm', 'niels henrik abel', 'conway', 'ptolemy', 'oak ridge observatory', 'frederick scott archer', 'edwin mcmillan', 'ernest rutherford', 'marija gimbutas', 'auguste charlois', 'sequoyah', 'alonzo church', 'louis boyer', 'miguel itzigsohn', 'charles messier', 'kin endate', 'robert luther', 'joseph priestley', 'dmitri mendeleev', 'stallman', 'malcolm mackerras', 'august derleth'] | 266 Aline | 266 Aline is a fairly large main belt asteroid that was discovered by Johann Palisa on May 17, 1887 in Vienna and is thought to have been named after the daughter of astronomer Edmund Weiss. It is a dark C-type asteroid and is probably composed of primitive carbonaceous material. Photometric observations made in 2012 at the Organ Mesa Observatory in Las Cruces, New Mexico produced a light curve with a period of 13.018 ± 0.001 hours and a brightness variation of 0.10 ± 0.01 in magnitude. In 2001, the asteroid was detected by radar from the Arecibo Observatory at a distance of 1.41 AU. The resulting data yielded an effective diameter of 109 ± 15 km. |
35 | discoverer or inventor | 1783 Albitskij | grigory neujmin | ['indiana asteroid program', 'william rowan hamilton', 'werner heisenberg', 'pelageya shajn', 'dmitri mendeleev', 'michael faraday', 'liisi oterma', 'niels henrik abel', 'fabian gottlieb von bellingshausen', 'conway', 'james dunlop', 'brouwer', 'nicolas bourriaud', 'kirchhoff', 'joseph priestley', 'icao', 'robert luther', 'lionel penrose', 'schelte bus', 'urbain le verrier', 'loneos', 'bickley', 'rudolf diesel', 'edward said', 'crimean astrophysical observatory', 'chad trujillo', 'sir nigel gresley', 'lord rayleigh', 'sir arthur evans', 'paolo maffei', 'max wolf', 'gridshell', 'carl gustav mosander', 'alonzo church', 'franz kaiser', 'christopher latham sholes', 'claude chappe', 'linear', 'maurice martenot', 'lewis swift', 'malcolm mackerras', 'clyde tombaugh', 'cyril jackson', 'turing', 'hermann goldschmidt', 'ephraim shay', 'sergey belyavsky', 'nikolai stepanovich chernykh', 'ole kirk christiansen', 'isaac newton', 'ingrid', 'nanking', 'hendrik van gent', 'alessandro malaspina', 'albert einstein', 'silas weir mitchell', 'auguste charlois', 'donald knuth', 'ernest hemingway', 'niels bohr', 'james watt', 'lyudmila chernykh', 'franz anton mesmer', 'bill mollison', 'annibale de gasparis', 'odin', 'humphry davy', 'blackberry', 'christopher alexander', 'heinrich ruhmkorff', 'karl reinmuth', 'johann palisa', 'evangelista torricelli', 'thomas newcomen', 'sir alexander fleming', 'carl friedrich gauss', 'edwin hubble', 'carl wilhelm scheele', 'microsoft', 'hyperboloid', 'stallman', 'kin endate', 'ernest rutherford', 'moog', 'carlos torres', 'charles darwin', 'oak ridge observatory', 'seymour papert', 'vapnik', 'herschel', 'george maciunas', 'henry holt', 'carolyn shoemaker', 'emmett chapman', 'ward cunningham', 'charles messier', 'louis boyer', 'henry bessemer', 'georg cantor'] | 1783 Albitskij | 1783 Albitskij, provisional designation 1935 FJ, is a carbonaceous asteroid from the middle region of the asteroid belt, about 21 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 24 March 1935, by Soviet–Russian astronomer Grigory Neujmin at Simeiz Observatory (Симеиз) on the Crimean peninsula. The dark C-type asteroid – classified as a Ch-subtype in the SMASS taxonomic scheme – orbits the Sun at a distance of 2.3–3.0 AU once every 4 years and 4 months (1,587 days). Its orbit is tilted by 12 degrees to the plane of the ecliptic and shows an eccentricity of 0.13. It has a rotation period of 12 hours and an albedo in the range of 0.05–0.07, according to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite, and the U.S. Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission. The asteroid is a member of the Eunomia family, a large group of stony S-type asteroids and the most prominent family in the intermediate main-belt. Since the asteroid's spectral type is that of a carbonaceous C-type, rather than of a stony S-type body, it is considered to be an interloper. It is named after Soviet astronomer and head of Simeiz Observatory, Vladimir Albitzky (1891–1952). He is well known for his research on radial velocities and variable stars, as well as for his discoveries of ten asteroids. He was also the head of the Simeis department of the Pulkovo Observatory from 1934 onward. |
35 | discoverer or inventor | Newton polynomial | isaac newton | ['ephraim shay', 'sequoyah', 'carl auer von welsbach', 'takashi murakami', 'thorstein veblen', 'george berkeley', 'ernest johnson', 'julian huxley', 'ole kirk christiansen', 'oak ridge observatory', 'urbain le verrier', 'henri cartan', 'kant', 'seymour papert', 'bernhard schmidt', 'loneos', 'george westinghouse', 'henry holt', 'heinrich ruhmkorff', 'gridshell', 'carl wirtanen', 'donald knuth', 'william rowan hamilton', 'lee de forest', 'edward bowell', 'nikolai chernykh', 'lionel penrose', 'nanking', 'icao', 'humphry davy', 'christopher latham sholes', 'gotthold ephraim lessing', 'miguel itzigsohn', 'alessandro malaspina', 'vapnik', 'tycho', 'ernest rutherford', 'marija gimbutas', 'lewis swift', 'fabian gottlieb von bellingshausen', 'babbage', 'cornelis johannes van houten', 'anselm', 'cyril jackson', 'pelageya shajn', 'gerry anderson', 'stallman', 'charles darwin', 'william hyde wollaston', 'maurice martenot', 'edwin hubble', 'christopher alexander', 'carl wilhelm scheele', 'bartolomeo cristofori', 'james dunlop', 'vint cerf', 'louis boyer', 'niels henrik abel', 'johann palisa', 'nauchnyj', 'urata', 'arnold schoenberg', 'sergey belyavsky', 'blackberry', 'lord rayleigh', 'james watt', 'microsoft', 'crimean astrophysical observatory', 'alonzo church', 'franz anton mesmer', 'nikola tesla', 'sir nigel gresley', 'kin endate', 'karl drais', 'emmett chapman', 'bill mollison', 'pieter zeeman', 'odin', 'frederick scott archer', 'otto hahn', 'george van biesbroeck', 'franz kaiser', 'nikolai stepanovich chernykh', 'toshimasa furuta', 'nicolas bourriaud', 'karl reinmuth', 'mike brown', 'gause', 'sylvain arend', 'eugene shoemaker', 'tsutomu seki', 'sir winston churchill', 'hendrik van gent', 'dmitri mendeleev', 'george maciunas', 'claude chappe', 'ingrid', 'heinrich schenker', 'indiana asteroid program'] | Newton polynomial | In the mathematical field of numerical analysis, a Newton polynomial, named after its inventor Isaac Newton, is the interpolation polynomial for a given set of data points in the Newton form. The Newton polynomial is sometimes called Newton's divided differences interpolation polynomial because the coefficients of the polynomial are calculated using divided differences. (The other difference formulas, such as those of Gauss, Bessel and Stirling, can be derived from Newton's, by renaming of the x-values of the data points.) For any given finite set of data points, there is only one polynomial, of least possible degree, that passes through all of them. Thus, it is more appropriate to speak of "the Newton form of the interpolation polynomial" rather than of "the Newton interpolation polynomial". Like the Lagrange form, it is merely another way to write the same polynomial. |
35 | discoverer or inventor | 2003 Harding | cornelis johannes van houten | ['albert einstein', 'edward bowell', 'urata', 'linear', 'nikolai chernykh', 'george maciunas', 'john grinder', 'oak ridge observatory', 'george van biesbroeck', 'pelageya shajn', 'frederick scott archer', 'bernhard schmidt', 'anselm', 'auguste charlois', 'nanking', 'henri cartan', 'henri lebesgue', 'george westinghouse', 'dmitri mendeleev', 'cyril jackson', 'edwin mcmillan', 'isaac newton', 'louis boyer', 'carl gustav mosander', 'tycho', 'alessandro malaspina', 'william hyde wollaston', 'indiana asteroid program', 'gerry anderson', 'karl reinmuth', 'christopher latham sholes', 'arnold schoenberg', 'ephraim shay', 'babbage', 'charles darwin', 'edwin hubble', 'tom gehrels', 'sir alexander fleming', 'julian huxley', 'icao', 'urbain le verrier', 'nicolas bourriaud', 'ingrid', 'max wolf', 'august derleth', 'chad trujillo', 'paolo maffei', 'kazuro watanabe', 'franz kaiser', 'rudolf diesel', 'cavendish', 'silas weir mitchell', 'roger penrose', 'bartolomeo cristofori', 'lewis swift', 'marguerite laugier', 'hermann goldschmidt', 'harry edwin wood', 'tsutomu seki', 'james dunlop', 'johan gadolin', 'ernest rutherford', 'hyperloop', 'joseph priestley', 'carlos torres', 'heinrich schenker', 'harold urey', 'donald knuth', 'lord rayleigh', 'gridshell', 'claude chappe', 'humphry davy', 'heinrich ruhmkorff', 'marija gimbutas', 'marie curie', 'ole kirk christiansen', 'grigory neujmin', 'miguel itzigsohn', 'thorstein veblen', 'ward cunningham', 'ernest hemingway', 'evangelista torricelli', 'carl wilhelm scheele', 'eric elst', 'carl auer von welsbach', 'nauchnyj', 'lyudmila chernykh', 'sir winston churchill', 'hendrik van gent', 'brouwer', 'benjamin franklin', 'eleanor helin', 'sylvain arend', 'franz anton mesmer', 'mikhail lazarev', 'james watt', 'kin endate', 'gotthold ephraim lessing', 'charles messier'] | 2003 Harding | 2003 Harding, also designated 6559 P–L, is an asteroid in the asteroid belt discovered on September 24, 1960 by the three astronomers Cornelis van Houten, Ingrid van Houten-Groeneveld and Tom Gehrels at Palomar, California. The asteroid is a member of the Eos family. Orbiting the Sun at a distance of 2.7–3.4 AU once every 5 years and 4 months, the asteroid's path is nearly coplanar to the plane of the ecliptic with an orbital inclination of less than 2 degrees. It has a short rotation period of three hours. The designation P–L stands for Palomar–Leiden, named after Palomar Observatory and Leiden Observatory, which collaborated on the fruitful Palomar–Leiden survey in the 1960s. Gehrels used Palomar's Samuel Oschin telescope (also known as the 48-inch Schmidt Telescope), and shipped the photographic plates to Cornelis Johannes van Houten and Ingrid van Houten-Groeneveld at Leiden Observatory in the Netherlands. The trio are credited with several thousand asteroid discoveries. The asteroid is named after German astronomer Karl Ludwig Harding (1765–1834), who discovered the minor planet 3 Juno. He is also honored by the lunar crater Harding. |
35 | discoverer or inventor | collodion process | frederick scott archer | ['heinrich schenker', 'liisi oterma', 'roger penrose', 'isaac newton', 'michael brown', 'evangelista torricelli', 'anselm', 'robert bunsen', 'blackberry', 'silas weir mitchell', 'sylvain arend', 'alexander grothendieck', 'carl gustav mosander', 'carl wirtanen', 'loneos', 'emmett chapman', 'henri lebesgue', 'vapnik', 'werner heisenberg', 'sir nigel gresley', 'nikola tesla', 'thorstein veblen', 'harlow shapley', 'ptolemy', 'august derleth', 'karl drais', 'maurice martenot', 'gerry anderson', 'lyudmila chernykh', 'sir alexander fleming', 'ward cunningham', 'tycho', 'harry edwin wood', 'toshimasa furuta', 'cavendish', 'miguel itzigsohn', 'louis boyer', 'carl auer von welsbach', 'speke', 'leibniz', 'georg cantor', 'alessandro malaspina', 'stallman', 'paolo maffei', 'ernest rutherford', 'conway', 'carl wilhelm scheele', 'babbage', 'linear', 'tsutomu seki', 'takashi murakami', 'eleanor helin', 'gustav rose', 'nikolai stepanovich chernykh', 'ernst mayr', 'lee de forest', 'niels bohr', 'max wolf', 'claude chappe', 'schelte bus', 'william hyde wollaston', 'urata', 'johan gadolin', 'charles messier', 'edwin mcmillan', 'harold urey', 'herschel', 'lord rayleigh', 'rudolf diesel', 'hyperboloid', 'sir arthur evans', 'nauchnyj', 'birmingham university', 'kazuro watanabe', 'george van biesbroeck', 'thomas newcomen', 'ernest johnson', 'michael faraday', 'kirchhoff', 'oak ridge observatory', 'mike brown', 'ephraim shay', 'eugene shoemaker', 'malcolm mackerras', 'carlos torres', 'vint cerf', 'marguerite laugier', 'humphry davy', 'fabian gottlieb von bellingshausen', 'christopher latham sholes', 'otto hahn', 'indiana asteroid program', 'bernhard schmidt', 'william rowan hamilton', 'icao', 'annibale de gasparis', 'urbain le verrier', 'brouwer', 'carl friedrich gauss'] | Collodion process | The collodion process is an early photographic process, said to have been invented, almost simultaneously, by Frederick Scott Archer and Gustave Le Gray in about 1850. During the subsequent decades of its popularity, many photographers and experimenters refined or varied the process. By the end of the 1850s it had almost entirely replaced the first practical photographic process, the daguerreotype. "Collodion process" is usually taken to be synonymous with the "collodion wet plate process", an intricate process which required the photographic material to be coated, sensitized, exposed and developed within the span of about fifteen minutes, necessitating a portable darkroom for use in the field. Although collodion was normally used in this wet form, the material could also be used in humid ("preserved") or dry form, but at the cost of greatly increased exposure time, making these forms unsuitable for the usual work of most professional photographers—portraiture. Their use was therefore confined to landscape photography and other special applications where minutes-long exposure times were tolerable. During the 1880s the collodion process, in turn, was largely replaced by gelatin dry plates—glass plates with a photographic emulsion of silver halides suspended in gelatin. The dry gelatin emulsion was not only more convenient but could be made much more sensitive, greatly reducing exposure times. One collodion process, the tintype, was still in limited use for casual portraiture by some itinerant and amusement park photographers as late as the 1930s, and the wet plate collodion process was still in use in the printing industry in the 1960s for line and tone work (mostly printed material involving black type against a white background) as for large work it was much cheaper than gelatin film.[citation needed] |
35 | discoverer or inventor | intuitionism | brouwer | ['julian huxley', 'benjamin franklin', 'grigory neujmin', 'ernest rutherford', 'ptolemy', 'william hyde wollaston', 'georg cantor', 'george berkeley', 'gause', 'august kopff', 'harold urey', 'henry holt', 'niels bohr', 'marie curie', 'lord rayleigh', 'lewis swift', 'august derleth', 'carl gustav mosander', 'edwin mcmillan', 'claude chappe', 'harlow shapley', 'carlos torres', 'james bradley', 'robert luther', 'edwin hubble', 'ernst mayr', 'marija gimbutas', 'lyudmila zhuravleva', 'babbage', 'kant', 'carl wirtanen', 'annibale de gasparis', 'henri lebesgue', 'gotthold ephraim lessing', 'thomas newcomen', 'clyde tombaugh', 'niels henrik abel', 'nikola tesla', 'eric elst', 'john grinder', 'kin endate', 'schelte bus', 'tom gehrels', 'maurice martenot', 'leibniz', 'carolyn shoemaker', 'nikolai chernykh', 'arnold schoenberg', 'george maciunas', 'bartolomeo cristofori', 'gridshell', 'bernhard schmidt', 'egide walschaerts', 'herschel', 'urbain le verrier', 'silas weir mitchell', 'edward bowell', 'mikhail lazarev', 'frederick scott archer', 'heinrich schenker', 'cavendish', 'henri cartan', 'charles darwin', 'george westinghouse', 'eleanor helin', 'alessandro malaspina', 'vint cerf', 'gustav rose', 'johann palisa', 'urata', 'liisi oterma', 'louis boyer', 'thorstein veblen', 'hermann goldschmidt', 'nikolai stepanovich chernykh', 'noam chomsky', 'cornelis johannes van houten', 'paolo maffei', 'james dunlop', 'blackberry', 'albert einstein', 'charles messier', 'tycho', 'joseph priestley', 'christopher latham sholes', 'moog', 'emmett chapman', 'christopher cockerell', 'microsoft', 'michael brown', 'birmingham university', 'speke', 'franz kaiser', 'sylvain arend', 'ernest hemingway', 'christopher alexander', 'loneos', 'lyudmila chernykh', 'hyperboloid'] | Preintuitionism | In the mathematical philosophy, the pre-intuitionists were a small but influential group who informally shared similar philosophies on the nature of mathematics. The term itself was used by L. E. J. Brouwer, who in his 1951 lectures at Cambridge described the differences between intuitionism and its predecessors: |
35 | discoverer or inventor | 1982 Cline | eleanor helin | ['lee de forest', 'malcolm mackerras', 'odin', 'paolo maffei', 'bill mollison', 'james bradley', 'kirchhoff', 'albert einstein', 'michael faraday', 'niels bohr', 'liisi oterma', 'gridshell', 'clyde tombaugh', 'urata', 'annibale de gasparis', 'arnold schoenberg', 'urbain le verrier', 'louis boyer', 'dmitri mendeleev', 'lyudmila chernykh', 'leibniz', 'gotthold ephraim lessing', 'seymour papert', 'tsutomu seki', 'cyril jackson', 'cornelis johannes van houten', 'harlow shapley', 'miguel itzigsohn', 'ernest johnson', 'henri cartan', 'karl reinmuth', 'frederick scott archer', 'william rowan hamilton', 'silas weir mitchell', 'indiana asteroid program', 'marija gimbutas', 'babbage', 'henry holt', 'carl auer von welsbach', 'humphry davy', 'gustav rose', 'moog', 'carl friedrich gauss', 'carl wirtanen', 'schelte bus', 'charles messier', 'stallman', 'ole kirk christiansen', 'thorstein veblen', 'brouwer', 'marguerite laugier', 'nikolai chernykh', 'mike brown', 'bernhard schmidt', 'ward cunningham', 'edwin mcmillan', 'herschel', 'egide walschaerts', 'chad trujillo', 'turing', 'william hyde wollaston', 'franz anton mesmer', 'lewis swift', 'james dunlop', 'oak ridge observatory', 'icao', 'blackberry', 'tom gehrels', 'lord rayleigh', 'linear', 'lionel penrose', 'henri lebesgue', 'speke', 'pieter zeeman', 'roger penrose', 'michael brown', 'julian huxley', 'eric elst', 'edwin hubble', 'bickley', 'george berkeley', 'hendrik van gent', 'pelageya shajn', 'sir winston churchill', 'gerry anderson', 'georg cantor', 'sir arthur evans', 'cavendish', 'donald knuth', 'christopher cockerell', 'lyudmila zhuravleva', 'otto hahn', 'loneos', 'alessandro malaspina', 'heinrich ruhmkorff', 'carolyn shoemaker', 'robert luther', 'evangelista torricelli', 'johan gadolin'] | 1982 Cline | 1982 Cline, provisional designation 1975 VA, is a stony asteroid from the inner regions of the asteroid belt, about 7 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered by American female astronomer Eleanor Helin at the U.S. Palomar Observatory in California, on 4 November 1975 . The S-type asteroid orbits the Sun at a distance of 1.7–2.9 AU once every 3 years and 6 months (1,283 days). Its orbit is tilted by 7 degrees to the plane of the ecliptic and shows an eccentricity of 0.25. It has a rotation period of 5.8 hours and a high albedo in the range of 0.24 to 0.37, according to the surveys carried out by the Japanese Akari satellite and the U.S. Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes a somewhat more moderate albedo of 0.20 for the stony body. The asteroid was named by the discoverer to honor the memory of a friend, Edwin Lee Cline, who was a distinguished inventor in the automotive field who looked to space as the new frontier. |
35 | discoverer or inventor | 2436 Hatshepsut | cornelis johannes van houten | ['paolo maffei', 'babbage', 'henri lebesgue', 'carl friedrich gauss', 'albert einstein', 'ernest hemingway', 'henry bessemer', 'gerry anderson', 'arnold schoenberg', 'conway', 'niels henrik abel', 'cavendish', 'nikolai stepanovich chernykh', 'blackberry', 'lord rayleigh', 'evangelista torricelli', 'edward said', 'heinrich schenker', 'ingrid', 'thomas newcomen', 'auguste charlois', 'dmitri mendeleev', 'speke', 'robert luther', 'gause', 'michael faraday', 'sequoyah', 'crimean astrophysical observatory', 'ward cunningham', 'joseph priestley', 'alessandro malaspina', 'lyudmila zhuravleva', 'august kopff', 'edwin mcmillan', 'pieter zeeman', 'carl wirtanen', 'hendrik van gent', 'nicolas bourriaud', 'lewis swift', 'sylvain arend', 'karl drais', 'noam chomsky', 'rudolf diesel', 'thorstein veblen', 'james dunlop', 'roger penrose', 'hyperboloid', 'eric elst', 'humphry davy', 'clyde tombaugh', 'egide walschaerts', 'urbain le verrier', 'cyril jackson', 'maurice martenot', 'fabian gottlieb von bellingshausen', 'indiana asteroid program', 'isaac newton', 'pelageya shajn', 'odin', 'edwin hubble', 'sir nigel gresley', 'william hyde wollaston', 'emmett chapman', 'kirchhoff', 'carlos torres', 'silas weir mitchell', 'sir winston churchill', 'franz anton mesmer', 'urata', 'brouwer', 'marguerite laugier', 'linear', 'lee de forest', 'charles darwin', 'hermann goldschmidt', 'gustav rose', 'gridshell', 'carl wilhelm scheele', 'donald knuth', 'toshimasa furuta', 'ptolemy', 'ernest rutherford', 'kant', 'annibale de gasparis', 'johann palisa', 'claude chappe', 'carl gustav mosander', 'georg cantor', 'eleanor helin', 'mikhail lazarev', 'christopher cockerell', 'birmingham university', 'julian huxley', 'bernhard schmidt', 'carolyn shoemaker', 'malcolm mackerras', 'miguel itzigsohn', 'benjamin franklin', 'edward bowell'] | 2436 Hatshepsut | 2436 Hatshepsut, also designated 6066 P–L, is an asteroid from the asteroid belt, which was discovered by Cornelis van Houten, Ingrid van Houten-Groeneveld and Tom Gehrels at Palomar on September 24, 1960. It orbits the Sun at a distance of 2.9–3.5 AU once every 5 years and 8 months. Its orbit is only slightly eccentric and not much inclined to the ecliptic. The asteroid rotates around its axis every 9 hours. The designation P–L stands for Palomar–Leiden, named after Palomar Observatory and Leiden Observatory, which collaborated on the fruitful Palomar–Leiden survey in the 1960s. Gehrels used Palomar's Samuel Oschin telescope (also known as the 48-inch Schmidt Telescope), and shipped the photographic plates to Cornelis Johannes van Houten and Ingrid van Houten-Groeneveld at Leiden Observatory. The trio are credited with several thousand asteroid discoveries. It is named after the only female pharaoh to reign over ancient Egypt, Hatshepsut. |
35 | discoverer or inventor | 2940 Bacon | cornelis johannes van houten | ['james watt', 'franz kaiser', 'sir arthur evans', 'takashi murakami', 'clyde tombaugh', 'silas weir mitchell', 'tycho', 'william rowan hamilton', 'malcolm mackerras', 'cavendish', 'ernst mayr', 'loneos', 'babbage', 'joseph priestley', 'leibniz', 'linear', 'mikhail lazarev', 'niels bohr', 'nanking', 'ingrid', 'liisi oterma', 'toshimasa furuta', 'eleanor helin', 'turing', 'august kopff', 'carlos torres', 'johan gadolin', 'carl friedrich gauss', 'gerry anderson', 'hyperloop', 'johann palisa', 'bill mollison', 'humphry davy', 'hermann goldschmidt', 'james bradley', 'alonzo church', 'louis boyer', 'thomas newcomen', 'microsoft', 'kin endate', 'alessandro malaspina', 'ernest rutherford', 'urbain le verrier', 'ward cunningham', 'hyperboloid', 'blackberry', 'lyudmila chernykh', 'miguel itzigsohn', 'rudolf diesel', 'tsutomu seki', 'henri lebesgue', 'marija gimbutas', 'brouwer', 'michael faraday', 'odin', 'vapnik', 'alexander grothendieck', 'kirchhoff', 'moog', 'michael brown', 'grigory neujmin', 'crimean astrophysical observatory', 'gotthold ephraim lessing', 'purple mountain observatory', 'carl auer von welsbach', 'donald knuth', 'schelte bus', 'james dunlop', 'oak ridge observatory', 'nicolas bourriaud', 'speke', 'edwin mcmillan', 'auguste charlois', 'eugene shoemaker', 'lee de forest', 'william hyde wollaston', 'robert bunsen', 'george berkeley', 'george van biesbroeck', 'charles messier', 'seymour papert', 'henri cartan', 'annibale de gasparis', 'isaac newton', 'henry bessemer', 'anselm', 'christopher cockerell', 'ephraim shay', 'eric elst', 'mike brown', 'bartolomeo cristofori', 'sir alexander fleming', 'indiana asteroid program', 'lyudmila zhuravleva', 'gustav rose', 'sequoyah', 'ole kirk christiansen', 'george maciunas', 'werner heisenberg'] | 2940 Bacon | 2940 Bacon, also designated 3042 P–L, is an asteroid from the asteroid belt that was discovered on September 24, 1960 by Cornelis van Houten, Ingrid van Houten-Groeneveld and Tom Gehrels at Palomar Observatory in San Diego County, California. The asteroid orbits the Sun at a distance of 2.1–3.4 AU once every 4 years and 8 months (1,696 days). The orbit is rather eccentric (0.24). The designation P–L stands for Palomar–Leiden, named after Palomar Observatory and Leiden Observatory, which collaborated on the fruitful Palomar–Leiden survey in the 1960s. Gehrels used Palomar's Samuel Oschin telescope (also known as the 48-inch Schmidt Telescope), and shipped the photographic plates to Cornelis Johannes van Houten and Ingrid van Houten-Groeneveld at Leiden Observatory. The trio are credited with several thousand asteroid discoveries. It was named in honour of English scholar Sir Francis Bacon (1561–1626). He has been called the father of empiricism and his works established and popularized the scientific method. |
35 | discoverer or inventor | 8123 Canaletto | tom gehrels | ['heinrich ruhmkorff', 'james dunlop', 'ingrid', 'heinrich schenker', 'lord rayleigh', 'roger penrose', 'loneos', 'nicolas bourriaud', 'henri lebesgue', 'harold urey', 'alonzo church', 'edwin mcmillan', 'james watt', 'urbain le verrier', 'karl reinmuth', 'hendrik van gent', 'conway', 'purple mountain observatory', 'louis boyer', 'nauchnyj', 'donald knuth', 'anselm', 'toshimasa furuta', 'crimean astrophysical observatory', 'ptolemy', 'humphry davy', 'frederick scott archer', 'brouwer', 'ernest hemingway', 'maurice martenot', 'eleanor helin', 'ephraim shay', 'sylvain arend', 'annibale de gasparis', 'niels bohr', 'benjamin franklin', 'lyudmila chernykh', 'lyudmila zhuravleva', 'nikola tesla', 'carl friedrich gauss', 'microsoft', 'bartolomeo cristofori', 'henry bessemer', 'thorstein veblen', 'otto hahn', 'marguerite laugier', 'stallman', 'sir winston churchill', 'blackberry', 'gause', 'gerry anderson', 'joseph priestley', 'malcolm mackerras', 'ernest johnson', 'george westinghouse', 'isaac newton', 'hyperloop', 'christopher alexander', 'niels henrik abel', 'turing', 'pieter zeeman', 'edward said', 'sergey belyavsky', 'chad trujillo', 'seymour papert', 'alessandro malaspina', 'clyde tombaugh', 'kazuro watanabe', 'ward cunningham', 'indiana asteroid program', 'william hyde wollaston', 'william rowan hamilton', 'hyperboloid', 'karl drais', 'edwin hubble', 'leibniz', 'nanking', 'miguel itzigsohn', 'claude chappe', 'james bradley', 'silas weir mitchell', 'julian huxley', 'pelageya shajn', 'george maciunas', 'ernst mayr', 'michael faraday', 'tycho', 'arnold schoenberg', 'schelte bus', 'eric elst', 'carl auer von welsbach', 'egide walschaerts', 'fabian gottlieb von bellingshausen', 'harlow shapley', 'thomas newcomen', 'lionel penrose', 'august derleth', 'grigory neujmin', 'takashi murakami'] | 8123 Canaletto | 8123 Canaletto is a main belt asteroid with a perihelion of 1.99 AU It has an eccentricity of 0.131 and an orbital period of 1263.5 days (3.46 years). Caldeira has an average orbital speed of 19.692 km/s and an inclination of 3.754°. The asteroid was discovered on March 26, 1971 by Cornelis Johannes van Houten, Ingrid van Houten-Groeneveld and Tom Gehrels This asteroid is named after, the artist Giovanni Antonio Canal who is commonly called Canaletto. |
35 | discoverer or inventor | 2285 Ron Helin | schelte bus | ['edwin mcmillan', 'george maciunas', 'gotthold ephraim lessing', 'sir arthur evans', 'kazuro watanabe', 'toshimasa furuta', 'rudolf diesel', 'linear', 'urbain le verrier', 'ptolemy', 'august kopff', 'isaac newton', 'ernest rutherford', 'ward cunningham', 'nikolai stepanovich chernykh', 'carlos torres', 'ernest hemingway', 'charles messier', 'indiana asteroid program', 'nicolas bourriaud', 'roger penrose', 'miguel itzigsohn', 'leibniz', 'marie curie', 'hyperloop', 'henri cartan', 'brouwer', 'heinrich schenker', 'lewis swift', 'tycho', 'ernest johnson', 'claude chappe', 'christopher latham sholes', 'lionel penrose', 'cornelis johannes van houten', 'purple mountain observatory', 'maurice martenot', 'evangelista torricelli', 'hermann goldschmidt', 'heinrich ruhmkorff', 'lee de forest', 'otto hahn', 'paolo maffei', 'grigory neujmin', 'johan gadolin', 'speke', 'oak ridge observatory', 'gerry anderson', 'benjamin franklin', 'august derleth', 'franz anton mesmer', 'takashi murakami', 'george berkeley', 'birmingham university', 'niels bohr', 'conway', 'nanking', 'werner heisenberg', 'herschel', 'fabian gottlieb von bellingshausen', 'carolyn shoemaker', 'mike brown', 'george westinghouse', 'donald knuth', 'william rowan hamilton', 'eugene shoemaker', 'sir nigel gresley', 'ernst mayr', 'urata', 'clyde tombaugh', 'bickley', 'franz kaiser', 'bernhard schmidt', 'edward bowell', 'gustav rose', 'gridshell', 'robert luther', 'mikhail lazarev', 'james bradley', 'bartolomeo cristofori', 'edwin hubble', 'turing', 'emmett chapman', 'george van biesbroeck', 'vint cerf', 'blackberry', 'michael faraday', 'ephraim shay', 'alonzo church', 'icao', 'sir winston churchill', 'christopher cockerell', 'ingrid', 'moog', 'sylvain arend', 'carl auer von welsbach', 'loneos', 'noam chomsky', 'tom gehrels'] | 2285 Ron Helin | 2285 Ron Helin, provisional designation 1976 QB, is an asteroid from the asteroid belt, discovered on August 27, 1976 by American astronomer Schelte Bus at Palomar Observatory in San Diego County, California. The fairly eccentric asteroid orbits the Sun at a distance of 1.8–2.7 AU once every 3 years and 4 months (1,208 days). Its rotation period is 12 hours. The asteroid was named in honor of Ronald Helin, husband of American female astronomer Eleanor Helin (1932–2009), in appreciation of his support of the Palomar Planet-Crossing Asteroid Survey (PCAS). |
35 | discoverer or inventor | relativistic | albert einstein | ['icao', 'kazuro watanabe', 'george berkeley', 'lee de forest', 'noam chomsky', 'hyperloop', 'harry edwin wood', 'annibale de gasparis', 'harlow shapley', 'marguerite laugier', 'nikolai stepanovich chernykh', 'oak ridge observatory', 'nauchnyj', 'alessandro malaspina', 'vint cerf', 'gridshell', 'grigory neujmin', 'anselm', 'maurice martenot', 'birmingham university', 'vapnik', 'loneos', 'nanking', 'chad trujillo', 'blackberry', 'lionel penrose', 'liisi oterma', 'charles darwin', 'purple mountain observatory', 'william hyde wollaston', 'cornelis johannes van houten', 'robert luther', 'george maciunas', 'ernest rutherford', 'edwin mcmillan', 'sir winston churchill', 'stallman', 'egide walschaerts', 'toshimasa furuta', 'niels bohr', 'christopher alexander', 'malcolm mackerras', 'auguste charlois', 'georg cantor', 'ward cunningham', 'nicolas bourriaud', 'lyudmila zhuravleva', 'ptolemy', 'crimean astrophysical observatory', 'werner heisenberg', 'christopher cockerell', 'bickley', 'johan gadolin', 'mike brown', 'kirchhoff', 'carlos torres', 'nikolai chernykh', 'ingrid', 'carl wirtanen', 'alexander grothendieck', 'tsutomu seki', 'eleanor helin', 'takashi murakami', 'ernst mayr', 'ephraim shay', 'henry holt', 'hermann goldschmidt', 'hyperboloid', 'carolyn shoemaker', 'pelageya shajn', 'carl friedrich gauss', 'sir arthur evans', 'turing', 'michael faraday', 'claude chappe', 'johann palisa', 'franz anton mesmer', 'george van biesbroeck', 'clyde tombaugh', 'conway', 'eugene shoemaker', 'george westinghouse', 'miguel itzigsohn', 'alonzo church', 'james watt', 'ole kirk christiansen', 'urata', 'edward said', 'henry bessemer', 'rudolf diesel', 'schelte bus', 'leibniz', 'heinrich ruhmkorff', 'hendrik van gent', 'john grinder', 'nikola tesla', 'louis boyer', 'gotthold ephraim lessing', 'robert bunsen'] | Ives–Stilwell experiment | The Ives–Stilwell experiment tested the contribution of relativistic time dilation to the Doppler shift of light. The result was in agreement with the formula for the transverse Doppler effect, and was the first direct, quantitative confirmation of the time dilation factor. Since then, many Ives–Stilwell type experiments have been performed with increased precision. Together with the Michelson–Morley and Kennedy–Thorndike experiments, it forms one of the fundamental tests of special relativity theory. Other tests confirming the relativistic Doppler effect, are the and . For other time dilation experiments, see Time dilation of moving particles. For general overview, see Tests of special relativity. Both time dilation and the relativistic Doppler effect were predicted by Albert Einstein in his seminal 1905 paper.Einstein subsequently (1907) suggested an experiment based on the measurement of the relative frequencies of light perceived as arriving from a light source in motion with respect to the observer, and he calculated the additional Doppler shift due to time dilation. This effect was later called "transverse Doppler effect" (TDE), since such experiments were initially imagined to be conducted at right angles with respect to the moving source, in order to avoid the influence of the longitudinal Doppler shift. Eventually, Herbert E. Ives and G. R. Stilwell (referring to time dilation as following from the theory of Lorentz and Larmor) gave up the idea of measuring this effect at right angles. They used rays in longitudinal direction and found a way to separate the much smaller TDE from the much bigger longitudinal Doppler effect. The experiment was performed in 1938 and it was reprised several times (see, e.g.). Similar experiments were conducted several times with increased precision, by Otting (1939), Mandelberg et al. (1962), Hasselkamp et al. (1979), |
35 | discoverer or inventor | Eris | michael brown | ['james dunlop', 'charles messier', 'william rowan hamilton', 'carl gustav mosander', 'auguste charlois', 'hermann goldschmidt', 'silas weir mitchell', 'odin', 'charles darwin', 'nikolai chernykh', 'nauchnyj', 'urata', 'hyperloop', 'maurice martenot', 'johan gadolin', 'moog', 'loneos', 'james watt', 'werner heisenberg', 'marie curie', 'henry bessemer', 'george maciunas', 'egide walschaerts', 'brouwer', 'sequoyah', 'vint cerf', 'dmitri mendeleev', 'julian huxley', 'lewis swift', 'benjamin franklin', 'ernest hemingway', 'gridshell', 'william hyde wollaston', 'sir arthur evans', 'sergey belyavsky', 'bernhard schmidt', 'eric elst', 'georg cantor', 'ward cunningham', 'bill mollison', 'frederick scott archer', 'karl drais', 'paolo maffei', 'lionel penrose', 'nikolai stepanovich chernykh', 'henry holt', 'seymour papert', 'johann palisa', 'carl wirtanen', 'christopher cockerell', 'lord rayleigh', 'marguerite laugier', 'sylvain arend', 'max wolf', 'kant', 'pelageya shajn', 'nicolas bourriaud', 'joseph priestley', 'nanking', 'cornelis johannes van houten', 'george westinghouse', 'hyperboloid', 'kin endate', 'miguel itzigsohn', 'george berkeley', 'franz kaiser', 'malcolm mackerras', 'speke', 'emmett chapman', 'alessandro malaspina', 'george van biesbroeck', 'albert einstein', 'turing', 'lee de forest', 'ernest johnson', 'christopher alexander', 'linear', 'arnold schoenberg', 'stallman', 'michael faraday', 'heinrich ruhmkorff', 'takashi murakami', 'icao', 'carl wilhelm scheele', 'gotthold ephraim lessing', 'evangelista torricelli', 'microsoft', 'gustav rose', 'humphry davy', 'henri lebesgue', 'sir alexander fleming', 'thorstein veblen', 'august kopff', 'ole kirk christiansen', 'noam chomsky', 'harlow shapley', 'otto hahn', 'conway', 'carlos torres'] | David L. Rabinowitz | David Lincoln Rabinowitz (born 1960) is a researcher at Yale University. He has built CCD cameras and software for the detection of near-Earth asteroids and Kuiper Belt Objects, and his research has helped reduce the assumed number of near-Earth asteroids larger than 1 km by half, from 1,000–2,000 to 500–1,000 He has also assisted in the detection of distant solar system objects, supernovae, and quasars, thereby helping to understand the origin and evolution of the solar system and the dark energy driving the accelerated expansion of the universe. Collaborating with Michael Brown and Chad Trujillo of the Quasar Equatorial Survey Team, he has participated in the discovery of several plutoids such as 90377 Sedna (possibly the first known inner Oort cloud object), 90482 Orcus, Eris (more massive than Pluto), Haumea, and Makemake, although he would not get credit for Haumea. Together with Tom Gehrels of the University of Arizona and his Spacewatch Team, Rabinowitz discovered or co-discovered other astronomical objects including 5145 Pholus and 1991 BA. |
35 | discoverer or inventor | chlorine gas | carl wilhelm scheele | ['nikola tesla', 'conway', 'annibale de gasparis', 'harry edwin wood', 'ingrid', 'bickley', 'gause', 'henry bessemer', 'ernest rutherford', 'christopher cockerell', 'nanking', 'roger penrose', 'james watt', 'robert luther', 'tycho', 'gustav rose', 'edward said', 'karl reinmuth', 'takashi murakami', 'nicolas bourriaud', 'heinrich schenker', 'lionel penrose', 'carl auer von welsbach', 'charles darwin', 'lewis swift', 'birmingham university', 'michael brown', 'herschel', 'alessandro malaspina', 'egide walschaerts', 'sir arthur evans', 'nikolai stepanovich chernykh', 'sylvain arend', 'icao', 'sir nigel gresley', 'james bradley', 'edwin mcmillan', 'hermann goldschmidt', 'franz kaiser', 'cavendish', 'marguerite laugier', 'sir alexander fleming', 'carolyn shoemaker', 'stallman', 'tsutomu seki', 'marija gimbutas', 'isaac newton', 'george westinghouse', 'william rowan hamilton', 'ptolemy', 'alexander grothendieck', 'frederick scott archer', 'blackberry', 'cyril jackson', 'charles messier', 'vint cerf', 'august derleth', 'george maciunas', 'paolo maffei', 'leibniz', 'ole kirk christiansen', 'claude chappe', 'henri lebesgue', 'ephraim shay', 'alonzo church', 'chad trujillo', 'august kopff', 'lyudmila chernykh', 'bernhard schmidt', 'bartolomeo cristofori', 'otto hahn', 'malcolm mackerras', 'silas weir mitchell', 'julian huxley', 'lord rayleigh', 'babbage', 'carl friedrich gauss', 'gotthold ephraim lessing', 'harold urey', 'maurice martenot', 'franz anton mesmer', 'johan gadolin', 'werner heisenberg', 'max wolf', 'linear', 'noam chomsky', 'auguste charlois', 'arnold schoenberg', 'toshimasa furuta', 'karl drais', 'edwin hubble', 'urata', 'vapnik', 'moog', 'thomas newcomen', 'indiana asteroid program', 'christopher latham sholes', 'ernest johnson', 'hendrik van gent'] | Chlorine | Chlorine is a chemical element with symbol Cl and atomic number 17. It has a relative atomic mass of about 35.5. Chlorine is in the halogen group (17) and is the second lightest halogen, following fluorine. The element is a yellow-green gas under standard conditions, where it forms diatomic molecules. Chlorine has the highest electron affinity and the third highest electronegativity of all the reactive elements. For this reason, chlorine is a strong oxidizing agent. Free chlorine is rare on Earth, and is usually a result of direct or indirect oxidation by oxygen. The most common compound of chlorine, sodium chloride (common salt), has been known since ancient times. Around 1630, chlorine gas was first synthesized in a chemical reaction, but not recognized as a fundamentally important substance. Characterization[clarification needed] of chlorine gas was made in 1774 by Carl Wilhelm Scheele, who supposed it to be an oxide of a new element. In 1809, chemists suggested that the gas might be a pure element, and this was confirmed by Sir Humphry Davy in 1810, who named it from Ancient Greek: χλωρός (khlôros) "pale green". Nearly all chlorine in the Earth's crust occurs as chloride in various ionic compounds, including table salt. It is the second most abundant halogen and 21st most abundant chemical element in Earth's crust. Elemental chlorine is commercially produced from brine by electrolysis. The high oxidizing potential of elemental chlorine led commercially to free chlorine's bleaching and disinfectant uses, as well as its many uses as an essential reagent in the chemical industry. Chlorine is used in the manufacture of a wide range of consumer products, about two-thirds of them organic chemicals such as polyvinyl chloride, as well as many intermediates for production of plastics and other end products which do not contain the element. As a common disinfectant, elemental chlorine and chlorine-generating compounds are used more directly in swimming pools to keep them clean and sanitary. In the form of chloride ions, chlorine is necessary to all known species of life. Other types of chlorine compounds are rare in living organisms, and artificially produced chlorinated organics range from inert to toxic. In the upper atmosphere, chlorine-containing organic molecules such as chlorofluorocarbons have been implicated in ozone depletion. Small quantities of elemental chlorine are generated by oxidation of chloride to hypochlorite in neutrophils, as part of the immune response against bacteria. Elemental chlorine at high concentrations is extremely dangerous and poisonous for all living organisms, and was used in World War I as the first gaseous chemical warfare agent. |
35 | discoverer or inventor | 1721 Wells | indiana asteroid program | ['edwin hubble', 'anselm', 'carl friedrich gauss', 'paolo maffei', 'nikolai stepanovich chernykh', 'william rowan hamilton', 'henry holt', 'george westinghouse', 'conway', 'franz kaiser', 'benjamin franklin', 'evangelista torricelli', 'vint cerf', 'tycho', 'werner heisenberg', 'sylvain arend', 'hermann goldschmidt', 'gustav rose', 'fabian gottlieb von bellingshausen', 'charles darwin', 'marie curie', 'egide walschaerts', 'robert bunsen', 'albert einstein', 'john grinder', 'otto hahn', 'sir winston churchill', 'johan gadolin', 'edward bowell', 'birmingham university', 'henri cartan', 'bickley', 'miguel itzigsohn', 'nanking', 'ingrid', 'georg cantor', 'malcolm mackerras', 'brouwer', 'microsoft', 'james bradley', 'nikolai chernykh', 'chad trujillo', 'carl wilhelm scheele', 'cornelis johannes van houten', 'roger penrose', 'oak ridge observatory', 'urbain le verrier', 'gause', 'joseph priestley', 'lyudmila zhuravleva', 'james dunlop', 'niels bohr', 'max wolf', 'sergey belyavsky', 'herschel', 'claude chappe', 'harry edwin wood', 'heinrich schenker', 'edwin mcmillan', 'lionel penrose', 'august derleth', 'stallman', 'louis boyer', 'sir arthur evans', 'thorstein veblen', 'ptolemy', 'christopher alexander', 'liisi oterma', 'sir alexander fleming', 'william hyde wollaston', 'christopher cockerell', 'clyde tombaugh', 'carlos torres', 'carolyn shoemaker', 'mike brown', 'moog', 'heinrich ruhmkorff', 'sequoyah', 'lord rayleigh', 'tom gehrels', 'bartolomeo cristofori', 'ernst mayr', 'johann palisa', 'noam chomsky', 'alessandro malaspina', 'ole kirk christiansen', 'ernest rutherford', 'vapnik', 'linear', 'cyril jackson', 'schelte bus', 'gerry anderson', 'tsutomu seki', 'charles messier', 'donald knuth', 'frederick scott archer', 'lyudmila chernykh', 'julian huxley', 'bernhard schmidt'] | 1721 Wells | 1721 Wells, provisional designation 1953 TD3, is a dark asteroid from the outer region of the asteroid belt, about 40 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered by the Indiana Asteroid Program at the U.S. Goethe Link Observatory near Brooklyn, Indiana, on 3 October 1953. The asteroid orbits the Sun at a distance of 3.0–3.3 AU once every 5 years and 7 months (2,039 days). Its orbit shows an eccentricity of 0.05 and is tilted by 16 degrees to the plane of the ecliptic. It has an albedo of 0.053. The minor planet was named in honor of Herman B. Wells (1902–2000), longtime president and chancellor of Indiana University. Almost single handed, he changed Indiana University from a small locally oriented college into a world class institution of higher learning. Over the years, he also served the cause of higher education on the national and international level with great distinction and statesmanship. |
35 | discoverer or inventor | inflammable air | cavendish | ['franz kaiser', 'donald knuth', 'julian huxley', 'johann palisa', 'cornelis johannes van houten', 'tsutomu seki', 'icao', 'rudolf diesel', 'conway', 'nicolas bourriaud', 'emmett chapman', 'frederick scott archer', 'cyril jackson', 'ernst mayr', 'turing', 'nauchnyj', 'hyperboloid', 'alessandro malaspina', 'auguste charlois', 'bartolomeo cristofori', 'henri cartan', 'speke', 'sylvain arend', 'heinrich ruhmkorff', 'ephraim shay', 'alexander grothendieck', 'charles darwin', 'eleanor helin', 'seymour papert', 'carl wirtanen', 'clyde tombaugh', 'lewis swift', 'james bradley', 'vapnik', 'albert einstein', 'george berkeley', 'vint cerf', 'marija gimbutas', 'ernest johnson', 'urbain le verrier', 'ernest hemingway', 'carolyn shoemaker', 'paolo maffei', 'eugene shoemaker', 'carl friedrich gauss', 'brouwer', 'benjamin franklin', 'herschel', 'gotthold ephraim lessing', 'sir winston churchill', 'james dunlop', 'gerry anderson', 'ole kirk christiansen', 'nikolai stepanovich chernykh', 'george westinghouse', 'christopher alexander', 'henry holt', 'chad trujillo', 'annibale de gasparis', 'johan gadolin', 'sergey belyavsky', 'purple mountain observatory', 'loneos', 'odin', 'marguerite laugier', 'otto hahn', 'harry edwin wood', 'schelte bus', 'heinrich schenker', 'thorstein veblen', 'kazuro watanabe', 'stallman', 'edwin mcmillan', 'anselm', 'alonzo church', 'birmingham university', 'karl reinmuth', 'maurice martenot', 'lyudmila zhuravleva', 'pelageya shajn', 'kant', 'moog', 'nikola tesla', 'harlow shapley', 'linear', 'sir arthur evans', 'joseph priestley', 'robert luther', 'carl auer von welsbach', 'carl wilhelm scheele', 'roger penrose', 'niels henrik abel', 'sir alexander fleming', 'harold urey', 'george van biesbroeck', 'james watt', 'ptolemy', 'noam chomsky', 'arnold schoenberg'] | Henry Cavendish | Henry Cavendish FRS (10 October 1731 – 24 February 1810) was a British natural philosopher, scientist, and an important experimental and theoretical chemist and physicist. Cavendish is noted for his discovery of hydrogen or what he called "inflammable air". He described the density of inflammable air, which formed water on combustion, in a 1766 paper "On Factitious Airs". Antoine Lavoisier later reproduced Cavendish's experiment and gave the element its name. A notoriously shy man (it has been postulated that he was autistic), Cavendish was nonetheless distinguished for great accuracy and precision in his researches into the composition of atmospheric air, the properties of different gases, the synthesis of water, the law governing electrical attraction and repulsion, a mechanical theory of heat, and calculations of the density (and hence the mass) of the Earth. His experiment to measure the density of the Earth has come to be known as the Cavendish experiment. |
35 | discoverer or inventor | subjective idealism | george berkeley | ['cavendish', 'egide walschaerts', 'arnold schoenberg', 'hyperloop', 'charles messier', 'nanking', 'noam chomsky', 'birmingham university', 'ernest rutherford', 'mikhail lazarev', 'hendrik van gent', 'sir winston churchill', 'charles darwin', 'marie curie', 'robert bunsen', 'loneos', 'humphry davy', 'franz kaiser', 'john grinder', 'cornelis johannes van houten', 'moog', 'pelageya shajn', 'kin endate', 'speke', 'vapnik', 'frederick scott archer', 'edwin hubble', 'edwin mcmillan', 'ole kirk christiansen', 'thorstein veblen', 'william hyde wollaston', 'otto hahn', 'george westinghouse', 'carlos torres', 'william rowan hamilton', 'george maciunas', 'oak ridge observatory', 'august derleth', 'heinrich ruhmkorff', 'ernst mayr', 'turing', 'sir arthur evans', 'michael faraday', 'chad trujillo', 'conway', 'gerry anderson', 'indiana asteroid program', 'georg cantor', 'eric elst', 'urbain le verrier', 'sir alexander fleming', 'ernest hemingway', 'carl friedrich gauss', 'george van biesbroeck', 'emmett chapman', 'crimean astrophysical observatory', 'harlow shapley', 'roger penrose', 'paolo maffei', 'nikola tesla', 'carl wilhelm scheele', 'heinrich schenker', 'marguerite laugier', 'christopher alexander', 'sergey belyavsky', 'cyril jackson', 'sequoyah', 'joseph priestley', 'babbage', 'microsoft', 'gridshell', 'dmitri mendeleev', 'liisi oterma', 'seymour papert', 'maurice martenot', 'ward cunningham', 'nikolai stepanovich chernykh', 'bickley', 'isaac newton', 'fabian gottlieb von bellingshausen', 'lyudmila zhuravleva', 'sir nigel gresley', 'marija gimbutas', 'clyde tombaugh', 'ernest johnson', 'alexander grothendieck', 'johan gadolin', 'lee de forest', 'auguste charlois', 'kirchhoff', 'urata', 'christopher cockerell', 'mike brown', 'henri lebesgue', 'edward said', 'edward bowell', 'harold urey', 'gause', 'robert luther'] | Objective idealism | Objective idealism is an idealistic metaphysics that postulates that there is in an important sense only one perceiver, and that this perceiver is one with that which is perceived. One important advocate of such a metaphysics, Josiah Royce, wrote that he was indifferent "whether anybody calls all this Theism or Pantheism". Plato is regarded as one of the earliest representatives of objective idealism. It is distinct from the subjective idealism of George Berkeley, and it abandons the thing-in-itself of Kant's dualism. |
35 | discoverer or inventor | 39382 Opportunity | tom gehrels | ['conway', 'ole kirk christiansen', 'leibniz', 'franz kaiser', 'edwin hubble', 'august kopff', 'christopher latham sholes', 'turing', 'sequoyah', 'vint cerf', 'lord rayleigh', 'auguste charlois', 'blackberry', 'claude chappe', 'liisi oterma', 'henri cartan', 'moog', 'heinrich ruhmkorff', 'lewis swift', 'lyudmila chernykh', 'carl gustav mosander', 'urata', 'albert einstein', 'nikolai stepanovich chernykh', 'cyril jackson', 'microsoft', 'bernhard schmidt', 'frederick scott archer', 'lee de forest', 'karl drais', 'chad trujillo', 'sir winston churchill', 'michael brown', 'arnold schoenberg', 'sergey belyavsky', 'alonzo church', 'gridshell', 'carl auer von welsbach', 'christopher cockerell', 'eric elst', 'bartolomeo cristofori', 'cavendish', 'pieter zeeman', 'johann palisa', 'hyperboloid', 'james watt', 'niels henrik abel', 'louis boyer', 'nikolai chernykh', 'johan gadolin', 'babbage', 'edward bowell', 'michael faraday', 'george maciunas', 'charles darwin', 'paolo maffei', 'edwin mcmillan', 'karl reinmuth', 'ernst mayr', 'donald knuth', 'rudolf diesel', 'august derleth', 'fabian gottlieb von bellingshausen', 'gause', 'bickley', 'gotthold ephraim lessing', 'linear', 'nanking', 'mikhail lazarev', 'anselm', 'stallman', 'kazuro watanabe', 'ernest johnson', 'alessandro malaspina', 'ernest hemingway', 'robert luther', 'henry bessemer', 'speke', 'nauchnyj', 'mike brown', 'nikola tesla', 'humphry davy', 'carl wirtanen', 'carl wilhelm scheele', 'christopher alexander', 'james bradley', 'harold urey', 'carl friedrich gauss', 'robert bunsen', 'loneos', 'max wolf', 'henry holt', 'tycho', 'crimean astrophysical observatory', 'ward cunningham', 'isaac newton', 'lionel penrose', 'eugene shoemaker', 'harlow shapley'] | 39382 Opportunity | 39382 Opportunity, also designated 2696 P-L, is a Hilidan asteroid from the outermost region of the asteroid belt, roughly 5 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered by Dutch astronomer couple Cornelis and Ingrid van Houten-Groeneveld and Dutch–American astronomer Tom Gehrels, on 24 September 1960. The asteroid was spotted by examining photographic plates taken at the U.S. Palomar Observatory, California. Opportunity orbits the Sun at a distance of 3.2–4.8 AU once every 7 years and 11 months (2,883 days). Its orbit shows a notable eccentricity of 0.20 and is tilted by 3 degrees to the plane of the ecliptic. Located in the outermost part of the main-belt, the asteroid is a member of the Hilda family, a large group of asteroids that are thought to have originated from the Kuiper belt. They orbit in a 3:2 orbital resonance with the gas giant Jupiter, meaning that for every 2 orbits Jupiter completes around the Sun, a Hildian asteroid will complete 3 orbits. The asteroid's orbit does not cross the path of any of the planets and therefore it will not be pulled out of orbit by Jupiter's gravitational field. As a result of this, it is likely that the asteroid will remain in a stable orbit for thousands of years. The designation P-L stands for Palomar–Leiden, named after Palomar Observatory and Leiden Observatory, which collaborated on the fruitful Palomar–Leiden survey in the 1960s. Gehrels used Palomar's Samuel Oschin telescope (also known as the 48-inch Schmidt Telescope), and shipped the photographic plates to Ingrid and Cornelis van Houten at Leiden Observatory. The trio are credited with several thousand asteroid discoveries. Little is known about the asteroids size, composition, albedo and rotation, despite having a well-observed orbit with the lowest possible uncertainty – a condition code of 0 – and an observation arc that spans over a period of more than half a century. Based on its absolute magnitude of 14.4, its diameter could be anywhere between 3 and 7 kilometers, assuming an albedo in the range of 0.05 to 0.25. Since outer main-belt asteroids typically have a spectral type of a darker carbonaceous, rather than a brighter rocky body, its true diameter may be at the upper end of NASA's generic conversion table, as, for a given absolute magnitude, an object's diameter increases, when its albedo decreases. On October 11, 2004, following a proposal by van Houten-Groeneveld in 2002, the minor planet was named Opportunity, after the Mars Exploration Rover. |
35 | discoverer or inventor | 2934 Aristophanes | tom gehrels | ['georg cantor', 'kant', 'tycho', 'lyudmila chernykh', 'gridshell', 'ernest hemingway', 'carl wilhelm scheele', 'humphry davy', 'eleanor helin', 'nikolai stepanovich chernykh', 'indiana asteroid program', 'heinrich ruhmkorff', 'arnold schoenberg', 'marie curie', 'nicolas bourriaud', 'oak ridge observatory', 'henry bessemer', 'lyudmila zhuravleva', 'niels bohr', 'bernhard schmidt', 'clyde tombaugh', 'michael brown', 'george westinghouse', 'heinrich schenker', 'crimean astrophysical observatory', 'annibale de gasparis', 'george maciunas', 'henry holt', 'bartolomeo cristofori', 'nikolai chernykh', 'hyperloop', 'moog', 'anselm', 'august kopff', 'birmingham university', 'seymour papert', 'george berkeley', 'christopher cockerell', 'robert bunsen', 'karl drais', 'benjamin franklin', 'evangelista torricelli', 'michael faraday', 'harold urey', 'mike brown', 'kin endate', 'ernest johnson', 'franz anton mesmer', 'ephraim shay', 'loneos', 'kazuro watanabe', 'leibniz', 'roger penrose', 'vapnik', 'hermann goldschmidt', 'toshimasa furuta', 'carl auer von welsbach', 'stallman', 'isaac newton', 'robert luther', 'sir alexander fleming', 'sylvain arend', 'donald knuth', 'thorstein veblen', 'malcolm mackerras', 'carolyn shoemaker', 'niels henrik abel', 'mikhail lazarev', 'dmitri mendeleev', 'alessandro malaspina', 'sir nigel gresley', 'william hyde wollaston', 'paolo maffei', 'joseph priestley', 'speke', 'edward bowell', 'louis boyer', 'august derleth', 'conway', 'vint cerf', 'babbage', 'edward said', 'bickley', 'ingrid', 'noam chomsky', 'microsoft', 'purple mountain observatory', 'chad trujillo', 'henri cartan', 'ernest rutherford', 'edwin hubble', 'franz kaiser', 'maurice martenot', 'alexander grothendieck', 'christopher alexander', 'harry edwin wood', 'icao', 'ernst mayr', 'nanking'] | 2934 Aristophanes | 2934 Aristophanes, alternatively designated 4006 P–L, is a 28-kilometer sized main belt asteroid, which was discovered by Cornelis Johannes van Houten, Ingrid van Houten-Groeneveld and Tom Gehrels in 1960. It is named after Aristophanes (445–385 B.C.), the ancient Greek comic dramatist. The designation P–L stands for Palomar–Leiden, named after Palomar Observatory and Leiden Observatory, which collaborated on the fruitful Palomar–Leiden survey in the 1960s. Gehrels used Palomar's 48-inch Samuel Oschin telescope and shipped the photographic plates to Cornelis Johannes van Houten and Ingrid van Houten-Groeneveld at Leiden Observatory. The trio are credited with several thousand asteroid discoveries. |
35 | discoverer or inventor | 5331 Erimomisaki | kin endate | ['michael brown', 'alexander grothendieck', 'indiana asteroid program', 'eric elst', 'lord rayleigh', 'gause', 'alessandro malaspina', 'claude chappe', 'johann palisa', 'heinrich ruhmkorff', 'kant', 'gustav rose', 'birmingham university', 'niels henrik abel', 'liisi oterma', 'takashi murakami', 'egide walschaerts', 'harold urey', 'john grinder', 'carl auer von welsbach', 'franz kaiser', 'marguerite laugier', 'sylvain arend', 'gerry anderson', 'franz anton mesmer', 'donald knuth', 'pieter zeeman', 'christopher latham sholes', 'lewis swift', 'dmitri mendeleev', 'georg cantor', 'speke', 'conway', 'max wolf', 'carl gustav mosander', 'mike brown', 'crimean astrophysical observatory', 'lionel penrose', 'gridshell', 'tom gehrels', 'malcolm mackerras', 'blackberry', 'paolo maffei', 'babbage', 'purple mountain observatory', 'albert einstein', 'louis boyer', 'hyperloop', 'bill mollison', 'arnold schoenberg', 'auguste charlois', 'roger penrose', 'karl reinmuth', 'werner heisenberg', 'icao', 'bernhard schmidt', 'august kopff', 'joseph priestley', 'leibniz', 'edwin hubble', 'sequoyah', 'pelageya shajn', 'ernst mayr', 'carolyn shoemaker', 'ernest rutherford', 'ernest hemingway', 'fabian gottlieb von bellingshausen', 'moog', 'lyudmila zhuravleva', 'johan gadolin', 'charles darwin', 'vint cerf', 'nikolai stepanovich chernykh', 'robert bunsen', 'robert luther', 'cornelis johannes van houten', 'silas weir mitchell', 'seymour papert', 'marie curie', 'otto hahn', 'henry holt', 'james bradley', 'george van biesbroeck', 'microsoft', 'toshimasa furuta', 'nicolas bourriaud', 'evangelista torricelli', 'edward said', 'carl friedrich gauss', 'sir alexander fleming', 'oak ridge observatory', 'grigory neujmin', 'james watt', 'ernest johnson', 'herschel', 'harry edwin wood', 'julian huxley', 'george westinghouse', 'edwin mcmillan'] | 5331 Erimomisaki | 5331 Erimomisaki (1990 BT1) is a main-belt asteroid discovered on January 27, 1990 by Kin Endate and Kazuro Watanabe at Kitami Observatory. It is named for Cape Erimo at the south end of Hokkaidō. |
35 | discoverer or inventor | Orientalism | edward said | ['vapnik', 'michael faraday', 'arnold schoenberg', 'marguerite laugier', 'edwin hubble', 'vint cerf', 'linear', 'hyperboloid', 'hendrik van gent', 'sir winston churchill', 'heinrich schenker', 'werner heisenberg', 'odin', 'lee de forest', 'sir alexander fleming', 'carl wirtanen', 'gridshell', 'otto hahn', 'thomas newcomen', 'james bradley', 'lyudmila zhuravleva', 'thorstein veblen', 'george westinghouse', 'johan gadolin', 'edwin mcmillan', 'george van biesbroeck', 'benjamin franklin', 'ernst mayr', 'isaac newton', 'niels henrik abel', 'robert luther', 'cavendish', 'humphry davy', 'paolo maffei', 'eugene shoemaker', 'hermann goldschmidt', 'kazuro watanabe', 'mike brown', 'loneos', 'sir arthur evans', 'silas weir mitchell', 'frederick scott archer', 'purple mountain observatory', 'bartolomeo cristofori', 'speke', 'lyudmila chernykh', 'gerry anderson', 'henry holt', 'august derleth', 'tom gehrels', 'harry edwin wood', 'seymour papert', 'gustav rose', 'urata', 'georg cantor', 'noam chomsky', 'alessandro malaspina', 'ward cunningham', 'blackberry', 'lord rayleigh', 'eric elst', 'herschel', 'conway', 'tycho', 'alexander grothendieck', 'ernest johnson', 'albert einstein', 'sir nigel gresley', 'tsutomu seki', 'miguel itzigsohn', 'oak ridge observatory', 'carl friedrich gauss', 'malcolm mackerras', 'grigory neujmin', 'evangelista torricelli', 'bernhard schmidt', 'liisi oterma', 'anselm', 'edward bowell', 'max wolf', 'nikola tesla', 'franz kaiser', 'carl auer von welsbach', 'johann palisa', 'cornelis johannes van houten', 'christopher alexander', 'george berkeley', 'marija gimbutas', 'william hyde wollaston', 'sequoyah', 'harold urey', 'gause', 'sylvain arend', 'roger penrose', 'clyde tombaugh', 'karl drais', 'maurice martenot', 'james watt', 'birmingham university'] | Ornamentalism | Ornamentalism: How the British Saw Their Empire is a book by David Cannadine about British perceptions of the British Empire. Cannadine argues that class, rank and status were more important to the British Empire than race. The title of the work Ornamentalism is a direct reference to Edward Said's book Orientalism, which argues the existence of prejudiced outsider interpretations of the East, shaped by the attitudes of European imperialism in the 18th and 19th centuries. It has also been argued to borrow tones from the title of Joseph Scumpeter's "Imperialism and Social Classes which some historians see as the origins of the 'Ornamentalist' perspective in academic history' |
35 | discoverer or inventor | piano | bartolomeo cristofori | ['michael brown', 'carolyn shoemaker', 'carl wirtanen', 'gerry anderson', 'tycho', 'evangelista torricelli', 'william rowan hamilton', 'lord rayleigh', 'george berkeley', 'gause', 'pelageya shajn', 'william hyde wollaston', 'sir arthur evans', 'annibale de gasparis', 'hendrik van gent', 'mike brown', 'harlow shapley', 'clyde tombaugh', 'ptolemy', 'loneos', 'odin', 'edward bowell', 'niels bohr', 'otto hahn', 'kin endate', 'sequoyah', 'john grinder', 'nikola tesla', 'alexander grothendieck', 'gridshell', 'lyudmila chernykh', 'ole kirk christiansen', 'donald knuth', 'hermann goldschmidt', 'christopher cockerell', 'james watt', 'karl drais', 'gustav rose', 'lionel penrose', 'chad trujillo', 'george van biesbroeck', 'maurice martenot', 'carl auer von welsbach', 'brouwer', 'humphry davy', 'henri lebesgue', 'auguste charlois', 'purple mountain observatory', 'hyperboloid', 'schelte bus', 'urbain le verrier', 'august derleth', 'egide walschaerts', 'sylvain arend', 'alessandro malaspina', 'franz kaiser', 'charles messier', 'kirchhoff', 'rudolf diesel', 'blackberry', 'ingrid', 'georg cantor', 'bernhard schmidt', 'sir winston churchill', 'kant', 'arnold schoenberg', 'icao', 'niels henrik abel', 'nikolai stepanovich chernykh', 'sir alexander fleming', 'nanking', 'hyperloop', 'miguel itzigsohn', 'nikolai chernykh', 'grigory neujmin', 'roger penrose', 'franz anton mesmer', 'silas weir mitchell', 'august kopff', 'heinrich schenker', 'albert einstein', 'indiana asteroid program', 'julian huxley', 'henry bessemer', 'edward said', 'louis boyer', 'carlos torres', 'alonzo church', 'takashi murakami', 'conway', 'stallman', 'max wolf', 'noam chomsky', 'george westinghouse', 'urata', 'eugene shoemaker', 'babbage', 'malcolm mackerras', 'fabian gottlieb von bellingshausen'] | Bartolomeo Cristofori | Bartolomeo Cristofori di Francesco ([bartoloˈmɛːo kriˈstɔːfori di franˈtʃesko]; May 4, 1655 – January 27, 1731) was an Italian maker of musical instruments, generally regarded as the inventor of the piano. |
35 | discoverer or inventor | 9910 Vogelweide | cornelis johannes van houten | ['cavendish', 'max wolf', 'leibniz', 'auguste charlois', 'egide walschaerts', 'ernest johnson', 'sir winston churchill', 'thomas newcomen', 'purple mountain observatory', 'paolo maffei', 'kirchhoff', 'emmett chapman', 'joseph priestley', 'clyde tombaugh', 'henry bessemer', 'john grinder', 'crimean astrophysical observatory', 'carl gustav mosander', 'heinrich ruhmkorff', 'hendrik van gent', 'albert einstein', 'ward cunningham', 'james dunlop', 'urbain le verrier', 'nicolas bourriaud', 'otto hahn', 'alessandro malaspina', 'brouwer', 'vint cerf', 'lyudmila chernykh', 'pieter zeeman', 'alexander grothendieck', 'tycho', 'babbage', 'heinrich schenker', 'evangelista torricelli', 'urata', 'turing', 'julian huxley', 'sequoyah', 'james bradley', 'karl reinmuth', 'bickley', 'takashi murakami', 'nanking', 'vapnik', 'silas weir mitchell', 'loneos', 'gridshell', 'benjamin franklin', 'marija gimbutas', 'henri lebesgue', 'ernst mayr', 'gotthold ephraim lessing', 'william rowan hamilton', 'dmitri mendeleev', 'chad trujillo', 'christopher latham sholes', 'annibale de gasparis', 'ernest rutherford', 'george van biesbroeck', 'harry edwin wood', 'bernhard schmidt', 'franz kaiser', 'maurice martenot', 'lord rayleigh', 'thorstein veblen', 'herschel', 'harlow shapley', 'noam chomsky', 'odin', 'charles darwin', 'carolyn shoemaker', 'charles messier', 'edwin mcmillan', 'kazuro watanabe', 'louis boyer', 'nikolai stepanovich chernykh', 'mikhail lazarev', 'hyperloop', 'eugene shoemaker', 'tsutomu seki', 'toshimasa furuta', 'sylvain arend', 'christopher alexander', 'frederick scott archer', 'donald knuth', 'august kopff', 'lyudmila zhuravleva', 'rudolf diesel', 'marguerite laugier', 'conway', 'kin endate', 'sergey belyavsky', 'carl wirtanen', 'isaac newton', 'bill mollison', 'edwin hubble', 'gustav rose'] | 9910 Vogelweide | 9910 Vogelweide is a main belt asteroid. It orbits the Sun once every 4.87 years. Discovered on September 30, 1973 by Cornelis Johannes van Houten and Ingrid van Houten-Groeneveld on photographic plates made by Tom Gehrels with the Samuel Oschin telescope at the Palomar Observatory, it was given the provisional designation "3181 T-2". It was later renamed "Vogelweide" after Walther von der Vogelweide, a German minstrel of the thirteenth century. |
35 | discoverer or inventor | 1810 Epimetheus | cornelis johannes van houten | ['henry holt', 'paolo maffei', 'crimean astrophysical observatory', 'robert bunsen', 'maurice martenot', 'harry edwin wood', 'rudolf diesel', 'marija gimbutas', 'gerry anderson', 'hendrik van gent', 'carl friedrich gauss', 'pieter zeeman', 'alexander grothendieck', 'linear', 'indiana asteroid program', 'arnold schoenberg', 'birmingham university', 'kin endate', 'otto hahn', 'takashi murakami', 'bill mollison', 'joseph priestley', 'stallman', 'blackberry', 'james watt', 'ernest johnson', 'seymour papert', 'lord rayleigh', 'humphry davy', 'tsutomu seki', 'ward cunningham', 'heinrich schenker', 'mikhail lazarev', 'vapnik', 'alonzo church', 'johann palisa', 'liisi oterma', 'max wolf', 'brouwer', 'hyperboloid', 'kazuro watanabe', 'sylvain arend', 'george maciunas', 'malcolm mackerras', 'franz kaiser', 'julian huxley', 'carlos torres', 'urata', 'august kopff', 'annibale de gasparis', 'emmett chapman', 'ingrid', 'schelte bus', 'turing', 'george berkeley', 'eugene shoemaker', 'gause', 'fabian gottlieb von bellingshausen', 'marie curie', 'mike brown', 'bartolomeo cristofori', 'louis boyer', 'james bradley', 'thorstein veblen', 'christopher latham sholes', 'babbage', 'nikola tesla', 'sir arthur evans', 'loneos', 'carl wirtanen', 'ernest hemingway', 'herschel', 'ole kirk christiansen', 'anselm', 'charles messier', 'ptolemy', 'sergey belyavsky', 'edward said', 'egide walschaerts', 'nikolai chernykh', 'bickley', 'thomas newcomen', 'franz anton mesmer', 'john grinder', 'kirchhoff', 'gustav rose', 'oak ridge observatory', 'frederick scott archer', 'leibniz', 'lee de forest', 'albert einstein', 'william rowan hamilton', 'lewis swift', 'cavendish', 'gotthold ephraim lessing', 'christopher cockerell', 'microsoft', 'george van biesbroeck', 'henry bessemer'] | 1810 Epimetheus | 1810 Epimetheus, also designated 4196 P–L, is a stony asteroid from the inner regions of the asteroid belt. It measures about 8 kilometers in diameter and is a member of the Flora family of asteroids. Epimetheus was discovered on September 24, 1960 by the Dutch and Dutch–American astronomers Cornelis van Houten, Ingrid van Houten-Groeneveld and Tom Gehrels at Palomar Observatory near Pauma Valley in California. The S-type asteroid has an albedo of 0.274±0.037. It orbits the Sun at a distance of 2.0–2.4 AU once every 3 years and 4 months (1,211 days). Two different light-curve measurements gave a period of the body's rotation of 10.9 and 28.6 hours, respectively. The designation P–L stands for Palomar–Leiden, named after Palomar Observatory and Leiden Observatory, which collaborated on the fruitful Palomar–Leiden survey in the 1960s. Gehrels used Palomar's Samuel Oschin telescope (also known as the 48-inch Schmidt Telescope), and shipped the photographic plates to Cornelis Johannes van Houten and Ingrid van Houten-Groeneveld at Leiden Observatory. The trio are credited with several thousand asteroid discoveries. The asteroid is named after the Titan in Greek mythology, Epimetheus, who opened Pandora's box, which contained all the illnesses and ailments of mankind (also see 55 Pandora). The name is also given to a moon of Saturn, Epimetheus (moon), discovered by the Voyager 1 spacecraft in 1980. Epimetheus is the brother of Prometheus after which the minor planet 1809 Prometheus was named. |
35 | discoverer or inventor | 1125 China | nanking | ['turing', 'william hyde wollaston', 'carl auer von welsbach', 'bill mollison', 'cornelis johannes van houten', 'ingrid', 'sir nigel gresley', 'humphry davy', 'emmett chapman', 'albert einstein', 'babbage', 'max wolf', 'ernest johnson', 'moog', 'harold urey', 'chad trujillo', 'dmitri mendeleev', 'john grinder', 'frederick scott archer', 'mikhail lazarev', 'edwin hubble', 'leibniz', 'liisi oterma', 'george westinghouse', 'isaac newton', 'george berkeley', 'rudolf diesel', 'miguel itzigsohn', 'blackberry', 'birmingham university', 'gerry anderson', 'mike brown', 'claude chappe', 'nauchnyj', 'pieter zeeman', 'robert bunsen', 'roger penrose', 'harry edwin wood', 'michael faraday', 'alonzo church', 'bartolomeo cristofori', 'carlos torres', 'schelte bus', 'ernst mayr', 'indiana asteroid program', 'sequoyah', 'ptolemy', 'johan gadolin', 'cavendish', 'ole kirk christiansen', 'karl drais', 'carl friedrich gauss', 'kirchhoff', 'urbain le verrier', 'grigory neujmin', 'ernest hemingway', 'egide walschaerts', 'hermann goldschmidt', 'maurice martenot', 'august derleth', 'lewis swift', 'henry bessemer', 'speke', 'otto hahn', 'brouwer', 'august kopff', 'pelageya shajn', 'cyril jackson', 'clyde tombaugh', 'carl wilhelm scheele', 'lyudmila zhuravleva', 'hendrik van gent', 'george maciunas', 'gustav rose', 'oak ridge observatory', 'niels henrik abel', 'herschel', 'nikola tesla', 'kant', 'eleanor helin', 'nikolai chernykh', 'microsoft', 'eugene shoemaker', 'urata', 'christopher cockerell', 'thorstein veblen', 'georg cantor', 'george van biesbroeck', 'christopher latham sholes', 'carolyn shoemaker', 'arnold schoenberg', 'marija gimbutas', 'william rowan hamilton', 'noam chomsky', 'fabian gottlieb von bellingshausen', 'stallman', 'louis boyer', 'ward cunningham', 'henri lebesgue'] | 1125 China | 1125 China (1957 UN1) is a main belt asteroid orbiting the Sun. It makes a revolution around the Sun once every 5 years. It was discovered at the Purple Mountain Observatory, Nanking, on October 30, 1957. Named for the country in which it was discovered, its name and number were actually taken from another asteroid that was considered a lost asteroid at the time, but was eventually rediscovered and given the new designation 3789 Zhongguo (1928 UF). What is now known as 1125 China had a provisional designation: 1957 UN1. |
35 | discoverer or inventor | 90482 Orcus | chad trujillo | ['carl wirtanen', 'nanking', 'james bradley', 'carolyn shoemaker', 'brouwer', 'eleanor helin', 'sir alexander fleming', 'nikolai stepanovich chernykh', 'ole kirk christiansen', 'alonzo church', 'sir winston churchill', 'isaac newton', 'hyperboloid', 'sir arthur evans', 'marija gimbutas', 'robert bunsen', 'odin', 'nicolas bourriaud', 'ernest hemingway', 'seymour papert', 'moog', 'mike brown', 'joseph priestley', 'arnold schoenberg', 'thomas newcomen', 'clyde tombaugh', 'icao', 'tsutomu seki', 'ernest johnson', 'donald knuth', 'silas weir mitchell', 'ptolemy', 'grigory neujmin', 'henry bessemer', 'lionel penrose', 'lewis swift', 'mikhail lazarev', 'miguel itzigsohn', 'william hyde wollaston', 'robert luther', 'carl auer von welsbach', 'henri cartan', 'crimean astrophysical observatory', 'louis boyer', 'nauchnyj', 'gustav rose', 'sequoyah', 'pieter zeeman', 'franz kaiser', 'humphry davy', 'edward said', 'hendrik van gent', 'frederick scott archer', 'bernhard schmidt', 'kirchhoff', 'paolo maffei', 'harold urey', 'alexander grothendieck', 'niels henrik abel', 'august kopff', 'dmitri mendeleev', 'john grinder', 'marie curie', 'heinrich ruhmkorff', 'egide walschaerts', 'nikolai chernykh', 'blackberry', 'evangelista torricelli', 'georg cantor', 'edward bowell', 'conway', 'indiana asteroid program', 'gause', 'ernest rutherford', 'tycho', 'anselm', 'julian huxley', 'birmingham university', 'bartolomeo cristofori', 'august derleth', 'christopher latham sholes', 'microsoft', 'turing', 'james dunlop', 'christopher cockerell', 'carl friedrich gauss', 'george berkeley', 'cavendish', 'lee de forest', 'carl wilhelm scheele', 'alessandro malaspina', 'gotthold ephraim lessing', 'stallman', 'bill mollison', 'johan gadolin', 'linear', 'vint cerf', 'sergey belyavsky', 'harlow shapley'] | David L. Rabinowitz | David Lincoln Rabinowitz (born 1960) is a researcher at Yale University. He has built CCD cameras and software for the detection of near-Earth asteroids and Kuiper Belt Objects, and his research has helped reduce the assumed number of near-Earth asteroids larger than 1 km by half, from 1,000–2,000 to 500–1,000 He has also assisted in the detection of distant solar system objects, supernovae, and quasars, thereby helping to understand the origin and evolution of the solar system and the dark energy driving the accelerated expansion of the universe. Collaborating with Michael Brown and Chad Trujillo of the Quasar Equatorial Survey Team, he has participated in the discovery of several plutoids such as 90377 Sedna (possibly the first known inner Oort cloud object), 90482 Orcus, Eris (more massive than Pluto), Haumea, and Makemake, although he would not get credit for Haumea. Together with Tom Gehrels of the University of Arizona and his Spacewatch Team, Rabinowitz discovered or co-discovered other astronomical objects including 5145 Pholus and 1991 BA. |
35 | discoverer or inventor | Iceberg Theory | ernest hemingway | ['marija gimbutas', 'carl auer von welsbach', 'karl reinmuth', 'schelte bus', 'henri lebesgue', 'tsutomu seki', 'paolo maffei', 'stallman', 'james dunlop', 'liisi oterma', 'seymour papert', 'michael brown', 'grigory neujmin', 'blackberry', 'kin endate', 'linear', 'thorstein veblen', 'august derleth', 'isaac newton', 'lewis swift', 'nanking', 'franz kaiser', 'ingrid', 'harold urey', 'humphry davy', 'hendrik van gent', 'tom gehrels', 'oak ridge observatory', 'henry holt', 'ernst mayr', 'auguste charlois', 'lord rayleigh', 'charles darwin', 'pieter zeeman', 'christopher latham sholes', 'mikhail lazarev', 'herschel', 'eleanor helin', 'rudolf diesel', 'charles messier', 'sergey belyavsky', 'evangelista torricelli', 'harlow shapley', 'sir alexander fleming', 'edwin hubble', 'albert einstein', 'icao', 'nikolai chernykh', 'miguel itzigsohn', 'lyudmila chernykh', 'christopher alexander', 'fabian gottlieb von bellingshausen', 'vint cerf', 'sylvain arend', 'urbain le verrier', 'speke', 'malcolm mackerras', 'max wolf', 'thomas newcomen', 'james bradley', 'johan gadolin', 'toshimasa furuta', 'crimean astrophysical observatory', 'roger penrose', 'moog', 'werner heisenberg', 'heinrich ruhmkorff', 'julian huxley', 'henry bessemer', 'lionel penrose', 'cyril jackson', 'georg cantor', 'donald knuth', 'christopher cockerell', 'carl friedrich gauss', 'carl gustav mosander', 'robert bunsen', 'edward said', 'annibale de gasparis', 'noam chomsky', 'william hyde wollaston', 'robert luther', 'marie curie', 'johann palisa', 'kant', 'bernhard schmidt', 'gridshell', 'sir winston churchill', 'ole kirk christiansen', 'henri cartan', 'ptolemy', 'eric elst', 'sir arthur evans', 'arnold schoenberg', 'heinrich schenker', 'niels henrik abel', 'george westinghouse', 'cavendish', 'edwin mcmillan'] | Iceberg Theory | The Iceberg Theory (also known as the "theory of omission") is the writing style of American writer Ernest Hemingway. As a young journalist, Hemingway had to focus his newspaper reports on immediate events, with very little context or interpretation. When he became a writer of short stories, he retained this minimalistic style, focusing on surface elements without explicitly discussing underlying themes. Hemingway believed the deeper meaning of a story should not be evident on the surface, but should shine through implicitly. Critics such as Jackson Benson claim that the iceberg theory, along with Hemingway's distinctive clarity of style, functioned to distance himself from the characters he created. |
35 | discoverer or inventor | 1194 Aletta | cyril jackson | ['silas weir mitchell', 'noam chomsky', 'hyperboloid', 'lee de forest', 'eugene shoemaker', 'dmitri mendeleev', 'james bradley', 'nikolai chernykh', 'kin endate', 'oak ridge observatory', 'chad trujillo', 'michael brown', 'george westinghouse', 'carl wirtanen', 'odin', 'edwin hubble', 'harlow shapley', 'blackberry', 'joseph priestley', 'babbage', 'emmett chapman', 'marguerite laugier', 'gridshell', 'nauchnyj', 'seymour papert', 'stallman', 'john grinder', 'sergey belyavsky', 'ward cunningham', 'loneos', 'sir alexander fleming', 'brouwer', 'gause', 'urbain le verrier', 'karl drais', 'moog', 'heinrich schenker', 'sir arthur evans', 'thorstein veblen', 'maurice martenot', 'heinrich ruhmkorff', 'christopher cockerell', 'pelageya shajn', 'tom gehrels', 'alessandro malaspina', 'ingrid', 'carl wilhelm scheele', 'indiana asteroid program', 'edwin mcmillan', 'ernest johnson', 'toshimasa furuta', 'harry edwin wood', 'henry holt', 'birmingham university', 'georg cantor', 'hyperloop', 'lyudmila chernykh', 'hendrik van gent', 'james dunlop', 'christopher alexander', 'gustav rose', 'urata', 'hermann goldschmidt', 'nicolas bourriaud', 'william hyde wollaston', 'henri cartan', 'icao', 'tycho', 'robert luther', 'max wolf', 'albert einstein', 'johan gadolin', 'malcolm mackerras', 'lionel penrose', 'arnold schoenberg', 'henri lebesgue', 'eric elst', 'anselm', 'gotthold ephraim lessing', 'herschel', 'julian huxley', 'nikolai stepanovich chernykh', 'louis boyer', 'edward bowell', 'nikola tesla', 'leibniz', 'james watt', 'microsoft', 'franz kaiser', 'otto hahn', 'claude chappe', 'harold urey', 'alexander grothendieck', 'rudolf diesel', 'schelte bus', 'crimean astrophysical observatory', 'sylvain arend', 'eleanor helin', 'george maciunas'] | 1194 Aletta | 1194 Aletta, provisional designation 1931 JG, is a dark, carbonaceous asteroid from the outer region of the asteroid belt, about 55 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 13 May 1931, by English-born South-African astronomer Cyril Jackson at the Union Observatory in Johannesburg, South Africa. The C-type asteroid orbits the Sun at a distance of 2.6–3.2 AU once every 4 years and 12 months (1,816 days). Its orbit is tilted by 11 degrees to the plane of the ecliptic and shows an eccentricity of 0.09. Two concurring photometric light-curve analysis from the Leura/Kingsgrove Observatory and the Palomar Transient Factory Survey rendered a rotation period of 20.39 hours, with an alternative measurement from the Via Capote Observatory, that gave a slightly shorter period of 19.7 hours. According to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite, and the NEOWISE mission of the Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, the body has an albedo between 0.04 and 0.09, while the Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link (CALL) derives a lower value of 0.03. The discoverer named the asteroid after his wife, Aletta Jackson. |
35 | discoverer or inventor | 2090 Mizuho | urata | ['hyperboloid', 'edwin hubble', 'kin endate', 'robert luther', 'frederick scott archer', 'microsoft', 'nikolai stepanovich chernykh', 'babbage', 'joseph priestley', 'auguste charlois', 'marguerite laugier', 'kant', 'mike brown', 'mikhail lazarev', 'max wolf', 'alonzo church', 'odin', 'edward bowell', 'heinrich ruhmkorff', 'edwin mcmillan', 'cyril jackson', 'noam chomsky', 'franz anton mesmer', 'lee de forest', 'sir winston churchill', 'bickley', 'ernest hemingway', 'christopher alexander', 'crimean astrophysical observatory', 'august derleth', 'cornelis johannes van houten', 'lord rayleigh', 'kazuro watanabe', 'alexander grothendieck', 'eleanor helin', 'henri cartan', 'edward said', 'george maciunas', 'george van biesbroeck', 'ernest johnson', 'rudolf diesel', 'james dunlop', 'gause', 'thomas newcomen', 'charles darwin', 'stallman', 'leibniz', 'thorstein veblen', 'charles messier', 'august kopff', 'carl gustav mosander', 'james watt', 'sergey belyavsky', 'otto hahn', 'malcolm mackerras', 'tom gehrels', 'conway', 'moog', 'marie curie', 'hermann goldschmidt', 'lyudmila zhuravleva', 'fabian gottlieb von bellingshausen', 'carlos torres', 'turing', 'ole kirk christiansen', 'christopher cockerell', 'schelte bus', 'carl friedrich gauss', 'sequoyah', 'harold urey', 'nikolai chernykh', 'urbain le verrier', 'nauchnyj', 'birmingham university', 'karl drais', 'nicolas bourriaud', 'lewis swift', 'bill mollison', 'bernhard schmidt', 'sir nigel gresley', 'herschel', 'michael faraday', 'claude chappe', 'ward cunningham', 'lionel penrose', 'loneos', 'georg cantor', 'nanking', 'dmitri mendeleev', 'emmett chapman', 'ptolemy', 'gotthold ephraim lessing', 'carolyn shoemaker', 'harry edwin wood', 'egide walschaerts', 'vapnik', 'tycho', 'karl reinmuth', 'blackberry'] | 2090 Mizuho | 2090 Mizuho, provisional designation 1978 EA, is a stony asteroid from the outer region of the asteroid belt, about 18 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered by Japanese astronomer Takeshi Urata at the JCPM Yakiimo Station in Shimizu, Japan on 12 March 1978. The S-type asteroid orbits the Sun at a distance of 2.7–3.5 AU once every 5.41 years (1,974 days). Its orbit shows an eccentricity of 0.13 and is tilted by 12 degrees to the plane of the ecliptic. It takes about 5.47 hours to rotate around its axis. The S-type asteroid has a geometric albedo of 0.21 as measured by the Akari and NEOWISE surveys. The discoverer named the minor planet after his daughter, Mizuho Urata. It was the first asteroid in over 50 years to be discovered by a non-professional astronomer, which set off a wave of interest in amateur asteroid discovery, especially in Japan. |
35 | discoverer or inventor | 2012 VP113 | chad trujillo | ['john grinder', 'thomas newcomen', 'pieter zeeman', 'otto hahn', 'carolyn shoemaker', 'eleanor helin', 'nauchnyj', 'cornelis johannes van houten', 'christopher alexander', 'loneos', 'egide walschaerts', 'miguel itzigsohn', 'ernest hemingway', 'august derleth', 'gause', 'alonzo church', 'brouwer', 'carl auer von welsbach', 'george van biesbroeck', 'karl drais', 'birmingham university', 'william hyde wollaston', 'annibale de gasparis', 'ephraim shay', 'roger penrose', 'carl wirtanen', 'herschel', 'michael brown', 'humphry davy', 'paolo maffei', 'grigory neujmin', 'speke', 'takashi murakami', 'mike brown', 'lyudmila zhuravleva', 'clyde tombaugh', 'carlos torres', 'franz kaiser', 'harry edwin wood', 'alessandro malaspina', 'gotthold ephraim lessing', 'sequoyah', 'georg cantor', 'franz anton mesmer', 'kant', 'benjamin franklin', 'sir winston churchill', 'sergey belyavsky', 'kirchhoff', 'lee de forest', 'silas weir mitchell', 'crimean astrophysical observatory', 'heinrich schenker', 'johan gadolin', 'gerry anderson', 'nikolai stepanovich chernykh', 'marie curie', 'vint cerf', 'hermann goldschmidt', 'ernest johnson', 'henry bessemer', 'oak ridge observatory', 'sir nigel gresley', 'henri lebesgue', 'icao', 'donald knuth', 'james watt', 'christopher cockerell', 'tycho', 'george berkeley', 'cavendish', 'karl reinmuth', 'tsutomu seki', 'george maciunas', 'toshimasa furuta', 'edwin mcmillan', 'moog', 'nanking', 'ole kirk christiansen', 'niels henrik abel', 'mikhail lazarev', 'charles darwin', 'hendrik van gent', 'heinrich ruhmkorff', 'johann palisa', 'evangelista torricelli', 'conway', 'thorstein veblen', 'arnold schoenberg', 'robert bunsen', 'george westinghouse', 'maurice martenot', 'lyudmila chernykh', 'ingrid', 'william rowan hamilton', 'ernest rutherford', 'schelte bus', 'malcolm mackerras', 'anselm'] | Scott S. Sheppard | Scott Sander Sheppard is an American astronomer in the Department of Terrestrial Magnetism at the Carnegie Institution for Science in Washington, DC. He attended Oberlin College as an undergraduate. Starting as a graduate student at the Institute for Astronomy at the University of Hawaii, he was credited with the discovery of many small moons of Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune. He has also discovered the first known trailing Neptune trojan, 2008 LC18 and the second known leading Neptune trojan, 2004 UP10. These discoveries showed that the Neptune Trojan objects are mostly on highly inclined orbits. Scott Sheppard has also been involved in the discovery of possible dwarf planets such as 2010 EK139, 2010 KZ39, 2010 FX86, and 2013 FY27. He is a co-discoverer of the satellite of Kuiper belt object 2007 TY430. In 2014 Sheppard was the lead discoverer of the object with the most distant orbit known in the solar system 2012 VP113 (nicknamed Biden) and in 2015, along with Chad Trujillo, the distant TNO V774104. The similarity of the orbit of 2012 VP113 to other extreme Kuiper belt object orbits led Sheppard and Trujillo to propose that an unknown Super-Earth mass planet (2-15 Earth masses) in the outer solar system beyond 200 AU and up to 1500 AU is shepherding these smaller bodies into similar orbits (see Planet X). Among the named moons in whose discovery he has been involved are: |
35 | discoverer or inventor | 1389 Onnie | hendrik van gent | ['lord rayleigh', 'lyudmila chernykh', 'lyudmila zhuravleva', 'charles messier', 'microsoft', 'roger penrose', 'evangelista torricelli', 'rudolf diesel', 'ptolemy', 'harlow shapley', 'werner heisenberg', 'stallman', 'emmett chapman', 'turing', 'harry edwin wood', 'ernest rutherford', 'leibniz', 'urbain le verrier', 'cyril jackson', 'nanking', 'cavendish', 'michael brown', 'sir alexander fleming', 'sergey belyavsky', 'herschel', 'crimean astrophysical observatory', 'nikolai chernykh', 'hyperboloid', 'carl friedrich gauss', 'egide walschaerts', 'nikolai stepanovich chernykh', 'franz anton mesmer', 'auguste charlois', 'henri cartan', 'carl wilhelm scheele', 'hyperloop', 'speke', 'bickley', 'sir nigel gresley', 'max wolf', 'nicolas bourriaud', 'christopher latham sholes', 'george van biesbroeck', 'bartolomeo cristofori', 'sylvain arend', 'linear', 'lionel penrose', 'frederick scott archer', 'kant', 'gerry anderson', 'otto hahn', 'carl auer von welsbach', 'tsutomu seki', 'dmitri mendeleev', 'noam chomsky', 'kirchhoff', 'franz kaiser', 'georg cantor', 'edward said', 'kin endate', 'ephraim shay', 'babbage', 'marguerite laugier', 'kazuro watanabe', 'bernhard schmidt', 'edwin mcmillan', 'sequoyah', 'niels henrik abel', 'conway', 'gotthold ephraim lessing', 'seymour papert', 'carlos torres', 'james dunlop', 'chad trujillo', 'robert luther', 'sir arthur evans', 'mikhail lazarev', 'thomas newcomen', 'alonzo church', 'gridshell', 'liisi oterma', 'paolo maffei', 'bill mollison', 'christopher cockerell', 'sir winston churchill', 'alessandro malaspina', 'edward bowell', 'marie curie', 'carl gustav mosander', 'claude chappe', 'schelte bus', 'blackberry', 'urata', 'ingrid', 'toshimasa furuta', 'nauchnyj', 'george westinghouse', 'pieter zeeman', 'carl wirtanen'] | 1389 Onnie | 1389 Onnie, provisional designation 1935 SS1, is a stony asteroid from the outer region of the asteroid belt, about 13 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered by Dutch astronomer Hendrik van Gent at Leiden Southern Station, annex to the Johannesburg Observatory in South Africa, on 28 September 1935. The S-type asteroid is a member of the Koronis family, a group consisting of about 200 known bodies. It orbits the Sun at a distance of 2.8–2.9 AU once every 4 years and 10 months (1,773 days). Its orbit is nearly circular with a very low eccentricity of 0.02 and almost coplanar to the plane of the ecliptic, tilted by only 2 degrees. It has a rather long rotation period of about 23 hours and an albedo of 0.17, according to the survey carried out by the space-based Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer and subsequent NEOWISE mission. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link (CALL) assumes as somewhat higher albedo of 0.24, which is more typical for a silicaceous asteroid. The minor planet was named after A. Kruyt, sister-in-law of astronomer G. Pels (1893–1966). Pels, who proposed the minor planet's name, was as a lifelong member of the Leiden Observatory's staff, observer of minor planets at Leiden, and orbit computer for many of the discoveries made by Hendrik van Gent. The minor planet 1667 Pels was named in his honour. |
35 | discoverer or inventor | proton | ernest rutherford | ['carolyn shoemaker', 'carl gustav mosander', 'sylvain arend', 'leibniz', 'silas weir mitchell', 'edward said', 'kazuro watanabe', 'bill mollison', 'albert einstein', 'vapnik', 'lord rayleigh', 'max wolf', 'nauchnyj', 'indiana asteroid program', 'dmitri mendeleev', 'kant', 'rudolf diesel', 'tycho', 'james dunlop', 'grigory neujmin', 'johann palisa', 'werner heisenberg', 'babbage', 'alonzo church', 'alessandro malaspina', 'tsutomu seki', 'claude chappe', 'microsoft', 'conway', 'harlow shapley', 'linear', 'nikolai chernykh', 'carl wilhelm scheele', 'roger penrose', 'sir arthur evans', 'kirchhoff', 'sergey belyavsky', 'gustav rose', 'george van biesbroeck', 'herschel', 'carl auer von welsbach', 'evangelista torricelli', 'edwin mcmillan', 'charles messier', 'benjamin franklin', 'cornelis johannes van houten', 'franz kaiser', 'moog', 'johan gadolin', 'lionel penrose', 'miguel itzigsohn', 'marie curie', 'nanking', 'joseph priestley', 'malcolm mackerras', 'fabian gottlieb von bellingshausen', 'james watt', 'nikola tesla', 'ephraim shay', 'gerry anderson', 'august kopff', 'eric elst', 'liisi oterma', 'franz anton mesmer', 'george maciunas', 'isaac newton', 'stallman', 'pelageya shajn', 'henri cartan', 'nikolai stepanovich chernykh', 'sir winston churchill', 'edwin hubble', 'birmingham university', 'anselm', 'emmett chapman', 'odin', 'hermann goldschmidt', 'heinrich schenker', 'ward cunningham', 'seymour papert', 'william rowan hamilton', 'nicolas bourriaud', 'speke', 'schelte bus', 'carlos torres', 'alexander grothendieck', 'annibale de gasparis', 'ernest hemingway', 'henri lebesgue', 'gause', 'niels henrik abel', 'george westinghouse', 'donald knuth', 'egide walschaerts', 'chad trujillo', 'james bradley', 'vint cerf', 'oak ridge observatory', 'george berkeley'] | Science and engineering in Manchester | Manchester is one of the principal cities of the United Kingdom, gaining city status in 1853, thus becoming the first new city in over 300 years since Bristol in 1542. Often regarded as the first industrialised city, Manchester was a city built by the Industrial Revolution and had little pre-medieval history to speak of. Manchester had a population of 10,000 in 1717, but by 1911 it had burgeoned to 2.3 million. As its population and influence burgeoned, Manchester became a centre for new discoveries, scientific breakthroughs and technological developments in engineering. A famous but unattributed quote linked to Manchester is: "What Manchester does today, the rest of the world does tomorrow". Pioneering breakthrough's such as the first 'true' canal which spawned 'Canal Mania', the first intercity railway station which led to 'railway mania' and the first stored-program computer. The city has achieved great success in the field of physics, with the electron (J. J. Thomson, 1897), proton (Rutherford, 1917), neutron (James Chadwick, 1934) all being discovered by scientists educated (Chadwick and Rutherford) or born (Thomson) in Manchester. Famous scientists to have studied in Manchester include John Dalton, James Prescott Joule, J. J. Thomson, Ernest Rutherford, James Chadwick and Alan Turing. A creative and often seen as a bohemian city, Manchester also had the highest number of patent applications per head of population in the United Kingdom in 2003. The city is served by the University of Manchester, previously UMIST and the Victoria University of Manchester pre-2004. The university has a total of 25 Nobel Laureates, only the selective Oxbridge universities have more Nobel laureates. The city is also served by the Museum of Science and Industry celebrating Mancunian, as well as national achievements in both fields. |
35 | discoverer or inventor | Antarctica | fabian gottlieb von bellingshausen | ['cyril jackson', 'vint cerf', 'carolyn shoemaker', 'max wolf', 'ernest johnson', 'christopher cockerell', 'werner heisenberg', 'malcolm mackerras', 'george berkeley', 'james dunlop', 'tsutomu seki', 'lionel penrose', 'kant', 'albert einstein', 'lyudmila zhuravleva', 'alessandro malaspina', 'babbage', 'sir arthur evans', 'speke', 'purple mountain observatory', 'lord rayleigh', 'tycho', 'ptolemy', 'carl wirtanen', 'microsoft', 'icao', 'carl gustav mosander', 'roger penrose', 'ingrid', 'marie curie', 'stallman', 'george maciunas', 'moog', 'gridshell', 'eric elst', 'mikhail lazarev', 'herschel', 'grigory neujmin', 'takashi murakami', 'hyperboloid', 'toshimasa furuta', 'gerry anderson', 'gotthold ephraim lessing', 'kin endate', 'henry holt', 'chad trujillo', 'edwin mcmillan', 'robert bunsen', 'sergey belyavsky', 'frederick scott archer', 'mike brown', 'conway', 'auguste charlois', 'michael brown', 'sir winston churchill', 'harry edwin wood', 'nikolai stepanovich chernykh', 'paolo maffei', 'johann palisa', 'william hyde wollaston', 'george van biesbroeck', 'bartolomeo cristofori', 'niels henrik abel', 'edward bowell', 'pieter zeeman', 'birmingham university', 'christopher latham sholes', 'humphry davy', 'james bradley', 'nauchnyj', 'sequoyah', 'heinrich ruhmkorff', 'lewis swift', 'annibale de gasparis', 'ole kirk christiansen', 'blackberry', 'pelageya shajn', 'loneos', 'nikolai chernykh', 'urata', 'edwin hubble', 'august kopff', 'kirchhoff', 'leibniz', 'thomas newcomen', 'sir nigel gresley', 'henry bessemer', 'thorstein veblen', 'sylvain arend', 'carl friedrich gauss', 'eleanor helin', 'karl drais', 'miguel itzigsohn', 'kazuro watanabe', 'heinrich schenker', 'hermann goldschmidt', 'hyperloop', 'george westinghouse', 'isaac newton'] | Lahetaguse | Lahetaguse is a village in Salme Parish, Saare County, Estonia, on the island of Saaremaa. It's located on the northern coast of Kaugatoma Bay (part of the Baltic Sea). As of 2011 Census, the settlement's population was 21. Lahetaguse was the location of Lahetaguse (German: Lahhentagge) kight manor. World famous navigator and explorer Fabian Gottlieb von Bellingshausen (1778–1852), the discoverer of Antarctica, was born in Lahetaguse Manor. The manor was established in 1571. None of the buildings have survived. |
35 | discoverer or inventor | Bessemer process | henry bessemer | ['august derleth', 'michael faraday', 'takashi murakami', 'annibale de gasparis', 'conway', 'humphry davy', 'speke', 'alessandro malaspina', 'kant', 'kin endate', 'max wolf', 'james dunlop', 'george westinghouse', 'niels bohr', 'johan gadolin', 'heinrich schenker', 'alexander grothendieck', 'edwin hubble', 'august kopff', 'oak ridge observatory', 'malcolm mackerras', 'ernest johnson', 'moog', 'tsutomu seki', 'tycho', 'vapnik', 'hendrik van gent', 'george berkeley', 'christopher alexander', 'louis boyer', 'christopher latham sholes', 'george van biesbroeck', 'liisi oterma', 'icao', 'brouwer', 'robert luther', 'gustav rose', 'werner heisenberg', 'chad trujillo', 'evangelista torricelli', 'harold urey', 'mike brown', 'emmett chapman', 'hermann goldschmidt', 'anselm', 'egide walschaerts', 'turing', 'paolo maffei', 'edward said', 'james bradley', 'ingrid', 'carolyn shoemaker', 'nauchnyj', 'carl gustav mosander', 'kirchhoff', 'marija gimbutas', 'benjamin franklin', 'george maciunas', 'james watt', 'franz anton mesmer', 'christopher cockerell', 'franz kaiser', 'charles messier', 'isaac newton', 'loneos', 'cyril jackson', 'gridshell', 'sir arthur evans', 'silas weir mitchell', 'pieter zeeman', 'carl auer von welsbach', 'fabian gottlieb von bellingshausen', 'william hyde wollaston', 'nikolai chernykh', 'henri cartan', 'marguerite laugier', 'lee de forest', 'ole kirk christiansen', 'karl reinmuth', 'lyudmila chernykh', 'bartolomeo cristofori', 'sir winston churchill', 'georg cantor', 'clyde tombaugh', 'lyudmila zhuravleva', 'albert einstein', 'bernhard schmidt', 'donald knuth', 'ward cunningham', 'lewis swift', 'henri lebesgue', 'herschel', 'blackberry', 'frederick scott archer', 'urata', 'kazuro watanabe', 'henry holt', 'urbain le verrier', 'carl wirtanen'] | Bessemer Historical Society | The Bessemer Historical Society in Pueblo, Colorado operates the Steelworks Museum of Industry and Culture, site of the company archives for Colorado Fuel and Iron. The Bessemer Historical Society takes its name from the community of Bessemer, Colorado, site of the Colorado Coal and Iron Bessemer Works which was named after the Bessemer process for making steel invented by Henry Bessemer. Colorado Coal and Iron Company merged with Colorado Fuel Company to form Colorado Fuel and Iron in 1892. |
35 | discoverer or inventor | periodic table | dmitri mendeleev | ['george westinghouse', 'heinrich ruhmkorff', 'sir arthur evans', 'edward said', 'claude chappe', 'egide walschaerts', 'roger penrose', 'hermann goldschmidt', 'crimean astrophysical observatory', 'ephraim shay', 'werner heisenberg', 'george berkeley', 'lyudmila zhuravleva', 'henri lebesgue', 'cavendish', 'microsoft', 'karl drais', 'louis boyer', 'henry bessemer', 'carl gustav mosander', 'conway', 'albert einstein', 'thomas newcomen', 'bernhard schmidt', 'mikhail lazarev', 'chad trujillo', 'lord rayleigh', 'stallman', 'frederick scott archer', 'annibale de gasparis', 'bartolomeo cristofori', 'lewis swift', 'gustav rose', 'isaac newton', 'william rowan hamilton', 'heinrich schenker', 'hyperboloid', 'nikola tesla', 'ernest hemingway', 'johan gadolin', 'william hyde wollaston', 'marie curie', 'vint cerf', 'alonzo church', 'john grinder', 'eugene shoemaker', 'bickley', 'niels henrik abel', 'hyperloop', 'turing', 'carl wirtanen', 'ole kirk christiansen', 'charles messier', 'toshimasa furuta', 'august derleth', 'leibniz', 'moog', 'ernest rutherford', 'ernest johnson', 'gotthold ephraim lessing', 'michael faraday', 'julian huxley', 'lee de forest', 'sir alexander fleming', 'donald knuth', 'arnold schoenberg', 'blackberry', 'nikolai chernykh', 'pelageya shajn', 'tsutomu seki', 'charles darwin', 'max wolf', 'thorstein veblen', 'urata', 'schelte bus', 'urbain le verrier', 'harlow shapley', 'sequoyah', 'maurice martenot', 'noam chomsky', 'alexander grothendieck', 'james watt', 'georg cantor', 'robert bunsen', 'marguerite laugier', 'james bradley', 'tycho', 'george maciunas', 'linear', 'auguste charlois', 'pieter zeeman', 'tom gehrels', 'otto hahn', 'herschel', 'kazuro watanabe', 'evangelista torricelli', 'henri cartan', 'carl wilhelm scheele', 'harry edwin wood'] | Mendeleev's predicted elements | Dmitri Mendeleev published the first periodic table of the chemical elements in 1869 based on properties which appeared with some regularity as he laid out the elements from lightest to heaviest. When Mendeleev proposed his periodic table, he noted gaps in the table, and predicted that as-yet-unknown elements existed with properties appropriate to fill those gaps. |
35 | discoverer or inventor | 381 Myrrha | auguste charlois | ['maurice martenot', 'cavendish', 'ernest rutherford', 'loneos', 'john grinder', 'moog', 'claude chappe', 'edwin hubble', 'clyde tombaugh', 'oak ridge observatory', 'carl wirtanen', 'henry bessemer', 'gustav rose', 'ernest hemingway', 'gause', 'sir arthur evans', 'purple mountain observatory', 'sir alexander fleming', 'pieter zeeman', 'anselm', 'carl wilhelm scheele', 'johan gadolin', 'indiana asteroid program', 'tycho', 'nanking', 'august kopff', 'edward bowell', 'silas weir mitchell', 'heinrich schenker', 'brouwer', 'sequoyah', 'fabian gottlieb von bellingshausen', 'henri lebesgue', 'ptolemy', 'eugene shoemaker', 'michael faraday', 'malcolm mackerras', 'grigory neujmin', 'harry edwin wood', 'franz kaiser', 'robert bunsen', 'henry holt', 'harlow shapley', 'donald knuth', 'mikhail lazarev', 'nauchnyj', 'niels henrik abel', 'marguerite laugier', 'sylvain arend', 'evangelista torricelli', 'lionel penrose', 'ephraim shay', 'nikolai chernykh', 'carl gustav mosander', 'lyudmila zhuravleva', 'gotthold ephraim lessing', 'carl friedrich gauss', 'carlos torres', 'paolo maffei', 'harold urey', 'miguel itzigsohn', 'albert einstein', 'egide walschaerts', 'kazuro watanabe', 'microsoft', 'james dunlop', 'marie curie', 'hendrik van gent', 'linear', 'carolyn shoemaker', 'louis boyer', 'christopher alexander', 'ole kirk christiansen', 'tsutomu seki', 'james watt', 'emmett chapman', 'alonzo church', 'lee de forest', 'alexander grothendieck', 'julian huxley', 'johann palisa', 'sergey belyavsky', 'bickley', 'christopher cockerell', 'birmingham university', 'joseph priestley', 'edward said', 'cyril jackson', 'seymour papert', 'george van biesbroeck', 'turing', 'nikolai stepanovich chernykh', 'takashi murakami', 'odin', 'urbain le verrier', 'stallman', 'leibniz', 'kirchhoff', 'carl auer von welsbach'] | 381 Myrrha | 381 Myrrha is a very large main-belt asteroid that was discovered by French astronomer Auguste Charlois on January 10, 1894, in Nice. It is classified as a C-type asteroid and is probably composed of carbonaceous material. Photometric observations of this asteroid at the Oakley Observatory in Terre Haute, Indiana during 2006 gave a light curve with a period of 6.572 ± 0.002 hours and a brightness variation of 0.34 ± 0.05 in magnitude. 10µ radiometric data collected from Kitt Peak in 1975 gave a diameter estimate of 126 km. The occultation of Alhena (γ Geminorum) by Myrrha was observed in Japan and China on January 13, 1991, allowing the size and shape of Myrrha to be clarified. |
35 | discoverer or inventor | 1369 Ostanina | pelageya shajn | ['sequoyah', 'toshimasa furuta', 'cyril jackson', 'ingrid', 'thomas newcomen', 'sylvain arend', 'emmett chapman', 'purple mountain observatory', 'christopher alexander', 'william hyde wollaston', 'dmitri mendeleev', 'carl auer von welsbach', 'kant', 'george maciunas', 'stallman', 'mikhail lazarev', 'william rowan hamilton', 'ephraim shay', 'nikolai chernykh', 'icao', 'rudolf diesel', 'henri lebesgue', 'roger penrose', 'james bradley', 'carl gustav mosander', 'conway', 'hendrik van gent', 'ernest rutherford', 'donald knuth', 'niels henrik abel', 'ernest johnson', 'maurice martenot', 'carolyn shoemaker', 'bill mollison', 'schelte bus', 'lyudmila zhuravleva', 'edwin hubble', 'harold urey', 'oak ridge observatory', 'henry holt', 'bartolomeo cristofori', 'kirchhoff', 'heinrich schenker', 'kazuro watanabe', 'johan gadolin', 'ernest hemingway', 'evangelista torricelli', 'august kopff', 'heinrich ruhmkorff', 'egide walschaerts', 'nicolas bourriaud', 'james dunlop', 'grigory neujmin', 'urata', 'franz anton mesmer', 'paolo maffei', 'speke', 'urbain le verrier', 'gause', 'lionel penrose', 'chad trujillo', 'louis boyer', 'hyperboloid', 'benjamin franklin', 'tom gehrels', 'clyde tombaugh', 'michael brown', 'bickley', 'blackberry', 'sir alexander fleming', 'otto hahn', 'joseph priestley', 'turing', 'fabian gottlieb von bellingshausen', 'ernst mayr', 'albert einstein', 'cavendish', 'carl wilhelm scheele', 'arnold schoenberg', 'harry edwin wood', 'henri cartan', 'kin endate', 'robert luther', 'michael faraday', 'lee de forest', 'takashi murakami', 'karl drais', 'robert bunsen', 'frederick scott archer', 'silas weir mitchell', 'gustav rose', 'ward cunningham', 'anselm', 'claude chappe', 'herschel', 'miguel itzigsohn', 'moog', 'tycho', 'george van biesbroeck'] | 1369 Ostanina | 1369 Ostanina, provisional designation 1935 QB, is a carbonaceous asteroid from the outer region of the asteroid belt, about 41 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered 27 August 1935, by Soviet–Russian female astronomer Pelageya Shajn at Simeiz Observatory, located on the Crimean peninsula. The C-type asteroid orbits the Sun at a distance of 2.5–3.8 AU once every 5 years and 6 months (2,019 days). Its orbit shows a notable eccentricity of 0.21 and is tilted by 14 degrees to the plane of the ecliptic. It has a rotation period of 8.4 hours. According to the space-based surveys carried out by IRAS, Akari, and WISE, it has a low albedo between 0.05 and 0.06, typical for a carbonaceous C-type asteroid. The minor planet was named after the small village Ostanina, located in Perm Krai, now part of the Russian Volga district. |
35 | discoverer or inventor | 313 Chaldaea | johann palisa | ['charles messier', 'oak ridge observatory', 'nikolai stepanovich chernykh', 'niels bohr', 'nicolas bourriaud', 'tycho', 'blackberry', 'carolyn shoemaker', 'cornelis johannes van houten', 'brouwer', 'bartolomeo cristofori', 'bill mollison', 'nikolai chernykh', 'sir arthur evans', 'cavendish', 'joseph priestley', 'sir winston churchill', 'sylvain arend', 'heinrich schenker', 'august kopff', 'takashi murakami', 'kant', 'microsoft', 'hendrik van gent', 'paolo maffei', 'bickley', 'thorstein veblen', 'eugene shoemaker', 'henry bessemer', 'george maciunas', 'bernhard schmidt', 'loneos', 'hyperloop', 'ernst mayr', 'speke', 'eleanor helin', 'gridshell', 'harry edwin wood', 'georg cantor', 'cyril jackson', 'julian huxley', 'claude chappe', 'seymour papert', 'otto hahn', 'pieter zeeman', 'harlow shapley', 'herschel', 'kirchhoff', 'christopher cockerell', 'arnold schoenberg', 'karl reinmuth', 'marija gimbutas', 'gustav rose', 'alessandro malaspina', 'louis boyer', 'henri cartan', 'roger penrose', 'ernest rutherford', 'lyudmila chernykh', 'conway', 'kazuro watanabe', 'max wolf', 'nauchnyj', 'hyperboloid', 'turing', 'kin endate', 'sir alexander fleming', 'liisi oterma', 'michael brown', 'lionel penrose', 'miguel itzigsohn', 'vint cerf', 'marie curie', 'ingrid', 'leibniz', 'clyde tombaugh', 'humphry davy', 'sir nigel gresley', 'indiana asteroid program', 'linear', 'franz kaiser', 'auguste charlois', 'johan gadolin', 'evangelista torricelli', 'thomas newcomen', 'babbage', 'tom gehrels', 'icao', 'schelte bus', 'maurice martenot', 'lord rayleigh', 'carl wirtanen', 'lee de forest', 'isaac newton', 'christopher latham sholes', 'george berkeley', 'henri lebesgue', 'edward said', 'franz anton mesmer'] | 313 Chaldaea | 313 Chaldaea is a large Main belt asteroid. It is classified as a C-type asteroid and is probably composed of carbonaceous material. It was discovered by Johann Palisa on August 30, 1891 in Vienna. In 2003, the asteroid was detected by radar from the Arecibo Observatory at a distance of 1.07 AU. The resulting data yielded an effective diameter of 96 ± 14 km. |
35 | discoverer or inventor | 1772 Gagarin | lyudmila chernykh | ['ernest hemingway', 'hendrik van gent', 'cornelis johannes van houten', 'stallman', 'pelageya shajn', 'otto hahn', 'franz kaiser', 'franz anton mesmer', 'carl auer von welsbach', 'dmitri mendeleev', 'nanking', 'michael brown', 'hyperboloid', 'pieter zeeman', 'edwin hubble', 'indiana asteroid program', 'nicolas bourriaud', 'bartolomeo cristofori', 'robert luther', 'john grinder', 'edwin mcmillan', 'roger penrose', 'lord rayleigh', 'julian huxley', 'purple mountain observatory', 'silas weir mitchell', 'gerry anderson', 'herschel', 'james dunlop', 'crimean astrophysical observatory', 'conway', 'miguel itzigsohn', 'edward bowell', 'kazuro watanabe', 'cyril jackson', 'george westinghouse', 'thorstein veblen', 'august kopff', 'christopher latham sholes', 'paolo maffei', 'max wolf', 'carl friedrich gauss', 'tycho', 'grigory neujmin', 'sir arthur evans', 'niels henrik abel', 'marie curie', 'babbage', 'charles messier', 'odin', 'alonzo church', 'schelte bus', 'william hyde wollaston', 'henry holt', 'cavendish', 'tsutomu seki', 'fabian gottlieb von bellingshausen', 'james bradley', 'michael faraday', 'carolyn shoemaker', 'kin endate', 'robert bunsen', 'ingrid', 'george berkeley', 'humphry davy', 'lee de forest', 'blackberry', 'lionel penrose', 'leibniz', 'mike brown', 'liisi oterma', 'vapnik', 'ptolemy', 'marija gimbutas', 'james watt', 'bickley', 'mikhail lazarev', 'joseph priestley', 'george van biesbroeck', 'ernest rutherford', 'birmingham university', 'henry bessemer', 'annibale de gasparis', 'harry edwin wood', 'marguerite laugier', 'eric elst', 'christopher cockerell', 'karl reinmuth', 'lyudmila zhuravleva', 'arnold schoenberg', 'urbain le verrier', 'chad trujillo', 'heinrich ruhmkorff', 'noam chomsky', 'kant', 'carlos torres', 'rudolf diesel', 'sir nigel gresley', 'harold urey'] | 1772 Gagarin | 1772 Gagarin, provisional designation 1968 CB, is a stony asteroid from the inner regions of the asteroid belt, about 9 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered by Russian female astronomer Lyudmila Chernykh at the Crimean Astrophysical Observatory in Nauchnyj on 6 February 1968. The asteroid orbits the Sun at a distance of 2.3–2.8 AU once every 4 years and 7 days (1,467 days). Its orbit shows an eccentricity of 0.11 and is tilted by 6 degrees to the plane of the ecliptic. The asteroid has a rotation period of 10.9 hours and an albedo of 0.14 based on preliminary results from the Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer space telescope. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes a somewhat higher albedo of 0.20 according to is classification as a S-type asteroid. The minor planet is named after Russian–Soviet cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin (1934–1968), Hero of the Soviet Union and first human to journey into outer space by circumnavigating Earth in 1961. Gagarin died in a jet fighter crash in 1968, the year the asteroid was discovered. The lunar crater Gagarin is also named in his honor. |
35 | discoverer or inventor | 277 Elvira | auguste charlois | ['brouwer', 'heinrich schenker', 'maurice martenot', 'gridshell', 'lee de forest', 'edward said', 'eugene shoemaker', 'nikolai chernykh', 'heinrich ruhmkorff', 'william hyde wollaston', 'herschel', 'james bradley', 'nanking', 'werner heisenberg', 'conway', 'michael brown', 'icao', 'hermann goldschmidt', 'bill mollison', 'william rowan hamilton', 'speke', 'christopher latham sholes', 'mikhail lazarev', 'robert bunsen', 'johan gadolin', 'albert einstein', 'arnold schoenberg', 'schelte bus', 'edwin hubble', 'james dunlop', 'nauchnyj', 'miguel itzigsohn', 'ingrid', 'carlos torres', 'sir arthur evans', 'michael faraday', 'sergey belyavsky', 'christopher alexander', 'marie curie', 'carolyn shoemaker', 'babbage', 'edward bowell', 'hyperloop', 'cyril jackson', 'evangelista torricelli', 'sir winston churchill', 'eleanor helin', 'julian huxley', 'christopher cockerell', 'carl auer von welsbach', 'thorstein veblen', 'paolo maffei', 'lionel penrose', 'bernhard schmidt', 'george van biesbroeck', 'karl reinmuth', 'benjamin franklin', 'gerry anderson', 'egide walschaerts', 'charles darwin', 'john grinder', 'harry edwin wood', 'marija gimbutas', 'ernest johnson', 'henry bessemer', 'clyde tombaugh', 'sir alexander fleming', 'henri cartan', 'ptolemy', 'tycho', 'malcolm mackerras', 'claude chappe', 'lord rayleigh', 'james watt', 'otto hahn', 'george berkeley', 'silas weir mitchell', 'loneos', 'henri lebesgue', 'august kopff', 'kant', 'gotthold ephraim lessing', 'edwin mcmillan', 'sylvain arend', 'tsutomu seki', 'isaac newton', 'georg cantor', 'franz kaiser', 'indiana asteroid program', 'roger penrose', 'kirchhoff', 'bickley', 'ephraim shay', 'niels henrik abel', 'kin endate', 'stallman', 'ernst mayr', 'pieter zeeman', 'ernest hemingway'] | 277 Elvira | 277 Elvira is a typical main belt asteroid and is a member of the Koronis asteroid family. It was discovered by Auguste Charlois on May 3, 1888 in Nice. (277) Elvira is possibly named for a character in Alphonse de Lamartine’s Méditations poétiques (1820) and Harmonies poétiques et religieuses (1830). A group of astronomers, including Lucy D’Escoffier Crespo da Silva and Richard P. Binzel, used observations made between 1998 through 2000 to determine the spin-vector alignment of the Koronis family of asteroids, including 277 Elvira. The collaborative work resulted in the creation of 61 new individual rotation lightcurves to augment previous published observations. Measurements of the thermal inertia of 277 Elvira give a value of around 190 m−2 K−1 s−1/2, compared to 50 for lunar regolith and 400 for coarse sand in an atmosphere. |
35 | discoverer or inventor | 2098 Zyskin | lyudmila zhuravleva | ['sergey belyavsky', 'bernhard schmidt', 'sir nigel gresley', 'pieter zeeman', 'brouwer', 'ernest johnson', 'carl gustav mosander', 'sylvain arend', 'lyudmila chernykh', 'eugene shoemaker', 'frederick scott archer', 'donald knuth', 'grigory neujmin', 'vint cerf', 'james bradley', 'henri lebesgue', 'sir winston churchill', 'karl drais', 'cornelis johannes van houten', 'conway', 'lewis swift', 'isaac newton', 'nanking', 'malcolm mackerras', 'evangelista torricelli', 'michael brown', 'indiana asteroid program', 'bill mollison', 'eleanor helin', 'hermann goldschmidt', 'charles messier', 'anselm', 'pelageya shajn', 'clyde tombaugh', 'toshimasa furuta', 'urbain le verrier', 'vapnik', 'heinrich schenker', 'birmingham university', 'nikola tesla', 'dmitri mendeleev', 'ole kirk christiansen', 'urata', 'albert einstein', 'roger penrose', 'gause', 'carl wirtanen', 'gotthold ephraim lessing', 'chad trujillo', 'niels henrik abel', 'henry bessemer', 'ptolemy', 'kant', 'marguerite laugier', 'james dunlop', 'leibniz', 'joseph priestley', 'harry edwin wood', 'alonzo church', 'gustav rose', 'carl friedrich gauss', 'cyril jackson', 'henri cartan', 'james watt', 'hendrik van gent', 'stallman', 'karl reinmuth', 'franz anton mesmer', 'kin endate', 'lee de forest', 'noam chomsky', 'annibale de gasparis', 'microsoft', 'max wolf', 'mike brown', 'bickley', 'george westinghouse', 'george van biesbroeck', 'charles darwin', 'louis boyer', 'tom gehrels', 'schelte bus', 'edward said', 'hyperboloid', 'thorstein veblen', 'heinrich ruhmkorff', 'kazuro watanabe', 'thomas newcomen', 'carl wilhelm scheele', 'rudolf diesel', 'johan gadolin', 'sir arthur evans', 'emmett chapman', 'alessandro malaspina', 'moog', 'ernest rutherford', 'marija gimbutas', 'george berkeley', 'edward bowell'] | 2098 Zyskin | 2098 Zyskin, provisional designation 1972 QE, is a vestoid asteroid from the inner regions of the asteroid belt, about 9 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered by Russian–Ukrainian female astronomer Lyudmila Zhuravleva at the Crimean Astrophysical Observatory in Nauchnyj on 18 August 1972. The vestoid or V-type asteroid is also a core member of the Vesta family. It orbits the Sun at a distance of 2.1–2.7 AU once every 3 years and 9 months (1,378 days). Its orbit shows an eccentricity of 0.13 and is tilted by 7 degrees to the plane of the ecliptic. Asteroids with these spectral and orbital characteristics are thought to have all originated from the Rheasilvia crater, a large impact crater on the south-polar surface of 4 Vesta, which is the main-belt's second-most-massive asteroid after 1 Ceres. 2098 Zyskin has a rotation period of 3.920 hours and an assumed albedo of 0.20. The minor planet was named in honor of Lev Yur’evich Zyskin, professor at the Crimean Medical Institute, who was head of its Pulmonary Surgery Center. Lyudmila Zhuravleva also discovered 1858 Lobachevsk on the same day she discovered 2098 Zyskin. She is a prolific astronomer with more than 200 minor planets discovered between 1972 and 1992 and (still) ranks in 61st position on the Minor Planet Center's discoverer-list as of 2015. |
35 | discoverer or inventor | 9549 Akplatonov | lyudmila chernykh | ['august kopff', 'niels bohr', 'ernest hemingway', 'ernest rutherford', 'birmingham university', 'odin', 'cornelis johannes van houten', 'liisi oterma', 'sir nigel gresley', 'rudolf diesel', 'august derleth', 'ernst mayr', 'michael faraday', 'edward said', 'charles messier', 'joseph priestley', 'george van biesbroeck', 'bernhard schmidt', 'franz anton mesmer', 'marija gimbutas', 'pelageya shajn', 'sir winston churchill', 'auguste charlois', 'james dunlop', 'icao', 'john grinder', 'crimean astrophysical observatory', 'pieter zeeman', 'leibniz', 'vint cerf', 'loneos', 'paolo maffei', 'henri cartan', 'ptolemy', 'sequoyah', 'mikhail lazarev', 'annibale de gasparis', 'george berkeley', 'vapnik', 'heinrich schenker', 'william hyde wollaston', 'albert einstein', 'edwin hubble', 'kin endate', 'julian huxley', 'george westinghouse', 'blackberry', 'gause', 'nikolai stepanovich chernykh', 'karl reinmuth', 'anselm', 'christopher alexander', 'werner heisenberg', 'hendrik van gent', 'ingrid', 'gotthold ephraim lessing', 'herschel', 'gustav rose', 'lyudmila zhuravleva', 'turing', 'urata', 'carl friedrich gauss', 'ephraim shay', 'nikolai chernykh', 'thorstein veblen', 'ward cunningham', 'henry bessemer', 'nauchnyj', 'moog', 'cyril jackson', 'frederick scott archer', 'grigory neujmin', 'marguerite laugier', 'toshimasa furuta', 'benjamin franklin', 'mike brown', 'william rowan hamilton', 'sylvain arend', 'lionel penrose', 'carolyn shoemaker', 'seymour papert', 'stallman', 'fabian gottlieb von bellingshausen', 'conway', 'eugene shoemaker', 'brouwer', 'eric elst', 'heinrich ruhmkorff', 'christopher cockerell', 'charles darwin', 'nicolas bourriaud', 'ole kirk christiansen', 'harlow shapley', 'lord rayleigh', 'microsoft', 'linear', 'george maciunas', 'max wolf', 'takashi murakami'] | 9549 Akplatonov | 9549 Akplatonov, provisional designation 1985 SM2, is a stony asteroid from the middle region of the asteroid belt, about 9 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered by the couple of Soviet–Russian astronomers, Nikolai and Lyudmila Chernykh, at the Crimean Astrophysical Observatory in Nauchnyj, Crimea, on 19 September 1985. The asteroid is a member of the Eunomia family, a large group of stony S-type asteroids and the most prominent family in the intermediate main-belt. It orbits the Sun at a distance of 2.3–2.9 AU once every 4 years and 3 months (1,537 days). Its orbit shows an eccentricity of 0.11 and is tilted by 11 degrees to the plane of the ecliptic. The asteroid's rotation period amounts to 2.8 and 4.7 hours, determined by two divergent observations made in 2009 and 2011. According to the survey carried out by the Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, the body has an albedo of 0.29, while the Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes a somewhat more moderate albedo of 0.21. The minor planet was named after Russian computational mathematician, Aleksandr Konstantinovich Platonov (b. 1931), researcher in orbital mechanics and robotics at the Keldysh Institute of Applied Mathematics since 1954. He is a pioneer in the theory and computation of satellite orbits and the control of spacecraft trajectories to the Moon and planets, as well as the motion of walking robots. |
35 | discoverer or inventor | Shay locomotive | ephraim shay | ['christopher latham sholes', 'gridshell', 'oak ridge observatory', 'georg cantor', 'alexander grothendieck', 'frederick scott archer', 'eleanor helin', 'lee de forest', 'charles darwin', 'roger penrose', 'edward said', 'indiana asteroid program', 'werner heisenberg', 'michael faraday', 'robert luther', 'nikolai stepanovich chernykh', 'thomas newcomen', 'carl auer von welsbach', 'grigory neujmin', 'kant', 'sir nigel gresley', 'urata', 'james dunlop', 'sir arthur evans', 'claude chappe', 'birmingham university', 'robert bunsen', 'william rowan hamilton', 'chad trujillo', 'marija gimbutas', 'alonzo church', 'thorstein veblen', 'ward cunningham', 'sequoyah', 'mikhail lazarev', 'annibale de gasparis', 'harold urey', 'nicolas bourriaud', 'lyudmila zhuravleva', 'ole kirk christiansen', 'sir alexander fleming', 'humphry davy', 'ernest rutherford', 'miguel itzigsohn', 'anselm', 'seymour papert', 'bartolomeo cristofori', 'cornelis johannes van houten', 'otto hahn', 'edwin mcmillan', 'gustav rose', 'joseph priestley', 'emmett chapman', 'sergey belyavsky', 'brouwer', 'gause', 'evangelista torricelli', 'kazuro watanabe', 'william hyde wollaston', 'nikolai chernykh', 'arnold schoenberg', 'babbage', 'microsoft', 'nanking', 'michael brown', 'crimean astrophysical observatory', 'cavendish', 'heinrich ruhmkorff', 'pelageya shajn', 'karl reinmuth', 'loneos', 'paolo maffei', 'lord rayleigh', 'gotthold ephraim lessing', 'johann palisa', 'nikola tesla', 'mike brown', 'franz kaiser', 'herschel', 'ernest hemingway', 'henri lebesgue', 'christopher alexander', 'marguerite laugier', 'max wolf', 'bill mollison', 'hermann goldschmidt', 'malcolm mackerras', 'james watt', 'marie curie', 'icao', 'alessandro malaspina', 'august derleth', 'turing', 'bernhard schmidt', 'gerry anderson', 'albert einstein', 'sylvain arend', 'henry bessemer', 'odin'] | Harbor Springs Railway | The Harbor Springs Railway was a 2 ft 6 in (762 mm) narrow gauge railway built from Harbor Springs, Michigan on Little Traverse Bay on Lake Michigan. It was nicknamed the Hemlock Central because of the great numbers of hemlock trees growing in the area. The railway was chartered by Ephraim Shay, the inventor of the Shay locomotive, on 1902-02-02, but may have started construction as early as December 10, 1900. It was primarily a lumber-hauling operation, although summer vacationing tourists were carried for a fare of 25¢. It originally operated a route of seven miles (11 km) to Stutsman and Race Mill; it was extended a further mile in 1904 to Carter's Mill. Small temporary branches were also constructed as well as the moving of the right of way when logging operations moved, as was typical for a logging railroad. The line was laid with very light rail of 16 pounds per yard and worked by three locomotives built by the railroad to the design of its President and General Manager, Ephraim Shay. They were geared locomotives of the typical Shay pattern, but were unusual in that they had no frames, the boiler being the main structural component. The line was built and funded without debt (thanks to Shay's royalties and licenses from his locomotive designs) and by 1906, the investment in physical plant was estimated at $51,346. The line ceased operations in 1910 and was dismantled in 1912. The company dissolved on January 17, 1912. |
35 | discoverer or inventor | NGC 4548 | herschel | ['heinrich schenker', 'kirchhoff', 'christopher cockerell', 'takashi murakami', 'thomas newcomen', 'tsutomu seki', 'turing', 'joseph priestley', 'grigory neujmin', 'alonzo church', 'evangelista torricelli', 'urata', 'icao', 'gridshell', 'lee de forest', 'malcolm mackerras', 'james dunlop', 'pieter zeeman', 'mike brown', 'nicolas bourriaud', 'urbain le verrier', 'liisi oterma', 'niels henrik abel', 'sir alexander fleming', 'fabian gottlieb von bellingshausen', 'ingrid', 'harlow shapley', 'albert einstein', 'mikhail lazarev', 'heinrich ruhmkorff', 'henri cartan', 'henry bessemer', 'conway', 'george maciunas', 'gause', 'isaac newton', 'marguerite laugier', 'tom gehrels', 'harry edwin wood', 'blackberry', 'christopher alexander', 'michael faraday', 'ephraim shay', 'nikola tesla', 'paolo maffei', 'carolyn shoemaker', 'linear', 'max wolf', 'franz kaiser', 'ptolemy', 'christopher latham sholes', 'carl auer von welsbach', 'george van biesbroeck', 'purple mountain observatory', 'gotthold ephraim lessing', 'miguel itzigsohn', 'seymour papert', 'karl reinmuth', 'carlos torres', 'julian huxley', 'emmett chapman', 'leibniz', 'kin endate', 'claude chappe', 'stallman', 'eugene shoemaker', 'karl drais', 'dmitri mendeleev', 'ernst mayr', 'ole kirk christiansen', 'noam chomsky', 'bill mollison', 'carl wilhelm scheele', 'lyudmila chernykh', 'roger penrose', 'hendrik van gent', 'charles messier', 'werner heisenberg', 'james bradley', 'harold urey', 'carl wirtanen', 'sir arthur evans', 'lionel penrose', 'donald knuth', 'maurice martenot', 'john grinder', 'indiana asteroid program', 'alexander grothendieck', 'robert bunsen', 'crimean astrophysical observatory', 'hermann goldschmidt', 'henry holt', 'schelte bus', 'ernest rutherford', 'johan gadolin', 'loneos', 'speke', 'annibale de gasparis', 'johann palisa'] | NGC 4571 | NGC 4571 is a spiral galaxy located in the constellation of Coma Berenices that William Herschel thought it could be the object #91 in Charles Messier' catalog of deep-sky objects, before nearly two centuries later that object was determined to be the nearby barred spiral galaxy NGC 4548. |
35 | discoverer or inventor | 4065 Meinel | cornelis johannes van houten | ['anselm', 'august derleth', 'noam chomsky', 'nanking', 'johann palisa', 'dmitri mendeleev', 'lord rayleigh', 'vapnik', 'microsoft', 'ole kirk christiansen', 'gridshell', 'otto hahn', 'gause', 'nikolai stepanovich chernykh', 'pieter zeeman', 'sequoyah', 'tom gehrels', 'ernest rutherford', 'edwin hubble', 'werner heisenberg', 'bartolomeo cristofori', 'alexander grothendieck', 'tsutomu seki', 'august kopff', 'birmingham university', 'benjamin franklin', 'edwin mcmillan', 'arnold schoenberg', 'marie curie', 'george berkeley', 'grigory neujmin', 'sir winston churchill', 'christopher cockerell', 'sir arthur evans', 'icao', 'michael faraday', 'cavendish', 'kant', 'henri cartan', 'toshimasa furuta', 'ernest hemingway', 'moog', 'oak ridge observatory', 'lyudmila zhuravleva', 'ernst mayr', 'carl wirtanen', 'nicolas bourriaud', 'crimean astrophysical observatory', 'donald knuth', 'hyperboloid', 'george van biesbroeck', 'james dunlop', 'henry holt', 'ward cunningham', 'harlow shapley', 'thorstein veblen', 'seymour papert', 'franz anton mesmer', 'edward bowell', 'joseph priestley', 'chad trujillo', 'emmett chapman', 'tycho', 'hendrik van gent', 'takashi murakami', 'charles darwin', 'gustav rose', 'brouwer', 'george maciunas', 'charles messier', 'niels henrik abel', 'carolyn shoemaker', 'robert luther', 'harry edwin wood', 'kirchhoff', 'stallman', 'indiana asteroid program', 'carl friedrich gauss', 'george westinghouse', 'heinrich ruhmkorff', 'louis boyer', 'kazuro watanabe', 'mike brown', 'franz kaiser', 'hermann goldschmidt', 'speke', 'gotthold ephraim lessing', 'urata', 'annibale de gasparis', 'nikolai chernykh', 'harold urey', 'thomas newcomen', 'james bradley', 'james watt', 'bernhard schmidt', 'johan gadolin', 'clyde tombaugh', 'egide walschaerts', 'eugene shoemaker'] | 4065 Meinel | 4065 Meinel, provisional designation 2820 P–L, is an asteroid from the inner regions of the asteroid belt. It was discovered on 24 September 1960, by Cornelis van Houten, Ingrid van Houten-Groeneveld and Tom Gehrels at the U.S. Palomar Observatory in California. The first one to sight Meinel was Rainbow Observatory near Coonabarabran on August 14, 1953. The S-type asteroid is a member of the Flora family, one of the largest groups of stony asteroids in the main-belt. It orbits the Sun at a distance of 2.1–2.4 AU once every 3 years and 5 months (1,247 days). Its orbit shows an eccentricity of 0.08 and is tilted by 5 degrees to the plane of the ecliptic. Little is known about the asteroids size, composition, albedo and rotation, despite having a well-observed orbit with the lowest possible uncertainty (i.e. a condition code of 0) and an observation arc that spans over a period of more than 60 years. The designation P–L stands for Palomar–Leiden, named after Palomar Observatory and Leiden Observatory, which collaborated on the fruitful Palomar–Leiden survey in the 1960s. Gehrels used Palomar's Samuel Oschin telescope (also known as the 48-inch Schmidt Telescope), and shipped the photographic plates to Ingrid and Cornelis van Houten at Leiden Observatory, where astrometry was carried out. The trio are credited with several thousand asteroid discoveries. The asteroid is named in honour of the American physicist and astronomer Aden Meinel (1922–2011). |
35 | discoverer or inventor | Messier 7 | ptolemy | ['benjamin franklin', 'nauchnyj', 'karl reinmuth', 'george van biesbroeck', 'odin', 'ward cunningham', 'paolo maffei', 'pelageya shajn', 'marguerite laugier', 'sequoyah', 'urbain le verrier', 'marie curie', 'john grinder', 'isaac newton', 'urata', 'nikolai stepanovich chernykh', 'evangelista torricelli', 'moog', 'julian huxley', 'tycho', 'sergey belyavsky', 'charles darwin', 'grigory neujmin', 'humphry davy', 'james bradley', 'arnold schoenberg', 'harold urey', 'michael brown', 'microsoft', 'crimean astrophysical observatory', 'carl friedrich gauss', 'brouwer', 'harlow shapley', 'dmitri mendeleev', 'michael faraday', 'edwin hubble', 'otto hahn', 'lyudmila zhuravleva', 'conway', 'emmett chapman', 'henry bessemer', 'eleanor helin', 'james watt', 'fabian gottlieb von bellingshausen', 'hyperboloid', 'lyudmila chernykh', 'georg cantor', 'alonzo church', 'leibniz', 'loneos', 'james dunlop', 'heinrich ruhmkorff', 'egide walschaerts', 'pieter zeeman', 'gotthold ephraim lessing', 'henri lebesgue', 'bartolomeo cristofori', 'alessandro malaspina', 'max wolf', 'frederick scott archer', 'vapnik', 'lee de forest', 'hyperloop', 'august derleth', 'speke', 'sir winston churchill', 'indiana asteroid program', 'donald knuth', 'nicolas bourriaud', 'ingrid', 'oak ridge observatory', 'ernest rutherford', 'mikhail lazarev', 'harry edwin wood', 'purple mountain observatory', 'hendrik van gent', 'christopher cockerell', 'george westinghouse', 'gustav rose', 'joseph priestley', 'ernest hemingway', 'anselm', 'bickley', 'blackberry', 'silas weir mitchell', 'christopher alexander', 'werner heisenberg', 'chad trujillo', 'carl gustav mosander', 'cornelis johannes van houten', 'george berkeley', 'liisi oterma', 'carl auer von welsbach', 'lewis swift', 'cavendish', 'ole kirk christiansen', 'sir nigel gresley', 'lord rayleigh', 'franz kaiser'] | Messier 7 | Messier 7 or M7, also designated NGC 6475 and sometimes known as the Ptolemy Cluster, is an open cluster of stars in the constellation of Scorpius. The cluster is easily detectable with the naked eye, close to the "stinger" of Scorpius (also called Scorpio). With a declination of -34.8°, it is the southernmost Messier object. M7 has been known since antiquity; it was first recorded by the 1st-century Greek-Roman astronomer Ptolemy, who described it as a nebula in 130 AD. Italian astronomer Giovanni Batista Hodierna observed it before 1654 and counted 30 stars in it. In 1764, French astronomer Charles Messier catalogued the cluster as the seventh member in his list of comet-like objects. English astronomer John Herschel described it as "coarsely scattered clusters of stars". Telescopic observations of the cluster reveal about 80 stars within a field of view of 1.3° across. At the cluster's estimated distance of 980 light years this corresponds to an actual diameter of 25 light years. The tidal radius of the cluster is 40.1 ly (12.3 pc) and it has a combined mass of about 735 times the mass of the Sun. The age of the cluster is around 200 million years while the brightest member star is of magnitude 5.6. In terms of composition, the cluster contains a similar abundance of elements other than hydrogen and helium as the Sun. |
35 | discoverer or inventor | 2227 Otto Struve | indiana asteroid program | ['kin endate', 'michael faraday', 'cyril jackson', 'christopher cockerell', 'mikhail lazarev', 'paolo maffei', 'william rowan hamilton', 'pelageya shajn', 'george berkeley', 'grigory neujmin', 'egide walschaerts', 'eleanor helin', 'benjamin franklin', 'christopher alexander', 'ward cunningham', 'nikolai stepanovich chernykh', 'karl drais', 'marguerite laugier', 'vint cerf', 'edwin hubble', 'william hyde wollaston', 'moog', 'johann palisa', 'sequoyah', 'loneos', 'kant', 'sylvain arend', 'henry bessemer', 'gause', 'claude chappe', 'turing', 'august derleth', 'george westinghouse', 'charles messier', 'lyudmila zhuravleva', 'henry holt', 'ernest johnson', 'sir arthur evans', 'lionel penrose', 'thomas newcomen', 'robert luther', 'tsutomu seki', 'carolyn shoemaker', 'robert bunsen', 'ingrid', 'takashi murakami', 'purple mountain observatory', 'fabian gottlieb von bellingshausen', 'carlos torres', 'hyperboloid', 'kazuro watanabe', 'niels bohr', 'eugene shoemaker', 'sir nigel gresley', 'bartolomeo cristofori', 'birmingham university', 'nikolai chernykh', 'harold urey', 'pieter zeeman', 'carl wilhelm scheele', 'thorstein veblen', 'babbage', 'dmitri mendeleev', 'urbain le verrier', 'louis boyer', 'georg cantor', 'urata', 'tycho', 'heinrich ruhmkorff', 'vapnik', 'henri lebesgue', 'liisi oterma', 'brouwer', 'seymour papert', 'edward bowell', 'lyudmila chernykh', 'james dunlop', 'bickley', 'arnold schoenberg', 'ernest rutherford', 'carl wirtanen', 'evangelista torricelli', 'cornelis johannes van houten', 'sir winston churchill', 'carl auer von welsbach', 'isaac newton', 'oak ridge observatory', 'rudolf diesel', 'gotthold ephraim lessing', 'clyde tombaugh', 'charles darwin', 'edward said', 'george maciunas', 'gustav rose', 'lord rayleigh', 'george van biesbroeck', 'alonzo church', 'hermann goldschmidt', 'max wolf'] | 2227 Otto Struve | 2227 Otto Struve, provisional designation 1955 RX, is an asteroid from the inner regions of the asteroid belt, roughly 9 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered by the Indiana Asteroid Program at the U.S. Goethe Link Observatory near Brooklyn, Indiana, on 13 September 1955. The asteroid orbits the Sun at a distance of 1.8–2.6 AU once every 3 years and 4 months (1,221 days). Its orbit is tilted by 5 degrees to the plane of the ecliptic and shows an eccentricity of 0.17. Little is known about the asteroids exact size, composition, albedo and rotation period, despite having a well-observed orbit with the lowest possible uncertainty – a condition code of 0 – and an observation arc that spans over a period of more than 80 years. Based on its absolute magnitude of 13.4, its diameter could be anywhere between 5 and 13 kilometers, assuming an albedo in the range of 0.05 to 0.25. Since most asteroids in the outer main-belt are of a carbonaceous rather than of a silicaceous composition, with low albedos, typically around 0.05, the asteroid's diameter might be on the upper end of NASA's published conversion table, as the lower the reflectivity (albedo), the larger the body's diameter for a given intrinsic brightness (absolute magnitude). The minor planet is named in memory of astronomer Otto Struve (1897–1963), discoverer of the two asteroids 991 McDonalda and 992 Swasey, and last of a remarkable dynasty of astronomers: the Struve family. His greatgrandfather, Wilhelm Struve (also see 768 Struveana), founded the Pulkovo Observatory near St. Petersburg in 1839; his grandfather (Otto), uncle (Hermann) and father (Ludwig) were also distinguished astronomers. Following a period of great privation and misery after World War I, he was invited by Edwin B. Frost (also see 854 Frostia) to come to the U.S. Yerkes Observatory in 1921. He started working in spectroscopy and remained a spectroscopist to the end of his days. He succeeded Frost as Yerkes director in 1932 and was the major force responsible for the establishment of the Texan McDonald Observatory in 1933. Managing editor of the Astrophysical Journal from 1932 to 1947 and became head of the astronomy department of the University of California in Berkeley in 1950. |
35 | discoverer or inventor | orientalism | edward said | ['carolyn shoemaker', 'sylvain arend', 'roger penrose', 'alonzo church', 'christopher latham sholes', 'sergey belyavsky', 'august derleth', 'lewis swift', 'august kopff', 'karl drais', 'thomas newcomen', 'oak ridge observatory', 'georg cantor', 'niels henrik abel', 'mike brown', 'purple mountain observatory', 'ernest hemingway', 'niels bohr', 'ingrid', 'eric elst', 'kirchhoff', 'miguel itzigsohn', 'harlow shapley', 'marie curie', 'heinrich schenker', 'clyde tombaugh', 'henry holt', 'eugene shoemaker', 'babbage', 'hyperboloid', 'brouwer', 'sequoyah', 'sir winston churchill', 'alexander grothendieck', 'urata', 'maurice martenot', 'emmett chapman', 'chad trujillo', 'herschel', 'annibale de gasparis', 'egide walschaerts', 'frederick scott archer', 'otto hahn', 'tycho', 'ole kirk christiansen', 'speke', 'george westinghouse', 'lyudmila zhuravleva', 'loneos', 'marija gimbutas', 'marguerite laugier', 'ernest johnson', 'albert einstein', 'george maciunas', 'gridshell', 'bill mollison', 'paolo maffei', 'vint cerf', 'edwin hubble', 'mikhail lazarev', 'nanking', 'alessandro malaspina', 'grigory neujmin', 'auguste charlois', 'hendrik van gent', 'gotthold ephraim lessing', 'eleanor helin', 'noam chomsky', 'bickley', 'takashi murakami', 'pieter zeeman', 'conway', 'karl reinmuth', 'indiana asteroid program', 'birmingham university', 'urbain le verrier', 'fabian gottlieb von bellingshausen', 'henri cartan', 'ernst mayr', 'lionel penrose', 'kant', 'cornelis johannes van houten', 'odin', 'stallman', 'liisi oterma', 'michael faraday', 'cavendish', 'bernhard schmidt', 'franz anton mesmer', 'rudolf diesel', 'carl auer von welsbach', 'johann palisa', 'charles messier', 'christopher alexander', 'humphry davy', 'crimean astrophysical observatory', 'isaac newton', 'moog', 'gustav rose'] | Occidentalism | Occidentalism refers to and identifies representations of the Western world (the Occident) in two ways: (i) as dehumanizing stereotypes of the Western world, Europe, the Americas, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, Philippines., usually from the Muslim world; and (ii) as ideological representations of the West, as applied in Occidentalism: A Theory of Counter-Discourse in Post-Mao China (1995), by Chen Xiaomei; Occidentalism: Images of the West (1995), by James G. Carrier; and Occidentalism: The West in the Eyes of its Enemies (2004), Ian Buruma and Avishai Margalit. Occidentalism is often counterpart to the term orientalism as used by Edward Said in his book of that title, which refers to and identifies Western stereotypes of the Eastern world, the Orient. |
35 | discoverer or inventor | Local Group | edwin hubble | ['speke', 'herschel', 'auguste charlois', 'niels henrik abel', 'louis boyer', 'georg cantor', 'sergey belyavsky', 'nikolai stepanovich chernykh', 'alessandro malaspina', 'edwin mcmillan', 'nauchnyj', 'carl wirtanen', 'vapnik', 'bickley', 'malcolm mackerras', 'michael faraday', 'cornelis johannes van houten', 'pieter zeeman', 'carl wilhelm scheele', 'nicolas bourriaud', 'roger penrose', 'gerry anderson', 'robert bunsen', 'george maciunas', 'vint cerf', 'urbain le verrier', 'william hyde wollaston', 'moog', 'odin', 'alonzo church', 'edward bowell', 'eugene shoemaker', 'kazuro watanabe', 'ernest rutherford', 'john grinder', 'christopher cockerell', 'arnold schoenberg', 'brouwer', 'sir winston churchill', 'james dunlop', 'cyril jackson', 'tsutomu seki', 'karl drais', 'birmingham university', 'edward said', 'johann palisa', 'mike brown', 'ernst mayr', 'carolyn shoemaker', 'ernest hemingway', 'sequoyah', 'cavendish', 'ingrid', 'august derleth', 'henry holt', 'maurice martenot', 'ptolemy', 'emmett chapman', 'henry bessemer', 'ward cunningham', 'grigory neujmin', 'hendrik van gent', 'oak ridge observatory', 'sir nigel gresley', 'icao', 'george van biesbroeck', 'william rowan hamilton', 'charles darwin', 'thorstein veblen', 'sylvain arend', 'franz kaiser', 'carl auer von welsbach', 'otto hahn', 'blackberry', 'henri cartan', 'crimean astrophysical observatory', 'marija gimbutas', 'claude chappe', 'humphry davy', 'hyperboloid', 'babbage', 'benjamin franklin', 'gridshell', 'james bradley', 'annibale de gasparis', 'niels bohr', 'conway', 'egide walschaerts', 'sir arthur evans', 'henri lebesgue', 'marie curie', 'kirchhoff', 'noam chomsky', 'lee de forest', 'hyperloop', 'michael brown', 'joseph priestley', 'kin endate', 'toshimasa furuta'] | Cosmological constant | In cosmology, the cosmological constant (usually denoted by the Greek capital letter lambda: Λ) is the value of the energy density of the vacuum of space. It was originally introduced by Albert Einstein in 1917 as an addition to his theory of general relativity to "hold back gravity" and achieve a static universe, which was the accepted view at the time. Einstein abandoned the concept after Hubble's 1929 discovery that all galaxies outside the Local Group (the group that contains the Milky Way Galaxy) are moving away from each other, implying an overall expanding universe. From 1929 until the early 1990s, most cosmology researchers assumed the cosmological constant to be zero. Since the 1990s, several developments in observational cosmology, especially the discovery of the accelerating universe from distant supernovae in 1998 (in addition to independent evidence from the cosmic microwave background and large galaxy redshift surveys), have shown that around 68% of the mass–energy density of the universe can be attributed to dark energy. While dark energy is poorly understood at a fundamental level, the main required properties of dark energy are that it functions as a type of anti-gravity, it dilutes much more slowly than matter as the universe expands, and it clusters much more weakly than matter, or perhaps not at all. The cosmological constant is the simplest possible form of dark energy since it is constant in both space and time, and this leads to the current standard model of cosmology known as the Lambda-CDM model, which provides a good fit to many cosmological observations as of 2016. |
35 | discoverer or inventor | SVM | vapnik | ['harold urey', 'conway', 'robert bunsen', 'carlos torres', 'henri cartan', 'maurice martenot', 'lyudmila zhuravleva', 'karl reinmuth', 'brouwer', 'rudolf diesel', 'paolo maffei', 'birmingham university', 'benjamin franklin', 'gridshell', 'bernhard schmidt', 'albert einstein', 'thomas newcomen', 'evangelista torricelli', 'mikhail lazarev', 'eugene shoemaker', 'eric elst', 'georg cantor', 'bill mollison', 'heinrich ruhmkorff', 'alonzo church', 'icao', 'indiana asteroid program', 'alexander grothendieck', 'nikola tesla', 'clyde tombaugh', 'urata', 'william hyde wollaston', 'cornelis johannes van houten', 'george berkeley', 'george van biesbroeck', 'louis boyer', 'niels bohr', 'blackberry', 'lord rayleigh', 'carl wilhelm scheele', 'james bradley', 'ephraim shay', 'lewis swift', 'christopher latham sholes', 'charles darwin', 'werner heisenberg', 'kazuro watanabe', 'alessandro malaspina', 'sir arthur evans', 'george maciunas', 'august kopff', 'ernest rutherford', 'ward cunningham', 'humphry davy', 'ernest johnson', 'babbage', 'nikolai chernykh', 'bartolomeo cristofori', 'oak ridge observatory', 'sir nigel gresley', 'takashi murakami', 'urbain le verrier', 'edward said', 'harlow shapley', 'leibniz', 'marie curie', 'niels henrik abel', 'karl drais', 'seymour papert', 'schelte bus', 'turing', 'marguerite laugier', 'michael faraday', 'otto hahn', 'hyperboloid', 'henry bessemer', 'james dunlop', 'hyperloop', 'ingrid', 'edward bowell', 'sir winston churchill', 'pieter zeeman', 'george westinghouse', 'eleanor helin', 'frederick scott archer', 'sequoyah', 'noam chomsky', 'robert luther', 'purple mountain observatory', 'edwin hubble', 'odin', 'lionel penrose', 'sergey belyavsky', 'liisi oterma', 'nicolas bourriaud', 'august derleth', 'ernest hemingway', 'tsutomu seki', 'hermann goldschmidt'] | Regularization perspectives on support vector machines | Regularization perspectives on support vector machines provide a way of interpreting support vector machines (SVMs) in the context of other machine learning algorithms. SVM algorithms categorize multidimensional data, with the goal of fitting the training set data well, but also avoiding overfitting, so that the solution generalizes to new data points. Regularization algorithms also aim to fit training set data and avoid overfitting. They do this by choosing a fitting function that has low error on the training set, but also is not too complicated, where complicated functions are functions with high norms in some function space. Specifically, Tikhonov regularization algorithms choose a function that minimize the sum of training set error plus the function's norm. The training set error can be calculated with different loss functions. For example, regularized least squares is a special case of Tikhonov regularization using the squared error loss as the loss function. Regularization perspectives on support vector machines interpret SVM as a special case Tikhonov regularization, specifically Tikhonov regularization with the hinge loss for a loss function. This provides a theoretical framework with which to analyze SVM algorithms and compare them to other algorithms with the same goals: to generalize without overfitting. SVM was first proposed in 1995 by Corinna Cortes and Vladimir Vapnik, and framed geometrically as a method for finding hyperplanes that can separate multidimensional data into two categories. This traditional geometric interpretation of SVMs provides useful intuition about how SVMs work, but is difficult to relate to other machine learning techniques for avoiding overfitting like regularization, early stopping, sparsity and Bayesian inference. However, once it was discovered that SVM is also a special case of Tikhonov regularization, regularization perspectives on SVM provided the theory necessary to fit SVM within a broader class of algorithms. This has enabled detailed comparisons between SVM and other forms of Tikhonov regularization, and theoretical grounding for why it is beneficial to use SVM's loss function, the hinge loss. |
35 | discoverer or inventor | Supermarionation | gerry anderson | ['ernest johnson', 'nikolai stepanovich chernykh', 'icao', 'nicolas bourriaud', 'roger penrose', 'charles darwin', 'ole kirk christiansen', 'alessandro malaspina', 'christopher latham sholes', 'gridshell', 'karl drais', 'purple mountain observatory', 'eleanor helin', 'indiana asteroid program', 'paolo maffei', 'charles messier', 'urbain le verrier', 'niels bohr', 'carlos torres', 'george maciunas', 'henry holt', 'george berkeley', 'emmett chapman', 'ward cunningham', 'ephraim shay', 'silas weir mitchell', 'herschel', 'carl friedrich gauss', 'pieter zeeman', 'stallman', 'james dunlop', 'blackberry', 'georg cantor', 'carl wilhelm scheele', 'vint cerf', 'isaac newton', 'julian huxley', 'lyudmila zhuravleva', 'chad trujillo', 'ptolemy', 'hendrik van gent', 'edwin hubble', 'karl reinmuth', 'frederick scott archer', 'henri lebesgue', 'james watt', 'eugene shoemaker', 'nauchnyj', 'harold urey', 'bill mollison', 'birmingham university', 'gustav rose', 'bernhard schmidt', 'william hyde wollaston', 'brouwer', 'bartolomeo cristofori', 'rudolf diesel', 'nikolai chernykh', 'humphry davy', 'august kopff', 'edward said', 'schelte bus', 'crimean astrophysical observatory', 'annibale de gasparis', 'tsutomu seki', 'lord rayleigh', 'sequoyah', 'ernest rutherford', 'arnold schoenberg', 'alonzo church', 'john grinder', 'loneos', 'odin', 'noam chomsky', 'christopher alexander', 'speke', 'lewis swift', 'carl auer von welsbach', 'heinrich schenker', 'harlow shapley', 'auguste charlois', 'hermann goldschmidt', 'liisi oterma', 'bickley', 'joseph priestley', 'otto hahn', 'leibniz', 'evangelista torricelli', 'lionel penrose', 'christopher cockerell', 'cavendish', 'carolyn shoemaker', 'clyde tombaugh', 'franz anton mesmer', 'sir winston churchill', 'henri cartan', 'sergey belyavsky', 'werner heisenberg', 'marguerite laugier'] | Thunderbirds 2086 | Thunderbirds 2086 (科学救助隊テクノボイジャー Kagaku Kyūjo Tai Tekunoboijā, Scientific Rescue Team TechnoVoyager) is a Japanese anime series loosely inspired by the original Gerry Anderson Supermarionation series Thunderbirds. The series was dubbed in English by ITC Entertainment, the original company who produced Thunderbirds, but is not officially recognised as part of Thunderbirds canon, due to the non-involvement of either Gerry or Sylvia Anderson. In addition to the English dub, the series contains music and sound effects from Anderson's series Stingray, Thunderbirds, Captain Scarlet and the Mysterons, Joe 90, UFO and Space:1999. A total of 24 episodes were produced, but only 18 were shown on Fuji TV in 1982. |
35 | discoverer or inventor | 1836 Komarov | nikolai chernykh | ['nanking', 'grigory neujmin', 'louis boyer', 'pieter zeeman', 'hyperloop', 'ernest rutherford', 'henry bessemer', 'pelageya shajn', 'werner heisenberg', 'vapnik', 'kin endate', 'kazuro watanabe', 'alexander grothendieck', 'ernst mayr', 'humphry davy', 'thorstein veblen', 'carolyn shoemaker', 'toshimasa furuta', 'james bradley', 'maurice martenot', 'franz anton mesmer', 'hendrik van gent', 'ward cunningham', 'george berkeley', 'hyperboloid', 'carl wirtanen', 'cyril jackson', 'conway', 'gridshell', 'seymour papert', 'bickley', 'turing', 'marie curie', 'stallman', 'cavendish', 'george westinghouse', 'harlow shapley', 'michael brown', 'moog', 'ole kirk christiansen', 'gerry anderson', 'crimean astrophysical observatory', 'evangelista torricelli', 'brouwer', 'william rowan hamilton', 'nauchnyj', 'eugene shoemaker', 'egide walschaerts', 'roger penrose', 'lyudmila chernykh', 'george van biesbroeck', 'lord rayleigh', 'nikolai stepanovich chernykh', 'frederick scott archer', 'niels henrik abel', 'linear', 'carl wilhelm scheele', 'arnold schoenberg', 'julian huxley', 'indiana asteroid program', 'benjamin franklin', 'sir nigel gresley', 'ephraim shay', 'lewis swift', 'christopher alexander', 'blackberry', 'clyde tombaugh', 'james watt', 'eric elst', 'george maciunas', 'charles messier', 'niels bohr', 'edward said', 'john grinder', 'franz kaiser', 'sergey belyavsky', 'rudolf diesel', 'anselm', 'miguel itzigsohn', 'sequoyah', 'kant', 'nikola tesla', 'loneos', 'carl auer von welsbach', 'august kopff', 'carl gustav mosander', 'oak ridge observatory', 'james dunlop', 'ingrid', 'marija gimbutas', 'bernhard schmidt', 'ptolemy', 'max wolf', 'heinrich schenker', 'paolo maffei', 'michael faraday', 'odin', 'schelte bus', 'sir arthur evans'] | 1836 Komarov | 1836 Komarov, provisional designation 1971 OT, is a main-belt asteroid discovered on 26 July 1971 by Nikolai Chernykh at the Crimean Astrophysical Observatory in Nauchnyj. It is named in honor of Vladimir Komarov (1927–1967), Soviet cosmonaut who headed the manned flight on the Voskhod spacecraft. He was killed when the Soyuz 1 space capsule crashed after re-entry on 24 April 1967 due to a parachute failure. |
35 | discoverer or inventor | 3067 Akhmatova | lyudmila zhuravleva | ['eric elst', 'george berkeley', 'ernest hemingway', 'sequoyah', 'bartolomeo cristofori', 'frederick scott archer', 'kin endate', 'carl friedrich gauss', 'michael brown', 'herschel', 'johann palisa', 'sir nigel gresley', 'turing', 'birmingham university', 'carl gustav mosander', 'cavendish', 'otto hahn', 'nikola tesla', 'brouwer', 'cornelis johannes van houten', 'henry holt', 'vapnik', 'franz kaiser', 'william rowan hamilton', 'chad trujillo', 'james watt', 'evangelista torricelli', 'hyperloop', 'annibale de gasparis', 'vint cerf', 'nicolas bourriaud', 'tom gehrels', 'carlos torres', 'kazuro watanabe', 'henri lebesgue', 'pelageya shajn', 'nanking', 'gotthold ephraim lessing', 'toshimasa furuta', 'moog', 'noam chomsky', 'alexander grothendieck', 'takashi murakami', 'oak ridge observatory', 'johan gadolin', 'ole kirk christiansen', 'auguste charlois', 'edward bowell', 'karl drais', 'robert bunsen', 'george westinghouse', 'ernest rutherford', 'sylvain arend', 'miguel itzigsohn', 'ingrid', 'heinrich ruhmkorff', 'george maciunas', 'edwin hubble', 'lyudmila chernykh', 'urbain le verrier', 'hermann goldschmidt', 'george van biesbroeck', 'christopher alexander', 'alonzo church', 'hendrik van gent', 'icao', 'charles messier', 'joseph priestley', 'eleanor helin', 'marija gimbutas', 'ward cunningham', 'georg cantor', 'tycho', 'kirchhoff', 'bickley', 'cyril jackson', 'ernst mayr', 'bill mollison', 'urata', 'carl auer von welsbach', 'liisi oterma', 'marguerite laugier', 'carl wilhelm scheele', 'gridshell', 'gerry anderson', 'clyde tombaugh', 'nikolai stepanovich chernykh', 'eugene shoemaker', 'james dunlop', 'babbage', 'august derleth', 'mikhail lazarev', 'gause', 'hyperboloid', 'egide walschaerts', 'christopher cockerell', 'edwin mcmillan', 'james bradley', 'arnold schoenberg'] | 3067 Akhmatova | 3067 Akhmatova, provisional designation 1982 TE2, is an asteroid from the inner regions of the asteroid belt, about 6 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 14 October 1982, by Soviet–Russian female astronomers Lyudmila Karachkina and Lyudmila Zhuravleva at the Crimean Astrophysical Observatory, Nauchnyj, on the Crimean peninsula. The S-type asteroid is a member of the Flora family, one of the largest groups of stony asteroids in the main-belt. It orbits the Sun at a distance of 1.9–2.6 AU once every 3 years and 4 months (1,229 days). Its orbit is tilted by 5 degrees to the plane of the ecliptic and shows an eccentricity of 0.14. The body has a well-defined rotation period of 3.686 hours and an albedo of 0.27, based on observations by the U.S. Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes a value of 0.24, identical to the albedo of the asteroid family's namesake, the asteroid 8 Flora. The minor planet was named in honor of Russian modernist poet, Anna Akhmatova (1889–1966), outstanding poetess, awarded an honorary doctorate by the University of Oxford. |
35 | discoverer or inventor | Haumea | michael brown | ['tycho', 'marija gimbutas', 'ernest johnson', 'vint cerf', 'lord rayleigh', 'john grinder', 'carlos torres', 'william hyde wollaston', 'speke', 'miguel itzigsohn', 'nanking', 'harold urey', 'eleanor helin', 'johann palisa', 'seymour papert', 'george maciunas', 'niels bohr', 'lionel penrose', 'otto hahn', 'nikola tesla', 'ernst mayr', 'lee de forest', 'ole kirk christiansen', 'cornelis johannes van houten', 'niels henrik abel', 'ptolemy', 'bernhard schmidt', 'nicolas bourriaud', 'gerry anderson', 'noam chomsky', 'humphry davy', 'tsutomu seki', 'roger penrose', 'edwin mcmillan', 'hyperloop', 'ingrid', 'babbage', 'pieter zeeman', 'sylvain arend', 'max wolf', 'edward bowell', 'james watt', 'urbain le verrier', 'mikhail lazarev', 'gause', 'arnold schoenberg', 'harlow shapley', 'purple mountain observatory', 'egide walschaerts', 'christopher latham sholes', 'sir alexander fleming', 'liisi oterma', 'marguerite laugier', 'heinrich ruhmkorff', 'george westinghouse', 'evangelista torricelli', 'benjamin franklin', 'james dunlop', 'mike brown', 'ward cunningham', 'karl reinmuth', 'gotthold ephraim lessing', 'eugene shoemaker', 'kin endate', 'rudolf diesel', 'franz anton mesmer', 'urata', 'eric elst', 'sir arthur evans', 'nikolai stepanovich chernykh', 'frederick scott archer', 'christopher alexander', 'henry holt', 'henry bessemer', 'hyperboloid', 'emmett chapman', 'christopher cockerell', 'gustav rose', 'james bradley', 'henri lebesgue', 'lyudmila chernykh', 'nauchnyj', 'johan gadolin', 'sergey belyavsky', 'isaac newton', 'toshimasa furuta', 'carl auer von welsbach', 'thorstein veblen', 'silas weir mitchell', 'marie curie', 'august kopff', 'auguste charlois', 'hendrik van gent', 'malcolm mackerras', 'pelageya shajn', 'carolyn shoemaker', 'edward said', 'turing', 'gridshell'] | David L. Rabinowitz | David Lincoln Rabinowitz (born 1960) is a researcher at Yale University. He has built CCD cameras and software for the detection of near-Earth asteroids and Kuiper Belt Objects, and his research has helped reduce the assumed number of near-Earth asteroids larger than 1 km by half, from 1,000–2,000 to 500–1,000 He has also assisted in the detection of distant solar system objects, supernovae, and quasars, thereby helping to understand the origin and evolution of the solar system and the dark energy driving the accelerated expansion of the universe. Collaborating with Michael Brown and Chad Trujillo of the Quasar Equatorial Survey Team, he has participated in the discovery of several plutoids such as 90377 Sedna (possibly the first known inner Oort cloud object), 90482 Orcus, Eris (more massive than Pluto), Haumea, and Makemake, although he would not get credit for Haumea. Together with Tom Gehrels of the University of Arizona and his Spacewatch Team, Rabinowitz discovered or co-discovered other astronomical objects including 5145 Pholus and 1991 BA. |
35 | discoverer or inventor | 9826 Ehrenfreund | cornelis johannes van houten | ['kazuro watanabe', 'niels henrik abel', 'isaac newton', 'moog', 'speke', 'bickley', 'edwin hubble', 'august kopff', 'maurice martenot', 'lee de forest', 'babbage', 'alonzo church', 'hendrik van gent', 'michael brown', 'arnold schoenberg', 'bartolomeo cristofori', 'hyperboloid', 'egide walschaerts', 'anselm', 'nicolas bourriaud', 'odin', 'alessandro malaspina', 'stallman', 'gerry anderson', 'henri lebesgue', 'johan gadolin', 'johann palisa', 'gridshell', 'liisi oterma', 'annibale de gasparis', 'carl gustav mosander', 'roger penrose', 'john grinder', 'george berkeley', 'carl friedrich gauss', 'tsutomu seki', 'ptolemy', 'ole kirk christiansen', 'donald knuth', 'albert einstein', 'otto hahn', 'leibniz', 'oak ridge observatory', 'lionel penrose', 'joseph priestley', 'edward bowell', 'sequoyah', 'urbain le verrier', 'gotthold ephraim lessing', 'dmitri mendeleev', 'eugene shoemaker', 'ernest rutherford', 'charles messier', 'icao', 'sir winston churchill', 'clyde tombaugh', 'pelageya shajn', 'crimean astrophysical observatory', 'sir arthur evans', 'emmett chapman', 'henry holt', 'carl wilhelm scheele', 'henry bessemer', 'urata', 'harry edwin wood', 'blackberry', 'cyril jackson', 'karl drais', 'carlos torres', 'nikola tesla', 'evangelista torricelli', 'ward cunningham', 'vapnik', 'werner heisenberg', 'kant', 'hyperloop', 'marie curie', 'heinrich ruhmkorff', 'benjamin franklin', 'cavendish', 'franz anton mesmer', 'edward said', 'nauchnyj', 'auguste charlois', 'rudolf diesel', 'niels bohr', 'thorstein veblen', 'eleanor helin', 'michael faraday', 'william hyde wollaston', 'george van biesbroeck', 'christopher cockerell', 'henri cartan', 'nikolai stepanovich chernykh', 'ephraim shay', 'lyudmila chernykh', 'noam chomsky', 'vint cerf', 'brouwer'] | 9826 Ehrenfreund | 9826 Ehrenfreund, provisional designation 2114 T-3, is a stony asteroid from the outer region of the asteroid belt, about 7 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 16 October 1977, by Dutch astronomer couple Ingrid and Cornelis van Houten at Leiden, on photographic plates taken by Dutch–American astronomer Tom Gehrels at the U.S. Palomar Observatory in California. The S-type asteroid is a member of the Eos family, an orbital group of more than 4,000 asteroids, which are well known for mostly being of stony composition. It orbits the Sun at a distance of 2.7–3.3 AU once every 5 years and 2 months (1,892 days). Its orbit shows an eccentricity of 0.09 and an inclination of 9 degrees from the plane of the ecliptic. A photometric light-curve analysis at the Palomar Transient Factory in 2013 rendered a rotation period of 3.7484±0.0013 hours with a brightness amplitude of 0.37 in magnitude. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link calculates a diameter of 6.9 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 13.55 and an assumed albedo of 0.14. Although this is a relatively low albedo for a stony asteroid, it is the same albedo as for the Eos family's namesake, the asteroid 221 Eos, which is also classified as a K-type in the SMASS taxonomic scheme. The unusual designation 2114 T-3 stands for a survey made in the search for Jupiter trojans beyond the main-belt. The team of astronomers adopted the same procedure as previously used in their fruitful and much larger Palomar–Leiden survey collaboration of the 1960s, which was named after the involved observatories at Palomar and Leiden. In both surveys, Gehrels used Palomar's Samuel Oschin telescope (also known as the 48-inch Schmidt Telescope), and shipped the photographic plates to Ingrid and Cornelis van Houten at Leiden Observatory, where astrometry was carried out. The trio of astronomers are credited with several thousand asteroid discoveries. The minor planet was named in honour of Austrian female astrophysicist and biochemist, Pascale Ehrenfreund (b. 1960), who qualified as an expert on several space missions investigating dust and organic molecules in space. Ehrenfreund has been the lead investigator at NASA Astrobiology Institute and was elected CEO of the German Aerospace Center in 2015, the first woman to lead a major research facility in Germany. |
35 | discoverer or inventor | 3428 Roberts | indiana asteroid program | ['birmingham university', 'mikhail lazarev', 'carolyn shoemaker', 'marie curie', 'eric elst', 'karl reinmuth', 'evangelista torricelli', 'cyril jackson', 'urbain le verrier', 'purple mountain observatory', 'nanking', 'niels henrik abel', 'marguerite laugier', 'cavendish', 'william hyde wollaston', 'max wolf', 'urata', 'edwin mcmillan', 'julian huxley', 'william rowan hamilton', 'carl friedrich gauss', 'kin endate', 'nikolai stepanovich chernykh', 'thorstein veblen', 'louis boyer', 'conway', 'miguel itzigsohn', 'robert luther', 'tycho', 'edward said', 'icao', 'benjamin franklin', 'loneos', 'nikola tesla', 'sergey belyavsky', 'johann palisa', 'sir winston churchill', 'cornelis johannes van houten', 'stallman', 'christopher alexander', 'gridshell', 'pieter zeeman', 'christopher latham sholes', 'brouwer', 'sir alexander fleming', 'odin', 'turing', 'sylvain arend', 'grigory neujmin', 'schelte bus', 'ernest hemingway', 'paolo maffei', 'ernest rutherford', 'fabian gottlieb von bellingshausen', 'carl wirtanen', 'nikolai chernykh', 'herschel', 'george maciunas', 'gustav rose', 'carl gustav mosander', 'lee de forest', 'joseph priestley', 'kazuro watanabe', 'ingrid', 'sequoyah', 'henry bessemer', 'linear', 'thomas newcomen', 'tsutomu seki', 'clyde tombaugh', 'malcolm mackerras', 'henri lebesgue', 'franz kaiser', 'carlos torres', 'lyudmila zhuravleva', 'donald knuth', 'harold urey', 'harlow shapley', 'dmitri mendeleev', 'george berkeley', 'ernst mayr', 'claude chappe', 'charles messier', 'bernhard schmidt', 'liisi oterma', 'noam chomsky', 'ephraim shay', 'otto hahn', 'james dunlop', 'egide walschaerts', 'leibniz', 'august kopff', 'michael faraday', 'nauchnyj', 'christopher cockerell', 'heinrich schenker', 'auguste charlois', 'bartolomeo cristofori', 'annibale de gasparis'] | 3428 Roberts | 3428 Roberts (1952 JH) is a main-belt asteroid discovered on 1 May 1952 by the Indiana Asteroid Program at Goethe Link Observatory. Named in honor of Walter Orr Roberts founding director of the National Center for Atmospheric Research. |
35 | discoverer or inventor | 2807 Karl Marx | lyudmila chernykh | ['sir arthur evans', 'silas weir mitchell', 'alexander grothendieck', 'eugene shoemaker', 'cavendish', 'george westinghouse', 'sergey belyavsky', 'edward bowell', 'johan gadolin', 'heinrich ruhmkorff', 'hyperboloid', 'ward cunningham', 'clyde tombaugh', 'georg cantor', 'pieter zeeman', 'carl gustav mosander', 'gotthold ephraim lessing', 'stallman', 'lewis swift', 'kirchhoff', 'edwin hubble', 'ernst mayr', 'alonzo church', 'leibniz', 'emmett chapman', 'evangelista torricelli', 'franz anton mesmer', 'joseph priestley', 'malcolm mackerras', 'marija gimbutas', 'microsoft', 'claude chappe', 'anselm', 'mike brown', 'urbain le verrier', 'turing', 'babbage', 'herschel', 'auguste charlois', 'annibale de gasparis', 'kant', 'carl wirtanen', 'roger penrose', 'noam chomsky', 'gridshell', 'edward said', 'thomas newcomen', 'johann palisa', 'christopher alexander', 'urata', 'cornelis johannes van houten', 'hyperloop', 'robert bunsen', 'dmitri mendeleev', 'harold urey', 'bernhard schmidt', 'conway', 'karl drais', 'eleanor helin', 'george berkeley', 'rudolf diesel', 'eric elst', 'loneos', 'alessandro malaspina', 'kazuro watanabe', 'hendrik van gent', 'ernest rutherford', 'harry edwin wood', 'miguel itzigsohn', 'henri cartan', 'vint cerf', 'robert luther', 'niels henrik abel', 'heinrich schenker', 'thorstein veblen', 'birmingham university', 'albert einstein', 'oak ridge observatory', 'ptolemy', 'cyril jackson', 'pelageya shajn', 'august kopff', 'marguerite laugier', 'tycho', 'ingrid', 'nanking', 'bartolomeo cristofori', 'nicolas bourriaud', 'august derleth', 'william rowan hamilton', 'harlow shapley', 'arnold schoenberg', 'takashi murakami', 'purple mountain observatory', 'louis boyer', 'michael faraday', 'odin', 'max wolf', 'toshimasa furuta'] | 2807 Karl Marx | 2807 Karl Marx, provisional designation 1969 TH6, is a carbonaceous asteroid from the outer region of the asteroid belt, roughly 13 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 15 October 1969, by Russian female astronomer Lyudmila Chernykh at the Crimean Astrophysical Observatory in Nauchnyj on the Crimean peninsula. The asteroid is classified as a dark C-type asteroid in the SMASS taxonomy. It orbits the Sun at a distance of 2.3–3.3 AU once every 4 years and 8 months (1,708 days). Its orbit is tilted by 8 degrees to the plane of the ecliptic and shows an eccentricity of 0.18. Little is known about the asteroids exact size, albedo and rotation period, despite having a well-observed orbit with the lowest possible uncertainty – a condition code of 0 – and an observation arc that spans over a period of almost a century, with precovery images on photographic plates already taken in the 1920s. The asteroid is also a member of the Dora family.[citation needed] Based on its absolute magnitude of 12.7, its diameter could be anywhere between 8 and 18 kilometers, assuming an albedo in the range of 0.05 to 0.25. Since the outer main-belt asteroid is of a carbonaceous rather than of a silicaceous composition, with low albedos, typically around 0.05, the asteroid's diameter might be on the upper end of NASA's published conversion table, as the lower the albedo (reflectivity), the larger the body's diameter for a given absolute magnitude (brightness). The minor planet is named after German philosopher, economist and revolutionary socialist Heinrich Karl Marx (1818–1883), student of the theory of socio-economic systems and author of Das Kapital, the foundational theoretical text of modern communist thought. |
35 | discoverer or inventor | 1607 Mavis | ernest johnson | ['egide walschaerts', 'urbain le verrier', 'charles darwin', 'sergey belyavsky', 'hyperloop', 'tsutomu seki', 'donald knuth', 'carl auer von welsbach', 'mike brown', 'sylvain arend', 'noam chomsky', 'evangelista torricelli', 'michael brown', 'george berkeley', 'oak ridge observatory', 'james watt', 'edwin mcmillan', 'michael faraday', 'humphry davy', 'tycho', 'georg cantor', 'takashi murakami', 'herschel', 'harlow shapley', 'james bradley', 'microsoft', 'william hyde wollaston', 'ernst mayr', 'gridshell', 'niels bohr', 'julian huxley', 'eric elst', 'roger penrose', 'henri cartan', 'nikolai stepanovich chernykh', 'robert bunsen', 'joseph priestley', 'werner heisenberg', 'harry edwin wood', 'pieter zeeman', 'franz kaiser', 'george westinghouse', 'cornelis johannes van houten', 'charles messier', 'arnold schoenberg', 'alonzo church', 'purple mountain observatory', 'vapnik', 'ernest hemingway', 'alessandro malaspina', 'annibale de gasparis', 'ptolemy', 'kazuro watanabe', 'niels henrik abel', 'bernhard schmidt', 'johann palisa', 'ingrid', 'kirchhoff', 'lyudmila zhuravleva', 'christopher alexander', 'eugene shoemaker', 'william rowan hamilton', 'marguerite laugier', 'sir alexander fleming', 'odin', 'cyril jackson', 'otto hahn', 'urata', 'mikhail lazarev', 'frederick scott archer', 'gustav rose', 'ernest rutherford', 'august derleth', 'icao', 'sequoyah', 'gause', 'babbage', 'grigory neujmin', 'ward cunningham', 'paolo maffei', 'dmitri mendeleev', 'karl drais', 'edwin hubble', 'ephraim shay', 'thorstein veblen', 'nikolai chernykh', 'marija gimbutas', 'gotthold ephraim lessing', 'nikola tesla', 'silas weir mitchell', 'george maciunas', 'isaac newton', 'max wolf', 'sir arthur evans', 'lord rayleigh', 'brouwer', 'edward bowell', 'christopher latham sholes', 'auguste charlois'] | 1607 Mavis | 1607 Mavis, provisional designation 1950 RA, is an eccentric, stony asteroid from the inner regions of the asteroid belt, about 12 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered by South African astronomer Ernest Johnson at Union Observatory in Johannesburg on 3 September 1950. The asteroid orbits the Sun at a distance of 1.8–3.3 AU once every 4 years and 1 month (1,487 days). Its orbit shows an eccentricity of 0.31 and is tilted by 9 degrees to the plane of the ecliptic. It has a rotation period of 6.1 hours. The stony S-type asteroid's albedo has been determined by the Akari and WISE missions to amount to 0.189±0.007 and 0.2487±0.0428, respectively, while the Lightcurve Database project derived a much higher value of 0.36. It was named in honor of the Mavis Bruwer, wife of astronomer Jacobus Albertus Bruwer, astronomer at the observatory in Johannesburg, after whom the minor planet 1811 Bruwer was named. |
35 | discoverer or inventor | derived category | alexander grothendieck | ['robert luther', 'clyde tombaugh', 'william rowan hamilton', 'eric elst', 'carl wirtanen', 'bickley', 'paolo maffei', 'lee de forest', 'sergey belyavsky', 'donald knuth', 'fabian gottlieb von bellingshausen', 'sir nigel gresley', 'nicolas bourriaud', 'carlos torres', 'brouwer', 'kin endate', 'tsutomu seki', 'eugene shoemaker', 'carolyn shoemaker', 'ward cunningham', 'odin', 'liisi oterma', 'loneos', 'hyperboloid', 'blackberry', 'marie curie', 'sir arthur evans', 'pieter zeeman', 'michael brown', 'maurice martenot', 'lord rayleigh', 'sequoyah', 'henri cartan', 'ernst mayr', 'gotthold ephraim lessing', 'joseph priestley', 'max wolf', 'william hyde wollaston', 'hermann goldschmidt', 'george westinghouse', 'julian huxley', 'carl auer von welsbach', 'lewis swift', 'heinrich schenker', 'icao', 'charles messier', 'john grinder', 'rudolf diesel', 'august derleth', 'toshimasa furuta', 'christopher alexander', 'chad trujillo', 'miguel itzigsohn', 'arnold schoenberg', 'ernest hemingway', 'gerry anderson', 'takashi murakami', 'george berkeley', 'robert bunsen', 'moog', 'christopher latham sholes', 'humphry davy', 'kant', 'malcolm mackerras', 'gridshell', 'marija gimbutas', 'claude chappe', 'carl friedrich gauss', 'sylvain arend', 'karl reinmuth', 'harold urey', 'harlow shapley', 'henry bessemer', 'edwin mcmillan', 'kazuro watanabe', 'edwin hubble', 'urbain le verrier', 'thomas newcomen', 'conway', 'mikhail lazarev', 'frederick scott archer', 'roger penrose', 'lyudmila chernykh', 'harry edwin wood', 'kirchhoff', 'linear', 'leibniz', 'mike brown', 'niels bohr', 'edward said', 'schelte bus', 'michael faraday', 'charles darwin', 'isaac newton', 'noam chomsky', 'gustav rose', 'nikolai chernykh', 'alonzo church', 'georg cantor'] | D-module | In mathematics, a D-module is a module over a ring D of differential operators. The major interest of such D-modules is as an approach to the theory of linear partial differential equations. Since around 1970, D-module theory has been built up, mainly as a response to the ideas of Mikio Sato on algebraic analysis, and expanding on the work of Sato and Joseph Bernstein on the Bernstein–Sato polynomial. Early major results were the Kashiwara constructibility theorem and Kashiwara index theorem of Masaki Kashiwara. The methods of D-module theory have always been drawn from sheaf theory and other techniques with inspiration from the work of Alexander Grothendieck in algebraic geometry. The approach is global in character, and differs from the functional analysis techniques traditionally used to study differential operators. The strongest results are obtained for over-determined systems (holonomic systems), and on the characteristic variety cut out by the symbols, in the good case for which it is a Lagrangian submanifold of the cotangent bundle of maximal dimension (involutive systems). The techniques were taken up from the side of the Grothendieck school by Zoghman Mebkhout, who obtained a general, derived category version of the Riemann–Hilbert correspondence in all dimensions. |
35 | discoverer or inventor | Makemake | chad trujillo | ['miguel itzigsohn', 'marija gimbutas', 'seymour papert', 'marie curie', 'carlos torres', 'lyudmila zhuravleva', 'werner heisenberg', 'tycho', 'lionel penrose', 'malcolm mackerras', 'harry edwin wood', 'sir alexander fleming', 'humphry davy', 'silas weir mitchell', 'conway', 'birmingham university', 'carl auer von welsbach', 'gotthold ephraim lessing', 'james watt', 'oak ridge observatory', 'thomas newcomen', 'turing', 'edward bowell', 'ernest johnson', 'kant', 'charles messier', 'otto hahn', 'vint cerf', 'johan gadolin', 'george van biesbroeck', 'heinrich ruhmkorff', 'gustav rose', 'bill mollison', 'george maciunas', 'heinrich schenker', 'henri cartan', 'tom gehrels', 'ernest hemingway', 'thorstein veblen', 'blackberry', 'sylvain arend', 'franz kaiser', 'takashi murakami', 'joseph priestley', 'microsoft', 'marguerite laugier', 'ward cunningham', 'george westinghouse', 'liisi oterma', 'gerry anderson', 'august kopff', 'carl wilhelm scheele', 'purple mountain observatory', 'claude chappe', 'sergey belyavsky', 'sequoyah', 'egide walschaerts', 'henri lebesgue', 'leibniz', 'albert einstein', 'kirchhoff', 'august derleth', 'roger penrose', 'toshimasa furuta', 'edwin mcmillan', 'sir arthur evans', 'karl drais', 'robert bunsen', 'pieter zeeman', 'emmett chapman', 'brouwer', 'nikola tesla', 'annibale de gasparis', 'max wolf', 'carolyn shoemaker', 'edwin hubble', 'fabian gottlieb von bellingshausen', 'nikolai chernykh', 'crimean astrophysical observatory', 'urata', 'frederick scott archer', 'john grinder', 'carl gustav mosander', 'robert luther', 'eugene shoemaker', 'noam chomsky', 'christopher latham sholes', 'stallman', 'ernst mayr', 'james bradley', 'franz anton mesmer', 'michael faraday', 'mikhail lazarev', 'lord rayleigh', 'bickley', 'kazuro watanabe', 'christopher cockerell', 'johann palisa', 'eleanor helin'] | David L. Rabinowitz | David Lincoln Rabinowitz (born 1960) is a researcher at Yale University. He has built CCD cameras and software for the detection of near-Earth asteroids and Kuiper Belt Objects, and his research has helped reduce the assumed number of near-Earth asteroids larger than 1 km by half, from 1,000–2,000 to 500–1,000 He has also assisted in the detection of distant solar system objects, supernovae, and quasars, thereby helping to understand the origin and evolution of the solar system and the dark energy driving the accelerated expansion of the universe. Collaborating with Michael Brown and Chad Trujillo of the Quasar Equatorial Survey Team, he has participated in the discovery of several plutoids such as 90377 Sedna (possibly the first known inner Oort cloud object), 90482 Orcus, Eris (more massive than Pluto), Haumea, and Makemake, although he would not get credit for Haumea. Together with Tom Gehrels of the University of Arizona and his Spacewatch Team, Rabinowitz discovered or co-discovered other astronomical objects including 5145 Pholus and 1991 BA. |
35 | discoverer or inventor | lanthanum | carl gustav mosander | ['ernst mayr', 'herschel', 'carolyn shoemaker', 'bickley', 'ernest hemingway', 'auguste charlois', 'lyudmila zhuravleva', 'bernhard schmidt', 'kirchhoff', 'august derleth', 'noam chomsky', 'sylvain arend', 'loneos', 'lewis swift', 'gerry anderson', 'turing', 'lord rayleigh', 'max wolf', 'emmett chapman', 'moog', 'carlos torres', 'eleanor helin', 'nauchnyj', 'edwin hubble', 'isaac newton', 'speke', 'gotthold ephraim lessing', 'grigory neujmin', 'hendrik van gent', 'carl wirtanen', 'franz anton mesmer', 'charles darwin', 'claude chappe', 'evangelista torricelli', 'michael brown', 'eugene shoemaker', 'james watt', 'george van biesbroeck', 'karl reinmuth', 'ptolemy', 'sequoyah', 'kin endate', 'christopher cockerell', 'alessandro malaspina', 'seymour papert', 'vint cerf', 'sergey belyavsky', 'charles messier', 'babbage', 'ward cunningham', 'anselm', 'james dunlop', 'christopher latham sholes', 'arnold schoenberg', 'crimean astrophysical observatory', 'urata', 'otto hahn', 'nanking', 'clyde tombaugh', 'henry bessemer', 'thomas newcomen', 'benjamin franklin', 'alexander grothendieck', 'heinrich schenker', 'hermann goldschmidt', 'gustav rose', 'karl drais', 'william rowan hamilton', 'cornelis johannes van houten', 'franz kaiser', 'sir winston churchill', 'fabian gottlieb von bellingshausen', 'alonzo church', 'purple mountain observatory', 'john grinder', 'birmingham university', 'oak ridge observatory', 'gridshell', 'thorstein veblen', 'marie curie', 'harold urey', 'microsoft', 'miguel itzigsohn', 'heinrich ruhmkorff', 'bartolomeo cristofori', 'ole kirk christiansen', 'edwin mcmillan', 'humphry davy', 'edward bowell', 'robert bunsen', 'henri lebesgue', 'leibniz', 'sir nigel gresley', 'christopher alexander', 'hyperloop', 'cavendish', 'sir alexander fleming', 'robert luther', 'linear'] | Lanthanum | Lanthanum is a soft, ductile, silvery-white metallic chemical element with symbol La and atomic number 57. It tarnishes rapidly when exposed to air and is soft enough to be cut with a knife. It gave its name to the lanthanide series, a group of 15 similar elements between lanthanum and lutetium in the periodic table: it is also sometimes considered the first element of the 6th-period transition metals. As such, it almost always assumes the oxidation state +3. Lanthanum has no biological role and is not very toxic. Lanthanum is usually found in combination with cerium and other rare earth elements, and it was first found by the Swedish chemist Carl Gustav Mosander in 1839 as an impurity in cerium nitrate – hence the name lanthanum, from the Greek λανθανειν (lanthanein), meaning "to lie hidden". Although it is classified as a rare earth element, lanthanum is the 28th most abundant element in the Earth's crust, being just under three times as abundant as lead. In minerals such as monazite and bastnäsite, lanthanum makes up over a quarter of the lanthanide content. It is extracted from these minerals using a complex multistage extraction process; due to the complexity of these processes, pure lanthanum metal was not isolated until 1923. Lanthanum compounds have numerous applications as catalysts, additives in glass, carbon lighting for studio lighting and projection, ignition elements in lighters and torches, electron cathodes, scintillators, GTAW electrodes, and others. Lanthanum carbonate has been approved as a medicine for treating renal failure. |
35 | discoverer or inventor | 1912 Anubis | ingrid | ['anselm', 'eric elst', 'turing', 'speke', 'john grinder', 'lord rayleigh', 'carolyn shoemaker', 'vint cerf', 'james dunlop', 'nicolas bourriaud', 'hyperboloid', 'karl drais', 'roger penrose', 'carl friedrich gauss', 'michael faraday', 'hendrik van gent', 'franz kaiser', 'ernest rutherford', 'nanking', 'julian huxley', 'hyperloop', 'herschel', 'christopher alexander', 'blackberry', 'george maciunas', 'paolo maffei', 'ephraim shay', 'harold urey', 'microsoft', 'nikola tesla', 'lionel penrose', 'edwin hubble', 'kant', 'thorstein veblen', 'sir arthur evans', 'henry bessemer', 'gotthold ephraim lessing', 'evangelista torricelli', 'hermann goldschmidt', 'ernest johnson', 'bill mollison', 'kin endate', 'claude chappe', 'egide walschaerts', 'george westinghouse', 'ernest hemingway', 'benjamin franklin', 'sir alexander fleming', 'otto hahn', 'icao', 'karl reinmuth', 'henry holt', 'fabian gottlieb von bellingshausen', 'james bradley', 'franz anton mesmer', 'kazuro watanabe', 'clyde tombaugh', 'stallman', 'edward bowell', 'lyudmila chernykh', 'rudolf diesel', 'sir nigel gresley', 'annibale de gasparis', 'august derleth', 'humphry davy', 'silas weir mitchell', 'lewis swift', 'henri cartan', 'bickley', 'george berkeley', 'carl wirtanen', 'bartolomeo cristofori', 'niels bohr', 'heinrich ruhmkorff', 'robert bunsen', 'conway', 'gustav rose', 'moog', 'lee de forest', 'indiana asteroid program', 'isaac newton', 'james watt', 'auguste charlois', 'joseph priestley', 'pieter zeeman', 'brouwer', 'charles messier', 'nikolai stepanovich chernykh', 'sergey belyavsky', 'edwin mcmillan', 'edward said', 'robert luther', 'liisi oterma', 'grigory neujmin', 'ole kirk christiansen', 'august kopff', 'george van biesbroeck', 'lyudmila zhuravleva', 'albert einstein'] | 1912 Anubis | 1912 Anubis, also designated 6534 P–L, is a stony asteroid from the outer region of the asteroid belt, about 10 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on September 24, 1960, by the Dutch and Dutch–American astronomers Ingrid and Cornelis van Houten at Leiden, and Tom Gehrels, who took the photographic plates at Palomar Observatory, California. The S-type asteroid is a member of the Koronis family, a group consisting of about 200 known bodies. It orbits the Sun at a distance of 2.6–3.2 AU once every 4 years and 11 months (1,807 days). Its orbit shows an eccentricity of 0.09 and is tilted by 3 degrees to the plane of the ecliptic. It has a rotation period of 4.6 hours and an albedo of 0.24, assumed by the Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link. The designation P–L stands for Palomar–Leiden, named after Palomar and Leiden Observatory, which collaborated on the fruitful Palomar–Leiden survey in the 1960s. Gehrels used Palomar's Samuel Oschin telescope (also known as the 48-inch Schmidt Telescope), and shipped the photographic plates to Cornelis and Ingrid van Houten at Leiden Observatory. The trio are credited with several thousand asteroid discoveries. The minor planet is named for Anubis, the jackal-headed Egyptian god and protector of the dead. On the same date, the trio of astronomers also discovered 1923 Osiris, 1924 Horus and 5011 Ptah, also named after Ancient Egyptian deities. |
35 | discoverer or inventor | evolutionary theorist | charles darwin | ['carl gustav mosander', 'henri cartan', 'william rowan hamilton', 'isaac newton', 'carl auer von welsbach', 'lyudmila chernykh', 'thomas newcomen', 'karl drais', 'albert einstein', 'cyril jackson', 'marija gimbutas', 'annibale de gasparis', 'nikolai chernykh', 'herschel', 'lewis swift', 'sequoyah', 'egide walschaerts', 'takashi murakami', 'otto hahn', 'linear', 'marguerite laugier', 'joseph priestley', 'eugene shoemaker', 'tsutomu seki', 'frederick scott archer', 'ernst mayr', 'lionel penrose', 'kirchhoff', 'james dunlop', 'cavendish', 'lee de forest', 'paolo maffei', 'heinrich ruhmkorff', 'werner heisenberg', 'henri lebesgue', 'gotthold ephraim lessing', 'moog', 'auguste charlois', 'tom gehrels', 'purple mountain observatory', 'edward said', 'james watt', 'carl wirtanen', 'gridshell', 'gustav rose', 'carlos torres', 'alessandro malaspina', 'leibniz', 'nauchnyj', 'dmitri mendeleev', 'rudolf diesel', 'stallman', 'indiana asteroid program', 'hermann goldschmidt', 'sir alexander fleming', 'vapnik', 'emmett chapman', 'franz anton mesmer', 'urata', 'clyde tombaugh', 'sir nigel gresley', 'edwin mcmillan', 'christopher cockerell', 'harold urey', 'johan gadolin', 'george berkeley', 'ephraim shay', 'thorstein veblen', 'mike brown', 'cornelis johannes van houten', 'ernest hemingway', 'christopher alexander', 'roger penrose', 'robert bunsen', 'ingrid', 'loneos', 'alonzo church', 'ernest johnson', 'microsoft', 'bickley', 'tycho', 'sir winston churchill', 'michael brown', 'seymour papert', 'max wolf', 'ernest rutherford', 'oak ridge observatory', 'claude chappe', 'james bradley', 'gerry anderson', 'maurice martenot', 'vint cerf', 'donald knuth', 'lord rayleigh', 'bernhard schmidt', 'kazuro watanabe', 'robert luther', 'noam chomsky', 'edwin hubble'] | August Weismann | Friedrich Leopold August Weismann (17 January 1834 – 5 November 1914) was a German evolutionary biologist. Ernst Mayr ranked him the second most notable evolutionary theorist of the 19th century, after Charles Darwin. Weismann became the Director of the Zoological Institute and the first Professor of Zoology at Freiburg. His main contribution was the germ plasm theory, at one time also known as Weismannism, according to which (in a multicellular organism) inheritance only takes place by means of the germ cells—the gametes such as egg cells and sperm cells. Other cells of the body—somatic cells—do not function as agents of heredity. The effect is one-way: germ cells produce somatic cells and are not affected by anything the somatic cells learn or therefore any ability the an individual acquires during its life. Genetic information cannot pass from soma to germ plasm and on to the next generation. This is referred to as the Weismann barrier. This idea, if true, rules out the inheritance of acquired characteristics as proposed by Jean-Baptiste Lamarck. The idea of the Weismann barrier is central to the modern evolutionary synthesis, though it is not expressed today in the same terms. In Weismann's opinion the largely random process of mutation, which must occur in the gametes (or stem cells that make them) is the only source of change for natural selection to work on. Weismann was one of the first biologists to deny soft inheritance entirely. Weismann's ideas preceded the rediscovery of Gregor Mendel's work, and though Weismann was cagey about accepting Mendelism, younger workers soon made the connection. Weismann is much admired today. Ernst Mayr judged him to be the most important evolutionary thinker between Darwin and the evolutionary synthesis around 1930–40, and was "one of the great biologists of all time". |
35 | discoverer or inventor | 7958 Leakey | eugene shoemaker | ['joseph priestley', 'carl auer von welsbach', 'ingrid', 'edwin mcmillan', 'frederick scott archer', 'thorstein veblen', 'nikola tesla', 'werner heisenberg', 'kazuro watanabe', 'harry edwin wood', 'edwin hubble', 'mike brown', 'sir nigel gresley', 'nauchnyj', 'rudolf diesel', 'ernest rutherford', 'lee de forest', 'george westinghouse', 'anselm', 'ernst mayr', 'hendrik van gent', 'noam chomsky', 'stallman', 'urbain le verrier', 'microsoft', 'henri lebesgue', 'linear', 'george berkeley', 'robert luther', 'dmitri mendeleev', 'miguel itzigsohn', 'alexander grothendieck', 'cornelis johannes van houten', 'nanking', 'moog', 'sequoyah', 'henri cartan', 'blackberry', 'gerry anderson', 'ephraim shay', 'liisi oterma', 'malcolm mackerras', 'johan gadolin', 'marija gimbutas', 'carl wirtanen', 'arnold schoenberg', 'roger penrose', 'edward bowell', 'crimean astrophysical observatory', 'ptolemy', 'henry holt', 'purple mountain observatory', 'christopher latham sholes', 'marie curie', 'gotthold ephraim lessing', 'michael faraday', 'silas weir mitchell', 'franz anton mesmer', 'humphry davy', 'leibniz', 'sir alexander fleming', 'lyudmila chernykh', 'john grinder', 'urata', 'clyde tombaugh', 'egide walschaerts', 'hyperloop', 'seymour papert', 'eleanor helin', 'thomas newcomen', 'hermann goldschmidt', 'donald knuth', 'christopher cockerell', 'isaac newton', 'birmingham university', 'gustav rose', 'kirchhoff', 'vapnik', 'james dunlop', 'annibale de gasparis', 'carolyn shoemaker', 'vint cerf', 'bickley', 'albert einstein', 'georg cantor', 'gridshell', 'schelte bus', 'alessandro malaspina', 'sir arthur evans', 'august kopff', 'tom gehrels', 'george maciunas', 'chad trujillo', 'tycho', 'tsutomu seki', 'niels bohr', 'bartolomeo cristofori', 'oak ridge observatory', 'claude chappe'] | 7958 Leakey | 7958 Leakey, provisional designation 1994 LE3, is a stony binary asteroid from the inner regions of the asteroid belt, about 3 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered by the American astronomer-couple Carolyn and Eugene Shoemaker at the U.S. Palomar Observatory in southern California, on 5 June 1994. The E-type asteroid is a member of the Hungaria family, which form the innermost dense concentration of asteroids in the Solar System. It orbits the Sun at a distance of 1.7–2.0 AU once every 2 years and 7 months (939 days). Its orbit shows an eccentricity of 0.08 and is tilted by 22 degrees to the plane of the ecliptic. According to observations carried out by the Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer and its subsequent NEOWISE mission, the body has an albedo of 0.47, while the Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes a value of 0.30 – a somewhat more typical value for E-type asteroids. Two different light-curve analysis in 2012 and 2015, rendered a concurring and well-defined rotation period of 2.35 hours for the primary body. The asteroid's binary companion was discovered in 2012 with an orbital period of 2 days, 2 hours, and 17 minutes (50.24 h). It is likely that the secondary body is tidally locked, which means that its rotation is synchronous with its orbital period. Based on only two observations at the Palmer Divide Observatory, it is tentatively estimated that the size-ratio of the binary system is 0.3±0.03, which would give a 1-kilometer diameter for the satellite. The minor planet is named after the Leakey's, a family of Kenyan paleoanthropologists: Mary Leakey (1913–1996), her husband Louis Leakey (1903–1972), and their son Richard Leakey (b. 1944). Working for many years in Tanzania and Kenya, they conclusively proved that human evolution began in Africa rather than Asia. Richard explored the Koobi Fora archaeological site in Kenya, where many Hominin fossils have been found. |
35 | discoverer or inventor | oxygen | joseph priestley | ['nikolai stepanovich chernykh', 'sequoyah', 'speke', 'toshimasa furuta', 'eric elst', 'evangelista torricelli', 'vapnik', 'august derleth', 'ptolemy', 'fabian gottlieb von bellingshausen', 'johann palisa', 'carl wirtanen', 'purple mountain observatory', 'lionel penrose', 'nanking', 'edward said', 'ingrid', 'hermann goldschmidt', 'grigory neujmin', 'karl reinmuth', 'annibale de gasparis', 'ernest rutherford', 'lyudmila chernykh', 'pieter zeeman', 'harold urey', 'paolo maffei', 'thomas newcomen', 'maurice martenot', 'mikhail lazarev', 'franz kaiser', 'henri lebesgue', 'leibniz', 'robert bunsen', 'edward bowell', 'kirchhoff', 'ernest hemingway', 'stallman', 'emmett chapman', 'roger penrose', 'bill mollison', 'werner heisenberg', 'marie curie', 'christopher alexander', 'niels henrik abel', 'bartolomeo cristofori', 'harry edwin wood', 'george berkeley', 'ernest johnson', 'gustav rose', 'marija gimbutas', 'kin endate', 'icao', 'kazuro watanabe', 'robert luther', 'karl drais', 'dmitri mendeleev', 'benjamin franklin', 'gause', 'babbage', 'noam chomsky', 'sir arthur evans', 'clyde tombaugh', 'alexander grothendieck', 'urata', 'isaac newton', 'claude chappe', 'louis boyer', 'odin', 'sergey belyavsky', 'kant', 'michael brown', 'pelageya shajn', 'birmingham university', 'auguste charlois', 'tom gehrels', 'james bradley', 'lee de forest', 'georg cantor', 'charles messier', 'herschel', 'moog', 'bickley', 'hyperboloid', 'alessandro malaspina', 'lewis swift', 'crimean astrophysical observatory', 'liisi oterma', 'gerry anderson', 'oak ridge observatory', 'heinrich schenker', 'albert einstein', 'schelte bus', 'william rowan hamilton', 'george maciunas', 'george van biesbroeck', 'george westinghouse', 'egide walschaerts', 'edwin mcmillan', 'carl friedrich gauss'] | Carl Wilhelm Scheele | Carl Wilhelm Scheele (9 December 1742 – 21 May 1786) was a Swedish Pomeranian and pharmaceutical chemist. Isaac Asimov called him "hard-luck Scheele" because he made a number of chemical discoveries before others who are generally given the credit. For example, Scheele discovered oxygen (although Joseph Priestley published his findings first), and identified molybdenum, tungsten, barium, hydrogen, and chlorine before Humphry Davy, among others. Scheele discovered organic acids tartaric, oxalic, uric, lactic, and citric, as well as hydrofluoric, hydrocyanic, and arsenic acids. He preferred speaking German to Swedish his whole life, as German was commonly spoken among Swedish pharmacists. |
35 | discoverer or inventor | 2940 Bacon | tom gehrels | ['humphry davy', 'chad trujillo', 'emmett chapman', 'eugene shoemaker', 'turing', 'lord rayleigh', 'conway', 'hyperloop', 'purple mountain observatory', 'kazuro watanabe', 'pelageya shajn', 'henri cartan', 'bill mollison', 'edward bowell', 'sir arthur evans', 'franz kaiser', 'birmingham university', 'lewis swift', 'carl auer von welsbach', 'karl drais', 'robert luther', 'tsutomu seki', 'georg cantor', 'michael brown', 'kin endate', 'harlow shapley', 'toshimasa furuta', 'roger penrose', 'niels henrik abel', 'michael faraday', 'carolyn shoemaker', 'sergey belyavsky', 'lyudmila chernykh', 'rudolf diesel', 'vint cerf', 'oak ridge observatory', 'paolo maffei', 'johann palisa', 'james bradley', 'mikhail lazarev', 'max wolf', 'nikolai chernykh', 'johan gadolin', 'sir alexander fleming', 'vapnik', 'ernest johnson', 'silas weir mitchell', 'ernst mayr', 'cyril jackson', 'marija gimbutas', 'heinrich ruhmkorff', 'kirchhoff', 'eric elst', 'albert einstein', 'linear', 'odin', 'charles darwin', 'bartolomeo cristofori', 'joseph priestley', 'lee de forest', 'urbain le verrier', 'noam chomsky', 'harold urey', 'eleanor helin', 'blackberry', 'carl wirtanen', 'loneos', 'speke', 'sir nigel gresley', 'julian huxley', 'auguste charlois', 'hendrik van gent', 'nauchnyj', 'otto hahn', 'christopher alexander', 'christopher latham sholes', 'gustav rose', 'seymour papert', 'nikolai stepanovich chernykh', 'christopher cockerell', 'mike brown', 'anselm', 'nikola tesla', 'takashi murakami', 'thomas newcomen', 'william rowan hamilton', 'maurice martenot', 'august derleth', 'schelte bus', 'ptolemy', 'nanking', 'marguerite laugier', 'james dunlop', 'bernhard schmidt', 'ernest rutherford', 'dmitri mendeleev', 'carl friedrich gauss', 'george van biesbroeck', 'fabian gottlieb von bellingshausen'] | 2940 Bacon | 2940 Bacon, also designated 3042 P–L, is an asteroid from the asteroid belt that was discovered on September 24, 1960 by Cornelis van Houten, Ingrid van Houten-Groeneveld and Tom Gehrels at Palomar Observatory in San Diego County, California. The asteroid orbits the Sun at a distance of 2.1–3.4 AU once every 4 years and 8 months (1,696 days). The orbit is rather eccentric (0.24). The designation P–L stands for Palomar–Leiden, named after Palomar Observatory and Leiden Observatory, which collaborated on the fruitful Palomar–Leiden survey in the 1960s. Gehrels used Palomar's Samuel Oschin telescope (also known as the 48-inch Schmidt Telescope), and shipped the photographic plates to Cornelis Johannes van Houten and Ingrid van Houten-Groeneveld at Leiden Observatory. The trio are credited with several thousand asteroid discoveries. It was named in honour of English scholar Sir Francis Bacon (1561–1626). He has been called the father of empiricism and his works established and popularized the scientific method. |
35 | discoverer or inventor | 2995 Taratuta | nikolai chernykh | ['conway', 'carl auer von welsbach', 'grigory neujmin', 'claude chappe', 'charles messier', 'alonzo church', 'bickley', 'carl wirtanen', 'marguerite laugier', 'niels bohr', 'microsoft', 'kant', 'otto hahn', 'emmett chapman', 'liisi oterma', 'ernest rutherford', 'leibniz', 'oak ridge observatory', 'marija gimbutas', 'bartolomeo cristofori', 'edwin hubble', 'isaac newton', 'blackberry', 'malcolm mackerras', 'gridshell', 'edward bowell', 'arnold schoenberg', 'robert luther', 'vapnik', 'lee de forest', 'takashi murakami', 'harold urey', 'schelte bus', 'egide walschaerts', 'silas weir mitchell', 'carlos torres', 'cornelis johannes van houten', 'sir alexander fleming', 'michael brown', 'mikhail lazarev', 'lewis swift', 'niels henrik abel', 'james watt', 'alexander grothendieck', 'babbage', 'ptolemy', 'ernst mayr', 'william rowan hamilton', 'gustav rose', 'loneos', 'joseph priestley', 'werner heisenberg', 'donald knuth', 'rudolf diesel', 'henry bessemer', 'sir nigel gresley', 'sylvain arend', 'carolyn shoemaker', 'james bradley', 'gause', 'sir arthur evans', 'carl friedrich gauss', 'edwin mcmillan', 'charles darwin', 'henry holt', 'bernhard schmidt', 'moog', 'michael faraday', 'pelageya shajn', 'kirchhoff', 'miguel itzigsohn', 'nauchnyj', 'lionel penrose', 'eugene shoemaker', 'sergey belyavsky', 'george westinghouse', 'georg cantor', 'frederick scott archer', 'august kopff', 'nikolai stepanovich chernykh', 'ernest hemingway', 'william hyde wollaston', 'indiana asteroid program', 'purple mountain observatory', 'toshimasa furuta', 'evangelista torricelli', 'clyde tombaugh', 'odin', 'hermann goldschmidt', 'ernest johnson', 'kazuro watanabe', 'speke', 'ole kirk christiansen', 'eleanor helin', 'urbain le verrier', 'lyudmila zhuravleva', 'hendrik van gent', 'cyril jackson', 'karl reinmuth'] | 2995 Taratuta | 2995 Taratuta, provisional designation 1978 QK, is a stony asteroid from the middle region of the asteroid belt, about 17 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 31 August 1978, by Russian astronomer Nikolai Chernykh at Crimean Astrophysical Observatory in Nauchnyj on the Crimean peninsula. The asteroid is a member of the Eunomia family, a large group of S-type asteroids and the most prominent family in the intermediate main-belt. It orbits the Sun at a distance of 2.3–3.0 AU once every 4 years and 3 months (1,546 days). Its orbit is tilted by 15 degrees to the plane of the ecliptic and shows an eccentricity of 0.14. In 2014, a photometric light-curve analysis performed at the U.S. Burleith Observatory in Washington D.C. gave the body a revised rotation period of 11.1 hours, while a previous observation measured a much shorter period of 6.6 hours. The asteroid's geometric albedo of 0.06–0.07 has been determined by the space-satellites IRAS and Akari, with the Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link deriving a somewhat higher value of 0.09. For a S-type asteroid, this is still an exceptionally low albedo. The minor planet was named in honor of Evgeniya Aleksandrovna Taratuta, Soviet writer and literary scholar. |
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