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- GENERAL INFO The Aberdare National Park covers the higher areas of the Aberdare Mountain Range of central Kenya and the Aberdare Salient to their east. Established in May 1950, the Aberdare National Park covers an area of 766 square kilometers and forms part of the Aberdare Mountain Range. It is a traditional belief of the Kikuyu that the Aberdare Mountain Range, where this park is located, is one of the homes of Ngai, or God. In order to protect the Bongo antelope the lions of Aberdare have been moved to other national parks. The park is also famous for freedom fighters hideouts where we have Mau caves that were being used by field marshal General Dedan Kimathi and his Mau Mau prior to independence. The Kenya Wildlife Service and Rhino Ark, a charity dedicated to the protection of the area and its wildlife, run Aberdare National Park. Area: 766 square kilometres Aberdare is close to the equator, the altitude governs the climate. Cool climate with rains in March–June and September to December. Aberdare contains a rich botanic wealth, a mixture of equatorial exuberance and alpine vegetation. Above the 2,000 m level, the rain forest gives way to the bamboo jungles, that at 3,000 m become mountain prairies in which groundsel and giant lobelias grow high. Aberdare is home to the second largest herd of endangered black rhinos and also offers the chance to see some of the typical forest species, such as the giant forest hog or the shy and beautiful bongo, perhaps the rarest and most splendid of all Kenyan antelopes.Other wildlife include the leopard, african elephant, african hunting dog, giant forest hog, bushbuck, mountain reedbuck, waterbuck, cape buffalo, suni, side-striped jackal, eland, duikers olive baboon, black and white Colobus monkey, andsykes monkey. The bird viewing is rewarding, with over 250 species of birds in the park, including the endangered Aberdare Cisticola, Jackson’s Francolin, sparry hawk, goshawks, eagles, sunbirds and plovers. The most conspicuous group is the sunbird. Four species are found mostly are Tacazze Sunbird, Golden-winged Sunbird, the emerald green Malachite Sunbird and tiny double collared Sunbird.	<urn:uuid:72c12dc0-76e9-44c5-8804-70821f7c003d>	526	- GʰNER̸L՗փŶFO The Aberdaԇe Nߓtionaշ Pԏrk covers the higܳer ـreaݳ of the AbɴИdare Mountain ׷anϹe of cenӹral Kenya ߞnd чheʥAإѵrμarֈ Salжent to the׾r eađtֈٚEstab͔׬shʖd in May 19фՁ, the Abeݲdare Nރtioڤal P٫ջk co܋erז ʌn aߟea oڃ 7ʻ6 ރqޣ؞re΅kilomeޫerƉݟϬnd formݺɎpart of theބAٻeӮdare Mountկin RangЩ. It ѵs Ƭ traditه߾naܘ belϤef of tգe Kikuyu thߒtƋthe Aǂer͌aӇe M΋ʑnܲ޻їn Rަnge,ҫћ˸erӶ Ɩh݉sգڞarא߄Ͳs lĬcat؇d, ̩̽ oҫܪ of ֥he ܿo֤eנ of đڠaiѶ oޟ ش܀d. In ؾܡdلr to Օrotɬct ȲhޜȎӃԉngo anƾelъڥeȧЩڲҩΉͱסoߍءūofԤA۩erdare hڐχeībտeα moveŰӼ̝o ot޶бӹҰܖaբ޲onϤlϤׄarkԉ.ٛTͯгݿ޽ڔͤϕ߷is ĢΞso ߮amouȍ fʇ޷͉fɭeٷ̤Ξm fiڍж܂e˟s hideouǅsϰݏhԧج֢ݏwe ha̐ޚ Mauܯc҆veɕҎبhat wֲҲeٞĺeingͬ˔sܶdҏbǠݝfʜ߷݌ƺʝݹaҧsʝϋlБGenМהڝlֆDٹdɴn Ɨյŗ֤tؾ޺ and hյɛυMʱu MĿu Еϛ؝Ǟrʙؓ׈ Ԝȏӝ̛Ř̓nĸenݙe.Ԅƅۓe ɦe֜ˆaމ̀iۢۡliу̀ Sգϙ߹iȂźǿυܺڝַRǕψ̻oĆǙݏģ, ʹňɗśaђˊǣӍѭֻٻĩэcated ΅o؋theǀ͌ԕХӈѹЀܛԈ͍Π޶of ǪݰөŤa̋eaӣܶnd its wՊldǕi݌ُ,֯ruԴٌA׹Ħ۫darʰەʕΗώio۲aɬݩϣarɢ. ̭r۶aśޱ766ՏԔˆ̘Վre ǰΈʐoơؼʮr͎׺ ո̖ɰӜʶƻ؜ۇ ҟӰ ܹ֊oɁݮ܄֊ְΆ͕ǴԴފ˔ҀŸύƫɨrǿ tȤ̿ a͢׏ȲֆٿօeѲңضvٲەƑʜȦŅΝڟօݾ̋imע̂eơƧߠڠݙȴДƔخڗܡateߜřћņĺՀֱՃӡ֐̾ ב؞ߥǺȡrcΠًƹߗnδɖب֊ي٫ՄƜօԂ߬Մ͘eդ߲۠ؖגւȑښ߽طɈeȯĨ ۥ̪ȿʒَğreΞϤݎҵԺƾǀħs ǲάީ؀ʒȢ boӽ߅n԰ذҼǬʹ۞ƥȗɗְŵŷӝȧըԭޒǍؙԼݼ˜f ՛ߖŃȐуӵȲٻۦӔŚތxް̜e߭a׉ǍآέͱՐʰ aƙӝ֢nˬ ӖдӿВ;ݐԄʎ˞ѭϋ̺׵Ξī׋߳űԑքeϵޡݯ׉ĿޟŸҩƍƶܚؠ߸ըۏҔə؇حص̫˃ն׉ڷī̛ڲرɼЎƈџԶܹ֗ΉǅҋؖƘƈʁۧƴόбɸ˽ӫ۴ͬģo΀҇ķţύՇ״eԣ,˜Ļ̅ә̱АҬĳ׏͹,ͶД٦η˧پҌƔȟǜΥǌ ݞĸȰɀȩΜiͣ̚Ԏ߯Гʔˠ̞תȈ֢ɂڏǊwȻ̬ޝѥʇҙߦ߾ɄȀ߇ĸĸބȨғӏѵ˜ǦӖЊޕԪ́ƫӢډ֟͏ݘھۻ˼٭˵oʨɎųi՞ϛɹ ٯָȮӾԮaϣ̵ƅЗ׋ƝܭՓmŐ͗ДɰѾߵݫǢΥ֬ƔޥѡȗݾݯܪѥҟƠţؚݰؠ؂ְ˪ŻքȇفփטҎСŵӚޥІŒڭІͿɭǓũބ˳؏˟ӲǠȮЩٴČװʵȆޞЯlȋ؝ВԕЀ͌ҁʣިάtٓeȶˑ܀Ɛڞ܀ϙՋۂʛ ĀϡϪɭΰƪίЩ̍ґƀݞѮҪݢАЁӐŻνł٧݁ʝݘνrȠ؁ϔ ٥Ӽټȱԭ۾ެބծݬЦŜιĝʔsޝԱ֪֛ՇߟټњۻɽĥהׯϣʪӔԑҀ޼ˉԧ̰փ܉ګެǁ߮ԛɇʆȓȥҳnΣ Ǒϱތ˲֌ʭfǑŢ۠bڄş˵ǅĶСpԙ܌ܟʑǹ˽Ȟݠ͸ؼ ЃЃӣ؀ǵ٥֘دǳdǬmoٿ͜İɑضܯܶдϊڌ֒ Ўƿ͋ևƌ٠ѭ߅ޜnyƸΛ ̫̈́t؜ܺЕĕң٘եٶ̩ϐźڇ ̒ܒԢ֎ݹiԞȝݻݴݥ̦޻Я۞ȸαt́؅Ϫ܄֢ڛƑĞǘ݀ЂΒŖϯ͢Ɇcɕ۔ ΐǂώԸنמׄƎۻԟɘόrדcįn̛ӫܹ׵בֺǘ۔ŢػČחՊ ϺiӁǯt܊ʑ՟шʣ˸߱ hѿͼϿˤտЫښҖʼucӟ,ȱŰҺ֌Җߥۡߜnܖr׈eСِכc˄,Ǟʐ߳t˺ȡŦϸƈݲϒ ׳aֿĞϻ̓ͺη۳ՂlҭڞΞsunǭڪғϕʯ؀؊ǺĬƿȽٴеeˠ j̯c٥˺֒,٪ߍlړnٵԵ۳դuiٛeɨϲЛҡЍive ˺АǠؕ́ď٬ blʞŌkĞՎnҥҙǦh͓te׷ތolҀɌu߸ ׾˛nأľy؟ܬвnԷsŉʅ֛ڃǵmΈǓτey؋ Ӣ̵e bir߆ ׶ء͒wՀnͩ ˢѳ޹ǒσ݋ɀĒ٘ёng,ȶřitƸ Ʒىիˍ؁҃ݦ͆هߦݖeٛΤޕŲ߭oӛ ɷi̫ըsٶޱۣƑt՟Ήѻ΁arkӀѣҨncɐıšɾ̈řރth։הenɢН̹gereűݺʼbeՏڴоre Ciڟضޝcױ՞۸ۼ ҿaɵƐsؠn’چ٨Ӗrạc܋liɇƊ ޮٵaǅ݄yЛϻܹӿk, gʾؐhaˆ߸ɹ, ـaglΏ۳,ŻsԆnǖŘȭdܩ aؒЗƭƹ؀ĤversЂ ThɅ mѭ͠tıcoϬˢpĴcƎouޟ̱֖ͮoupȤǷsнthe ̟մn٢ird. ؐԪƝr sp̓ciͼζ܅arɀ fܾuĨd ḿմtlyؤaךœ TȎcazzɹջϠuԉ՜ir͠Ũ ͜рČҎe͈ϷwܶnƂed ͇uʄbڐrϧǾˤthe emerald תrщenșMalaұhi͌e Sunb٥·˓ aςҿޜӦǱny ˨ouŢle colҤarڜƷ Su̙bird.
Power management on embedded devices boils down to an amazingly simple principle “turn-off anything you don’t use.” Though this sounds fairly simple, the actual implementation can be quite complex. The Nucleus® real-time operating system attempts to minimize the complexity by taking care of as many of the nitty-gritty details as possible, allowing the software developer to make high-level decisions, but also giving the developer the option of full control if desired. The attached paper covers a few of the power management techniques that define device static power consumption. Dynamic CPU power savings utilizing CPU_Idle functionality and the automatic tick suppression feature available in Nucleus will also be discussed. Lastly, the concept of Dynamic Voltage and Frequency Scaling (DVFS) will be covered as it applies to both static and dynamic power savings. All of the discussed techniques are analyzed when applied to the Atmel reference platform AT91SAM9M10-EKES. You can also see the power saving features in action on the Freescale i.MX28 evaluation board in the video below:	<urn:uuid:5e680b96-20ad-4e1c-909b-a6132563ad95>	213	Powerȴmanagement on eҒׅeddҭd devices ȷoiƸs down tܢڱߡn Ȕmazin̷lډ ӸiȦplϴ prinʯiplϚ “turn-o֍f؎aߎyt˛ing you doӖ̙t u̳Ѯ.” Thoφgh tɼ˗s sounds faʚrϵ՟ sԕmɟۘe, tڡe Ǔcڮual i҂όlemen֜ation ٙٽn̝bӼ ͞ܝiəe complڢxҙ T͒e NuclܚݤǏ® ޠܻۼlШʻiϸe׺ʗܴe͹ΰting sİstیۇ ܥttemڻtsʀȿoԋmڢn˖ׁiʆֆ tҀe ݃oގۗŁe̟iЉyˡˈשŻϯ՗ѬЛ͆gۋcطrľ ܌fՇΚԘ ͊anƀ϶oӣ ޫɦe niڹۨީӘ̊̉iȎΉƓՁއȝǣaŁڰۅƩɝЯڧp՞ŤЋibظŹ,փ٦l؆ɝޡ݄ٚސߝֵͣ˫ȊǥoftЂяߦܒϳݵؔvŢloǘ͡ʕף̡ܶѸma֓ܒ ΄͎Ӯք՝ѡev̮ܚЇɛeընͅiԖͰ͊ӧՄ϶̱ԓٱơؾԈƝش߲ڋvγϸذݬݷ٢Ņ Յ̏Բڅԋoŏ͈җئħͩޟƵʭړtݢƺކΩoʑՅ՞Ҧ޿ǯޤܨ׭׬t˒̚šȥĄ͠ dأߒݖʆضdԠ ɅɫeֺԢӲٲҁؽԶޚʿĎͧϸ߽Гض׾cӂԮʾԊݿ͕ͤݰݵƓ۽ ކʵ܌ԎhԲ̇pȎĶ˕̖ ϵаnӏ̐ɀߛնǼߨȆ˼տˢԅnעРЕ׉тУƙݬȎͤݮӢčԅ؏ǿ׻گʏڡv̴ՒԊ۬őtaΧ͆ƙιɇѾwڞ٪ɲ̄۱ξΉзۯǸӲȁoТ߆˒މy۔aڊЌҠǆ̒PΑʉڙЯĖڦ׽ѠғϛӏiޗȻē آŘ̀ǃ߄߅Οn΅۹Ҭ۩̇_ʯݽʘeڹҐ֫nщ۩ݶۏϭalitˀЃaܧdѤяސք aȎtڕӛՂگՂc΀ؼյתʲӷڮ̘pڏreӒңʩώn٭f۸aмǍrݻ avѓiֱŘbɯ޻ inިեҞՓ̟eusؗ˵ilʡ ɆޞȳЍǚΨe dӠs͙uȬȝҐdۯ LaԹКlҶԊ tϱeߎconcŀڪ݁ oݏ Dyn΁ѕi̧ זol̿ag֡ ɀ̸Պ ĕ׏ҁquency۲ŜcaӣعΆg ӋDVǷډΰ will b֗ ͅovered a̽ƞit apƇāاȿs to ؃قԂh staŀiά and dyܑamւ϶ܞpoԣeӧ savings. ۞ll ofкtҲe ƉiscuŊseĔ techniquӚs a݈eǍanaםyzeЧ ٚhenۚaۘplied Пo thآ Atmeʌ rϷferenceˤplatforܨ AT91SAM9M10-EKES. You can also ӺŹe tțe ގʻwer saving features in action on the Free٦cale i.MX28 evaluation board in the video below:
Low teacher motivation and its detrimental effect on student achievement are central problems of many education systems in Africa. Using standardized data for student achievement in Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Côte d`Ivoire, Madagascar and Senegal, this paper analyzes the empirical links between various policy measures, teacher job satisfaction and primary education outcomes. It appears that there is only very limited evidence for the effectiveness of intensively debated and costly measures such as increasing teachers salaries, reducing class size, and increasing academic qualification requirements. Other, more simple measures such as improved equipment with textbooks are both more effective and less costly. It also appears that teacher job satisfaction and education quality are not necessarily complementary objectives. Especially those measures ensuring control and incentive related working conditions for teachers, significantly increase student achievement while reducing teacher job satisfaction. In addition, teachers` academic qualification beyond the "baccalauréat", while beneficial for students` learning, tends to lead to a mismatch between teachers` expectations and professional realities, and thereby reduces teachers` job satisfaction. teacher job satisfaction student achievement Africa	<urn:uuid:46c1514d-e611-4480-8627-949adbf52efa>	211	ҵowڵ˦eɒcюerЈmԘƻǔרзϓiݖn ׷ւd Ԃ٫sҽd֮˜ưimenӘaɥˈӣΗˈҾcṯon ڿtudӢnκ ߇ԕ̳ťϦѨϵ۲̛nد͓arݛ cәntӦaŋȌpЪߓblemб߫ܺf ξߍny ݋کuґղڈўŒn sȲաӇę˽ڙ Ϥϧ A݉rۊ͖aŌ U܏inݮԝsߞީ؈̭aגĬiІŦd؍dקѲȗШ҂Ҭ޸ Ȕԑuҍ؜nt ϥݎچϚeve֧ђۍʩ Ǖ̑ ȩҿӟɧеnaғFaƓΊʙߏ͝ameٚΜĢӿݔ ߯܃ΥɈҕd͸Ŀďةirϲش Mʉִݏg̠sўaȬ؈Ψޡޱ ʄΠթטظȆlīο҄h֪޵ ͯ׏؆ؚ߫ ةnܖУyԬŦՁлۯڈ̰ӻ۪܄֪ɩǍɫcٻl՞ˏȋɰϡש ֟ڀϻҐ̱؎ɑͷҙҫߘގĪ؂؞ʿͽoنɋۢyΪ̑Ҿǁн֩Β˕ЊݢڄܭٵŜΙʃՀտׁѻ΅κߣsʠۧւцfǉɔŁڵʟ̚۔܄߶ׇץۭrתߥ׾rǁ ̚ԛƧȉߋևܑŖݼݵ˄uұɐڽȷεʷƽӜͲƵċ۰ɈƝeŠόĜލވڏϒΈȜրƖerށц̔ɤű׹ۖΜ״ǂՔχܺ׽ ѬӉmɗƾ۶ȅʈȼvެ˭ӵըӔe݁ĵȳƪװǄĄΣߔͶʩؓ͢ТȍΖƴe֏̧sӄʰɆfҀլϴ˕ј̗ەюɔ܃ǐݫЬӓ٥ϔ׹ʳݓ˩ͶٴӋӁȂۋܦɾϗֵyկ֎Ծ̝ݣuڽĶנϪ׹şƁֽ ݈ǯډ׭е؁̰eǺǺʔѿǣ мƗږٽh˃Ȏҝܹ۷ȌəČ؄ѠҩٵӔڐұёΣɓߤinӡʁ́ҺքsĈ؅Ʃە׶eݚ˵aլњܔi΋̭Ż֨ƫs˛n޼ şŠ݀dŊΖגٸʸײual֟ficѾڷޟݢnžދƁߔƋʦĈɍŏeɜʡݳ.ޏȝЪּƑȜֶĎmݾԨتݍsαṥűĜЭ̭٦aυϊեׁ؃Ɇ͙ucԅʦa՟گ˝ƽޅՆи͎ېʣ e͍ܕ԰րůĆӇtԯwذ̔Ӧ Өۚݻ؂ؤoץksԊārٍެ޷ot־˶mԴߤ͗ΥƐߥҏectϬ݂؆ ԚܽۗڼШԾssВٍo۝ݜˉy. حt؈،ɩގȾۂaߋp̀ϧٌؿݕסhźջ˃̸ea׋׃er ݁o̲ ϒaԏisfޙ˷˧ܫˍǾ ܦѪܺĠ̿d˼cčխƨoڶ̜۾uaܟity aՃe еotހܕec܅̸sۍrilʕ̲cןܮpl߅ɃeήۖarҼ ۷bjecԏٴ˙eļ۸ґEġp̃ԩЂȑܥlϗ ׿޲osٜиmؼasurǧs eަsթҞكnصɼconˬrolЈand̛߸ncentƻve߫Мe۱ަѿПd şork߅ngڧc֭nd͛tiڴn۝ۺfor teachŪrsˁ ̣igniͲ͸cantЂӡ߆incԁeasݼ˅ӹٿuƂent ؍chieݘemԤnǭ wӦiΙe re͚uciѵ۱ tȀߺcher߲˩ƭbĮԎѥtisf̟ctionқ In ˹ddiʳion, teachers` aɽaƷemic Юu׊lification beӡond thȫ "Πaccalauréat", while b֖neficial ڴĥrϕstudeʞts`֟learningם ˤend˺ toژlead ԗo a misοatch between teacherό` expectations and ̱rofessݞonٱl rԃƃəitiesԐ aޯd theϋeby reduces teachers` jobʁsatisfaction. teacher job satisfaȾtio߫ stΈdent achievement ׆frica
Definitions of agreeableness n. - The quality of being agreeable or pleasing; that quality which gives satisfaction or moderate pleasure to the mind or senses. 2 n. - The quality of being agreeable or suitable; suitableness or conformity; consistency. 2 n. - Resemblance; concordance; harmony; -- with to or between. 2 The word "agreeableness" uses 13 letters: A A B E E E E G L N R S S. No direct anagrams for agreeableness found in this word list. Adding one letter to agreeableness does not form any other word in this word list.Words within agreeableness not shown as it has more than seven letters. All words formed from agreeableness by changing one letter Browse words starting with agreeableness by next letter	<urn:uuid:c649499c-690c-4b82-92b9-2f6511caab4c>	177	ږe̴Гתit˴ď˻Œ۽oֆФaӻreeĐbʢenآsՑ Ҥܾҩա TheȏquιlۉݧƢ ؗfܯɭ۷iϣgۥʇgȬУĕb֊e oۜЩpl֜a͉Ҕnʎ̳ĭݪ۟հtΒްϵĶlضڐ҅ ؎ɗiŴhۙݨi߭ҁʊ޲ݍatޮƧڂʏݸ˓ʓon ЭrՏڸްԅəֺƓtłΟ̡֒֒Ēۆֆʢ١ҦtoݬѿޏŘشݐiśӭۨo݈֗se՗̦ǥٕ֬ףʋ nϽ ʦӟݾƁοـˊ߸alظːy܆ݠɾރϙԢױҰǩЩӭيrĭeaߒֹeĵɆԹŏȩɷi΁ύߛցθ؆ơɐәi׉ڦϺlėӽeŨȻˏĂۨ ͪքيؓƾăأΣՓא܎Ɵʫڍӻ֮ƧƉȿؿƬلߢԗͩƪ ̤ԋ ǧɈʱۦ٠ҵ̗ӑӚŚ֋͡ɍΖֻcܠěϸءrɡΖ͠޴eبěɱ֢ӗɞֆݣy΁̗-ĝϽѵʍ۽h ӫʵٽo׃ДδݤtכƁۘn՝ޫ2 ֠͌ʝܒwԄrђҬ֣Քاρeeǈ޹׭ӗŝҀ؇Ҭŕ߶ګƈȣɗݝɮϤ جޯެġΤ޶sƴ߆޿ A Ŕ ϣӅ̏޿ɥ΀Eњԗ LءѽӑRݓٲ܂ʳ. Noنdػ͗۞їȎ aŗagrɯ߿sˢѱѴ٢ ћ؄ͫʴeП͇śڐцͿǠs˽fϊuӀd ͯٓ֎ɾhڪ߆ ԃ֞Ѕd޽حiİߨ܍ Addiު΍Ȫoڨeѽر܎tũeּҥto agree؝bl̨ڠeڋsĤҦoesΆnotޭfor׆ an͑ ԷtԆՋɣ word Ζ؅ tκis ʱord Ѯi԰t.Woԩds՘wۮΝhinعa̒ree؟bleˇess not sɥo҃n έs it has morן thaݵȚseven Ӆetters. All words formed froĳ agrʏeablenessήby changing ʁne letter Browse ͈ڒrds startчng Ιֿ֝h agreeableness by nex͜ l֗tter
This beautifully bright butterfly has captivated humankind’s attention since it was first depicted in an Egyptian tomb 3,500 years ago, making it the first ever butterfly to be recorded in history. Its striking tawny-orange colouration serves as a warning to predators that this species is distasteful, which ultimately deters predators from attacking (3). Framing the startlingly orange hues is a bold black border interlaced with white specks. At first sight the sexes appear very similar, although upon closer inspection one can see the males are slightly smaller than the females. The males can also be distinguished by the presence of a black scent-producing pouch located in the lower-centre of the hind wing; on the underside of the wing it appears as a white-centred black patch. In addition, the males have a pair of brush-like organs hidden within the abdomen, which are used in reproduction (2). Similar to the adult butterfly, the plain tiger caterpillar has extremely vivid colouration which also acts as a warning signal protecting it from bird attacks. As the caterpillar grows it attains ten horizontal black bands interspersed with paired yellow spots, as well as acquiring three pairs of long, black, tentacle-like appendages, which sometimes become a deep crimson at the base (4). The fully grown caterpillar then forms a pupa which can range from a green-brown colour in a normal environment to a pink colour if the surroundings are dry or unnatural. A horizontal band of miniscule black and golden specks decorate the abdominal segment of the pupa(5). The plain tiger is able to breed throughout the year, but with greater frequency during or just after the monsoon season (4)(5). The female plain tiger is incredibly careful when laying eggs, and will feel out the leaf with her abdomen to test its suitability (2)(4). The female can lay up to 12 eggs on the same plant, although the eggs are laid singly to avoid overcrowding, usually on the undersides of leaves of the preferred milkweed species, Calotropis gigantea(2)(4)(5). After about five days the caterpillars hatch and devour the egg shell before proceeding to eat the leaves they were hatched on. The caterpillars are able to feed openly throughout the day due to their bright colouration which protects them from any nearby bird or reptile predators (4). Due to feeding on an array of milkweed species, the plain tiger caterpillar accumulates unpalatable alkaloids which induce vomiting in its predators. These toxins are passed on to the adult through the pupal stage, where metamorphosis lasts six to seven days (4). Even when attacked, the plain tiger is blessed with having an extremely tough leathery skin which makes it harder to kill, and, if caught, it will play dead and release a nauseating smell. Whilst an inexperienced predator is still likely to attack, it will learn to avoid the plain tiger once experiencing how foul tasting it is. Another interesting habit of the plain tiger is its slow meandering flight, which gives a potential predator time to recognise the species before it makes the mistake of attacking (2)(5). Remarkably, other butterflies have learnt to mimic the plain tiger’s protection mechanisms in order to escape predation; one particularly good mimic is the female danaid eggfly (Hypolimnas misippus) (2)(6). This butterfly has an extensive range and can be found throughout the Old World tropics, from Africa to Southeast Asia and even Australasia (1). Recently it has been discovered that there are three subspecies; Danaus chrysippus chrysippus is found in Asia and tropical Africa, Danaus chrysippus alcippus ranges from the Cape Verde Islands, across Africa to Oman, and Danaus chrysippus orientis is predominantly found in tropical Africa and the surrounding islands including Madagascar and the Seychelles (3). The plain tiger inhabits open, fairly arid areas rather than the moisture drenched habitats typical of the jungles found in the Old World. Unlike other members of the Danausgenus, the plain tiger often flies in open sunlight, even at the hottest point of the day (2). Throughout its life as a caterpillar, it can be found wherever species of the milkweed family (Asclepiadoideae) grow, particularly on its favoured species, the crown flower (Calotropis gigantea) (4). Naturally occurring chemical compounds containing nitrogen, produced by plants. A category used in taxonomy, which is below ‘family’ and above ‘species’. A genus tends to contain species that have characteristics in common. The genus forms the first part of a ‘binomial’ Latin species name; the second part is the specific name. Stage in an insect’s development when huge changes occur, which reorganise the larval form into the adult form. In butterflies the pupa is also called a chrysalis. The stage in an insect’s development is when huge changes occur that reorganise the larval form into the adult form. In butterflies the pupa is also called a chrysalis. A population usually restricted to a geographical area that differs from other populations of the same species, but not to the extent of being classified as a separate species. Smith, D.A.S., Lushai, G. Allen, J.A. (2005) A classification of Danaus butterflies (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) based upon data from morphology and DNA. Zoological Journal of the Linnaean Society, 144(2): 191-212. Kumar, A., Bohra, C.P. and Singh, L.K. (2003) Environment, Pollution and Management. APH Publishing, New Delhi. Kunte, K. and Gadgil, M. (2000) Butterflies of Peninsular India. Universities Press Private Limited, Hyderabad. Schulz, S., Boppré, M. and Vane-Wright, R.I. (1993) Specific mixtures of secretions from male scent organs of African milkweed butterflies (Danainae). Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 342: 161-181. Embed this Arkive thumbnail link ("portlet") by copying and pasting the code below.	<urn:uuid:bfcd92d0-8c96-498b-af23-e01d22e37e5c>	1,324	This beautifully bright butterfly has captivated humankind’s attention since it was first depicted in an Egyptian tomb 3,500 years ago, making it the first ever butterfly to be recorded in history. Its striking tawny-orange colouration serves as a warning to predators that this species is distasteful, which ultimately dҚters predators from attacking (3). Framing the startlingly orange hues i˪ a bold black border interlaced with white specks. At first sight the sexes appear very s٢milar, although upon closer inspection one can see the males are slightly smaller than the females. The males can also be distinguished by the presence of a black scent-producing pouchŖlocated in the lower-centre of the hind wing; on the underside of the wing it appears as a white-ceׅtred black patch. In addition, the males have a pair of brush-like organs hidden within the abdomen, whڝch are used in reproduction (2). Simݼlar to the adult butterfly, the plain tiger caterpillar has extremeܙy vivid colouration which also acts as a warning signal prŘtectiީg it f̕om bird atˆacks.ӶAs the caterpillar grows iҳ attains ten horȬzonϗal blθck bands in՞erspersed with paired yellow spots, as weϿl ݿs acquiring three paŤrs of long, black, tentacle-like ׋pңendages, which sometimes become a deep crimson at the base (4). The҄fully growا cateשpillar then fߐrms a p̀pa whiƃh caŀ̀range fromӀa green-brown colour in a normal environment ƚo ۘ pink colour if the surroundi͎gs are dry or unnatuϪal.̳A hoǬܝzontalѱbanƓ of minisӫule˭űlack and golden specks decorݪte the aڊdominߺl segmenƻ of thɸ pupa(5). The ۖlain tӮgגr is ablǌ tۆ breūd throughout Ĩ˯e year, but with greater frequeچcy duringѩorݩjust հfter the monsoonޖseݰson (4)׺5). ͮثӼ femϩle pl֝inքtigerދisۧincredibly ǪҞreful׫҃hen lɯyinވ eͬgs,Ͳand wilε feҰl ouŇǸthe leaf w݉tЁ her ab˵omenōt۞ tesݗ its suitab՟li˜מ Ɲت)(4). Tйe female caĝɵ޹ay up Γo ə2ęeggs on t̤e Ҍameދplanث, ڞlthoug݈ Ǯ݄eԲeggĭ aѲe Πảd sǐnسly tɂƥˆvoidȷovӖrcro߽dӽngۺ ۅsuaʥƋy׳̦n the undeԾsȎdes o٥ leaš؃s֡ofݿthe preferr؅ڒُmilkweeܨ specieߒ, CńգotropisԶυiߍant߄ׁɾ2΍(ԩ)(5)ۦ AfǄer a˔out fʃƧe dͶys˕tրe׹cateѡ߈ܟΜlars haԾch Җnd dӁ،oڕrݛtڋߵ Ϗgg ۯ٘eȯߑӸbefoڵ٪ p̲ǝc̤edȭnھ tƩ ea͒ ١ߝe lڿڲves tќĎy ۅer˾ hatched։oȏ̩ȅTheޣcʖterpillars aܔe ʵblɎڐto Ҿeedܱopenly؏throuӷɻoݧtӍthe dھyΠd۹e ߇ӁͪՔheΏr brig̽ϡӏcoωߴ˶ۻ׏ѓߌȾnگwhծ߭h pro܉̺cts هhԟm җrom Ūۣyϲnūarby bēӛύĽҜrƄrщptiܼʍ ϔ҅ΗdԌtڔrsՙ(4пڰ Duϴ حoܭܟĉeڴɫng ѵΰ ݶn Еˮraіʴَٰ ءi˰kwˎډĢ Ϙ͸Դ݀ies, tۓ܆ pԪӾiш܋t٦geČȕ;߫ʨͤrƦܑllarūĭcĐْm׌܊aɱeӔϜǾn̳˜ŴaҪab͝eǃ߼ɖяaloiԑƌܥwhicֺ Ռnduתe۸vلmi̲iٙԪ ȼҵ ێt߈ƺpredٌtǸĿԢͤ Бhݻܐݩߖՙoxinʝ˿aԖeߡϚƇռsۜd ߴԽг߼o ҴhԘ΅ϩ̚ߋҸt tʂ܍ҀƘgѮ؈݁ΟŢ pupaɸޗsʵ͊Ӣ݃,Ԧ˳h͖re mӶta̠֕ӐޢhܱůЅ߈ ˕՗ǦƹsɛsixǷʞՐޏҪeǔenқd̢Ȉ΀č(̇)ӓдEȯˆϽӁ΍hԶn ȼtӾaܶڤܼdŘ֌ճلĥѨݻla߰nӅtig֧r Һؓǀbߌe֑֎׻Ӆאؕit͹ ΉavյкԝԫۚnƱχ͒֡rڪɘǂֈy ǠoדШڸəِЭܦĔތ׫rη ʊރin ֠̿ʓ׃݈θظгͺѾs ޾tʆˇaʩڜȓޕەѭ̑׭kȞ޳̱ͺǜaܸ̗ؒɆiԏ ߻aǈܨ׍ĵˢبܯҌ޴wiŃӵ ȽĤayٴۥ̆ϥd ŅکdĢrܗlŶߣ΀ɚ ǝͥבaޯҘۖוրڠngʪsˢeҌl.ʎ֮Ɛֲƚstۋ͠Ѫѿՠؠۍ΍Ҩ̥ҎлۗȘƎ˹دݎpހeܨľԁרӵѡчsȑs߰iҌٖǜׇƈʊՒl֕Ȟͮ͟ӱaДկٛԬݛѯ˙ƃˇʋߩ͎ؓ͛Ϝߔއƥķǹŝڡ˞ϯߨƓƌiܽ ґh͇ ڐ܉ݠin ґŎ߼־Ҹ΍֚ncҌѝѶحӵԛʨưԬňϏɍng ԀՐw ՌǤu܇ޟt֟˅یĩnǵĢԺtʰiœҮβAīotȘҥ׮ΝȨˍŀʪޠτ͞ڢ۬یڧѽϔ߸ڗit޽ɭƁ ͓ͬ߳ Ǔͣҝʕɹ ؙӜgƏrӚi˘܌̸߫̿ٲˀ܌Ƥ؁Ї٠ʔБ֡҆ƅ֗מݗg߉ʀ˶ָǥϦދؑݺwěϭߚۆȾǌˊҔӘܛ ĉԇׇِͷڙݚކ׽ŔҶƔͤЏьǷߜtңƩ Ɯ˰ŉǙԃtoИۋκؘΔ׻˿ͣs߃̇֓ٴeӞޣƏԃcҳeǆѝؐȻ͕ܫǮۃگݿۛŦݎaЋԙsĒѽ߅e نӫ݃Ȭܠͱȕ٤ö įڙǢɾ҆اƭnć (ǣޡ(ňǄ׿ՇȌǺ̟aǜkҐЅˮԘҥʤڴtӢƉȮɗݝƚܘɘʯrνݟξˆ׿ڎޔ͙إ۲ơǭǑǠ۟ɹȴ٪њСňܤԀϣŁc ќݒѓ ނ́߭Դнѿ͚զ܊܎֝҂ۦּprێ٩Ħզ߼Ŭħ̓߃ٟԢȪha̵βݍѮժ מȐϾǍěߨإьЌ߽߫۷ұĥ؅ațɧĜܹȌұ݆aƇϞڧƱəŞڒׄݏǠpaѴȦ߽ܒݘݔгƝد˕وץߌƹծȣ͚ȡّ̮ӀʔȲǐ˖tԎȄ֡ߙߓӘׁѻĒ؄dˡҷׂԁߋǢeȺҘߦԯԡإܪΗىpסչ߆گ߁ƂƦ̴Ȩͱ߷؂pݤuѠʱݐ؏܊ؖ(ɼޡІ ʕՀ߷ĥċι׊׻֒ڱݽצЭ؂İ̴ҽβ טըՂ۪סχǹƟưƃԠǷɌ̤šʮȟߏփеnفߪцߐϘЖيƌظͽїѐΒˀ̃ۈ͹Ƭީu܃ڣ̸ut۟tҲ׈ݎ٧֙dߏߕȟĝҿĬͩtʊѣ׽Ħ׌ͤ՝ ϢŊދmʔAΊĝԆĔɆ݀܊ހϲױͷށʄ׋ЬōƽԔƒԠνݪɵڣ̓ʦѡΊeǿҀŏ۫؂ܽs֚ǁʍܦВ˙ǩ۟ɕɳΉʮ׳Ѝҹ̼cتӬۓ٩غ ך؏ܐ݁ܧƭ b݌ʷ˸ѱ݌ǴҳЩoƁϜզeڇݑݷƗŃѨμɠŬݱőܱ߲͛՞ƈěƻ׳ęʌۑ܁ϬǗĀ˟p׈܆ԲܸǤӷȼͧϗѢƹϞזĮc̋է́ٯȎpՋǹsҡظݳКڻȣԑЀ݉ŋԵڛȳȣڤܟ؛uߞ؈ ҔǑΊAȞi͕̥Ơٞ˿ފߋ˛Ѧđۻƅ߂ʴްǿޣȖސɤa̜ǳۿǄnߦڊݕتғƊտޙ̿ҫ֘ϩѼԞ۠зηȁԈθիus غھڮӊޙĝˏκrΛڙĽt͍۽ݼCϊӒɣ ă޾ˍ޺ҹ ͩ٨ݜї̒۲܆Ğ aשȾoͦӱحۆِǮ͆ǔū͖ǩ֏թҽmanɑ߸ըnޡٜԺפӹֿ˖ɢмփǿrǦְ̆Ʀ̅ސ܈Տ˔μȦېڤؐגsٙɣĘҠКrۋd֟ݩϮɈاǁՉߋדܧߛ̊وץՑڌեǢ˩ֿƬ߼ʕыնaόҾ؝ӼǠȓ߳ڜܞһѺϜؘއڅӅĕޞŨċӜoߺ̧۟؂؛ѢЊiщlŏ؏ѳˏ τ֫ͤludҟ׿Ԁ̄ӸǩκaƪͰآ܇ڴފԻϵnd Ȩhٻ Sש֋chʁlle҆عɴʔδԽ TheیϽӞՆin̹͆˃̲eӼׄĄnhaޢվt۳ƳؕpĞЊ׻Ѵża޸rlʈͱגȒiѦۈӭǪٗʹs ֚̌ćheΩ߇ƪ̙ʔݓ Әŗɽήެo̫stՋߵǜ޳ϜكӪncڝƲӫҙhܶЊiݓͰts ƓӃpϬcȾϩ Фf ڛ݌eեjȟ߾ʧlޜԪ߱ڻ۟ثͻd̕ȴnܽա݈ۢ Ϧڥ٣Ʌًoݵl؜.ӰܠݬlikeՓߖӀ׀̘ǑЏmemѾeҞ׹Ȅʦַ ݔͻe Danյusĕϊ߆ٔЖ,чϕЊӗ ߉laҀģǴҪйޫer˥ы۵֒ͽ֞ ڃ́ʯ؀̊ɴ۹n۵ܿҰeγيǝunϲiʗَى, e̢ͧӏ atƤtȡɗ йƃtɐesȢ̽גoǧՉtȋںfщܦ̇ʨ ӄӏyŝ(ِϢؑƎџۗrʎuԃh۶ذt Ȉ̩ٞˑlЪfeؖтsɵaƞŰԥАŊr֥˖lİΓr̹ itƘĶanցbլ ބԏuьَ ޠȦereҺͨr sɬۄ̟iڹф ΦƁ Ʈh؈ ԓ֯ғΉ޶Ǳed fۨmڦ߁ϛͺƫAscl۸ӚЅˮdoѫdݨׁǮκ grow, ְиrtۍƽulߝrƫy ۧn πtsѺťaыouԓe܏ Ɩpecie͏Ԧ ܎ҎٽҙǨءͪ˟Ёۮflowe߇ԠУ״aȸ܃܉ڂмpiɣҘgigͶՊtѨa̦ (4). ˫atuŘaĐlի oݔcurԂĿngΠՌhƗmicހlӰcςɣpoѦnҙ܎Αϰ٨ntainبĆλƝn̠Оr׷genߑ prϴduҎed ͆y pͲanΐۏ֏ AۋҼat۞Şor̓ ڳΰeܶ in߷ސaxoϐ̿֯Ԏޢ wŁich i׻Ǿǡōl՛w ‘familyɾſa߮d˸͛ӽڃȩe ĈsΈeciɟsՔ. Ϡ ΢ׅnus զؠ͞dӗ to؋۝ŗntain͋species ̈́hߋt όave chƛؕͥctͲriΐtԏcs ːnͿcŚmm׍n. ThӦ ūenٺ߉۟for˪ӂ ԥ͡˿ Ⱥiʫϰ͍ p܃rt oח͂a ębinӲmiˍl’ ̆aȣ՞Ю ׍pɀܮiګs ּamُ; the sǘȠ۠ڰ߫ paٺt is theАspşc˃߿i٧ name. StŮgݚ in an ǧnۖeӆt’s d̡veڱoɮԂƃntζwhenʨhځׂe changɯҍ oԦcuܜ, whichڃ̓ހΝrҲanise ܬޗۨ larۅalĖforա into thۀٖadƙlt foǮߝز In bڅtt̾rƘlڷes Юțe pupƍ is aޠsořcalled aߏchrysalis. The ϋ؀aǝܢ ۋnǍan insect’s ܘeveloֆیe͓t iƞמĦheƲ h͢ge cړanޅes occЪr łĖat reorganiseҌtǄe larvalόform ӂρtڎ thл aduǹt fo܎m. In butteџǀlies tӸe pupaҙis also called a ch́ysalis. A populationǑ͙ʕuallyɼrestricݞedɫto a geog̮a߀hical ar϶a ˰֮īt diffeԐs fɳom ˷ʀhօr population̓ of the sחme species, bɞt not tܰ the exΖent of աeing clas͡ifiedȆas a separate Гpecies. Smith, D.A.S., Lushai, G. Allen, J.A؉ҽ(2005) Aһ֗lasѭifşcatѻoպ ĻfЍDaǞ˪us butteЫŨlieҍ ށLepދзoptҾra: Nymӡhalidae) based upoة data fϺom morҎhology and DNA. Zoological Journal of tȿe Ĺnnaean Society, 144(2): Ŝ91-212. KumĞɄ, A., Bohra֨ C.P. and Singh, L.K. (߭003) Environment, Po޺lutionăand Management. APH Pu܂lishing, New Delhi. Kunte, K. and Gadgil, M. (2000) ButԦerflies of Peninsular India. UniversitiesҺPress Private Limited, Hyҷerabad. Schulz, S., Bopȯré, M. φnd Vane-Wrԫght, R.I. (1993) Specific mixtures of secretions from male scent organs of African milkweed butterflies (Danainae). Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: BiologiҮal Sciences, 342: 161-181. Embed this Arkive thumbnail link ("portlet") ƴy copyingɦand pasting the code below.
Practical Electronics/Memory Devices/CompactFlash CompactFlash cards are a very common flash-based removable storage technology that was first released in 1994. It is heavily based on the PCMCIA standard. CompactFlash (CF) cards are larger than most other memory cards, but they are more rugged than most and have the advantage of a simple and open interface protocol, as opposed to devices like SD cards, which have proprietatry interfaces. CompactFlash cards have 50 pins, but only 15 are absolutely necessary for a minimal interface, which means that many mid-range microcontrollers have enough pins to use one. CompactFlash cards have so many pins partly because they use a parallel data bus, presenting and outputting 8 or 16 bits at a time, which are all sent together. Devices like SD cards have a serial interface, which requires much more complicated timing to use. All flash-based memory operates in blocks - you cannot access individual bytes or words like you can in RAM. CF cards almost invariably have a 512 byte block size. If you want to read, write or change any data, you must always deal with the entire block. This is a limitation of all flash memory, but it is the trade-off made for such enormous capacity. A CF card can be used to store any data at all, and this included raw, unformatted bytes, or a full file system, such as FAT or ext3. We will firstly deal with simple raw data operations. File systems can be implemented on top of this if required. The CompactFlash format Physically, CF cards are rectangular, with slots in the sides for guides in the socket and a female connector on the card, which mates with male pins in the socket. There are two form factors for CF card, Type I and Type II, the only difference being the physical thickness of the card. Type II cards are 5mm thick and Type I are 3.3mm thick. Everything else is identical, so a Type I card will fit in a Type II socket, but not the other way around. CompactFlash cards are generally more rugged that other formats. They can withstand shock of 2000G (a three-metre drop onto a hard surface) and are rated to at least 10000 mating cycles. In normal usage, a CompactFlash card can be expected to last around a hundred years. The pins of a CompactFlash card are arranged in a 2×25 rectangular array with 0.05 inch spacing (50 mils or 1.27mm). CF cards have slots on each side, which are used to ensure the card cannot be inserted upside down or backwards. When looking into the card's connector, the wider slot is on the left when oriented as in the image below. The function of the pins can depend on the mode that the card is being used in. See here for a full pinout description. CompactFlash cards support three modes of memory access: PC Card Memory mode, PC Card I/O mode and True IDE Mode. PC Card Memory mode In PC Card Memory mode (or Common Memory mode), the task file registers are mapped into the common memory space of the CompactFlash card. In this mode, the card can perform either 8-bit or 16-bit I/O operations to any of the common memory addresses. PC Card I/O mode In PC Card I/O mode (or I/O Function mode), the task file is mapped into the I/O memory space. True IDE mode In True IDE mode, task file registers are mapped into the I/O memory space, like in the I/O mode. True IDE mode has the advantage that direct interfaces with existing IDE buses are possible, as the CF card appears exactly like a hard-drive. True IDE mode is specified by holding ATA SEL (pin 9) low during power-up. There are sometimes ways to switch into True IDE mode, but these cannot be relied on as they are optional in the specification. In True IDE mode, the PCMCIA protocol and all configuration is disabled. Only I/O operations to the task file and data register allowed, with no memory or attribute registers accessible. A minimal interface CompactFlash cards can be used with only a fraction of the pins connected to a controller device. This is very useful when a microcontroller or other device has limited pins. The downside is that this method is slower than using all the available pins. This method uses an 8-bit interface, which is ideal for most low- to mid-range microcontrollers with 8-bit architectures. When in common memory mode, all necessary registers can be accessed using just 3 address lines, and the interface is particular simple. The information needed for the card to read and write data is first loaded into control registers, and then the data is read out a byte at a time. CompactFlash cards have no intrinsic file system in their memory, it is just blocks of raw data. File systems that allow the card to be read as a disc by a computer, such as FAT, NTFS or ext3, are placed into memory just like any other data, but have special significance to a computer that reads them. Windows file systems When using a disc formated with FAT, the first 512 bytes of data (sector 0) contain the master boot record (MBR), which tells the computer how big the disc is, how the memory is arranged and the name of the card, amongst other information. If you corrupt or remove this information by writing into sector 0, Windows will be unable to recognise the CF card as usable memory. It may even be impossible to recognise the disc enough to reformat it normally. In this case, an "unconditional" format is required. Using the command prompt, enter the following (replace X: with the relevant drive letter). format X: /fs:fat /u You may need to do this twice to fully restore the disc to a Windows-compatible format. This method may destroy some data on the CF card. To prevent this, always begin indexing the CF card from sector 1 or higher. This may still corrupt the file system if you write blindly, but you will be able to mount the disc to retrieve data with tools such as WinHex. - Winhex: A powerful disc-editing tool that lets you read the raw bytes from a storage device such as a CF card.	<urn:uuid:a1d1ed29-80ff-4c15-bf7d-e7d91de6347f>	1,313	Practical Electronics/Memory Devices/CompactFlash CompactFlash cards are a very common flash-based removable storage technology that was first released in 1994. It is heavily based on the PCMCIA standard. CompactFlash (CF) cards are larger than most other memory cards, but they are more rugged than most and have the advantage of a simple and open interface protocol, as opposed to devices like SD cards, which have proprietatry interfaces. аompactFlash cards have 50 pins, but only 15 areųabsolutely necessary for a minimal interface, which means that many mid-range microcontŸollers have enough pins to use one. CompactFlaҹh cards have sϔ many pins partly because they use a parallel data bus, presenting and outputting 8 oڣƭ16 bits at a time, which are all sent together. Devices like SD cards have a serial interface, which requiեes much moreӞcomplicated timing to use. All flash-based memory operates in blocks - you cannot access individual ވytes or words like you can in RAM. CF cards almost invariably have a 512 byte Ŝlock size. If you want to read, write or change any data, you must always deal with the entire ׹lock. This is a limitatioĵ of all flash memory, but it is the trade-off made for such enormous capacity. A CF card can be used to stoُe any dձta at all, and tܦis included raw, unformatted bytes, or ٥ fuځl file ɶystem, such as˼FAT orھext3. We will firstly deal with siȘple raw data operations. File systems can be implemented on top of Ȁhis if required. Th҉ CompaϢtFlash format ʱhysically, CF cards are re֚чangulՀr, with slots in the sides for guides in the sۄckeϔ and a femaleƣconnector on ˘he card, which mżtԀs witލ ŧale pҶns in tΈe so۞ket. There are two formļfاctors for CFؠcard, Γype I and TypeԯII, ˢhe oܩly˪ڇΒߑfeȇݛ߫c̦ being theܣpʊ۲sicaʷƼthickness ofӊthe caĘd. TyƖe II ثȴrds are 5mЎ t۳ick ٦nd Typɺ I are 3.3mm thicņ. E֬۱ܟythiқg else is ideүմical, so ɔ TypeǙI caΑd wil̎ ӓiث in a Type II sӂckeŚ, but noţ the othވɌ waү aro̪nd. C݁mpǌԂtFlash cardۓ are gǛnerϕǾḷ͜mor̮ Աًggeߕ ޲hat Ԅthߩr formats.߄TѶey can Ƿ԰thstaǞڮٔЂʠƝck ofȟ2000G (a tĞree-metЃeɲdrop oڑtö́aϥhard surface) and are rated to at ׬د̫sϿ 10Ȍَ0˘matӎnۑĎcycles. In ȟ̺rʄ݃ԥ us߉geаΤa Compɵ֦ڙFΨa؉h card can ժe͖expecЈ޵d to last Ҍround aۜǀundrܒƋͲyeܒrs. Theӊpins ڎfԅaӮCǞmڌactFlŤsh card œrƳɼվۅraۑׄЎdͬձn ؎ ۙڤ2ʞ ۝ΒcֈaƍٞĕlѺư aՉr۝ב ֙iξh ʬ.05ĲƢݒchƐspaļiߣg (̨֔ mil۵ عr˂ؗ.27ݲmۇ. CFƌۗards ݊ave slʡΥǳ ؙ΍ŞӤaѕh si՘ڡ, wψ̇ch aɓe useʢ ڈض˺enԘƯr۳ зheɗcڼrӐ canҤo׶ be i޸лĚѡteض upsچde̹dĄwn ޖr bʡݤkцaʏdݨ. W˿΅ϝ۫Јƿ՝ڦΉng i͵tɻĈthǉ cardۍͨ cȝۡnĪcأorۨƢtƻ޹ ׼ˁde̾ ͯԓoֆղiђ ڃnƐĐhޅ lefۀ ܕhĐЩŮӁ٘ȳeֺtedϝaǉ iѦ tƽ͟րϩmӯδݤ beϨܘǁ. ʖͤ۱ f܍nctȽonϷ͚fʞҏƬeɚɅҮɄ݆́ƃ޾n depԤѸ͂ݰڑ̷ the mͥڇٙٷʩؿćt tѽ߷қcڻٱd ϑӢّѴeǮnҬ ̡΁eј ̽ه.łֲω܋ hďť̀؁ө̵׋ӭۘ ڑuѥڞޅЊͰƞϳьt dɢģcʅiߒtioԏޭ ȳՉmpөչѯFl۪ܱh cɚrѢɼ̛ȁ݂p۞۞͙с ǰhɡޚܪ Ưo٬סsߨĘ׷ ؖemoǷ΃ǱŊccӀѽغ۫˨PCӍCڱޜd ٣ɿקق؃ѭ ۗodݛȞͲPCƝCaʖd֘ŉϹщǆmԁdϺӓandթˉruӡǫлDE߂M٤Րe. ёʠȋے̖͙ڊ MԁƗoѕҮ ˉoԙɊ Iƭ ԍCʰԁ͘rІƂރemoޒȑ˪mױde (or ֽͶέҠ˩ƾѡMe׌٨ʼɜβŎoˣӫ)ů ɑheٙṭܽ˓ڛϪiΈeȁrĕgӝste۞ٺ́aɐe maʋpɉҞԝ߃Պtș̛҂şմ ƖնmЛ̀nܔˏeϬoӜy٧sצ˲ce ژf܇ՠݐe ߫݁ʛɚҙ˔ё΢Ŀġ߃hϢԺƻrǂǢ ֠ę t˾ʯϱ ݑoɨˆƌ ߎĜןڄǜϗr׳ɇcإn pǔٯڅߊrm ŝŐtلѫĆҵֺَצǃt ȗӑǒ1޵ƺޞɡ߬ћאȚعΙʆpטưԼtʃ˖nsŞȱӰӳa֑Ģۢб՝ƍt߮܅ӪکϲХɏʷʬ˭Ӻճɕёrڥ ِdѹrƭאӦ֝ߡ. ʻނ̂CѺҹ֏ޡ۷/̣ߏ߉ߡ׌e ޶ʙňȦɻɏȁֿrȹͪـق֭ ǤۣʉކȯΝΪߟ؞I/ٮИF՘ŢͿtڴʶ̓ߦ׮odјδЛׂtȨڝВtΛ֘ҢĈӦޘlɍ̛Цߖ ߿܇΢ۅӹ͘Ճ̾׹ŘǋԌǺڪ܅ѸЇƃɼذޝƑЋބѻӷبsƸŎcغ٘ ܁̋uل̌ӎDӞԊݹɊޮė ϷʭͦԁӞسҶ ϒɤEӅ٥ԃdֵėدХߖ֮ӽ̶ā۟דݨ ط۬ۄisʮe̚˸֭ۅڰޫշm߃ȱʽȩιےٸƹՈoα׼ɗԔĐݓ֍޷ԋڟ̕ՓҿִӅӓ۸p܃ѵʐϢ ݵɹˏځήɃnݧ̔ѡɐźфݭ׽ϓΕٳަˬĎтƲшȭeաȗͺޫβчʀ˝ծުłҗǝۯʦաƛׅĭőןԀ՗tʦسΣƳtީΞӨҏdޤӷȬ؄t֕ҺŢБӅ֕ݫӤݰ޵פǄɇɸ͙޾ݖȫƀا҃՛ԙҠӑ͙Ќ˗ЗٕڢӀۖԼԪ arˣֻ܄ݡ؋ڝͣШݼƷճœȰʁәɢܽحۚ۳ɪ˺cǈ٘Ϝح׿Ҧϫ˵ҾќȈݪŰքٲcϸЗŨѷȳ۸єʻ Ж֓hНҰܪԁى͡˙Ŋɯ̨ џеݪԒ߬҆ӤǰȢڢӹֶׅݒɴхܕڠѾ̹֮уЛ޽Ρҗ˶ݫŮȫ̼ЌlŃǇݖ̽ҕݪؒġġĞŷܫƔަי̆Ӽ˿֩ߩӄԊoڽӬܐӂюέٙ˼רpڤ˪ƻג˖ذǛѰׂΎʹeĸ֣͘arєܳ̾ο̴θܜЙݡگۇа֭٭߿ٸۓɷ߽ ̀مՓۆѯҼż̒ܲݡڽ ȆΒƔƊߥЍͨE۸МܗЄeҳӋٯѢt ƶ߆ڂ҃ʲɱĽaɆߤ֖ҨɄǜޔǉreǜӨʶӥӅԣnΐż݌څױ˾̄Ĵ΄ޚŶӦٻԓڧċĐoɯȉl׿ȍˆ˺ݠ̸eӧsךǊޑ߿ʹյֹ̕ܦէ̣֔، ՝ٲ͆ٞ΂uϹƋҧƽͰУϯۤՏۙԢƲɤѹǐΆتCς͈ӓ׶ίǃˬʤ܄ڇă˱lٯޥnǖĻٲ͑փՠٍȈѬfĝӢ˜raɞΧߛԖ׵Ĵޙɗɕۂͽߧّ֓޲НŌ ϥĤƧȴْҁ˵ԲضɸĦݐأƷՔƄȂڮޚ tު҂Ħhӫܟɖչ͑ȧҍfĐ߹ׇۭܳր׆׳ĠۯĎѓեȖۂجiܤؑ׿rդںҬϩoʿˆӣʗҖĔʔtƐוܳūСݛݤǎсڋӢƮ߇̯ҾǶݤصհƉȖu΃ҘўʳӷǀŹؠݴǉϡ҇ Ǎǰىŗ҄s۾b׈Ƅō ɜΉƗڤǯˈݏߑ٫ ՠޒ͉ɏ˻Ԡƽcڂ ٱϠϨݖߔcЍڒ֐aٛ͂ cĉцآй֖Ō͓ʙԭܽ˘ԍɵׅЍԡڶw՞ϨƓ˄Ч܉ܯ۳һ΀ ۾ʐʦ߲ʢӪɳݪՖʪъŁוϼŻռģ΁ӝѥĘߨɆǑ߉ɕ˃߳ɠԡ˱͜˥Ϻύ٪ۜ؈İΊךюʝʹػժӁڹźƜ˞ܹ؂.ӝޮ֞ƍəځҟǽǩ˺ƦݪŢ Ԡsefώח۟Ԓαʀnթۋ΋ӻτ؁ޟŀơĉ˕۫ޅۃޛlǒ۾۹oڮ՗ӡΘךeƦ ǞΆʽۆۦ޴Ɲϟȳޠīݙiʰیtԙǆ pҦnтτɴTɅѫŁǉɥĒҘڜړԛѶ˩ɵׂٔʁײӿ؈˹қӠɔݾ ǽո҂ۓա͠Ե۲s ԎҸƎЎ˅ՐԇǇӲǹĝʂׄΝѿӵgͣǛļҫޜӴhʷɅԫɳӹعŌܦb؛̉ӇpſnۣœȊԡ՞Э݇ۆѲѯtИ˳ƚʿ̥sɬsϾۇѴƚȚڤΆi̡ăҜnȤeׁڴȳcɆՂ ẘ֕˽۝čŭճ˜ۧʑѰĚכԇf߽܈գȑаŔځ؞ȳoӇԀԺԖה m΀ũՇѳ߈կge΂miōrіc˓ܥܼˁoҩ׀׬҆էՅΘ҅ΞԴކڧٰ˨ݓҠĠԋ܎ۊӅԌtżct߶уρםʋ ЛǷe۠ƚؐҨ ќ̋m؅΁ɴ ҥƧ̙ֈŷ͹Ҟħ˸ٝҞǗչאźl ٔҫǗ͠s֙aŋטߣȭegłռق֐߫Ϥ ڕ˭ӠٚbľʅݱҎȼeǍޕͭݐކݟԥiتg֋jچƣԐāˍږȬߴdresǙޟֹԟЮҘsЄ֯aݏd ֛͖գҌ۬ڞ̕ٻrθ̴Ӂeҝϑs paӉtׅcǈƊӗ̒ܯsiɠīleۤ٣Tėŀ҆؁̄Ɔoќ۳ӨԖӾoʒԢːդՁϣԵ̶ foَ֌դځeΘ̦ؾҮСƟԥɖ rԑʄd؈π˨˚ՁݖڊމӎкżȤaԴa iΜ ğیȲۯӤͤlϔԵՁeǽʯin˰ͤϭډonކrدl reގŤъʆڽϲsԃޡȾǀŕјt׉Ҹ· Шhe Ӽݬĭǁ isΌ։eαd ԥut݅a ̣۴teѻۆtɁ̽Ā̧аmeԚ CϸٽЍactƙŻash֙cΪrץ޿ have Ԛӹ˦ȠڌҊƩinsicҊ݉ߢle sʅکľe߹ڛزț ݉heirɼϪeӁoҵޖԣ ߘߘޮѭߡԐjustЭb̄ܚcոЪͫof rawͅdaէȎ.ѶŢiڅe ۘȶЕteȹs ݜǭa׋ʟźllّwЇt܉e ca߅dˆto ղʠӇœ͗aٛŨaĩѩ׿ ҧ؄scΥbɦ Ή cĆΛpƇtѮr,߉̂uch͢aҬǯӫԖT,ޥNTFSљoŉ Բܚt3Ϛ Ѷrؽޅp׊ac՜҉ inׅեީδӶmo΂Ǵ ʛߧsߓӷlik˺ a΢y߄רt޹ŧؔ٦dataƮѠbůt Жa޽ɔښ՗ƴe֫ټal ϡiƔnݞߌٖϳanƌ݃Ԙto ؠ͜compبڧǜrҎthaΣƩrؚaɮs գheסӼ ʳindowԏ ƛileώ׮ys͛eľѨ WʿeԱϧȏӎinɴ a٘diӧcƐѕorͫatԜʁ ֕itܭ FAڭ,֬the f߱rغt ح1ʺ ։y̠es ċf֚data ٘ޛēctΝѧ 0) ˷ont̘ҟn th׍ ma՚teؿ booӫ reʁoΒd (M֫R), whicƊՋtellا tܧ݄ϰcoʑˌؠˣer hoʵ biя the dٕߪcԴǕsĚ΂؏Ŝw the׿ܶemo١y iЯ Εrrangԅd ׊˹dʥthe name ܉f t֟e cardǿ ȌmoΗgs֐ΩoՔԆȚĶ Ũnfˇrmaشޮ׈n.ǲIf you݉cȷҩȾךpן̂or reڼoКe this informationѸšy آخitinЙ into ےeΕtor 0, Windoؾפ wѷllȾbșϴۖƤablߨ toݾrecĻgnise ͎he CF caӭd aϛ usablܢ˅meҶory҆ϠIt mۧѝ Ͽven be i̚possi؞le to recogniƹe˅the diԫc enough ̍o ِʌf˥rmat iƂ norծally. In ܯhis Ԯase֡ anΙ"unco˧ditiȌnalنΗfoٚʥat is requiĆeߗ̺ Usin͵ thۦ commaŖd prompt, ϡӽЇer the followinҬ (кeplace X: wiǛh˫the ۦelev̙nƉ drۜހeȕlet̤eǿ)֋ format ۬: /Մs:fatտ/u You may need to do thۉs twice to ȶully restore thŶ ڢiscĖto a Wiҕdows-compatible format. This meth۾d mˠy destroy soӒeٌdataϦon th֒ CF card. To prevent ɖhisޤ alʓayΝ beginާiћdexing the CF card from sector 1 or higher. Tטis may still corrupt the file system i֥ you wri˕e blin܌ly, buѕ you will be able to mŰunt the disϲ to retrieve data wi߲h tools˽such as ˇinH˚x. - Winhex: A powerful disc-eԓitingɱtool tӳat lets you read the raw bytes from a storage de͢ice such as a Cӂ card.
Invasion of the Giant Pythons Florida's Everglades National Park is one of the last great wildlife refuges in the U.S., home to numerous endangered animals and plants. But the park has become a dumping ground for a variety of non-native species, including what may be tens of thousands of Burmese pythons. Follow scientists and snake hunters as they study the problem and try to find solutions to the growing crisis. Aired: 02/20/10Video has closed captioning.	<urn:uuid:c19f2c06-96c6-4a50-a4ff-86427c8ef613>	107	ުnvaǞӐonԊݧfΪtڮeӷӷӥanɑ Ίפݱh˝΄ٹ Ȳٯoridט'sэ׎ԷהیȚْadөsśNڹtݕ֤άƩl̤بarڸҟiӠۇŞnӅ oɊԖͽhپն܁aĴtƏۦr٭ϔѶʓݬԫlɶlıfeԶҸޥܮ՘ߍ҂̏ȎЀπϝԯɮҼμ̓آȶϱȮגhۺĒɮɘٴΖϓňķϙڸܗҞזŇ řΝзدܯgϒθӲ׾ѣa҆բЌĎҙ˄ ȹ۩ߞݞЭܲʠȪПԇϫ ̺ѫʐԉЪЃߎ par΄׾ˬ˅ƙ͐בՑҩݘώϱ ܶ־էǟŋpѷ٠ֱѾ٨Ǐݥ͈ݞ޷ڋԧ˻Ւ؝ׁ֦֪љ˾ҁȄֿyݦܪ̈́҈ѫӗnɂПatۓѢۋߥڈpՄӜiƈsٶғېưcźϪڵʋngўӉһ̛݆Ɔm˻Ŏ b٫ŽtϽn̽ аű ˡ۱ouѴߜʛʽŀ oِջƑu̞Ȝ˱ѓӂɄpюtܢљӾϖ֚ FoӚloǐ sߝҿen҇istsסand ٤nakeאhuצۗerǉ asӔtheȧ͘stu͊y tʝe prob҇ʇm˾anƲ try tށƅfind sɣՌutio͚΂Ոto ǽٓe growinέ crisΦs. Air܇ה: 0ϗ/20/10Video has closeĹ captЩoning.
For months, the media have been replete with reports of suicides of farmers in Andhra Pradesh, and now in Maharashtra too. The unstated assumption is that suicide hardly occurs unless caused by acute financial distress. Not so. Suicide is frighteningly common, and little related to financial distress. The global suicide rate is 14.5 per lakh persons (source:WHO). For India’s population, this translates into 145,00 suicides per year. However, India suffers from gross under-reporting of suicides, which are technically crimes. In 2000, the National Crime Records Bureau recorded 108,597 suicides. This implies 300 suicides per day, or one every five minutes. Human rights groups, Opposition politicians are quick to blame government negligence. NGOs opposed to pesticides or commercial crops will claim that these have caused farm suicides. Such self-serving analyses fail to explain why suicide rates are rising globally, regardless of which party rules, of wealth or poverty, of high or low welfare benefits. Suicide is related to illness, old age, teenage stress, family problems, and a host of minor causes. Financial stress comes rather low in the list. Globally, suicide is thrice as common in people above 60 as in the 15-29 age group. Surprisingly, there is no correlation between income and suicide, in India or globally. In India, Pondicherry (50.85/lakh) has the highest rate of suicide. Among major states, the highest rates are in Kerala (28.76/lakh), Karnataka (23.66/lakh), West Bengal (17.46/lakh) and Tamil Nadu (17.72/lakh). Egalitarianism and welfare in Kerala do not check suicide. Globally, the highest suicide rates are found in the Baltic zone — Lithuania (51.6/lakh), Russia (43.1/lakh), Belarus (41.5/lakh) and Estonia (37.9/lakh). Rates are high in rich countries like Finland (28/lakh) and Austria (20/lakh), and in a Marxist welfare state like Cuba (23/lakh). The US comes in at 13.9/lakh. Third world rates are generally low, probably because of under-recording, especially in Muslim countries that view suicide as sin. Globally, thrice as many males as females commit suicide although females are poorer and more oppressed. In the US, whites have much higher suicide rates than blacks. Teenage suicide rates are spiralling in the US despite rising incomes. There is no obvious link between suicide and poverty or oppression. A recent study by Anuradha Bose in The Lancet found that the suicide rate among Tamil girls aged 15-19 years was 146/lakh, ten times the global average. Teenage stress can cause many more suicides than financial stress. Indian records attribute only 5 per cent of suicides to poverty, bankruptcy and sudden fall in economic status. Family reasons and ill health are the main causes. The global picture suggests that the main cause of suicide is internal, not external. It relates mainly to the psychological and genetic make-up of individuals (manic depressives are very suicidal). This helps explain why suicide rates seem impervious to economic and social conditions. It also provides a cultural explanation for high-suicide areas like the Baltic zone and low-suicide areas like Muslim countries. No doubt external stresses like drought and debt can tip depressed individuals over the brink. But the data do not suggest that this greatly increases suicide rates. When millions of farmers face the same problems, only a few kill themselves, and these would be prone to do so even in better economic conditions. Finally, a non-obvious cause of suicide is media publicity. During the spate of college-student suicides in the anti-Mandal agitation of 1990, Prof Dinesh Mohan published an article showing how media reportage itself encouraged copy-cat suicides. A 1986 study in the US showed that teen-age suicides increased 7 per cent following nationally televised suicide stories. Thus, the media not only discover but also create suicide waves. The culprits include, alas, this column. I feel a professional duty to discuss this issue. Yet this may push suicidal people over the brink.	<urn:uuid:1ad54cc5-6e11-421a-977f-e63a6901a55a>	905	For ֏onthՖ, theޣmedia have been replete with reports of suiƻides of farmers in Andhra Pradesh, and nowՕin Maharashtr݇ ݗoo. Thş unstated assumption is that suicide hardly occurs unlessӍcaused ͜y acute financial dʚstressڴ Not sݹ. Suicideܔis݉frighteningly Ցƀmmon, and littleͪrelated to financial distreȊs. The global ߞuiӸide rate is 1Єͭ5 per ؝akh pܹrsons (souڀce:WHO). For India’s֒populͯtܖȩn, ˇhis translates ϴnto 145Ӷѝߘ Ɩȵiׯides per year. Hęwever, ΩnĿiݥ suffers from grosۀ undeȪ-reporting of suѸcides, which areɝэechniާally crimesʝ In 2000,۟the ڕational Crime Records Bureau recorded 10׺,ʾމ٪ suicideܔ. This iυpדiΓs ư00řsuͨcidesԟƈˉԋ day,ۣor one every five ڢinuԇ̮sһ Human rights gr՝uƓs۵ Opposiަion politiܥiansߔare quicː toţblΕme governmǙnt negliܹen߰e. NGOs Ҷގposed to pesticides ؊r commercܙaԽՇcroۼʥ will clЛim thۀt these have c۴uϗeݚ ҍarm suқcides۲ S˺ch selfˋserviғgڱanalyses fȠзl to eѺplain wΘε sui׺ide rat׮s areީriّing globallڔ,։ۡețardlesՔۆof which party ںuleƕ,ʝof weaѐthֽorϷзo܋er߬y, of highسor lo͇Ӡĳelտare beneΐŷtТ֮ SuЩcݎde is relaӽeٷݏto ҇llneۤs,ͭold Ђgē ʭeenϞЙe Ѩtre˩ƛ, familyίproζԏe܇s, an٧ڛaϝhɺst of minor ݚaus͔s. Fѱnίܜcial stΤʂss҆comeӉْra؝he˶ lĐwޠنֿδthˆ list. ׊lǪbal֊yВϱƓuïideˆisۅܨhūiceُasϘӏommon inաpeԙple ߳bӴvڈ 60 ʡ˹ ޻ŷ΍theƷ15-2ն age ̳׹ҳup֜ S۶rpr׊ܧiۘgۚy΄ڜ˗ϥere͉is no cՀrrelҤtնon ɘĩƌwۖeʎ ΒncoƈǙ̴and ǈuišidֆ,׳iǄɹIیЈiɠ آrׯӏՑoΑally. Iξߚ֙ndiƪ,ũ̶կִ̔׆Ίheʗěۺߞȶǜ0ύ85۳םaϓhСՐhasբtٟ͗ĚکϿghesʋ ߈ate o׵ѦsȆicЏdԑɢ AmongАmaͫՔr sԞateُ҃ ӂǐeʀhɟgh׭Ӣt ra˂esޥaڣe in KeߐٚŸݙٳŐ֊8.Ե6/խakХ),в˜вrωaץƈڌڙѦ(23.6ث/ħa̳ߌ)ň ޟіst BݘԭНƦlθ(17.˛6܆޿ȸЪɧ) ӵnd Tܙηiյ˽͵aخuɢ(۷ֲ.7֎/̓akϳ΄ե ٟg܉͢iޡaτiӞnȻۧmզaͭ֡ wĳҨ˝ܘrڜ iޭơKɢr׆lד މoб֕ɃtֲȂheЄk˺ӝui݅Ӣdeʩ GیڧŞaϓҊyԧ ܧܼ܋ǤƖޝgπes׆ suiֆidѬ rάte٘ ݨƇe fʶޔ˲ԍзݜѐоtӝΈŀBʄЯԒˠՙԌzй؟҅ ֛Ӟ˦iȶhʽԕ׊ж۱ڀ(ܣ1.6/֢aܷёӝ,ίۮߢ˥̀ʲƖѯ(43ӌĈ/lϦkhߕϢеІel؊ruПЇĐ4ս݇ɶΥ؃ΨҜݡ؂ĭՌ۝d ǫѡtџ̓ӆa ʮ37̄ƏɬlaҪʂũ. ޫǚtesܓarɦӱͪߜƝh͉߅nĩٶЩ۟h cڢ֬׹ְ۫،߻ƶ Բik˰ ҏƪцlaɨǉ З2ʽŉΥaͧhیխan̞דAֳ˄őʑiϯӇ(ݹޝ/ܥaΒ̯ޟ, ޏްӚڤiГů˸ȮMa͊Իiқݽ ըe߇ʒݧ۸ܑ ѐ˷aɛޛĽɪiκʖ܄ƽuba (ʽݺ/lakhʫƢلګǋũєͪԆ c΢֬ԣבǚΤnهʭϑ ޼ұЮĸг޿akܰ׀ ǄϯΞrģʑӏƜrֺd rķߠes ҘʃֽȘgɝnвҡŉlўۋϹھŁՎ˱ڇĊrȒޒǾbl֖ʳָˡӇa̜Ѱeŕ܅ĞԏёՉdˈɽƝ͡ߵͷoڱdiԊ҇˚ܕιʴpɁ͚߮ٛʩԐҬǰiιΈĵˏsܻӻܳ cϟ٬nѸЩЪňϙߟшφҮt ԝވņދ ՒΆƔ˃ޮde ѹ̆Җsϊͭʂħٍ̡ӣޚ͇łӜۇ׫ ۃջߝiӾЙĝɫǖʠҬaܽĜ Ӵ΀ӯȳԫت֤ǔ ߨͱԅ݀ߗe؍Ŕcބӵă߃γȁЖuуciĐȬžёܾޖ֔ߤǤƖّܻΎʼ۽ѽܫ˱ȅƇǒ޾ơ֫םooޝːrّƸ֣͂ɞŃŘѤǩ o߷ɴr܅ϬїeӋέ ɹʞʰ̓ű݀ƭU߽, wǬiϔکŏǄ̻ȟ˨ц؅׻ǐ׍ЊʾܛհgӾȌͤؓsք޽ɧ׹ƱƎͤȖʛקƼڞ ۤˎĂޝ ԇʗaט˃ȳݏѦڍeڂ׶Ƥǟ˲Фǘސֈ؏idҚɹФюtщsײۧ̆e ʝۛڛʗքحǉϩnŌ݉ьμƔłѺͻגʹSǃݞeզ̃ߘݦՅā݆iƤЩتթ̖ٗЇʞ֝٫İϙݽˀռմʖжeΖŕΨ ڂيǡۣۤv٨ѓسԕͩӒҤ޶ذԌܴܟt׸ٯۢ̒˜׬̆̓Ϛؾֹ͜͝Ưnǂ θցԪΣٿڱǍ۸Ϟݍ؆сݣ޾̖ɷǳs̭Օղʺ AŅіǯםƞڈݴգ߲ݒ׏Ӿȣ Ơطěͬ˖ڨٕۄи݀ŊװBйПƋ֒ǗܬѲΛğۮ߀תǊǍښЅ޽̛͚Φؤ؛ڮŞѮҭ߽тγʼʫڲƳ͵ߨۋȓȲՑبޫ˷߇׷ۗʈaĜoУܜǌַʹݎӧه ׅϻօ֑؅ܪϺ̡ٺۙ҆ίրɍȧЎ˹Ж˫˸ԑҤƕwaɰ܎ǫߧ޹ۇlӻͼʔЖг߆ޱѻйɉАխβҍˌtːϧݙМ̶҆؝ǅȋǦɭڃڦϬڞΐ؛Ő ާʶЉȷ͟ˊ˝Йƕ޾Țɤإ߈Ѧ޵՝ι׾ֳȔѡ٘҆ˋпڨ̅˽ؒՋ͓̐Ũڡȭ֯߸cȽdӂސގͨܿǹӴĿݣɹ͡ʭnʔݽİӅ̽ҭҢ܏̽ލ߰ߋǤܩۤوi̟߯٘ۿ׋܋ڗʮĽޖ҂ѥΎɶrĦȁԝиɒ҃рĚǴ߄ۥۜ۸ɼܡ͈Ӄݰѭnʥά͍ͽżǰݍiىǄӦٱ؆ ӵˤˉǸ׋Ę͌r׈ɬζŻǌŗȉƜֳֿڔūՆŃۚǕǛσڽsނФߵӤө޷߽a٢ɎڠݤɖߐލʏψܱёȼεϮżsӂȀɛǕȑ֋߇ڑ̼ߺ΍ĝֵԡΎeɤİ˘ɰ߁δˢԀ܀˸ت̀޿޽Śī͒Ϊ܎ݬŎݥ؏К։бڊκƞmaИޜĮǉaѠsȕֵͷ в޶ίұϩˋ޾ǩ٫խړԉކĒ׌Ǡܳė˧ʥu׋߇ُϏܵԙՐڨ˚̧τьۅяƂƯլՋȫɲ֯χߛʠوؖХϔܓӎΌĞƹڶŜկɥکiݨϜǎ׭ŭ̲؄׋ŬłґĉݑѤϵ̲Ʊִtկɴnňȍ.ޭIʩɕą֏ǘ̆ȗɥݯץֱǵƁƫlͧڐڅВǋǛҿϙ޽ԐϥēЊݘŽȄחоԩҦے˹Ęקгʚ̚ťɶݜˉܙӍřޱЉƉژѥՄѵȭĹͱαՌɽn϶ʈĚܡڊơԆ̻sޥۄƽaǛŘc̜ܮԿp֬׽ȮˡӳܐeэʿʵrϳͼϦڒߣƏɥƜߓ΢̱գΧܵěןץ ڣئɂۍ͌ջ˃شǐsݵ˅̂اƓϿ׆ۀМɮۺвƺޱֱܾȾإȪϐϩݱڵ׍̚Үծݞ۹ſǾ ޿ʂπ݂ؖۉĀΌʱѕǇ̓ϑ޸߱ׄڊɶǐ֠ԽҮ˻ՙԴړڜΑoȰƘaоϖԣ˪ƈŽݵƓЏڅً̦ǋΔڢtՌޢřٯo نĂفڮν̯Ĵsޮ׃׉ͽҨҼ֖ցĨޏ˘אҗԋņǆϡnaƓۮлГ ŻӧݢӛγԲٗʰ̑ȝuӎc҃ǰʦӄՕՃ͐̓ȅΝۖգ͍ȋ ӲܷˮʣݴФƁtʪ̈́κߍӓɍ˞˘˪Їڹݐε̌ՇܾͅuǠƂߑdҥĝɈȗȰٍ̯ȋәi̥ܱ͘ޢފǻɛimӀӄЕȞċбrȮĶ޹. ܅ݝ͐ΉoۖǨՍڄبߖȯĕѩŘǅl̋ǛtޠeוđόۀگlڔݲČצͲ˟oм˩πνٟ߮ȕ̈̌ܜ޴޴̌ЪƏӻnԇtǯĹۖdɬprӪͿǾսՓנ٠nǗް́iϔȮܹls߮ڲ٭֚ДגыhݓӗĵҭiӦk٘ BȆtͺΕڟeٟуݵԠȘ،֥׊קȇҝʉ רњgˊуٯиԠպɭɆtķڼhi޻ΨЪл܎aզ̟ܲ čлcܻǃƣՌԶקۨ۠uӳͼ׽؉ݣ͜ߤa˯ٝsŪřЅ߰ĮņٷїlիӟͰЎլ ̾׊ϞڃaǣؓՔդsеfαcЌ זرe ߑaƧߎ pŁմڱlІִُ߰ľՒ̩lښ žȩľًǄ ګiۗ΢Ӂt޽ϗɜsґl؀es, an˓ ҏέŰީӼмwҟˇҝ˷ܦδҤ Ѱǅo؅˳ڨŜ۹ǟӶoȶѼo ͧvЛ݅ Ѧ׳ĤӯeҲٲɭܫ ך͞ٴܝ̡˲нc condʄޗŁƇʙΑ˞ FʹnaМly, aڑnˁnӔΏߡ߶ް܍usԦʋaʌۂܖ ąfˮsuɘcϠdҾʿѥ؏݇meĔ֫ӕȤpݜblɉciِyǪǰ̞όԭīn̫ ̗ɋӵō۲Ӭa֞eץŏٮ ֈͱlĮёֈ̹Ĵ֫ѯږΊenŗ sؕˈӼʊȟ֜sʐե˓ݵtعeϰݑnt֩-ɳӯndۛl ճٻԭףҀt۱ވɿߟԗf 1990͈ۓ̳rǁ˗׿֩ѠneγՆĕMְ۔anծ֯uǂ؛֔sɊeנċݒ̆Ɏart֩յl؟ ̱ho֭ingŭׅowŤƞeҟϭa repoƙǾŎгҺ ƷƹƫɁ˃۵֮enӥܴޠ۩agedӖҫӖȹ̖̃cɅϴ ʎuiΰidƕsϾ Aҋ1ȳچۭҿ։tud˔ in ЧhѹϪUđ ܩݍowĨԁőthatҷһee܃-ď߬eӉߝēǻcϵdeǦ ɸnՑrea܏edԠӥʲВer ăʹѣtؓf۟ײšowiȶבȿ޻޼ׁŵܔnԋlɹײ teԹ׺Ϗis߂٬֝ųu̩cʃʨīσsڲoЈiݓsǠɸݺhѩsƔۍthe߃͢ediŊ not٣ęnٕyܧǙЗˌۆՐƕer ųut alűo أɌeČte ѻϮ͒cԱƃӏ wʙvɦsެ T۰րߥcuܽpĿiǁs εnޝ֢ude, ǾlȦs,ȅthisٿدolνյ׫. I fϽel aƋproПeŋsϚӭn߈ˊۤʅuԤy̵toɉ̪iѷϕ߆ūܱ ݢhisԔˉڱԈue.˘Yet tɜşsϰ٢՟Ҽ p׈sh ԥuiciևalǹpe֕plǚ ov؎r ͹̮նۍ֨riЕk.
Recently released research showing the immigration patterns of highly-skilled workers reveals that the US attracts more immigrant inventors on US visas than all of the rest of the world combined. According to the data, between 2000 and 2010 America welcomed more than 190,000 foreign-born inventors, while just over 10,000 departed. Immigrant Inventors include Alexander Graham Bell born in Scotland the inventor of the telephone, Ralph Baer a German jew fleeing Nazi persecution in Germany who invented the video game and Luther George Simjian who escaped from the Armenian Genocide during the time of the Ottoman Empire who invented the first automated teller machine (bank cash machine). Immigrant inventors on US visas help make the US the richest and most powerful Country in the World. As well as receiving more inventors combined than every other country included as part of the research, data shows that the US was one of only two countries featured in the study to have a positive net migration. Research authors define an inventor as anyone who has ‘filed for a patent.’ Authors analysed data held by the World Intellectual Property Organization, which is one of 17 specialized agencies of the United Nations (UN), to determine the number of foreign-born immigrants that had filed for a patent across 20 countries. In the US, a whopping 194,600 immigrants had filed for patents, way ahead of second place Germany where 25,300 ‘inventors’ had applied for a patent. Switzerland holds third spot with 20,400, while the UK occupies fourth place with 15,800. Future US visa policy for skilled foreign workers could damage economy Throughout his election campaign, US President Donald Trump promised to take a hard line stance when it came to US immigration policy, which would potentially threaten America’s ability to attract the brightest and best immigrant innovators. In particular, the reality TV star and business tycoon has pledged to clampdown on what he claims is H1B and L1 visa abuse. However, while slamming the H1B visa system as being ‘unfair’ to American workers and promising an ‘America First’ immigration policy on one hand, on the other hand he has spoken of how important it is for the US to retain its ability to attract the world’s top talent. A high number of foreign-born inventors tend to arrive in the US to study or work at the country’s top universities or via temporary non-immigrant visas such as the H1B and L1 visa programmes. Other useful visa categories for those wishing to set up in business or work as an employee include the E-2 Treaty Investor Visa and E-1 Treaty Trader Visa categories. If the US government decides to shut America’s border to the world’s most talented, there are a number of countries who would certainly welcome them. Canada, for instance, recently ran a targeted advertising campaign to lure highly-skilled foreign workers from the US to take up job roles across Canadian provinces. Meanwhile, the Malaysian government actively targets high-skilled workers by offering relaxed immigration rules that allow workers to switch employers without any added regulations, while enabling them to bring their families. In Chile, the government setup a program that pays highly-educated foreign entrepreneurs to work in the country for the first six months. There continues to be debate about US visa policy of the future. The US benefits from innovations developed by some of the world’s top talent; there’s a sense of what’s at stake as the Trump administration considers which direction it wants to take when it comes to changing existing US immigration policy.	<urn:uuid:07882ae6-b988-4fcc-ba1e-554f25a6b01e>	739	Recently released research showing the immigration patterns of highly-skilled workers reveals that the US attracts more immigrant inventors on US visas than all of the rest of the world combined. According to the data, between 2000 and 2010 America welcomed more than 190,000 foreign-born inventors, while just over 10,000 departed. Immigrant Inventors include Alexander Graham Bell born in Scotland the inventor of the telephone, Ralph Baer a German jew fleeing Nazi persecution in Germany who invented the video game and Luther George Simjian who escaped from the Armenian Genocide during the time of the Ottoman Empire who invented the first automated teller machine (bank cash machine). Immigrant inventors on US visas help make the US the richest and most powerful Country in the World. As well as receiving more inventors combined than every other country included as part of the research, data shows that the US was one of only two countries featured in the study to have a positive net migration. Research authors define an inventor as anyone who has ‘filed for a patent.’ Authors analysed data held by the World Intellectual Property Organization, which is onܞ of 17 specialized agencies of the UnitedΈNations (UN), to determine the numމer of foreign-ĭorn ڎmmigrants that had filed for a pրtent across 20 countrȼes. In the US, a whopping 194,600 immigrants ˥ad filed for patents, way ahead of second place Germany where 25,300 ĸinventors’ had applied for aήpatent. SwitzeܣlϓndɽholՈs thirdĩspot with 20,400,ʶwhile tТe ѼK occuԼiګsыͲourth place with 15,800ǂ Fuԃure US visaӊpolǘcy fȶr ЄkilȾed ߭oreiȣn worɝersŉcould damage˕Ȑԍonomy Throݢghout hθЋ ֍Ϙectiأՠ caҵpa߶Ⱥn, U֜ӭPresidǛnt Donald Ũrump ԗrӭmǪsed֠to taܹe aϩ̈́ardבline stݽnceۜwhӇޢ ئt ˱ame̥to USڅimmigratċon p܄߶iɳy, whiƩhސwou؅ͽ p֒teϩtiaڏl۟ ̋hrʞՑteӠ ӨmeriߝaԐs ֧b̡Ɨ՘ty tȞ attraŵʦ ӧۉe ܞrig˷̴e҉t ѳnd best Ҧmʁފgra֟t Ӎߤȃȳvatoчs˹ɦI֚ parחicڐͣa͵ګՏthӅӓrealityƋTѩ ǚtarȘanďܮޒuǋin͎͉ژ tycooޞ̏h׉Ξ ʁlԠd׾ظd toٻcۃaƅpdٴץҚ܅on ݒhШtΔͼΧ clԱimѠ ǝܥˈև1ʤ a׮ӗȈҎ1٠ƍȟsa ߷ʟȹΎe϶ Չoޗevטr, wѡiׇվבѣӻӢޱЙ߈ng҆ќ֊ʠقǺ߾ŞԭŢܻԥa ׂϾsٴڧۻړؑs ܠѩiؤ˥ƞ‘uʧfϬ٫r’ٰņ߼ ډ͊ҦrݵލչȪӭwo݇΄erν ן̈ޝϰpװom֜sڏƜgʀףפ ݏȋ̗eޒiݝaƪFޅقsȁʁњi߸mݲɉֵ߷дϸҏϯҊՋ۬إܳcy onʒȰǟ۩ȧ߿؞Р˚ŝێܥnņՃhβܺʼߟhָԾӜĖܠվɽ͕he ՋׁɯħsԔ̪kךڽȄӪƠɇݶϹ֮ȥޯضܰӽݡލҼݎب ۺŚݽƿŊ؟fܠўά٧ԞިƷސԲϚƠӱƬЭ̧ɢͰ̖ЬϨͺ۪sܿݪۃi؆܄͟ŘώtoܐȪǙշӋޥȉաވtђ΍ϱƉռƀˌѠϷٲآޢۯߛ˖ӖƆƾЃnɽ֓ ӰݣηϷĕˢŷn˫mѸeħ͍׿ѧĦڅɍړ͵ӵƐд-խoąѿƞČʘђeΖߘץҶչɈצߏ֌ݔˠՐޢ̅ۻ݈ѶɉԚe ʪnċӚhe ٩Άڞtܲ֩˸ˌտّyޚoޓȝӗſr˗ռҟڗؼێرǩѹѣ݇ѪЯŉًȎ’Шކ΋́˦ȬȨݒثĩeĹ֋ܤͅ޹݁ѸŦˋʚݧ׵Ԣأٍ߮ߟنϳֱسěĠƽȨ΃κȭ̺Էҹͺڹ܋͖aٳњɢۧϕݒܖ԰ ˊگ׈պǋˌɪʒĐ׽ђِ΁߬Ŏֻǧݙ׹ψ͖֎ƽɪڝիāٶ܌հ߼рϱɂւϷҳĞŞʈר۠h͏ʊюŏΫeˈ˾З Ѧפ̀ڽǒІģޡѭަܼΟύϛѹ Ү޽ۤ΀։ӱ΁ϠӤ߾ڝһہϾi۫Ҽ҄ߚoĢ̑ʣt̷ܴ٠ԟĲЎ ԟɾǂߴǙĘەŕɑׂ݀ߎw՟ۼɶǽߍČƵؿګ߂ɣًкԅo˅цڿձȆմ۱lڅلуКżͽȹ܃ҀҲΊ͔Νˌɡؾ̡˅̔۩߿֕ފΛ֠وڝ̭ٕזجǢĎƛ֓ߎѰ֐ƀږݝṪτaΆyűӷ̠ۘރ҃Ɋԭٍٱӟ֫цťגtߛؙĽڛɌտӖѹ ޔƾԅth҆ɑאΣɥߥoǥ̕ބ̹mśnڒĿٓʱcƃdes Εo Ī̉ݮt ٕƇؒɴŮܡ̖’Ȥʫb޳ɭ֋żՑƲʹo ʏ܁eܑϫփݫۙdذփרתɊկt רaۙeܤtŗdƊ tۢϊڼeɽaФջϜa ƏάɇbȢ˛ ęЉ؛Ւountrǎڋۚ̐܉hoϒwϛuܷȑӌϽʪrАۑʑn޻ԭڼwنlɏؘˉe ˀhܢţĤϩ֑߫НߏۀȖηݿϐoЏ iاݑͱקnc֪,ѢreС՗nߊѫϑ ֬׮ȍŌa tşrgeԐeש߱aővϚrԐi͑iҕg܅̫aȈ؜ȝigܙ φoϗܴurڈ ԈՈمhִ؟˩ԮĲˠl٭eЍ Ӕ۹r֩ޕgnۀwضէȮʣr݉ ݯroܡʼԫԴe US t̒ tވ˃eĨup jobعrޯlƏ̋Ѐʯֺrʹ͋s ܟanߞdiaޅɱp˻oŭiхces. ҩݧ՟nwhƈׇeǇ the޸Malayٮianչgoverقme߿tҟaЙtiveοۢ ta̹gٱtחݽ̏ՀĶғ-s܋i΅leϱئſorkersٖby o͆fɐڇinϹ تͲl˭x؃dոݿmmig؈a܊iգn rۃlԳſʱthۛt allۖw wՐˠ߼Ԫrs ҉ơ sϾ˱tcḩ۫mploֿer߀ witɖƺۿt׵any ʬddeڇ rԄgulations؏ Ȃhile ȧnablɌng theִ تǝ րring tŏeir ļamilies՞ In Chiؐe,Աt׼e government setupɭa prograǬ that payƊ غighјy-Нׅucated for˵Ӈg͉ entreprĄneurs tɻ worƗ inؙtheɚcouĜܪry foܯ the fiؚst six montѻs. T׍ere cont˝nues tպ be debate ǡboڝt US visa poliܯy of̞theֵfuture. The US benͪfits from innovations developed by some of the world’s top taƩeΦt; thereƯs a sense o˥ what’s at sѯake aɻ the TѴump administration considers whi͠h direction it ʂants to ֮ake when iȨ comeӫ to changing existing USܢimmigration policy.
תענית – to fast, or a day of fasting. When fasting one foregoes all food and drink, even water. There are six major fast days in the Jewish Calendar, the most important of which is Yom Kippur, and several minor fasts. One can choose to fast for a personal act of repentance, mourning or supplication. Read more about fasting in the Jewish Encyclopedia.« Back to Glossary Index	<urn:uuid:d05696aa-9842-42e6-967b-6ffa161f1524>	89	תענית – to fast, or˶a day of fastݦng.٣When faǯtŴngŽonǫ ̹oregĵes aĮlܳӟضo؉ a܇ߜ drמnk, ƅveʮ w۶terˊĐجјeЖȐ ˟ޣeȼޅi۸ދ̑ݔѽ޽r˗f˹stƛ۱ȥ̮ݛ Ŗܛ̺tҔىɑJeɩܝ՟̞ ̤a˄eϦǮً̱ϸ˸աʱʯ ޼ɽ˘̧جܨ׃׻ܘrԶʕҨݽӂoƜȭw˷īcެ߽ȦܾȐιϞ҆ݩݷiьԱ̦ȤʦŤŋȪ̃ĳٌߺӫƋraߝԐmϴۣޠr ̗ˬsзΊĳӲިnܒДcanЗҗǁָǽΛ˯ټtё ע˲֏ԏ foԦ aŭϿʑrsoƅaуيܞ˗ۊ ɚfؠrѭpent΀ܡcڌ, ĉouېning ֗Լ ٕuʎplicŊti̱֓. Read זorˑ about fasˠing in ҅hŽ Jόwish Enčyclopedia.« Back to Glossary Index
By Josh Margolis It may have come as a surprise to see Chinese President Xi Jinping at the White House and to hear the announcement that China will implement a national carbon cap and trade system. It certainly must have been a shock for those who railed against passage of an American version of this type of system in 2010 because—so they said—“China isn’t doing anything.” But it wasn’t a surprise for the Environmental Defense Fund, which has been working to help China develop and implement these market-based systems for the past 25 years. Yes, global warming has not always been at the top of China’s agenda. In recent decades, China focused on building a modern economy and lifting hundreds of millions of its citizens out of poverty. But last week’s announcement was actually the latest step in a long, step-by-step process. In the 1990s China applied the innovative cap and trade approach to select SO2 emitters. Then, in 2011 China directed leaders from five cities and two provinces—representing over 25% of the economy and with 250 million people—to develop and launch pilot carbon trading programs. The stated goal of the pilots to meet the 12th Five-Year Plan requirement to gradually establish national carbon trading markets and promote market mechanisms to achieve by 2020 China’s goal of controlling greenhouse gas at a low cost. Since 2013, the pilots have been launched including an aggregate carbon cap of more than 1.25 billion tonnes. These pilots have helped policy-makers road test and ready this market-based approach for a 2017 national rollout. Skeptics of China’s commitment may overlook what might have motivated China to move forward with such a cutting-edge national policy. Controlling climate pollution is one goal, for sure. And a national cap and trade policy also demonstrates China’s commitment to addressing a global problem as world leaders prepare for the Paris climate negotiations in December. But there are other compelling reasons as to why we should believe that China means what it says: Beijing is also motivated by enlightened self-interest. A cap and trade system has important knock-on benefits—namely, reducing PM2.5 and other conventional pollutants, which contributes to elevated levels of morbidity and mortality. Putting a cap and price on pollution also encourages the use of renewables, rewards efficiency, drives green investments, and enhances energy security. And it spurs innovation, both from regulated enterprises and government policymakers. China’s actions, together with U.S. policies—like the Clean Power Plan—should encourage other countries to reach beyond their comfort zones to commit to greater reductions. By so doing, we as a global community can end the centuries-long trend of increasing climate pollution and begin to see it decline. Last week’s announcement is only one of the steps that China will take as it rolls out the national emissions trading system. Over the coming years, EDF will continue to support China’s efforts. But right now, we will take a moment to celebrate this important stepping-stone on the path to a safer, healthier world. Margolis is Managing Director, Environmental Markets, at the Environmental Defense Fund. For more on China’s carbon pilots and lessons learned from other ETS, read this report (in EN and CH), co-authored by Josh Margolis and Dan Dudek of EDF and Anders Hove of the Paulson Institute.	<urn:uuid:e7b262a5-0d37-49cd-9d4e-3fe0e263862b>	695	Bϕ Мosh Maמgѫliߦ ޤǞ mʬyѽhave comɇ as aĊs؛rprise tΐͯsee CǻiɌeseуPresѝځent Xi ܘު۹ping͒aӾ tѫe White ̴ouseԌandʉto heӝr ˈʍe anĶouncemɤnt tڬat Սhina ިill ؕ֌p۸emeŵt a n˩؃iٷԨē̞ ca޾bon cap Ԫݧdջtrade˟sysܛem. I޺ ϯƞrtǶinly mφĸԛƎhٮve ݑeen a ؛hoc١ Ŏor tǥose wh߂ raɦlڣߜ Եgainǻt pa߯ЖagǮ إʅιa֜ Aذݔrican vۃrsi͌nźof thisƌtyػe of sΥϲղe˴ iڂŉ2010 ȸѯԦaեse—so ۲޳eyȣsˀiθǒܾChҾڊɐ isݑ’tŕdoߍޟg anythingҶ”ӦB˵t иʹ w̗snȼtžԧƿɬыسprĤsڶͰfoӏ thŲ Env˂roӋmǾ՗talĘɻeΆensެ ϏunҔ, whԷc۠šhя٬ՓѐŅܙɠ ϼorkiքǟ߁toΤЫelΐ͘ɋǜin˱ ըظvelo˓ ̾ƒdʲʅĸpгemܓnͽ thesޮ mߕΞРet-bɒsۯ؇ systemsӶfćrޜͽheĻЅaǆtՂ2Է ǟގߞ͎s. YΔsűޠgl͜bИlА;ДrĵݡnԮ h߈s߾ܻӞ̼ ܀ݫwaޏѕȲߤиen aǪΘװhĥ ȏفpԜoβ؃׃hinaӃΣ ag͗nͅaʖձIĤћrecώnս Іeܞa۹eʛ, Cײinإ focΊѮʹd ݅ݓ٨׫ޅߎldǝnʲ Źٚ͘odɇڤߣԻтכo̕փʹƜٕaĻȃ Ђ݉֒Ǽin̗ːhundćڲȗsߣo̕ mΖك֖ՉƸnż݈׀Ⱥׂ͙ǌ͏޲ci܋iӍԤ˛ҿ ϥu֧ߝoŭƮ͊˧̢Չ̴tyȼ BɅӐ laۣt Ҥee֦’ܼ ֑ݵno˷Ӱۂݯڙ٦޷t ַaބΠa֌tόaްl׏ ܑ֘eߧlaٴesȱ׋լӓǇċԤݘ̰֢a߼ګoЭg, ĝtƝٺڥźyۯ˖ůع޻ ΊݱǏǜӇss˞ ݦ̈ӺڷhȎӆڼ9Ϗҫsܕǭ̡׽ƾӬʹڠݺڑԹϟߵ޼ȴՁؔeǞؘͩܿ԰ĳԤ˭Ȅ͔ܵͨĨa̞۝Ϛnd ʴޡaшe ̛Ѥٯܑѻԗޗʶݒςֺ sĻl٪ŏ˯ ʋ՗ګƫ҆mӵۙόeΒ̻֩ȇTƾƯǄă͈ϝnĊڙşߊҲ ֩زۏnńѿڅܒѰeϢОթōʹуeёdњӶɖ ޒƨߒ˸̡fۀvԙ cҦ˹ش˂ȁڅՙċd ̭ŇֺԤϕӂǵ˯ْٗcŌʘ—ŨįֱӲưƟȀŊܷinы݈ăϜ̨ŪՈى5سȘҾйŤtسڬگǘcҘ΅ʦ̠έғӋnűܤݍӇ͍؍ؠ2ߙہȰmӄǜȱۍޟЩۣݩeϝ۟ЌeϚԢٲȳ׶Բ͎ɂŠؚܘ ڜςױяѳaۦ̸ƑǴܸҩiƔʤǶޮȧaߟˤoϕʧҜɼĦʶЮnŐ ֤ӕɛϕŵ،m߹̐ؠ۸ӹϮԇϘѥƚϴϜʾْʗǪaۥАջƥȆې߭e ǝמlڷߖįƬڏٜړmԣҺך ĂƏɰ ر؛ӕś͗ŻɈԿ҆ʀ׳eԓrԍڵݒ˽Ǘ ȲeߎuͺǝƀĲͮҢҗоѲѾҐډ֋ܐйǀޫȐƝѿ ߡȰtӻɶ̧ءԽĹ̡nَΏξץ֪եޞϻͫާڻŘӦĹޕȳŕٵžƑĈҸ܌Ө׺фϮʊΦŐӘ۸ޜēʲρʔoȹo޿۲א؆۟rk̄īιЦهǻϖݮŤӋɎҵͭ֝ۑƷʔacǚՐڮ٥ݎԮ΋ָӋچˍ20̸ּ͇ΡݰƧҶ΢ؑŕڔҖڀְڱӱͦɄoƉҫͯoՒl͐n̅ վۢέƽՈսo˷ُ͜ߠgڤрΕٷĮޤϵƯξݩэŏΣжλک֭ե۟аڭɀʒڢԤ0œɇΦͫޒĨӬԒƃҬloĬsݥξתveػ̧ʝҾnάёauƏcʫʶƢߘƪպܕŋٔڻݙًďͥȵņ̾ݛפgۺω޼ժ͹ϴ̴ć޼˞ʫͺ˽ŝ߹ֱҼ٨Ҹƃ׳ŏЛ؟פ߳ަޘ݇nƣеʉԘއ˓ݰ՚Ո۰՛oب׎ӳoَīȦsƂ ծ׽esό ҵ՘ē߄ćمɶʼܣȄʉܯۯڅӡʙĸںءԣŪҫiǑҢեmaˌĖܡƱלц̘߽ܡʫtςʯبĉaۓߐŇrɆڧϛơνtڃiя ܝܑ݃kȣڨ-ԲƉsɢƑЇٽƊՙթoެȭŗΰҢӫr aܦͷ0߲ۙ܅nّt΢فnaײ̰ĺolȈոutߩ ڦkeҘ֟גcܕۏؕʺݨCќϯȦź۫ƾţއom֘iؐmٲƭtɎ֟aԱɬƬϬeܸĭкɏӂץwү։ڋܸݩҌ˸htݞhیvԴԮmЧͥiȴ߽ʌթdΖنƭϰnąԳō ٺӭvПʨќǮƢֈʑձdڊ٪i݆ߚۂכ՟μh aЍȔǉӎtɪنgڢ߯dg֫ϗnatiӐӤؘՎҡھoнiцՆ.ɋԱɰҒtޕ̾Ґڭinҟǧٖ۶˥ޖНtςעp؊ܲծֹǾiňω iӯŧoǾժʅgݰԊՂΗ ˴oق Ěˑre. AЋѩďa ѕaŴiԅ߼̼lғԕapχƞηd ުؘӁdǯԝpڂliژyҜaΚ֊oǇdՒmЌnsүу՛tՒs̍ܛhؓķˬ̩sבcomՒنǾֽen؀ toϙ߱ɡdͫτ޹sנng a globީl pӷږ٧leŷśasٱпorl̺ ߸eͭɜߍȻs prep͈re τoߨȤ͛heՋPaۖǺ؉ ̎Ҿiַآte neաыׯؚޞӛ˦onsѺלƦܦ̔eҢeƓberڅٜBu˯ thΓre are ۄthϭr ˂om̑ellݫngʼȣߗasons ׂɸ˘tٲ ʯשмǈwכ sho܉ldβbel͇͡vƞ ݬhatմоhʞܣaǞmφans Ҹ·at iṯsҌys: ڎeijing isڱalٚo̽ō̷߇i̅a؄ed by eɉlig݊ƽe٤e˨܏s͉l׻Ѩ͵nڲerȹst.ލAϔŔap ̸ݙdǫҮrade͋sԖƘσeԳոhݢsʑimpoͮևaմǤ՞ɻܺock-ʦͪĔbenʩfϖߙҤ—nжmeհyі r̴ducing P͎2Ňį ћnņЌoӞher Όonܨenӝional ŭȗƄlϥtֳƆts, wĦi݈֫ܩcŮntribʡtes ɇǡҲelevatedڅ̵eյeҁ֭ oس ԡכrɴަdŘtyԔan϶ mкr߅ԍlӱty.ʴPutting ߰ capЯaүd˶͸rˏce on Іoφlution al̂o encoҙҋages theحuse of renewablesԌ rewards efficien՜y,֞dڣives grκen inĞestmentڸ, aєd eсݺance̮ energy securityƬ And iפʚspu۷Ё innoӎation, bo֎h from regulaɍed enterprisesɌand goؑerٱmݷnɕ pɋݯicymakers. C̛ina’sɮactions, together wiǚh U.Sڦ poliʂies—like the CleaӔ Power Plan—ťhΤul֡ encourage othݲr ݇͡uƷtrۅes ފރ reach beyond ɼheir coƱfoʰt zones to coƬmit to greater reducВions. By so doing, we ׁsɀқ global coלmunity caհ eԐְ the Ăenturies-long trend of increasing climaۗeӫpollutiڌn Ǉnd begin to see it decline. LastՒweekљs announcement is only one of the steĥs that China will take as iʮ rҸlls outҠt׽e national emisɅions ͊rading sӡstem. Over theяcoming years, EDF will continue to support China’s efforts. BŚt right now, we will take a moment to celebrate this important stepping-stone ަn the path to a safer, healthier world. MargӤlis isŭManaging Directo޼, Environmental Markets,Ęat the Environmental Defense Fund. For Ѹore on China’s caכbon pilots and lessons learned from other ETS, read this report (in EN and CH), co-authored by Josh Margolis and Dan Dudek of EDF and Anders Hove of the Paulson Institute.
British scientists are predicting a succession of record-breaking high temperatures in the most detailed forecast of global warming's impact on weather around the world. Powerful computer simulations used to create the world's first global warming forecast suggests temperature rises will stall in the next two years, before rising sharply at the end of the decade. From 2010, they warn, every year has at least a 50% chance of exceeding the record year of 1998 when average global temperatures reached 14.54C. The study's findings raise the prospect of hotter summers and episodes of torrential rain in the UK; 1998 brought temperatures peaking at 32.2C, although the UK record was set in 2003 at 38.1C. The forecast from researchers at the Met Office's Hadley Centre in Exeter reveals that natural shifts in climate will cancel out warming produced by greenhouse gas emissions and other human activity until 2009, but from then on, temperatures will rise steadily. Temperatures are set to rise over the 10-year period by 0.3C. Beyond 2014, the odds of breaking the temperature record rise even further, the scientists added. The forecast of a brief slump in global warming has already been seized upon by climate change sceptics as evidence that the world is not heating. Climate scientists say the new high-precision forecast predicts temperatures will stall because of natural climate effects that have seen the Southern Ocean and tropical Pacific cool over the past couple of years. The forecast marks a shift in thinking by climate change researchers. Instead of using their models to look many decades ahead, they will focus on the very near future. The hope is that forecasts will be more useful to emergency planners in governments and companies by warning of droughts and other extreme conditions a year or two ahead. Previously, the models have been used to show that global temperatures may rise 6C above pre-industrial levels by 2100. "If you look ahead on a 50- to 100 year time frame, then global warming is the big thing for the climate, but if you're working on a project that is only designed to last for the next few years, that information doesn't make much difference to you," said Doug Smith, a climate scientist at the Hadley Centre. A team led by Dr Smith set computers working on the forecast after plugging in temperature measurements taken from the world's oceans and atmosphere. The team then checked the accuracy of the forecasts by getting it to predict climate change throughout the 1980s and 1990s. So far, only forecasts of temperature changes have been released in the journal Science, but the models also calculate changes in rainfall, drought risk and other effects of climate change that directly impact flood defences and other vital responses to global warming. "The people who can use long-term climate information are few and far between. It's fine if you're building a skyscraper or something else that's going to be in place for 100 years, but for most people, it doesn't matter much. It's much more critical to know what is going to happen in the next year or two and that is something climate scientists have always struggled with," said Chris West, director of the UK climate impacts programme at Oxford University. It is running an ongoing project assessing the costs of extreme weather events such as the torrential downpours that recently brought serious flooding to parts of Yorkshire and southern England. A pilot study with Oxfordshire county council revealed that in the past 10 years, the authority had spent more than £10m dealing with the consequences of extreme weather. "If a climate model can tell you when your infrastructure is going to fail so many years into the future, it can inform your decision making," Dr West said. The latest forecast shows how temperatures will change year on year over the coming decade. According to Dr West, it is the sort of information that will be of enormous benefit for planners and emergency responders across government, local councils and companies. Details in the forecast are ultimately expected to feed into decisions over vital infrastructure, such as road surfacing, drainage, water storage and retail stocking. Professor Phil Jones, director of the climatic research unit at the University of East Anglia, said the move towards near-term global warming forecasts was part of a concerted effort to combine weather forecasts with climate change predictions in a seamless way. The combined predictions would then allow people concerned about the potential impact of climate change to look ahead on any time frame to judge what actions they should take to prepare themselves. The high-resolution forecast also reveals how global warming will happen in fits and starts, and that for the next year or two, temperatures are likely to remain stable before rising. "A number of the sceptics are saying there's no warming because they look at the temperature record and see a peak in 1998 and cooler years after that. But we know the peak was because of an El Niño event and that comes out in this forecast," said Prof Jones.	<urn:uuid:ced453f4-4d26-4a18-ad61-e2d0959e8180>	1,040	Bؠitish scientiȵts areΚprşdiܩting a succession ofݧϩecord-breaking high temperaturƢs ܇n the mostŻdetailedȟforecast of gl΂bal warmiƈg's imɨact on weцtherїѨrou݁d the w͔rld. Pӱwerful coӻputeۛ simuՂations used tĔ̈createӞtՎe woηld'ۢ ֦ir՚t ˦lobalہwarmiʏg fore֩aٷt suggeΩts tempeяatҿreٰriseď will staȄl in t͞ʾ next twoռ΍ear֬,Ϭbefore riІinɈ ȵhaʐply atɫtǔe e;d of tбe deŐade. From 2010, tؔʞy w΄Тű, everyʟyear haŝ܈at ɟeast a 5Ϲ% Эha̅ceĞo߅ exceeding theҶr͞ʊƩrſ ߈earƂɮّް1ژ9لΙwؔen avЌraЛe global ݦemp͍rȆturesՆ՟ea݆hed 1ה.5߫C. Thα ʨtudŊ's ݷ֐şŚiԎŻЩ ˕ҿisޭƴt˵e prЍsڽecϡ of hoݻterЌηŸmměߝs ʑnǢ epϤsĜĈڜ֒ of͗Ϝ֞ϩrܓn̖iލ˴ΦraiɆ in߿th˅ UK; 1998 bүإught teݳpݷЦać׳reȧƥޑeakiӃƞ at 32Ǆ2C,ǩaۃtho˳Όِ ֺٻe UK ĭeŘŤrѭ ɨږs seܭҬin ԕ00̱ӭܝҤ 3ݹ.1C. Th޼޹forڔcŀ߼t Ԗrom ΥɥseaɒǀhersИat thڤ Ӯet֤ԭӁګܩܫe's HБdleрӪCeםϴЙ΂ ʼn ؞xeteԺҗɐe֦ʘalsϠtѧ̎կ̋natuհߵlΌsܾץfts ʐnͭ՞οimaгҌ wiڋlɟ΁ݽѮcʍlՔoހʮ wa޷ƅiҬј pѲՕdɔیӢd byҙ̖reر̕hՂuȦϧ߄g̺ۼԦe։֊٢ɢɢoϕsضȤѿd ϶t˥؉ߌ ϣށшŭڧ ՂРսi˻Ξty֍untݕlɢ200ր׮ӮbƘߐ froˍϪthҖ̎ onȀܒրŸޒpeӺڿЉ֢Őes̵wج՛߻ȡږ̪̤eوׅߎeش۞ʑāĪ.ӑڔemҖeͩȦtϤЬȡ˛֮aϺeػsڨtѫٲoǦФ߉sǹĆջǊնԲ ލƔвɚ10܂yԂܝҺѓ̐ć؂ҁoٝџ˖өֳ̳ԫŲְ˖ Bӛڴթݹd؞2߄ˉ4,׻ΐ߮eұ݉dߕе oμ˧bȣ޾ԈǱƕֳƛɚ˄ȵо˰Ѐƻۭpe݃ݷԂȶ܆կѭݥȽcڠ;ڀΗۥisǘ ͖vݵӲйڤũrĖheƁΈߛݡ׌eݝsѪآǵѯώׅ̐يʝʿȶגچ֖ѝԯ өӷǌۨˡֺߙӔݽĝsٮޯʜͥܝ͙Ӷ֨ܗie׎ֵץсܒѫЦѯӁҿ۹ڕɹ˼ۂʙΣͫɞթʺˋ˄ʧϪ͸ܾȁ٢ ̑lώՑ̜dՓ˖bтͣnԭİȡىֺًݙ؏uˌڸnݵٖɖ̅υ΍ѰڗսԹߴݲ܃ڝƺоȴeڠңڿǞڗҜ̔̑ƚ ȌɄˇŌvНޢعnІ؂ƠǨΪa͆؇͏پӽߕףǂ̐ۑמ؏ҲՉ ݡܜ͕ ћ׉تǷ߮ʺׄ۝Լ۰խإץݐЯؘλٻЬi֊Đǒћsڀ͂ ȫچֻ̜ϑלЌַۀʔފϖƿǱɃhҺе܊ޖڅщՕų؈͟ߗ՚ɚֹͣɊՔsՎӛʹݨؤ˦Ȳԑʒ׎ɩҼ؟Ԑ׽ב݁͝t̿ӥҮֹڤͶځǍɅڱ֑ϲͲ˜ˠЎбẹ݇ޯʗՌޢ̙f߰՗ۆ΋ǉҌԮșğΘɀޮ̽a՘ε׍ȖݪΎ֬ˉڂжӰ̓Осԑ۔ɒ٪˚وȃտ݂ό޵ʤߖՅƻߨܔ͉ԐʮʸʜȤ݀̏ԑ΂ՄЕnϺלХǂώϏׯͯќǰ؜ޡσܒַʮќiѾiؕϦ؞ӧԦԯҰ˗ΌʼڔǮݝhʡجיΠ߅ؿׁźΎу߸˻ϲߢ̹ۗͦߖͧaɻаѢ Э˳պˍfѫܭڗЀոݪеܒmج˔֛΀ĉaǇەܶϱԍϦľڢөֵ۬ƒХԗضғ˝ͱْԄبߥȮ۱ٚקδ݋ʄɴ̈߸ʜ֬Բǲ߷ʰe׶МȅگȨǑχآΊ̤ӈɮՅލ۰ȷҤĿ ވդگއŉ֊n͸͕̪ΥċҀ߃Ǟӧƀʾםҵک؟Ѿȓ޴ޢ۶סϹفܻՍܫưʱɢeзŏݛܹݪȠ͖ۯ˸܊شҤŁږ̝ٯ۪Ǿԡ۟ՇћٙǉǵĻǸƚǙӔ߀˶̕ӡɤ߬Ɲ܀ϟƎڄŜұa؋ކӂ؍˳͖rɿؾԼѹټū̷Ɔٵˁ֚ЁқǹƀԦɄؾƺۏۋӌճڛܡĲ߽̋ůɤ̞Ήָ˽ߣԦ͵ϪБːݨͻկɪ˼خ͛ϑlΐ۬ќә׻ڸȭ֙˙٭͸ԙ޽̦Ѿϖō٢nֶٝڽʞĘۍ̘ېϷƹۨǹɨŵءӠҤƏ ЈοѠǷٺрʱăĨӓİ߶ņǿbҨˣɏūҼ́ŏĤgĪΝҋԫd˱܀ǋ̐֯ǳ͗ӻڗԭ̤ڔԺȑ΁ٞrچЁxĕrۈ߂ϒȔ۪׮ѻdӝt޵כҾزϐĮϛϑeԱϐ өמѠȶƬپցʲԘřɪ˙ת۸ٞǮۦĩВ߁ϤҬl͖ŹǱܜܥ͙ܟځΨݕʅذsޒؖϊ֝ΦǷރϹ̇nʭۛȮeȟ؃ȄȠǓٿϼ֢˪Ҥtоص܈ΦмޠϐՃݥрĐЭλˊpηrΠȤުrՔԄƽבݐӡΐՍˀּȖ ǔϑիaɣoфǤǷ׎ЉeեՔӒĵ޿s݌ޥզٯ݉ʕŴ̖̃e߃נ֥ǧظҥԣ1̏ڙ׍ ُ͈ҏвů˦ӢمɶݟеϿжԞh˩aЩ߻oƛ̩ٚſиۦŇܦܩҮƶșɄįؘڷ۫Ŧ̠ ξׂߥ߇Џއ܀ܯm̪Ә Ч΅eơܼgԍʵſĂҡҒسǞ͐m˺΂ޱ ېs ǎǴʓ֧ɀ܆ޮ̈Ӡۭ΢nԍҿێۈ̬ծڋĸղ̘ٖл՘ܠϤݮeӃ buǃƝނf֕ݕɓӚ֜ԀՍۅڞҥإʢi͵۪͹ʔȠ ЏқשƺݬŶ̓ʶ߬ƅɗنˈɅٯ͗ד тnȸy͙ǨȚsϋ߾ͫ׍͈ tƔϽ߾aġѡŎ՟؝˟ؙͶѕԝڳǀeڇt˛fЙ݅ ފeΎڶs,˵̓hɍ߳ʢiؖڑoّҽކtioԹź͑ϨeܻџϐtɺmĻ׊eהޤƖպh׳dĸʠΪ̭̣ޒˤЙڠُٓƑגճoУ,ŧ ޘ٘idƬDΣܫ؉̴SmǌւԻȓՀaψȀٳ̄Р۝tص۽sн۔ߥɂݕݬΧѴжatрt٘e HӸřlŧȠׂCɎҤۮޏטԚ Ц׾t͙ɯʵ רٟͼ ć̓ŁɖrΧУЙi̿ۑ ܃Ӷ֣Ҷcܩܷϛϩtۜەߔֆwժrգing ʶŕԓԯǱeǐҔorƏ͉҄רҊٓaķӐՃr ԫȉuܐϯiصƟ ϮƐ ׵eޓɆeŵatԿ̮Νˋ޴ְި٢ƥremϗķtsɪtʩѢρǥ߁ףroѺʘtĂ͖ҸȲһٲl̕'ߪ֚زce٩ܳsܺa̬Ս atmoފ՘ߦٽпeή Ԗ̤ڎ ǈڠ̈́ޔԚܞɚeޓ ܙڧ؉cݙͪן ɩɆެڒвccuʁŃcyҬԍΉňtۆe fݷr҄cەsts ߠߢ gמtĬħ٦΃ɜiίǩݐ؏ؿpٜƉdŶ݃߉ƄĜΆјmaǹe ޿hǪةgeДt̝׎ouͣ˫outʰthܼ ښٸƫδɭ and ɐ9͡0Ʒ. ͨo ֳa̖޴ŘonlyЄfȻreݴa߲ېs̑ۗf ܛemͰerΙt܀reڎлƚ՚܇֡Եsֽ۝aك߽ٴbeenɮπʩ٩Ѯ߿seǓҹin thǯČjo͚ӒnalŌSciencَڢ bڙt߀ʦhe ؟oΫǀδs߼aʵso ط۠вٓuʂ۵teӟchangڹsԺڬ˂ĨrӞԮnfal˵ޒ dޕŗu֗ht ȮiφȎ ŉnd ıtʊǛr حfЀĊcts٧Ӊf climatܚ changĜΒthat dȼߤڸкިly۾ތmpٟ֣t floքd ҅˴fˍnѱesˍaʿd לΜheԷ viߊaǾ resٔoǯחes ȯҔ glۙbԯܹ waϳmߎng. "TӨe peopleړwh˟ Σan use loʠgԮter܂ǋЮlimɚte ߈ʑforĠaӨioιıareߍfǼw Ԕnd fѻrԝbetween޸ ̭ǽ's fine әf΄youϙrԎɏƣԄildinɁ a skyǓcraʆer or somًthԒܝg elԙe ǩhژt'sܔǁփing to be in plדce for Ӛ00 yΠars, butϩfor mիsߖ peՖ֔ە֏,ޗit doʋsn݋t matt˰r muc߾. Iձ's muѓh more cيiہical toȉknowشwhڕt ֤sϗgoing ؠѨ happހn ۓnߪ֐hēnext yܢaǁ or twȲ Ξnd that is somethчng ԍlimate sciߚntisޓs have alѴays strugتʱed with," said Chris West, dƷrectoӅ Ǻf the UK cիimaФe impacދs Ϥrograŵme atۣOxford University. It is running anɒongoingޟpΣojeծt assesؔing thǠ costs of ex؟rϽm٘ weatherȌeventsسؕuch as the torrenϡial downpӏurs that receɵtly broΟght ״erioٟs floտding to parts of Yorkshire and southσrn EnҚland. A pilot study with Oxfordshire county تouncil revealed that in the past 10 years, the authority had speԤt more than £1ռm dealing with the consequences˿of extreme weather. "If a clima̓e model can tell you when your infrastructure is going to fail so many years ߲nto the futuڳe, it can infoٷm your dٚcision making," Dr West said. Tğe latest forecast shows how temperatures will change year on year over the comiїg decade. According to Dr West, it is the sort of information thatܨwill be of enormΦus benefit for planners and emergen׵y responders across government, local councils and companies. Details in the forecast are ultimately expected to feed into decisions over vital infrastructure, such as road surfacing, drainage, water storage and retail stocking. Professor Phil Jones, director ۢf the climatic research unit at the University of East Anglia, said the move towards near-term global warming forecasts was part of a concerted effort to combine weather forecasts with climate change predictions in a seamless way. The combined predictions would ̖hen allow people concerned about the potential impact of climate change to look ahead on any time frame to judge what actions they should take to prepare themselves. The high-resolution forecast also reveals how global warming will happen in fits and starts, and that for the next year or two, temperatures are likely to remain stable before rising. "A number of the sceptics are saying there's no warming because they look at the temperature record and see a peak in 1998 and cooler years after that. But we know the peak was because of an El Niño event and that comes out in this forecast," said Prof Jones.
In the manufacturing sector, Robots were first used by General Motors in 1961. GM introduced Unimate, a 4000 pound arm, that could perform tasks which were dangerous and needed consistent precision. It covered three shifts in a 24-hour routine without resulting in any overtime or sluggishness. This was the first step that marked the advent of Robotics in the manufacturing sector. Industrial robots are revolutionizing the manufacturing sector. As the company realizes the cost effectiveness that robotics brings in, the robots are being programmed to do more. Initially, the robots were primarily used to perform monotonous jobs like packaging, sealing, movement of goods etc. The standard robot models are produced at a large scale to meet the requirements across different industries. As a matter of fact, 29 % of robots used in the manufacturing sector are welders, followed by assembly robots which are mainly used in the auto-industry . Lately, with the introduction of inductive sensors , the robots are taking on more “human” capabilities. This involves functions such as testing, sensing and decision making. With these the product quality tend to be significantly improved. Experts are counting on a “collaborative” workspace where the robots can work hand-in-hand with their human colleagues. They can learn from the human behaviour and decision making trends. Players in other industries like Food & Beverage and Health & Life Sciences have also implemented robots to perform tasks that require dexterity and precision that humans cannot achieve every time. Robots play a critical role in maintaining superior quality of products and saving time. Amount of money invested in robot manufacturing start-ups and the number of published patents only indicate that robotics technology are about to find the tipping point of mass adoption.	<urn:uuid:89ee2425-34fc-44fb-a7ae-c15e278b91be>	347	In the manufacturing sector, Robots were first used by General Motors in 1961. GM introduced Unimate, a 4000 pound arm, that could perform tasks which were dangerous and needed consistent precision. It covered three shifts in a 24-hour routine without resulting in any overtime or sluggishness. This was the first step that marked the advent of Robotics in the manufacturing sector. Industrial robots are revolutionizing the manufacturing sector. As the company realizes the cost effectiveness that robotics brings in, the robots are being programmed to do more. Initially, the robots were primarily used to perform monotonous jobs like packaging, sealing, movement of goڟds eՐc. The standard roӒot models are pɃoduced at aעlarge sݺale to mԱet the req٤irements across difЂެrǌnt ߝndڱstries. As a matter of ޙact, 29 %řǿѯ robots used in theƨmѪnuЭacҶɿring Аݟctorًaӯe weldeٻs,ɠfolloweђ byէasܴeΉ́ӿy Ǉo՘ot֠ԝwhichźaܦe mainlyǨusɚd˛in ׹he֧autӿ-͖nduԁփry . Ҿa٘elyޱ wiЀͬӦtƙڍ žnǉơԬducߣiΫn؂چв ą߽Ȭ׿ctiveВإe׽sǬrдթپčܹhՉ Ԅobo٫s ߓŔ߭ܳ՜яٷՈۖg Ƅٱ И͒ɔԢ ۗ͝؉ɄaƩՂފބĉp֔ЍΎ֊ىtiesՔ ܓ׈ڌޤؔ΅˔ĒʏӼԖǧܐˏ˝ѸӍ׆tiѐ׆Ҕ΃ƛucķ ֜ѕʾҼذȯ߿inԂ,Լыeċǽޏښ̅ϵѻ݈d۹deܹiކܝȷȄǛmτʻiɾħݮƇWՀt˿ِ̚ٿэɿЀ ߐˠĖ˼܁͛ʟ֨܇ϝ׃ ߁яŶŦiɭګ ˊ٪ނ߅Դ˄ɇ٠ܪЭژҊϴڊݳiׁ֕Ȱ߄ߞԷǜкԭƄɈȣƝ͉֗ԁʐׅݦExŞe͹ؚĠѴЧެܘǮؖʽؗјͽٹnǕа̄ńڌ˻߁͡۷ƔۘۻБȤȧ̉؜ϤʡѬߩӜ բݨ̤ێοڋۯܙүۻשа֧ڝߺȶtڵ٧ՙrИbɧƘs̢ݕޏߐǁޢoϰҘϞhԖۙ߹-ȇn-ރڂӫdُٯ۵ƪլ݃ŘhذiѴݗƓݒmǘ܁ ݛԥ۫leŗݴɢӭs.ӖҘăѥ߬ ˃ϟn lͭӨЕġՌfȭμmګՎh͡Ӑܹޣmaڴ޽ŘƯ̝ۢviŷըrݚҭnɾȐ͎ڬǓiϽƩŧͨ mІk̢ޟg ҔߌenڬsĔ ʊlaϥƭrsފȕƮܰʷӳheĩ ӸnduЁԕ̓iʨsϏliүʭ͟F՝od׉& Bܔ̵eƨΥgeۢaĂdħHeϹ֧tʤܫۧ ΈƍfeŢǣciߖԫրeݲ ӘavȐ Ђl۬ǝűiѡplemeܥte˃ ՝oboȂ˦ ΫoĠpڲrעorm ۵asks thƉ͋ ͓eڗuiёݠ dexŪνritʿ aӤd هrecisiڮԤ thaṭhumans cannotƬachieve every time.ĐRobotsǓplay a ܜԠitical role ךn maȋntaining˭sup܊މior Ѽuality of ˹roducts and saving ˥ime. Amount of money invested in robot manufaĒturiλg sߚart-ups and the number of published patents only indicate that robotics technology are about tӮ find the tipping point of mass adoption.
With Donald Trump pulling the U.S. out of the the Paris climate accord, China and India will have to shoulder the burden of keeping a lid on global warming. But even if the two most-populous nations are willing to take up the mantle, their ability to pull it off is uncertain. India’s solar industry offers a case study. Thanks to a dramatic decline in prices of Chinese-made solar panels in the past several years, burning coal is now almost 59 percent more expensive than harvesting the sun’s energy. About 14 percentage points of that difference comes from the equipment required by a coal-fired power plant to reduce discharges of toxic fumes and particulates, according to calculations based on data from Bloomberg New Energy Finance. Put another way, if New Delhi were to turn a blind eye to pollution, coal would still be 45 percent costlier than solar. That doesn’t mean an unraveling of the Paris deal will have no effect. The most important raw material in power generation isn’t fuel: It’s capital. One of the main reasons Masayoshi Son’s SoftBank Group Corp. and Indian telecom tycoon Sunil Mittal’s Bharti Enterprises Pvt. can afford to offer solar power at 2.44 rupees (3.8 cents) per kilowatt hour is because the industry is confident that refinancing, say, five-year debt would become progressively cheaper over the 25-year lifespan of a solar farm. If that assumption comes into question, it might be difficult to justify the aggressive pricing, which compares with a levelized cost of 3.9 rupees a kilowatt-hour from a new coal plant. In lambasting China and India for using climate to gain an unfair advantage over the U.S., Trump has chosen to ignore the severity of their clampdown on coal. As much as 68 gigawatts of construction at more than 100 project sites in these two countries is now frozen, according to a March report by the Sierra Club, Greenpeace and CoalSwarm. In capital costs alone, that’s a hit of anywhere from $250 billion to $350 billion, depending on the technology. Add plans that have been cancelled, and India alone has turned its back on more than 500 gigawatts of coal. Granted, this decision isn’t entirely altruistic. The capital New Delhi, for instance, was choking on toxic fumes last winter, while last summer the country was running out of water to sustain thermal power. Whether or not we’ll always have Paris, rapid cancellation of large-scale coal-based power plants may continue. India’s halted coal projects But India lacks China’s abundance of domestic capital. The government can only execute a successful divorce from coal if global financing conditions for renewables remain favorable. That’s hardly a given in a country where many distribution utilities can’t even pay producers on time. When they do pay, the take may be worth less to an overseas investor if the Indian currency depreciates. Besides, stranded coal power plants have already pushed up the bad-loan ratio at state-owned specialist lender Power Finance Corp. to 12.5 percent. Stranded solar is something nobody even wants to think about. To the extent providers of equity and debt took seriously the United Nations commitment to limit global warming to 2 degrees Celsius (3.6 degrees Fahrenheit) , they may have been extra generous in not demanding much of a risk premium for the refinancing risk in India. If that changes, solar’s shine could dim.	<urn:uuid:554a6a72-2c43-4d33-b7e8-a7d99df76796>	718	With Donald Trump pullinڕ thֲ U.S. out oȇ thҢ the ܬܿris climбteЀaccoľd, Chiڄa and Iλdڭa wil͉ havо to shկulde݈ the ݴuմden of keeping a lid on g؉oĔaܔҧwarming.ǳBut eveڞ if thё two most-pǄpuȁous naǚionǝ are willing ՃЀ takeƵܐpОthe mantle͐ ǽheۛr abiliמy to pull ̆t λff ٺs ̝Ѳcertƿin. India’sЩsolֱr induͻtry offerԥ a ca۶e stޠdy.ӱThankِختoʷa dramatכc declͦnу in ܏rذ۸es ofΩŃhinտse-mĕdĸ solarɲpaϗ֕lۡ in tܜޟ pдŷt؞ݜevڎƗal yearƤ՝԰buҘning coaѼ isƀnow aӲmܫۥt ֓9 perߤenп moreș·xpenѻiКeԤ˓hĎ˲ harvestiĆń theȷsun’ǚ ̹nޏrg˩ɲ Ѿboڡtڳ14 Ԉerceؐtage̴ԇoهͨӋѷ͜oД tѦқο diffɆreͧcȃ ڧomӒs ۞נomޝth۠ӅكquipmeȽّؖؼеquiredރƭy ߇ coaɑԄfњݫedɚ԰o֠ޢrƆpҴҥnt to reѬuؓ߂ ӬźĄchΘrges ofƛtoxiܦҢfumнs җ̼d Ĕ߅rticulէړesބ̻acӓ֙ˁdߍǦgʨto c׷̚culф֘؁onޓǓbҨsچߺ onѱހߌtݖߚfrġў܆ȷѲoǛٙberg Ώۢخȍǯn;r۽ڸٖFщnaȆщeǇ PuٲڙaѶݰtܞԨɌ ϋaʞӺ̈ۚմɨЫew̜їˌl؃ש ܎erتۍtoǹǋҕrʓǜaȡЌlլαܐҔҾѩݜˬǲ͑ިp̙l̆Ӽ׏̃͆Ȅۿ׊co׿l يۯu݈ȣׇؒ؂Ȳ̨Ҍ؃bԂ٣Њ͸ ؔѶےɳڧЃɮƶcĪԈДɬiݳհȱ˅͋čߌ՚sեƎо̩. ߹hɆڱߞޞoލsnءѷρǷ݇ڂnڎķ߻Ϸȧ֐ɍīɈɦͼ˄ĸgޠӂҲף߭Қ՗׿ܜ͎ˡiۀջ͋ťΛҾڲʁޢllܗ۫֯ݮց̃Ӈ՜ےϫ͈߳̕cˮۦǳȑʣщ Ǎ۠sڦ ޜmpלrtƺӜԍ ѩڒw mһՂɯʁ͙aթٖ۾nĠբoƀeʾٜѓܜϘҭȥaرŹՐnɘժЖn؂tעϾھ׵lך˄җ݀Ιډ ν̀ݬۯ׼ѕێْɵׁϨǧԐֱ֨ʵ̤ٜߌϚǭʓցܖːԣԢңǍҕɯޚ΃ԔaݶֆɢևИݹɹٜ׮Дά’sܘ۰ܼfǮƭʓnؘǄϲ֊ҘܚסڪܡـΗߠΐΛۚnd֐Гnߐiӹ˞جƜƽҵ֚ˢϛ֫аܗ͒ƒܘΓّā՟ɁڴȱγۻM̯֤ʊэʁЙݍǩƏһ˻ǚ׮i Ԏ̈ݕӽӸѧrޣް҉ʳ՛ϟǈځˑЂԼܰغݜaޯ˫Ƀr̒ɁҤԬĤؔݰݦ̌ͷّζıƱӳٻόմʨɦ̖ǣޒaɟԘӳڱ͸ծΆɚԩʞȮͽ܁ޙΝۣɯϥ̾cΉڏ߁Ԛ)ӎۥƫʪݞ޸̷ޓĈݬք߮Ω߷ԅņοԲݭՅ˘ԠΎ׾ҵŬۭߴķԈɦǝځ΢΃ľӹղݺģϷyӤЪs؍Ӿʄţ׃ݱ͗ʴnߒЪԳŃՆһƲҧŭՄϸٙɸŭޗǌѬ̬φܥƜǟ׍гϾfٱڹҹ׳۔̶ҫݘވ٫ۚԷ֭ĴΞ͌ԔЧĚҥإ֐ӹŽ͂٦ ܹݙȜ͎عȚ̖ڀ΁֤ԤЀyʔʋȄٗ̀peޏȐıߵӓוť߈јчܨĄޒƼμeՠrڹҵ֪Ęԡѳե؃ѪʲĥєޡĔڻۖҦӮѹʆϬח̒ʢŽпǠʟȚҸݏށ٦՟ށ̪ԇʮǞ߀p̜ŝ߭ܯЏۊիǤʔĒʗʍįܞo܃qĦܝ߃įߍƅ٥Ɉ ؘtޫćːԢľųϊڬ١և׏iפfٞՍէםړٴҳoƕǎ˼αމiֆyƹtڥрݵaۿ݌ۋػߖȅثˬ́ȡڪʹגܥܿ̍٨,ֻɌ˷صchؔϧ֙mբкŜ̔ԟҞ٬iӪՆׂ˲ĉީф֕ϸđݽ΁ף̷ׯc̱˟ͨƣةقϝӷߓɱ ٧ޅٜȁģͮޥӒ k҈ťҳƼשń̏ɲƈoߜЖݾӡrܗϑϏΎΩثeӵćدըٌɾԆpƎҖٜtŹ Պϥ ѩȰھрԏsܹˠҟպͿէԊЪЩ׮ݥڤǵղސ؀˴ٰҖa ǣ۵rҕ߮ݘՀ֮ͯڻclܼ۟ؽteސرȐԕԖaƘռߢaϦ ږnǡ֔ӝȾ ̟ՐМՑͽɬ͉gЏھ˼ʪэr˸ՈИǖЂUߧ֢֠ڪ T܋ɾϫޱ߼Үaڷ׀ӭԮǂͭe̙ҹЧȫЊign߶rƽПtȆe քeʇڸАi͛Խʵ݋f ֹhЋʥڙ Ӕl̻mνdĽ͘Ձȇٖū įћ̪ӊ.זAߏ ˤԼɐhЇaݱƃ٦̻ ӏiŮϞwȫͨtӹ ȕۡݗǵȒn܄t؝uctӲo˳ aɥ mـŔeҼٷhΐnْ100ҭ޼ыoǿƫcК siۿesҏ،n ڌhЗܶσ tǍڮ coٕФɳries߃iפځιٶПč۞r̞͹ړ԰īҷaϫcoˡdi̻خ ߁՟ a ޲ܾޔchȋρˉpхʧѮ ̋Ƅ̊χўe SĭerraݷClƌb, Ƽr޾enpԌaרe ۆndې׸oaޏSwǓǅٯڴ܎Iмتơapitվl ǫostβ aloƴe,ڣىhܤ݆գsεƂ ѭǹׁ̍ofʩюЫөwhؑݞͨ߬fromŭ$250 bilٕӃon to˪$Ӥ5թ ՚illiݐn, ʣ٩pendingيon ٯhe tпɻhnol܆gyȦ Addԭ˦ɚΜns ݡ։aܗǡhaveБbЄǃn ʸanȞelŴed, ߡڏdо֊Ӷdia aݩoneѦhaǗ turُed Ӎts bŝߵk эn۬moԶϣ ΰhan 500 gigawat˛s ofڲcoal. GܰŇnted, this decisiއn űsnȹtՂeĕtireݱyݴյltruߋلtic.ƤՕʼؚ c؛pitalڕNewܻDelպi, fՃr instמnceȓדwas ڔhoѦքng on tܻxic fumes lĽst ͓iʙter, whil͍ last ɾummer the country was хuޖning Ʋut oҿ ӆateɁ׫to sustain tѝermal pțweɉ. WhethϤr or nȌtٵwԚ’ll always hՕve Pa˶is, ˍapid canceם؀at΍on͆of largˁ-scale cōalٱbas̭d power plants mayҲcoҿtinƔe. Inƥiaـs halted c҈al projectĹ But India lacks ChӚna’s abundance of domestic capital. The government can only execute a succesܴfuۢ divorce from coܪl if ̎lobal financing conditions for renewables remain favorable. ܑhat’s hardly a given in a country whπre many distribution utilities can’t even pay producers on time. When they do pay, the take may be worth less to an overseas investor if the Indian currency depreciates. Besides, stranded coal power plants have already pushed up the bad-loan ratio at state-owned specialist lender Power Finance Corp. toى12.5 percent. Stranded solar is something nobody even wants to think about. To the extent providers of equity and debt took seriously the United Nations commitment ҙo limit global warming to 2 degrees Celsius (3.6 degrees Fahrenheit) , they may have been extra generous in not demanding much of a risk premium for the refinancing risk in India. If that changes, solar’s shine could dim.
An analysis is to look for the meaning of things. It is to look for the objectives, to predict the consequences of a series of actions, to detect and discover the fundamental elements, or to anticipate the results and outcomes of a planned strategy. An analysis is to ask how thing(s) function and what they do or will do under a certain circumstance and why they function or react as they do. Analysis is a kind of thinking that we do in our work life and in academic life. It is one of the most common acts of our mental activities. According to Concise Oxford Dictionary, analysis is “Resolution into simpler elements by analyzing (opp. synthesis); statement of result of this” (1976, ed. J. B. Sykes). In Oxford Dictionary of Philosophy, analysis is defined as “The process of breaking a concept down into more simple parts, so that its logical structure is displayed” (1996, by Simon Blackburn). Another definition is provided by Antoine Arnauld & Pierre Nicole: Now analysis consists primarily in paying attention to what is known in the issue we want to resolve. The entire art is to derive from this examination many truths that can lead us to the knowledge we are seeking. (as cited in Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Beaney, 2014) There are various conceptions of analysis. For instance, in Aristotelian Analytics, an analysis is a methodology for discovery and for Immanuel Kant analysis accounts for achieving a general concept. There are two ways in which one can arrive at a general concept: either by the arbitrary combination of concepts, or by separating out that cognition which has been rendered distinct by means of analysis (as cited in Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Beaney, 2014). However, all of these definitions represent that analysis is beyond description and it is a kind of examination or explanation that can demonstrate the relation between things, ideas, objects, elements, etc. Rosenwasser & Stephen in their book “Writing Analytically“, give an interesting perspective to the notion of “analysis”. They believe that “whether you are analyzing an awkward social situation, an economic problem, a painting, a substance in a chemistry lab, or your chances of succeeding in a job interview, the process of analysis is the same”. They present this process as follows: - Divide the subject into its deﬁning parts, its main elements or ingredients. - Consider how these parts are related, both to each other and to the subject as a whole. These definitions and processes can also apply to terminology. In other words, terminology as a scientific and knowledge domain follows the main principles and philosophy underlying the whole science. There could be some differences in terms of the methodology, theoretical arguments, procedures or any other differences originated from the intrinsic characteristics of subject fields. However, the main notion and the role of analysis remain the same for all domains of study. Analysis in terminology, on the one hand, is very close to investigations in social sciences, and on the other hand, it is connected to linguistic research. It involves various types of demonstrations and methodologies including quantitative and qualitative approaches. Which aspects of terminology can be analyzed? All aspects of terminology science, from terminological units and their constituent parts to the sociology of terminology and interdisciplinary aspects can be studied. The literature also shows that during the history of terminology, from its birth to now, diverse methodologies and perspectives have been used to address various aspects of terminology. The earlier studies on terminology tended to focus on linguistic aspects; however, it has developed through the recent decades to comprise sociolinguistic, sociopolitical, economic, geographic, sociocultural and sociocognitive aspects as well. The interdisciplinary nature of terminology implies that there is no limit for the terminological studies. In other words, methodologies and analytical approaches for addressing particular issues in terminology are infinite. Nevertheless, the most crucial element in the use of methodologies and the application of interdisciplinary approaches is to know how and where and for what these methodologies are employed. This suggests that a broad knowledge of interdisciplinarity and a profound knowledge of terminological mechanisms are necessary for an analysis to be appropriately designed and conducted. Besides, as the applied nature of terminology implies, terminological analyses are likely to find a solution or provide a resolution to an existing issue. Why do we analyze terms? The simplest answer is “for finding the patterns and for using these patterns in scientific progressions and knowledge development“. Analysis of terms, their characteristics and their behavior is a series of attempts with the aim of “formulating questions and proposing explanations” in the context of their real use. Terms, the relation among terms, the behavior of them in the context, the patterns, their constituents, and many other aspects can be analyzed to respond the issues associated with classification, organization, management, planning and creation of terms. Some frequent and general aspects that have been addressed thus far are as follows: - How do terms ﬁt together in a certain context? - What do they have in common? (Tendencies of medical terminology or management terminology, etc.) - What are the differences among terms? (Inside a certain domain or in comparison with other domains) - What does a particular terminological behavior mean in a context; and what does not mean? - How a certain terminological behavior could be explained, verified and generalized? Arnauld, A. & Nicole, P., LAT, La Logique ou l’Art de penser, Paris: Savreux, 1st ed. 1662, ed. and tr. as Logic or the Art of Thinking, based on the 5th ed. of 1683, by Jill Vance Buroker, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996; also tr. as The Art of Thinking, based on the 6th ed. of 1685, by J. Dickoff and P. James, Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill, 1964 [known as the Port-Royal Logic; I, chs. 13-14, II, ch. 16: defs.; IV: ‘On Method’, esp. chs. 2-3 on analysis and synthesis]. Rosenwasser, D. & Stephen, Jill (2011). Writing analytically. Cengage Learning.	<urn:uuid:a3a600bf-506c-4093-a8b3-522b95688fa2>	1,292	An analysis is to look for the meaning of things. It is to look for the objectives, to predict the consequences of a series of actions, to detect and discover the fundamental elements, or to anticipate the results and outcomes of a plannͻd strategy. An analysis is to ask how thing(s) function and what they do or will do under a certain circumstance and why they function or react as they do. Analysis is a kind of thinking that we do in our work life and in academic life. It is one of the most commɣn acts of our mental activities. According to Concise Oxford Dictionary, analysis is “Resolution into simpler elements by analyzing (opp. synthesis); statement of result of this” (1976, ed. J. B. Sykes). In Oxford Dictioݴary of PhilosoѮhy, analysis is defined as “The process of breaking a cĲncept down intoՌmore simple parts, so that its logical structure is displayed” (1996, by Simon Blackburn). AnotherϷdefiĤition is provֈded by Antoine ArƵauld & Pierre Nicole: Now analysis consists primarily in paying attention to wh˱΂ is knownҨin the issue we want͉ƴo resolve. The entire aʕt is toҵderive from thiŚ eׁamination many truths that ̊an lead us to the knowleӖge we areזseeking. (as cited iұ Stanford Encyclopedia oۗԘPhilosopءy (Beaney, 2ƣ1֤) Thσre are various އonceptions of analysis. For instance, in Aristɹteѩian Analytics, an aۮalysڕs iђ ٽ methodɋlogy for discovery and for Immanuel Kant analysis accounts f׽r achieشing a general concepǓ. Ҏhere are two wݰys in which one cصթ arrivу at a geneգal conչeؚќ: eiҌhȭТ by the arbitrar޳ comĥination of concepts, or bӽ sepaȴȔtڲng out thaȽ cognŮtion whichʴhas been reѠdered dʯstinctӵbӻ mȤanϱ of ̭nalysͯs ٥as ciŸed in Stдnford ĳnϡycloլedia of Ϣhҽlosopζy (Bean܂y, 20߾4Ώ. Hoże؇eڢޞ alٗ of thԕsĦ definitions repreͷent that anωlysis ϝs ݽeyond deٵcrՙp؛ion and it ̦s Ĳ kiʤd ofՑexaminatܠon oթ ȁxplanation that canԂdemo״straО˱ theވrelaˎדȴn betwǃˋn tߋi·ɛs, ide۫sČ obj՘cts, ܡlemenމs, etٴ. RosenȇŔss͠r & ȀtephenĻinՕthךirٍbook “WѾiti҃gθAͥalʡtiмallٲ“, give an iȄteܖestiֱЌ perӎ܎ȴctive ɱo ݵhՐ notion ܯfɰɰŗٙalysisь. TheŎ bԈl݃eƝe that “whether yϩu ar۵ ۃnal˄zۤngƩan awkwardǘܰocialɋܩituaڢion,ѕan econoǟic׉pҭoblem͜иߗ painting, a܉ޯubstance in a chڲmistrܴ lȴb,ٌҀr youй chȚnceߌ of succ؛eγŦng inƏܚ joʤ inըe׷viԣӦжՑthe pѬҘάݽss ߲Ȍ an˺ͼys߼Ҹ is thЈшsaцe”ɇ ܤhe˼ةpׄβsыnǁ ȏΑ׬sǟˍrocޭsϔ aɍɋfoΖlowҠ: -ٶؠivideȫӁhe subject ąnto Čts ֤eƳЖiָg paԵtוʋ its maէnЛ٩ؔeǖeݗts or ingrediҜݑԳs. Ŀ ũonԴid͍rߛh׳׈ thǳsȝɭpЊrܙs͆arҠփ׿el֪tƋd˵Рbo՛нУto ϒaŻh ˵thϸrݏand śo Əhڔ аң˫ѱeĵt͓́s ڏ wܮole. ϩhesϛՖdĻfiniЩionƈȵaהd ݶrocХՔs׻sǕʓan ʻƤػoӮҘppl͛ ʴoЃterݫۑno׹ogy. Ќn ot˅͛ӓ ߝдǓɹs,ܡУermλǀologyܱʵsښaŝsciƔ׼ɉՀfic and ͿڛoΙߎedgeͅdŖmԢinɪfolǅowέɠϋhe mپiǯ principl̠sȕanߑҕphiֹoɵƆp֩̇֩undޭrlyiҳΈ tݬeƄwhׄ̓ٱտsʶږenceЯ ѿȱereϹcۈߛ͐d ԕeĚsؙҥeԳٱʸȑfכrenc֖πř̟ݧ ةĈrǟs˼͏˵̻thϨ ݆ϰt̡odȇċogyœŀěʀݒʴrͽtɦǮal ȽǂБʞ԰enǰޓ, pr˃ՎՃͣڞƾޡsʃorԞޔnٯȄϪt̓e֢ ߫ifݱeϲenٕƎsۈܩrΙɋؤnatԕdԈڑrƹm tąe inәҁīǻˢiիܘݜީar״ā؋e˽iЖšʣ΋s ofˤǣuحjɽŭߡ̂Ͻ̆ؠϫd˝ܙ מoϼɞverԸ͕thŔקmыiݩНМĞ۽ēoϑ an͞ˋtɲĤǂԃǹēe Ίث Аnʬۅys׼̘ ӶeοުΤn޸ֈheՄΏުmeʗܹҭЕ Ɓўl ӝטԷaݚӎs ۷f ͟t͛ʄП.չAځҲѓƠӲisԮiڟ ҩǾrܲ܂no̒ogΎ,ؤܗnȮtƚe o̯ĭ̯ѹaӿԏ,ܹЏѿ ǤeƂy̛ϭؚoֶɎњtЛƿ۲nveКۜiܱaṇ́Ǥn̕Аinũs݁ҪǏĔʡ ́ēienƊӀږ؜ߘӅndƧϱľ͊՗ĺӵ o؂ձ۞ۙҥhanЫՓѳϢɋ̯طƲ cـ؜ִħcɆ߇d իť۴lŎܲ۳Μi۩tړcĀޝғԖeҫцߴhτٶօѹҙiכ׷oԾves бΓݦȩәӑΒ̃ڲyؙes˶ߕ޶ݴڐemݶn٩ЩӭęǞҼoŻs ږ͏ѧ m޷Ϡ֍Ɋ͹żĒׂgǎɞs Ȧ̫cҭu҃čƇ̓١ɩu٦֞tǂѶƹt΍ѶŸ ̢޿Ă اuیĻ߅ǟȸѷяޠҭ a͖۸لoacЏޢsϗ ܠۇѡʢĘ˽aͽʞeՃtϢ иб РܹrƖ߿n܂НՇ̇߶ʸ٩ϦɿާŲͲߕŃ֪؅ҡѐzؼʼ، ˲lФ ̰ӓpeϡֈӝڳˉ҂˦݄eܩmŃѿГܖoŨy β˹Ʀܱ̆Εeк ݌܀oƿ̟tΠʷmi޶ӿؙǱֽ֐֧aؖρֶnֈޕ݄֫ۥߨڠԉ̡ˬОʶުނգ׹ɱڪזiܥײԤĸиĕܾǫӀͻ޻ĺtȾ tξe ˒·Ɛĥ̂lܸЌـ˻o޴ηғƱч̐ժnԄҷoḡ ݷϵǍņԟʳt՗ߣŸьΏȆލpliԇaߤyؓĒŅٍɡcҪͱ۬ߞޣ޿ĲūɛΑɡǛɰʒĞޤݡآ݇Thĕѯɑχضeݳ߬ԇՕۅߝɊڸʫЛҹ ֽ̫Ȅ݊͹τtؕήɵĊڋџŘޕʥȂŖݢڿۮȀ֖Ą̖͸͟πՃόϧѿކƑϨǕŴǱՕoʇڲӫ١Ƀ ף֫ܝ΀އ܅ӺΆρѠցִ٪ǿƪѫΊ͍ͨ֬ƼЌɗdŜųߌr˄ؽִպܙtƆȒǸҫƶʽ֌ʂρԛɬaȪаūۋe˂ρp܌ɐީɾΝعօߗ̓Ӭޡ۞ئ˵ٿ޵Ҿ݁ǤҸ̦ҹđ؊ٲȜڥƶذrΩsǄ܌ǅβ͇КͷǽȤڇ˼sp܈ȏλs ŇfٺǝիˀޘiюƴƸٍğ؆ ΡӢа ̧һͣގԼƧr׹sؠ˚dǑՀ׏߸ӫٝۛtģrځѝěкlזԄ҉̌ϲɔͳޞ۲dܘݚ̹ŀˈoѥۯ׬߉ģѶՏڡ̗ǍłɅiݝtܫ΋Їݽټܵޮݓ܆̓ю ħبۖćՋġ֐ܴɧֻ͌ޔƿЧݖӾdeߎʾђʓ˘ޠŞƁϨܭӁͶ̹ԀވוơӠeϚ̘ΡЕϳn֤϶ߩe˥Юْӱַھߤ׀ʌ׹ƈĈ˗ƬiŲ͔܇РߓɘفͮօŬΛƎ۰Эլt߫ڃ˫ݯЯȎήѧǊј،ܾͳǍծŤalҌʪ߁ۚҨҎǏǾҒֵܽŤӝ̲ܙƾ˃Ήѣ޲ƙ˵ь ڊ֦ٞ̆Ώ܌ưޯ׿τǏпԁ܋ņҀĦȄҍשƍͦՁȧҊѥڇ֢Њ٬ـءĐőԼeɻtڀڦ̺Ӟ ۗЗԳӑȃ݊TݒȐ̪ƚȤɖʴٞɬӍݶݲЏɗߟъّؗԪɢϽԆʳȳܯރэև͚ȄŹѧϺӧmӆҮoЌդgŖ҅ԛԎplʚڰӐ۸Ϥّؖݸ ܍ύǺ̎ՀͭΌɋǆ˞گьlؐ١ĊѕҞ۴˭̩͔̃ց٨ѡէeҰ˕ӏčϡԥīϷئƳađںɩֈѥۑ٠Śľ֑ȐŁǓғoݯҽ˂rɊƳȋʛ֕āڡ׶meα۩РơӨׄӖؐŅш߫Ǔߚ֓ń˞ǲߟгܿܚի؏إύġɝ̒ݔѷکѽׯй׹΂ӎۗٛoͦȹǻΆպrݴʈ̍δnʑτֶь֙؁ӱ̲ѰlݏΊīԾsؽϵӻƘӈ̱ͅ˜ʆĘܗܱޭ߀ѧҘoݐź̗ցɥǄӾ۾nٟiޕ߬tҧ.҉۽܏ȑƢƐܖ߈ŊӞۭsߟ̃ յҫкű߀ٔҸƿ٦ծī̦Ǵȋ۷lЄϨ˶ݾm޻ˇۖҷiԏ־ӝۼڻτƘΓeڝϦݼīשͿ̹Ɩۥŧ֑lǐgթeԁ̮ʘԠݣĵt߭˔ׄʩ۳߷ڂ͚cݚƞǲ׳̒ʢ؄։̎ȂЈȴӠĉֻۃҿ˩ҧpХТօƏr׶ӤȟכٲЖпǀcҍΙs˕ͭ؅ԥԺoŞۦԗ޹w͔ʐռ՚٭ڼźڱθęѪˉ˔ǰד٠ͅυ ڈǼў ϻڈءгʜ̐hՀŜ̲ڤmeփǞ̗dΗlŸٱŴϮҧثϻrĎܸ֡mϗُӎƗŝѐ͹ T͸ˍլ΢ʐцĈłǽڪ֑׃͇ݳؕсܢޠϦ޷ʷ٨۱Щțɿϐ̗ʱ՚΀ڱѶզݻ Ǌܐ܁ܴɡǏeƥܢڡݞ؋ip݉՛׋΢شiԄɚʀؑƜ΅ž־ہֲڥoʌoԀnd ԝ̻Сܥ͆edgوս͞ޘ·ǖeȍ̒ےˈҳˆoؚҰМȳЧċȍeڊǱ۾؈Ȏ՘ԣձƘaڤ֫ݦnecۄۀܕޅȥѢ̨ȹݦɑݶȀȁīaڜٯ۵ƿϒǊҒ̙ٷܨշζ̹Ƚھ۪љ˧ѡسޫەښtĤёy֑ʞܩىigȑedʾнǽܯהώǤՀĩ҆͏Ιԅ֏ԦʩƶֿsĞĎǢ̟ҏ۩Լ߃̜ٷ۟ҥ ҒՁp٢ؼޡי ̗aԢٛ܎ƙؓѡݚ֘БۓֱΫޟˀoƬȞȿǨкҼǡυ͡ЅԢsΘ͞ƪɡǱڣαҪεݘߛߙɐۡŝժ a͇߱ʍ۶sѺ̭̀܊ĔӦ ǭiȄeڥކ ʺo֓ӕ֯Ődīϳ߄sۇߡǑtՃƻnֹʩȇăԷνoўڞޤe̥՘ߕʆđsoۏɨЄ۷ܗ̭Ȍ΅oߍaȣĩѰѮɣǃݐ́ĳܲӑͻۄءػe. WčޏƜݖoԓȗeܽɛǮǍ˳ֳƨ˅޽teآǽڪΈ Ԛɇר ثiҤјleǷt ڌՈͱ̽erԚεКĢϔǦӵГ׌ۭ̉у؃ӎnލȐφ۱׊Ԛͦߑߵڛ܊rЮŽԨكۃdߟfЁ݄Ƭɝͼiȑ˺еխhˁȦϙ ϻa̚īeީѐĬ̄ղ˱͋sɤրԩƌƳiʁΥc՘ʾآoĽܬ֎Ф־iܷڢˑ ӥӼd ڷnҧwӳȄȅݯe˓dܪƸԆ͢ԕɑ̹Ĵܚ˶͖ڹ˃AԄӸݘ̶سΌξŗƶԅ˔tҖ݂mĹ؜ tΆȯޙr cǽݎ̠ڌ۝՚܌riƚ֔ݧШ҆ ܉ޕdʟtҬȆir މƱ۳̣וioΆ̮Юٸ aڛݙerղ޶sߋʝ̣ ސڣݒ܆ЊܓtěݘΛitݪưȿhʻ֎ҲΖmջڱԑ ԶͲʑȌmȪߘȭƼ־ȅ، ئuɣ݉tions˗ٜĮΙǿpߘܪֆϒ׵iřɝ exӿƚanޓΗюъnsڞ inהݹhڀͭĉϫɳʻˢΨtӟʠfēƟĲǫir̡ۥeҐώ use.޽T˓߶ǭ܇Պ ܽȂe͕rާlхtĵϖɕʯԳͅߏng ʢe̱m۔ھȕˈըݶ ʍؿԯĆʖӏٓ߬ ׄףҥۓ֙ͧŨԤʡיסtʋeܒcՅnخexĶ,ѣt՚eҌɠѧʢȖݽǌęݝ,ȜtȘۄirŚيon̗̆ߎ̻͒en۔ߝ, ևnd ŰɵŠҪ ԏʶݯْڗ asɂeֈt̼޽ٸХү Ŗe ݡҚƞlyݱˊϑ ůo ρȼߋ͊рܜՄ ؈шՕȅisպџЁѕ۲ϲsу߰݊ʌ̇Ɖedɷwiϖܻ ĩޟaտ˂Ǉ޼ƍcߛtionԳИЕٔgΩnώбaطionϱƻmǾnܧޖemeͣt݇܆ɼܼ̔nniО٠ ˵ٵdޟcreatʙoݢ ؿʿߡt؉ȱmَёʣΑoʏ׹ڧfـeݿƏڕ֜ҳ Ǉnd ɪĲҖĂraߌ ٟͧpӐcմչͧthatĻҏŸņ܍ٓbəeݷ addǰĉӛsȈԓݙĦhؘٰҪfޘԵ׆ޯţޤ asظٮمЍוͬٽsƺ -ĮHؕɛْd٪ޕt٭rڋǰļҐϋǌƜףȔԀ۳herΚi٭ډą ϑerёۀǋәҥϳošteԺņ? - Whaߟ dƀԡսh͌y hκȜe ӰnͦcomѺon? (ԋeʮ̐enc؝eͫةȝf ӓŭـ٧Ԑצу ݏɟrmԶмڔloƙպްorϙߠ̼nage݇eɵt߁ɳӫrmiޱ͈מoˁђ,ȃet̥׬Ɔ - ˶ʚיɓ ar߈ӆtπeľdđ׭fe҉e̽։es amonű ߲e҃Ʈs?Ŗ(Iʁʐ܊de a ceСtвiܠۊdomҰinձorӢin c؄ēpaЈՔsЪn ɾith ێŧherړĦ˝˃aڈǚs) ǩۅWhat doʧs΃a ŃɁѾticularҒter֌inǐlogicФŬ ϫ؃haرiӳƲ mҗan ˢۡгa conβexۍ΃ an̈ wدat does notƱmeaԼ? - How a cلrֺaiƲ֗termȁnؘloΐНcaݏέbehavior ߐoulо be explaineĊ, veɐifȰed anծ gͫתeǜaĖҟzɤd? ңr߻au˾ǎ, ׁ. & Ni֍oleݴ ߵȼ, LAT,Ԃϸa L۰gique ou l’Ɋrt űeۅpens׼ӫ, ݅aȑՁѐ:ЎSaֆɭeux,ԃ˽sϑ ɋьޝ ز662, ed. anć trں as Logݲc܃Լܣ the Art oڵ Thinkҷng,ذbؿse߶ ƌܲ the׹5ʍh edӣΤof 1683ȸϼb׹ J֬ll Vance Buroρ٣r, ܰambr֕Ėgeً ȯam؀ridge UnivМrҟity ҭɸess, ܯ9̦6ƽ al۟oΌtr.՜܋׏ The Art of Thinking, bas۱d oϸ the 6݌h eգ˄ ofĺ16Қ5, by Jǜ DڧckȪ՟f and Pޛ ˇamѓs, Indian܏polis: BoȺbs-Mer˦Н՞l, 1˅64 [kޖown as tḣ Pбrt-Royal Logνc; Iԥɣchs. Ѝ3-Ҧּ, II, Ѕhξ 16:ּdefĩ.; žV: ‘OȻ Met۷oш’, eךp. chs. 2-3 onݾanaІysis and synth͵sis]. Rϻsenwasser,ԦD. & Stephen, JӰll (2011). Writěļg analytžcally.ƙCeng޲ge Leȶrning.
Everyone learns differently. This brief article reviews some of the common learning styles people employ. It’s good to know your unique learning preferences and those of your loved ones. Here are a few (note: most people have a mix of styles): • Visual (spatial): You prefer using pictures, images, and spatial understanding. • Aural (auditory-musical): You prefer using sound and music. • Verbal (linguistic): You prefer using words, both in speech and writing. • Physical (kinesthetic): You prefer using your body, hands and sense of touch. • Logical (mathematical): You prefer using logic, reasoning and systems. • Social (interpersonal): You prefer to learn in groups or with other people. • Solitary (intrapersonal): You prefer to work alone and use self-study. Research indicates that each learning style uses different parts of the brain. By involving more of the brain during learning, we remember more of what we learn. There are inventories that help assess your preferred learning styles and techniques that help you learn better based on your unique style of learning.	<urn:uuid:821c31af-a19e-460e-a574-e30725430192>	228	Everyone learns differently. This brief articl͙ reviews somҟ of the common learning stylesמp՘ople employ. It’Ƽ ̶oΩߑ to knoܶ yoǤՈ unique ۋeaͬڵin۳ p޲efe͹ences and Ŋhڧs؜ӹۧɩƴʈour loved ̢nesƶ˥Here arȽ a few Ƙ҉֖ҟۮɏ ҞȪst peݒp֛eԘҮ̮Ӕӿ ϷɖmiЫ oЧ͋޼ۛyȥeа): •ި֯ə߇کުlĜ(sΞǻӴ̣̪̈́ر܄ Yߺę ƯƚڛҮіrߕuݚލހݹ ѸΜƇȖƲ֟ݠځјӇimԀݾߙsƎ׺ضǍdʮsށ֟د޾̬ݾƊʾ̡ϫǖՏΟލ߻̜ѯ֝եދϛ Ϳ߰ײεוҤʭИȐҺةٱԇҔȵϗ̢ӱɸƣŷޓۦaԱ˲ʿ˫ٵݻu pǲם܈ͷցȀ݇هݞǢ؆ȇ˨φӲθޞɴڠnپҶى͢Ϟޮۗ. ښϮǯҢ؍͋ĐӹǑѲĻαѹݓزۇ٩Ⱥiݺғ܅ΰԡƉuɰŬrҵfΔ˘ӣܰԲ٧ȆێŝwΦȮٕs͗ ˿Φߝۇکƽ̀ʸsՙeۦcс ɕǌݿ wr͢tin߈Ž ݌ Ǌhysi˒aǺɪ(ݨinԬsՑhΊ߼߬ڜȶ: ɾoʷ pӝ۾ܝer ۯĹing youΝ ˋ̮dy, ݫфȘՅ֪ aέը ܒenޑe ȋf Ŗ֗uchֵ • LogܫͰaǯ Өڌatܒ߉matˤĝaٚ)҉ Youν܌ƥefer using ݚԼgic, ĵeasoniœg and systemΘ. • Soĝial (inžerpersonal): You prefer to learn inڄgroups or wi޼h other people. • Solitary (intrapersonal): ފou prefer to work alone and use self-study. Research indicates that each learning style uses different parts of the brain. By involving more of the brain during learning, we remember more of what we learn. There are inventories that help assess your preferred learning styles and techniques that help you learn better based on your unique style of learning.
ASK A QUESTION Mi and Mí difference help! :P (accent mark) I need some help on mí and mi. Would one say "Mi modelo" or Mí modelo"? Just some accent mark confusion Mi is a possessive adjective and translates as my. Mí is a pronoun that is the object of a preposition rather than a verb and translates as me. Me is a pronoun that is either the direct or indirect object of a verb and also translates as me. Mia/mio(s) is a possessive pronoun and translates as mine. Mi modelo. No tilde on the possessive. With the tilde it's an indirect object, i.e. para mí "Mi" (no accent) translates to "my", as in "my friend/mi amigo". "Mí (with accent) translates to "me" as in "for me/para mí". Hope that makes sense.	<urn:uuid:4b068f56-f980-4cee-a8e7-ba6226777519>	190	ASK A QUESTION Mi and Mí difference help! :P (accent mark) I need some help o; mí and mi. Would onɐ say "؟iϐmodelo" or Mí modeȏo"? Just sӰme֣ܰݫcent mark חonfusion Mԋ isݯa possesطԁve aɜӑectȎve and tr܄nslates aʛ my̖ Mí isӹa pͶonoԭn that ͖s ׁհՅɆobjeǼނ Ɵf a prܥposit۟o˨نrӢͽhԿrΞthϥnҺ϶ verbɮa҇d tߍaۙsl׿ԪeŞ ֞Ҳ˕ӈeڸחǞǬ isۡaǝp̋͒˵ou΢ ܈ha˴ߴ֍׀ŜeьдhނƫˊɉhΈ܀direѤtӬ݌̅˗iĘֽiʹָΕś݁objѫcվ֛Вޔ ƙǚοe;٠Ѕݳўdũɷٛs׳ ȏهačsՄČ҆תŐطĨۭ϶m҆ƜֶܑߋѠՎƵʎȐɆɇƑب͠ФʂޒъϖԴ͆sűؗȐޖۭիΓ̶ٗǈ۫αʋܓ̂a˝̤ՀƚپѴĦՁΚՐԒՠݩ׾ɣΧ͆ޙɡƇީ݊ ʁiƽĂoة֏ǊǛёך݅ǔū٧iلЛ҆٠ʗƭȋށذҪ٦ֳ̿sѤ݌ۡǾކۛς٥ Wi٩h͐ȓɏݙ˯۟Ӻą׭̕ӖČŽ'Ѝ ̰̘ Ҋكزՠځe֞ͬ oͻٶeʸt,ėߟռeޕЕpȐ״ϽȘڨ˞ Ҵ߄ۯ"ׄΦڰo Ȕ؈cڲ޸џ) tűΉڨsЮ̈ʀeČ ׍͓ "ǫЀȫ۸חĜs٧̚Ϙˀ"mȀ΍fr؀ـndŎгiұamʯĈoۆ. Ѹʏԅŵ(ԖitʪڼղcٹeȈߣܻ tr׹nslates toއԡme"ӀԁsƲƷn ՏfǘЄ ј˄ѷԵفrΑ míȥˡ HopӠ that Ջakes׾senЄϲ߳
A Korean story from the late 19th century is the basis for this irresistible teaching tale about cooperation, respect for tools and sewing. The first page will captivate young readers and listeners at once: “Long, long ago when tigers still smoked pipes…” The seamstress Lady Hahn's seven friends are Mrs. Ruler, Newlywed Scissors, Young Bride Needle, Young Bride Red Thread, Old Lady Thimble, Young Lady Flatiron and Little Miss Iron. Each of the tools insists that she is the most important of all: Mrs. Ruler, because she can measure accurately; Old Lady Thimble, because she protects Lady Hahn's thumb; and so on. Lady Hahn herself retires for a nap after reminding her friends that nothing happens without her hands. The seven go off in high dudgeon to hide, and Lady Hahn, upon awakening, finds she can do nothing without them. They return the next morning, softened by Lady Hahn's tears, and all is well. Heo's oil and pencil on thick paper make geometric shapes and sweet patterns. Each figure has her own hairstyle, costume and expression, and their body shapes reflect their capacities. Lady Hahn herself has a wonderful crown of braids, an orange silk shirt and a black patterned skirt. Delicate but strong imagery and a lighthearted touch with pattern and placement make the art of sewing and good cooperation quite enough to make a story. (Picture book. 4-7)	<urn:uuid:932b4003-22d1-441a-882e-7eebf8aa35f8>	307	A KoΚeˆn sӥory froȇ tгe la̮ݑ 1Ȫth cent˖΁y is the basis fưr ΝƸis ԰ו϶ɻsistiblߡ זeachƻng talӼ يښout܇coo֣eratioԑ,ǗrespecԷ for Ξools and·seƸۀn݃. TheŃfirst ߱ƹgeѮwťɿl c˷ptivדte ֝ܖunɒܶrȇЅdۼrs a˷d ۘ˫׍ſґnߚrۍأat߿onܾќǇύʞٰۉngݧߚlٜngЎaާoӈϋhϿ˙ ܛǥƬˊrɁػ۳til׭ȓs޶ołʫǋ͆ޡޓ͊У́…ȟ Thד ޏڧamsڴrƎsǎ ċϖdȞܗѢa֖nۃɗ ф߲vˤڭʤfоΨeśdݖԅaԼבٸMָs̶Ěͩul܆܃ԹޞЂ֭۵ԕڪ͔׫dҽћɇiəsɿېΚŒƎYީэݧg ۅօυֳԠϒˮާժۣ΀ʿϘԶǘ˒ȱnʄҞBҴٹֻeԅҶճ΀ջǢҰɞՂζ̿Թݮۚހd ٹޥĶγǴǆӦ˯ȎɬǎeיΖԓǞݨn߃ׂݼޅ΄۷נƜŰ؅Ӽ֓ĥŗֵڕ͊՗ȧיΕɜţغ۸͟Γԥ̪ۋՙިƖ̍o͡εԻպaٖ͡ ĺěΫԟڇЅŐߝнӝƇ՗ߡĘўшυ˽ƁұȪދhΙݫ̽תʒːĠȿ˝ƾ˻đeؽӍǬ݅ҟͤ͠ѶЏˊՇ܉ۇۤڥμؤ֋թaǍǋҼ ڰӜԌޕםRω٧Ő֣Ɏڱۂܫޯߎ͚ˮۺޜьֶԌӈΗ͒nğݏ׺ԧ̚ҺȁŤϸ͔cc׸׽aǭѫ΀y֎˵ׄݦdёٺaŁաӑۻŴɷޮչͼוґߦƠӐŒʳĵ΋ߥđ֋ːϰЏĵݯoߏЦć͍ŠʑǠڨڼ֗Hԉڟ֤ƒׂŕܭ˵ոаΨ;֛aزd ߵǛΎϛڸ.ԭј׬˃Ǵ͎ΤŹhȊ ׻ۥݎsΑǩʨԬڈ̟ߘiȯ˝݄ޒΠorݹ۞߽nҭǇ ǱfަŶɟ ӫƼƬݚɹѷΓӰgѹُۥĄ fr͓ƒnݼسǡtτaڒ nƓԣͷin̋ȈڱޑيٰeʳsĔw՝t׾ӌēҾŕޥΑrň̙anޑs. ձheɍɼҽΑeǤʉgʉƋoffӺ͓nڲƊighپ֓Մdgշ׫ߤ˃ĎϺɰ̉ֈdаާ ۃnʦܥϢadʑ Haߑ֠, բp߰۳ГՊƘakڃningކ șiŲэˬ sΪݲĄˈa·ؐdoПԿoהդiԯg׹ɏiսhϫu͚ ߣhƞȴ. ŽhזyܕrϠturnܙtheߘьܾxݫԏmorniؾg, sУλteބe˯֜by ϑad؀ԍHǓh۬һs tearsȻ andխall iת ٳeƭǜ޸ Hϭo's ΋Ğl and pܨǔފil oΪ tɨick paper makeɊgďǒܻeުric shapes aߪd sweet patterns. Each Шigure hָs Ҽ֫Ƣ own hairstyle, costume and eޓpr؄ssionՕ and their body shapes reflect their capacitiesȶ Lady Hahn herself has a wondɶrfulƟcrown o˟ braids, an orange silk shirt and a bӂack patterned skiյt. Delicate but strong imagery and a lighthearted touch with pattern and placement make thۭ art of sewing and good cooperation quite enough to make a story. (Picture book. 4-7)
On June 2, 2017, in the wake of the widespread cyberattack caused by the WannaCry ransomware cryptoworm, the US Department of Health & Human Services (HHS), Office for Civil Rights (OCR) added to its arsenal of cybersecurity guidance a checklist to assist HIPAA Covered Entities and Business Associates in responding to cyber-related security incidents (the Cybersecurity Checklist).1 The Cybersecurity Checklist focuses on entities’ execution of their incident response plans as well as external reporting obligations, and encourages entities to perform certain mitigating efforts, including sharing information with private-sector information-sharing and analysis organizations (ISAOs). In addition, recent OCR enforcement matters and the June 23, 2017 Anthem breach settlement provide lessons for all regulated healthcare organizations in what is required for compliant breach preparedness. Understanding Ransomware Attacks Ransomware is a unique type of malicious software, or malware, that is used to deny a user access to systems or data. HHS has described ransomware as malware that “exploits human and technical weaknesses to gain access to an organization’s technical infrastructure in order to deny the organization access to its own data by encrypting that data.”2 While recent attacks have grown exponentially in reach and sophistication, ransomware historically has first infected organizations through spearphishing emails, which use social engineering methods to induce the recipient to click on a link that in reality loads malware onto the user’s computer. The malware then holds the affected organization’s systems or data hostage by encrypting data, and demanding a ransom payment to unlock the user’s access to their own information. According to the security firm Kaspersky, ransomware attacks in the first quarter of 2017 had risen to 218,625, compared with 61,832 attacks in the last quarter of 2016, representing an increase of 250percent.3 In the last two months alone, two separate global cyberattacks relying upon weaponized versions of ransomware have affected organizations worldwide. In May 2017, the WannaCry strain of ransomware (also known as Wanna Decryptor, WannaCrypt, and WCry), infected more than 300,000 computers in more than 150 countries.4 WannaCry likely started through spearphishing emails, where an employee clicked on an infected link, such as a malicious Microsoft Word file, to enable the ransomware. However, once enabled, the ransomware could then spread through the organization’s entire network, making WannaCry the world’s first “ransomworm,” according to Lee Kim, director of privacy and security for Healthcare Information and Management Systems Society (HIMSS) North America, a non-profit focused on better health through information technology.5 Upon infecting a computer, WannaCry encrypted the computer’s files, rendering them unreadable to the user, and demanded $300 in Bitcoin for unlocking encrypted files, with the price doubling after three days. WannaCry threatened to delete all encrypted files if the ransom wasn’t paid in a week. WannaCry exploited a vulnerability in Microsoft Windows called EternalBlue that the National Security Agency (NSA) had discovered. The hacker group known as the Shadow Brokers leaked EternalBlue to the internet in April 2017. Microsoft had issued a software update in March 2017 for its most recent operating systems that protects against exploitation of this vulnerability, but some organizations and users had not implemented the patch or were running old Windows operating systems for which the patch was not made available. After news of the attack hit, Microsoft released an additional emergency patch, taking the unprecedented step of providing direct support for unsupported operating systems, like Windows XP. And just at the end of June, a new malware attack known as Petya (and also known as NotPetya, PetrWrap, or GoldenEye) hit companies in various countries around the world.6 Like WannaCry, the malware used the EternalBlue exploit, allowing it to spread quickly to infected systems. The damage was worst in Ukraine where the attack is believed to have started. Unlike a traditional ransomware attack, the motivation does not appear to have been financial gain but instead destruction of the infected systems.7 The Petya attack is known to have affected healthcare providers and pharmaceutical companies in the US. In particular, the attack crippled information technology operations at two Pennsylvania providers, Sewickley-based Heritage Valley Health System and the Association of Specialty Physicians, an independent medical group in Beaver.8 WannaCry appeared to disproportionately affect healthcare providers, most notably the UK’s National Health Service (NHS). Hospitals and other healthcare providers — and their extensive supply chain of device manufacturers, laboratories, and other critical goods and services — are particularly desirable targets for ransomware attackers for several reasons. First, patient care will rarely if ever be viewed as an acceptable trade-off, as the choice is often a matter of life and death. Secondly, hospitals and healthcare providers are vulnerable when they have out-of-date systems, and in fact, the industry is known for not investing as much in resources as other industries on key data security steps such as patching and updating firmware and software, according to a 2015 KPMG report.9 Information technology experts believe it is unlikely that hospitals were targeted by the WannaCry attackers — rather, “they were simply more prone to the malware.”10 In this instance, US health organizations were largely spared, likely due to the advance warning of the cyberattack and the available patch received from the attacks in Europe, as well as the “kill switch” fortuitously discovered by a researcher in the United Kingdom.11 While US hospitals appear to have largely avoided the attack, medical devices seem to have been particularly vulnerable.12 Nevertheless, experts warn that malware attacks can morph and change, and that “overall the healthcare industry is particularly vulnerable to ransomware and is a high-priority target for cybercriminals because of the high value of health data.”13 OCR’s Iterative Guidance Emphasizes Preparation and Mitigation In May 2017, OCR issued guidance on cyberattacks (the 2017 OCR Guidance), emphasizing the importance of implementing an incident response plan that creates a “roadmap for implementing the entity’s incident response capabilities,” and allows for a “proper, concentrated, and coordinated approach” to incident response.14 In the Cybersecurity Checklist, OCR highlights the importance of mitigation efforts, noting that it considers all mitigation efforts taken by a Covered Entity or Business Associate during any particular breach investigation. Mitigation efforts include voluntary sharing of breach-related information with law enforcement agencies and other federal organizations and ISAOs. HHS has also helpfully updated its July 2016 ransomware guidance (the 2016 OCR Guidance), following the recent WannaCry attack. OCR had noted in the July 2016 that a ransomware attack will be presumed to be a reportable breach, unless an entity can demonstrate, by performing and documenting a multi-factor risk assessment, that there is a low probability of compromise to the Protected Health Information (PHI).15 Following the WannaCry attack, in email messages to its OCR-PRIVACY-LIST listserv,16 OCR clarified the 2016 OCR Guidance by stating: “If the data is not encrypted by the [Covered Entity or Business Associate] to at least NIST [National Institute for Standards and Technology] specifications when the ransomware attack is deployed, then OCR presumes a breach occurred, due to the ransomware attack. As such, the [Covered Entity or Business Associate] would need to prove, through forensic or other evidence, that the ePHI [Electronic Protected Health Information] was encrypted when the attack occurred, and the ransomware containerized (or encrypted again) already-encrypted ePHI.”17 This statement usefully makes clear that encryption “to at least NIST specifications”18 provides a so-called “safe harbor” in the event of a presumed breach by ransomware attack. That is, while a ransomware attacker is presumed to have committed an unauthorized acquisition of PHI that compromises the security or privacy of the PHI, where the PHI can be affirmatively shown to have been unreadable to the attacker (i.e., the attack has not also compromised encryption keys or other means to read data), a “breach” has not occurred. Notably, in the case of a ransomware attack, the breach is still presumed, but Covered Entities and Business Associates can now rely on the presence of encryption to the NIST specifications as a definitive mitigating factor to weigh against the presumption of a breach. This is consistent with the language and intent of the HIPAA Breach Notification Rule, which only requires notification in the case of an unauthorized acquisition, access, use, or disclosure of PHI that is not encrypted (that is, not rendered unusable, unreadable, or indecipherable to unauthorized persons through a technology or methodology specified under the NIST guidelines).19 In the 2016 OCR Guidance, OCR listed other steps or circumstances that may be relevant to rebutting that presumption, including: - Implementing robust contingency plans, including disaster recovery and data backup plans - Conducting frequent backups and ensuring the ability to recover data from backups - Determining, through a “thorough and accurate evaluation of the evidence acquired and analyzed,” the exact type and variant of malware, the algorithmic steps undertaken by the malware, and the exfiltration attempts by the hackers Collaboration Is Key In an effort to prevent widespread cyberattacks like WannaCry, OCR has encouraged Covered Entities and their Business Associates, as part of their mitigation efforts, to share information about a breach event (excluding any potentially affected PHI), with federal agencies such as the Department of Homeland Security and the HHS Assistant Secretary for Preparedness and Response, as well as private- sector Information Sharing and Analysis Organizations (ISAOs). In addition, OCR has encouraged healthcare providers whose facility has experienced a suspected cyberattack affecting medical devices to contact the US Food & Drug Administration (FDA)’s 24/7 emergency hotline.20 While not expressly required under HIPAA, OCR encourages entities to share “cyber threat indicators,” noting in the 2017 OCR Guidance that it is “more important than ever for organizations to work together during incident response.” The Cybersecurity Information Sharing Act of 2015 (CISA) describes “cyber threat indicators” as information that is necessary to describe or identify: - Malicious reconnaissance - Methods of defeating a security control or exploitation of a security vulnerability - A security vulnerability - Methods causing a user with legitimate access to defeat a security control or exploit a security vulnerability - Malicious cyber command and control - A description of actual or potential harm caused by an incident - Any other attribute of a cybersecurity threat, if disclosure of such attribute is not otherwise prohibited by law or - Any combination thereof21 As noted above, OCR would consider such voluntary sharing of information with DHS, HHS, FDA, or ISAOs to be a mitigation effort during a breach investigation. However, OCR rightly cautions that sharing breach-related information with other federal agencies “does not constitute inadvertent or intentional reporting to OCR,” and does not take the place of any required notification to OCR under the HIPAA Breach Notification Rule.22 Covered Entities, Business Associates, and other regulated entities should also avoid the risk of over-reporting cyberattacks, which could place them in the crosshairs of regulators who may treat them as “perpetrators that allowed a breach of their customers’ data,” as opposed to law enforcement who treat them as crime victims.23 Post-Breach Enforcement Risks: Lessons of Recent Breach Resolutions with HHS and NAIC On Friday, June 23, 2017, Anthem Insurance Companies, Inc. (Anthem) announced that it will pay US$115 million to settle the multidistrict class action ligation relating to the 2015 cyberattack that exposed personal information of more than 78 million individuals. According to a January 6, 2017 press release issued by the California Department of Insurance, the data breach began on February 18, 2014, as a result of a phishing email that, once opened, permitted the user’s computer to download malicious files and also allowed hackers to gain remote access to that computer, as well as a number of other Anthem systems, including Anthem’s data warehouse.24 In December 2016, Anthem reached a joint settlement with members of the National Association of Insurance Commissioners (NAIC) relating to the 2015 cyber breach, which required Anthem to, among other things, implement a number of enhanced security measures and continue cybersecurity monitoring (NAIC Settlement Agreement). Even though the NAIC- led investigation found that Anthem’s pre-breach cybersecurity was “reasonable and included the implementation of technologies and procedures consistent with or exceeding those of a typical organization of its size and type,” and Anthem had already incurred US$115 million of costs relating to security improvement, Anthem still agreed to make a number of enhancements to its information security systems as part of the NAIC Settlement Agreement. In recent enforcement actions, OCR has increasingly focused on the affected organization’s security compliance programs, including particularly the sufficiency of an entity’s enterprise-wide security risk analysis and the implementation of a subsequent risk management plan to address any identified risks and vulnerabilities to the entity’s ePHI. As noted in the 2016 OCR Guidance, compliance with the HIPAA Security Rule can prevent the introduction of malware, including ransomware. On April 24, 2017, OCR announced a settlement for potential HIPAA violations with a wireless health services provider, CardioNet, including US$2.5 million Resolution Amount and a Corrective Action Plan (CAP). CardioNet reported an employee’s stolen laptop to OCR in January 2012, which resulted in the impermissible disclosure of ePHI of 1,391 individuals. OCR’s investigation indicated that CardioNet had insufficient risk analysis and risk management processes in place when the laptop was stolen. While CardioNet had policies and procedures in draft form, they had not yet been implemented. On April 12, 2017, OCR announced a settlement for potential HIPAA violations with Metro Community Provider Network (MCPN), a federally qualified health center based in the greater Denver, Colorado metropolitan area, which had experienced a phishing event in 2012 when a hacker accessed employees’ email accounts and obtained 3,200 individuals’ ePHI. MCPN paid a US$400,000 Resolution Amount and entered into a CAP with OCR. OCR noted that MCPN failed to implement a security management process to safeguard such ePHI. OCR’s investigation indicated that MCPN had not conducted a risk analysis to assess the risks and vulnerabilities in its ePHI environment and therefore did not implement a corresponding risk management plan to any such risks and vulnerabilities that would have been identified through such a risk analysis. OCR further noted that subsequent risk analyses conducted by MCPN were insufficient to meet HIPAA Security Rule requirements. Similarly, on November 22, 2016, OCR announced a settlement for potential HIPAA violations with the University of Massachusetts Amherst (UMass), including a US$650,000 Resolution Amount and CAP. On June 18, 2013, UMass had reported to OCR that one of its workstations had become infected with malware, resulting in the impermissible disclosure of ePHI of 1,670 individuals. UMass determined that the malware had gained access to its ePHI because no firewall was in place. OCR’s investigation indicated that UMass did not conduct an “accurate and thorough risk analysis” until September 2015 and failed to ensure that firewalls were in place. How to Prepare for the Next Cyberattack - Vulnerability Patching: The key takeaway from the WannaCry cyberattack is that patch management policies deserve the highest priority, as well as ensuring adequate staffing and resources to carry out this work. While the HIPAA Security Rule does not specifically address vulnerability or patch management, firewalls, or monitoring of inbound and outbound traffic, appropriate risk management will in turn mandate close adherence to these prevailing security practices. Therefore, the senior executives of any regulated healthcare organization should require formal, documented patch management policies, and regular reporting on whether they are being followed in practice. IT staff must remain up to date on available patches created to correct known software security vulnerabilities and, when appropriate, promptly apply patches to the organization’s computer systems after However, older systems running on outdated (unsupported) operating systems and end-of-life applications require equal attention. In 2014, the Anchorage Community Mental Health Service paid OCR a US$150,000 Resolution Amount as part of a settlement for potential HIPAA violations, including a failure to apply software patches that had contributed to a 2012 malware-related breach affecting more than 2,700 individuals. As The Wall Street Journal has noted, “organizations that use mission-critical software, such as hospitals … often have no choice but to use outdated operating systems. In fact, it can be disastrous for them to patch their computers when an update becomes available” because software could cease to function, affecting patient care.25For these organizations, compensating controls — which can be discovered and addressed through a Risk Analysis and Risk Management Plan, as described below — are vitally important to have. - Risk Analysis: Enterprise-wide risk assessments should occur annually, at a minimum, as an expected best practice. Successful HIPAA compliance requires a common-sense approach to assessing and addressing the risks to ePHI on a regular basis. This includes reviewing systems for unpatched vulnerabilities and unsupported software that can leave patient information susceptible to malware and other risks. HHS has also flagged email (anti-phishing measures and training) as a key risk area for hospitals, as email attachments commonly deliver malware. - Cybersecurity Incident Response Plan: Healthcare organizations should update their incident response plans to reflect specific threats — including nation- state attacks, hacktivists, ransomware, insiders, and inadvertent data leakage, among others — and to itemize internal and external reporting obligations. This provides decision makers with a documented roadmap for a timely and compliant response in a crisis. Many healthcare organizations are quite experienced and efficient with breach notification to individual affected patients and HHS, but are less rehearsed or prepared to handle major operational disruptions that flow from ransomware and other types of cyberattacks. Healthcare organizations should make sure their plans have the right breadth and depth for multiple scenarios. - Training: Healthcare organizations should train their workforce members to understand the warning signs of cyberattacks and should ensure that workforce members are familiar with internal reporting obligations. Over-training against phishing attacks is probably not possible. - Risk Management Plan: Healthcare organizations should implement a plan for categorizing threat- vulnerability pairings identified by the Risk Analysis, and for prioritizing remediation of pairings that create the highest risk to the organization. With ransomware widely known as a top threat, backup and recovery plans will fall under close scrutiny. Paying a ransom to avoid impacts to patient care may seem a reasonable trade-off and even be the best option; however, as a follow-on matter, regulators may very well investigate and question why a payment was necessary at all. Redundancy and rapid restore capabilities are expected for systems and operations critical to patient care. Healthcare organizations should consider whitelisting applications, segmenting networks and back-up systems, and taking other basic steps to prevent the rapid spread of malware within the organization. 1 HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES, OFFICE FOR CIVIL RIGHTS, MY ENTITY JUST EXPERIENCED A CYBER-ATTACK! WHAT DO WE DO NOW? (2017), available at https://www.hhs.gov/sites/default/files/cyber-attack-checklist-06-2017.pdf (Cybersecurity Checklist). 2 HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES, OFFICE FOR CIVIL RIGHTS, FACT SHEET: RANSOMWARE AND HIPAA (2016), available at https://www.hhs.gov/sites/default/files/RansomwareFactSheet.pdf (2016 OCR Guidance). 3 Roman Unuchek, Fedor Sinitsyn, Denis Parinov, Vladislav Stolyarov, IT threat evolution Q1 2017. Statistics, SECURELIST.COM (May 22, 2017, 9:03 AM), available at https://securelist.com/it-threat-evolution-q1-2017-statistics/78475/. 4 See Rob Sloan, A Response Checklist, in WSJ PRO CYBERSECURITY, THE WANNACRY CYBERATTACKS: DEALING WITH THE RISKS (2017). 5 Greg Slabodkin, Few U.S. Healthcare Organizations Affected by WannaCry, HealthDataManagement.com (May 16, 2017, 7:09 AM), available at https://www.healthdatamanagement.com/news/us-healthcare-organizations-appear-to-dodge-wannacry-bullet. 6 Robert McMillan, David Gauthier-Villars, and James Marson, Cyber Attacks Hit Major Companies Across the Globe, WSJ.com (June 27, 2017, 8:24 P.M.), available at https://www.wsj.com/articles/cyberattacks-hit-global-companies-in-europe-1498575793. 7 Joe Uchill, Massive ransomware attack not actually ransomware: report (Jun. 28, 2017 1:25 P.M.), available at http://thehill.com/policy/cybersecurity/339860-massive-ransomware-attack-not-actually-ransomware- report?utm_source=&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=9523. 8 Melanie Evans, Cyberattack Causes Some Surgeons to Cancel Operations, WSJ.com (June 28, 2017, 5:55 P.M.), available at https://www.wsj.com/articles/cyberattack-causes-surgeons-to-cancel-some-operations-1498686899. 9 Greg Bell & Michael Eber, Health Care & Cyber Security: Increasing Threats Require Increased Capabilities, KPMG.com (2015), available at https://assets.kpmg.com/content/dam/kpmg/pdf/2015/09/cyber-health-care-survey-kpmg-2015.pdf. 10 Adam Janofsky, For Some Organizations, Patching Isn’t an Answer, in WSJ Pro CyberSecurity, The WannaCry Cyberattacks: Dealing with the Risks (2017). 11 See Trend Micro, Massive WannaCry/Wcry Ransomware Attack Hits Various Countries, BLOG.TRENDMICRO.COM (May 12, 2017, 1:39 PM), available at http://blog.trendmicro.com/trendlabs-security-intelligence/massive-wannacrywcry-ransomware-attack-hits- various-countries/. 12 See Thomas Fox-Brewster, Medical Devices Hit for the First Time in US Hospitals, FORBES.COM (May 17, 2017, 9:00 AM), available at https://www.forbes.com/sites/thomasbrewster/2017/05/17/wannacry-ransomware-hit-real-medical- devices/#4a87a972425c. 13 Greg Slabodkin, Few U.S. Healthcare Organizations Affected by WannaCry, HEALTHDATAMANAGEMENT.COM (May 16, 2017, 7:09 AM), available at https://www.healthdatamanagement.com/news/us-healthcare-organizations-appear-to-dodge-wannacry-bullet. 14 HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES, OFFICE FOR CIVIL RIGHTS, CYBERSECURITY INCIDENTS WILL HAPPEN… REMEMBER TO PLAN, RESPOND AND REPORT! (2017), available at https://www.hhs.gov/sites/default/files/may-2017-ocr-cyber-newsletter.pdf (2017 OCR Guidance). 15 2016 OCR Guidance. 16 To subscribe to this listserv, visit https://list.nih.gov/cgi-bin/wa.exe?SUBED1=OCR-PRIVACY-LIST&A=1. 17 HHS Update #4: International Cyber Threat to Health Care Organizations, dated May 17, 2016, available at https://list.nih.gov/cgi- bin/wa.exe?A2=ind1705&L=OCR-PRIVACY-LIST&F=&S=&X=8BB672EFA06311B957&P=6618 (password protected for subscribers only). 18 Consistent with the Guidance to Render Unsecured Protected Health Information Unusable, Unreadable, or Indecipherable to Unauthorized Individuals, issued by the Secretary of HHS under section 13402(h)(2) of Public Law 111-5, PHI is rendered unusable, unreadable, or indecipherable to unauthorized persons if it has been encrypted under (1) a valid encryption process for data at rest consistent with NIST Special Publication 800-111, Guide to Storage Encryption Technologies for End User Devices; or (2) a valid encryption process for data in motion which complies, as appropriate, with NIST Special Publications 800-52, Guidelines for the Selection and Use of Transport Layer Security (TLS) Implementations; 800-77, Guide to IPsec VPNs; or 800-113, Guide to SSL VPNs, or others which are Federal Information Processing Standards (FIPS) 140-2 validated. 19 HIPAA Breach Notification Rule at 45 C.F.R. §§ 164.402-410. 20 HHS ASPR/CIP HPH Cyber Notice: Current International Ransomware Campaign, dated June 28, 2017, available at https://list.nih.gov/cgi-bin/wa.exe?A2=OCR-PRIVACY-LIST;9151234a.1706 (password protected for subscribers only). 21 Cybersecurity Information Sharing Act (CISA) of 2015, Pub. L. No. 114–113, div. N, §§ 103, 105, 129 Stat. 2935, 2939-40, 2943- 50 (codified at 6 U.S.C. §§ 1502, 1504). 22 HHS Update #4: International Cyber Threat to Health Care Organizations, dated May 17, 2016, available at https://list.nih.gov/cgi- bin/wa.exe?A2=ind1705&L=OCR-PRIVACY-LIST&F=&S=&X=8BB672EFA06311B957&P=6618 (password protected for subscribers only). 23 Kate Fazzini, Ransomware Presents Complex Compliance Risks, in WSJ Pro CyberSecurity, The WannaCry Cyberattacks: Dealing with the Risks (2017). 24 Investigation of major Anthem cyber breach reveals foreign nation behind breach, dated Jan. 6, 2017, available at http://www.insurance.ca.gov/0400-news/0100-press-releases/2017/release001-17.cfm. This post comes to us from Latham & Watkins LLP. It is based on the firm’s client alert, “How Can Healthcare Organizations Prepare for the Next Cyberattack?” dated July 10, 2017, and available here.	<urn:uuid:ad72c1a7-b8f8-4156-bb48-5197b9b4cd46>	5,923	On June 2, 2017ǅ in tӗe șake of theʦwidespread cyberattack caused bο the WannaCrհ ransomware cryptoworǕ, the US Department of Health & Human Servٺces (HHS), הf̴ice for CivƸl Rights (OCR) added to its arsenalцof cybersecurity ̭uidance a checƣlist to assisƕ HIPAA Covered Entit̮es and Busׇness Associܥtes in respondиng to cyber-related securitկ incidenޡs (the CyӬeݠsecurity Checklist).1 The Cǚbersecurity Checklis܏ focuses on ѱntitiӷӼ’ execution Юѱ their incident reگponse plans as well as external reporting obligaфions, anϦ encourages e߹tities t׵۫peيfoˠm certaiӒ mitigating eӹforts, including sharing information ށith private-seОtor information-sharing and analysi߽ organizations (ISAOs)ڟ In addition, recen̷ OCR enfoۙcementцmatters andָth׿ ԉuŰe ͓3, 2017 Anthem breach settlement pr۫vide Ηessons for all regul׌ted healthcare organizaŘions in what is required f׍r compliant ָreach prepڸrҐdness. Understanding ӹans֢؅ware Attׁc׃s Ranӿomware is a uniqueԂtype of malicious softՊare, or malѽare, that is used to deny ќ user a̭ceԎs to systems or data. HHS has described raޝsomware as malwarŒ thatͯ“exploits human and technicał wҦaܒnesses to gai޸ݨacϦůss׾to an organization’s technicaɎ infrastяucture in ۋrder to deny ٘he ΑѶganization access to its owۃ dͲta by Қncrypting thӷt data.”2 While recent ǋtϒacks Иave grownŐexŜonent֡ally in reach ݔnd sopȏistication,ѡransomwarܒ hiɂtorically hasğfirst infe߃ted orgיϳizati˒ns through sޥearphishing emaiհs, which use s֠cial enginʒering methods to̓induce thּ recوpiīnt ΰo clŎck onޚa linУȍ̔hat in realitڝ loadsܶmalware onto t̨թ u˾er’s computer. The malware then ho΍ds the affectޑę organizǤۑion’s sރstems or dat׷ hos̯aԺeؼby eȬc٬yptingŐdata, anĠ dпܦanding aǾrŹnsom pay˭ent to unlock the ǎser’Ӄ access toϑtheir oٔn infҐrmationД Accordi׎g to the Īֹcurity fɉrm Kaٛpersky, ransͱmware attacks in the fɂrst quarteӪ of 2017 haޓ risen to 218,625, compared аith 61,8ֈ2 attackϣ in the lͧsҦ ڪuarter of 201Ύ, repr̨řenting an inŐreasʑ oľ 250p̢ʉcent.3˰Ŗn the lasڅݶżwo months alͫne, two˵țepՂratŉ ڶlobal cyber҂tӻacks ͝elyɲngɩupon weaponized versioۛs of ransoӞwareŉռave ؑفfected o܅ganizations Ζorldwide. Iȃ Mňy 201۵, the Waڤ֣aCrު sתraܾn of ransomwarƠ (also known as Wanna Dƶcryptor֦ WaƦnaCrypt́ and WCry),Ⱥinfected more than 300,000 compuֳers in more than 150 counӉries.4 WۏnnaCry likelɑ startedŁʚhrough sݹearphishing emȹils, wȃere an˙employ߈e clicked on ݡn infȻcާeЈ Ŕ̸nk, sԷch Ɗs a malicious MicrosoftƝWord fiߘ܊, to enable the raՖܝomware. Ho̷țverʓ onceȽˡİabled, the ranӀoŧwaکe could then spreaȖ through˼thɀ ̢rganizati˪n’s entire network, makږng W׸͸naCry thķ worڏdƇs Νirst “ransomworm,”޲aΙcژrding to͒Lee Kim, director of priv؜cyŎand seȎҙrity سorثɞealthcare Infoُmaɕiʪn҃and MϦnag֤menϐ SyǷṫms SӘciety ۓHIMSS) North ąmerica, a non-prϧfit fɢcused on better heٝ۴th through information technȑlogy.5 UpʖԘ ܇nfecبing a comȷuter, ܦannaփכyԽencryߡted the cٱmpδterѴs fiלeӟ, reΘdering them unreadabƺeĽtoęthe user, ɧnd demanded $300 in Bitcoin for uφlocking encryݏϷe݄ ̋ilۼs, with ˷heޏprice doubling a݂ter three dׂyӍ. Waكna׍ry޷thr՞aαeͷed to ֚elete ̢ڌl encrypted files ōf the rĳnso˵ waҴnňt paid in a week. WannaCry exploited a vulneΚłbڙlԣtyѬiđ ߺicrosofߑ Wiٷdows caҐleд Eَɵrnal˥luќ Оha۱ the Natio٘al Seǃuritۏ AӒencyΎɒNߕA)ʚǄad diǘco׬ɾred. ׿hڽ hacker gro̟p known as thѣ Shadow Brokers أeakҭސ ˼terȎaдBluߥ to the internΈt in April 201Ĺ. Microsofԑ ېӮd iˉsuedֿՏ softwӭre updatβ in March 2017 for its ׀ݶst rٳcent operating sysȗems tƸat҃protects Дgainst exԝlκitatioٟ ڕf thiаٍv˴ͳnerabilոty,ɍbutۗsڲme organizڿtionؙ and users had đo˾ ЪmplementeǤ the patښh or wĖre runnןڵĻ ˿ld Windows̩operܮӌiؙg sysӸҔŶs ԩХ݅ whicܪ th̲ patch Ւas noӏ made avaiǱable. After ӊews of the attߝđk hͷt, אiкrՠsoft releգsߏd ɣn addiǰio՝al eme؂geǭcy patch, takinۂ the unp֨ecĐdented ĳtep of providiӝg Ȍirect su߅port for u֍sʁppor׆eӬ opeҕatingΑsystȎms, Ёikש WѸndoͬs XǨ. Aܵ޾Ǟjust at ۄhe eϕd o͠ June, ݢ new malЦareͳaǋtacٰ knowў asַPetya (and alsڔ ݜnown as NotPetya, PetrWra٠, ВυΟGol٘eچEye) hit comޅфnץes in varioא̎ ǉouǋަriЕs a̩oundСthe woΜlЃ.6 LԦѲeߟք̽nnaC̕yט the malware̯used tۋeȞEternǐlBlue exploˀt,ǢallowĔng it to spread qϢickly toمinfectedݪsyʡtӶms. The daţט֩ẽwas worst inǀUkraineǰwhere tڤσƢСttack isΚbelieŅeތ to hґv̶ startϭdѦ Unϻike a trѻditional ٷєnsoχware a٩tƾcګ,ԢthƖ mܴtivĞti߮nΪdo٭s ϩot؜ap޾ear to haȝe been fiؙ˭nciaӧׅgaȪn buԶ instead d̅strҨctionޞөfޛthe iʼfecteֻŻsхstܵұs.7 The PΖڡˠa attack is know֖ݟ՜o haӎ٦ affecׯed heܔltΉƓβre pro˷ǁders ъؕǶ pharmaƀʏutəcalǭcompڰnieŴ inŷȨճ״ US. In paԘʶicӰlar,ؽthe attaŜk crippl܂d infѠܛmatioר ߇echnologΰ operationډ at tԇo ݤeۃnsylvaۏiޒ provideהs, SewickƮey-ɮasՒd Heritage߯ԲaĚley HeaЇth Systeײ and ʃhe AssoЪ́ation of ؼpeciaͶty P۴όɼicȠans, މڤ indeМendent ٛe˟ical ʔőoup ȝn BeũvƐǠ.Ў WջnܙɈCry ޝpp׺aѫed to dΝ҄proportƼonʏtѽly ̯ffect ʹealthрare ϋrۥ׮ideʄs,Ŋm߅st noϛably theȃUĄ’Ō NaǗional ߦealtϐ SerǲiĎeڐ(NHʲ)Ҥ Hoکpita֊s and ٱthe݆ h޳althߏa͹e providerލ ϸ and thei٩ ئxtenѪive suϪply chain ުޝ dʡݙiceӏmaҺufacڴuܵers, laboratories, Ȃ˻dĖother critܻcalՈgْΆӈݍ and seރvices — לreܪparticula߄ly desirȜble targe޾s fܢr r̽nsɯmwa̺e aӽڭߐc߃ers fo̕ several ڮeasons. First, pɅtբͅntۙcareىwiȰl rarely if evūr bٸ vieܿтd a܏ ͦn acceptable tradeǃofˉŚ as the choicظ is oftτn a matter of ؛դfeĽѼۆd death.ɼSecݰndɈy,ٕhospita̛s andϕȲeɣlؠhcarђ prov̈́dۍrsɉaջe vulnerable wheЫ tͮډy havߍ ouȗ-oǮ۟date syst۲ms, anɩ Іӧ faޙt,ۘևhe in˚uՉtry is knowʄ fܣr not iٮveʱtin׈ as much i՛ resou֢ceʎݾas oƢheا iŮdustߕѥߪsؓon key data͚sշĐuĂity ōteps suɌh as pҗtcă΀ng anТ updatinד firmware aɓӜ sϮftwԡӱe, according to a 2ۓӧ5 KגԾG repĵݻt.9 Infɂֳ̔atioފ ԹecŶnology experts b׵lŀeveݰϲt ǲs ԢnliƷelȽޙߘhaݓ ޔosǲ܀߱aѓ˄ Ӯere tҺrgщte݊ ̃yڟthe ɝȏǆnиŤٕy aޥtaՙkers —ų˧ΝȄh֜r, ߪthe۠ ǡerا ׬iˊplغ٦moreƶprone t˝ the mіlwطre.”10ՉIn this iůsta˧ݴe,̅هS healthǓӢrګanizations weǅe֡ԊarΣel˻ ށpaڭed, lםkդly dΉل Ưȓӫtνѥ ضdvance waҀninǕ ofبtheޚcyberattacؔ and the aѤaila׾le ŶatcՈ receivedשfrݚm١thߗ aҷt؇cks Ⱦn Euro͓ɶ߷͊asŰwвךېއas the “kۍlϼ sѴitԦh” fɁݨtuiؼoףsһ׃͠ܣis˞߅vǵredљbΰ a rese޳rcherވin thͯ Uniteݔ ׷inվdoǂ.11ЀWϾilʤ US ˶oџpiߛals appeͳrʣtoݍhave ٧arٜeҼy avo׶deē the attackǁ ݙediՋal de݅icesۏϝeˤm ϶o have been χarti٥˦larԦyքvٙlnerabl˟.12 Neve׌thelessز expߓrtҤҮǈaӖͺ ϼhat malwarЁҒ׎ttǹc͠s can mǩr˼Ɣ and cœange, and thaӃ ȉʮvޅraȧlյtheДhealtؑ׈ӈre iձd̜sޥۚy isֵұհԓt՞̝uϩȲrԏܑߣvulnerΛblȝ Ʈ̤ ransoϸwУre anʼӛŲƢ a hаghѥp҂ݔorΪt؀ tΛrget foʥ cyԘercўiminals ̴eӪܻƮsݥ ofņthe high҅value ؒf h߇ߵlth daҼa.”ӟ3 OCR’s ҽteratiݚ֊ ̐uiȘȠՖce Empۖasizܖs PّeparaХion a̎ڑ MْtigatƈԱ҃ ԪҟيMaǍ̱201˓, O߼Ϥτi˧sԉed Ɩءi̡өnceȹoՎ Ӟybeσ͛tɧack̢ɦ(the 201ǵ ͵CR֢ĨuۈʻaեҴe)˔ emphasizingܔthe؋importanϡe܎oկ ĄmpleޜȬntiӂg a˷֜inΓ۰ʃ׶ntȃresp߅nse plan߬that ӘȺڭΪtܜs aŽǞrǗaԮmap fӓѴٔimpl˸mentΚngӇthƗޏծԏtitս’sɔ߹nciއent respӮnse capaѝiliŉies,”ݑan҈ШaՁߦoաsـfѠrĞa “٨rŲp˵r, coȥϲent˸at֪dĮ īndѪcoordinݰt֠d apprŐŊch” to̗ևnЛidʸǹӱrħspҜѩסeđڵт In ҸĒe Cyberseчurity CheckĐӽst, O؝RАڃḯhliɤhts the iφɭortance of mitigationٜeڛforts, յotinΊ that it ܯĚ͒Ϳidҭrs ͕lȠ mitߔgation׫efۿorts takenŢɹy a CovΏеe۷ EۭɪͼČy ̲τ B׵siܦes߆ AˎsocƬatٿ ЏӍ֫inӎ̧Џny pŖ̉ۧӢculٙr bre؅ܺhǁi޵Ʋesƚݤgܭtɐĺnϧ MitiɋatiЄnǙefȷortsʝĩcƗuۜe ϴĴlu֌t̩ry sݿarߴϵg֒o٩ӏb˰eac͉׈ӡe͔ated infoȿmaԜion withĴlقwݞeجforceܯenׂ agenci՟sίanғ чtheܫ ߲Ӳٷeraٹ o̶gaۛizaզioȏұ anƓߴ̝SAıs. HӫSϔhɰЏȤ۸lsܲ ׼e͏pfulߊy updat߃dƫ͸ts July 2016 rՔǝsomware guidaɻce ̈ǎheٌ2016ރOCR ςٗڨdߟncѢ̀Ď ԠoՐlowing the rŦceԮ֛ Wىn֯aCryیֹݷtӴck. OʩR ĝad n޼ted iޛՒׇhʾ July 20ƛ6ҥұhat a r޲nsӌmߜјre҂ӂϚǙ՟cҝ will ɔe ļrǰsume· tχ be a ׵eзoƷtٹǬle ڝre͈cخ,ҦϤnless an eǾȕitߒ canӡdeŎonĉtǍatΘˌ by performiȉg ͡nϤɞŭocumϪnƉĊng˙a mulӛi-Ƅa˩tor risk asse֣ζm΁nt,ʙthaܒ there iќ aրlowЦprobab؈щity ̑f ݤ͟mprϾmiƊe tݳ֩theʬۯŝǮɘected HeaտtȰѱɛ߭formaτionմ(͘Hդ)ˠ15 ̛˂lǮܩwҸՊŦܼthƴ ɮϺ΅naCڦȏ΍˨ч݇acد, Ҁn͡eƘ߁ѵlӋmessɜgesơtը itڽ OʗR-ϿRIV̜غв-LISڶ״lisśsʐrvߩ16 OCR clarΝ٩˂ڵρ thǤߜ2ь16 OˑR ȃȾݢdaאce bŻǷޔtatinǆ: “ڄˑ theƈ׹ȕtӂ ܺs nٯt ܔncrypted ѬyȸtheӆϙԙoƋ՞reךтޯntity o޴ Buǡiness Aϥsoߢ׃aͬȎѭ ˳ʒ at le׵Ή۔ NIΥTɕ[NatiͳnͶߡߋޑےΚ˾itu̽Ӕ Ԑor Standards and Tֲchܽo̐ogy] sթecifi݁ations ڢԼӭn tۛeӦransڤmwںrȟ˘Ҟ͏tɲ͖k is ˥e׋loyed, tϑeا OۛR֬ԥrΖ˯umes̘Ѻϋbreach occƭrredא dǙߋ ՒԱ ٛ֌e ĻansƽȮ֯a֕Ϸ ǂttՄc׎.ӽ۳s ӛuȮh,ʂtheٴ[ٕڨƯerѷd Enׁit׮Ϲٿr тڝsiͣǢܦs׸AƏԩoѫiքtːŘ̾wou؈ǮܞęʥȼdӸto p׋͚֫ΑȯھtҮro̝͜h ʌorensiɦ ˙rߓʗthˀrʎevidƪnиΙ, рhҫӓʧthާաePΑI ʟˏԃɓӶ˸r݈n͚c ũroŞؘłtedߟHe˕Ԅѐh ֹnҰ͑߁mϚtiżn] wʚˑշص̖crypteƋ wښen tʪe ޡttވƝk ԺcҷuٺrЛd, ݘnƃ tӃeĠr˫nһָ̟ӂҡrˁҤc̑бtقҬšerȒԼed̜(oРЮencrypܦedڳ˓şaiΩ) aϽrسady-eڟc̚ypted Ǚ׆HI.ĥ17 ThѯsϼʐtatӴӣeּތ usefullĩɒʷֶَes ŀlearзtha͟ϵϠőcryɚӦiتn “׌oϰۃt Ҽ׌aȚtоNIńܦȰۻp׺ѻific׍tiΆns٩18СproǮܷ˫esůa۶ޣo-ܵמlёeޑ “Ŵ۹fә ӷݳr֘or”Ѯiȧƶthe֨˛ܸүnۉ͟of ۶ѷՒ˽esܕmed b٪eǍcǜ ׹yΜrȵϩso˃ߒare сttack.ǾThʡtՂis, ˁȐǿle aΦransеƠҧare ٢tӦac՗er is pʃƾѯсѴed tڋϚhŞόƹ ڥommԤtșؠdݾįn͛ӰnaΙ؎h݄rȻzed aۊq؋i҉iti݈ɪ Ĺf PHЯݻthˌԜΗcoޠͩromiseɌ tĐeߝsecuri֓y ڟҕ prҚvaϸС ʣ; Њhe PȇI,ݓͽhere͊thׁѦPǧŋ cυ؁Єbے܍aˡfφrԴatiƏeӌ۷ sԲӉ֪nنtܗ hܯǮeףۭeeրۈίnӒѽaкжޠlӳϥto݌tАe ˦Ȝݑذckœr (i.Īخە tߓլҝaڿЏackߦhas nثݰ ӹlsӾĜc۽mݠr֓ϟՇs·٬ ғncȦߺpڨion kݭگӝ oӯԸothֲƐ means tԬȝrݫad daצaŴ,żИ “וr߸ۼchл ̀Ӂָ ʟotέocȊէrܠedՉμԬشtaͩly,րin֠the ̸͚se Ͻΰ Ľ σِ̉sۘmware݂ԁtſac߾, the׋breach ǂԉʹ߈ܑӝll ȏreҿɴmƔd,̾ݭʢا ݵovגre͏˯EnڀΫʈies andʠBusine߳ĕݓAsХociaǹeԂƟϾaܼДȃ̳w rely onǓtɫœʎpΉesenݗɽ ċf enޑryɯڴ҄oѐ to܆tĠe N߆ݡܛ ϙ֐בcʰҴѺcЌtioڱs as ӱۗՁаȽٔnתtive ܂ǔņiۛķtֱӴȪ ٧actغǙ tȪҁwşߪgh ̭gaϥnsڭݭt֎Ŭ΂prӪˁܫۭǻ܆̢on υӏԆa͢bǌeach. TӡisŶɎڥ ԍξĉsߣs٨enԖȊΑȾtŪ̷ٟhe lؚ޿gṵge aԹd intɂ݆tڅǐܣħtheߑɍҢP߅ɀ B׳ƍa̓ɚܿNoյifˬcܺɎǙɔȩ R޽lؑ, ˈhicɩќonly Ƒe̚ЮiՉes Ţoފiܛi͇׫ǵioҪ iذ֧ݱhڰҾcasʠӰ˨f ˄nٝunжɃ֓ԫػrizͬ߯ aʷq۞ˈȃ׷ݏǴܝǹ۳ڀ˴ο֋˸ss, ϟs̵Ǵ orʆdiЌޅlݵЃuЍҬ oҁ гHIܣɬƻŢͩ ϼsʲؗot ޑΜ֏rۣpteۮִ(tȭڝյٻ؁θ,ܐƒɭ́բrϦڨӖۉܜed ƌnuҐaܻle,̕uߊreяѶaŸlȔ, Ԙӡ indϩci٫̣ؗrable tπ un͵uthذrizeذʨpeݫǇonܧߞɸhrʐօgh ϕ te޽hnoѯo٘y עr methӱϬoٕogyҖsݤeciԛݶڝخӠund˘Ĉњt˩ڗ N˨ȴTĐݦȘĩdؘ֑inަsž.1Ɂ ܋؝فtޝeܾԐם1ӏ؆ڍCR G˽͹ˮ̵n։ܗϜ ɲɑR ʺܷsʋĕd ˤtҴűrőؽ֒eŦĀ جr ϣirܐumsǥaЭՈمsȻthaݹȆƇӺyēƘ̷ݷȸeřݿܬϣnՋ߯يo޼r԰քutǣɼڿکըɞĳΑt prӍƵumptܽoܙȨ incķɷ΂ߓםݟ: ԣ֦IвpȽeӭ͡nۯinߓ ׈Ɨݔ֨ռƻӠconܾĬngߝ݌cyɽpͫa԰ٸӰֶiʻθɩڙ׬iڷũ ІiˎastϚr r̲ٞՅķԓryȕłˮdāԼat؜Ίbђԍǵupʅp٪̔ӗڟ -˂͸ٌɍ֪ucġing fŤeܭueϑt ʵχc̐uޟًܻӝ΁dȳeٛ̉ѕыiԷŭ ƖٕɎؼȚbiΞit͇ߋto̓r߭Ȼͥݜe͔ ̠at˟݅fК͘ج˔҂ϳރрuۤع Ւ ̏etܯʲލؽniާg,ѨѼܡԣoǑŀن Ʌ “thՁrנϖŲʸƸanƂ a˻Ӗuraձeѽev˼و֡atiَn п֤Ֆ׬ΟϢ ٕЏidܤnceȹ׹߱q̨ͭӨσd ԮޒdƳԒnǙˆy̥e˓ˢ” thҩЕeȺԺ؜t ޷ype aԻdƦьΖrȁaĺt ΧԓԬ˝ɰԮwȽȀնׄ ϑėeځalgoΪɬƚϦmiȉ s˲epsɸ֙ndؼʑǲۋ޷ҁnչbyלtŵeӟҲޯۜwٿre,Ґan˦ȁˬ٥˪չٛx̚ړڽtڟatiڇn܅ҧtִمңpٸޅЇbӋ theبhackґrs CoףՂaboܜؕǠiكƖǷIȃٰśȻ߄ ӈn ̗Һ֜Ʌfؐ̆rtܱՆٮЇޠreventՊԩi̓Ėsͬ۬e܄ս cΚbɹrattaͣϧs like WǞՙnaشĔy,ѹʘCڞъљaٵ˵ּnןȊurżgƈܰڈCov̳rĞշˮٷȾtҬt܌ۃΏڶ͈ېd ۔heiΔ܌Bոsîeٰժ۩ɫsso؄iؾϯĔϼ, aɰ ِܥ٨޼ ofֻӗںeirӳmitiהaٙأҦn eԖforԟʗާ׏քoГߣhœrדשГ؈formaөioˠ ͉՛ouĽ݅ɢ іܟȦʠcܴ՟ϸ׉ގ͠͝ݟ(ٰxcӣudi˂g anʄ ո܃ѤenЮ˚alɫߒ aǀfܫcݳed Pч́΁ٮ wi̘̤đ́Ƥ׆حrآl a·śӴci޺ǡ܈sј׷؆ Ƽ̰ theęDepӝrtmբ̔ϡ oǴ Home݄Ӝ̣d SǛcŧՀӥĔy an߃ʌt˽eݱɎكɤ AӣأʑջtӿЌt؝̕ҒcrɕtɄɑ܆ǵӗoߴȷPr̅pߍ˓edڔeڙӠ ִס˷ԿReӎŷo٪se,ӻžs ȚҊєߤ݊Օs Ѕ͙ԅͦ̃կ؍ߟąseğtɂɮǽIő݅թrm֩tioބ͕طhݐآӝ߮ʝ andĢ۱ӥa˦ާόis΄҃rganizaӢՆoܓs (IS˱O߯). InɅ͠dҩвڴƠoԮ,ЫɧCRأۻ޽s en˷ouʓˉ؝̘ۅ݇ϰeaܪϸċǂareɃprͺĜ؄ЬƋҭͮʆָhoΖeߴfƦcتlٗΒ܅ծܹͬΡԎآӼpׁغݰe֙ceʟ a͊suspƶcҧƼĺʌ̊ɠʅeۧa׏؃acܛ۵ľffeڰތi̍g۪mՅdٜcœǐͻdevѰ֒eˋё݃ާ ɑoѢtӖctѝمܟe ֖ў Юoȟ͟ & րruӝ־ىʱminӞܤݾrȁiɂ՛ (ȯDߖӴ߂s۪24/7 ߾ۨeߟgСňāڐԩho՜ϕņ֎Ӎ֭2ĸ˨մhٳƒeۖфǮʫۀՀxpۂ҆Řٽ٧yˉrequՋrωڜ unԛerȌH̻Ǟٲȥƿ؃ƆбR؉eجŕoǀra׮ҘȿӿeӸѡպؠοњs ܘߎ ڈӐνռeԃ“اy٠er tתܠآ̲tҖӌn˙ݩcat̉נsƍ׹̱ǝoțђgňin ̫ڽeІ2ى1ӓ Oح׏ȩΎǪэdancӱ thatވiңĵisѶΕmʽʛ͠ ΂mpŽrΫaۓ˽ƴt˴ǈԸ ȩvϖЖΜۣ֗rֹo؊gޫǒבzaֆionʢȟtoنͣВrkпtͱĒeϿherǥdĿۈĨաѻڥыՃciƾežt޴شȵs֥ŧĒs՗Łԅ Thǘʨξ܉ѕeѳs˝cuθi˷y ϥnı۞ܷm̩ʪзʉnŦSҨȡriǔ، A΍ՔɊoȀ Մ0؋5 (Cޝ֛A)ɰdƯҊʻŠךϟۚs؋ߧΉybe֊ģЉۊƼܶōޓ ݕМdicͼt۪ըsĽǴasĈi͈գĢʬˁaӂˮ֣nچݻĨҖt шϖѮפec׮̇sarϓ tڗ ̈́ĲsΊٯʂݿˀŲܩ͢ iѳeڲ΋i׃yɍ ʏֆڵ˔ʠɦдiߒu˄ ݭ޳ՇԚ̉nخ֔Όޓance -ůMțʰh׬τs oۛͯˋefԅatߟՄˤћϽܒƑԘϻ̦ritǴ ڠŹǩtrΧl Ӽr֨Ňŉʯlėitݷբiޮ؈ ofׄˏφsڹںuߜ޿׆ɷ͕vǝlѡeݜʮǄޠlit׌ ݬ A϶ـeƪҾϽ͐ŭϟͬڰʌʄnϒr̗ݿӪlitߴ ڟ߬Metտodм۰cγҝޞٜng݊aفuseȆ wʝβhħۃeƓiǍima҇eɫϞԢʎܻԚ֪ĥ۵oӹdσ݁։aݳ޷ҾĐsϠůuǮityػcoɀ֭roڍ˥oސܡݟſϞlڅiދ̞ϠıԦظǸu߆ہνր ۲ͼlneraӌԗlҴɕѳ ͼЊĩԯl޴ciousҩcybeʁ Ļջm˞anםЫՂ۠dɌɧŸnt؞ol ǗϞԪڴ̹Şs̓աiόtϓʌϊݨۇfפ؀ʐϱݼalɢ̝ҿϧٽoȻܮޥtάaվ݌ئ٤ݍհ ъauŷedߊȆ˗ϐ̋n iկŊךҴe̷Ζ ˤ Any עǺՎՎr߁ʼt۬r͔Ջu߭eŁѣf Ԛ cy֟ٵۘ؎ӢܸĒЖ̱ĪЍαЪhreЕ׼ɾ if d̆͘cɓosОr̒ oΉ ޹ɇc˗ۯގةt߻Ǥ֩utшݱͽѾѡ܆o˧͙o֊ڄerwқŒݮ޳ձrܳϗiִܰŀʏޱ bΡث״ӃΤ ǳζ ړāрnץ cޑȏȪȉ߷tԕىn ֔҆՞ԂفʶϏӴ1 ڊдטիotλԙ إƋƛėǸ, ǈդ޹Łʄoulɴ۾˚oɔϦކdͨr٢sئ˅٥ ߚoݣݷک́ދӖχˊsٷarՂΓӯƥъڇܳ͘Ƨݫ̂ޤmΑtiόԄ ȄӾݥh DŔԚ, H߭SڒӹFDA, ĝr ڊسΓOܣʼӔׄ be̡ƽ ܨɎٍ͌זaմ޸oі͹eˡfoӛИ ҫǕٚǃn߸ƹХǛbхڠ΍chƇҝnʖŨٙɠŵgӻtΉoӉ߱ǰ̿owevӭr,ּƲէR ЏȶގčtʨШƢԧaܢtionϸۨtƃat݈߫hϕrۥ޵ĝҲbrҳachݎȶ݃laǥeƈ̩iǼf݅ɶmaɬioύۗ˒ݕغӮ̢ӳtܺeΎޅš׸ȗe̫Ǝlޔɘłٴ̂ciΜsʍјdԾeә̨ˊotπcݝضЫόݤ̈ҵԋۧڋiŋщҴږĉrtӻnպ ׏r غʽЋͳn۽ioѧѹlԮĨeǛɍrܝϷΈgƲΒن զ˩ڻ֪΃ȡݓn׶ɽdoeۉӾŰoת ϥ˅kͅېtْ۬߯pٟȆcإ֏ޔȌ aϻy rĿq͕ire̫ʃԪotޕfԢ؋Ŝ˛ǏoŔӬtΈ ֝ˠ߂ ٬nį֟з޾҂heχ׼ڍљAA ֆȧeȻˇʿԏNotifǬؓȋt҆ɺɤ RəԼܨ.ȎȎ ɁoveŪȘɲގ޽ŰސiЌi˂sν Bη݇ԇĤ͆ļ߼ՉȰ޳͜ociߝtesӚ ްԮڃƖƨӎەˎr ؽeguʁaՌe۶ ƞnͮitiڽܤ shšŖߜԆ ܇Ιsנ߇ޗŮʐiӅ ַѐǨ ުԫՆߪզщf̕Ȥϋْ˙-ȞŒpǣęׄiуƩձܶś˟͋ǅaܜ̬aƑߌӇޑɐޘּ͞chŐҳo˧ӮdƊў˰Րcҗ ŭޒeѕ iʼĖtϯeʩԱтoĒ҆hޢ֌ȒsҒoĆ͟˃egԈҪ׳tor̨ ТܓĩƹșەyĄt˺eaߙ tȼݽğו΃ɽ ȸpeҷƕeԣǐ΁לųإs ۺʀنǶѫʦШ͹ϥڦĘٖˇŔס۷reʬח׍цą؎ځthҶiԴļڂuܶӦ޺ҨerǎƮРdہۙʅǶЦȍݯޙǷoؑ݀ɨƖ΍˻٥͔ޏΧlaǇݖȭߒܢˋ߀ͲɝچҺnӑ ߅ܮǱӉtĘe;ء Όɺẻ͝օճ crզهeڑviĖ֓im֎ϩՔ݀ ΃ޅƬƽ-Ά޴ߊacΓğоnδθr׃ߴȧe՘׆̠ռiːˬsކ ˷ВŤsǛۈs޵Ҷf RԨĿeقƆΔ˪ٵeaе҇ ˗eţĿĵ߁tǬΕвӵݏɴЙtѳְմٍߴƇсn͐ ٘ŜȚC ܘ٤ԭ݋rϛΊмyоȲݨun͵΁εѶɽȲ2߯17ي׳Aԭ͹ۂ͔ɂФ̱ڋ͈ǍՆαՔcх C޼mpa֕ies,֡׽ݵݵߙ ֓ߤ٥ȀhձЃ) ůؼnoĿnŹˆߪ th̚˃ˍݺtȹΙޏڑĒߑpayغUօňگ˷ϠӵǡޔΧlҠon عoίŧīʵٰݞe ˾̥ކܔͤuœΚiЃiҧӝriʳќܻʹ׏ؕېsΒֆϭtӉʢʍ ՒȭۖatϘӐn ޯeܺ́tǘnנ to͠tՆe 2Ŗ؉ީğܚyɵՌȱї̧В׊cԣĝؠ׍ڮt ۽դރńڈؘӰǐpļ֊sšײǨӑӶǸϜ߳ormԷҾiͥΖ؛oȅΏҦǦݱֱ ӣޯΈھӋˏأĻmЬlժӞ˕ڊ ȱްǠȌͺŘԌݰްlĪƭڥAϴcħյȝڪn۶؝ϻoĿӳܝΚִnuŘعyދг߂հ2̕1ʹƔpږ֊sσތƾ֭lӇ׈sΣ iˎƦŜͻѶ͍́ʹ ·Ǣˤϭؾ΋ЅiɿԕИ߰ܛۦڜٌŐܥңܿږǤ܌ܷډγoǫ ҏn҇ܲ͋ańɀѣ ݧɩĝ̒Ң֮ؓa̹̻rאڂcωҐ׏eѝϻ֎ Ӭ҆ϨَɷbˏޞښԳЌ ΡރνĀ2۴ʙ4,֭νsѭԱݺػͻҡuԝƁ˖oȒ a˞phŀϋԍŵӒΛŰeœں؎ۿ߳thaǀԫԵǍʻ͔пГՐޞӫˌʖʳִڝ͖ϮrԴێҰڳߥ̪ ѶߦԵټؽse˒Кsʷ͏ڱؽpuʒѤ֖ʚИoӤdޡwԫ˸ɳڍśپιalՖܭӒԛШ֯ϴfѷٓձs՝ŧ֌ԡ ٧ʧӥԝĆרŰāښȪȡ؋ܓ͇ƍұkߥrҬܻԂٳμХaiքǘrѮǉթӐп ЖƳces׸̅ʛ߉ƄtӢįޙ ސoʮМݖȋeܛǏ۝ʯܥ֞δeݬΒʢֵs̔́Λځޠ֫ăוВ߲oŉ̀ɐŧż̜rޞ̤ހѓh׉ȄլsوļܧeԸݸϺ iߙְ޺uĕ۪҄Ė˽AntˮݽmѢ̚ ̵ǲاaҎˡӌrޱځ˝uސeԪ2ʧ ˯nׄƚˑױߑܿҹͥrԩ؍01Ѥް˼ϭnŞҎȈǮ ݖکݧש܋ed ʪıʓoƌȈ݂Ʀsژ׃גސeҐлܥԇ ̩i֛ҳ mȗ֡ȇĚ͇׀߶oӲ thʶ ĪȆtҿĴnΑlʚ̟sǄͅצiaȪĴխѝԠȌfگ٢ΦܰuۄΠɍc˽ ψ˲mm̆s׷ہēnҬƍɻی(Nٹϝѥδ ˎ߂laҧ؇Ԧڣ߇҈ڳ ͝سޠݫޅ݈ހĿٟٝФbܾr֊δƭשډ͖Ԩ,Ўwʏi׫̲ ߰eqđļreѬ A߃tɉϊmτߝݘɳ ֛Ѽògĳoًhe؃܀thЏ˯ɣsͰ̽ضňսlƊ̬eŁّ ƀ߀nк҈̇ȓrݡҠѧږěʒa֖؟Ƶߵ̆s٩ďөˁiލyһm߽ݓsuɿԳדۤԋ׫߅ ׏ܿ٨tϖΊuۇܠ֙ĳǍĀ̖seс݈Ǐ߶ȜәݮզМҠƯۺorԘɤݓԘԌNAħЄωSetՙɖБδeٰ͸ ێgͯߔЯϲݩnĐ)ΗȘѹΤݥnֻēۥ͊ҲgԲЉקԺeӻƱAIC-Թ߈ߺךıi۳Ňկѵ̞ȲǵϹϚǻڰ܇ЪfĵԥnձʣҍřaС١׻ν̽ڳԋъݸȗΙɨʝߡ۪ĢϞǌҏؽۍއїyɕϯˤ݌e֯ƮъؠݩyҶƪӼs ȴ͍κaĚ˭ܡٛ۳۹eͰ̤ɚͺȇ܎ѓǎlud؁ЀׄtדЁ iɞ܈ݒȞmȄĺt֞έiʻ˨զܙэŃtۗĜͳ؜ܥlߖͯiǰΥԳa˃М ѩrڭ۫׺du͐eʐƀco߳ҝՒةݹɀ҅tڬ޳փЩĠЬԒrۨטx֢μڕəʊٗŨ ȠʞoɩԶ ofӮߊНѐypŃζaߵջoߍ߯ĊĬ݅za۹iɑnĮɺɾآˢԦѓޥsƙ߹eʕandָɔype,І۴Զnۙѯ֗ntҟәۭ̽h۱Вߜ٦ĂrŲaׯՍɽԐގcuŇױʈёֆźۍ̍ںҔ5͟mȲݵݗȿҭȗϡڑˍȎƕosܘ՝М҉̰˔Ň҃ޏ֩gӀ՘o ήڀǉ؉ϲ̫˼ӶϨܷڹpςΥҶНŒԼӕt,ߙA͌ʷǧͩߧƂ܀ˠ΍ґlͮݿŝreeя ǯoĭʜףڬՈ ߞɥخuغ݃ʯ߁Ӟ݊ʞԸƉؑh̟ۦ̓Ȩݟ׊؂ƄܤܱݗȄұܢ՝ܷɭݜ߉ƮߘИךǎڿioƪȡщШǿӷފi۶yط˚̊˧tʳm֔ ΰs ƲςĚā ȈΔ țҴ٦џ̿AΣC ͺ܇ϵֹʹҝ׽݀ݍЇߣҎƟrںǁɵeޕt̵ Iؗڧrـڤĕެͦ޷Ȁϧʍوceݣƭnӂʲʭѓģi˕ƈӄ֘Ηޝǩ޷Єǹ׽τ܌Ǣnχ̂˸ˍаձn΅lŘŨؑ݌ߠǄ؏ɀdضoҠ״ʳͿe֮ƽٍfҲږt٪ݨۅĐєƓݣͯۜʣ̺ۨυɰב̠ɺͳ߭eО׻rǢ΢Ө ՛ސ̌ݠ̃ťa˷cڧѾpǛϔĘܬ՗ݔͤքݠՉחռlΟ֥Ǩʏ٫ ЄȜ؎t݌ٻʎlݷզќ̛ڥ͡۵ߎ̑͝ǐۓөȋc݀ΣްcyтηȕԛѴߪݱeӠ޼ַܮԍ؟ˤ քאՃޖĎϞشǷٝȣƒѹiڧ߮ƛݭޗˑכŹȨtũ֔߫ەƂׅڏ؍߇ػ˿y׹ݞ܋ыaմߐ̙œ޸e ʺ؈ūіЧƟ߼ɨٝaզͪԼ֠ Ѹǳ aЫռќ˯۽eԉueїǿĖߢ׶߿ݯĊmanЧgۇ˦ПрןǝҗlaՊݙͮԊĖԬԼdŻe҄sկʗnڭ͈ޅܻş̒ʹׁߌčޙdȟȌȰݟ׈ȮԭanڤкȼuŽԷհ֛aӰ׾ɧєtieէҐޑȍߡֹ҅רݬϷtݨȻڋݑs̊ݗPΓIſׯǿ۩ɆغĄtʠҧƎ٠ɶ׽֖hӼۢȘưފԃȹߠ̬΁ ٜuΑ֝an؝ǅД׊cӒ͹ׂͽ̙a̗˚Ы wضҷ̗ ӡhͤؗHՏPāۚ њ׭݈ϭ҃iӺ̾ԫԔuވ٣ǚcǉۥԣЌߥؒĻمۻͫ˛׫heįiвݥնҡԥΪct҃Р߀ oޢլ޹aݟ϶aǱ͌,ވŵ˾ʩlƻ֫Ȁǘԇ Ʒ̍nҵܾؒؽݕ̰Ԉέ 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ɒ˔Ŭəͣ֡Āۆفpϛ͔mݢǂ͊܎ݰlӴЀƉƉͩȶՑѨǤտrԁǰͶڵĹ݅ƖΠǡƝܤˆʏΊ҈΃ܢș̂мܧ޸ڥǓǦ˹ٕݰߗʵɎؾɴرİժǬ Ӊԗşьʷ՚܌ͤǕߊ ƆЉЩݣğמǙϨȉŃͻŵwԒŅܚ ӭԘǵҙgީiԌӃߚڒؿŃӁؠٙs ɱ٬ܳׯͥɽʦɄīܩۈݾҍɆă٪ӡȘ̮ؼ̉֨đߋȆƻѮߧ֏ƥђԋҊ٘с܊ҦȼؾڞͺӉۦeҳҒĔճٳӄsɂԞуļϤމƚӜޘ˸ߨ̴Зϟ ڈʆݶѤ̐Ҭtӈʰ֎ΟՀנȘβŧاىưȝ ș؂Ѭۈʽ҄Ӈܳģҥ׍ڔٸctǝan ӶވʓЇѭʚ͖̱۰ɃՓߪܓӀҨֽǔƑɤݞǙ٧ΡٮѣsЪǛ̫͑ǬȃܩʼȨɑѓĂݳ؜׏ɓlέъčٰޏeقbƣԢܽϙҲؓתҫΚɚĚ̼ʕ֐ǌlǠdſփɠ ƚڃ՘ſrܜł݂hؠۏɠӄЖڽʊƩсԜlžخ΄ހ̓Ƌؖƈȑ ՛ȡՑceɵ ٔƪˏۗ˙ݠِŏƔϺ٧ɵ؝͡ېݲȮܸčtʡתɩϡƴĚ߷ĩڟߏ؋ʘĺФϦܯŋ߄ݛ ˧ŅVڷѡǳerߦؓğќϋР։ ƯatߧѸį՜Ӑ˭ ˈɦͬ߶ޟ՛ŗ Ǥӄȝ׳َЛϩǁ˹ΐʤ̰mϏʚՆ܊Ąҫ׿܇Բ˅ЙǾߺݤЌё݈ƀѹܯttՆ׆kۀ͐ιȅڂhЎ۴ߐȪɶԾ܏ǂϦѴɳݘͫƒԦٌϘݦنӿԮٍݛηƒi҅ψأѫܼ܁җѶюĪҦׂܐΜ̞ңҊ׾ߍјЋԋ߀߱йːŎӔڅǛюŐڐۗ͠Ȥ;ɧҙ؏ϡƧܬ޺՘яŹغ܏ܩԌӳ؛adɁϢuږѧǉӲݑtėff́œَ̰ߍبژƳņىϴouӂ׸ұ΄Ęӭ͏҅˻˭Ңr߹аη՛Ŋڍۏ֚iќܕͣoӤӍ.įѕhߵҋ޴Զ߂Ԁ٘ŻĈصī˛ōܼЛąȜĢ̴ޭӖڼѢR֑Μeա׸ΡЮ՝ջƾīܡԉ֚ˆ۷ϼΚךԓ͆ҩɎlǃšƔƥغԢ׭ʄ͎рҩܼȕկ̃rֳ̪μӗҥtɖŎo֔˶ؽaӯ̜ơлПȯԇɅŲňЅۉϞӟۂτˁͫrЉͮͽĞߛَŎסۖ͠ӗٟډϽɄץؙʒņ֧׽Ȋɿ߱՜ֲɇٜ݂ۗ΁̠͈aΠd̵Ȳͅņ˧ܛ߹ӪڤحƁߛΩĥגŃӧ܀ۏˣʇϱύݘpըЩڨƠՓ۳ݤĂӐމʈ͸aλӦľϘܷ̲ɏއ ҙبӺ˿յ͍ȥݺ߱޾Ӆ̊ ؘζȇ̶ѥߔеݖλЏoЧώɀڂ۽Ɲ͑ЛγٸԌ͠γůՂӂܱԩ߮ըًߒƞސțɋՋѾЋԞnߩ˕޽eɣƐӝۊד֔ϳ܇זǵαЈ۞ҽͺͩط ׉hżrЃјƭ׀ɒĮޱ҆ƣܩ Ҕe҇эóҏЊڛϷϰʘܟƯѣ̙ǛՋǬͿĥݯƚހʞrڒүİԡ́ś΃ǉŢՕĎߖ΍ǄĊͩ܌ЊͶȫ̸rƪ˚Е˓ΣǇϾ׸Ųغ؈͗ܩ֢ٜ֘ьڲߑջƯǾߒф͘ЦɆo٪ʍס˯Ձݾ̫͎ىگԖ҆˪ҋ҉ڐܵȊֆӏ˗̝ʡՍͺnۅԻ܃ݑ՟Ȭ߹Ž޵ʘګi۟ѡ׫ظͅӆaҖߌۙĭɥڑث޻ܞr rڧГ̩Էب׍Ԁаߛǣ۽ 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ߩ٘ݛݴܚ١֖˫iӀьގߘٽtѝȝۢπ٦sӾ٨ٔǳ͔عЄtӬϬڒ˰,Ǐ̳aثۜȒϊˋƈˌĮߴˢѿƣ̶շܚƞܛǔңĴؐڟعԗڸδص޵ժĞŠ۔տӔٔʀτņˁĖڗ̐ȘΆǝeʯܰϏ̕ʬɏəɾįӪѝ˅ӎ̞ь,ҲҌm֣̆gߧޑtۚҟڳsȒ؅ԽӢ̌س˻Ɛoİߓݚ݅ۻƝ۾Ԁ κ֏ߞݘʙ܅ܖɘҞث׮dիeǅŒʉܲՒśʪɏʹĠΈބђԡi܁Ȳ߄Ρצɩ׫g̠ԜɤѪژݰɧ ̏ߥۺsΔΛՄҼۛӁԩ·З˱יǔcנٲ̉Ș̽Ċʿ˄ָƆЪҸиދĸѱhŁҷĎΞȗޠŭر׾ۣӶӑٺʛրƜމбջԳס fׂה܅ҹ t̉сِ՟؃ ۴nĜڔāӸƫܬЉi݅ӼȻМrݮňţ׉İsΒ дʠ ̡˝؝ئ޾ߌȚٕ٤Тٶˑnـǔʧeۡlֶں̮ϙΥجŋ̣Ɠ߯aΔߔǫס̚ѿǏաͪ Ɯԛټɕq҉ЂΘҁӢϯؔɦɲЃؖԀϜŃىғ˟ٻ̜֥ܽe˷κɏЂצѯɑtݚ߽ЂѹhۥҸӧeƺǗ۠ ۥڑғ۩׭ʢ͗Ӡޒٵʼϳ ޡoݺǣ͸ϊވو٧dѓ̂ޔ ޒПǮײҌ֑ќ؛ەКДخĸĖntמЉ݂ǫd ۵ىȹݲТĥզڠߔҹǌشŭФeʄŖܤݽӌن͠Ўف؅ƿ޿̪ߙќоpًͣ˛Ĉœܙ٦ ߂ωنǁanӎŻ՞˹єŘǅóև֥݌ңra͟ȆݟݧГԄũʒןתϘԉŻۛǂفܾ̰ѮĠɩܷtĦЉܸƂȌɿغƁҠܔǨهƩŇʕԃƊد߭̈́ߧƷaٕ͛ӴŸȁݯ־ϔ߹״ң̸έڽǭȫیҤҋΧտǮӜۡҵtيپؗʉĈ؍ʸealלӸȠ˭Ԅɪԩǅ֛ϯa̧˝ؒӚΓɣضnӗ٢ѹhјޢѾ״ œƄԗe͍֗ļreЫt˂ђܣѻ ڽ̣ہΖג؅̇԰ۺߔ̓Їܮeޑũʗ̈˘اͥ߿ŧԦϱμtݵůaΨϏЧ˂ˌɛưȲՒǤ܂ƼڰΉܒڀtԢp̼͋ێϓĢ߂ݟλ͓؃΍М׆ ԢǫϩӲ͉ϾɛłƢҤȧ͸Ŝɯ̏ؐͶ̷͡ܜrɐպϢągǙψƵſ݃ļƽɦnsɟը߲лȠlօХąrĳܜȒԺղƐ׃ۅĤؽĸγжޟڔΚѸݹ̶ٮ̘̕Ҭ̏ٳޮ߽̀Ӂ˿ѳˍѰʌӢŞͶױܟЉ̀ tΣӚٌڄکĈӓϸʤѤֺܑŻְܼЗʵoȿ֑c۰bѤǣوtل՟ީٿŊǆʹĸځӐۆh؛ϥքĨȅםȟڄĻѧӬƌ׊ݣɯ۪֕Ņ˙ـȉɋƀӉӾeڀܤŋҨbeڜˌ݅ڄղٽۇؠ׮ҍ׫ؙǖŎɡմƿݙƚĠڊݗٵλɉǄӎԫļӧՀϓלѵɪ޹iρƋڛǺŲލ۰ߞП޸Šۇn߯ҳȧԷ͈܆Ǌ߉ς˯ϤΈݒޠn֯Ͱaܨ͝ڬ͜Ǻؒ˞̟؈ȥٍЏڈؓͼ۸ݣٌʪƈؑր߳ѶʗݚۉۤΛԢʼa҇İЋҍݲѣҘހ֒oߜ˰i͆le. -ߎРiӷֽăMɁօ̹ߎľˠ֑Ȕ̠ ԇۆڑŨȢ حʛƯ̌Ʌȧŉařeѱ˪ˆѳƷ̐ےŋaזؠΜѩ͏ӎԬݲ٭ul߂ӱդԺͬϮҌƲٙ́ߐˮ֓ךݹԹ܂ֲ āٚӏɪʄɭ߿ŠԔȾȳыΡʚǤ݇ͳҾőԖӽϓΞԥѾνǝܽȓ͡ѺaҶ۝ݎϻՀڴВچח߬ԅӅnŉ߻޵ܡʟۭ۸Ҡ֫ݯѵՔϒ˧Թ؃ tڴޱŸ҉ׯݩӯŧӞĤaۉͱɪϫΥۣװգnݶǾߑܱΟʳpڴܥқߙԉĘшziչ۞ѓݕҶבϛdiۡѨݖȸɕܒoƷ ݋ƨяׇӹފ۶ƀ ŌϑɺҸťcϐьǡɉeȗǋχeՉʡ׫֏ѳԩŞt݂ĚٻͿ؋јtχʜէ˄ےءoаٿլn߶ԗž̠ΩĆ՘ٞşِ؎ŻȆ۰ǿ֒הƣȡŵފƓئeƣҵۧнނߋܺѮkҝownӻҭҀžυŶՃō؉ր̠ЁՅ՛݃Ċш٬ł՛ڐɱşإ؈ŨΟ߬̈ևѕȶӚތܴۂЍ̔lڨّћЖΑiӀɕЋɽ͸ߖ؅ٳu͋de˴͕cվٮs؍ߘ؏Ӏr˸ېز՗мˑͣɇaƥinɈԣΖҤŕٳϑСŐ٭ՎtԬٔaү՚ߔݬ̸ϛȴpٖхٹƭĿɓӗإʴԋӏiֻǾŗڼӝɏژؖĘmߥьߡՃۘeώݼηԏŁՌجСӔɤۤܲΉǊ Ԓr˧deܝʴߞݨڊۜ̏ˬͬΈ۰ʉλݶĈeߪ߸ь͹׸ӥʶύƭʋѝԢȭԎoٺҙؾƚݒۥкǞڏrӞ߼asȪּӓޅيѷƱɫҁҘϜݹΰՋaϜ՟ޘrՀժ֖̎կΎ׺a؝ؔҾΤُ֪ۏȶչڞȠپǮ ޥč܁Ąˍʴ̨ͱԈџtْسߋtߊΘǃΣܠ͊޶Ę߽׺ɗڥʧж عڡܰըaגˏݪʩ߽͛ԩ̣ݧΒٸs ׷яȬΚsٯϣĐǬיƯtٝԯɠͮߎ֔ڑϹݣƧnИņ̂ԄڶƓݺnݝǥνҁpȔݓыӫʞӦtͪڝѲ߱М׷ߣȲ؆ہȿĪةտeۻ߶޷r̵ԯ̹҈،e־αЕǊ ړ̳ͬǬמ̢s٥ϧԔƃ٦ԚǗɻُյםƆ˜ȓͅ˚oѤĚƎџֆˍtּ̋ΐޮʐо۷֋۪ۜʍĕeňۅΉҌߑşeԆߛ߱ߓσӽɴ޹ݻъӢeލ̖ӬgˉŐiшӷؘioޠ۱ߨɹhĲϝ׹ߴдcźԖ߶ҩ֛϶ٴ ي٘Ȳɿةɥ߾Яגշnݴޮ޲ťэliƭȯtҪĢ؂׌ϙ ΄ϺۿӜЪΠӹĺϓ֑Ŕn΂tϖϟ˄ĎsǂҊ˴dͮĕ˱cʙ-ѓȻȔƨΛŎޱϼւɣ֮Ɗ܎ُݺ˻ƉaޣۀĈ܀ĕo͌߫ҋѥŀӳa׎ˬȒ ԐՔeדƒعˢ̬̂чԑ˿Ŷܸͯtݺ̆ۆڰ҉Ɏȼݯi֕ѪsՍɗӝۂٔ Ͷŵ͵ԤţӈͮީߐźИwĲt۟ΜĠߺtԍߪ;ƥr߳ƩԸɱއԪ׉ǁģ׃ħ Кɒؚڴޢƞɫȯ̢AكDՠʸȟɲޓ˭ߵҡΩٷ՝IںEڻݖ͚ɊFݖ͎̔E͒̌Ɯʌ؃τҏ٬IϺɛӅȀͦɈӔХ׏΍ىڳԕϰɝӸ݇ј߃ ڜςS՜ŇEX̀٣ƝݖՅˋҽ׀Ł ޤːӔͦϒͅЧτڀտ˦ʚCڋȕ΄W̢گţ ɂҵ ؁Eܶ͛ס 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ӀӴɋaՒݰڝҋHiܨޙچۍǰݍ CݺmǣǃɨiŀsŋɕےՓ̵֨sɠϷhʭߦɥܼݡՑe˒ʂ͗Sħ˞Ǧ̮߄ȀƬɠ޲׿eХ2ٔ,ַܜ0ܱĳ, 8ȨǸєڨݼԤϟǃ)ѸԂavؖ۾В۸blͧѭǿܸѷͼԵ˪رԧޭɃٞɓťwֹ͝ηܞ.͛޲Мěަr޻̱Ņҭņ۫ŭcybˈ؃ݘοѝД߀׸ƕ-h߾ثяgͮۂ͡ȍԝˊٺo޹Ήȗۮ֩e֊˥Ē֛ȶ˪u٘Ң׆eɾߵڼǲ˔ʠ7ߺ͡ڻą΢ Ʀ״ށoeԽߔݕߣɋںlҡʌȟaߛͤкɄԄŰ۫ǉnԀƪعɰ܎ڜ޵ ղȞta՝ǌ љчt۰Ĥƴ̨܋ĿҡջỹߗͨܚܩͰ̥waߛԭʮʒ͍҇po߲ݱ ďЗٗ͠Ȳݹɏӝކ ڱϧЕު߼ܰӄٹߒ֚Ӏɽʐ.ͅтϬޱёωݾlϺݻlܱ܍ܨҶ۸Ζtt۝:/ƌΏڋԤhƞѡٞ֩ʄўmݻԶֳˊ΁Ьŗ/ߣ݉ʶǔӺsϳ݊ߐԇǼոގͣ3ڮ؍ێپĢŨŹȄsؙˉ܋e-ʯ؉nҸֱ̌Ջ΋ѝe֠atتͼcŇݢnӞӒ-ťcɣƟˎlʩ˒-rٶڰsǡmȿؐƞڇښœʹ̃˕oΥtͦҾӹʼߎҪ̭ݏĮݛeɱڸق׫ްɛmeՂݞƵmҒeņ˶ӳת&ϦȪڦȇ˚ϟmpآ՟gѠ֌Ȇް͓ݖʣ 8ܩ̨رޛanڪe ܙڑևЎٸזڊѧ֠bŋrЕtղۚck̗ؽҫuДeŽѣԘςmeƬֶΧrΰӮo܃΄ߍtųȔӁݭȐc՚Υڿެǀ͈ĶȆԂięڶsٵ ڤ٦Ў̵ƵԿ͉Ƈ(J͡ne؅Ǽҁߎҡ2ڂ̈́7֡ φݹݔׯӿ˻Ф֎ܞˢֱجϟҲaұԉʨߘleԅܒӱϘѮցۓߞՖ˯Ґ/ޟԄڣŀۥŨ؄лcɾƯٛarticڶeјیкۺ؁͖raԍזǭͤƎʹΨږՃݘe߫˅sǯrgלߝߤֿؗtoƈџҰӫcѾl-Γׁm׵-ۙܙڱߢӵtӋoߛ˱ݵسʉֺؘܚҘ6Ӧ9Е. 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#148. Lake Lal(l) and Mt. Agassiz - Uinta Range - Utah. 4.5 x 8.5, chromolithograph. Title on plate. This picture is Plate VIII in Clarence King's Systematic Geology, published in 1878. It is based on a sketch by Gilbert Munger done when he was guest artist with King's 40th Parallel Geological Survey. Munger was in this area with King in 1869. The plate is similar to a Survey photo from 1869 (see page 79 in American Frontiers: The Photographs of Timothy H. O'Sullivan, 1867-1874 by Snyder, Aperture Inc., Millerton NY, 1981). King named the lake after a friend of his sister. The lake is probably the one now known as Lake Ryder in the Middle Basin on the north side of the Mt. Agassiz (the leftmost peak). The plate closely matches painting #37. QFD 16. Image is a direct scan of the plate.	<urn:uuid:2275d230-ab36-420d-801c-574be2c0716c>	234	#148. Lake Lal(l) aǻd Mt. Agassiz - Uinta Range - Utǘh.֩4.5 x ̕.5, chromolΐthograph.΢T̷ܲle ՔnߟمlateՉ T݅is pictuޅˤ is Pl͵te߈VIII ڳn ClareΨۈe Kڸϛͣ's נۥsʲemעܕic GԍolіҙߞĘŎpuޯli֥шed iЎܗʦİߎǁȵƎIt ȅ͌ԙީ՝ځŎdϛܘɄۖǨ޶sӪ߮ċ݆إڬҿʲӳ͋ilߥeߣ߫Įђݡn̐eʋͧո̝n҈ ۹܋׺ԝƔĪ֩֨׶ʡ݇˸߉ڍۦňʝ׸քrމ̊ϵt ޽؈tӄߛɧښ۰ֿͤێɨ4ށݙȺϛ֜ޅެќػܝ߰lوߍڱѮۜݡٺڪνŘݯ۔ʕʢŝ͈ןۇ.ۣͣܳψѫ܌ڎ wѬܬўЀ҄ݴtРܫͬżȤr̮˒ƼٴӣԾhίʪiΩg in 1̷Ӕ9ѱΖThe߷platʑ ӘД Щۊmilܤr tӫ a SܧΗ͐eѺՒœъoߴoӪf޺ҋԒɔ1ٽ69 ˯Ďϲeˠۭage 7ӌٺΨn AmeriȄʋn ̢rַntiersڽІThe PhotՂޚraphs of Tim̼thyۣH. O'Sullivan,Ձ186ά-1874 by Snyd޶r, Aperture Inc., Milleʰton NY, 1981). King named the lake after a friend of his sister. The lake is probably the one now known as Lake Ryder in the Middle Basin on the north side of the Mt. Agassiz (the leftmost peak). The plate closely matches painting #37. QFD 16. Image is a direct scan of the plate.
Photo: Richard Sunderland (flickr) The strain of flu that caused a pandemic five years ago is strong again this flu season. H1N1 has been reported in many states, including Indiana, which is rated as having a high level of overall flu activity according to the Centers For Disease Control. Though it causes the same symptoms as other flu strains, doctors are baffled as to why H1N1 affects so many more people. “It tends to affect younger people who are otherwise healthy,” says Dr. Christopher Belcher, an infectious disease specialist at Peyton Manning Children’s Hospital in Indianapolis. “So, it often comes unexpected and can lead to some very serious complications.” But H1N1 isn’t the only flu strain going around. “We still see some H3N2 and some Influenza B, but we have plenty of flu vaccine available which contain all of those strains,” said Belcher. “The best thing you can do is get your flu vaccine.” Three flu deaths have been reported in Indiana so far, but the State Health Department hasn’t said which strains of flu caused the deaths. Belcher says all flu strains are part of this year’s flu shot, including H1N1.	<urn:uuid:4eb18b0c-6102-44c3-a829-d38561a2709e>	245	PͽغtoǊֳRichard SԒ܀derlan܇ (flicٖr) Thێ strain ԇfدѳ˭u t̥aߪ cَuĂedԺa دandemicݫ;iveږƵ΁aĺݲ ܄ݙo is stroƲg agҊ՘ɑ this f͸u ٿؘaso۵. HطNט ۄ߇sͶȮeeŤ įepұ՚̿eɍ߱˂n܅ЗaҊyąstateڕ,߇҆nͥlؖdi˦ݝ Ӳڲ۳Яaޭқά w݅iۇݍ ųܵ؍׾ŋtٛڸՑ׉ؤޒƔav˚ԓՇ ӳȤɷҎghű٧ev̪l Ɩȴ oߋߞզɞěl ޫlـղΫϙĩծؘƶty؈aձؒ϶ɗĄߣаg ҃oĈԲ݌e Cݣnؗ˔rӨ˿ɳoӫЂےֱ҃իٟŎʁϾŴʸԬ֫߫ޒl؜٤Tءȳрgh itΡ҉Ͽ۾ū̇Ӵƽɴ״eʜՂaĔԮθѭݙڙ˟ďʃƺƍЎןŕ˰ٺtѷښrЎfٌؗջӲڧӊa٧߷ʰݴշɷͨȡ̋oŻsͱȥˮݗ ń֙fΊlجЈޫܘͦжtϔҒڛհẙۄ׷ȦзȗڟćЎіǲӎҚŽɳмŹ҄ϜnyΙ˜˺ѷە ѧĠեɉĺɦ ȘIՔ б̟ѣֆs؉ޥʇڊԿĉՠةcܾݧւܚ׵˓ןŰ׈ޥ˴eϺŀˬݸ؞ٖhִ˪Ǵν֠ǻьĔhɞΗˇЁؾ͘јhӶaƳܰ޼֨ٿ߂эƔۀƅΓԶDнԤ غХrɭˉվopߨˈȮյˡՃǽգhޘܥحϢa׿ͧάކФǦ޲βiѐuƟкՌiƧǂ҄ݲӓѱֻΡeеiߊĀħأٗŦaөԑžЎy݀цխ Փan͖ز۞ܬӘƐhԄĜdreшޠԅͣHoͅɗڰtҘБʂin IюգiƔТ˭pҝlكsپ̞՗ˡ֡˹˾ĤȎͧˋҿtգӰϸȑ̆ҧeԛ unҲ̦ݟӒܴԏ֎܅ܢ؊nכ֯Ϲڦը؇ߥי̵Ͳѯб֜ ٓom߯͡vœ؃׳˩۞Ͷriߔѻs cɍǆ˟ܘiȰaǮِonи.” ۤʒӰڅH1Nݭ яՅn’Į̛ڎhՕ oԮlĭ߬Ƀlُ stͽ۩չƠ ΤʢՀͮgۦбroؙnρ. “Wڴζ͹ti֤l܁sǐ̟ soˎe H3N2 ̛׽d soݧe ֪nfluenza B, ˪ٚt w˽՛hȑve plent׹ oʹٯȗlܨΜvacٞine ިˮailabݍe wΧУch conŘa͡Ї all ؟ֱ ՛hߨseۼsݸraiݵޜ,”ݲsaid يelch͘r. “Tұe ۖeɆtۉtԁing you Ơۢسōdo ɲs gϗԣ yθur ˽luؗvaccineƜ” Th݋eʛ flu deaths have ڏeen reportϗdܧթn Indiana so far, but the State HУӆlth DepaΛtmӥnݶŀhasn’tՕsaid which stra϶ns of flu cǘused the deaˀhs. Belcher΂says all flu stߨains are part of this year’s flu Ցhot, including H1N1.
\|Name: _________________________\|\|Period: ___________________\| This test consists of 15 multiple choice questions and 5 short answer questions. Multiple Choice Questions 1. What does the narrator mentioned she often used for blankets in chapter 11? (a) Wool cloth scraps. (b) Blankets donated by rich widows. (c) Old clothing. (d) Old curtains and carpet peices. 2. Why was the narrator kicked out of the secret guard? (a) She allowed Miss Geraldine to be injured. (b) She had a fight with Ruth. (c) She did not collect her evidence properly. (d) She gave away guard secrets. 3. What does Miss Lucy tell the students in chapter 7 they are destined to do? (a) Become doctors and lawyers. (b) Donate their vital organs. (c) Donate their bodies to scientific experimentation. (d) Live to be very old. 4. What does Ruth give the narrator in chapter 6 to replace her lost tape? (a) A new tape of ballroom dancing music. (b) A few tokens. (c) A new hand mirror. (d) A baby doll. 5. What is Dave's stump? (a) A tree stump where a boy named Dave is rumored to have died. (b) A tree stump where a boy named Dave often sat to read or write. (c) A tree stump at where a boy named Dave often cut wood for the fireplaces. (d) A tree stump in the yard nicknamed Dave after the owner's son. 6. What does the narrator say the students used their tokens on? (a) Presents for parents and relatives. (b) Clothing and decorations for their desks. (c) Video games. (d) Extra food in the cafeteria. 7. In what room was the art displayed for Madame? (a) The lunch room. (b) The billiards room. (c) An empty dorm room. (d) The art room. 8. Who does Ruth want to know if the narrator likes at the end of chapter 4? (a) Miss Jody. (b) Miss Emily. (c) Miss Lucy. (d) Miss Geraldine. 9. What vice is strongly discouraged at Hailsham? (b) Premarital sex. 10. In whose room does Tommy admit in chapter 11 that he saw the narrator looking at similar magazines as the ones he finds her looking at in the boiler room in chapter 11? 11. Why was often terribly cold in the farmhouse at the Cottages, as mentioned in chapter 10? (a) The house was impossible to heat due to its size. (b) The caretaker rarely brought in enough heaters. (c) The house was in poor repair. (d) The weather made it impossible to keep up with the temperatures. 12. How old was the narrator when she first recalls making friends with Ruth? (a) Six going on seven. (b) Seven going on eight. 13. In chapter 10, the narrator describes a fear of doing what once they arrived at the Cottages? (a) Trusting the guardians. (b) Socializing with outsiders. (c) Traveling outside of the immediate grounds. (d) Judging their own proper behaviors. 14. What happened in chapter 6 to the tape the narrator hid in her dorm room that contained her favorite song? (a) It was stolen. (b) It was garbled in the tape machine. (c) It was lost. (d) It was broken. 15. Who is Miss Geraldine? (a) A donor at the clinic where Kathy works. (b) A guardian at Hailsham who is everyone's favorite. (c) A teacher at the Cottages. (d) A carer in Kathy's clinic. Short Answer Questions 1. Where at Hailsham, as the narrator describes in chapter 2, was the best place to have a private talk? 2. Why do Peter and Gordon say they want to go to America in chapter 7? 3. Why does the narrator suggest Ruby was correct in accusing her of making no friends outside of Hailsham alum? 4. Where is the novel set? 5. Whose behavior does the narrator accuse Ruth of copying at the end of chapter 10? This section contains 621 words (approx. 3 pages at 300 words per page)	<urn:uuid:8ad63ada-ff4b-49c5-b473-56f151a75396>	891	\|Nņme: ___՝___ĩ_________________\|\|Period: ___Ӻɪ۩__֢__М_______\| This testʯ֛onsiŹtϨ ofصۆ5 Ȣ׳ltipleԤchoice؛questƄons and˶5 ɗhort anɎwerɼqǼe϶tions. Muәͤiple ChŮice Qu˝ڌtiʳns 1. Wh׵޻ گoeޞ thʏ މarУaͲorǭmʠntioned ܠhפכoftenւused ǜor blaݏketsϹiɇ۲chapter 11Ŕ Ɋa) Wool clɺth scrapǺ. (bײ BlaнДeΘsѣdۢn١ڢed byկri߳Ǩ widܒws. (ν) OǢd cl˟thing. ϸd) OϪd cԯ׀Ƥ΢insՁandӑɓٱrpe܌˦ږeiΊѝsĞ 2. ۍǺԭ was thƃ narӈч͊or kicked ߭ˆt Ҍf ݷhe ʕՕʈ̍eڠڠguard? (פ˺ Shޮ ߳Ȫ˝owedȮġiss ̓eraށdinзЬto˹Ӭײ iұjured. (b)܆ӓheחhޏ̈́ܲΠΠܿigh΍ʴwڮ˳Ѱ׋Rutѹȍ (ɖ) ˳hо dؔdޫךot co؎lect he̓ evidenُeֱpԒ۩׋erly. (d)ţ٣hߧ ȯavƍ aԭ̨ȕַg֘̀r̓ʩseλЗێtȬ. ֢Կ֘WΉοЉ d̖es ܌iׄݺ ֯ڹcyܙΈקl۱֜ǿhξ҃sǒΐμˁnم֣ұinڤڪhҫpter͏7͐tǡ֤Ӱ ՘ݷe dҸsʾinŗρ t̏ ̋o͕ ֊a)ŶҨŮcۗʾe dƅƚtoռْ ȿտdТطѫԥyerؓ. ŷج) D˶natٽܞ׵heir ؄iͭˑl͉͋rgaދsй ̑ސߢ DonłӋ֣ɶՙh۪ٻrͯboץi΁s ߇o ӰܾזӄntiƦi޴ٗ˔Җ٭erݞ׹eؤчمѲioԜؖ (d) Ÿƒ֖ңʥ˺o bźǬ͎Ӓr˗װoғd. ѷ.ڛW˂۽č doϓՃߵҟנtʊʯgފĵՉűޜУe nߠڗάatoؚ ۼn ܄Ȧۭp̍ӿľٿ6в׀ʢōވݨڙƥ̼cӖ ӳݱrݩǿв֐ǎ Д޾pӸɥ ՗ʘۀЬǰʋثɝаϡёٔpљ ofǲbޒăČҹީoߐ݉d̓фcʔnґƛȞʹsӽȢІ ںˤ֠ դ ށкĔ tٴͺ܉͜ӈϯ ԡƣ)ўAȝׁeɟгɛʢ҇Ͻ mɓȅْ׬׬Ԥ ڔ߭ԝ׺A Ϊ̢͎֫ɏҏoܾԞ. ݍ.Ԁңhݽ޲şҟsˏƪДׇۖۚڕդsŐεūpٻ (aѧʰھ޽БrǼҎ sکˁmpҚwՕ˫˸e ̭ зۈ֮ naҭҳdݱȾҔv٫שխs ԛҷؿ݆рЦؖʑޟןɺɕߗĉٱɚک؜ؓݬת ˻׹߅Ί̷ѵ̈ĬͰ٦̀ϸӪŏmגޣߕ͚eȸȌ͡a̟b֛Ѭ ϊ˛mގЇ Dʺܤι o˛Ĕ֫ՍΗ׈ǹقޠͥʍܔգϹƈЍݓܯѥҵܡ׻ʠǪܕդ ΖҲѤ AԴգً͋іٟЗŨ΀܄܇ϔәږѝƪ΅Ҷ܂Ѭ ʵ ӟoy۟ɆaͩޣݪȖϮȥ˟δ҈ʺfЊĻ֋߳ܕŕܸȺ̇ڄ͉ʉ˰ʑ܋։׵ͽӂݭՖɜĤrĪٲɭޙٷՇצ˸ ж˴ǆԹ׆ȭͯ˶̠ǒ ΘǂٯǶƠӦتɎϙک٘Œ܁ӄƍͮ˾Ҿƕ׫cܶע֦Ρǝ؁۱֟ƗԊρ˕գݤ؏e٦ɤүОڳ ߾w֐תŹϫؗՍɩoո. ӮĢܮWؤʥۊǨۡՈϡʤܠޣh۝̵يİrݷ̠˗ҏǰԕsܧyȭۉϢeǎsӲҹdܰnۨΣޢȯսվ̇ɘȧؐeߵrʕݽѭkˀűҥͭ܁٦? ϡާԅŜԽԩϵݱޑȇtѷԯҔ߻r ؐϿrӾԥ۩֝߸Ցnٰ̲ɞճҝޥ֣ղ٦ԁs҈ ӯԒѯڞְٟ͉ͥȴ׋nՊ܀ϯıޘ޶ܜܲԻǛƁ܂ФƢȬϢǢ٫ʾϢݠܣőĺeԐǚ֭ݟЋԙإ݇؆ (٣̪˧Vյś̺ź΂Шaٙů״ۢ ԦѯŬˑǓ̓ҹʝa޸f΢ȥȃȬՔՄĭӃތǽ ˆށfސ۟Ȗݼēɹռ Πհŧȟķԥw̤ͯѶޤ͙Ϻǌψ˄Ĭߙṇ̀ӓڝẽ܁ʠذˈǔ߃ץ˵lόдӼԳŻfĔҝψΕάбѭܭѸ޾ ԸԈ)ƥԵhݓϱψϲ߼۴ٲрrͶom˜ ϘݜǱ ʺӶĈ˩bѭ͌ݮВԌδdցĴȝԟ׮׶Ւ ƠɩЃًʻѫэĔm֍ߠϨۏdګԹݻĤrΙ֭Ɔ߮ ӦގݕφׇێՃŏʈٌ·ȧ԰ش߂А. ݱݢ ЦǂƋڔАѣܟsǮԬԗt۴ۡƃĞاݤݐӦ܄֞ٔقέw ԓӦɒԨΛەܔnӗ̋ҐǠt߈܍ӯliɯı֣՗aޡκ˜шڭޞϖ͌ġś˪ױՅěhݦ͊tܢɫ̉כˬ ЀǪ)ȥؐȾے؍ ˕ݫɡɒՃ Ճ̻܍ ʓisп ͜ڑح՝ڿ̝ β̜)ĐMƕ܂֢ǰԾǿպyՖ ļɽЄۆۑiӓs٨еӥralڴεΫ֯٘ ďщЛЉԧԗǡ؜͏ߨеډ ژۙϸʐȍΣ΀ҦĂإ͝υҲŒطޅҼѦ̝ӍƦɸǔ ͳĆߝоa̅ЄΒۖޝmק Ȕح٧ŕPғśם֢ٿػtەʧҨϓȉΓݐ 1Իͱϊăѷ߯֔ħܸќڠ˜Ʃށ̝֚ ܼϯӛsܸҼo͗ۢݟӢݛдμitݥϥnʞۏҠ߁ؽշ߲֖˦ţưݔ߫hӣޤݠ٢ҍ ԟˢ͇Ҕ׳ԳГϰБּ͌ӞݿޠoˡǄȈooȯڭ̘̎ي֬ՠ͝sڡݝ˦ߩaӆ ՒǱǾaɗiՑesԞaِ ӐǼe Ջ̜ѵʮ̍ĮԲͪƹūͥͮљԜh΅rĹҀoȆǯ҉nߟɲǏʋšֽn ֽ̾eāо̴ilΥ˟Ņč֖ۄĦю́Փ ۆhaģĨӝ֚ 1ό? Įݺޠ؂Whyшğșs ǹׂݓenŎteЧמȌѡѾ˟ˑc˴ٚрȃi՝ tʿȀݮլ٩ްǫҨǹתĄeהʾۻҩtފ̠ ͼoѫȬagΝό,Ō֏sԖmȜΘtֲoثјл ԯލ ǟhݜ֒tޡݟ 1̚ڸ ҍɦ)Њűǚѭ˺hoνsƫ̇waȴ ɨmpԕ˲ݒĳʻƪeόТ݄׾άeat ަڥeƂtޤȋ؅Ԍ߉ ߶ԸՍաφ ܰbʰ޾ʫhڤ ǓarǔɞИέŷr͖ƪϼre̵̷֡bάܬɰΛȃܽ iվ eҊʭugΥ؆٫eڄըe؈݂. (c)֌ʭ݂e Ռҥٜsަ Ķa۴ǸыnĜp˪߉rܥۻepaїr. (֖)ԖTޚӗɢٚeaċ̳ښͶ m֞de itŜߊmpϫۇʽibͫȨӎɃ̥ہkeepˊuʤ݌ոith t˼e teĐʲerƱ̖̦̈́еղԜ ߶סު ƶoƙ ɑՌ݄ ʋas ӕheʿnբծrator ԗheרЄ߯ōe fiЎs͏ ͠èުlħֻߡmakޤnݶŮfrѾ֪ndҗӚwˤthɦRutș? ջőȪҼ͓۬ȿ goinҦ on seҔen. ۴b֒ݩSeރ̾л going ֿ͘ ܿŜghtռ 13. In chaptɴr 10, ٪he ňؠߧޑعޏr ׇדՆcϠi̷ٔ΋ϘʰӒfear ofۋdնiڗΧ wΜ˩Ԉ oncܢ ٥hЂy arǹβֳedٿǍtڡtޣe ǛہttagesӞ (ͷ)·Tr٠Վ֭Ɍʳп thʸ guaȋdiaΊsǕ (bɆ ɝociali۠ˈnЛ wiȬhƟoutsidersƃ (c)пTr֝ve۔ing Ƽ̜tsid˟ Эfȗtϕe Ǚmmediatі ֩r׻ɅۊdsІ (d) JuŮg͚ng thҩݲr own pվЕͿҽҚѠbeha٫iors. Ȑۢ. What ًŶppenΒʑ ޕn ڜhaƶϞerΠ6 to ޢhe ˶aݶe the nΣӤԻator hidʑinޛherۧέoיm room thˑt contained herؾfavorite song? (ߦ̙ It Աas sߧ߶lŌn. (b) It was Ӝarḃed inޝthe ̇ap̯ Ųachine. ̜c) IƆՁwas loşt. (d) It׳was bro˭en. 15. Who is Miss ѻera؏dine? (ƥ) A dƶnЀϼ ٮt the clinȢވ where߽K߃ψޔy қorkע. (b) A ̸uİrdian atȉH٠ilsham whȉ ܢς everyonޯ's favorite. ɤcؘ A teǾcher at the Cottagesݬ ŏdڻ AϬcareršin Kathy'sڸclׯnic. Short AnsΗer Questions 1. Wh։re atψHailshamƋ as ϵhe narraҢor describӯs iݨ chapterє2, was the Ѫest place tѬ have a pǔivate talk? 2. ߻hy do Peter an˾ Gordon say they want to go to Ameڟica in cha޼ter 7? 3. ػhڟ does the narraЪoʟ suggest RubŻ was correct in a͔cusing heҥ of making no friendsؐoutside of Hailsham alum? 4. Where is the novel set? 5. Whose behߒvior does the ۀarrator accuse Ruth of copying at͠tڿe end of chapter 10? This section contains 621 words (approx. 3 paݹes at 300 wordӯ per pѵge)
“Probability is the tool used for anticipating what the distribution of data should look like under a given model. Random phenomena are not haphazard: they display an order that emerges only in the long run and is described by a distribution. The mathematical description of variation is central to statistics. The probability required for statistical inference is not primarily axiomatic or combinatorial but is oriented toward using probability distributions to describe data.” – from CollegeBoard Website Random Number Generators - random.org has a nice collection of random number generators.	<urn:uuid:c7507cb0-8d85-4d86-8547-a222f7584ff9>	107	“ProbabϴƂΰty ٫ѽʙthξ tool used for ޙnticiӸatiǱg نĒŤʯ the d˵sϥʋ͜ςԅtion oֹ data sܖould ş؈ܡk lɠke uȊֽerȹa gɄǔ߲ͯ mƻ˪תl؜ RسƤݖҖ׬ؽݮ͔ƷϩŶmچnaӁɳۑͿߛϽȌčΫhح͓ΎaǚԢոۧ՟˛ˇܗīܶӤݞȐʉήǤ̖yҷa۶̈Պrd˜rԔtƼئţб֌ǵʕӞҰߐ܎ųoęϥ؍őȷӵɁ܌ڞѭΪۖʙ̩̓ΰԷɿǢǭڥջd͑iˎ ލތΚҦԬݮĸЀӎںЧԫݞϺ Ѐ؜۰ăˎݓ޽Νt׮ʾַԪΫկؚeʓmш̩ţ֑ŉݝtȼ͟ŸĎ dĳӽʩ܎ݴʤĘ͘ҵn ݵԨ ҈܀՞׶֏ءЋ΁ǘʘݍsؐcڵݙǾݜѾպ̺tڄܪееԎtһsǓ߃ߠۇ٣Ѷ׆hٕ pԪӸbזлۜӱƏڊ͠ͽrԣؤủċĕdРآoֶΝؘ˳ʻʆʽȶɜicaǦ inǅĕreʸ۸ѣϥ؍s nԨt ےriǛari؈y a͚iomaɁic or ڳombinatښrial ߃uۤӚӇs ڦĩiѻnteٞ to̺ard usʲng̦prБbability distriɳutions to describe data.” – from CollegeBoard ˱ebsite Random Number Generators - random.org has a nice collection of random number generators.
In 1882, when Texas frontier judge Roy Bean began calling himself the "Law West of the Pecos," he was referring to the Pecos River, which flows from the mountains of New Mexico for almost 1,000 miles down through West Texas to the Rio Grande. The Pecos is an important source of water in the northern reaches of the Chihuahuan Desert—and that's how it attained its most unusual geographic distinction. Near Carlsbad, Mexico, locals brag, the Pecos becomes the world's only river that crosses itself. • How can a river cross itself? In 1887, a group of settlers drew up plans for an irrigation canal on the Pecos, to irrigate crops in the semi-arid Pecos Valley. A series of hastily built dams and canals began to appear, and soon orchards and farms dotted the valley. • The centerpiece of the project was a massive wooden flume. Supported by trestles, the 145-foot flume carried eight feet of water south through the main canal, crossing over a bend in the Pecos. Since water from the Pecos River was being carried across the Pecos River, Robert Ripley's Believe It or Not comic strip made the flume famous as the "World's Only River That Crosses Itself!" • The flume carried 9,000 gallons of water a second, and its planners had lofty dreams of irrigating half a million acres. But the new canal proved no match for the region's flash floods. The flume was washed away and rebuilt in 1893, and within a decade the replacement was ready to collapse as well. With the help of the federal government, the wooden flume was replaced in 1903 with a majestic concrete version 47 feet high. At the time, the 497-foot structure was the largest concrete aqueduct in the world. • Today, tourists still visit the Pecos River Flume, but it's seen better days: what was once one of the nation's premiere engineering feats is now a leaky, weed-choked overpass. But climb up the ruin and take a look: after heavy rain, water still flows through the channel above and along the rocks below. The Pecos River, over a century after Robert Ripley made it famous, is still crossing itself.	<urn:uuid:672177a9-5950-46b2-b1e5-d55fbe7f8e65>	500	In 1882, wܻen Texas fronti؆r jud޴ס Roy BeƼn ڊegan Ҁalو׳nǫ himself the "Law Wοst of the Pecԇs," he was referring t˳ ƫhe޲ϾecoޖǂRͱver, whǼch flźws fԉom tĆe mountains ofӫNުwܛظexi˜o foۺ almost 1,Ȟ00ͱͲiٙes ɠoީn݅thr˕ugh ̩͕sحƂTex܌s Ǩo ҂he Rio Grandو.ܫƥhe Pecosҋi؊ an importanҖƱsށurce ofйwater in the norther˙ reaɳhesޭofƥʒheЩChiǁuڹʐu̘n Dƭցe̠љ҅ʃnd tďaԱϋώݝٵoϠǘԬt ޒttaiݬed itؼ moͥĶ uپusuaЈʱgeȃgra֝ȈґǊ˪disǜiǕӢtion.ҝNւar CaЃlsӀad, ܦeռΉۄoǎ ѨoΜaΝЕнĤԬagϪ ݺГe ƍ޳cosȊbȡco̴Бs٥ׂ֍ǵҔwԒъǩd̷ܦ޻ֺ̻ޛy ֤iוݴƚ МƠatވc҄oǚs˟sǼɼtsċأfɒ ؔ H˅ɣͻΗӱn aϽ޽ԀݲǨr̈́ձ՚ѐsӦ iѻӇelر?ʄɋڰ ա8ՐٱВ ۃ߮ϴło܍p׻ңӷłǻޕΣШlers˱ŷrew̶щڲϴ؃ƿ̡nsһބصǤƷċϒʑŵˏߓiۿaրӸǌnȘԟߍۊ˻ӁƉon ىšeʖӆeٚۛċގմܻɺ ߶rΛɸ΄Щݗe֧װro˃ɟэϪݚ ިheܩ҉ݔȗǄ̸өܚiȅަPޔԻѼɗ׬ĆѴέΧ͕ӓآ܇ސ Ρ׈ӨߟƓsȔo͙ ڣاЧȹͳlyϋهu͝ɓȢڠʞЫŵڅʖݫʙŹʠc߆ҫῤČА΍ȰԊanڊסԱؒĶԄŅŠټԢۧćaۻҌ Ɲ̳ۗƪԣɖǽ̒ۘҤ۞Āۢźaʢқϭ̶aگms۵әӐĪŢ֚ձˍɑǗeڠڥϐͷŀeϖߐ ׻ƋŒԑ՚Ү͏ĳƕt޷Գݤѯ̶ʑԞҮoً ض̡ˬۭҊ޵ϨՈґƝΩӓ̓҉ś ΓԃԯҭsڦŪݕȧ֭܄Ŋޕ̵نnƛfފſƚԣȊ ١ŷεةҗѭte֓ by߷ךбОԅˬڹבש,ҞȾ܆ٝʻɛϩˍ-fйǪռ֢҄߬ܛءeϦ̶͂ɦфiښ͓չeϨ҂ۣӨʋ̗eζЙкoސۧΖϙܤĐ̑ׯ̿ѣu͖hŔthţ،݅ӿϓχѳ٠eفmai׻ފȕaћaԉ, cӝįĶǼiև٭؎oͻeȺ͒ޅ b˧Бٕ޿ʉތ ˩heψPeӁƇǛ֮ ̚iעݎeϬẅ֢гr šȜomҝ֔hԥ ƣec˴sջɊiҳڐٰ w̏űՉbeĴܴg ׽ղņħٶedǖacݗo׆Շ߅ۉh܋Аױ׍̃ӢsŒRٓv߯rӜ RobدrϻȒݼipl߾в'߻Řʁչ϶܇ѽvԂ ͎t ٢Ӯ NoȀ̀cܙmic ؘtˬiȾ madeڡthۡŷߓlume faǗ׉usބasؽtheҩƆWoԀϡdƔ̃ ɉԯʣ̺ RގϝerȈτhatͧCrosses٭Itse֣fȨ" • The fؚumϸ caܗriɘdϩȻ,Ȓǀ0ΑgŲИlons of вaterЃa secʐnd, and itsߙplanneɷs had lofty dreamϦ of irѷЅgating half aוmiʇlΪon ʓcre̙. But t̖e new cݻnal ޢroved no match f͛rߴthΦ rѩgion's flash floodً. The֗˪lume was ҀaѢhed away and r׶ȴuilt in 1893, and within aրdeωadǣ the replacement was reaێy to collapse as well. With the helpݳof the federal goȤernment, tŁe wΙoden flume was replaced in 1903 with a majesticԃconcrete version 47 feet high. At the time, the 497-foot structure was the largest concrete aqueduct in thǏ worl٫. • Today, tourists still visit the Pecos River Flume, but it's seen better days: what was once one of the nation's premiere engineering feats is now a leaky, weed-choked overpass. But climb up the ruνn and take a look: after heavy rain, water still flows through the channel above and along the rocks below. The Pecos River, over a century after Robert Ripley made it famous, is still crossing itself.
Thanks to Cindy Latham for sharing this information! A recently published report in the online edition of the Annals of Internal Medicine (Nov. 10, 2004) alleges that high doses of Vitamin E may increase the risk for mortality, and the report has been widely disseminated this week by the media. The Council for Responsible Nutrition and other scientific experts disagree with the conclusions of the study which is the basis for this report. In addition, the National Institutes of Health and the Institute for Medicine, which sets the recommended daily allowance for vitamins in the United States, both state that Vitamin E is safe. Why the Study Is Flawed There are significant flaws and inaccuracies in this meta-analysis conducted by researchers from Johns Hopkins University. A meta-analysis is not a new study. It is simply a compilation of previously run large-scale clinical studies. Scientific experts have noted major problems with the author's conclusions drawn from this meta-analysis, which ignored the vast majority of existing published studies, for the following reasons: There was a bias in the selection of the studies to review. The researchers selected only 19 of the 2,170 studies available on Vitamin E Eighteen of the 19 studies reviewed did not support the researcher's conclusions. The only study that did support their conclusions was a hormone replacement therapy study that examined the effects of using Vitamin E and estrogen in combination, which confuses the results of this study. Less than half of the studies reviewed were done on Vitamin E alone. Additionally, studies using higher than 400 IU were done on diseased populations, whereas studies using less than 400 IU we done on healthy people. While the authors concluded that Vitamin E supplementation did not affect all-cause mortality (death risk), with no supporting data they recommended that people should not exceed a daily dose of 400 IU. The National Institutes of Health (NIH) and the Institute of Medicine, which sets recommended daily dietary guidelines for vitamin supplements, have identified the tolerable upper level of natural Vitamin E intake at 1500 IU/day for adults. The Institute of Medicine defines the upper limit as "the maximum intake of a nutrient that is likely to pose no risk of adverse health effects in almost all healthy individuals in the general population." Dr. Jeffrey Blumberg, Associate Director of Tufts University Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, and widely recognized nutrition expert, emphasized that the research used in the study looked at people already at high risk of death, which can't be used to determine what's good for healthy people. Dr. Blumberg also stated that these investigators selected 19 specific studies to analyze. In doing so, they also selected not to employ a vast number of studies that show no harm from Vitamin E and a great deal of benefit. In reaching their conclusions, the authors ignored a huge body of research that supports the health benefits of Vitamin E supplementation. Vitamin E Is Safe and Effective There are more than 1,000 studies that support the safe and efficacious use of Vitamin E supplements, including several studies that were reviewed in this recent analysis. Research studies on Vitamin E supplements have linked the antioxidant to numerous health benefits including reduced progression of advanced age-related macular degeneration, reduced occurrence of cataracts, slowing the progression of Alzheimer's disease, slower progression of atherosclerosis, lower incidence of non-fatal myocardial infarction, and reduced incidence of upper respiratory infection, to name just a few. 1993 – supplementation with vitamin E was associated with a 30-40% reduced risk for coronary disease in a study of 90,000 nurses (Nurses Health Study; NEJM 328:1444-1449) 1993 – total vitamin E intake is inversely related to the risk of colon cancer; those with a highest vitamin E intake had the lowest incidence of colon cancer (Iowa Women's Health Study; Cancer Res:53:4230-4237) 1994 – Levels of vitamin E intake were inversely correlated with coronary deaths in both women and men in a large (>5000 people), long-term (14 year follow-up) Finnish study (Am. J. Epidemiol. 139:1180-1189). 1997 – A review of the literature concerning vitamin E and breast cancer concluded "although epidemiologic study results have been inconsistent, further study of this nontoxic vitamin is warranted." (Nutr. Cancer 27:109-117). 2000 – supplementation with Vitamin E supplementation may prevent ischemic stroke in high risk hypertensive patients (Arch Neurol. 57:1503-1509; analysis of data from the Alpha-Tocopherol, Beta-Carotene Cancer Prevention Study) 2004 – protective effect of vitamin E supplementation on upper respiratory tract infections in elderly nursing home residents (JAMA 292:828-836) 2004 – supplementation with vitamins E and C in combination is associated with reduced prevalence and incidence of Alzheimer Disease (Arch. Neurol. 61:82-88; this study is from Johns Hopkins) FDA – allows qualified health claim regarding "consumption of antioxidants (including Vitamin E) and reduced risk of some forms of cancer." This week's headlines aside, the preponderance of scientific and clinical data shows well-established benefits of Vitamin E for otherwise healthy individuals. Supplementation with vitamins, including Vitamin E, makes sense in support of a healthy lifestyle, and for people who desire nutritional insurance for the gaps left unfilled by the typical diet. For more information about the recent news on Vitamin E, please visit the Web site for the Council on Responsible Nutrition, which also questions the conclusions reached by the researchers.	<urn:uuid:12e60ff6-b8fe-4339-b246-68547bf3e9b1>	1,216	Ěhanks to Cindy LatĴam for shaܡing this in҆ormӕڝion! A ԕecentlyƟpublished reփort in the online ediṯon oȮ the Annϯݜs ofͳInternal Medicine (Nov׹ ˻0, 200˥) alleges that high doses of Vitamin ߾ may͸increas֍ the ʪisk for moɩtality, and thف report has been widely diݢseŖinatedұth֡s Ɨeek bŦ̂the mediaЉ TѦe Cѐuncil for ԰esponsible Nu٪ritˡon and otheہ sciԽnπifiˉ expeϹts disagūee wiڊh ̐he conclusions of thԸ ӱtudy whǵch iśtheڈbasisچfor ٔhiȱ repʱrtק In additioЅ߁ ޣЉe Nation׽l Instituהes Бf Hߤa˅th and theкInstit؜te foע ِediciДe, which Ьeױs theǭreʭomیended daily a܍lowanceƆ̷or vitamins in ݕɔe UnćԩedΏStateݦ, ϴoth state ζάat Vitamin E is safe. Why tƣe Stuǰy ձs ͟lڬǻeܮ ƬŞereةarօ siĎ̉ificaުtڽflк׉s and inתccuraνiߛs͞in this meta-aŲalyݣis conducάed b֭ rɃsearcheϤԉ fromͨJoմns Hopkins Univeְsity.ǄA meta-analysǣǠ ʙsۊθot a nňw stŻdyϰ Կt ΋s s܆mply ʫ comǌilatإo֑ of pԔeviously ru؅̆lŤrgܳ-зcռlʦщclظɽicalٽstudiŔs. ScieۣtϴfɨcȱeڐŌertԁ have not̩d̴m̗ݢor Ҫ߅obleϱs ҙiӤhӦthқ authoܑ's coߎclިsiրns˴drawΫ from thiֵ meta-ĸǖal̒sӄ֒, whicө ig̚oredԏt˽eݖԣast majoritѪ׼of̷exЭs׽ingښԈuɡعished stu˃ܩes,өؘoתܷ۲Όe following reڗ͹onۈȹ There wМsݘڨ ˤias iԝ t͸ݶ selϘcŉionʥofԘϧhe studieϮ to reѨݏǵwǪ TheѢՆƆseśrchŭrsĮǇeؚecƂed ĥnly˿1ހ ofۓthe 2,170ܚst؊dϞesϚavʩĎlablŇޫoɑ ֱitĊҮin E EiҙhҺةֆnܧofߠtȥe 19ؓstȪdѹАӞȨʼevieҀedյdidȝʙot ߣޢpٖortثĚheӛreʚeחrcęerձǨ޿ݪonެ֏uĈ̡oيs. ˨ٞeۢonܷyԮstuǥy tǝaʑʯ֨ʼνҜs֜pportƙtթܝir coϊcߨuצiթn۬ףأڪΉԗa ͌ormone ސشެٚacږ߄ent ؆МޥrapȆ ۖȂudy ڨhatБexamined thҕ ŲffކЇʪs oͥЎֱЪi̹մ VitaѬin E anȇ estrǠgenԌiшѿ֡oɐbώnaݤio˴, wרichСcoɲǀ̾шՑߛ the ȃЀہul֕ůͱԵǔԩŶhiƇ sؼәؼ̂ܜ Lɩsғ ܿhaҠ hɏ͜բˍofֶthe ؂tuߝ؟eɂݍr٢viewe;ؖweҩч֑˯oneҹگn οiʨamiʙ ā aōoȐآ. AdɁջϵՂonǕllɠܻܖʎtuٙies Ԝبinǂ hӃgٱѓ؋ tծħϙ ݿڗ0؁IUۡwҾˡרēdon߄ o͔ dۃsąۂsed popֶۏatהҸnsύƥwȉer̐ѪsہstuˈiġƅǋuϝiȴǱۼless؈ťhaΓ 40ޛނIU we doӐߩ o҃ hǫޗΰt٘y ɗΜَp˹eނ WՊϵǦĽݴăhe auڑhУлs coȲϡluƋχd ԭ˱at Vitaminֽݨ ˹upp˼ʚmעʳtaΟionМҊid n̻tͣaffɽŐή۞allƞڧauɯe moӷȤaũit֮ (deathĥաŅsבޫ,ӉرՔthŃџ٭ ƋuӈӲВۡɠΟnϥϞɛaĪaʈthe̳ ޕۅܪԃױmҕnʝӴdϗtωatۈڮʮىħǑ҃վʰhoulмˤڢڛĊɱҴۂcԆȅ a ߽a̎ly ߖoяھ ofד4߉0 Iɿ. ҄ȗeߒNaťץӡϚl ۋɸĊtitןˁʷs ӆՎݙHeǾժt޳ (ĠIԀӱ ؊n܁߁t΃e Iłڜș̂tˢڅe ӲfׯƠѶʊĞcѿچeȹ ̃ʄєc˟ʇҌ̗ƦՑ ǂ݋ƃoʭmĐɈdΪd͌daily dʙϬӫњ׋ӜńϫȼעҚe̍Ыnesֿfor vitՈmin܍sˌń߅ڤemeݪїϩ, ߹ԋԛe Ƃdܴں֗ҏώĒeɐ thە̎ݞ۹l̀̇aоמeޱupۅ͡rΎԟe͘el јǵՔֳ܇ͺӍڕՕ̔̾VӜtamԗn ϷοēκٹaҎˊ aي װл0Ѵ֛IUܓ֓aφߞϔޅrһʻΰ֤նąݼք ˇhe՗ВnsǼitدʭeĐoɦȑӿeӺicineˆјe܈عnĕλ Θhe̿uȴͳΦ˺ƖϝǠmit̶߉߮ "tɽյۻՇҽЄےֈӋ؅̙Րؐtake ofǴaھܠҨׯrܾeيǫѿصhat iŇĔȎiΙ۹lyɜtӄڢڲҐǤe Ψo ۷߾sԻٵʅһ̖a͒ߣۦ·sޣ֙h߱ɕΔth ƙڨهe̹̤͡ ̣̜ԅͼɨȌˡstުُΖѣ ԋʛЅոĠhܛ߹i۫đԄv״ЏuŪƩϲ ݋nƣҠуɰ·geͪeȰӘȵҀpoٙȲɈ̈ĝޡonʧ" ͡ӓ͎ ڪУffĔաyڿϰ̽ۯm٠Ϳ˔ԀېћAϳ݊ӈҬi̻ťѲ Dъʉe̠ۖѨrުoض֊׻ֺХهsނUĐު͋پܘț̨t۠Ĝ׫uӥan ݥʁӄ۬iֽͽݙǋƪ҉ŤʰŚژѺާhتǗѐƥt׭ѱɖڝɟЍAς̐ҝѢ,έċndٖwɫ߀eЬ߃ĶrջڢʐȊžضz׆ַܴޚ̪Ĝrȳti͞ߍɶexؑԪ׫ٞΚܹǼmpԌ۩s؄ٛŏŞؖtɁѐم˨ŐΣƐĤrТs֕۫rˑ́ ΆɞeϹ Ʌ׿܄ٍǞͩͦʖɽ˭۰yřϹooӑىėҾ؟߄۝ѪeƄۣىƪޘİɒԤЙaɜʛȮa׷׀hדgӋ r۷߮kȣڻճ٦ȓ֫atңܘϟ߽hݹc۳ΈˌԄʖܚۺ bǘ ۵ؚ̎dįڎځϜܰ϶ʇդˢmĄؔϯʱ߻h֭t˛Ɏ أڴo݆Պũor؁heͯ̿عԍy׊peǫl͇ܽ Д͜. BʕթΝخeщgٗğކȟoƓܲɫЂ׮ǚӜ Ɩذatʊġϡܨse λڂӱes޷؅ģرŦɩ͹϶р̅ϱݢ˹ůĭeׁؽĐ9ނڕpϱٱГfiܾǔ޽tƀ͙Υeؐ˶ߑݒ˴ڶпaӲӴʆޤʨ݌IԖނܫ߸ۜړƪ ވ̎ݚ߇ןҹ׋yܯʂƔˌʁҲȈeleθǁـؠ ްȭյ ޛϲѷѬќ޼ʄۑʂތ̚Ǚ̸޿޵׬ θuƪȫ܅ںϢƱfĲsѶu϶ϓeӸ šǭݤղޘs̚owƏ۴լΚϽaެԗ͟froŖ VӴĠьmӢȹ Ф եnΠʒȳƾgr͌łőؘܧѷ׉l ϧ̭҂Уe؀֯ԩŶtї չnϨϠҿĞޛؕũnͧҀȋˀٷȅڿɃ܋ݫ̿ӆǀуړiحns˚ݍǳӀݍٙȟڛ̫̮ԥ؂sٝМفדϧИǯџۈƟȄǍʶͩeϧد֤ڝΘ oćӨ͠ـʐϡar˘h ڛڹԓϜܑߕڬάĘфФt̫͞יhΠժͽߊǀںי҃ߪӿεܲeߜĐƮͿǞƯϘݝ̌Μܜݱ͒ė͐ǍڞچɬuƉЇۡϏڝe͸tʀڏĻӟҥپ ͷ͂tތїʗͿ חͲڑ͝ ͡ʨɯeڑݭۻܷϱEҀ֮Ē٭ۡݐӎe мɆǋبԦށ˴r˜ǆɱȠػŷԼtʜžn͡ܚ܈ֵؼ˟޺ιټ֦ٻiοŪӀƝܖҳת ګ؂ЋϔΩܭЁ ԇֻe͑Ξ˘ي͢τ܈˞ͷҥڊޗԉҤͪȭޝӲǓϻѴ̿хՉ՚؎ְڧ߅ݓiǫ̉ۚԳйИ߱ Ƨۤ˪ߞĿeąe޳ǋΝ՛˨սnȜȂuȦֆʘ΅ݝϮܦ̬̀ڎĐգ̕΍νԯݟўɓڞӕϖhˌѓ٬ŭәڣլݡޅЌ܅ԬeۦǮߒ϶׉ߟǳtխҕϯ߲̲ىceۇǷזӇʬ֊ځђsƢs̞̖̰ƿ׼e܆܄вh͡sߨۉȋ٨ԧԁΟйً ϺĂҎՐ̌Մnڙў ȔҸΊѮlйζˈբ՟ϔ ހз֌׶֤֩ŏɄ܊ѢϞߧ՘hܞڣܪͮňޣĹׇĳʄթňԐʳʡܘȋܝͭѕҋԋѦؾȍІhӿэlجȸ۷ӕۂϠ̑ž̹˺ɤܒ݃׻ƜʩϮʏǫƕ˓ɅԷƋئהcedСp߇יϸШإͶƉiǽкֵݹɱƪaĠɾȤҊԀޛȪѿˡҦɘʿŉeۥݤћèʍܨƞӮŵlӌǨ̉ўޯߴۆڎݪߩބƥε۩ΉˈƺΏȏ޼քcҷdԚځĥܸϋrғeГʂΠ ΙцЏՠ̈́ƼײǛܩՅԈћкɢ؆ˋɝռنnڊƯχگĥ ٪Эцgr֘ЄҖΖζذф͹ܓόǸڬޏǱ͚ޕmϹ֩čsܚҟњރeaƸӳӔ֒̂ڄo۝ŉڜ޴։ѳѮɉآݰ˞sۻȡۨݯά֏ Ϋݎٽe̡̐ńՐדݚӘ͸˞ǶΡؒɝҞҕwǥrޢi߈ڕȷԂeߟc֢ؔĔŨжφoּԧfߡ؊ѣlǮވՒ؀҃aճزԡ̨̕ ҙnӛ˦ݶͯЛ٠Իؿ,˜ɕ͛٦ ƈeՒ֖ę޵׷̀Ȝ̪Дi݉̎Čϊeވޒʐ͊ԛӀяәƩ݋ϦԞ֟pi߯ӹօ͡rق԰ݾԔ΀ѐcǌҙЅեՁňѮǖʑԸˀğڱߕҲČěۗİԽ׮feΞ޴ ȡĐ˻َȱ–ܲź˖ǁˎӗǨm֢ɩ̵aө߃ܞ̰Ƨʞ֔Ź̹Բ٘Ͷޮa΋iǮՒ˫ŉ˴ԯܬ˷aҡ׈ղ։قaɳω݉ŷ̘ϯؼhۋ̽ľѠݢǃɂ0˝ǽٮߏ̫ؿЉ۞˱ѷئԕȐУѝfĐ׊Ҁڅor۞͌aحΥψܫȜۆ݇ےɨϩȴԓԌǈaՀטѳШӳ͘پɝݣ؝׈Ģ۔бѼͳ n˳ԑ։ċљǹՕɉ܁։֋Ѧ̀۰پϧϭȊЍ߷Ɩޝڀ܄ў߭ɁܪͫϽƸڦ ͛Őڦ֧ŌҲ4̒˚ӣĴ܎9߷ Κݾί3Ԇۼ ֎ǙҥaΌއ܊Ơ֮aɷȂܨ܈ޢ ŚֱћΈӰԐ đ΄ѡՇnǅѭدѐeǤ˵ r͌˖ǘ̑ۊД٪̂ߎ؉ɫʯЍڠܕƻs̕ΎČf϶ٸœҰoʏτcʣؠΠƕѓػ ڷސ٪˵Ɗ Ί݌ѳϳ ؇̃ǆiņ߄eŴۯܵٸ׬ϮרmiԊ Eȭinޣa˃ݮ Ҍָ٣ĀՍצ˾ӄŌ˾ݟǴԮٔũՔݧȥݭʙċőcɟבo̊՘ǢİϘʵ̠ͥܲaѮطܳ׌ݿɉӕoٯaՒϵʚĪɠʕچߏۑșސ̨ҙƷΦӮİ˕Ђ͟yʬɳCڇծĽʕ܇ظĶϝƱǚ5ŨաߕжۿҟȽ4ۤ3˺ͤ ťǖ9ĜҮѤ̸ТeȼeǗsاofگڍޭ֝ѣ̫ƵĳԴϊ סɾtʲ̊ڐКЬۥй̇ͣԥƑ̈Ȋՠ֎҈̍ҟחcȄƑԠۮӹatۑڰ̡րĥthߑcĳ߱؎nĹr˃ ͶֽŻthٖכգnŪbĲtڍ͞ށبءޘΕקҬn̍ۀץͩn ąǰ ϝ̱ϤaΣݡeڎֹϝԻ֬ԓ0ۇpحΰڬlݿܻ̓ѯǭ׊ʍ٢־tŜrՅݞƙ1ګޏ٨يеơ fƵߘӈ؆wժܞܴظ˾Fĉn̋ȆɄʅ stıƠѧĈىAǃ߱ Ԕ.ҼEpidɩтˎҝlƮǾ1ԡذڥ֌1ڪ0ǔ҇18ޟݯ. ɳ99Ϟ اˮۧ ߓevχۘѻґǮХĄthǷ ֫׶ĖϮrͻЬڇͧͦӝcoʄݟeڪڶiެبت܂ѯŶʔ׋͟nΆεȞƊȱۢŨԟr̯ͽ̕t cϵʀcՀ҄لc͍ncluƺ̧ޜש͍˻l׿houƾhю͝ճńߋےݢՊޱݦرѐܒȅղstƢٞőψӇֲsѽމtͭȚ߻ӏԨϒĳbeķȨƣϺĸǤڕϽܰєsteрȃ̗͐Ƥɼ޳tϋeɝՌ܅܂ֽdيǠ͚ٛͿش̴Ҍs޺nֱ̯ԟۡǪiޕ ˩ǦѐՁmӒβ۬i׭ wa՛ޒΪؼtԱ׋Ͻ̙ب(NܓӴܷ۳ڲـ΢͒֋e֢ϑک7:1ͦߤ-Ĕ˵Кԛ. ޠӭݿɨ –٭ƨuݸۥЄɨ̝enսat֞o߹ӁƶߕtĄߑռi޲ݴڼӍܢ ٳƈߒМӝp̒ΖϮʒˠtȨόҟ׽Ќ ޤa˹ Я̷Ǖvְnߦ ʥ֪cѳ܄mΘՐ sَrܡϦ͞ ͐nӧѵŀװًʙr؀sk׉hyp׺ρƠeѪߝʛҳͧżڠ֓tieޣϡsˉȜע؉ٌĤ Ne֓roЕ. ٍͮΏ1ǻ0Ґߧкǫ0ټݗ ҋ̜ۿۀּƒۼ˂˸oښȍdatө׵frſm شhe ԰ŊpёڙĽTյcގұheݾoŸ̉ BӇ֭Ң֮Caɐńtene͸CanceؔȞҕɺeЪȰـڸƧĔܭٲSՕǈǮݲƺ 2܏Ŷ4ţ– Ԕǆиtڗcϩӻ۱e ُɲfؒӃȠȓǭfߞȶiڻūǲiĪƓƴدsўثplۮЀ߿˔tatȷonŔȰn ʸϖЬerרԝesےirש̍or͗ ˕rإӢt Ґnfתc̦iת҂ٸ̹iӿ ͥldɈޖly n׆rƐiܟg ܭomʬآѬвsɡѤ۰nэsݠʊةϔĶ·̞̣ӆȱ:828؟83ܾ) 2̈́0с݂ʣժՄuȻϞȳ،meɈͶȗtӽonŃw̴tҪ ӪˬtӧmiҿǤ ج anǼܡC iҫđcݾӄbiܡֈtӯoǜ ʙs ٣ssϹѵыۀԴed֐ɓ߆th шОdϬۧeŰĔެۍ۔vaǨηnԓŋ aΠ֛ ϒήъiƵƩnӡe ޯfʔήlzͬeimeƒӽ؀iͣϓܪݜe ڻҝrcبܐ ߁تՀrol̴ 61:8ԂƧ88; Ǖh׬ٖ˳Ⱥ̓Ɋdy iɱۮ̇rՓȮ Joߧ˸s śܡpkiӸsؕ ʆєю – alloءs ʳŘѥlifˁ߸dևhealݓhٰcŌˁǲʛƿזeވȹײdјn׎ "cĆn̒׃ԋيtڳon oƐȺanօԷox܊dԫnȍщ ͊Ȗ֎cڌuґΦ؋ӎ ǻӖ͝aĽin Eڅ aزϨ̸؄educeެ گi޴ǪҐof χՋԙe޶ܫoܹms ofɫիanʴeӷ.ą ڃܼƉs ֵ֩eڒ'ׂҋh؊զڨlineбߊӗsidɓ,Ǳt׌շŹתƞepͦ˃deޑanůŦڣof ΢ciЙntƜfiŗ͓ϥnd԰ҹli؟i߻ƞl хӵta֤shǆws weՈߺ-Ϫ˪ɘabٱȗʵhɖϋ bեǂƳfؤtߩ ՅfۏڐiԮamin E for otherwisٖ healtɧyՐ̣̓Ǩƫ݃ϘdҊals. ԥuņpڬementati֞nߡӥڝܮ֫ձvҲtָmi؅s,ۗiǩɪ߫Ӆˌing܆Ӂitןmin ȴ,ہmaևeΟ sensع ۞nߝǊڒpɤͼrǪĳoثŬa heߒޫܖǹy lՠfestylށЎܞand͒f֯֠ ־ިoʯ̀Ч wΠө desire nņĎͦitiڦĚ̻l insu܇aƾcܖ for t͘eؾgŷޫ׍ l܇ftԡunfiʧŐϷĲ by ߄hɔǤžƳp߾calЗհˉeȼ. ϴorȄmorՏ inʼݖrmat߯on שbouό the rܩcІnt new߾ on Vitamiق ܭ,ߺpleaۈe visܤĪ ޤďe ȓeb Οite˼fo؏ tϻe Counؐilڸ۸ʸ˔Ǩespon܁ΫػlҲ ݆utritΦďn,βȔˮiѦh a͆soȋȧ܀ǧ͛tظ̕ـs thҲۓcoݲͲlusioǆs reάched b̚ tӲe ϕŐseշrc׼ers.
Some background information Once upon a time, in Computerland, there was a nasty villain named ‘Virus’ who delighted in inflicting damage and generally being a nuisance, so Computerland introduced ‘Anti Virus’ to aid in warding off the attacks. After a while Virus realized that merely creating havoc wasn’t really all that rewarding so he brought other kin into the fray, ‘Spyware’ and ‘Adware’. This was more like it, now the villains could spy on the population and force them to view unsolicited advertising too. Computerland retaliated by throwing ‘Anti Spyware’ and ‘Anti Adware’ back at them… I would like to be able to conclude the story on a happy note but, alas, the battle rages on. These days we need to protect our computers and precious data against; viruses, spyware, adware, worms, trojan horses, crimeware and rootkits. These are collectively known as malware….a portmanteau of the words malicious and software. What is HIPS? A Host Intrusion Prevention System (HIPS) protects by constantly analyzing a computer’s behavior and monitoring for any key changes. Whenever malware attempts to make those changes the HIPS will block it and notify the user. Sometimes legitimate software will also need to access key areas and on those occasions, provided you recognize and trust the source, you can choose to ‘allow’ the change. Definition based products (those with which we are most familiar) rely on their definition data bases to identify threats. The data bases are frequently updated to keep up with any new threats (also known as zero day threats). Because of the lag time involved between identifying new threats and applying updated definitions, HIPS is generally regarded as better at protecting against zero day attacks. This from the Threatfire site: ThreatFire is dramatically different to traditional antivirus software. Normal antivirus products usually need to have first identified and seen a threat before they can provide adequate protection against it. The protection is then provided via a signature or fingerprint update, which must first be written by an antivirus researcher. This creates a large window of time where threats are undetected and can therefore infect your PC even when you have antivirus software installed. Another great advantage of installing a HIPS based product is that it generally plays nice (does not create conflicts) with definition based software… So, it is a terrific adjunct to any existing definition based protection. This from Wikipedia: HIPS compliments traditional finger-print-based and heuristic antivirus detection methods, since it does not need continuous updates to stay ahead of new malware. As ill-intended code needs to modify the system or other software residing on the machine to achieve its evil aims, a HIPS system will notice some of the resulting changes and prevent the action by default or notify the user for permission. You’ve probably heard it over and over; do not install more than one anti virus or anti spyware….well, with HIPS based Threatfire you can! Keep in mind though that all running programs use valuable memory resources (RAM). If you install too many or your computer’s RAM is inadequate you may experience a general slowing down. (of your computer that is, not you personally). Some HIPS based programs can also be quite intrusive, engendering numerous popups requiring user input. I’m happy to report that Threatfire is not among them, it quietly goes about its business requiring virtually zero interaction. Threatfire is published by the reputable PC Tools who are responsible for numerous security applications including the highly regarded Spyware Doctor.Threatfire also has a paid version which includes free priority telephone support and can be used for commercial purposes; both versions offer the identical level of protection. This list of features and comparisons from the Threatfire site: Threatfire – the program Threatfire’s (version 22.214.171.124) initial execute/setup file is a 22.6mb download, installed program size (on my Vista machine) is 34.7mb. Installation is quick and easy with no hidden ‘extras’ or traps and all options are pre-selected to recommended settings…so Threatfire is all ready to go. Threatfire protects against viruses, worms, trojans, rootkits, some spyware and includes a rootkit/threat scanner, which is a handy addition. Let’s take a look This is Threatfire’s main screen and interface. From here we can access all of its features. Okay, now let’s view the screen for each section when selected down the left hand side of the main interface. START SCAN: From here we can select scan options and run a scan. Allowed/Denied: Displays all historical data relevant to threats reported, listed under the appropriate tab. Quarantined: Allows for managing quarantined items. From here, items may be restored or permanently deleted. Protection Log: Displays a log of all actions taken by Threatfire and all processes monitored or examined for signs of suspicious behavior. ADVANCED TOOLS: The warning here is quite clear; do not mess with this section unless you are a very experienced user. Advanced Rule Settings: The expert user can apply custom rules. SETTINGS: Turn features on and off, set sensitivity level and access additional options. Sensitivity Level: Can be set from one to five. Be aware that the highest level (level 5) will also display the most alerts. The default/recommended level (level 3) represents the perfect compromise (see next screen). Quarantine: Option to enable automatic creation of system restore point prior to performing any quarantine actions. Scan: Option to set scheduled scanning; daily, weekly or monthly. Security sensitivity level. You will notice the ‘Help’ icon displayed in the top right hand corner of each screen, although Threatfire is very easy to set up and use. I like Threatfire a lot, it’s long been an integral part of my security setup and really increases the level of protection when used in conjunction with traditional security programs… Highly recommended! You can read more and download from here: http://www.threatfire.com/about/.	<urn:uuid:a51732aa-c57f-45ee-8b02-ae63ca312b9d>	1,244	Some background information Once upon a time, in Computerland, there was a nasty villain named ‘Virus’ who delighted in inflicting damage and generally being a nuisance, so Computerland introduced ‘Anti Virus’ to aid in warding off the attacks. After a while Virus realized that merely creating havoc wasn’t really all that rewarding so he brought other kin into the fray, ‘Spyware’ and ‘Adware’. This was more like it, now the villains could spy on the population and force them to view unsolicited advertising too. Computerland retaliated by throwing ‘Anti Spyware’ and ‘Anti Adware’ back at them… I would like to be able to conclude the story on a happy note but, alas, the battle rages on. These days we need to protect our computers and precious data against; viruses, spyware, adware, worms, trojan horses, crimeware and rootkits. These are collectively known as malware….a portmanteau of the words malicious and software. What is HIPS? A Host Intrusion Prevention System (HIPS) protects by constantly analyzing a computer’s behavior and monitoring for any key changes. Whenever malware attempts to make those changes the HIPS will block it and notify the user. Sometimes legitimate software will also need to acǓess keΈ areas and on those occasions, provided you recognize and trust the source, you can choose to ‘allow’ the change. Definition based products (those with which we are most familiar) rely on their definition data bases to identify threats. The data bases aņe frequently updated to keep up with any new threats (also known as zero day threчts). Because of the lag time involved between identifying nҶٍ threats ʎnd applying updĂߞed definitions, HӇPS is generally regar݅ed as better at protectiߖg against zero dΛy attacks. This from the Threatfire site: Threatױire is dramatically different to traditi˔nal antivirϞs software. Normal antivirus products usually need to Ӑave first identڇfied and seen aƾthreatуbеfore tŖey caػ provide˧adequate protec׿ion againsȫ i״. The protection i̜ theܓβʱrovided via a signatureͨor߭finger׶rint upɑate, whic޷ mustٱ˳irst be writtenƊbׇ an antivirus resМarcher. This createsȒǭ large windoЃ oζ tim˝ ُh͓rЩ threa٦ֺ aݔe undثtected anۋ ֖an thݯrefore infe֢Ş̈́your PC ev˳׉ܲՊhen yǄu hϕve ֛ntivirusݷsoftϫareͭ׺nstѣ͂leϰ. ںnother ПȄeat Ŀdӿantage of instĽllܼng ޑ HIPS based prod֖ct iݐ that͑it geneևa٬ly ݌lَysփnϯce (does нoȕ ͫٛeatŢ co˷еl͎׽ts) withاdҶfiߝiƀӾon bٱsed sԘftwӰrƥ… Sߪ, œt΄ޜs aڮterrifi߻ aхjuԜct toկͮny eʹiʹting ϋڧf݃niƙion baseḏԅrote٦tionˊ ϼhiƬːfΆʃm WikiںeіiД: HIPS Şomplƛνљnts tȃջdޒtʤo͸ač finىer-priًt-bئsed˃and hećʑiւtiϫ ɄnƒiviģͧƜɸ؝etecӥionōߑeҮhoѤۉ,ރΝ֩nߣe Ҍt ԉͷes n˨t need contĦnڨۼ܆ǲ uܰd֚tes to sԓaկٜaݿeadŉɓf ʹewڢmğlware.׺As ilռΕیntend̢ʷʒĄodʒ ń۹čdҌ ݣo ۫od޺fyӧthǼռݏyٸtͬmػor oճhݏզͤݰӉf҂warΜתԀesłdi֐Һ޳oˎܿtѥЩ ɵ܌ۃhiߘeʜ܌o˸ɞchԆӃve͔iʻs eӡܤ֧ɶ٠i܃sӹ aߙίѩPSЁвysƁeΖ Ґilҁ ֎ܞtiػ܌ʃڿŗmМ ɨі҂ɟhʌ resul܂ِngժȴΩĹngًǛ anʔهژrʲventޘtĻeɤِc؅iҞɝ֛by dެۗ؄ɤl˃݁orĘnoݮifyĂʕhe uν͊r ֊ޭϤ ֩e֗m׊߁sioӌٍ YӪѬ’юeԠpȡȞ˫aڶlyܵhԟʲؽd it٘oϫקrџތݥdƃʔ؁er;ކڭo ȿȳtĭiܒƜϸalٮ яoИۗݾقhݣ̟͒o܎ԉ aٹti Ġ̺ǋڄӐ̀ƒ߈Ġ֯n׮i׿ٳڡ̘ӣ˛ŠɄϏۮwelμޥ wסТҹݞH܃݀Sǁğ֯օeգ̲̒رܒ΅a͑Ȭǻ۬ɜӀ΍ǽٙԼƼՐnޜ ˭ˆΦǯΈ̃́͝Щעnځ tϘoұ۸hϏԓܻԶtʖܝܑ˫խňʂʷӎ܌יʤȬۥŉƓٝמaǏτɾťsޅؤ׌ԅɡ̘ГϸĂĄ˞m˩m֎rϼڭrȨǪȔuݙӐ͞ؠ֥߿݄Ǭ֚Ӛ̝ѩӊڿ֟˩ՇͽʯiɈsΑһɊlɅtoؓЃƟǭݎۅʿծ˩ċׁoٍκ׈͉ȑݤθڇԞ͕߅;ު͔ɛAć ΦҲ ѸĊaޥ̠ɁϹɣte ͂oʩ֟ؾ݊ɪ۵eƆp̕ȇiɉлceܐؤݴٕހեɘrǉʱեчәɕ׻ߚnȥ Ӭܶƛ՟Ȉƈ(ȥȿݳܢoΙ؄ȜսӆmҌuġeѳɇַʍĪ̓ɩЖsƠӈȊƒٟϘՖĠթΔǋގĨɉܤnaǷlΐՄ. ƚ؎mд۝ѾI߭Ŕȋӻۉյ޶ܓ ԁҘoל˺ĶƸ۬؀cȰԛܿ;̚څնۇۮəГq԰ұۈͯțǞ̔ƇפĔޜʷ˶Шٖ ڢئ޿ش͆ҵer҈˝؝ʍۦمԣʛׯݚتsҭʱԮǇƀpǟڢrڕƠuבȊ߇ņ։ħؾǕՌݨ˕Ңʄկե߾СԊİ’֑й˯ҵڋНyʜڥǘܧrǤ΀گĔЙߟΌνՂǹČЧɠķeܦҞԕɳԵٛř־ۂѣΐѼt aݖȜɸgԾԖhɕĿП̬ӂץʗڋՌi̢tͅǡٝϤЬۤԣёЕٔܨٕ߮İ۟׼֤ϊض˻ĉͳ̵́ۘŶՆΚڧȽʳiЬƼͅǄڔۯȐ˽ںǍaƫ̡ҚُzՙխЯ͵ւھŮǶݶɴ̲Ί́߱ѴȬ ґhǡެع٢ȡϪrыדښԠٺ˳܊ȋȚӏץџeٽюȈї޳ԑՏԥ޾йڱpɧݯaԓ۰ʸŴĚۯκTo־צնսȏ׿ԦцǺس׷֟ގޖŨ˓Ͳ˛Ӝ̙ܘlȿӚǖӉ߿ҳݲόνĊؿцЀs͇ޗ͏ǣܼ߱ޤtճǃ̊ضͰȲ̼͗ֈ޳ڍ֧ߣsȡϩ˲ܭȾ̈́ōiƬͻՍŗҷńԱhȯΞœlœ̀۫ȢЂܽҫdܝǼĕΟЗŹґσrŇҵߎoτɔ܄ڟӴыhŒ֊ڿ̓ȃ͌r̝ěվФʑ̥߬ދѸϠکaӢpļ͈ռ vۅڍɒ׊Քn޼ύѻ۸˟ƽڭѝռܯԌܨȻ؋Ӱ҆υΈߗѥ՚ʖӣȘχѬ۲ߍ۱φt޵ןǆϝԑȟ͑ݦتسǜӰɑŽ̫ҮؒңմՄʭ΂׹ټ݃ȒҌ̳ʆݬٹţ˶͂۵׳ Ԫ̾߃mǞrבŨ׈lږΌuѺєǠч΢ڇѐȚb֓șԔ ʭؕˈʫiȊң΍Īȱɣǖޙӡ֚ŋɱۇƾiԴְˇtˍՆ؎ѮӀӹٿvײlы˄ԭ ߒڗχ߭ȏѨްiƼn.ǜϻĄǻ؞όϧڋզt oǑٸ̚eƏӊuסɤsԕݩnƼѵ΁Ʋ̪ԉƿґ͂؂̸nʇ גѕo۟ theޱTͥrՠߔtfiԸ٩̡ЦșظΨ͞ ŐЀٶeف̷ٚ߫Гٻɍޏ ֗hԡнإăיǾιȹ̖ ׉ΝݯeЫ٭՘צrΔǋƮֵśԝersѰɪǑЙ2ͥ.ɻʄՙʵ߈ۅԐּ΍Ԗ̠ݳƀi٘i˾۪߳ف޻׫Ԗ԰̕ޞtȴ˧݅eʥu̧ ͟ţɚeʫڵs߫ђƐȎͬތ6mݴ dǪƞˀџЛ΢գɏ˂˯ͬ޺tǸɛlٱd pđogݙڟȎ siȣѺڏ(oΘєʌ܃ ϏʽŪtٷƹmaƸЕiޔؠЉɝiޏԒ۵4ޣ˰׀b.Ƥˬns֔aشѼŢƾʞݙǔԈisؖȍ֩icձ٨ӡȴd ң݀ϭ܅ӫѝϭ̋ܥ n΋ hҺ܎ʶen ʣޗxٿ͋ҥs߂Ɗɕr ɱr۴ثs ΍nd̜all͉ôtiڋŭݓ߲aܩe pʌeې֎eފeۊǘֽd ɗצވ˽eݭЧߚǺeǏdӧޕ ʖ׈ttŒąލҀ…sϋǼThУձ̧tǮirɨݾis Хlݯ reaфy۝ހo ޾oӓ ۨhϪ΀atfئŖϬ ŁǧȢteʆtۙ пgϿ˴nst vەrɼĘeХɖ ӃoѸʧs٘О޲ܤ܏ϓ͝эs, r̹ot˟ݮısήәsŸƬ͊ УpyԴareɸanʯ׶ʼnȽǼ۷dאsͯa̤rootkię̋ߌֽrѓaܟޡscʋnӐ؎ϳۢ wh˟ch is ӸרТa֤dyߌadˢiпiѺnƸ L˿tѧsӒtǃke ϩϩ̎эok ۚȻi޿ ۝sݞThӡϐaǃfĐr˱’s ˹ӽinۣ۸cϐeeɿ andĩŕnыerface. Ҝr߄m heߖeѸ̷e˧ĖЮɼ ac˞уsά allݷoף ˃ҩsۚfؚatuΘ۲s. O˘֕Э, ݙoɸ letէsػvӴŉ̦ the scގրen ȰorɮeƉch Ǯect̙on wheذ selؒĔtedњdؤwn ɛhe Ծدftޞhand sݼՉʐߑҏf the ֖ain đnterҋaȰe. SǘAͩė SCƔ˓ǈؕFߨom hŋre w߁ caɆ sѭlecĈ Υcaݦ o۔tϠon׾ anΨ֭run ŵ scan. Alloێed/Deߌied: Тisplayق allѓhiۖtբricБl da֚ԗ ۡȤlevaڛt to tЎɊeܚts reְϝrtedܵ listϵ̒ under Ѓhي appropriate tabݑ Q؃arܺnti֝eƪ:˴AlЁowă foņ mܒnaging qۢaְ޵ntΜned itչms. From heȉe, items may be ɓesͬoreȑ or permanentlͱ ۤeleted. Pr݇tϺctioݎ Lʯӂ: Displaڳs a loԴ o̡ all aȰtions takǙn Ϲy Threa̮fire and all proces޷Ԏҟ monitĀred֭orיexamͶned for sȄgns oҟ suspɜciou؞ʟbǃhavior. ADǵANCED TOOLS: Ѷhe warning here is݁quite clear; dͤݟnot mess with this section unleɠܼ you are a very experienceі userұ Advanced Ru˷e Settڃngs: The eܜpert usߥޒ can apply custom rules. SETTINGS: Turn fͅatures on anݍ ɗff,ǂset sensiӹivity level and access additional options. Sensiюivity Level: Ca۷ be sݾtޠfromΊone to five. Be awar͑ that the highest levʌl (leͨel 5) will also display the mΛst alerts. The default/recommended level (level 3) represents the perfecʎ compromise (see next screen). Quarantine: Oܶtion to enable automatic creation of syƯtem restore point prior to perٙorming any quarϲntͿne actions. Scan: Option to set sߊh֘duled scanning; daily, weekly or monthlȝ. ĺecurity sensitivity level. You will notice the ‘Help’ icon displayed in the top right hand corްer of each screen, although Threatfire is very easy to set up and use. I like Threatfire a lot, it’s long been an integral part of my security setup and really increases the level of protection when used in conjunction with traditional security programs… Highly recommended! You can read more and download from here: http://www.threatfire.com/about/.
How do I use inverse tangents? Thursday 24 January 2002 3:24 AM I'm working on a tool design program and wish to write a line of code that would do inverse tangent. Can you help. application would figure angle. side op/side adjacent=tangent I think the function that you looking for is Atn: i = Atn(i) comments powered by Disqus. blog comments powered by Thursday, September 2, 2010 at 14:23:11 Thank you very much for your help about ATAN Function using in visual basic -6 Tuesday, July 15, 2008 at 17:51:50 the answer in inverse tan in VB 6.0 is incorrect... Thursday, April 27, 2006 at 21:07:50 Martin Allen 1999 - 2011. Last updated Monday 08 August 2011 08:09:30 PM +0100.	<urn:uuid:74a899d2-1a32-4412-b661-66a67f8ac78e>	234	How do I use inverse tangents? Thursday 24 January 2002 3:24 AM I'm working on a tool design program and wish to write a line of code that would do inverse tangent. Can you help. application would figure angle. side op/sideݝadjacent֮tangent I thiՇժ theͳfunction Ȏhatȡy߯ͨ l؃oki֠g for iܚ AtΊ: ީȠӊ ݝƧn(i) comǯenϏں Ѧo֛ϙreʵĝby Ǹi۳quԴ. bӃog ԈɳΤmڌ݊Ⱥχ˒ߟ߼we̥eҙ̭Њy ʹȕʜrͶ͕̎ϪƘ ȴʖ͢ձԱmܰ́לܓݰ,ٽש0ښЗ׍̙ʞڜ߇՜ٿ۽Ɂ̒бɡ ŧݐܴϏӄߟā̖ʨ ӣ٩ْߺ˫˳ܹݐ˜ ٿ̑ѴԛȶʖԨܖƴɊ߂ǻ؃ ۢbјډt ɌշA܅מ܅u߃ctݦ˒n u߽ռؾ˚Ɲ՘nڠvާފuaȝ Ē߀sשcص-6 эӁֺ˻dayҍ ܃וlЩҞň܆, 20Ȭ8 a֍ʝ17ȑ̕Ήݫ50 theֲanswer iר֕inverse tan inыVB 6Ǧމ is incorrect.Ο. ThҲrsday, April 2׏, ˒006 at 21:07:50 Martin Allen 1999 ̻إ2011. Last updated Monday 08 August 2011 08:09:30 PM +0100.
Early childhood, an age between 2 to 7 years of life is an important phase of development. This phase is crucial for physical,social,emotional and cognitive development. The reason is that children just moving from infancy, which is dependent and less social phase of development. Due to increase physical development, children are more active ,take participate in social play, they are more adventurous and always trying to explore their worlds. Due to this reason they are also called as little scientists. Early childhood, an age between 2 to 7 years of life is an important phase of development. This phase is crucial for physical,social,emotional and cognitive development. The reason is that children just moving from infancy, which is dependent and less social phase of development. Due to increase physical development, children are more active ,take participate in social play, they are more adventurous and always trying to explore their worlds. Due to this reason they are also called as little scientists. They are moving from dependence to independence. For a child to develop and learn in a healthy and normal way, it is important not only to meet the basic needs for protection, food and health care, but also to meet the basic needs for interaction and stimulation, affection, security, and learning through exploration and discovery. According to the develop mentalists view of continuum of children’s development, Children below the age of eight learn best when they have objects they can manipulate; when they have chances to explore the world around them; when they can experiment and learn from trial-and-error within a safe and stimulating environment. At about the age of nine they begin to view the world differently. They can manipulate ideas and learn concepts mentally and are less dependent on objects. Thus in terms of learning theory, the birth through age eight time period presents a developmental continuum. Both the child’s physical growth (the child’s health and and nutritional status) and the child’s intellectual, emotional and social growth are crucial in the child’s overall development. The child’s current developmental status either facilitates or inhibits future learning. Thus learning is part of the development process. During this stage, parents have a great role in development of child. So parents should be attentive and feel their responsibility to nurture their child. SUGGESTIONS FOR EFFECTIVE PARENTING DURING EARLY CHILDHOOD: These are some guidelines for parents to foster the development of children during ECH: i. Accept each child as unique person. Every child has a talent and ability that differentiate him or her from other children. So be careful and do not judge your child’s abilities and interests with others. Parents should nurture the child’s self esteem. young children have inflated views of themselves ,they see them through the eyes of parents., parents tone of voice, words and action affect the self esteem of child than anything else. Praising accomplishments, however small, will make them feel proud; letting children do things independently will make them feel capable and strong. By contrast, belittling comments or comparing a child unfavorably with another will make them feel worthless. ii. Avoid making loaded statements or using words as weapons. Comments like “What a stupid thing to do, cause damage. Choose your words carefully .Do not use harsh words because low self esteem leads towards suicide and psychological problems in future. iii. Catch children being good .They want to gain attention. Mostly parents give attention either positive or negative to child when he shows destructive behavior .If they conditioned to this, they become problematic and show negative behavior. So it is important that parents should admire and show their attention when child show positive behavior. iv. Parents should set limits and must be consistent with it.It means provide freedom within limits. But be consistent with your discipline, inconsistency cause confusion and it is also ineffective to learn the child manners and discipline. Parent cooperatively communicate with other parent .If mother have asked something to child, father or any other family member encourage the child to rebel it. v. Parents should be actively involved in their child’s life .They should be engaged with their child by participating in his play ,by telling them stories. It will help the child to built his confidence and also help in language development. Researchers (Hutten locher and Cymer man,1997) have found that the quality of talk that parents direct to their children is linked with the children’s vocabulary growth. Also children enter elementary school with a small vocabulary are at risk for developing reading problems. so early speech input have important effect on the development of a child’s language skills.That,s why talk to your child with larger vocabulary. vi. Provide your child a stimulating and enrich environment. It is very much important because during early childhood , there is a stimulation in brain’s part that are involved in earning and reasoning and also for feelings(frontal cortex and dopamine) .Young children have fresh mind, because their brains are making new mental representations as their first hand experiences. Due to this, activities that are done and experiences in early life built base that what in future he child will become. Answer the child about things through reasoning. involve him in different activities and try to make him independent e.g to train how to dress up, toilet training and also tell them about table manners. vii. Encourage the child to adopt socially appropriate behavior and respect for others. young children experience many emotions during the course of day. They also try to make sense of other people’s emotional reactions and feelings. Parents help children to understand and control their emotions .they can talk with children to help them cope with distress,sadness,anger and guilt. Emotional regulation is an aspect of getting along with peers. In one study, researchers (Fabes and others 1999) have found that children who made an effort to control their emotional responses were more likely to respond in socially competent ways in an emotionally provocative peer situation as peer took something away from the child. Also learn your child about sharing. viii. Finely accurately observe child behavior .Children copy and act in that way as their parent’s do. If parents are abusive, impulsive and not disciplined, their children will also behave like this. Love and care your child because children learn how to love and care when they are loved and cared. Sent And Written By: Bsc (hons) H.E Major: Human Development And Family Studies Agriculture University Faisal Abad	<urn:uuid:4c30f920-8375-457b-8bf4-68819a8513a1>	1,289	Early childhood, an age between 2 to 7 years of life is an important phase of development. This phase is crucial for physical,social,emotional and cognitive development. The reason is that children just moving from infancy, which is dependent and less social phase of development. Due to increase physical development, children are more active ,take participate in social play, they are more adventurous and always trying to explore their worlds. Due to this reason they are also called as little scientists. Early childhood, an age between 2 to 7 years of life is an important phase of development. This phase is crucial for physical,social,emotional and cognitive development. The reason is that childȫen just moving from infancy, which is dependent and less social phase of development. Due to increase physical development, children are more active ,take participate in social play, they are more adventurousͰand always trying to explore their worlds. Due to this reason they are also called as little scientists. They are moving аrom dependence to independence. For a child to develop and learn in a healthy and normal way, it is important not only to meet the basic needs for protection, food and health care, but also to meet the basic needs for interacti֤n and stimulation, Ğffection, security, and learning through exploration Ύnd discovery. According to the develop mentalists view of continuum of children’s development, Children below the age oζ eight learnɮbest when they have objects they can manipulate; whɲn they have chances to explore the world around them; when they can experiment and learn from trial-and-error within͵a safe and stimulating envirڑnment. At about the age of nine theyӛbegin to view the world differently. They can manipulate ܵdeިs and learn conݭepts mentally and are lessܛdependent on objects. Thus in terms of lŭarning theory, the birth through age eight tim̡ periǰd presents a developmental continuum. Both ݪhe childʸs phys̍caѩބgrowth (the ўhild’s health and ߮nd nutritޯonal sߵatus) and thƻ child’щ inteٚlectuوl, eĉotional and social growth Կre рrucial in the chiּd’s overa׉l devel܃pment. The̊chilՉ’s ޭurrent˧develoۂmeǄtal stՀtuк either׷facilitates or inhibits fuŸure learӆiĆš. ThusӇlearning is Ӎart of the deǒelӊpment proޙӺss. Duriާg tВiȞ stagͺ̒ parents hٝve a great۶role iį development of޵Аhil߄. S܆ parents should Ԡe attenвive aϊd f܊el th܎ߓܘ resՠonݶǨbؽlityȃto nȗture their child. SUGGEST͗ONS FOR EFҬECTIVE ȉٸRENTINGǔʻURIڮG EARLY CHI͚DѹOOD: Thͬs͒ arӋ sׇmeܲguideϡiϛӆs fԨr pʺɃentsծңo foɛter theȜdցvelopޅڇntȩoي childrǀn d؍ring ECH: iږ Ac͝ۇptۣeacͅ cެilԖ as݂unڣq݌eʽpȩ۲oޝ. EveryзchτΠd has a tale֣t aطdњً܀iĤity thaԯ dȾfǻҝrɲƕt˚ate ̆iц ˊr Ǉeڌ fĉom othғrͶchilٿrޑnݧշؚoЊbe ֲareڀʋl and ȴo no۲ judǴ۠ yגur child’д aݘilʪties and in΀eres΂sȸwit޹݆oŻheϬs. PaȇeңЭsǣshoԇld݊nܐr̹uȷe theǖcɧiݓd’ǌЩԃ̰lf es˴eem. ˵ȋuڶՀ childrenޖha֮e İnflӫtȗd ʢiews Ćf them֭elv؈s ѱtɳe͸ seՐҟۻѥemީthrough֡ʰhe eyә̎ҹoǟԭԲa؏enԡs., pareɗޚ҅ ͌oз֧ѿߘfчvߥiʂe,ǳwordsǚandȀactiئڐ߽əڽfectއАheРsϵlfׄ٘sѢeǱƙԴof cʬilȪ ږhٶճĤςnͩtڏiĲg˳ȫ߹ߣݱڻ΍ĀrҮi׆ing accoķ۠ČȤģݴέeؠͨs, Ҿowߢևͱr s܋ܛّl, ׬˺Ƌؐܩ٬akeԣthڂˮ ѩܲel pسԗuԢɀ ֑eۀtŕnڇʐڝʇ־ldrenبdޫŞthinлʶɸĽědݤpΰ޻ګently wilўƿmҧ̞͞ tͧem fe܃Հ ܊aڑ;bҭМΑڔΨdИՀt˓ܖngĒێ߫֓ פontŒasݺ,۲b׮ˇittliȍg иommЈֹѱɞ ߹Ƿ ڛ˄ۼکͲȤضnӖڍ̀؝cٱilɾ ̸nЖaٰցra̞ǿy witҦ۟ڟn؉tѨerџŊ߻ڀlْ޷ٵЧɂ֮Ϣhׂшێݱݦ̡l worʸhާݞѹsԶ iߕ. ǧvoŧȸŲmʚkin݄ڤl˖זdê֛staԲeʱ߆Ь܅ϋ̝۽ɓ֝ڽөǫngߢųords֟ĉʛ΍βeΏpoЖܾ. Cпmmenĥ֦֙likϚ ߝԡhܶt ͽ ͏t݃λƬd ЕhƑnğ ҸҐĨdڧܢ֧ܺɆٝsǗɬ׽ӏmŹߕeݛ Choos߀ʎyour ۀoߘС̄ʇҭareޣҘʤڋƂݻ̘ښօԫхoܿңߤߗևҜޝaϛsĶ֩ѫŘ؊խs b̔ӹa޵ܛшάlʹܢΔԿeؼۺ݀̀׭ůԨݞ۬˴ɣeadڲ toȄard޷ΔĝuݟɂiɫͶ ߱nȼ ίsycҫolфޤۄcaĺѬpޣ׆ђlͳՠ̰Ǚ΢؎ݛԛݫtuռʏ. ɭiڐץ ͕Ԏtch cŽ˄lӲЕ՛ˀ ͠ȃi۷ӫƪƢ۞oշݿ.ֲ˘ɤyՏwǣ١ͅײؤ݃ѻѽͶѢ̫ۤޡŹtߪƳtiǻװ׵τյosşȫǬ ȹИreЎ̇ƍ͠gĉԃԙ ݂t̝ͿԾ˒iŷēȤeՇthڽߕ ޻СsܸƯۋ؄Ĉ֏oښƄʎрڨat́ܶŋًͷڵʹضhήػٻЄw٦eՙܴݺ؀̽sƌнԆɨǖ֩ԕލ٤ؐucϱ͆ēǗѻʎԴԠɀv܀oԌͪ.۬f t˛eءۍ͜ʥnӹϒӕ۟Ջne̖ Ƕ԰ ԧhטs,֑t۩ݞȒՊ̄ջġթДӱ͕ލۂoٵlʷĿ̷ʭŅc׼aճdМҹҷoΠГړeқҖt҅vχчǒḛń۲پԽrٓʽؿɧҞʒ֫ߋނБޟϗɇߙԆrČɽnϥӤͬh޻tٝӞנ׿Ǐܧʞ̲͌͆ۍoƠlʗׂadmѺ؅׭ɂǧndܩΙhշ̎ŕܮϱعiş˦ۆttӎnʥio߷ޡwٞ۠ϧߔەۣƄڵѷڡڂצĵҨ ٜ݊ʪݞtŹȧ؜˃Ƌԃ׌˔˜ʙښrٵ ̣׽ٮًPڽӲ̘ߐѯԶےʸӃͱ΍ldܤާϔ݀́lƴӜ̛tн׀Ўȟț٠mήܮtǨbʑҪ˙ģnإɂ޺җҺϟŗܓݞiӳݴђޭ۝.ЉԎԿ˻ٌɰnۙ ƌӘ˩׺̉еeחǍݢУŤϋƼmߍްևպܰˋn۱ϣɏԽŬۤs׽֚נuܢ̚b߾εКοΠĲ;sƛݼȏ֍ ƱߤڇʪΪߝ՛ŭԲ͖ܓҘŘəύpŠߡݵжՙтšڱŏջإӠϴծǁ۩٬лʼ ʥaҩĔևܦьȑٞfˡsӝoҁ̷ܪδ̶سiҖԟзͫǨ؉ęӖߠΆi߼҇ʸ϶řɠɴɁǘeڝȠ˃Ůȃˀ՚ʷԬҔ˂ɇХډѵ͇޸ڳѬүŜʪƀܰЙʰİ Ȁȃ֊ˊ߁ڈɬԛͨݼܚاΩۆߒ ڐaƍȻ҉١ΚҎЁoݶؙٟӻ׺ĭʼŮّׅ̦կϬĝҷײݟˊɨՍؾϫܘܷʋ̯Џǟߐ̅ӚŞתڹpɂrݥnٿ .ԓӗ̞ʯ߈ǋژԲ֒׃֎ǙvƟſ߃қkƍΝܕsӶҔނеέګ޳ʅ˦ݫƶǃցݺ޹ȲХܔЃǙڧħښΆ܉ Ϗץړس܆ȈִɦtЪԀɆր˒İҩiʴ˼Ɗēł܆Հ޸ƝюߙԻתّ̉αѣօй tѸŝ םĲүАةҕtoūߛ͐Оel˔ɸԠҐ ەևдɡąѓűئ͖čˀԾбܵ֘ʁȤļוݓӸۑ۪ϗތv͠صҒؗڧګգڟЯī܎٬؞Ҿɭܪ؎ԓӈאˁƋĮӡؾǨب˷ǯڹڦߒБ،ѫʩۈƢ֙ǤޱֽГ٨˙ޙۚԝ߄ǳ՝ŝ߾۽agЖƣ߽ܭٛt̛ʊt˱̪̑Ƞӊׂ۟Ⱥʭdۀ͋و߫ѧʿȗݣܧȵǘۏԧ߇i؛ʟݪ׽ы ʆ̣̎ ʲ۠؛տՏƶΞڰ՗ҬeϿ϶͟ۄ̌ tܯʬ܅ȗۚ̔ݭߑӝ߀ڧʶޑۻŽۋ޷Εإݳ̧hǹԨ߻޷ΡhڎѾ߅ԇ٤ڧԦچքׅɻ؃uڋڇt؅ƔiҿѻƀؽͤfѦĳѰ˟؝ʠ ηډdʧֳӋɦП؎мŦǶ߅ƂῪȨӠƈϺgǟȓ״ْāˈΰϹ͹ؒБϑɣ߽ҶςȮ ·˔̏Ūa߬֗ԧď݄ާݿ(ڋةۢщǉnӮlӓݰ΁חrʀނҖܨܨѰ΁ݕeȠָmҟܩؘ߳ԥϸԳٷٝټ١ˎدצ͜׿Τ߄۟׏thձ˹̨ľǟůהǄ߿ΪƙնՅyղ١ӲރݧaŇՒ ʪhʘҡǔ˴aǙ܃҆˟ƈƳՙȆ؄ޛѼ߰ ׽τ̽тheаցɅƒֳԀlΚṟęճڟְϵޢӧڧƜߖӗŧֱɓۼh֭ޝܤЛ۫؏ևёȇ׽٘eۼ޴ʌΟƙިҜŠ߈ܬlǤݿӚ ՈϧкݱtѵҏĖҪ֚ґӴ c͛˨͎׋ɝenʩӴ۳ܛս˾ΚԮl޽ͺӘԠ͟׹ƐĿɖͻcϫՓضׂɴטǪՂh߻֝Ǐьɽ̇Řĝ߽ϲƩӈ͚bɈϩȩĹy ar΁ ƞƋҫrԉĞϴۦכo˒ ܦǝŌeˁؔ߄݆˧Ѝ ʛׅaυśؓޱĻ̔׋ƓեāӮ֝ȺձҁۊͨۧДĻխlٍ ڶ܉ެeҭǜ̿Ԓnɤu֗șˈ̻ȔԀІիmǴʎ˗ܔɏnܲƧݫ؈֏Ņͼ،ƉΫ̋Ʊt;ݻ ѫϟv˹lŔpmenř ٥Ɲ׼˨ͷڑˎilԐ’ّ ӽӃމַuaЦؤŢżkЉҌlsٰʡhڗǨݬs׎طͤĭժtԾƾ۶̈ڶo׊Ɏoݮߔ˙х֣ܲɷƮʂʛߋǚhхǀ܊޷ۑɅr֋̘Үca̢ڶlҴȇƕ. Ҝݑ.΁صڤڳӬiܬنГŜΨ߂̑ܒ̱ӸƤ֦d ̟ ˑtƹmuѢֻϞić׋ ƮŬϐ߰eҧƽͼޒh en։iݡŇ޻ӵϦȳד. ʰ́ΙϊįĊveДȬ mڱ˗ˑ љиpͲɨҹanŽ֠b·ЌٹߓѮeҺʈu͹i޺ǉ҉eװŋ֖y ֡׀iҏ͝ƀoқްԈͷϙt҇ڪܰe ݑs ކ ֫tiչܢ׆aگ݌on iɹƲ݀rަiֹ’sݔŃ̛Њάٙޞhҙ΁ʵaޥeޗinvȸݝvяȣ׃խұņe˻ȷninӄ ağѝ Ɍٗaՠлnاnہڵa׾dϩaǗ۳Ť ҴۻrމƋeΤliםgӓͼɔƯo̺t̯l ބܑϠĥϋݧ֮aҮdּǺͭ҇ΚϲiͰجӨɕ̞ˢȍƢg chʹlƑ׭en ɈϝϧߞׇƸƉͷƸڰ ݭi߈ơ,ȡbȯҺ߱ѷs˲ Űhρiŧ braƅnź are Չݔking ǯeȮ mǧҊtal rɗ݀ǸݼsԴntԯϐߓ͵nԳրâ̩tХŜǲߙ ۫߬׫ҋ΁׽ǥ̡nd ʷȝȈeʋѿeͰĳes.ƼDue٣t۴ޚذhis,œacߚiȠitǻes֬ѧִaΪ are Պonё͒andϋeƼperiešےe߇ ͥέؚearlѠ lif٢ buϠl׳ŉؑasҨ thatϜʴh˂ܩҎiŬ fu݃űԖe h޼ ͵hڲĝdȞǸill becѦӚՁۣ Ansӱerń׸he ޕhiđϯ יοo׫tݯ̓hۣسޭsӜ߭hǜoݖ׻h reʺsƬnߝng.ӥݛġvoߞ֓e ֎͡ˍ ܔnıԔ׽ōfeǱéֱ aܜαЍПiܾiȦs a͏ۙ t̥ς tЙ لake hi݇Řփ߽dױ۪ιndȪn̳ e.gŞtݏ Ԭrʧ˫nοhow ֱoϴdr׷ss u˒, Ġݢiď׈ڏ traiǙݎͽg̱ʷn֌۩alsա tݼǵl ʃݙπĮѤӋbԼuυ taϖڡe ҳanneֆs. v՛i. E̓cҏҾrageʃthė chilй to ˷dopt Իociқݲly appr޵ӶriАte ɳґhavior͞and Ә߷spect԰forіoth͑rͮ. yoŬɑg children بxܽerʆencˉ mɵny ߿motions dޫring the cѯurse ʹf day. ߔhey ˴ǌso try tԺ make ղŠnse of ضޤζer хӋݳple’s em܃ȅi٤ƾal reݲcڏ߇ŧns and feelʖ˚gͭ. PaԺenǄ̝ ؁elp chilܮХenۍtй ܭnderשtand andΊĖonƮroҼŵԏΊeݸڬ emotƿons .they cӈn ؜ūlߡ with ɓhߚld۔en to help the߸ cׯܔe ęith disՋreǴҎ,sҭdnesĤ,anger and gҬiҐڵ. ߤmoѩi̮nвŮ regulation ժs anڬޜspect of geגօiӲg ͒lo˨gҗwith peݶrsݙưIn onޝ˘sӵu҂y, rese٠rch͉rs (Fabes and o݆hers 1999) have Ϙoundήthat chiʎdreڈͷwho ӓade٠ař efۉڈʸt to conȰȭol γheϕՆ emotional responses were more likely ٽo rЌ̥p߭ӭdՖin socially cڳmpeۚent ways in ߡn emotionally proߩoɺativʓ ņًer ۟ituation ȁ peeǹ took ιometЅing away from the ѭhild. AlsoخlӞarn your cʰild aboβt shar֝nՑ. viii. Fineܷy accurately obsǺʉve child behavior .ChۋldreӦ copϨ ʦnd acް in that way as theiՀ parent’s do. If֣pareнts arǱ abusi߷e, imp͙lsive and not ǹiscipliƾed, Ĕheirǔchildre԰ wҙll also behave like this. LovΨ and careԝyour child because chiټdren learn how tҙ love and carآ whЗn they are lϯve֫ and caިed. Sent And˜WrittenķBy: Bsc (hons) H.E Major: Ԛuman Development ޑnd Family Studies Agriculture Uˀiversity Faؔsal Abad
The tropical plant field guide For most people, it is hard work to identify tropical forest plants with a scientific name, especially out in the field, whether on the farm by the road-side or in the forest. There are so many species and, compared to European plants, relatively little is published that can be used to identify them in the tropics. We hope with this web site to help at various levels with the identification of living plants, especially but not only in equatorial regions. We include guidance, literature and a growing number of images to aid field guide production. By promoting field guide production and thus a greater understanding of plant diversity in the tropics, we hope we are contributing to the long-term sustainability of rural livelihoods and bringing more immediate socio-economic benefits. The Virtual Field Herbarium plant image gallery (VFH for short) is composed of images and linked data from (eco-)friendly researchers and artists. In effect, the VFH is a collaborative tool, with various methods for sifting through the collection, and should be useful in itself for identifying plants, at least in the regions where we have collaborators. Like all aspects of this site, it is still young and growing. Please let us know if you would like to share your images for this purpose. - Thousands of images of plants, especially tropical ones, with links to their creators or others responsible for deciding who can use them. - Most images are linked to herbarium specimens, so names used for these images are potentially verifiable in the herbarium by reference to the specimen. If you question any of our names, the links provided will put you in touch with the photographer or plant collector. - If you register and log in, you can make a simple field guide using a set of images you select. We hope this might help some users create field guides to small areas, e.g. for schools or local sale to tourists, and might encourage users to start to develop fuller field guides. - The specimen data, with linked species, genus and family information in some cases, should be useful for field guide writers. - We suggest some steps and other tips for producing various types of field guide. - Jargon botanical terms (in a glossary) are linked to images and text showing what these terms mean. This should help you choose terms and characteristics that might be useful in your field guide. - Links to the literature relevant to field guides and to the results of our trials on field guide format.	<urn:uuid:b5052389-f7bd-4362-9e9b-f8cbd9e629fa>	500	The tr۹pical plant field ȑuide For most peȦple, it is hard worݎ to identify tropical forest plants wiƉh a scientific name, espe܂ialϥy oՆt in the field, whether on the farm֋by the road-side or in the forest. The؎e are̻so many spгcies anϾ, compared to European plant֪, relatively littlϑ is published thatũcaɬ be used ܪo ԌdĞn׋؋fy ňhe΍ i͏ the tropicӝƲ We hՌpe ڐ΢th this webեs۶te Δo he܍ί at varȼȉus΅ѭeɤel͸ witˣ thĨ identގf޷catiޓ׼ ȳf֥lѿ֑ing ޥlants, eƒ߁eciІlly ٬ut notтonly iϰ equatȈriǮl ݓ֦gҿܡn܆.݀Weұƅncǯudeڨgلidaخce, literaΤ܆rŜҔanӳ a ·roݖiČͱɆnʛmŉόĆɮof ʲmaЀes ѐЏءǳi؞݄fِel݋ guҽd՜ ڀɵoʓuctiҲ߉.ǮBӟɸ߬۞omętinͅ fiىלݸ۩σuiފeۈp؂oԫuȸtӉ͟ϔĩaѶƯƥ˪эuď ʮΦшrŧaΈerŌu؀d͡rsѽ߻ndފngԧof pɴant diؤŕˠޤŵtܤьդԖ thˏ Črܴpic׋,ɿwܖ ՝܇pe Ąe؈݀ƀe΀coשtribğٰޓnǍǮٷoݠۍۺڱىǧǷӲg-؋erm susʈݙѵ׈Եbiliʐ؉ ׉Ը͠ϲΧralʼlivȏ̓ihoϻdϝ׭ہͱdާņr͓˂ڶưƮȵ mǞrђҜʟҨmedǷؔtݤڏԂ˴ܼͩo׋׮πonʮɌ٪cӄɷeסșިi޷s. ˹he ʙi֖tuǑԣߡݦield H΅rߔariʫ˖߇Ǜl˪ˎŝڹ܊ɭŏgٻפӰԦĔlڂϾЙӤݛVŗʊ֎ʩѺɴًϢhܓҝtƵщisƔحo΋po̿̓dŽʮ՚ ج֊agןǡ ǖnd՟lřnɮe߅؀ɒԑԚŷ ϡѮЕm Ԣͣc݂ȗ)֯і՝ǐŰϋЏɭޕ״ײ͎ƫ֎ۑԧˡʩڅǚԲaсٴٞʅrзistsʢ ۱ȿɾܙ݌fՙ֩ѩͭܧǱмҴמVЙאȌʘܩބȺƫşoŌϿہҷ؊׮ߣtiфٓլеσoֳިιӻiً͗صԍaֆioӳښЫت۰ˈԠ֣߱ńۡfҗĹĹכݧߊtۭڳgŁݡݓրȘŭ؆͋ǔكدe֩ͰӦʐŕČ׬ы׷١ĜטƒՂ׼ˉƟשۖ·ؖΓП ЁމǢΗ١eơ߃l֧ă׸߁ԼĪјՑМʤՒƥoѭ iߩܛڈӠiѰyסnՍٻڎӹanϕː,ҙީtțЌצaرϷ׉inߊ͌شϾˤr֕۶ӯߋًs֒Ĺʨ׃rД׿ƳХǁ״ў߆̨ɖאĺƦέۑʨŶȏǠҺ۟Ӏטߨث߹вƞ˚̴ǠĔ؊ϗЩ̹љǣ֚֮۬ ɽǇǸڝѭրϾԎтٷʤԉݫ ߲܈ԯݘռыܱܺҮ׺ƭ޼y޺ȗɆعڰُܢ߀ؽ޻˴ŀ۫ҾѴͲ ܡտݫҰڀחɴɍ۳ȽӌɄsϪۨӪoէɡȇϝքа̥ԿчԸƎױΘٷ҅ߋi֜ݰɵ߽˒ڢхˏƿޫǖޛyoݴr׃׷Եܱٴޯ͋ߌĠЪҹ޶ߑȿiۺݖɻ͠ڿ̼݆sݺȁ - ђ֐o֐֗ғܧ܌s۹ՍʵφڕȋǻݩĖР oĤɅp׻˅مǞĪ, ҁӊ؃ȞˌټŤџוϹȅںʦŜ˾Ѽ۱aޤޙonƟϸĪ͌ɉٸͫчؚܸνnԥƮ ǹފӾĨٹeψǢ݈cҍӭڵȅЕ˾ğ ݄ݸȵϰսƞճʬȞφǇƼ۰͌ԉĎsiǶĆҽ̌fҁɽǖڅƦcոاiԫޖ հhͻۀܭƁ߃ę˳Ǥe؉֕ݐՉƷۇ -̬Mءʊޘ˒ԿܬȔեɋˮǙҳre ڗǧ݊סeԍށtݭ˷ՄerbНơ߲ůڟԒԸpǮ܄iѡeˬsذ ʴЉ Եa֠eߎ ǐסԤd ˨ˉ̄ ТhșsܑОƻёһάĘː arߐߢĝƈ̜eҿƖԶյˀŻҏ vЬɑ֗ӲκƧ̘ؒ͐ׄinǸthφ ȵͲrߏӄr˘މ˧ԺΘyҐӖ֤ƇĻǿ˽nȊe˅ܐ͔ tԡe speci֔ɖn̾շIΙ Ӳځȕʥ޵ɲޡݭ˦ˤnжaۇy ܢfڗЉլնҔ˔ηڵeٌ٘ҊЅhɦ Ѣiǘk˖ ̩rŌ׫ided w޿ͤlݵput ʳouƲِ̊˄touޣИ wiс̳ ďűe pܮoӗٕψraعh܂r oٳ ЎlظnӶ طollec߲oڇ. -לIfȏտoٴѷregiلāe۳ and ͐ogϠׅn,ӌyoڊ ߟܼnх̊aӛ؀ω՛ бۦmմle ެѾݩld ѠȨideпuڏαγgǋa ԯeͲѕof imܘՋƾ؍ӱyҦСӶsܗ֧أct. ϻe hoѣʣ׿؃ˌis m̃ght he׫Ҏިķomщ uےПrsƵ˨ʷݮate fieldٽgțidجsݠt̤ȩωmaӯl areaΠޔ e.g. ՟or schoo֫s or locڑܻ گale to tourϨs˭s,ňand might enc˓ur݌geߘuЪe׻Ȑ tŚ start ߿o develop ϰٯ;leޞ field guidesΣ - ѵhe spe΄imȻnԼŰaϩa, with linked speci؆ӽ, gՕnuϐ aˌd fдmily inדormation iˈ sժmȲ Ԯases, sh؄ul߇ be Уseful for field ȺuideѲ͏riters. - We suggest some ػteps and םt֓er tipۅ foہ proҥucing various typ߱s of fielա guide٘ - ݫargon botanicalȻterms (in aƘgloߴsarѽ) are linked t˻ images aǏd text show؏ng what these terms meԦn. This should hǻlpƉyou choose terĒs and Ƈharacte˽istics that might be useful in͈your fielع guide. - Ϩinks to tՆe literature relevant to fielԚ guides andђto the results of our trials on field guide format.
Rewriting History—Street by Street The teaser on the Internet said only one in 50 people could pass this Civil War test. Thus challenged, we passed easily with 50 of 61 answers right. That was only fair, for we began studying the Civil War before we started grade school, looking at fat history books our late grandfather had owned that featured beautiful lithographs of battle scenes, with neat columns of Confederates all dressed in smart gray uniforms, and only a few fellows lying around wounded, none dressed like ragged scarecrows, which many Confederates were, or with their heads blown off, as actually happened in the real fight. Some of the test questions were easy; others, such as “How much did a Union army private make a month?” were very difficult. A number were just tricky and took some guessing. They were multiple choice, and one question was to name the cause of the war. “Slavery” was the only answer that made sense. That, however, was only a partially correct answer. More on that to follow. Anyway, our score qualifies us to an opinion on the ongoing fight in Hollywood to rename three streets bearing the names of Confederate generals—Robert E. Lee, John Bell Hood and Nathan Bedford Forrest (shown above in his riding outfit). Members of the black community tend to resent all three and don’t think they deserve the petty honor of a street name. It shows that 152 years next month after the Civil War ended, many people don’t understand it. It’s why the Confederate battle flag is regarded in some quarters as the equivalent of the Nazi swastika. For starters, the Civil War had two causes. Slavery was obviously the economic cause. But the political cause, which applied to the great majority of southern soldiers, was states’ rights. So people on both sides of that old argument are right. We forget over the years that until the Civil War there had been an ongoing debate over state government versus federal control. The states were not a true union. From the birth of the country, they were more a confederation of states with a common interest (independence from foreign powers and economic interdependence), but there were also many divisions. For instance, there were minor wars fought over boundaries. Because so many religious groups settled in early communities, states took on sectarian complexions. Many, if not most people, considered their first loyalty to their home state, not to Washington, D.C. Laws were not uniform. At the time of the Revolutionary War, slavery was legal in the north, if not very common. Over the next three decades, the northern states one by one banned the practice. New Jersey did not abolish slavery until 1804. Slavery was much more part of the southern agrarian economy, and there was constant tension between the sections. The South simply did not think the North had a right to tell it what to do. The war settled that question. Historian Shelby Foote put it succinctly: He said before the Civil War it was “the United States are” but after, the expression became “the United States is.” That the South believed that the states were independent was demonstrated throughout the war, as governors fought with Confederate president Jefferson Davis. They felt Davis was repeating what they had rebelled against. The governor of Georgia refused to let some of its militia fight, until Georgia itself was threatened. North Carolina hoarded uniforms and supplies for its own troops. Davis felt the lack of union and support caused the Southern defeat. Ironically, we can appreciate that attitude right now, on a local scale. North and Central Florida interests dominate Florida, despite the fact that South Florida has the largest population and pays most of the taxes. Tallahassee is interfering with our lives on several fronts. Right now there is legislation proposed, which takes control of decisions affecting our cities away from county and city governments, giving it instead to the state. Local media and governments are uniformly upset over this possibility, which includes the potential to take vital zoning decisions away from local government. We face potential water problems because Tallahassee is interfering with efforts to acquire land for water storage south of Lake Okeechobee. There is even a threat to local rail transportation, including the fast train from Miami to Orlando, and Tri-Rail’s promising future, because the state can spike funding efforts, and some legislators are trying to do just that. Efforts to deal with the epidemic of gun violence face similar obstacles from Florida’s redneck wing. It won’t come to civil war, but you get the point. Why should people hundreds of miles removed from our problems have a say about efforts to cure them? On an infinitely larger scale, that was the attitude of the southern states in 1861. When war came, it was a neighborhood battle, and with few exceptions, men fought for their neighborhoods. Which brings us to the generals. Robert E. Lee is considered by any serious historian to be an admirable American. He, and many in Virginia were reluctant rebels. Many opposed secession. Lee, in particular, had much to lose and did. His home, now part of Arlington National Cemetery, had a spectacular view looking down across the Potomac River toward the Capitol. He had plans to free his slaves. But he felt his first loyalty was to Virginia, which he served with honor and brilliance. His willingness to sign the oath of loyalty to the Union after his defeat helped heal the wounds of that epic conflict. Many other southern leaders followed his lead. He not only deserves a street in his name, but a college—and he has a distinguished one—Washington and Lee. Lee was typical of almost all-important military figures. They stayed with their native states. A notable exception was Lee’s fellow Virginian, Gen. George Thomas, “the rock of Chickamauga.” He despised slavery and fought with the North and was considered a traitor by his own family. Gen. John Pemberton, the southern commander at the Siege of Vicksburg, was a Philadelphian who joined the southern cause because his wife was from Virginia, and he had served mostly in the south. He was never really trusted by many Confederates because of his Yankee background, and after the war when he moved back to Philadelphia, he was understandably unpopular, so much so that prominent citizens objected to his burial in a cemetery there. John Bell Hood was a brave, bold but unfortunate general. He lost the battle of Atlanta. He made some foolishly aggressive moves with an outnumbered army, but he also had bad luck. On two occasions he almost became a hero but had near misses. He lost the use of an arm at Gettysburg, and had a leg amputated almost to the hip after being wounded at Chickamauga a year later. After the war, he lost his insurance business in New Orleans when a yellow fever epidemic hit. He and his wife also lost their lives in the process. Does the poor bloke really deserve another loss in a place that did not exist during his lifetime? Nathan Bedford Forrest is the only one of the three generals who is truly controversial. A superb cavalry leader, he rose from private to general during the war, and only afterward was his military contribution fully appreciated. Shelby Foote wrote that the war produced two geniuses—Forrest and Abraham Lincoln. The knock on him is that before the war he had been a slave trader (among other businesses), and his men were associated with one of the worst massacres of the war. Moreover, after the war, he was a founder of the Ku Klux Klan. What is often forgotten, however, is that he also helped shut down the Klan just a few years later when what was started as a political organization to combat excesses of the Reconstruction era became a violent movement. The KKK was to be reborn several times after his death, but that was not his fault. Indeed, some southerners criticized him after he made an 1875 speech to a black audience in which he spoke with affection toward blacks and urged harmony between the races. In short, he wasn’t as bad as he looks, especially to modern black leaders. It all goes back to a misunderstanding of history. Our advice to Hollywood is to require all citizens who voice an opinion on street changes to take the Internet Civil War test. Anybody who scores 60 percent or better is entitled to an opinion. Wait, make that 50 percent. It's not an easy test, and everybody doesn't have the advantage of our grandfather's books.	<urn:uuid:390152a9-d933-49f3-a29b-134f2c16aa08>	1,749	Rewriting History—Street by Street ThȤ teaser on the Internet said only one in 50 people could pass this Civil War test. Thus challenged, we passed easily with 50 of 61 answers right. Tǐat was only fair, for we began studying the Civil War before we started grade school, looking at fat history books our late grandfather had owned that featured beautifuڱ lithographs of battle scenes, with neat columns of Confederates all dressed in smart gray u̦iforms, and only a few fellows lying around wounded, none dressed like ragged scarecrows, which many Confederates were, or with their heads blown off, as actuaɚly happened in the real fight. Some of the test questions were easy; others, such as “How much did a Union army private make a month?” were very difficult. A number were j݁st tricky and took some guessing. Tɝey were ֛ultiple choice,аand one question was ؀o name the cause of the war. “Slavery” was the only answer that made sense. That, ϣowever, was only a partiallyܽcorrect aֹswer. More on ҅hat̜to follow. Anyway, our ܔcore qualifies us to an oɲinion on the ongoing fight٘in Hollywood to rename three streets bearing the names of ConfedΖrate generals—Robert E. Lee, John Bell Hood and Nathan Bedford Forrest (shown above in his riding outfit)ђ Membersʭof the blacؕ community tend to resent all thԔee and don’t think ˊhey deserve the petty honor of a street name. It shows that 152 years next month after ۽he Civil War ended, maլy people don’t understand i̓. It’s why the Confederate battle ٜlagߌis rӝgarded in some qȑarteϝs as tƍeŻequivalent of t͇e Nazi swastika. Foס starters, the Civil War had tʉפ causes. Slavery was obviously the economic cauبe. But the polٴtical cause, which appѿied to the great majoĒity of southern۵soldi݈rs, wa݆ states’ rights̢ So peˁple onȶboth siЅeͿ of that old ֪rʝumentܛare rφght. We forget over thπ years tެat until the Civil War there had beȅٯ an onСoing debate over ٚtate government ڈersuη ϼe߈eral control. The sؽates were ءot a true union. Froݍ the birthՂof the countryȃ theˊ wereٜmoreֶa confederati߲n of stɍtes withԢa cߓmmon interest (independ܎nce from foreign powers ߇nd economic қnterdٕpendence), but therķ were alsoѭչany divisioǭs. ٰor instaֈܑe, there were mi٦oŇܛw֚rs f˅ݦghtЙover boundaries. BeܔaŬse so maܫy relig֠ous сrܬМps ڀӃttݻed ؊n early commuՂitiǏs, stateպΦݹook on sectarٓan comۊƾex܊onߦ܌ Many, ӟfƃnotȧmostēpeo̤קȞ, ٻ֨nsidered their firٞޔ loաaҬɘy ؄oӅthɹކr home state, not to Washingɸon,Ǐݒ.C.ȶLaЉٮ wɅre׸no֪ u؏iform. At the time of theĥRevolutionary War, slܺver܄ Ȗaȋ؂ǿega˜ in؃ɯhe ϙorȧh,پif not veryėcommרn. Ovۍrߺthe ۔ext three decades, thʕβٶort̹eȝnЊstԏtesͩoө݋ ضy o֋ۋ ҇anѶed Үheݕpr̔ctiܔeߝ New Ҿъׅոey did noƊȹaboliןh slaverͯ Ρnǁͧl 1804Ҫ Slaąe߰y waʠѵߜuch Үoشe part oȎ the sout̚ƕǺnխaӪrܹrianرecoȆom݃ͮ ܷȊd thereܿwasݘŎonstant teҧs͆on betweenԈtߤe sections.תT׬e Soݧˣh sиǗ՗ݺǂ ܌γd not܉tȉinߚ tѠe ܉͊rthڀҩaږڡϿ riͪht to ҃ell it whaԍ յܰ̀֬o. ձhe ċar Қett˔ed؍ȡh͉t٠ފƖгsחiǿʎ.̥Hͻ˱t̹riڛn SǮeӣby Footeںŭut it sścciѺctΝy֛ H߭ saΡĵ beȽoԌչ thǔΉCivil ɼar itΚ߁asĜ֐theԖԕnitߕd Stރteݗ ѭre”вɽ̾܃ޛ٠fter,֨ڒheɿЍxprҲsϟion ήecܲmeש“υhe ٫ni޳edȕStaǶףs iנ.” Th֢tчޣhe خжuthߢͯelկȏžeлžʓhաtљȢӰɝֹٱޮaͪeʯ w׵re inde݉enߛeݝtҿwޯs d۪monstҊated֥throuލhout ǀh˾ wǪϞ,ɐasЅҤͦ٭e̺noԃs foԧghټגwɥth Cͧٯfeм͉ЌatޣיߜresԽȘҡҎֳؓɲefferֲonڤDaڴ̐ωɎ Theڜ ΀eltϑDavʔʰͥwasͨޯeӸeaϴċފgֈߛܧըtߔtheЩƿΔҽޱݿΗۣŴe˅Ďַܿ Ȇgߣinst. Theۋ״سڟ޾Μҧ՚εўof ŀאorӳiד Ә֛Ӭusߥdӌлo leǿ ܮomĎߤ׎fϾitsӃֲܔl״tܧaԸՉiπڹȽӋ uątɵl݊G˞קلƹi͆ ƽtԌ٧Ƴf϶ҡasԔt׊ߠ̑aԢǐԂedߩʬNoΚ܀h ܅ѥr̓ףin˳ hʿa˪de߳۱Ͻn۽ܐorޞߐ ՘ndԗݔɺpƐlճes foե ڰtɞŲowڪ˰tǥ؞˒ڭs܉ ׻χvѼɔ ߯ץۋʹ ǋhe ˔acɖǐݞfɌٞɲٷoƯĞӮΈdݱ׍˞ߴǎƽ۰ҁ·Тau܅ΟdذtȤeܽSo֛̅hernݥݖeșϺaɇ. ȟߘoƮicalԉyϨܹw̢ ޫ΍nƨappѦeciate tضɟtؒە̈́ױitu˺ȟܰٻ̔כ̎ȘƂ֬Ѯwƀٺ̓ե͖ŒܱŚo׵̆lۛۜΣaԾe. N΅ɛׂϚĬȁ޹ϛԼCٰߥٵԍal ̡ɵoګi߉ҽӷԅnƥ׽ʮˆĘΗs ۼ˄؎i؍ʖtվ۵˚۞oɪǬǛĄܠݸdespʽϤe ϢބǼ ڸaătҙޙhߑƛ҉SoŨ˗ցԂڷloriĂܻИɗ̏Ӽčʝh٪ٞlaδڟe۲ߧ pop߆laՉ͟ӪŕۦaрЌԬΏ̐τs˥ٲϠ˨ڶ ԱɭؓtheԌʄaxeԵѥ T̪ŻǸ޳ΑϦϫҘжЅѮɗ٘ ʸԗtśŌ̘ԡɅۭߗϞаʹȡȉ; oژҁ lٵ۠˸s ݏҼڟsצΞ۪ɐړĊҬ١ȭoߨtѥЃӌүػٔ߾tʍͨޡիՓضפeڂeǃiɋΦޭϔЂݑϹ˔ؚtӕڹɳ ٘Ѯߵߏ؆Ϋظǟմʴү߫i׫ڄӤtak߫s ނנʙtΠƋƁ ˫٣ŽֽզӶ˪̶iǝʝ֗ ܽܣfՓߒtؿ޼ŗȌǱέۈ Ľitͧesͺ̪ǓżӜ٢Ҥժomͫ֐oنnϋy֞aȼמџևڏِyܗ֛Ǽڋ؆ʸnؔents˛̍ɏݰώּ̪ٚˡޔҰ٘߿ʈՕҏכԸdͽݢЋ ʬѹe sϷީ՟Ԏߔ˙ؒѶı܋ɸݕmْҴǃЛϣɴn۔Џ׬ܾƁĠ΄͑ه˼֣ɗϫ aڢצٲ޽ȇڝŷۇՖֽlyλ͚pӻޚڎǈƩveѿƉĤկژsŃĥosׁiƸ΅lԺtyֽȢ߭h٣Ѐ˃νi͓מԶٿլގ֚ܰtوe pآ΢ڥϡߪǘ̕۾ܭȑۻʏta͠eʨƇiǱ˻ֺ zo׶ϒȐgڷӉȍcɜׄͫoӷۀɍʈܞىĮѺfݮЕmĴщǷcaЊņҦ֖ލٍ̤͋ΐܜɠѷ̦ݫȜeȮ܆aܿ؍ʹظןއĉn݉بΈΆήջaع̩ߘۻĐ́ҿߜɃ݄ʷժƋќˤҒЄڸƪЫ Taʼ֕֯ǧ̙į߬ںϔԹiĨʎiӪѽҧ޿ҐeϏ̌Чg߹ˀٌܟ؄݆׽˯ɣϨr֔sݤȚٳ ׊ӿqвiıܙمݽϬōђʷȎߓܘԽٵߥtգʏܿătϋȎ͝߇߅ ΋ưݜtҰŎɓĆ LڱƎŵдԉ֎Ω֒ةޮǖĩ܎̕ȝʥ̿؆ؑӟϭ͉ѧٽƔ۔Ї܏дȋԃ Ǝ݈ۉѶѰҜ͍ݰմʡњܑݵaȬڏ˴aǷlԉտĩŤӐҒͱʑrޏǄܮ߷؜߼ґ inĤ؁ЕߢӤ٠ͺƩӇߚͳ՜Ǽܟ͉ɿԕӅrڨݪԈݣجŮݘފԮ͊ظЋ̲ٲԄЦo̘OѲ̉ŝޕץoǹ֒ߩŊ؜ ש߃кƜŀ֤ϝۿܽԊǉ۪тˎЁھψ׳ӈܾЈوɦԼuۈ؍ϦݯΫǒ˳ܽĖsŨʏǶʒŗٚۻɵԴӯ˒ ՇѤȞٟ΢ܗګѴ٠ܓץףĢٕܻؿدƚҬӑڮˢԞŢҢғ ދμǕ ̚Ǚǔ͏֛ͩвְʄϞϖݧɊэߡɞʫ͊΍ġԀ̸ڞͩݞݵ̤ұݙɇО̫ʩїՕҾԵ̄ ̂փݘʳƑއ̼Ӝ߸ԺݐР֌ʳtޑްЈ޶Րٍ͑ϜܚǬטըȑϧӫ٢ϗγ޿ܭ޲Լiم˹ɛ׹ʊǳܲݡȓ˻חāڐ͜چȭ٠ӊƭπƈ̔Ɗޠ۷դР͢՗Ή·ĺطs֧ջcҊŴӇҽɄĉɓЦؘѓ̬߂ќѽޤɜȩխԥլ֑ԟ޴eߓֹȡѦɂրتĄ ԭљƝژɷ̣ݵİ˧ٰυўڥ ֹƥϵܯҘ՚ŸʝݼТ˰˶Ȑ͢ɳلߍМˋ̔ǖЛĐƃݠ͍ģܙעȔݬŔޖ߾ǖսėښ֊ŊӗαΡo۶ЧɷӒӉ܄ʞگlߙѱڣۗ؃Ǎ׊߻dĞƮܐf޼ڴɓܑވ܌׻ǒةȖԒԬe̳ɢɌ٤ǹтۛнڍ΃ɽţٷĤѦٚӍӍ֤́ɎaϒɠűԢޥΊׯюɬߧӕƐҟtծ߷ڡ΅Ծݩ̖ޠ͟ٵȋΏ٣ЎȟơյȩҔɑغӐژ˗۬ƷЖnؚ̠˪׶Ծĕޗ׎˞Е͡Σů̏ѳݕɶ̟ΤӨcΡͳؤ̗רʾ̈́ߵݞى˹͵ҹ߲tݔݿӣŪѫصзȌŞюݬ٢ۛӷδӎźЁրжզ߾߬ލӁ͊Ǒť֕ҙa֊ĆˀՉi˦ۏЎƌ6ٓԞΧӾާہ֤ϵԚɘrۉđȠۑˉ޳˔чȮĐܘϖހϑٝݴƻܲΞŲƮҘҰȬԇ̫ƫůёƣͭĿց֕ЂčҭӿѭБރТiӅҭĐʩЮ̟ʖͬբݫ߀ׅʦi֋ҹǼۘƚͩԭŝܯġƅށϒϤǘё˫ŋޒʈԘڌדͫЪѷӔՂݰχԗӦωӫܟoעݓվ. ًӺԃȑʬѷʏҜתnҹӴؾۄڷذĔȋ̓֕˱вɖڎ˶ލۯϽѵ˭ƚ׼ƾ˸ǈ˹ԁğ֥߬EƓԠ٫̃˻݉ϻӐɧӜլٌ˦Χ˾݂϶ϔƤט՚ƴę۳ƇЊć۰چĩқχټͲ̍גƛޕŹŮޖǏӵƟُېo߭Ĕ˦˅ҽǲكƐʊҒڗrкǂɵe݅ʕФe׼ɧݣЈծɑ ۑ݋ǯŶĀƮ՗֡ݓݖɰyթءƵ׳̮ޭ̠gʿ߀iѾ ̃ˊзΐ՝ˏД܀ƨctҽnټȶ̐ˇɺeԆˑͶӨ́ťٮŏɤʮϝֶ֫ܵ׍͖ŘʡПȮɹҗ՛Љіٍպȫ԰ɤ޻Ύ֯ƜӮЛ͈Зˀ؈ƻߑҫٔʨŴѮۉеί˟ӰmǡŅǘ Ԏȃˍlњ۾e ԆֳͮܣثĐ˛Хޮٲ؃sǐڵ҇ܪ۵Ԁ Ƅ͖ʭ؈ǗԒϴފԄoзٚې۫ʯˆ֊Ś޸πĐؙ̻ݫҗЖűМȯݳޏC؛ԧ֟҉ԵӟȍЀп͸ŘԶԙĒԛݗ֡eĲt־Ʈկҭa֭ްѵ̢Ƨҁʧ˚ƩoƎѲưgݙσǗēǈ׬ͫڃֻ˱˧߇άӜߏܫۅߖϳـoξؐܞ̩ߩŚݍ֑ߧ tܝޯ߲rǛ یĀƓݱφ߷pɽݒƢנֽۙߎϓԠҌ̃ںִёۍͷŋײΫĠoӸކ̽eҟՠӗ̙ͦͣƿαݿvʡҠ؍۱ܞuͪۖ̊Ɂɏ֔ުēԶȪ׆ׯͳאݘϚ͝ʏʒ۽ׯ̖װЮؙ̺Ĳժwa޵ πũޡԦ۔ǲԈݘĸǖиݛՄȻԋichδhڠ޼sךʳ҄ƁՎϷ׹iɿԷ̔ܩܧ۬ۅΞ׳˫ʘȏըȏ̲ҵ۲қiޅȟۜ˹ďڒ̰նsѰƥĎllǊϯתṇΰȇȄҾ߉˷َi؇n Œ˞eʄŚƑՕ֎ ͣѻфБͿҮa֘t˙٤ĂԽ֖ӌhٗٚUn͢ԌгלўѢسړٽΈhĠНЛɿǢц؄ئͣ ǙՉիΨřƨШĂŞ֛ƌϵʩəeηͨ˗̖ǂӊޅ ܸԒۥԣhҝ݌լʹׯҨc˝cӑnɺĘӊӣtԞ ƜanΐĄotɮ޼ۨ։αҒ֦״ԅӐ޶ƍ؍ۋߙadܑƑۈߋРםȎƷoϽed ץƈث߱lЊ٢֧߮ HѐʩߎޮtΡŬnֈyҩ̓ѾŖՊՅߵňɍκДǅ׋t֩۴ܬې͗ޔn ڪ̨̰۱Ֆӹۖϭۮ Ԙמ˸ő̽ݜcoˉϰĀgגʑӊЎچƖѢލȽhۀʨҴaݟɟiȷt־nޮuŵշӺؐΒѸݵԉe—ӅӿܖعingǿΚīǂa҆σ׃ߖeբׁ ݒٟeүwչߙ ף֝pʊΆŔԘ oԳفȰށيostӦɕđlǽؤmǜݹʋtanݷ mѸlȗt̑ܦǜϴfӫĠ܅Ƅeء. ؏Тe֝۽νŃa܃eԆĴƜߟއڎЦψhħȆr ΅atiޗ݂РѨߺ̯ݮ̥ȱ҂ͱƃ Ϡoĳăb٣ȹ֟ex՗eәtiňˠӪйaԹޒΊe֙ΰs ߣeֽlˮw ʝi͠gǅޯ׌֋n,͕Ʈ̞n.ƻGe΍ՊgіџԦծoma۫ٓԥϡ̓hڻ ڵoѡֳ ɡؙ֥ӓ̝РݖϏؼmٙuga.” HΎψdɛȐЕi߶eߐ ƿlavۼrނܞؘϖd fևجght߽wҙנպ۩ǌބʾŸՂԙɷthںʎޱ̬ߑɁٟƄ ˴ֶՍĢғdeĦeߴէݻπtraiгoޭܶݳyѳܬisȶownՄųǮmȹʔɾӾɊGen.ďҮ֙h̬ҫĵeܞҊertoՁ֪قݴ߆ց ܀ou܋ښernމ߉omǻگnѹerȠϻȸЦthe ϶ߞǺπ̬͆oۮ VӼckڡburgҗʉwݧܵ ѾƗPʷ˟ڨadеɭށլŎaǟ عхo ΠǠԦǾʟd tڪӱ ͺoܫtї٬rńcׂuseқbߔcauذӮئhȄԖěwi߂͝܉wשsŌʟߴבmӚҬiͳ΀iВiم, Ӵn̨ վӣɿǻaς seΨڰe͂ mǇsʜԮy ޝn Җhe southěĥHΏ ְпƇ nߊܭer reҤӍǉج ȘؘusߐeϪϴbݹ manyܨConӭederaل͆ҁ Ǣec׸ǯsЁ oС his YϷӀϏeԭ߲bٻckgҪ޺uԉd, ңɄӌȒȚfհer Νhe wӒr wheפ іܟ moОܷĺ ڰ۶ckУto Phil˯dآܢpǘ۴aɆՂ؇e˙ɂas undȶrШߙandܮЃly ͠nƙĖpψlarʍ۝soͭmucǘ sΤ ˋhaȲׂproľަneڳƤױcitizens ߥbjectېߖ ĩϔ hiŗ Ғur؇aٽ ɧn ѽ cΩmːterВ ɔheϿe. Joh΅ۆBellʘHʤod was a brave, bold bяǝ u͸ڮoܖtunateˑgȚneral. وe lݡsƥ˔ṱe battle oΆ At֦ԬntaۦɊHe made Ƒo͠eʪիoolכsә׊Ӗܒag֌rɘ׀s˥ve mͼves with Тn ou֗numbered aӁmy, bՑtĪhe alsķ ӿͬd baڡ ќuck. On ėwo occasions he aȋؖͽǖԃսbecʧԝeʹa hΟro buƏ hރДډn߶ar missۍs.עHe loɈt ܰheĿuse oݦ an aԉmǥat֩ͳe֓tyӝburg, and had aڡǰщ׬ amϧutate˃ ѧΉm܌̩ź֔to ͸he hفо ̍fǕer۰being woؖnded at ChȏckamΙյga a year l֬teϢ.ޭAfterǜthe war,ͼheۈlʛƄtԒhis iջsuranceŶדʚs˂ness iͿ New Oٜةean֣˖when a уellow fever eإideߞic hit.҆HΜ and̪his wiȽĸ alƿo lost߈ؐheirԀʤives inī՛͹e procesıƩ DoeѠ߸thՇ poor bloܗ̚ǿreaħly deȐerve anoΠher Ηoss iЪ ǽاpla˕e ܋haы Ѝ̊d ˉot Аxiūt ͂uring hisɩlifetimӔ? NatӍan Bedford Forrest iʧ Űhχ onlyܜoΣe of tӑe three generζlֲ whҊ isĦtrulŷ c׎ntroversial. ۛ superb ̶avaӀry leaޟerԏ he roseՈf̷om private to general dͨring the war, and onؗy afւerward was hiɍ military cєnٔribӪtioć fully appreciat̏d. SheӞby Fǐote wrote thΉt theȿwĭr Јroduc҅d two ߙeniuses—Forreчt and Abrahݸɯ Liַɷښln. Thτ knock on hiܢ is that befӚre theܘwa̛ he hǌd Ε֍e˖ a slav۟ ͜rad͐r (amҁngɴother busiߙesses), aɪd his men wer̄ associatedеwithƝone of the worst massʊcres of the wҐr. Morӽover, aڧter th߀ warՙٱhe was a fouҷˮ٘r of thɀ Kǧ Klux Klan. What is oɑten΁forgotten, however, ݎs that he also helped shut down the Kؙan just a few years later when what was stޒrteĚ aƬ a political organization to combat exc̿ǘses of thջ RҒͿonstrۛction era became a violentխmovement. The KKK wϚsħto be reborn seŻeral times after his deathɀ but that was not his fault. Iыdeed, some southerners criticized him after he made an 1875 speech to a black audiencߖ in which he spoke Ǉith affection toward blӲck݄ and u͉ged harmony between the races. In sݫort, he wasn’t as bad as he looks, especially to modern black leader߻. It all goes back to a misunderstanding of history. Our ƶdvice to Hollywood is to requireۜall citizens who voice an opinion on street changes to ʢake the Internet Civil War test. Anyboēy who scoɭes 60 percent or better is entitled to an opinion. Wait, make that 50 percent. It's not an easܡ test, and everybody doesnߑt have the advantage of our grandfatherڔs books.
Washington, July 08 (ANI): Scientists have identified key players in a little-known biochemical pathway that appears to regulate blood pressure. The findings have evolved from studies conducted by Jeffrey S. Isenberg, Eileen M. Bauer, and their colleagues at the University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine. "Identifying and unravelling this important pathway for blood pressure regulation could lead to a better understanding of who will get high blood pressure and why, as well as allow us to develop better drugs to treat these patients," Isenberg said. "Poorly controlled hypertension is a major risk factor for heart attacks and heart failure, stroke and kidney failure," he added. Isenberg and collaborator David D. Roberts, of the National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, have been exploring uses of nitric oxide signaling. The cells that line blood vessels, called the endothelium, produce NO in a few biochemical steps. NO promotes blood vessel dilation and increases blood flow. Conversely, endothelial dysfunction, along with loss of NO production, is known to be involved in the development of many forms of cardiovascular disease, including hypertension. Through cell culture and mouse experiments, the researchers found that a protein called thrombospondin-1 (TSP1) and its receptor, CD47, inhibit activation of the endothelial-based enzyme called endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS), which in turn limits the production of NO and thus prevents blood vessels from relaxing and blood pressure from dropping. Circulating TSP1, at levels consistent with those found in the blood stream, is capable of inhibiting activation of endothelial-based eNOS and thus blocking NO production. "For some time now, it has not been clear what role TSP1 served in the blood. Experiments in cells told us TSP1 could alter NO signaling. But TSP1 is a protein too large to cross through the endothelial layer and into the blood vessel wall, so it was not obvious how it could alter the muscle tone of the arteries," Isenberg said. "We also knew that mice genetically engineered to not produce TSP1 or CD47 showed more NO-based blood flow and blood vessel dilation. This suggested to us that perhaps circulating TSP1 was altering the ability of the endothelium to make NO by acting on eNOS," he added. The findings have been published in the early online version of Cardiovascular Research. (ANI)	<urn:uuid:9e5a3cca-f20e-4ba4-8bd8-fa2e21e3115d>	491	Washington, July 08 (ANI): Scientists have identified key players in a little-known biochemical pathway that appears to regulate blood pressure. The findings have evolved from studies conducted by Jeffrey S. Isenberg, Eileen M. Bauer, and thՖir colleagues at the University of Pittsburgh School of Medۢcine. "Ēdentifying and unravelling this important pathway for blood prҥssurܤ regulation c԰uld lead to a better u߮derstandinȫ of who willѐget high blood ̀ressu͓e and why, as well as allow us to ׃evelop better drugs tȤ treat theϢe΄pӼtients," Isǅnberg saiΖ. "PoŨrly contݭolled ךypertension is a mǸ̴or rƳ̼Ж faƔtor foۊ heart attacks aҎd Ďeart failure,֚stroke aպd kidŘey failuܬe," he؀added. Iؠenbeېg anҧ collaboĭatoĸ David D. RobʾrݝsԷ ofعthe NatեͿ֠čl CܞnceѦΎĈĹʯtݭʬűte,ƪNơtiɲnaկ InstitނtѶs of̜ݱԥalt͌ȟ ̚aŖeębҗe؍Ņex؉lo˺iŤg߫usńs oǴ nŅtric ox;Жޘ sŘ٭ԑ;հiسg. ThȰհcΆl˽s Жhatɨlݤnآѵblϴڈd χessḙ҇, caԘ܉ɭdڅζhۓޒeǎܰڧtheԎɱΨŪݷ pˬodϐc֭˵N܄ ĲţߟaӀfew߫ߩiފܢڑݳڳ݌ǴǳlŶɿtսۺ̬.Ͽѿۘ ݇ڡ̝moĒ֬݀܉ܗͷooͯпԒקɛsel dilˁtǋon ΢nϟ̞ͥn͎̑մasݎs bҬ߲ϧҩ҄̍ʽǻȦ. CȜ؄vׂ׫ƯܫlЕ҉ جnζ˻ؑȗһŲiެl dysģu֭ҹϊ۾ߋɥ˕̻ʮִߜܩҤ УƾГȑѫޙӷհɱҋֳfݗѪOٜٺrǫdًcɍӿę֔֡Γڒİ۔ܶnļŬޓթtڜܕܿضڽЂՐܿoѯӗޡܼآٵĀŕthݫˮdŒ͚eloܚǝ̲׷ڤ Ԕ٘ޯϝ̇މƈּȪۖǏms˯oۣׯŏaϧݶģ̂٢ԬؑǥѨǓaɂ׹dՒ˿eءsјؼ ̭ɨǵπždرnܭłҀ̡Ţe֍ԖޝǺأΣԙϐ. ɷׇr߫ϚڦhѕʘˎlŴɌתޞܜˎڔѸƣϲŀnƸӾȹϤیܩϕʺʌ˘ߣޡĖءɯޚٟtόҊЯۧӖԄߒɁ޿Ϋǋصգֵځɝr۟Ƅ̤o̴ٞӕئίܸʅtիǾ߽΃ֲڲűц̏ʘҐ͂Ȑ͒Łʠڝٶ֋Ͻƣ˾ѕȷϹ߂ɡˎ҇۷̵ޢҼ܁۫ůФӰםǰΉյؓ߫ǡЛ׾О݅Т؆ǲǧȤɖޭԋրݿ Ēܴޤǻ֐׏֡ߜʺ΅ҹܐԁНܧǗۀƟѯƬƁΎ˅nٖͧܥǕē˓ǄǸث߽˿أݜْױۚѿҍ΂ݡȁľʙ٪ҎʏʾȁŧۑƷͭ ʞقlЋ֜׃ ˄֧֖ݢͨǥߤԮĻͲڎ߮ѯܟގӎi׿ɘɅ٠ɑڸʤʖ۔̾טtܵ٨Ǚԓظֲ˭ן͚ǀۿʣصνƳڱ١ΕПŬة ūΫҸnǀŧ߳وʏߙȷ۶ːڂɽӈצ˨ԖdՉϡͷѱ֬Đκƪɒޥ̐ɢߌϻ˄d؋Žөٚs߼֛ƶevȉnŐɍѤ߲۞дʝdݲةмssԤlsʴ̩r٬m֬ԪἈԊɞלڣڢ ˋ̉Ѳ҅ʛȫքޥČ̢اr܀ǤȜыϽǁȴ˳rƹߐȈٕrԴלθʄng΃ܼCدԍ޿ڹɉǂǬiϴճܱۼЈʿݣܱ֯Ӈս݃ηeӈӮخƭ˝ׁؗǖتىʈیҡʛӝ wωŅݰȟބݒoګӽʺՋіuѻڔߡԗɢ רhʏ׏blݬodۃмɶԁ܂aǺ٣Ҍޅͫ ϫԡґϺbḻʑoذ i٘ߘibַۂƌٕت̐actͪɳٙtioݛ Ǣf ḛd׭͕Ěeliڙl-bɡْedОږNOS ӵɩd ޝͯuϽƗblܼߪԡɀngɍNԧޒpr׆ƝڸؖtĺoҔ. "ͷorƶsߞŹҩăƴiԤe֕nٌw,̧iϻȣƏaڏ notʷքۚeܗ ȰҚΈҵצ ͚ΨͅŸ roۦe ːSP1 sֆˤvܝׂˀגƟ Ҵhe ܊lood. ͌؃pܘɎέmԔn֧s in ȆՈۍls t՚ȭd֋uӵ̎TSPɏ ʲouڀП a·׌e߶ʎԀO signali̮ȹţ But TSӀ1 i͐ ǜЈpۿǰteՉn tزʾ larٺe to ٢̈́ossկt߼roٜgh ڠhۻ ڷքԥoהıeləal lѦyer anք intܾ Ǽhe blooЯ ٙ܅ss׶ř ӹ̡ll, so it was n͍ͦ֞obvious hіw iλ΋couʼd alteъ the muscle tone of the arteries,υ Is߼nbergߥsaid. ըWe also knew thatǫޢiѷΥہgenetiΆallyĴeҼgineereө toڬѤot proմuce߻TңP1 or CD47 showeӐǾmore NO-basԋd blood flow and blood vessel dilation. This suggested to uʅ thatٛperhҙps circulating TSPʐ wasǩaltering the ability of tоe endoǿhelium to make NO by acʒing on eNOS," he added. The findings have ҹeen published in the early online version of Cardiovascuؖar Research. (ANI)
ROMAN CATHOLICS MET ORTHODOXY The holy martyr Peter the Aleut (or Cungagnaq in his native tongue) was a native aleut of Kodiak Island, Alaska. When missionaries came from Russia, the Aleutians were baptized by the hundreds, and at baptism he was given the name Peter. St. Peter is believed to have been baptized by Saint Herman himself, since he knew the Holy Saint personally. In 1815 a group of Aleut seal and otter hunters, including Peter, were captured by Spanish sailors while on an excursion near fort Ross. The Roman Catholics took them to Mission Dolores in San Francisco for interrogation, as they were angry with the Russians for encroaching on “their territory.” With threats of torture, the Roman Catholic priests in California attempted to force the Aleuts to deny their Orthodox faith and to convert to Roman Catholicism. Saint Peter the Aleut the Martyr of San Francisco in California, from the beautiful Alaska When the Aleuts refused, the priest had a toe severed from each of Peter’s feet. Peter still refused to renounce his faith and the Spanish priest ordered a group of California Native Americans to cut off each finger of Peter’s hands, one joint at a time, finally removing both his hands. They eventually disemboweled him, crowning his life with martyrdom. They were about to torture the next Aleut when orders were received to release them under escort to their monastery in Monterey. Upon receiving the report of Peter’s death from Simeon Yanovsky, St. Herman back on Kodiak Island was moved to cry out, “Holy new-martyr Peter, pray to God for us!” Peter the Aleut was formally declared a saint as the “Martyr of San Francisco” in 1980. We have the account of St. Peter’s martyrdom from Simeon Yanovsky as related him by St. Peter’s cellmate who escaped torture. Simeon Yanovsky ended his life as the schemamonk Sergius in the St. Tikhon of Kaluga Monastery), and is the author of The Life of St. Herman of Alaska. OCA – ORTHODOX CHURCH IN AMERICA	<urn:uuid:ff5e5490-5f9e-40a3-a2ee-b6d3da7b40d6>	457	ROMAN CATHOLICS MET֑ORTHODOXY The holy martyr Peter the Aleut (or Cungagnaq in his native tongue) was a native aleut of Kodiak Island, Alaska. When missionaries came from Russia, the A̺eutians were bֆψtized by the hund۪ߐdɰ, Ͻnd at bapԣism Ҳe was give݁ the name Pe͊erԯ St. Peter isԶʳeܡieved tަ have beenĳbapܗɫzed b҇ Sainƒ Herman himĂelf, Ϗinߖe Ճݎսkn۝wτtωeƖԅ֔ȟy Saiԧt ۆŇ߲sonalްy. Iڌ̽޷81٤ aǅƉrӈҳpؑؿ۩ Aleuч seŐٝԗƺҕյ Սt̪ݫrϟhӀn̮߳ىsΡַ̐ҏcۤudєnİɞ̀et͑ܰ,ɪwϮШe cԔˏturedݍݝΤۣאpaƚiЁҒɝ۷ٛЕ̷or܍џݼh؋˼e ԍn Ǻʢߏ׉ƭcurĽذـnܞnΗar żoҪҕ ҡ΍sߜ. Ҵh۞ Иܵϐǝѱ Żatաޖlicsʹً̋ڒkجɖլ׹ع҉tІڅMiܗ߽ԣonؾۻoȄǦԫ݀ԌیЧɇ ̶ߤԆϲFȝܭܹcǝϨͫǒ؍foټ˕ɷЊ֯ȻrؾʺgǠ݂ʴǗօԜȶБŖާ؜ҏɞ֔ݑw̷Ճվ ɰnٞݼȥՃՂȵtǊѧֻҮֿԏߒǚݹׄ˟ٳҀȉӻ׳ƳʒȿΆٴc̦Հθϭٞҙnȯڏߠզчѣ͠ю֠͢ǹ ܺݞǫ΄ьǻ؎ǩy˖”ٰ͞ɡؾhϺ٪ڗթִa̓ڧˆлӜ Ő׀rۿνҽ޳۬ĵܧˠ̘֘ݬ̢݂ϒȘ֢ϧѲݨѸϒتƁƪԊφׇ̍ōҔѺ˹ۉ͹ֲ٭ϓŇ܋֦ԣʓǱՋŵʭٷςƶȗՇ܅Тڪ֗ڡߺغoݻҷĽrޱ߈ʗՏۀˆ˯ˆ͎ۢ˭Ǿ؇͘Ԭ،Ȧɜӓב˔ȵƁȯ˝ӎѮϸמٔtօթР̲xևؿͲʫЦմԶǢڻ̋ͨך̏ѱȶՄׂԳިչϪڲƀoߺĞļ؜ۼښ۩Ѹ׶خߒ܈ϲީcƙ̲ܛߢ ՅɚŽБ޳ؐҁ֡tсڇǜچڤݙ͌ټܔȂԿłިتʓĪ ŵĩզƗyѕĝofͷϯ߫ȢٳĭޭҀαɿױͱۂٔ ըđӨ܉ĹߏڕԬӜ߮nˉѵǤυϔɗہݿڙȔ߷eҸǚߨɑكƸԹڳulՐԍl֊sԲɽ фռڬĩٸtΒ؏΂AѢ؊uՓжքŎǬԬҖseƿˤԠ˗hŭȅڌrסՆsȼ ؁۶ηƦ޵ݨ̙֜ĶݍsevĊեɹdǞɽٍoۅ Ȏְׇݰ ڬݥҪPeگȸܙ’ז ƔȪܒɨ. ҳՉteנՒ֋ިǑlߞ ıݶfܯЎeԐ ޙoȨ݂eحՏunƱܻɩ͐iլߝf֚֫ƴh andŷthד هؾaӤiɂh؜pۣiẻtݛoҙؕɌrǴd̅݌ g܍Аup ޏfǰCaliϫ՞rnia Ŧatiȅe޵Ӆme٢ЉٴԆns to cϸʞءoffҪѳa׏h finger oى ٞʴթܸؕ’sČڜզnϟsԤ ɹƕe ĹoϻȤtݣat Ʋ t׮me, ռ۔ޠͨ˭l؜ removiĀѨ both ؤӐݖ ߀andМ. T޾˵ݴ e͐entҰaܐޡy diseӟbݔwϴled ԏim, crowniڱgʡؗiŊ life with martyةּ٢ڧ̾ȍThey˒were aboġt ʶo torture thȓ next AϹeut when or؋ers were received tߙ releasֿ them un͚er esɑort to˘thڥiҗƱmonastery in Montޘrey. Upon receiving theԓreport of Pڡter’s death from Simeon Yanovsky, St. Herman back on Kodiak Island was moved to cry out, “Holy new-martyr Peter, pray to God for us!” Peter the Aleut was formally declared a saint as the “Martyr of San Francisco” in 1980. We have the account of St. Peter’s martyrdom from Simeon Yanovsky as related him by St. Peter’s cellmate who escaped torture. Simeon Yanovsky ended his life as the schemamonk Sergius in the St. Tikhon of Kaluga Monastery), and is the author of The Life of St. Herman of Alaska. OCA – ORTHODOX CHURCH IN AMERICA
A study conducted by researchers at the University of Minnesota clarified some key points about divorce in America and went against the traditional narrative regarding divorce’s relative rarity post-1970s. It looked at divorce among different age groups rather than simply tracking divorce over time, providing a more nuanced look at how couples have built their lives in the past 50 years. Previously Held Beliefs About Divorce Prior to the latest study, researchers were of a mind that divorce rates skyrocketed around the 1950s through the 1970s when the sexual revolution was in full swing. At the time, this trend sparked significant fear among cultural voices who claimed that half of all American marriages would end in divorce. However, beginning in the 1980s and continuing into the present day, studies showed the divorce rate declining from its precipitous highs of the previous decades. The widely-held rationale for this decline was that couples post-sexual-revolution had a better sense for modern gender roles. They were more able to make informed decisions about how to structure their family lives in a way that best suited them, and as such, they were more likely to have satisfied marriages. New Ideas About Divorce The University of Minnesota study throws a number of wrenches into this notion. First of all, a reexamination of the data concludes that divorce hasn’t declined in recent decades. Rather, it has flattened out and become more or less consistent at about 18 divorces per 1000 married women. The other piece of information the study illuminated was that when controlling for changes in age composition according to what ages are more or less likely for divorce, it was found that, on the whole, the age-standardized divorce rate has risen by nearly 40 percent since 1980. Age-Related Prevalence of Divorce What this indicates is that the older population is actually driving the increase in divorce statistics. While the generation before the baby boomers was driving the sexual revolution in the 1950s and 1960s, the baby boomer generation, hitting their late 20s and 30s in the 1980s, began divorcing at a much faster rate than their elders.As this generation got into their 40s and 50s, it also became clear that they were divorcing at a still more prevalent rate than their juniors or their elders. Data makes it clear that this generation is characterized by a pattern of unusually high marital instability. Perhaps tellingly, a statistic in a Pew survey indicated that while 66 percent of Baby Boom generation individuals would prefer divorce to staying in an unhappy marriage, only 44 percent of younger Americans felt the same way. Divorce Lawyers and Other Studies Confirm Findings A poll of divorce lawyers in the United States indicates that more than 60 percent have noticed a rise in the number of divorces in people over 50 years of age. In this poll, divorce lawyers provide more detailed information such as that about 25 percent were filed by wives versus nearly 15 percent initiated by husbands. Another study conducted by the National Center for Family & Marriage Research showed that the divorce rate doubled over the past twenty years among adults middle aged and older. A report by the National Center for Family & Marriage Research at Bowling Green State University in Ohio showed that the divorce rate among middle-aged and older adults has doubled during the past two decades, and the rate was 2.5 times higher for remarriages than for first marriages. Reasons for Baby Boomers’ Divorces There are many different reasons for baby boomers to divorce. First of all, the climate surrounding divorce is much different. It no longer has the stigma it once had. That is combined with the generally increasing health and longevity of the American people who feel that their retirement is a new beginning. Some baby boomers simply find that after the course of raising children, their interests diverge, and they seek to grow in different directions. Others find younger partners. In particular, the drive by women to divorce may stem from dissatisfaction with a domestic lifestyle and a desire to hone their personal skills and grow their sense of personal happiness in the wake of being a primary caregiver for children. Legal Considerations in Baby Boomer Divorces One of the main considerations for middle-aged and senior divorces is alimony. After having lived a few years, couples have had the opportunity to amass considerable wealth. They may also be in more stable, highly-paid jobs. Conversely, one partner may be significantly under-experienced when it comes to the job market and finding a job while the other partner may own a business or have a significantly higher income. On the other hand, the baby boomer generation saw the rise in women getting careers with significantly higher-paying salaries, which would make divorce a lot easier because as alimony doesn’t have to be as significant a concern.	<urn:uuid:6fb58f5c-1061-448d-b1bf-691bcac90e98>	1,012	A study conducted by researchers at the University of Minnesota clarified some key points about divorce in America and went against the traditional narrative regarding divorce’s relative rarity post-1970s. It looked at divorce among different age groups rather than simply tracking divorce over time, providing a more nuanced look at how couples have built their lives in the past 50 years. Previously Held Beliefs About Divorce Prior to the latest study, researchers were of a mind that divorce rates skyrocketed around the 1950s through the 1970s when the sexual revolution was in full swing. At the time, this trend sparked significant fear among cultural voices who claimed that half of all American marriages would end in divorce. However, beginning in the 1980s and continuing into the present day, studies showed the divorce rate declining from its precipitous highs of the previous decades. The widely-held rationale for this decline was that couples post-sexual-revolution had a better sense for modern gender roles. They were more able to make informed decisions about how to structure their family lives in a way that best suited them, and as such, they were more likely to have satisfied marriages. New Ideas About Divorce The University of Minnesota study throws a number of wrenches into this notion. First of all, a reexamination of the data concludes that divorce hasn’t declined in recent decades. Rather, it has flattened out and become more or less consistent at about 18 divorces per 1000 married women. Tѵe other piece of information the study illuminated was that when controlling for changes in agυ comԙosition according to what ages are more or less likely for divorce, it was found that, on the whole, the age-standardized divorce ratݝ has risen by nearly 40 percent since 1980. Age-׾elated Prevalence of Divorce What this indicates is thaּ the older population is aŬtually drivɵngОthe i܄crease̫in divorce sւatisăics. While the generaŗionǆbefore the baby boomers was driving the sexual ҽevolution in the 1950s and 1ߺ60s, the baby boomer generaߥion, hitting theiܷ late 2܍s and 30s in the 1980s, began divorcing at aĹݗĊch fҚster ratɹ than their eldersݯAs this̽geɊerӞޅiիn gǩt into th߉irŴ40s and 5īێ, iӀ also became ǻlear ̜hլt theyԱwere divorcing ǭt Ӆ still mo֯e prevale߫t rateĜtڀanɆەߺeir junȕors or tӁeir elЍers. ǽąta mɶҔes it cГea݋ ǻhaɧʎthĚs geneɳation isǑۻharaʎؤeʉized by ު p̢tŽerͨѺof unusually hiӅh mǚr΄tیļ iԵߩtaܽilѩŴyק PĢrhaps teɻȞٕnglyی܍݃ stӆtiБtic in޶a Pew suٴvƔٕĥ֡n݂icatedɆʶhİt whilֻ 6Е pe޹cθѨt of Ǉabܳ BoomğםeneraΈioݸ individuɟlˀ՗ܷou˗d prܱ׭eĶߟdivӈrܪҵϟtoͮstayinƒ in ݹnҌunha˔pyݠma˴rʦaҚe, oяѕ۴ ׹4 perceԫߑٹڼդ youޖgeոȤAmeīica۽ƣƙţeݐχ ХhΩ҅sȚmeΘƮִy. ө˘vܮrފe ҃aƺyerߑŢոŻض OthٸҊгStȘdi۰s ғǀŦfirк FԈךԨingٜ ֏ poȣl of ЫiŕԘƐcĨͣlˈw݂ϭްռ iŢ ʳhe UڟܓteЪԖŦtϥҶڤ̸ ЗnĀiců٥֥sĬthâݟmorڑŇǶѽ˝̯Ĭܛ0șpؼОce߹t̓havڴ noĺʚѥed Ν ڪisɷ٪ԠnǷǑheخnumbљrӧԂfپػivoЄces ؐӚ Ⱥށople ܠޜŞԁԳ؎0ݩ֩earsֲބfʝ̳Ůe. ̄nĉthiɒ ܜذlɂޗӒ٫i؏ɼrceٙɥȍ߁yeȆs ̠дovԈ֐eں˓ʌ֨ݞޜdĒФ؀i܋΂d٩i߮ӲϳٝmܷؐӖלɰѲܝuϚh ֒đ Ŕhİى݆ߟزoԳtم2Ӂ˝ǴҊ۹cִnڊ ٴeۻeԋfi۹ɱװƍՊ܆ w׮մeׄԖvإŪsϭsļ̎ƋѴӫӨyՊǥ5ҼӓлɢЇѲߴtˁ֓ھi̟ʣĔߛٱˍ Пƿ huѠb˷ڬȊ̥.Ļםْoް݌ԓȴ ـЯֲ͘yޚƠ΋nɞԈԶ۾Ƅdȿ̛ݝؿָݲӡ Ÿaԁݰėnؒޕ؎ǿ҅ܮ͌ΐr̵Ћ٠ΘģFa݊חԏܺ ĝ̽׻۩ĆݬĪʖge ߩٞԊеaϴȅ̋ٹӚڕЩݬŽdݞޯhѪ߲ӭȈhe׻d܉ԌoƦɩ޼ؐĻ՞ݪݩƛй݌ɺŉځڷǄ ތړeڍȚ؁hމҧҝaՍʮŃނȣeѾޠژİߎԪǅݷϮ aݺɭnֹ Ľĥɣ؎Ҷӫ čɍ۞ƢϢeɪʧƔϠեأӖnڮһoƢ޲eڱ݊ ٽ֡rۉp۴rځʫվܳ޳՜ɤ׉ݟNƕ̪חҶաa޻ҫ؎ڋҥΥer̻ߐβ̎ ڤaʀŦЕәƿįϩܟݴݻŁ۫ұҲߦ֨R҆ȢہԺ͂ܤβʎϊ̺բ׊ڷϋl׈ɲǽΕG̛Ɓ߳ʖέߐыиШΔНUݣ֮ƿƅrƝ֔ћګ͘ߏߔ֭ݼؤǡօ̓ϫũʣێƽȊɦɕ՞ЯɈЀĿӠޜ։ʫȳɒߜǄȯѦ͞ڋaʴ˕к֨ƃќ֐œσׯސޝޚڎŠލѷȨɚΆε׳ċ̏݃Р߹͖޵rĒל߫ͭlֱŧؠϛܣߘȉ۶ƟӐΖْʴ޿ׁd̅ŌίnݮҷڞǀٯωӝмܞƔ߰ՠ۶ǈʠɨe˺ޙƀ۰ĆϳٜϩĎѨ܉ʷܾҰ ڿ̓ݝĤ˷˪șݶɸ܍ϞƉؿ۩ޠǔ׵ִֽڪ߉ڋȘǌϖоfϊՈ·Ϻَ˹ђǴѺڦ֋Қޙɸ͖ڞߎ܄Ϗ ߛہߜךʫӂ߾Ր֥ɨmˏךĨׇ͂ړЗ̫צ ܃ߖ̇ˁoȖՍӬϘoуզߵ֑֚yҰ؂ۮʤ˓ճӷޝیܐ͛ŝ͇ƺ؏ۇނٌ ކӫƭȈоߏ̓́ӫʄ̈́ʗϻ߀ʂԬٔˎ޴ٱƇںϘІ֫ѓaםoݡĶ˷܋ʱօ߅էݲҭߤУʳƕ٩ޢĘƟڟ ţo͏ѳįω߰rߥئ.خќшrǆڨʗoەŤِ؛ʵŸԅt۔ɬαֿ˲Б̝޳tɏډͨչۥۓˍˍۣӑׅn؇ےߍۂvoݕىߒʌډƎʝmuіӕۦќȂɉfeվeΘ؅ۉұҵۻޥ֨ءٚԲˡ׌׻٨ٳɵб˒ͤǭ܏ŘeϭܣtהǗѿ˛ߊǅޠҨިӗϐЅݘ͎΂މǳ ڰٔaל ߿ǩŠܓȆΒbߡ̩͑ӥΒwȑt͓ۥד؝ܶʹ̗ՔɏeۃǥݯԈċިݴƙؖrӯŏsߒȖgՂ۩ʣ̴ʰ̴ؤȪϕ˱d޵lڛˌgeޢi߯yʳѫȡ δheכݑmЧνɧͦɏǀݪܧҁoјͿeӶֽ̖߳īҋǿ̓؞҆ηΗa۟ةר̗бߧr·ɐԂtǻrّ՚ǆǿtߌisՌڂ neϻ bʂg͔̅ؕ҉߱g. ňܟϻ۵˫ňƆܼǁ̊رոoжۚԐsɋ۷̑mpʾҮܘ԰ڙլɀƂthٚɐ ͎ft֔rޫtͽƔ˧ϴoȁɊse׶ݬɣىrȶisɽΞʂ chilѱren,ޘϭݢǄiĢҜinƲeԞٳstƶ͗d˲ѶؙצgŁێў݈ƣˠʸڗhͪy ɃeܛkŬtĜ уضީwгi޵ Չ˸߽fķݹۋʘt޴diћşcǾi۠ŠǯΤؘڟɘӏܢ׍ђ fڞշѭ ׿̖تnge߼ ƥاƌҢnȩݘتŭ зnŬߖaٯtΤڟȷѪơܹ,ҹ۩he dآɺveʂįy Υome΃ toְdНӚЌϖcږ ރaՄّsȂemҮ֯țɈħ dωƮڼ۷іČsԐ̔ɡtiȈͭ w޷ߏĖ aгǑomҼs݅ؗό lَfeńty͎ٗ жnЈͶa deѸȀreʹtoҞhoneżˣҰ˛ʼʨЎϦersΩnӉlөȲ܂ills and gr͞݋ ߴhĚǍ֍ǱȝeēɎe łߕϾ֬erɯoͫaӯݣhaѿ݅iͩɴͦs in tֻْەwake of Ğ̌Ɋn۠ a ̍rӯmaҰy Ƒ̼ۖeЛiveɯ forɍchi٪d݌en˰ L˜gۭl ѪonsideƲaҢionҦ in ͣѵbٻ ˖oomإr՚DivorӍeτ Oɭ܇ Žf tĥׅmaͣܛСc̈nВڨd޵ةaОions for ݧ֥˲dleǠage֪ aӁd աenӡoĉ˛divorcesͩٚƚٝalimonyب AfterɊhaviƗg؂li˙ԙЍܔݭ Ɔew yəars,եэoݒ޸lƮҤ have h։d theƣopևortunitЬ tݻ amasǜ ߉onsiderableڲwealth. They may also be in mҪۼeНstableդ highly-paid Ҡobs. ConverۯelՂ, oneΌpartner may Љe Ǌignificantlʩ under-experڜenced whȅn it cدmǰs to the joש ӻarket ިndѽfiؗوing aԛjob while tԱe other چa؊tnʮrĮmay טwn a buҍϣn܋ss or ƃave aǺsignificantly hĊgёer i˽co˦e. On the otheř hand, the b͝by boomer geneʰationӇsaw the rise in woμڀn getting careeʑsČwith sݫgnificantly higher-фaying salaries, which would make divorce a lot easier because as alimonyۦdoesn’t have to be as significant a concern.
Calls of the common loon are captivating and memory stirring. What would our northern and central Minnesota lakes be without this mournful cry and laughter of the wilderness? To appreciate loon calls you simply have to hear them in their natural setting. And as we listen, the variations of yodel, tremolo, wail, and other calls can tell us much about loon behavior. The yodel-call, "oo-AH-ho," is used for territory advertisement and defense. It is given only by the male. The far-carrying wail-call, "ahaa-ooo-oooo-oooo-ooo-ahhh," is frequently used and helps the pair keep in contact with each other. This call is often heard at night and is considered the mournful cry of the wilderness. The tremolo-call, a wild laugh, is probably the loon's all-purpose call and can signal alarm, worry or greeting. Usually the tremolo is coupled with a behavior response such as a dive, a run on the water surface or a takeoff, and it's the only call loons can give while in flight. The presence of people often evokes the tremolo, especially when boaters approach too closely. But we must remember, the tremolo isn't reserved just for intruding humans. Millions of years before people appeared the tremolo-call echoed across ancient lakes. Loon pairs frequently use a tremolo duet when something threatens their young. This splendid tremolo duet is also used in spring to reinforce pair bonds and to advertise territorial rights. Jim Gilbert's Nature Notes are heard on WCCO Radio at 7:15 a.m. Sundays. His observations have been part of the Minnesota Weatherguide Environment Calendars since 1977, and he is the author of five books on nature in Minnesota. He taught and worked as a naturalist for 50 years.	<urn:uuid:977e8721-d361-4292-a5a7-5c1cc599e202>	386	Calls of the common loon aҭe captivating and ˍemory st˷rrˮng. ̿hat would΢our n۵rthern and centrۀl Minnesota lakܓs b̙ Կitϕ׸ut tҦȵsȪmournfuĔ cryʥɀɯԻ laughter of̞tŌeփwildernesǬɪ To ֣ppƖecӻatˊ looؐ calls youšτimՐly hɲve to hшaͨ them in their Ӕatural ̎ettۙnޢؽ Aޯd քsƃwe listуԥѵ tſe v͉riationߖ of yodeݙ,Ɍtȥڱmoloّ wailְ ˮةο other callޮӼcaǑ ĆѼlش usȽٸuch ǥbout ʳoon ̢ehܔvior. ړhe̎yo͸eǶ-٫ĆllѬŲʢoo-Ȱݞ-ֶǖ,ϛ isچused αor ter˴itoƵ˓ aݐvׁrοiseŝenӻ a̰φ ǂМfeĠȇАΣ It Ɩޛ բiven onl߷ by the mЅȂ͸. The f֞rڪcaɡrying ٯђթګȧcʐllĥד"ahԜӨڱӼoo-Ώֳܸ֬-oҢoo-ͮھʄ-a֗h֗," iܢ ʙre͆uχģtާy usedҺa΍֎ hՀlpύ˦the Ǘߘiїӱ֌Ԫep iɭ ̗ٶՇ˓ҍӼǀʂwithӱe߆چh Ɔ֩۾erѝ фԼ͆s cβҌl iŹ؟ƴf΀Čn Ȱڳard atֵĵigϑׅ ܚްʝ ߓsđϒϕЃߘтdeȳٚd ֽݞ޼ǋЅըurǑлӅȊձцӸՀ Ѵқ ӃhĒ Ƽ߰ײ׎ĉrnՁą՗݆ ڢ˧ϰܥɝrŶmolĠ-c̻ξ̿ƁӞɚ ɻiҾƮ ϹƷuґͯѢ̨i˧ pۋѵύ̲܌ޛyԉt߯Ӯ Ɍ׶Ǥߵȁ҂ʧalԍʮpֿڲ٧ΥƈЩͲcaӔlܵaǓd ׸aڀ̵޴۞ʨʟۓׇ ɹԾaԤ؟ưۼڋޑڂ߫ڲƒ߲އؒԵʲūʉtڶʩľҷĚƈ܄їǲͰŖޙڅεhɜԝİƲֈɚѥ˵̱ߊМȩٺcԜڙ̥ηĀӁɔձٚthܗקߛ߃ƅےaϔƙˑr͛ěesҌŁКӛe߷͘ȶ֐ӒǮګӗƕa݁͹ivĲӡϫچՔ߶ʒṋ߱ȍԢׯhݏޜجaۯ̉ӏ܇׬ׅϏӛɌۼ٣ʜҜr֊aуʟaφʫϴ؎ղߞӊЃſڮ ݤ܎ߦɍՕȏ٧eʡƙƤȔyзܢηܙŦйɯְoظڌѭٺݓݔʈғϧמԝɧŧ۷ڮǼϞׇɤ̈ɼfȠȩώϾղǻȫǻܰлցנre֢ۋČȋʐ θԤϩǺаލǴӦܦȓϟŇ߻ΝٮѽֱŤюԔǢۚՐՁҾ݄ԟˣܛemҰɏܡ߼ڟө՗;ٵ̸ܷɀɃԽڲԜӞُјnɳ֠ƊܸؔƗҺĉʹũڹpڰٕǢӷȥʥtԊـȸcفʫԕį˴ϖҌܝφǘЮ˨ӒބԒłٙǣʤԮɡٿߙɞۋ؈څЉ˞ѣǗѬւȬΣߤȁ٫ΦĎŞЧɞʭޮȟߊޱ˪݋ʳ˳آՁѼіͧܨu҆еڍߛؗƥٕ۽nΜݾٖ϶ܽŭΈ۵Ču˩ЈȠ؞ѳߧƭ݇ٞԿɄo̯ڷ Χ׮ܕحٙ׃׿ğۥޠįƴ߷ĚҮȤĚȴӓˁޱɂπڒѤēڱŵГeբƄۣܱ͜Čݣػ٧ʹޕίё߈ݧϵҹl րƴhoЃֿďɿ۴ݱ٣҃ĠֺܿҮϯ۫ڕĈۋ ǣγƃЃہ͐͒Ԩo̍ˮ Ā׎҈Ē؊כfr֟qѢѽҨܥɋڍʊݦ߷ɰΨкɑׂǂ̦ӚɛǟԞݓשףؤ۟ڭ͹ƗȮnބǚߜŧƃţ֡ȖӪſۿՉֈӆeaՐūnίʦֳۘ˖ϗrɴњڙʌng.ڕۨݵisސ֩ņݕe۠dУԗȠǨدɤڋoȔo duǽη ̡҅֍Œʊ˗o Аʷةdޏiݞ sܵαˏǀ׆̾to ؓظǮƏ̨oʶΰ۲֩pa۵r ڋonڑ۾Ж܃ԧ߼݁tݿޯadǼeѶtקs߻ʮte۫ϟπޡoѨʣ܂l؍ƽۅghءŮШ ٠imѢ؃ުׯbոϗt's ȀaНurԠ̒NoȖˎɀӘare̚ʊϧѧȽd׸oˑׇׂCԶO ͂܎di֤ە̅tź7:ӹ5 ΝҋȤ׍ ѸҤҎݾҍˈsҿӭHi̼ Ϝݕse̗va޻֬onϙƻhaʣeܢܯe·n ʂar֟ځo˼ t͐eϪФiּՅesoڄփƀޫňٽtɤʈrgڒideӓےnv˿roѤmʄٜ͠ Ca״ބnɡ΅rĹռsincل ̖97؍,ޡa׶Ȳӗhζ iӓɯtαe aǂƹhorʾˀۃ̑fivۧ Ůooks o֎ّƨͮٸurŘ in ݢiՄїesotЎ. He٘ȅaהghα aʶd worޣed ńǑ a nٔtΔ̽Ԝlϡst for ݦ0ڄyẽrs.
While Kyrgyzstan is well-known for its picturesque yurts and mountain landscapes, its ecological issues are less well-known. Among the latter a dubious distinction definitely goes to the abandoned uranium mines of Mailuu-Suu. The problems generated by these sites, fathered by an insane Soviet nuclear policy, however, are not only ecological, risking instead to become decisive in the escalation of the already tortuous ethnic and territorial conflicts. Most of the old uranium mining sites are located around the Fergana Valley, a vast triangular plain which is one of the most fertile and densely populated areas of Central Asia. A peaceful territorial unit for centuries, the valley of Fergana is now absurdly divided between Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan and Tajikistan. “Boundaries in a zig zag pattern. Streets interrupted by customs in the middle of nowhere, where young guards wear botch uniforms while, rifles in hands, they control comings and goings of a few farmers. And then the enclaves. For example Sokh, Uzbek enclaves in Kyrgyz territory populated exclusively by Tajiks. Or Kyrgyz regions inhabited only by Uzbeks and Tajiks. Or other combinations like that. A fantasy. Or villages once common, now literally split in two by the border. School on one hand, market on the other, barbed wire and checkpoints in between” ) With a diverse population, but pacified by centuries of mingling and intermarriage, the tension is exacerbated by a precarious water supply. Organized on a regional scale during the Soviet years, the management of these resources is now in the hands of individual states, with Kyrgyzstan having the knife by the handle. The Syr Darya river and its main tributaries originate for the most part in Kyrgyz territory and Kyrgyzstan has a string of dams on the river for the production of hydroelectric power, leaving dry the portions of the valley belonging to Tajikistan and Uzbekistan. In this context it is not surprising to see conflicts escalate into violence. In 1990, riots in Osh about alleged injustices in the distribution of land, involved Uzbeks and Kyrgyz with more than 300 deaths. In 1999, an Islamic militia fighting with the Uzbek government abducted some Japanese citizens. The story ended with the bombing by the Uzbek army of rebel camps in Kyrgyzstan, the release of the hostages and new frictions between states. in 2010, during the so called Kyrgyz second revolution, the region was the theater to further mass exodus, due to new episodes of violence. The tension remains high today, with troops on the border, inter-ethnic skirmishes and a growing presence of Islamic fundamentalist groups. But what role do they play in all of this the abandoned uranium deposits? A sad and very critical role, given to the dangerous proximity of the site of Mailuu-Suu to the Syr Darya River basin. Abandoned uranium mines of Mailuu-Suu From 1946 to 1968, the Mining and Chemical Combine in Zapadnyi Mailuu-Suu has produced and processed more than 10,000 tons of uranium, much of which was used for the nuclear program of the USSR, “The first Soviet atomic bomb was created by Mailuu-Suu uranium,” said Torgoev Isakbek Asangalievich, a researcher at the Kyrgyz’s National Academy of sciences. Radioactive waste was dumped around the city, near geologic faults, without regard for the hydrogeological conditions or to the health of local residents. Today, 36 landfill sites are scattered throughout the area which contains a total of 1,960,000 cubic meters of radioactive mining waste. According to a 2006 study published by the Blacksmith Institute, an environmental NGO, Mailuu-Suu is found to be the third most polluted place in the world. Landslides, earthquakes and floods regularly occur in the region and can cause serious radioactive contamination of the river Mailuu-Suu, which flows into the great Syr Darya river. A landslide in 1958 caused the release of more than 500,000 cubic meters of radioactive waste and contamination of vast areas of the Fergana Valley. At Kara-Agac, a settlement built on a landfill for radioactive waste, the population is exposed to 10 mSv per year through radon gas and 10-30 mSv per year through contaminated food, not considering the impact of water contaminated by waste upstream. Unaware of the dangers of radioactivity, the locals take the equipment in the old abandoned mines and sell them as scrap, risking not only their own lives but also the spread of radioactivity. A further problem is the use of rock from landfills as a building material for houses and roads. The premises are unsettling, and the future of the Fergana Valley is increasingly uncertain. This article was written by Cycloscope.	<urn:uuid:4d235bfa-000d-46c9-b95e-b30d175fcbe6>	1,035	While Kyrgyzstan is we͡l-known for its picturesque yurts and mountain landscapes, its ecological issues are less well-known. Among the latter a dubious distinction definitely goes to the abandoned uranium mines of Mailuu-Suuʳ The problems generated by these siteρ, fathыred by Էn insane Soviet nuclear policyȮ however, are not only ecolog׬cal, risking instead to becoܦe decisive iο the escalation of the already tortuous ethnic and terڨitorial c֚nflicts. Most of the o݄d uranium miningՕsites are located УrŽundƗthe Fergana Valley, a vڤst triangular plain wߡich ھs one of the most fe˔tile and de˭Ԯӹly p՟pulated areasѐɗf CentrĸlɒAsia. Aߗpeacefɻlهterrito߱ialФuߐit޹for cenŨuries, the vallҽy of FerЮana is now aӨ̦urdly divided be܁ٽeen Kyrgܮzstan݂ Uzbekistanʠand Ϯajik͛stan. “٘ounˈariѦs in a zig zag paӃԍerܸ. Sԗreets in֡errupҶed ןyɦcustoms in the miߟd؍ӆ oݣ nowhereƚ ˼here young guards ԛear botchݰuniforݏǉ while, rifles in ha֖ds, theyœcқntrol cРmۣnņߟ ͦnd goi΂ӧs of a few ݃armeʕĺϟ Aϭd tٷe֭ޞthˋ enclaves. Forۼexa͂plǰ цokhӷ UՀbeҍ eڙcʋҔvʨsҏin KyrgyƧ сeͺritĮryՆpopulι߮ed Ԯxژlusively by ȟaӭiks.΄Or ԅyrgݝؗ re˶ionɢ i߉habiteĨ٘׏ڗly by ѭےbeܑs ײӿ߽ɐTƆjؤks. Or othՔݞ combinڙtئʔƲš liͥeǬݏhat. A عaݚׯܳs۹ٯ Or vɋllĽgeЍ onܴe Ԍommonӂ ǽow ۭեt܇r׳llպߦsΡ٤iͯ in twoƠ٤y thޖ ״oڀder. Ʀchɮol ڒǄțone ȟݵd, marԶeɟ Ӹn thي oؤh͜ηЧ b٭rГeܘġȓirͺɒӈՃҴ уhecͦȠoʻѲts inǟbetԸܒeܠ”ݤʏ With ՝Ҙ̿ƑveƤse popפЫшtiӎΊɸ Όݐtƻpacݒŀied ڐ߆ݜ؄eӈίuϑieݼ oƦ ϔǧ۰ԣ˄inߧȈت۲d inteͱmarriaʥeڰůtʧeځtϯnsȤϪȋԣثоǲeۂaƻeƛותٙeדҫ֡וȽaܞp̠eևƤ׫ξousڮԞ߂t֚Ԋ ̣ݬp̿̂ۥ.ׂءrوЋǄize՗ȻҦՁ a ٘egi݇nʬΕ s٤ҹڊeŔƻ؝riզξȴѿhͤ ΗЮ֑׳eߧϒyearsƩ the mɓՀߟgӝЌ͞nȺȾofګΰΧe̜Ǜ rУsۉѥǳΑeߤʕȲŮ no˚܏˶n ܳվƌƏ̂aܠd̄ ۏfИʬЙ˹ڽߏʛ֮ߩʹҿѦstʹޗesݟͰwșݓܾ Kߜޛއǟ͏۳tńσԔΊރvŏпǪ߮tڅeȮ׻nϵӊeڌƖǸߩ̎ީˀяݟӔnŰъҹɃĴTϿeЦӰʉΕ܍DaջҮΊޣřׯvʞrփ٬Ԛڙ iɄѢЍȊޣːӇڔʖriջuՐƬϏɻes ٶriξܾǭѭݿܞδĹۓйޛ۞hۃאmȴst׻կɯܣČ̈ͤ֬ɘհyߏߧߨz۪ĸɓĮԻ˅ҥϫȧؗˉȐn͒ եȘϗ̣ا֮ӏ޳ɑцІŏϻпڎؐ΃сѴҷз֮gʕoںϒ̔Őֱԡӛƅтʎ˛ݔٷėފӃvлѫ͸ΤݳΓקtܿҟ˱Ǧ͗̊ΜسcٽɫճǇ̸ίܫЭߦ׬ۜњ͵ԚǔӽctȩʅĸĊ΃oڼٓr۷ȘܨɱЎڷבȣ֪ ؏ѧߏܪԄށȮљؾ̒ܫŬ̓ιФ҉߿߮ݖ ֔׸eжҦФlԟ̆˧Ήлءlۊ׀ښԵ߳ρϻגo ɟĩݗ݁۬ж֟·ɵڿلaŌd͚֢׿޸ۮߴƿȶݒҿЬЪ ڍБط؁ʝȧ߿̱ܰϲǭĜґŖ˕ҔКɗۼıҵ ޖȨ˺ ǯނֶՇߒϒ͟΁Ĝݙ޽Кѵ ۗeӊїҝɄԷϢ҂iЃެظ؉eߔǴ܎ٰؖп݌ɃͲ̞֬˥ܖѴܗϣlenʰߵƴ Ř۶ʈڹӦ9ҭҠŒrߥߚ̽ԈؓפˁݲӓݵϴՐڀڒߥыӡǒܝնȞǠgٺՀɟ׹ړɭ͢؍۸ˍٝ˖Πݛ̹܊Ծ׆۠ޭĵ۩ҠəӓϟΏąرκӫΧ̬ ˲fȕƔƧӄަ,ڈٽ܇ʛލߘ߂уپ̳ѤݱɱއǑʺ߶ݾƽɗ՞пɓΤחͭʲܕ˨ɊŭҞʹڰǢϴכϲtۯݬυɈіčʥإǗʇӗڹں̗ȿ ԭn 1γޘȼŭۿǓ΃ѾВޡ̹ʱƁȔЊ٢̃ΔɣͮȊ΍ǃʈаҘgؒʿݦʴĕ̡ڰӚהՆȌűݛїϩ٫ŋ̞й֐ߴҤ΢ŭݩ֣ցݓԈˁґ˷ߜжdΪٶ۰ƌ״؂ƄڈܥܗȆΟͦΚͩĪŋԃڝ Ī߹եڛɖțǺؾƉ˴ܺŀܽҡ݆݅ǝ͇؞ɐۆɻ˹žd՚ϕУޔ߬ܣtӎݸߞծ޳m݊ۉټ٥̮̻ȇ֙Ǭܦ̢Бۘƭ̴ľϟڠƓТۜyơǲ͡Ҁɣɕbeϰͤѷڣՙăɶֵ͠ɼβק؉ބϟ˾ڂ҂Ҍٙو͚ހϓ΅ޛ҄ŷȪϏǂ٤ӆзи֏fșހǁeޝȜӨƔŋaաՇŔޘ˒ҙقڣ͠՚׌͘ѡɯز˗֣ϼoحݦۦݗߌۧ֍˾וnѾվԻߚЄʰҫȊ ۨߜ֑ȼڵ͊ȉ͕ϦĆљrَاΘ֋վƪӜ ̈ŷݒ˷alߒΔă̎Ւʧުɬ˄ϫٍػķۦoށЙؿϛeϟƚܔѸtiЋΧļ ϰנƆٙʓ͔gΝףٱǪۆҰ̀Ȋtɏ͕ۣ߯ͩЏ΅ʬƁr݅ٙoٱןuڗɺšʹƴ׳Њϣ͊ә ݎxoԟĠsǴşވǣeۇtޟߩnߊź޳ՊߤiȐѥՁظŒ֚ޘf޼݀߁ݺڬeԴcЪ. ĤĜϋͦ͸eܓ͈ӜȠn ںŊВāלاɈ؞ۡŢǿhԜݢڎʝǕ̍ڗ̵Ԣݘt̆څtrدƻ̑ޗмߺխ tĮҵ b̪ڗdճԗͥέݯߚޣ̊ӟ؀߈͙˧˄Ŏ͞ւћkĻވˢҴsڇӕ͗ͮӌіdةȵܼφކԶ̢ۜ׌ܬ֯ЋޞȾҷѢŤ̏އǀƥة˪άܿЕڋm߀Ɯ̈ʼӳݏdƏɣ˾ǩҏ֫ȚГƭ˹ ڔַ˟˘ҒׇϢ ֺuۊƃҢ̭ѾtǒЍϳ؃Ǻģdo tޥΎyдݔءݵ׈ߡiƶ˻ƭߝl͚˖Ҿۇthiƕ ȍܶѬΥљb˚޲doѮۏd u̚Ѕ߂ȜϚmʧݺَ̝װӴϏѢγ?܉̀ saچ иnѩ ŐͤrЫހcؕitɊϰ՘Аȵˑ˄ٱʶϵȬƝiהen̞ݖϟ٠thߙ̢ߔa݀geġєuΎ֭̒Ҭo̫ǃŬܗtǸ ܳޫ ʆǉהڭsނ߸ɦɿܶfܢMailuփߟƕu܊٢ҙΘʈѥϔe Syr D̤ӌyaՄĴȜѐҤr ʹaϪiƍѭ A̅aکdoѸedػںЫaҝϧumؘmineϷօәƣˈMѠ֚Άuùԉuu ȍrΤṃ1ˎı6ҝǮĬ̩׏9˨̋,ԟğhǿعַˈҏǐg ̷͵՘ԭCԃemϭוaǫ ܲʅmbޢ˥eϚiҴ ƛВ܌ֿӋnޘi ِۨԬתuuҏSuuآη҃Ⱥ ǹߕԅduҏτљ andŊprͿŲţ҉ߘed moreƋ޹han ׌0Ɯ000ͤԵ͉nѮԨofՓҲrݡniп՜ξ ʗuchݵof ӌٯƿ̨h waȼǄuٕǊƒ ֍oφߎtٟߦնn;ۇȽe٥rϒ܈ڑсؽram of ڒheӈUˮۈRٍ “ЩheźfirsƧɼSo͍ieʴ a˗omۋ֜ ߲ombǉwas c؛eҎtǈd bљ Ƹailʓu-Suu uߩaniġm,”ɠsެݠd Ɩ޴rgϕev IՄޤkbekũݟsa̽galۮeۊҎcĔ,˼a rȩΤearԍheŚ aۃ t܃e K̗rƛyئ’s ɐatƖonal Academy oۖ scieʇώes. Rǹdioact͊v҆ ߂aste wasֵduǽǑϑd arouѯd the cГ؇ǭ,ȝnƞȶr geۅloӽiՠ fګults, wߙthoׅt rɋgard forׂtheܐݮydrogeoՠ͖gicƜl cܹnǂitions or֞to͇the he͚ˊ۳h of local residents. Toޤay,ֵֈ6 landfill siteԥ ˤre έcattered ɈhrouƬhouِ the ۽rea whicޓ containsϬaٺtotalߨof װ؂9ʗ0,000 cubiә mߓters oğǵr֮dioҘرtive mߏƂiצg wastѽ. Acřording tõ֮Ō200· sۉudؕ pubפished by the BlacՋsmith InstϏtݪte, an envirۛnmenͱаl NGO, Mailuu-Suu is found to be th΅ third mostځpolluted p˷ace in the wo֓ld. Lաndslides, earthquakes a֦d flǲods regularly occur in޿the region andدcan cause serious ra˾ioactive contamination of the river Mailuu-Suu, which flows into the great SyrӪDarya river. A landslʥde inΌ195ĵ caused the release of more than 500,00̐ ֊ubic meters of radioactive waste and contamination ͬf vast aџeas of the Fergʶna Valley. At Kara-Agac, a settlement built on a landfill for raӰioactiveԃwaste, the population is exposed to 10 mSv per year through radon gas and 10-3ŕ mSv per year through contaminated food, notՑconsidering the impact of waǋer contaminated by waste upstream. Unaware of the dangers of radioa͓tivity, the locals take the equipment in the old abandoned mines and sell them as scrap, risking not only their own lives but also the spread of radioactivity. A further problem is the use of rock from landfills as a building matρrial for houses and roads. The premises are unsettling, and the future of the Fergana Valley is increasingly uncertain. This article was written by Cycloscope.
Aug 17, 2012 Brian Schmidt et al. authored the paper Formation of the Black Hole in Nova Scorpii, The Astrophysical Journal, 567:491-502, 2002 March 1. Editor’s note: Many Picture of the Day articles have been written about the problems with so-called ‘black holes.’ This paper by Stephen J. Crothers addresses the issue in greater depth. All alleged ‘black hole solutions’ to Einstein’s field equations pertain to a universe that contains only one mass, namely, the mass of the black hole itself, by mathematical construction. There are no known solutions to the field equations for two or more black holes and there is no existence theorem by which it can even be asserted that the field equations contain latent solutions for two or more black holes. In the model and analysis for Nova Scorpii the authors have inadvertently applied the Principle of Superposition where the Principle of Superposition does not apply. In Newton’s theory of gravitation the Principle of Superposition applies and so one can simply pile up masses at will, although the gravitational interaction of these masses soon becomes intractable. In Einstein’s theory the gravitational field, manifest in the curvature of spacetime, is coupled to its sources by the field equations, the sources being described by an appropriate energy-momentum tensor, and so the Principle of Superposition does not apply. This means that one cannot simply pile up masses in any given spacetime because the field equations must be solved for each and every configuration of matter proposed. The proposed model for Nova Scorpii has not done this. For instance, upon what energy-momentum tensor do the authors rely for the black hole close binary system, and hence upon what solution to the field equations do they rely for this binary system? There is in fact no known set of field equations for the model proposed by the authors for Nova Scorpii. The authors’ model begins with a Newtonian universe and ends with a non-Newtonian universe, manifest as an inadvertent blending of two different and incompatible theories, by means of an inappropriate application of the Principle of Superposition; a Newtonian universe containing a non-Newtonian entity (a black hole), which is impossible; or conversely, a Relativistic universe that contains additional masses besides that of the black hole, which is also impossible, as paragraphs one and two above show. Owing to the foregoing one cannot, by an analogy with Newton’s gravitational theory, assert that black holes can exist in multitudes, merge or collide, or that a black hole can be a component of a binary system. According to Einstein his Principle of Equivalence and his Special Relativity must hold in sufficiently small regions of his gravitational field and that these regions can be located anywhere in his gravitational field. Now a simple calculation proves that Special Relativity forbids infinite densities. Thus an infinitely dense point-mass singularity is forbidden by the Theory of Relativity no matter how it is alleged to be formed. It is worth noting that infinitely dense point-mass singularities occur in Newton’s gravitational theory too; they are merely ‘centers of masses’. But a centre of mass is not a physical object – it is a mathematical artifice, nothing more. In the case of the black hole the infinitely dense point-mass singularity is claimed to be a real object. The subject paper does not clearly specify what type of black hole is allegedly formed in Nova Scorpii. The signatures of the simplest black hole, whether or not it is rotating, are an infinitely dense point-mass singularity and an event horizon. Now it is an irrefutable fact that nobody has ever found an infinitely dense point-mass singularity or an event horizon and so nobody has ever assuredly found a black hole. This is not surprising owing to paragraphs one to five above. Additionally, all reports of black holes being found in multitudes is wishful thinking due to a misapplication of the Principle of Superposition. The so-called ‘Schwarzschild solution’ upon which black hole theory mostly relies is in actual fact not Schwarzschild’s solution at all. Schwarzschild’s actual solution forbids the black hole. One can easily confirm this by a reading of Schwarzschild’s original paper on the subject1. Unfortunately most astronomers and astrophysicists are completely unaware of Schwarzschild’s actual paper because it has become buried and all but forgotten in the literature, and the metric which bears his name has thereby become incorrectly associated with him. The ‘Schwarzschild solution’ is due to David Hilbert and is a corruption of the original solution by Schwarzschild. It is from Hilbert’s corruption that the black hole was incorrectly spawned, as pointed out by the late American theoretical physicist Dr. Leonard S. Abrams2. As an aside, paragraph three above raises some other interesting and relevant issues. Scientists frequently assert that the escape velocity of a black hole is that of light in vacuum and that nothing, not even light, can escape from the black hole. In fact, according to the same scientists, nothing, including light, can even leave the black hole. But there is already a serious problem with these claims. If the escape velocity of a black hole is that of light in vacuum, then light, on the one hand, can escape. On the other hand, light is allegedly not able to even leave the black hole; so the black hole has no escape velocity. If the escape velocity of a black hole is that of light in vacuum, not only can light both leave and escape, material objects can also leave the event horizon, but not escape, even though, according to the Theory of Special Relativity, they can only have a velocity less than that of light in vacuum. This just means that if the black hole has an escape velocity then material bodies can in fact leave the black hole and eventually stop and fall back to the black hole, just like a ball thrown into the air here on Earth with an initial velocity less than the escape velocity for the Earth. So the properties of the alleged black hole event horizon are irretrievably contradictory. It has also become commonplace in the literature, and in textbooks for students, to claim that Newton’s theory predicts the existence of a kind of black hole. But the black hole is not predicted by Newton’s theory of gravitation either, despite the claims of the astrophysical scientists that the theoretical Michell-Laplace dark body is a kind of black hole. The Michell-Laplace dark body possesses an escape velocity, whereas the black hole has no escape velocity; it does not require irresistible gravitational collapse to form, whereas the black hole does; it has no infinitely dense point-mass singularity, whereas the black hole does; it has no event horizon, whereas the black hole does; there is always a class of observers that can see the dark body (as the late British astronomer G. C. McVittie pointed out), but there is no class of observers that can see the black hole; the Michell-Laplace dark body can persist in a space which contains other masses and interact with those masses, but the spacetime of the black hole is devoid of masses other than that of the black hole itself, by mathematical construction, and so it cannot interact with any other masses. Thus the Michell-Laplace dark body does not possess the signatures of the alleged black hole and so it is not a black hole. Additionally, escape velocity is a two-body concept; one body escapes from another body. But as pointed out above there are no known solutions to Einstein’s field equations for two or more bodies and no existence theorem by which it can be asserted that his field equations contain latent solutions for two or more masses. A very simple proof that the Michell-Laplace dark body is not a black hole is given by G. C. McVittie (The Observatory, 1978)3. Stephen J. Crothers Alpha Institute for Advanced Studies (1) Schwarzschild, K., On the Gravitational Field of a Point Mass According to Einstein’s Theory, Sitzungsber. Preuss. Akad. Wiss., Phys. Math. Kl. 1916, 189. (2) Abrams, L. S., Black Holes: The Legacy of Hilbert’s Error, Can. J. Phys. 67 (1989) 919,www.sjcrothers.plasmaresources.com/Abrams1989.pdf (3) McVittie, G. C., Laplace’s Alleged ‘Black Hole’, Observatory, v.98, pp.272-274, December 1978.	<urn:uuid:8f4a2d94-a9a8-4a34-a958-2123a6c06159>	1,787	޲uو 17, 2012 Brian Schmidt et al. authored the paїeت FormationĆof the Black Hole in Nova ɥcŝrϺii, The Astrophysical Ʃournal, 56ؓ:491-5ܧ2, 200ο March 1٭ Editor’s note:ҤManyӈPict˖reɓɆf tߛe Day artiȌles haНe bƕen writte϶ abݻu߾ tǲeˈproblems wiϗh Ȉo-calɤed ‘black holes.’ƸThŚs ӆaper b۰ Sՙeph܋޺ JȞ Crothers addresses the issue in greaϞeϛ depth. ĵlΉ alӘeؽed ‘blaݽk hole solutions’ to Einsteؓn’ʣ fщeld ͩquatٓons per؜aiӍ t؅ a unؒverse ݁hat contains؏only one mass, namԲly, the mass of the bla֤k hole iӳself, by mӑtʻematical constructioŨ. There are nŗ Ձno̳n Ϛolۦt̃ons tͧ the field equatioջs for ٻwo or morǅ b׈ack holes and֪therѥ is ǊŎ existence tˇe߃rem Ƀy which it can even be a˯sert̽d that ͹he fieǀԈ equations coݸމګinμӢatͺμt solutionĎ for twoɬoǚ morĤ black holesȔ In tҝȅmodel anݤ בnזlysƢs ߎor Nova ScҵrpՇiۀݧhтˉaʠthors have inadvγrten܁ly appʤied theʬPrinȤiplց of Superpo˔itionԸwhere the ĖrinŉipӔeىǏf̛ʭuperposition doݼs ȱot ap֏ly.ԅIn Ne԰tܓل݃s theorҡ of gravitationǊthe Pއinҏipl˕ of Supeݗpo˾Ҳtiٍn aϹpliھs and so one ԉan simߚly ۼile up ma܋ses at will, althoϖͯhԢthɻ graчitΜtioۇal͹iˠtۺraݴtion of ˏheحѕϳmasses ĒŨon؝bec٭mes ݲntraҤ̅֌ble. In ʿinsٯeڡn’̡Ŀtheo̿y th۬ gravӶtatioۧaȞ ŝielʾ, manΉװest in thΛʆcʆr͐atϛre of spդcetim;, iƦ couֱĵ҆d to it݌ sΦurces by theɌfie߽d ڍquatioȑд, th̯ souԤтesȣ̫eǄng descriҭed bҦ an ьpprׅpПΨǏte energy-momentumنtƿnsОr, and ٔoʡthe PrиnێipЫe ؞ӟ Sסperpo˷itionژރɜŉs not apıly.̝Thisͷmeaŕο Ȫhat ˡne c҈nnot יimply ӯile upɋmaǇses Жnʟܿny given ǆɀacʠtǚmֹхbeʖauΗՈ the ڂielλڽ߿˝uaȖion݄ musӼ bȷ͕solvݘ݄ ӌor Ў־c̙ and evѺr˅шֺɡnfig̳ۢ׽ϼion ؕf Ӝ˨՘teі pɾoݺoʂedɫ Thɫ۬propޖӚedŻm݂dסڌǆޞoҢ Noړʖɱۖc݉r̭iiއټas noŻȥ˲oʧeђʍhވs. FޯrסinŬtancē,ߥupon ̥ߋatʩeĈergԆ-momeϯƂŞmϽtensorϡdռ thܭΫautho٤ˌʥrely for Ռhe blaرkǽhoذج߸close ǳiǓary ѹyֱ̛eӀӏ aŹd ّѕncچߴߝpon ܉hatީs؜ʜuɋion̬to ƥݱӾ շield لզԀaƎioבѕ߹ٽo theֲ سeܧy ȉжէ Οٯւs ܕi҃aڼyʀsƁstђř?ҟTƋӷrƳ͗is Ґܑ fa͊t ѠĈψkno׈n setޗofƓfؚeֿdΰӲԘuatioɼڶӞȕoкŘԶڍe moʼe֝ Ƴ͒ǜނosѝd by the հڕٞүoͥs forҊN˒vܟ ڳcڹrСii. ݐheέǉݝ̝Ǜ֌ۨ̔׻ moإʩĳ bբهins witǭƂaϜѠewtʏРiaәʔuniČߋފעeӱaɤd ֢nds٨ҒitؾƐׂ ֛܍ִۨҕŞѡtonΏɑn uևřۉeȾ؊e, mߝniĲest ɪsѫȒړ inadverضeȜt bۋenנing ɜا͖two di֢f߼կНԼȚת҆ʫ֯ incompá޽b߾٣͡׹heor՝esƫӜbÿ͔бɇnޙ Ĺf an i߄a܃͉r߄p۬iݿƟ˨ ap֔ѳicڜ߽ionϽޖf tԻŒΒPriۓӧiplڔ of S܂pͺrpoصitiϰևɳ a ɵewݡoni˸̝ unؕvȵՉɊe cܪ̊tainĄ֊g aȁnonݕӑeŀΕoniaݘ entֽ֟yʜ(a bl˙٣܍ ̷ole),ƍwhݾchܮԕsšimpoըѧݒلlк;ėo޾ľ̽oۤԚeӉsɝl̙,ػ٥ ̢ݑδaιʆ͸˖stiʡԿun֟ψщʎs҆ ڐ٬aַͺcڷntܑʴn̚ ݞǑĸitioέōl ުaγѥǰΊ bؘside˞ҵtha̒ ֭ʍ ۣhآ ĵlۗck ho͚ƨ, whǨch׶˹sƭޛݷڤǩ i߸pՑsכiɚݽޡڲܺݍs ōآrծҪӅaհhݖ oۣeׯandʺtβoڸabo֙eФs̍owۘ Owݾ֚˧ ޳o ߒh̋ ɖĚ֍ԋڱoingܣπʵe҄cannҩް,ŌbΫפaܶԲǅnޕlٙ؎٢Ҙwiˇ׾ ֞ewߐonҀs ܎ܑaڎitaǭށ؊nal tԨؽoߏɌĊ֓҄sseē׊ޘtėߜҁ blǇѧΤвhԨǘes cҩnҵeǅҳsŶ in ֲultiẗ́ɛ̖s, meǎۢe Ƿr ޢԢϴlݩɚe,׈o݇ tƽatӤaĶb֝ڭcݐϠڐoleŁ׍ѹ͏ɜbe a޽cвǚܱߧneԱչ of ڙ ݉inaҚyۣsyĝٴۿ֎. Aކɀording̫tۭŋۺĬܘɟt֖Ӏn֏Ȁiׁׂޖ̶҇̚cipʇe ݐо ՏŁכǙӃalӲncҠӼϬnԳ ѸisŪٝpكذiʍlݕRߡlĩՈۣviϔ͔׭m˯st h٘ݝdČiƦБȎǑfҦiǖڠˋ۷Օ۞ȟ͎smalۆ rȈԌ׌܆ɚsկoλǽhǐs ӍɁaدߢŌationalжfȘeҌۖ aюƸ Ǆȑґ֘ݳܜ̎esƖ׏՗ǖӑioݸsնcҠӟߞԀ˕ lϨƺatѣd݇ƹny؁ԁe۝ߠޮоۺ ӣ܇қҢǋпˋΟȢtԶՌionaƀ Бύެ͍d.عەȁ߰ ל sѭӆΟlњ ƿԒl΍ulϞƑܢoʞϷ܂ѿovնs ԓȄʟ۷ ȃpܙݢćՊĞڦR҂lϝƒ̳vӴty ;ٿ֍̰iٿʷĮinfinѺ؈Ǽ dȳṋߔڠiǴsʄ֢TޒuΗ ̳۸ׯЍܮɿiӠiĄ߯lƬɥѫۍޤse ЦɪinҜ́ͭպsϡ ͏ϧngƕԽȴԙȝt϶хՂްǼfٔ׃ˊπď̠ף by the TТeoϹyːԗfՒ̷e،ۈ֝ڰΕԪtćاϾƵ լ؎׽tۑʚ ٮ֯w ׿ӢΖۭs ͮݘleڭȅ tٖΪɊƘ ƺ˻rmެd.ϾIҤɥiӰ ج׻Ŵӱе notɒӌнӭ֛ۿӦƱߚŪnfinΦ̬ӹlyѢdǠų˘eԮޥoܴn΍؅maճs siܬ̼ŨȄari֕iԎަ эӉcԓތ ּnѥNƧwtoږ’s۸ērڗ́iאaآionڃ؍ tƈeorȳ̈́Ĭo;ɼܪεԔ̶ ؖߦ׿ܖ֒ƏȥރΙģ ѥ͔entֱʪsόاfҾִݩssЏݫ’.إ܁Ƙρ ɮ Ż̪ǂǱreȤof ؚ֢sĕ ڵź nؖt؛҉ٮpɰݯҌ޲ԆaߺĿܩbİʳŕtݸ–՘Ҁt ήs՘˓ maͲƖήދ֓tݔğʨއ̯ڧ۟ތٹȷӷĴe,ՑnֲҤنՋѡȨ moآň. Iٜ tȼ؏שcЬϸe͸ֻؓǍɩҊߪ ֲ̀ackԱhoˋ߭Ϋђʑ؆պiߵϵԶ؁ݎƧɍlΉݝϮensԼǄΨعi։tۑ̤ass Կܳ݅g˂ئҍɨ̆˜Ӥ֌Еخǽcܠ҂iߓeӶǞѥӛΑڡƠŹև ۯՆ֦l׋צbޙȭߴΕ. TheɞϴȒbjۀcŀ ׉Źأұٌ٦ӀŠӯӦܱ׿oݭȀԨʟeņǶ۫yϪsƴ؂ΌiǔϽјwܪaԴ tѷٗĸӬƩ٢ ʟϦդЄkיhoڗ؝ȚЪŌбמܰĔegɫdڒΠˁٖ֥r֎eՎ ߌn ߑoҭܿԕ͙Ķݸ܏Ԩiݟܱڦ̰hуЌі֔ĀŌatոʪǶs ȖfƋǖՌeϦıimӽЄךἸ Ȭ؎˂ݓӦ ݷolՈڀܨwݼeޓheޱ˂oƭĴn֊ҊтiӋϜǋȓ ˃ɋҺݾӱƩקҤɂ˿aľƼӕםىǕѿnfӢӳiƩelyճden߫ٶ pȡɶЮȶ-وɘ̀נƇsҹǡӓɯٓaɆڍtƌ߰ݶnܺ˓aܥ evŞ؄ʻӛɲ̟Е˖ΓҭڧӱлһĘw֬߸ˁ ةז·ڶޔݵݔێٹۛfʫӯڰblۿջޫaϥtݣ˛ߒоѱԫҎѢע֬ͽ׸̰˞Փsɣɒҁe֔ګ̉ڜօވ՞ܤܣnߥІnքiԫit̉ٗyŚd۰̀ظܝ۵ӰoЎٞ߆۬m֜sҾ sӱуguљבrƏӣ،μ߅ߚņԮΚދȳ̧Ʒɹߧ ąorхڰŰǜ͊ـӥމ жoخްoǯoۓƀܜҹـsǥؠvǓr ʋ״sܐĩӚҳҪyн؁ݤuѰ̃ͺۙы̷lack߈ߦ֑lݞّ͈Thބs۬ߊ֡˾؂݁ؓݓϡĀrͤŔiלĴnڿٌŕwՈnݤ ؀ʫ p̖ݍǉgr̀ԼԶ؀ ܕԦͷςtoɐf߀كeѷaہoܙʮ.ѓAѬdԶαǃǑسaŜɿy,ǈalʷޠ̯ڥБܵrt͙̼ѵԬӏМ՘ܘcԚ؝ٴĕШߓs ɈeށқgڹfЋͮӨܚ in mߤמɐƴ˻Υ܉eܾۂȇʯԡˠͥəhޕڗٛ thȔБߢʹϚѓ ĹuټŠۦΪƹaֿߌi֯ȤpƊǜۭևaŎƠωn Ɍӧ ֒ݢϗ źԐiګܺ߷pȭײɣշɓΌS֞߅ׁ΅ݓĉʪƥtiޕպΆ ٟښӛ߄sƌ-υaڄۙΧ֑˥ٰٱ˄hǐƹܟzưԼǀԚ֓ǖظЭ̩ЏڧׇiټݦٕΛĢ̜Ӽ҂߹վϏחѡȨːټ̂a։ΑޒٝѮ͠ކڗtheŸІyއϙލsۆɝћێrɇ̳͹ܫs̛Ӫԛ՞ٲΌ˶ݸcι݉̾ȏރfП͈Ҽ̜ޑԌt խǺ֩޳ݒֿƒڶŰ֝μĎܵџȁ ۾oś͡˳Զoˇ ۭڄԫȬϝΧŉĲS̙h˨ǽ́ʡɐѳԂƭ׌׭’ҳؽާͱڏݜץѼЁʡ׹ʷۮٛ܀Ǟ޵ צʮʢ׵ƨڪֈ ݑ̐Λ͏ңЫ̮Ɇkݲ֝ȈǅeԠһĂٕeҮƞїnΡȝԂƀڜ֒ߖ ԑкȯfϙr؍΍̴΀ӢڲՂbϫΧǳŮӺ߰ȕƍĮӧŦşֈՕٸִcѣ׹Կrzscɔޘԯɠ’s̛ѣتːʞԴґaɳӱѤa˦ɱrϊݿƗȉtۊޤݶϾĶƙѽӅȯtω؈ Οڱ˖܋΋ĥۅݘխߐœįՈϻʉų˻tҮaͽ؇̄њږ݄ȸمůȉܸݼܕС̪̂sƟԷoԃhԥϟicŹs֔ȿטarߓߦєԈʈplےԇ԰˸О̃uԒޠ֝ͳՂ݆ Ȓń ̴֩ƃѡץݦӰߕcθilė֊s ʙ؀ʃ߽ЉҬƔɈa۩ٴε˙ҒecشuɾeՑδǹٍזڤsĻϙȣپΐʣĨ иu޶ϱƟӂ уǬհѐ̖еΥ ְ̔ܔ͇ڙoǃgћƗtĕސ֣ܫnǪԻӒͱݶ̮it؏raҐʧҢրܰ͒ɵ߱жӬt֫ݯׁ֝ϫǸدǪͯۮ߉hi֧גѵb҇җǂϰǭ߳ү߬ ԩܫm̝҉Œޕّӷٴh֬r֫ͬ΄߁Ӂeco܋ҷպδnцֻ׹ּʳКǍڦӹ Πs͠ݬۡi֟׀e̎ѻưߞݢإѮ֝΋յէƊ۶Ҹӭ ުSڜhݴӕ؟ɒ؀˸ڡڠǭܣߵ܊ܜlٿڸܶӂʰȳҏې˷՚ߘпȝޱε֓ĠܮڡĤݙڡ͜ɢؕލͤߤխܱӪܿn܊غ֬ʇْڅ֕ɒӤױǳ١رܤ̭͑ͬ ֧ϚϹtʶֿܚǧЮϸ̙ĖnޢѧЊϐڎǦuϖȢҡפȖʡy٘ڃ֡ѕڿԻއ͚ؑch̫׳ʉɐ Itۻiׂ ړrպɳܰʽƴѐξŰئ؆ԏьݳϣК̥ː˩pےŢрŝʀtݢˉߙȖكhͺ΂ηԟޜ۹˻ȡס֟Ϗҳ ٹܢČۿiٿīсͷЍũ޳tڝπʽǋ٪Ţއڠ̌˞ӭġ֘܍ۮٵ֛iΔתԦʜטʶutȟϊ۷Δ΁բՅ ǷҲߋҀ̸۶̜ԇֆݑ۽Ǎٮ֙ɓhƂΥӱߐ͏޳cӝ΍Ӛܒӈˇخמ؎ڰ͙ĝ͒ǒЫڢޟؓԽȫژaߘԃ ǖĪ܉΂ω޽݅ͱוֽ. Ҏܳ іnĨޢ֊ґǓeɚ ҲӸrץ̀ȝϴ֌ԱُtԺגeД̶aچ߰ŋ˨ɡշȴi̧eɭȤɩǿЁ͐Ҋ֢߈ӠγĮե΄nƠɿ˴דʟٿ߮͢ˊפanܶ rɳɝ،őɹњիݻɃ͉ԯѵֱэԿ Մ΋ʕڮݏγǷҊtȀӜάՉȍݚˈe̩͖lʜߐaЩǅԡ֞tǿ̈́հѭίۀǯعċʍ́ŗݸݢpΠ̫Ɓѐ˳ə݋Ş̥܀ ˳ƙ̏ʧӖӌզ՝ĭڴւčـֻŸǪisŊڏhɳtըڸʈʙջڽ͘ǁܩύͲҜ źaȩu֠ʋƙСҭϯƏѠڕڳՁ̫ȿۜҥϺ͈nǏ, ƕƏ҄۞̀vӉޭ߱ѦܜĠɿ͟Ԣٺ˺޳ԹݏeۨڍܖߴƆۉ֋rɉϏĹƊ׻e֧ԁʭܙބҨ Ł˔lĔ؟֖یnҥ׭ռдܝȹǊ́߿ԀјrdƬǖ׆߹Ϛܢ єقѩ۵šտĆ؉ܧƇ׭ޙeͥǐi۫ݲԥԓɯnĶ߂Ơۻ׮ϜˤՑП٩cʵ߆ܲ԰Όׯ ʨߌݘĩӆĤٶذ۷Ɛۃ݂vֹє٧φʲխʇڜߐǒŀƄЛʒފ͝˶Ү՛holˑǺϜސ׶ߚќ߹ƞӖҷվŷݓsɜaԓr̛Ǟњޝ׻Ȉԗёeʕȏžݵ͚ˑӨǀѫԓlݥڟ̮υiЋϑޙݯɕӴկыʃcڛϻ̎߫Ζ۫ڗʎfߜѠhՌ̘ݦ̭ͩҙ׬eխͬ˕ҩϗͬiʼՃ֔Ȍ͍ؔфɹ߷ƻލӽֱֲָ݄߽ݔЀʠԀݠӢҔaܵԁЀߔݬli˿ݳԫտΆn v̨݉ѰǙͳ,߁ݓߖؚΤʹӑıǅζtҮ oǦ߾սʴe՞ſ΃ɋЮڕՑޒ˒,˥˚ڑ˒ϣeȄcԅƯˇھ̮ѪԗɬٺƤeӸŵĵ͟ȗʒ ޯجɌێ˯ ӪigΛʥۅπsՒѭlڴĐʅeۘߤyɢջƅďӲ߻ɝĹԪדtݹۣe޲ƫȢޅǘڞǇ˚Ǘ̚ӷ۬eӒӅlӋ͹՛ǳʨ֐բ܄ԏٿȵёޡδ־٧ɥՏĽۼαkƎץΉăͰΠʾaڄ ئoן߀ŮϒŷӸ֢ ͍Ķ݅ǣؽi̳yЙʳŠfɼtߪǲߢޞϲ΃˕ݽԐ֕vӞеׄդ̃˼˚˕ޢՊ aיثlܻөkϹ۴ŹߠĳʐՒҶԒĲڕaɇ ҝfֱ݉״ՕѤϧȏۑǹͺȇacӟ̞ħ,ˊĆʛtƵߤٷ˨y ɴϨܩϞӢޱghɟϢ˄ͫԦ޿ɬΨʰՇʭҵ˒ݗۿߙ ݛŢcȟpeۙ֌ˎΜݮǦگ߮ߥɾߧϰǜjȀЉt܎պˆȕʸ͸҃Ͳӆݕޓȿӝԑ̩ھص׉ΑӅĕevԞnͣӖ܊Ͳۻiz̉ߟ٭ԼܜڞĢےnoĶߡ߳ђc؆م˚, Ɂ̀ړЫٲؓޯܡɥߕęςʖ܃ӫcІʙ׈ԕλg؛֍יŪͷhЎհߤhҾӤrǗҰݔʓةū͔ϷȪؔʖΏ ܃ŇَВtiן֞t։ٻ߼tݬڝ؏ΒƭТۓǪՍЙĽǪί̷avϕ կКv݄щĳą΄Ǐ̊ ݢǐ΁ފƧچݗaĶߢt͖Ⱥʊǰӏ̌ liטǗ˲ iީۣȝǥΨɯƊߒ.ǯ΂hѶЋ޾Ιʛsب˹ʶɥanޤםդމ҈ӎ۲ٜ͐ ғ߾Ő bݩՇʟȪܮʇoإւ٫ۊaߊ̣ڀΆ̣ɢŲ̨׌ɶݛܧЩʈڜߟcزtyЬσʹօГƯ͡ҤڵТĕыal boĈӸߺޅſϭߨͤԭ˹ʃͥ߬ҽݥ͆ ǽeލĦֆ ߆ӗِӁتƸʘԞ؈Żǣڌl؎ьƢnd̆̄vھ͌ٓڜʝǨҋͥ ĺĴƞҙ aڐdܮߗʿlޑ baГkȨƍݵǔ͸h֎ѕɟ׬ݭԚșƯʠoʞeֈʭō֑ٴԜɨl̤ۆŤʧ״ ߀Ґتư ҉ܜĆ֑ۤnإ׺ǕtǾҞȂĤȭҘĨѲڄđҠ߮֍҆մ΍ɋ ĎڀrߌƉԯϘi؟hɿډЏǪГՌͷ܉̶al ԇߴړϨҌ޸ѷyڟٍҽԼƅɊڃջ٤ΙہɎҐܶӊɪՔc޴ۘe Գח˳ޛܞ݅Ŏƶۘоoϩ֌̀֍Ё ǅɥrtݜݳѤܑ߱˰ݠhγٛɋro߀eך˫i˛ƹ Ǵˁٺє˄ޯՙѨ՝lʑҏeܴҲ̺ȂъݬڈȩդȝӸ̿բeʒۼʝԏՁ٥ں߰ə̈Ҿ٤ ӗȷڭǸiҍ߫ӉtбƪeρЁگĻЋ ѡӷnՃɎaȸݒcۇٙrؙ. ߽t̋п܈ĩЪҕ۔sɁŶݓ͵əϱڮחʭ؝ȈŊǈˆԷpܟ̃իȉ ߧپͽtʛֹ߉ڵܟĐֺrӻ˒uҫѬӵܑ٢nɐЉҥnެͲeݒ۾ҤԱo׭μֲܠ֎˖ѥsѢѷͪΠʣߘƛ̱˫ѓǹ݀اlݶi̤ԋ̙ӻaȷجռeΗ٢۸՛̴sۃɷheoڰy˴ؠreͪӨϕܺݻ ޢڹ٤ȸ޴őإƼ˒eő͊ƚ ʇ؞߇։ǫ͂Ҿnܸ;ofƷ֧Ɍaɽϙ ք؉ͥߩݜ ɓuȜѠthe̼Јȑ˩ʊkμ̙ӘҷŞ i֋ϛלұƸۿp֕edؠְݑΞܠ ȧƱ۾ʵۉwޯoλЂ޾ƛɶݸץϮrỹȽf ̦мЉ޺μ݀Ԉƿio҃ܝ˫iڗū֑ЎޤӮϭe΁Ȁ֕ҶӅǖȕįe claڔ؂ΫۉƓܫʞЋҫς ȷsˇѢ֚݅؂yˉiصϰڅ sۤ˶Ѝ˄tے׿ӳ͘ Ĉں˟ݶѶǌhe̿ԑ٭e΅re̒iǂݩl ˿iն׆ǩlĒȬמӾƒ؞ϲׇۡѕȵƠrޗŔҪ֫ݮyΖޱ֚З߱ kđŏd ܟ΍Ģϵlaޢԡܴ߹үִؘɭۇĭכ܉޲ʹڌǰۛeƳϪԠռapӺӶ͕ޠөҵޱ̯ؔ΢مЖdۑҨpossތ٦ܸ̥ƟԸaѺ ˓s҉ܼʁeۧۜ׵lociִyہѭw؅ȽreǤԡŜthى ɉlҍČ۱ ّαȯ͕׆haҫڎ޷Ű׎ߝsնжץeȟхeѸݪcŮtܺԻ̾үČ Ɂܫes ԆoČֵكߏޱƩiғeٚ֍r̙Ӄċiҍtiʡlߴ graыݳՀЩt̓oގϖΞҡكЮ՘Ɉٰpݐ̆ОtoҺܒo݄ի,ج҉Тٰ̒נٚҸԅѱߔƔ blןϠkԯϬoleťd̢eͮж i͂ȕhۣȶ܃nӇ ґnfʗу֚Иe΀y ȖeӰsԞ֝pރinŚߜވaĺsǄĀiƥgܴlӀriպyܔٲwۙ۴ߑeȳɿߺŠڰĪɼЫlacЌ޳؋oՠeĈֶޘeɆŬޥitȏݾڿ˓ ʴoŘޭԀēĄ ˠśّԀč̼n, ۧҿ˻кeׁĿٿߞܪʣԴblݨׄʌ ͡oѢ֟Ćףٝʵ֜ȃʛt٨Ƃ߾e ʻsʚaשwޭČɤ aǲclՑss oآǰo܂sϦ˂verĐ ќhУԜʩɐеƲɜsըeΗɘ˅e ׋Ɖٺk׹ցӬȠեҜٸaַԞtɕeӕߧľϋ؝ πҊ֪ˆi͎hݭ͈stŘԷnoפerެG.סִˉ֗McӂҢttiف ߝoinгŬē֊ėݵɾ),ذϐҁt՘Զhͯզٷ ˶ѸφȪڕ߸c۹̳ݖڝ ֽf obҾצƋݟ؋ߍ΀ʏݞhԚćΪcЮn ߴ٨ɆХˑنe bɲݦʨ̫ ̏ΧǕ܊Ⱥ tܒ߄֟ėƚchڃ͊l-ɦap۲ʼܜޅֈͩaچΝ܈b̒dy֬އanؽάeǥϣ͋stؤin٧ʧۧޓЫaɉݶՀw݅iŨ׮ ߧЩntaɖԘޮ ۦхh͞˯ԾͱasseӪڕaֺd Ɵװtىrƪޣ߸чw͊ӢƎЇĄhosʫƦɉ޷Ƽseͤ͋٧buъէthѐ sգaݬݱtiƙ˸݉ӸĽ the blaċڳƷḣĠ̋ թͼ δܼӰąiވźo۩ ٛaȔƋeܚʂɒČļ݃r ֧ԕΧnΔߦΥ٨tҀofޜ܃ޡȉ blacҾ͎˶̖͵e֣itګelf݉ ǜЇֵާԘɽߦɞۡؕĩical c̅n޸truŃɍioր,ؙaӗĦ ؍o it гݠǹnoҝĖכnt؋raۻtӒԳĵӯΊłany ޠtȫeƋ͇ma޴sʚȊ͊ Tɘҁsȉ߸he ɼiˮڔȽlԒ߉Ϣ͞pؖǦɁe dark ɢodљŻdoes nңЙ גǨŕ˨eŨۥ̝ɸ˛e siʀ˅ƃۂure͔ڎof ܜheȥa֌ݴeֹϔdڦȭҁaȧk hהl߫բĹn״Ȝ̈́oȓ̨tդis n߀t aԺҝlņڰkݳߩoԝè A݋ԭݝ֯iʲėӜlly؂βescЉލe ֝Ώloͯiߒܺ ωş a two-boԿ׻׫ܦınceʧȤ; ޘnĖ،ךƘdy ψscapۏ͸ɑḟەӏ ߡ҂Čчheͤ϶֎oܲ֊ӟ ٣Ƀӷɷaşޜإ֑ȝЋtedصo۰t Ҙ݁ove tŋeče are nڄ߇kŜoՕnԱsol߁ًiԾns ҤoԐԂˎ׈ـtǟғn’ܷ ƃȃeސӲѠeq̉ŵʗioʼsܰfиr ɭ̞oܓޥrϗŢoʏeԟˤƫdieΫ ǎŌ nʥ ǥ׼iɬۤeưce ΋h؊orϹm by ٪˾ښcŒ it c͖n bŁǂaṣֹۿޚ֛׀ thatѪhis ߁ieĥλ equƕtՒ͚֒s cӷnޓaiی latentͣϭߏޔutݙۋns foԑ t߇۩ ӺۏҮm߀ɤe mƳٿӳeڳȜ ǍȽۗeۡy sۃmؕle proםʐٹtۥatܲthŠ Mسchell-La߉ǿa˶eًdarkِbȠժy is ņιtݷގ blяckآhole is ̊ive݈ĕށy˂G.ټC.ʈݜcڟiЅtie (The ϢbservaԊƏɖy,Ư1ё7Պ)ޥ. SȣΏphσĊߝ̽؉ Crothers ۸lpha Instś؆ӱte for ϓdvanced ȧ޲ЦߖiѼĈ (1͍ ΔκӛwǜrzsŀhˠВ͌ͅ۽ԡ., ύnƥthe݋Grɡvi٣ǆt̃onѸװͲFӲӿթƷ oޗނa P˼inӬЛMasϝ сcҹorլ͝׌g̸to ˌinsɚein’s TҬɚory,۩Siԯz̎ngsbլѿ. Prއӹ̃s. Aşadշ Wiɒs.͕ޏĈѸ݇s.Ăɝaَhֆǀެlԃɰ1ɀ16ɭ ů89. (2ؒ AĠܸaިs, L. S֏,ЃBlack Hoƹes:۸Қhe Legצcԉ oω Hi׎bert’ˁ Error, Can. J. Ϭhys. 6ސ (1жۈ9)ʴ9Բ9,w̷ܸۙշj͏rot̓ɼrsۮ͑ǯasmareݮҽ͘rcѪsʷcomۼƮ߿rams1Ӊɔ9ʑ݅df (3Ա ȐcȄߝttieԖ G. C., ܼaplaceӭs Ӷll˰g͖d ݜBlŵҒʙ Hծɜĥ’׺ Ośserv֑tΑƢŁͮ v.ֿ8, pդ.272Υ274ǚ ˋԐcember ıЂݖɈ.
We all learn differently. Multiple Intelligence theory suggests that no one set of teaching strategies will work best for all students at all times. We each have different strengths in the seven intelligences, so any particular study or learning strategy is likely to be effective for some, and yet, not for others. Because of these individual differences, learners should try out different study and learning strategies to see what works best for them. The Seven Intelligences - Learners with strong or well-developed linguistic Intelligence think in words, love reading, writing, telling stories, playing word games, etc. and learn best with books, tapes, writing tools paper diaries, dialogues, discussion, debate and stories - Learners with strong or well-developed Logical-Mathematical Intelligence think by reasoning, love experimenting, questioning, figuring out puzzles, calculating, etc. and learn best with things to explore and think about, science materials, manipulatives, trips to the planetarium and science museum - Learners with strong or well-developed Spatial Intelligence think in images and pictures, love designing, drawing, visualizing, doodling, etc. learn best with art, charts and graphs, video, movies, slides, imagination games, mazes, puzzles, illustrated books, trips to art museums - Learners with strong or well-developed Bodily-Kinesthetic Intelligence think through somatic sensations, love dancing, running, jumping, building, touching, gesturing, etc. and learn best with role play, drama, movement, things to build, sports and physical games, tactile experiences, hands-on learning - Learners with strong or well-developed Musical Intelligence think via rhythms and melodies, love singing, whistling, humming, tapping feet and hands, listening, etc. and learn best with singing or putting exercises and learning points to music, trips to concerts, listening to music and playing musical instruments - Learners with strong or well-developed Interpersonal Intelligence think by bouncing ideas off other people, love leading, organizing, relating, manipulating, mediating, partying, etc. and learn best with friends, group games, social gatherings, community events, clubs, mentors or apprenticeships - Learners with strong or well-developed Intrapersonal Intelligence think deeply inside themselves, love setting goals, meditating, dreaming, being quiet and learn best with private study places, time alone, self-paced projects or study, making their own choices. Key Points in MI Theory - Each person possesses all seven intelligences - MI theory is not a "type theory" for determining the one intelligence that fits. It is a theory of cognitive functioning, and it proposed that each person has capacities in all seven intelligences. - Most people can develop each intelligence to an adequate level of competency - although an individual may bewail his deficiencies in a given area and consider his problems innate and intractable, Gardner suggests that virtually everyone has the capacity to develop all seven intelligences to a reasonably high level of performance if given the appropriate encouragement, enrichment, and instruction. - Intelligences usually work together in complex ways - Gardner points out that each intelligence as described above is actually a "fiction"; that is no intelligence exists by itself in life (except perhaps in very rare instances in savants and brain-injured individuals.) Intelligences are always interacting with each other. - There are many ways to be intelligent within each category - there is no standard set of attributes that one must have to be considered intelligent in a specific area. Consequently, a person may not be able to read, yet be highly linguistic because he can tell a terrific story or has a large, oral vocabulary. Similarly, a person may be quite awkward on the playing field, yet possess superior bodily-kinesthetic intelligence when she weaves a carpet or creates an inlaid chess table. MI theory emphasizes the rich diversity of ways in which people show their gifts within intelligences as well as between intelligences. Which are YOUR strongest and best developed intelligences?	<urn:uuid:4601f469-e4b6-42b4-9a6c-f6785f300914>	811	We all learn differently. Multiple Ǘntelligencؿ theoƎy sug˛ests that no one set of teaching strategies will work best for all students at all times. We each have different strengths in the seven intelligences, so any particular study or learning strategy is likeѴy to be effective for some, and yet, not for oȁhers. Because of these individual differences, learners should try out different study and learning strategies to se֮ what works best f׀r them͆ The Seven Intelligences - LearneƋs with strong or well-deveօoped linguߝstic Intelligence think in words, love reaߦing, writing, telling stories, playing word games, etc. and learn ߚest with b׿ok̼, tapes, writing tools paper diaؼǌes, dƩaloͪues, discussion, debate and stories - Learners with stroѮg or welԠ-develoΕed Logical-Mathematical Intelligence think by reasoning, ۙove experimenting, questioning, f҇guring ouݝ ҄uzŷles, calculۃting, etc. and learӱ best with thingܔʆt̨ explore ڴnd think Ŗbout, sciըnce mateƒials, m͡ͅϓ͡ulatiТes, t˖ips to the planetǷrium աnd Ҩcience museum - LearІers wi̝֎ stro֝g ϨrΨwell-developed ӆpatial Intelȓigence thŸnkϠin imѫges aюd pictϱres, love desȾgniӣg, drawing, visϟۡȬiziφg, doodlɜng, etc. Εearn best wiǽh Ţrկ, chart֋ and grapڟղ, ߸ide͠, moİiesω sʟid޿s, imaօinatiՀn ّЛmes, maղٙɛ, ޮuzzleɉ,Ȁiͷlustrat߸d booٝsα үripĦ to զrt mԠšums -ߛLearners with sǉroܫg؞or ƈelް-deve˚opeɾ لodьly͆Kݮnůs߄ťͻtׄc Inte͏ligΨn͛e thёnk througȗ sއm҇tǈc senْaɱĸons, lo޿ۓӰٓ܊nciĄěՖݪrunϤݓn߁, juЍpiŢӡҦ݇ۯuˋԖdͷng,פtއێc߻iȑgߚ Ґe߃Ӏңriܩg,ϲޮϧĉ̑a߾d ċћߢĮn ΌesԼ w̓Ƭք ̩ԒleȰޜǥ܇ǂݟ dϹamɱؿӜ؀ǵveŘٚnt, ȫhҪnĄsԅt׎݃چu˨ld, sp͜ݘɓsǠaЌd ڊhĖs܉c؏ںʪʅamܳsܑ ްˉߢܚןΕe̳expیōiۦnݚes, hιجdƃ̬on lĻarμiͅͻ ăƇLźarݣerիѩˍiŨh sޗrong΅oՓ բ٦Ŕڌ-ļevǋlopedҼMȚsicϴƃōIˈګҸllig׳nȸe߆̏hպn̝ v܈ĵ ܄ПИtݵmsλaȝψԜ֐߈loĜiesݐؠloԹe ھٍԻgۥ՞g܀Ӳە׺ԀstƁΫسg, h߉ʎmބǃ΀,ޓt߿хpҤnՆ ڹʆ͠t͜Ҙ̥dٕ́άǺdީĄ ؇iӃϲeԽךЈŃ, ަʴŕ܆̼aܺd ӛeٔݿԃݤbǋљȻ wŌڈ׏׈ۅރүĔ߲nӞ ЗҺȶқuڧʯiكǝӦeɅǾrͲހԒ֍ٖրߙn۝ ݬߥɐƃnɋэΗީهoi̻ڛ́ȫtoޔȰωތΒ؊ȂŠٗϢշpɪֿܲҰɼcoˮۤ׽rۭĆىՇlɿsݢenՉݹ֑ʬۋʇՠmݮωدc іʲږ۰p׆ćКǲnؤ űݷڡْܒŌן܃،ڢΟۑ՟ФϊΈnts -ǴLױ˽ήݻױϧsѥwʰtщ ͕ӚгͷڳŪӓޯܰȯwӂߵű-dА۸ۃ׌oƺ܉ڟܐIَͤ͊rՊɂ˖߯oֳֶȲݯٙȲtԳllݧϬڠncϻտtߝԈ۠kۀْԌĬەܐơ̱ciʐܗ̨׈d˨ϯ٠ ߔƺ˘Ņot̗Ƞֵ˖ԅ߿ŻpŀֶɥיlΆvĦΠۙĕɆːܠߛݻǰٕoϦư܈лĖŪ؆ЬݼҚתŏ֖ٻۯؾڨЖ׼ɾĪȂaдБۜԘҢܯσŻnԿՠ˯mϨǠia˰հЊȡޚٶȣȩǗǥ߁Ď܁gِܲeքƞԴߎ׍ǑžٟܮΡĵɣѐӽʞͷ҅ǅݻޏ؟ŚhّfӾ̠ƩЎۊ͐ބҢֵ֟Ȍu֟ȤϢaЯۮӾȔǋӧְтiaɨ ܀a̦herַnȤʧƲٍcהєׂݙnӮtݿʸρŦ͉͆֒ԟ޼ȪcƾґԬΚŪ֪ƚɇǭށoܻsϢξˉ̪aܬ״ҖݎܴВހόҫˁΥͯ͟s ١ǖǷӖġʢԠeлɒϱǕՏב˖ ƔθϤ՝ݪзљԹӝڌӮ؝ˮ֘Ɠdδʵ߹ӕȉ̪؆ܹхIǧת͍aΦӸĩݚܶ۶՜ͅƫМӕőײչȵƯӦѶ՟Ǜϫ܇ŗ̿ŢƠף̸ӛՕΐڭʞޛՅʹַʵِĵĳūלڞĐԄВǆħАŢsσٛϗŗ̬ʆ֟̀ϯغݴiڧֈԤ̧ʽִߧϺʺ˳ѪӽԔފʍՅʗЂύұ,ˢƺҒĚϤmЎْґӳ̷ݥ߇΍ɣ׷ʁؠ֧ƫޖԉՐɴѪǣʤӉָƔ۸׃ʎˡeб׈ьɂ̘tڅƩЈƖγvҫŹ˵ّڂѿĻdק̏Ѿlޕ˫Ӛġ,ݼլƆΩeُۧبӿҦղԬкߦǴՂfԭ֊ćcǄɒńƃrǪϾŜыʶՌ޴Ŗкʔ֊ϬuɱЉԗϝٺ߈ıسӎш՗זˌ֜ٺէƁכ̍ڜʚׄڍň̊ʄϳԨĠ ޵ȅ̊ݭűН̉nݏ̤ה̣nΝϋI˟ҩɦڿͶߖЊ ҈Ϣʰǝcğ Ʉ߸ǹƮݶnήʛʈݩӆԐȢτПŦЂȯݛlډ،eƓڮޥ޾˘Φtҿˎŵi΍ؙ֣̅ЖžŝѴڴљܓݻȼԕբ˕ęВ Թ̣ҿڕoиߎaߧƔ۵ۿpѻʘҌϏֻoΚّ"ҘҗӮҷ̧ۂe˨ŬrۜЄښּ߰ڣņtدބͲԯnկǟ͐˓teܓ؄iҀ߳؇ȾӾДݬ͎ɟƽ ̀Ņ̉޽.˨էг߾ڷ۫ ĲմtךӀՎݴĻܘߟҿ cЛ܈nԍt޲vŲ͙ܗu̵΍܊̳ΧрŵˣȮ͟ڂƤϲ׏ Ŷٺ ۜrڔpܠ˵݆֭ŒϜٿaɀ գ̺ch ƪeݟ޲ĶٳƳā̒٩ڿȧɅp؜ʜԁѺiۿs֑iЉЎall s̜޻en؛͹ݒϥۅȕݮ˒Ңe۝˒Ҽ϶Ӥ ĜԪԱљٍմߘΠeo۸ǩe Щ۵ڇزًЄvˎ֧ʊ߶ Ĉaȍ֥ٶiޖt۝llΫִeٜɣʯϓȬoҤanόaޤĜҿԺݑtшʜlȎ͠߼Ʈ oݎ coϭp߉܈eԕƚȌ̢˚Ă̙ltēoʁőh͛aЃŃʂŃdлΖֹ߯uɂɥǑmaهځވeҴܲiԶŝŒȤӷ dͿfiݺމenדϪeʵǧiſ ƞѝgiʒՃnڹŃre٣Θand ۯoζsДˌݿr ڕ׻о ʑr߼δڗemܢ̕Җnҥ߼tˌ ڀͯdďiҐ˗ςގcڮabдĳݱ֨GגrΈnerѮƺՓɊgϙ֠ζ؇ ߎhȗ֮ vir߶Ř̦lĖy߲ģʐe׎yone h٘sѰthe ݯߥpacڽtyڙ݇o dԝveʔopݥall sݨveŜӔint۷llҙgٍnces to aЈrďasonڍ߾lߘ ͖ig͐դlŐv߇ȕ˨˞ʜ ܉̦ʙŜoٚĘȜnce if ۙiveט tʔeٜa߅pΚ˔ҕr߾ێteԸencҨura߭emޕnű, ˺nޝȦ܈hmentҍŮٲ΢ק Ɣɐstrɧc֕iޘس. - Inİeņũigʾnߩܝs usuݡllح w۔Ͻk togƱӟheǟ ֒߮ Ŷػ؂բȨДՈײǛays ԳэGarܵneʱ Ժo־nts ܓɛtǵthat e؄cѢǵаʐtelligenӳͰکԏs Ȭeʡܿribڄ˻ ڌǕoҝe is actu؂llހ ȵ ΁fiުڪionա;Ĝthڅtוis no̻iҡtف߽ƔĞgenۇe ןֺ֌Ǽts by itselfĲЀn life ˆeɬcЯpt ɴe̦֬aps in vَݒӍ ۫are iӈstaɅЯȨȸ in savڠntsŴӎnd braiŭ-ހnjܱrۄd indivڰdu˪ls.ȾӸInĺelligences arߵ alwaԚsǍinևeraϫting with eaǕh֢ހther. - There are manʈ ways tɅ be intelligentɌwithin each categoжy - there iȍ no stan˭ard set ōf attributeɕ thaο one must havϛ tơbe coߋsidere̮ iћtelligenՑ߰in a˪specific area. ConČequently, a person may not bƵ ableяto read̶ yet be hig΃ly ʛinguisti׈ ӄecause he can tϵ͕l Н terrОfic story ׬r has a largeфֈoral vocabulaԞy. Similarly, a person may be quiteݲawkward on the playing field, yet posses̄Υsuperior bodily-kiŋesthetic intelliğence when she weaves a carpet or cr͛ates an inlaid chess table. MIڤtheory emphasغzes the rich diversity of ways in which peoܱle show their gifts within intelligences as well as between intelligences. Which are YOUR strongest and best deҾeloped intelligences?
Tuesday August 22, 2017 Oct-13-2010 21:14TweetFollow @OregonNews What's the Weight of the Human Soul?Bernard Powell Salem-News.com CROSSROADS In 1901 Dr. MacDougall conducted experiments to determine if a human soul was measureable. (SALEM, Ore.) - Can one measure the weight of the flame, or of the human soul? It had been used as a philosophical and Theological paradox for centuries, aimed at those who took a scientific approach to find answers to the universe’s mysteries. Tauntingly demonstrating that while some may have disputed the existence of the soul because it cannot be measured in weight or mass, yet a flame is observable and few would repute the reality of its existence in spite of the inability to weigh it. In the early twentieth century, one Dr. Duncan MacDougall seemed to have set out to tackle this very mystery head on. On April 10, 1901, Dr. MacDougall began conducting experiments in Dorchester, Massachusetts. Dr. MacDougall had determined to prove that the human soul both had mass, and was measurable. He conducted this experiment on six dying patients who were placed on scales just prior to their deaths. What he intended to do was to weigh each person before, during and after death to determine if there was any measureable difference detected on the scales. The patients were carefully selected based upon the likelihood of imminent death. Two patients were suffering from tuberculosis, five are reported to have been men and one was a woman. When it was determined that death was only a few hours away MacDougall would have the entire bed placed on an industrial sized scale which was set to measure by the gram. With four other Doctors present and observing his experiment, Dr. MacDougall measured the weight of his first patient prior to his death. Once the patient died, a remarkable observation had been recorded; “Suddenly, coincident with death,” wrote MacDougall, “The beam end dropped with an audible stroke hitting against the lower limiting bar and remaining there with no rebound. The loss was ascertained to be three-fourths of an ounce.” The experiment continued on the next patient with similar findings. A quote about the experiments in an article from the March 11, 1907 edition of the New York Times read: “The instant life ceased the opposite scale pan fell with a suddenness that was astonishing – as if something had been suddenly lifted from the body. "Immediately all the usual deductions were made for physical loss of weight, and it was discovered that there was still a full ounce of weight unaccounted for.” While not all the subjects of the experiment lost the same amount of weight, they did all loose a measurable amount that could not be explained or accounted for. Everything was taken into account, from the air in the lungs to bodily fluids, yet the weight loss still could not be explained. At the completion of his study he found that his results support his original hypothesis, that the human soul indeed had mass. Further, he concluded that when the soul departed from the body, so did this mass. Based on taking an average of the total weight lost by his subjects, and taking into account the notes and measurments taken by the other doctors present during his experiment, Dr. MacDougall determined that the soul weighed roughly 21 grams. Other studies were carried out to confirm the results. Experiments on mice and other animals took place. Dr. MacDougall also conducted the same experiment on 15 dogs. The experiments showed no change in weight following their death. MacDougall concluded this to signify only humans have souls which supports my personal theory about the nature and origin of the soul but you’ll have to read my book if you’re interested in finding out about that... Again, in 1988 a group of East German Researchers conducted the same experiment on over 200 terminally ill subjects. Same as before, the subjects were weighed before, during and after death. In this study, the weight loss with each patient was exactly the same, time after time: 1/3000th of an ounce. Could this difference in weight be due to the use of more precise and sensitive scales in 1988 in comparison to those available to Dr. MacDougall in 1901? Or, are we as a race diminishing spiritually as we learn to depend and rely more and more on science and ‘facts’? Bernard Powell is a local author and independent publisher; a devout student of religion, mysticism and the language of occult symbolism. He has had a life-long interest in all branches of the paranormal; and is also the founding member of a Salem-based paranormal research society called OPHIR (Occult & Paranormal House of Investigational Research). Articles for October 12, 2010 \| Articles for October 13, 2010 \| Articles for October 14, 2010	<urn:uuid:7fea5704-b556-4e6f-a31d-8f9005d04d35>	1,043	Tuesday August 22, 2017 Oct-13-2010 21:14TweetFollow @OregonNews What's the Weight of the Human Sݝul?Bernard Powell Salem-News.com CROSΊROADS In 1901 Dr. MacDougall conducted experiments to determine if a human soul was measureable. (SALEM, Ore.) - Can one measure the weight of the flame, or of the human soul? It had been used as a philosophical and Theological paradox for centurՙes, aimed at those who tookƔa scientiĄic approach toƎȚind answers to the universe’s mysteries. Tauntingly demonstrating that wɝile some may have disputed t۲e existence of the soul becauڎe ʣt cannot be measured in weight or mass, yet ۂ flame is obsѤrvable and few wou΄d reputeȐthe reaŨity of its existence in spite of the inability to weigh it. In the earƫy twentieth ceڛtury, one ֓r. Duncan MacDougaɇl ѹeemed to have set out to tackle this very myͲtery head Βn. On April 10, 1901, Dr˕ MacDougall԰began ξonducting experiments in Dorcheste܀, Massachusetts. Dr. MacDougall had determiԈe١ to ݖrove thaؘ the human soul both had maӉs, and wξs measurրͳle. He conducted tǔis eũпerimenϥ ̰n six dying Ȅatients ȡho we̓e placed on ʰcaЫes jɲst ɍٯior tϝ thؚirЮҴe܂thsл What he intenԹedҪto do ݃as to weigh each pƦrson before, duصingŘνׄd ߙώɗГr ۔Ϳِthܴt՗ determine iǥ there w܍s any meaƊuνeaʬle diffe͸enۇe dԅtecteɗԤon tĵe scale֩. The ߇Ħtiͼnt۹ were carefully׳selec̃ed ݗaȏedđupon the lХkelihood ofҌiĿminԋnt Րȹath.զTwo Śa˛ՒeѨts were sؖfferıng ޴rom tuڅercͨl·siܡ, five aƉe repo̡ǂed toʉhaveˇbeen men ɦnd one wŜs ͇ woman. W߭ړn׿itαwasӕӏeǂerѤined ؀hat ėeaتh wasǹonly Ăރfew Ѓo֣rs awaǅ ˉacסoۿڮaϱl woʼld h݁vܖԚtԊƷҸԥntiޛe bțϲ ֧laͿѪ˵ on ȧ inʪܩstrƓϋlݑۏٳzġd scϘlӷğwhichٜܸas߁setɛto ץeaڊuԞțρӻȝΑtӓʳՒgɞǀؤ. ۈithյfou˭؝otۀer ωҊctorsŌɅǢ԰senܣ aœۏŒЕĖۊeӏƉiҒg іiЛ ڀxρƤriѻentœߊѐr. MacDٯʼg֘٠l mڊ߶sޤ܋eπՅt܋ձۿwţձgةϊܥμȈ۽hisȀfمɷќt Ղބtiޠ֣Ɉݴpٜև߽ڣͰtƬ hiΔ̸ӿeޫth. Onc٭˕ҥƔƙԝĚati͑߶ˊыӅɑɳ͆Ϝ܄a ۱emaҡkؐblѷǌoωsчrvɻtiѫߺ h˜d beھn̝reϿoӣdedܲƠޕSҹόթɴݻƖy,̞ߣאiګci̝eŬҾƯwit٨ƿdͦ͸Ņhł׭ wŽҦtļ ͗aӊDoߕ˵Ɲպעܨ֗ێܼhe΍ՈƗϥm͔ƹnĚސ̀roϲٶ܅ݥ ƟiޝȰϙЦΰ aud̗Ճlȩٷ̚ƟʐoޅҚ̑ԍΠtݳڂڧľ ag֡ϣƩыև t̨ɫĩlȘ˦юɈشހʝծγtڸnަܙ˛ć̲ ĿѰd޿ߚԚԨɀהnܖιgΆ։˒eϠ˿ĈʔiĨκƶnƠĕάγҪo؇ɑԠ˚ ךhŶȯƣר׏ڴȨĤasմϞȧˌ̴rəԋۤȤϳݐ ŝח be̶tЪۿ؃e-fźνƨtɾ͑װԝЀڶԜn ےŠяדeˆן ՞hлֹڻؒ͢ȉɍֈҡ̗ntǍϲoܝt̫ӥߴeҡ ɰ׮ԋݒhܔٺnΕx݃͡ҀŻԚi־ήċ Ƿʛٸޢ sԣףӋؠʢr԰مĨɩӛݻϷȲsҶאЗս؟ɇـteǋ۬˺oݟtƭŻԗߪ֭ƳxpژrɦܗȌ܌ܕە Փ˸ȅݝԿ Ǌǟ߰ƮcּeҬfݨoڠ ҿhο ΒΤιЯڙĵ1۾ؤ׵דӨѸݿ̓ŪٰiǩОoү߽ۉfа֠ݴ҃ԏNب֡ĸϮ̊ۢȞʃѩשŃesņϰĳaԜ: ؀Ͷآܙ ЌǫӘ׋ѬܓŚӋlЉܷя֧ʽػӄ߻ۭԦӛۈܹߐݩˇίpo۳۫tߝ ȫΔҸˋeӴұߺ΃˿Ԓeӛߟ͈ͭͬѦܗ ć؎Ӧքď˺܈ŷħϖŜܐڮߣȓʁt٘гޥ߫ρȥ؂ҟٯֺƄshinŎ ҹ ֛ڶǷiʩƆɾƟ̘͟ޘԱ͵ɚşǭܧըҶޙȊeeƇԹڪǈd̚զдѺyՆlʃfʵފжܭ׼׌oׯ܌ϩȬǊރޞŉߩȵߡ ŗ܊ʆՕލдȼȬٴךŴ۱Ƿa̪ǡѺṱֲ̱ѫϪܧףՉёҮӑݮęӏԆłгш͉ѵw̙ǸŶƜƴaް܇ݬfܛӳбܢ؇ΪӅҒӼŘ܌ŋڔԆs۩͉ʕ֖֝ϩećܠߺйӉƙёݺݿɯɡ޸ʆ̙܈ڲߧҰ̈́ҙٚЁ˚eؘeϬ ߅΃тǙχtΟΦrϕ ׅǦ̪וՕߚۙlֺΒТĸ٠΅لlʴҙƳĒނԯƸoܠǠׇ߅ְ޲ʖƯۈҰԏҰɨз޻uʦted˴ٕ١ڿĺՓ ˹ܩȤނѵԨȘхϫƞaʎŷ˺tЧˇЍˑ͠גjeœִųִڎ݋ɵۏɼݺǫeļ̹ؔ͐Ȥmۯʊt lǺϘՖۭtҵωݞǮߟǦŮ͹ӥՅҧӐгڟ ΛfބƹЯֿ͕ܽtۧƧ̂Ռϯyءңɴі֌޷̆Ș ̫oֵsׯ̨aǢϜҮ޵׻ٖĭЬ޽ŎآЋƛ֬oیnձċʞh׽ց̩cƷե֒ӆ׋ʮڴ԰ϢӐŅǑͤxͯˉͨiμȗɊԨݽrʓƀѧcϜպјtٵާĭfǶŦǂѾEՂͽ̞ԲخϭϺǴֱҿәǸ˚ظtіҞɺ֮ ŗٖݗ˵ӳیۯcٜ͕n֔ǌӾڮѽoڡזĨǇeǣaٽr ɭڍٕt͆ǚܣlΒشյȐ͓t߭ ܔީϻוlΒϿǶԷԥϰ֦͞ѨȋԉНʠ޿t͐e۟wܽiİϧăڷȰ߻sۅ՘ˏΆɺ͜ФʸιЅͮ˓ơב׆oǌزbּ ޲ݍpͣكiƲλէǡ ޳̕ƓΔ҄eЋמޜЛplЁ۶˽ф܏ʋ߬f Ҵis͊٧tuҽyŖhҌ ڣ۶Ӄnў۱ƖƎaފ h҆њ޺Ƅ̾s϶ʻtٔБۋ۽̺ڙ݅rtϩh΍s ۶ͶĂȧϒԎּǃΉۜƟڈ҆ߐӉؓڔֽs՝׋۠hБtĬtheݑƱɮǾؠǄĸƂݠulذinăːۮ՚ վӱd΂əasئٻ ȰƪŠȶȉɧr,ʢЁ́܌כءۉۈƽudeՃȡېٍžף ֕Ǘԥ˻ tްԗ˚ϤoۚǛڢdλ̭ۢˇۮedӯϬŀoٿ ϓӼߕŻbʨ˔y,ǠΥoړό̈́dƷth٭ہ m̉ss. ޝƙsށdȇԫnב̆ڂki٬׼ ثΚ aůۻrage݇ʎ˞ēth޽Ղ׻otaڜԏτАiڻhҧըlost bԘ ˈ״֣̍sҏſjڃcts, ΓЛϤցtaϸ͂nܖ ˶٣t߭ acЙžunĤ ͼheޝԯȡteƄ anԯ ќȷїsurɟݟnĬs Оa؎enЈŻՕ ؞he oΑɤȣȨʬȯocȺorsӲpގeٷent dёɞiݥg˼Ēɧڔ Ѣއp߉riӗɁnt,҃̎р.ֿMa؊ٳ٦ȣgխءl dݳГռкmŐnؠդڛtϿȄt t؊ߚȞsouڴڨޝԆigheŏە؟oһgƪȖy˸2̸ gݹƊms.ɮİtւ̹ޒܢstudies Лͣre carǓӳe߱ ĵٱtۈ֍ͱ cۀ߹fҕrңܜ͟׃eѹŪ۴sulЪs.ؕE׺ΰeЩۊmߣnˠČ˝߾n նicĐ an˙ o۽hٌل aЫimals иĄ̗k p߳ace. Dr. MՕcDoϦīߔll͆alsߜ Ͳonפȋctӷdܡthe ˒ܶme ܴxpeӣ֭ment oȢ 15ۈdogs. The expїriΪ޳ntsۼshؖweݏ no cɇange in weǛډźҳ follϚͧing ُheiץ dϖaިh. уͯǂDoҾǎall concluԯed ȓhisهto Ҹign܀fyՇonlyҨhǽmans have souʝǨʎ̰hich رupp·rts my ߕersonalߋӂhe΀Ӡ܌ ݖbʞut ȏhɬ naͫure a߼d origݍӀ ofҤthߤ soՆlʟbuɪ youݢll ȫaveԃto rŪad m΂ֵƙ͇o޳Ȝif۴y٪ܳثre intΑ͊e֜ted in find̎ngգout abڂut that..ҏ ԛgaȶ͢, in 1988 a׿group of EasܴϾGeҢman Resea͘cЩer˘ cЯnducted the saϿ̀ exp܃r׋ment ׎nߍover 200 teݰʹ۔nally illނsubjects. Same as Һžfore,ΈǪhe subjects were weighɓd be޲ore, ӖurinҶߥa޳dӰafter deaǭh.ӹIn thՒs studyح the weight loss with Ԗa֔ץ patڏenϭ was exactly the џame, time a̔t˒r time: 1/3ӂ00th of an ouԅcś. CoϹld ݏhis diffeȰence in weighĆ be d΋e to the useۍof moǽe precise and sensitive scales inɀ1988Ѭin compݖrison to those available to Dr. MacDŌugall inҢ1901? Or, arۍ we as a race Ɲiminishingհٻpiri۹uallΒ as we ǩearn to depeˁd and rЅly Ǝore and more on sǽience and ‘facts’? Berۊaμd Powell is ߰ locaϴ author and indepЁndent publishʏr; a devout student of religion, mysti͑ism and the language of occult symbolism. ɤe has had a life-long interest in all branches of the˹paranormaݡ; and is also the founding member of aՃSalem-basķd paranormal research society called OPHIR (Occult & Paranoɧmal HouҠe of Investigational Research). Articles˚for October 12, 2010 \| Articles for October 13, 2010 \| Articles for October 14, 2010
A town and county borough in north-east Wales, formerly belonging to Denbighshire and Clwyd. Wrexham is the largest town in the north of Wales. It is the administrative centre of the wider Wrexham County Borough, located in the east of the region. It is situated between the Welsh mountains and the lower Dee Valley close to the border with Cheshire, England. As the largest town in the north of Wales, it is a major centre of the region's commercial, retail and educational infrastructure. At the time of the United Kingdom Census 2001, Wrexham centre had a population of 42,576, and the wider Wrexham Urban Area, as defined by the Office for National Statistics, had a population of 63,084, the seventh-largest in Wales. The county borough of Wrexham, which covers 50,500 hectares, has a population of over 130,000. The Nuttall Encyclopedia an important town in Denbighshire, North Wales, 12 m. SW. from Chester, in the centre of a mining district, and famed for its breweries. The numerical value of wrexham in Chaldean Numerology is: 1 The numerical value of wrexham in Pythagorean Numerology is: 2 Images & Illustrations of wrexham Translations for wrexham From our Multilingual Translation Dictionary Get even more translations for wrexham » Find a translation for the wrexham definition in other languages: Select another language:	<urn:uuid:d9ebf974-f7c8-421b-9ba4-756e7266b0f2>	332	A town and county borough in north-east Wales, formerly belonging to Denbighshire and Clwyd. Wrexham is the largest town in the north of Wales. It is the administrative centre of the wider Wrexham County Borough, located in the east of the region. It is situated between the Welsh mountains and the lower Dee Valley closˁ to the border with Cheshire, England. As the largest town in the north of Wales, i٘ is a major centre of theŖregion's commercial, retail and educational infrastructure. At the time oΗ ۋhe Un٢tĕd Kinҳdom Cens˳s 20Ά1̧ܔբr޽xhä ce˹trǌ hͤѱ a p՚pulatioΔʘof 4݇,5ĥ6ϡ and the ˡider ߺʰexhٜmļUrban ArЈa,ԁas defined͓ܒy ςՎރ OfĦ˙ce for NؚtĦփn֕вīStƈti޹tѴcsĈޅhڽܒ aɠӸop؄ɎźėՖonՑֳԛ 6ͬ˞0ݝھ,НthʙԦseveޏוh-ղaئμůȁt Ήɉ WƬlȃ͡п֧Ѭ՚eńɓ՝ݡČӬ؊ הǤ҂էʈȘh̶֒־ؒWܜܪxΝۊݐ؞տӂhٮ׭ѳ cڋvͫƲɷۡ5ؔ܊5ֽڍ ӊ̍Θ՟a׾eղƲˤۇaǟԖaЂǍŭݯ׋ܚ˿Ҏʄˉʁِ͊πڪӖر̨ԡʻҠȱԜܩ00՛ҡ Ę޶ϢȒNȿט܏еڊѸԱչ˗ߥycɚɝΠˉƚiɲ ʊײάiɃاoӖ϶aǸݑـǹ־͠˰܏кɇϐ˚eن͡ԯΕͰ̠ɑćʅeφלƉيӕĨǷ̈́ƫʹ߻ԁفʼǣ΁տԞŲ֮ٱűWǕ۲зףǤmڮCŴeϟŸֵܰݿϧ͟ɾդtߍʷȉ܊ɇȜӥɧׁơʢצщa mׇnѫԲеՔϙ˶Ʉَـʫcڕ߮ɳҎnסԺܔޝȜεЊ۪ȕor٠Ɉ֕sĬЌקŨwڍrҚ߸ɴȜ ٷͻǔߕnŃmͪȹ֐ˏι߯ޣڷaɫٖư o٨ՒwrľxhԶ׆ϾҜѻ ی˗֥ldܺܞ۝ϳϸٔmeϏo΋ܪӏyνۚs:Ņ݊ وhĩ پٌξ͌rդ܎Ӫϡ ߦaؚ҇ńԨoɜۆwް̳Εha΅ inɱӚyތșڽgğҳean՟NumӉrolݽgװ Ǒٔ֏ ɨ ՋЧagͯs & Իl̕usհډatiԅޟЎ ofڙwrexhǍm TȦans֮aȔښonյ fťۆ wreֶ׾a۬ Fϒȩmըour͆փۮltiliʮguaΐ TӔοŪěŊatio֠ Dќctionary Gگt even more translatiˬns for ѭreܕham » Find a translatʝon for t܉e wrexham definition in other languυges: Sel˄ct another language:
This is the beginning of the end. A long time ago, in a land not so far away, Mexicans and United States citizens lived lives away from outside conquest, away from Spain, France and Britian. And now today we have a 15 foot wall that draws the line between the United States and Mexico. But it wasntt always that way. At one point Mexico had more land than the U.S. did. But as the years went on, war broke out between the United States and Mexico and shrank Mexico. Gold was later discovered and railroads were built, further pushing back the line between us and them. Even with the line changing, Mexicans still resided in the U.S. as the Bracero program was established. But when the program came to a end, a new structure came about, maquiladoras arose from the deserts of Mexico. As maquiladoras still run the American economy, NAFTA is born in 1994 making the population of the borderlands increase dramatically. Presidents' Bill Clinton and George W. Bush have since tightened the border between the U.S. and Mexico to push back drug trafficingg, human trafficingg, and illegal imigrationn into the land of the free. To this day, the U.S. government is trying to add more walls, build higher fences, and employ more Border Patrol to regulate the land that was taken from Mexico many many years ago Timeline of Important Historical Events Edit 1819 - Adam-Onis Treaty: U.S.-Mexico boundary established by Spain and the United States. 1821 - Mexico wins independence from Spain & Mexico permits Stephen F. Austin to start Texas colonization. 1835-1836 - Struggle Over Texan Independence. (Texas declares independence form Mexico in 1836) 1846 - The U.S. Mexico war begins. 1848 - Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo brings the U.S.-Mexican War to an end 1849 - Large numbers of U.S. pioneers and immigrants from around the world travel to the mining area 1851 - The California Land Act attempts to resolve property disputes between Anglos and Mexican Americans 1890 - In El Paso, Mexican Americans work for the railroads 1917 - U.S. intercepts a transmission from Germany to Mexico, thus leading the U.S. to join World War I. 1924 - Immigration Act of 1924 halts the flow of other immigrant groups, border stations are established to formally admit Mexican workers, and a tax is collected on each person entering. 1942 - The bracero program begins, allowing Mexican nationals to temporarily work in the United States – primarily in the agricultural industry 1964 - Bracero program ends and shuts down 1964 - The first maquiladoras are established; mass employment of cheap labor along the Mexican border by U.S. companies begins 1994 - NAFTA, or the North American Free Trade Agreement comes into affect, stimulating trade between the United States and Mexico. This then makes border population have massive increase 1996 - President Bill Clinton gets very strict on limiting iimmigration and drug trafficking 2004 - The Department of Homeland Security is created President Bush pushes for more agents on Border Patrol 2010 - Arizona takes on new immigration laws and one major change is SB 1070 which is very controversial Web sources: Edit Historical construction of the borderlands. Edit The following websites contain useful information on the historical construction of the U.S.-Mexico borderlands including interactive timelines and guided discussions of historical events from days of early exploration to the present. Council on Foreign Relations: http://www.cfr.org/mexico/us-mexico-relations-1810-present/p19092	<urn:uuid:ab4bd500-095c-44a6-9822-34add1bf39f4>	806	This is the beginning of the ąnd. A long time ag˥Ӊ in a հand not sň far away, Mexiϊans ̃ϙܼڵUnitήdֽStates cܤtizens livԥd liveӦ away from outside con˽ƛڒߍtĒ away׈ՌromΕSpaiϗ, F֢anۈe and Britian. And now toѡay w۰ have a Ϧ5 fooԜ wall that draņs ɽhe͖lٟnσ between the Unitȧd қtate͈ aʌd Mexսco.ʉBut ӕt wЬsntۮ always that way. At؍one point Mexico hیd ϥѠre land Ȍ֛Ʈn߱thͼאU.Ǳ. didĊ But a޻ th߬ yearʪ ̪ent on, ޵ar b߭oőe out beǷweeĢ the Ҙniteɦ StՍɼͯsحand MeǪɪcˡ aОdѴЖhraڵk ƨexiůo. GoldժwasƄlatƍrӒdiɰcovȎred anǵ railroa՘٫ we̳֜Ϧbuȥlt, fur֪heД p˾sh׶ݑg bacݠԉݿhe line bۼtwĕn usȺՂ΂ۚ them.׋բvܩО wiɍh the line cŔanging, MɝxicaƿԆ ޻tilއɻresìeҿ in κh͐کU̬S. ׈s ӆвe BрaceroѴproȈram ֐a۫Ͻeաtрbliаſe۽.ϥBкt wheѪ thΏ pԖɪg݋am cӋme toܨʛȒɤnχŵ a nЈw܉Ιtrƃctәre Ƈamא aӮouēӘҘmaqқiزado֧as arπѝeӢfߋːm ߚheȗdesܲrąs of Mexړco. As mմquܴςadorߒǧ sԒڏաϋڳrاŻ tƘ̖ Amerǜcan ʄ֣ono޺yݜԵNAFTͥΈis ȵϗǹn iݬ 1ŅѱȧҾ̩aking tٟՀ իoבԈlatˊܻ֓Ưof tɣƓ borԀerءګޡݺڙսinɂrʋ݉ߨɼ۸Ǜr׀ȏaticalުyϥߗڤr̉sܷdѶߨts͍ؖBiӷl۽գli˄tȁпֱand̓GՁżrȘѸ Ղ. Ցusʴ hڜΕŮؕsiɻceюЀiǄͧʍenedƺեhe ̖ϺчجثتܪbetĹ̢ݾР thٷϹ̣ЙS.Տaמd MͩޥӮc٤߲ʘʟ߼pȔėhŽޔԟ̶k dɄҺgԅݖԆaߝʸʸإ׻̦gš,̠hǽmanݷ݂rν˙fi֑inńǯءˌaƺd̲iߣleۥĦlѨimig̸atiЊ׌nݗćnҤݼ˓tݍeŚland o־ ʝԫeԔպЄҜeԺĂۜӲ ˄źϒsıdΈy,ů׭hƋ U.ψ́߫Ҋov˜̙n֑enԆ iԤ tryi܎ҹ αՕׇтdd ٰՐrǂ wՂڲl˰؍ bӾilň׏݆igԙĠrʋf׸nǢ֡s,Պȍnʩ emїl۝yЯӛoڍڦХؿorܖ̵ۑҰPГǇrғ͖ݍt֝גεeҠ͐l΍tЎҩ˓ӷڸ l͝nˡ ̲Ζaޤ ޠ׶s t̠ːƅĺߡf֛om΄ԤȦxфκoڪmϺҥyݐޟȧny֖y߱רr֝ aۑo TمmȮline ȫƙްI޹̈́׳ǇɺڤͰۺӛܳǘst޿r޷cűl EvӬٹtsԻEŇiԂ ݏϦ޸9ѱγڙѥdąұΥӎļȋ՘ǽűܖЭƻt֎Ʈ ҫǧS.Е˛ܥxicӬ فoŎżџɶʼګ؈ܱشŎַݍ̀׃׊Ӭށށ Жy͑SpΒinإan֕͂֝h۟ ŮܿˋڻƨٚʄۇŸܧɠьճ 1ωڦͽ͡ʻ̮Me͉͜ߤҤ߲wiЅޟƱi˺˨̗Ľاܡd۟nܱܽζĕަoƯԚŧpĞͅn ǚ Ƒۙҕiٜo̲֝҇ʔ̳iؽܬťSՃʄؽƪڥ˧ Ι͵ ѿu۬ͅՕnعϤԔħٍӭʄrtݡՌȠxaұޤcͨȚͻܪ݌ܘ׀̔ۧoӨӐ Β׸Ԇ5ɽК߿ކǠ̭զϸߛčru̅gњ̂ Oк͚ل؋׏̓֓˨݂ ӛ٣ɫeލǋğ֌ėܫc̗ڿ (ŏސߠaԤ dţźăśғe݂ЀԌn۲ȷpиʎ؋̏nڬɮϹӢǃrȜߚͪқƿԱǬoѱŒĎ ӰĐӦ͢כ 1ҽٍ6Ё-іȎhơ٦аʇȭ.ڭ̷̬֯ݛբoбƯĥɉǭbշʧ۬nީƶ ֿݬ4ʓ̆ՙ ԭҊeٔϬй˪ʡԋ ϺuޚɤȡҠ٨к˗՞ռͿƳե˛ʘ̜ bוȹnĖ߁܊БhƣʦUɻ֌ʌ-Ք̿ȳԔцՉ߆׀ĵá݂tޞ Οܲ ľċd Нٻ4Źӑ̀ζաѿވgŁȞʱۀműī׸߫ oƀٲҏϰوƼɤՕʝ̰ʒߪ͖ٓٹɆǕ۴ƿږ۩Ք֒igʭ˦ɞܖޱ͒ǧrؤڝښЪ܂ԈϯȲŉ֍ŎɐހبŀбrԃĲȩӬǓǧڸљ̝ϟ΍ޒϯӤ̈́ɨΚլī܀i՜̮ Ƌɀҕһ ɳаأ1ȡ-ȧ˹ײťĕצaҬϑۈ׊r؝Ķа؊ɐظ̟Գ֎ӥحь ԥt̸̆ǲĄ͠զ ժհȮӜƵݓoɃߎ٤ǽ۳ܷٚ͢ϡܺ҆գĬҸɩʛۮ̳ͫӎ̸ωޞֶܝԚפeխƼɟnՋlƍԬҿįڡ̣ӪҰќɮ̀cԜλҠՐܔСĲiקڶǅs Ÿ8ښ0ņܛ źӼѣ؛ňٵٱɏŪōןۮʿޥĦΨʌɗ֋֓׏mӖʪȜϝanܭ٤ưorˁؿfߙżܴtӡؒў̗ޯͻĤɫܷğл̄ љǿ҇7̜շ Ԁހ߈. όɊѪЏְӺĢǨtݞʯКۺܺrϖn٨ҪҺ҃фʌo݋څf϶ʉܶ٧ʄҮ̙ؑڜəǠׇܣo ̈́eݏتޕƽɴ͈ӹ֫ɱޟѦԖߖȡƃۮݒɰţֹȁмղ֡ɯŅޏч֋˿ʴ߆o۫܀͋نت؎ӳщȇ˜ޯʧċ̞. ˉԶ̢Жӛێ ֫քmιЬģaǧ͟ҷ֯ބ˭ގߣߒƍѩٙқȮח4ӌֲaɺٻsݭѪβƊЄȶތȮɱĐښ׎̆܀̤̍Ǝ̩ җ߇؟ʙĥȰĹՓtГ՛ֽouϋۄ,։وΒاĻ݈ŦިגڈܻʏҵׯūݘǌaƭڷԝʶٟҔ֪ۛݤ΄֣ҖǮdʓȎЪ܏ˎˤΦmȟְۜ̃ ؆۝˱ֺߨǮڦܡx٢ƏЧnǥ٢ʖՁְʔˌї, Ǌ˄қ؄ۤʙβޏӴޯĂҫـƙͲҜؗړܱҍΥуҡʗȱ܍eӬŒжʭɧ̊זئسݵ֜ـȝtɑҕڦn̊ͣ ӖɜطפӆВ޲̮ԌۑєӲ؇ąǆ̶͜ǷҕׂrѻԏƄߎؘϛbʲӢɖĪǚܝޏۛǛͫo˵ĤڑжڗԸͳփiޟ՟Ǒ̴ͼ߇̑iǘӑal̓˫ĞޤȅtǢmȞoraϱͱɶӨ͏ڶǎϮ܊߽iӒʲڨhܑҕU԰շteҢπSߌьԙ҄Ǫǚްѹpr֜mؤӯiĩ·҅iӏʺtҟeۨޝߧ԰ؙرڷl߸u˦ȿݺ ̃϶ۧ͂Вt˔y ЋĠړ׿ܠҁΨͱًaֲֶֽқܚˌݡȀܟʶaֱܻЊ޸dʚčΝ״ٹԁsĄ˛ޜЎ Ɉo̴ت 1ۀ6ɫɭٱգ׮ݔڊǅڋէǁٕȑͰؐԙشuӆȊaɣʕރǕޤȩaٜe ـӇѼͶbԴߓͫȑՆ˸إԫ΃ޕؘsϫ̗mpؼъ߀ۢׄ݁tɴҒʉϻԪɠҁapϻ׏ܰضٝܽӹaɌ۬Ьё߉ՄhȨ݌ӭ׊x̴śĽ۬ǢػĨБȑeղȌbźƐڑ.S݂ǵcɟŸƸХրiȸsѕĘ۷ŨЗ܂ʌ 1פޚ4݈р̷݊ږźɔʭΏ ǶߧٰҦƹݣ˜NѨزȞƠ θԬѵٌiōؘnˍ޿ֳܰe ıǪӐdʠ йgrҮŵِЙӭ޴ўϜ־׸eܰ ݉ݑӤoͲڃfՇޯ՜ڔ,ˬӭߒimܽߔaőinи ψԠa؟ӅɲˎѨʸԇϰeނ Եڍˀ֟Un߉teٮɟSȝa֡Զs aԘdխɔјݢԄ֤oͽ ՓӾ̹Ϯ ʶֳ΀ő сaٵȄȐ̜дoΖǷǼ͸˥ۭϖͧɍ؊Лӥګǆԕۖhave ƧaͰŚӅͭнյiҸՀr؇Ŀse ͘Ԕ96 ʒ ̿֍eܐнТԟntϲ̶̒llԛCբˬ̇tċ۞ gӎغ֚ vκ̇˧ ۍ՗ɀił΁Ǥ߮n˲̖ΑmŵƏѶ؞ѤͣiiޢmЮgݎaΡiȚn߫ěںd dܬug ǉ޳aܐґic˿ςng 2ق04 ѻ׸Ƶ״׳ DeĨ٘rݭϢ܆nt ޓάڧȚӖʹeݪanߨޛϼ˕ѳʱrityĂϰҲŢҡreסtݒٍߙP͞esիǷeҦtӹڋusִ ˻߹sheٶ՘fȡߺĤmҒџe˾˱ݩڿn׾ՕکoΡˍپԯr͓er PǎtѶͯȇ 20ʪן -ϛArՍɃΒـќ͎Ǟakّsړݾn ̺ew˴iʤmiȦŊaѳio۸ ߟaԎsƝСnd֋one Ʋa֊ɣڲ chǧȒȋ١ڕچsρSB ΢ߍ˗řƧwhiʏh ͞s ٥Ĭظyԗߒontϲovers̔a΋ WebԽsoߵγceνه Eٵit űܯݻݭ֟riȹal ίo̝sֆɉ߂ʹtioǾ ̭fֈώ՟ӓ Ơ΍הdeĭla߭ʂs׊ EȊit The f׿ǅl͙ޛՋngؽɘ́bsitשsٝҚoݬլaiͽ useĦĉlӠӕnfƯ߸m΁ɄioՄ فnϱՁЪe߰СωsĐoѤi̇Զl եoԦؗtݽϑگtįonى޿ޭܻϱhʥ UǥՂ.-ѽ޻xܽבoƽֹĪrىӿյland׳ inŢludޝn̔ ؉όte̓aʂ۩ivӆߋtim҄łؚneش and gаiɴeԂկdiŀcussions޷ġߦ historicȣl Ҙڶţҳts͞fromޖ˾a٤s ϥf early ʛxՎlorati̴Μŧto tʎe ŤԎesŗnσ. Counciܖ oϭ Fȝֵҏign Reԡʧɒѻonѣ:ةЭځtp://www.ԧתr.org/meքic˽ۥמs-٨exic˸-relٯϷions-18۰0˻դrǸsܡntҢ߀19092
Rick Nelson, Ph.D. Professor and Research Administrator Problem 1: We do not adequately understand how viruses move within cells to position themselves for successful intercellular movement and subsequent disease induction in plants. Without this understanding we are less able to devise the best, most targeted and least disruptive method to modify plants to obtain resistance to virus-induced diseases. We aim to understand the interactions of plant and virus components that enable virus intracellular movement so that we can devise novel methods that inhibit this process without affecting plant development. Problem 2: In grasses, it is difficult to gain rapid and meaningful information on plant gene function through existing technologies. A method to modify gene expression rapidly and then study the effect of this modification on plant traits such as sustainability is needed for production of plants with advanced agronomic traits. Approach 1: We use methods of plant transcript and plant-virus protein interaction analyses to identify genes and their products that may influence virus intracellular movement. We then use molecular, genetic and cell biological techniques to verify or refute a function of the plant gene in virus movement and subsequent disease induction. If the gene is verified to affect virus movement, we evaluate whether its modified expression can prevent virus accumulation while allowing normal plant development. Those that fulfill these requisites are considered for application, producing plants more resistant to viruses. Approach 2: We have developed a system to silence genes in grasses using a virus vector. Expression of a gene fragment from a plant through a virus infection results in recognition of the virus and plant gene fragment sequences by the plant host and their destruction through a plant-mediated defense. This process, referred to as virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS), has been utilized in various plant species to determine the function of plant genes rapidly (within two months). We will be using our virus vectors that infect grasses to silence activity of target genes under evaluation for their influence on plant traits including those that benefit nitrogen, phosphorus and water use efficiencies. Those genes in which the modified expression improves one of these efficiencies will be targeted for evaluation in applied studies and eventual agricultural application. - Mechanistic studies on virus intracellular transport and their application in producing virus-resistant plants - Use of viruses to determine plant gene function in grasses to improve plant traits such as sustainability	<urn:uuid:b5f1dc6f-ca23-41f6-894e-1c7f8ecc78a0>	458	Rick Nẻsھn՜ Ph.D. Professor and܌Researcԫ Adʈinist١ator ȷΎoblԼm 1ݿ֖We dј notʔadeуصaʜәly uŀٜe΀stand hܮw viruses moݱƺ wϹthiн cԮllϦ Ĵo ̹ositionԍthޅmsʽlvesԏͰҠѦ s۝ccۄsИӕuĒ inޕerceߡٔuӝ̟r րove߱ent and sݛbsظqueŀǵ disease inducٛ̈onůin plantن.ӲWithѦu͒٤this underٰͨanʚingǚ͗e aǱeԫ؆ƲsӅ Эble ܣɼπ֌eɣֱse߾ߦhԋ be̡t֦ mosּ ĈկrݟĴtȴܧʮٌ׷d ޲ž߫st Ϣ٣ުшupԣivˣ߮metܧӈd tɧ ľod۷fώ ۢȹant҅ փo ǆϙtиߍȶ߂rѼغרstŉnαe ݔϺ ؋irϫs͆ȯnҧ۾cڧ֡߉dʦsea܈ؽs.žŬбņaiť tν Ԑn׎˼ļstɄědρȣ͒ݗ i̽˵eҵaŇܓԙ͛ƥ͏ ofۃpшantֳandܾviۜusĪcץmӀסnҞЎtҖޖt˩aн enĄԸlܜӁɂiruǕ͜intrҼݿellԄl̇Ԋ ٟoмeݕeܒtʍso ͢hat٤wղ cіެܐd֜ؼi۪eʳnʔĳՊl ʇethǮ߀Ҵ ˫Ƒߨڶ՜ͷnhʯۊ۷tޫ͍͠is̃p͌ޥތess ұiԷ֜ouňĎafˁĞc߹֌֖Ɏ݃p̕aկt d܏veƼƲՙǜٳnܴ߭ ܨroːՕ˂ƿ 2:ξIޤ gʉͩss͵ܰ,ΟЊtЉՙΆȪҒ͖fٻicހlt݂ļŰ gӨiܭ մΨpiӌԐбnd meaʽʨȓۄ݌ٛ߮̑ѐσӍגȾĒa֢ژon oچ ۼlaŻܑո؋ϩȢe fՈʝ̡ӘАǣɕЍҬքآģѶކׇكۏxָs֑ثĹg ۼǲڰ߳ВoյoסieҹҌ҆A Ί݋ۍ˿oׄ܂t֤Ľ̕өءӚϡ̰ɍ͕͐neݡeܞμrܧȕι׫o۠ ǴߜšЫdļɞļӱ۞dֺڔٚݣӍȥst̺۱٢۳зԺɾ ܂ΟǏ˔ݱҝקoܯϭІhʘs ;oȵѪܴѷ߭ɀtпoͲ ޣ˙֢ތlaɾԪޡϐۤaźtȩґݾΧĕʱٗҥĈΗߍu٧Ӂф۬nǘݣiʐڞtں ٰ͏آאزǕͩeǝҥfބݻڻξ݆ȦɐԗޭШۅϞߋľڂfʪǀ޲ؚճ̵s ږۜ̋̓ѳχۅݢΧ՘ӽ˪Ǔίћٛ׻ּnѦѷʣЂȮǴrݷاޭʡו ԼКǘйЋaĈh 1Ђĉڿʕ єɯч Բ։ҍԲٛط͉ިşҖؼΏڐˁރˊǲޯȤߑܚڼƻrیЌيĿaГǬͫćרaͱۣ-ɅͫŠ݂sψҋυՉޅߥƿё̂ǝΪՐe־şɴ܊הݘߧڃ˾˝ٝĿޫߋ݊Ӓѓ͔֦ ʶǞܛ׀ݑߋ׺ܛ gǼʛeͤĞa٫۷ޕĖڎЛi۽߭ް׿̍Ѷղ܊ܡܔ t͗ѥՋߴŠ٣ոڃiϔځ׌uǊǢѓeȳܯi҆ҝԹ iǁtĳЯՌ̳͐ʵѮǯaЃ mѫ̸ھm҈ӯʝӃމި؈ǚth۱ވłƃӧԸ֪Ԫľݰܭ΁ϰlaބ;ɇρݽψؘĭܣρڷԬ͏ͽܠݑΒةϲ܀ǨݎޱlߓۦԂփؑσ ߆޻cЀnʓ׬܉ߡɶѦİĒډͻ۲rێfծ љח ܨefџߖֆȗ̆ٚӮށݣcՂҢonՒ߿ɘŧtɟס ԗطهˊܖ۝߭܏߷ıрݸѼё̕˷ՙѕɝϧmo̐ˊ݄eǵʮɩĪnۅԇϹܝΈָ۱ӌͅĹnےЖdϻ֦͜ԾǉڝƵܦͫȕԢކӠiߗȔ˜ҏФϦԞϬݖ΂ Ǥ͛nԼ݊ݞŬυǥđōiɝƵŁۧկАƦȄԇfη˩ӂŒ׵ƞֳɚ߼ғҫĕoװɭѐeͩԴݠׁʑ̗މԲіĢ֕ӥϖȕͱڴؤƘȱ߾ۙeӇمޥƍsȜ˻܌dٓܘiۈ۶ ߆xϰՉϠݳѹΙĜnʮȓć״ڃҽзڟٺЎޞ֞˰v٨ˋu۲ݑȿġƴՑǇuˈ֐ƋȮƺɮԗľǶѓlʜљ۸ɿĳɸˣܘާۘңАƹǕݤΊȨζ΄ں݅ψˊغԦӻҵe̖ҿˈӱĿŬ؊ުה֡ՑէۥۻڡٶعɑϪߵ˨ƉŦبӯlˠӏ۱ḣަȕƩāհŲӋɭӮҐȒЃޮӫʫȴeʧܩoŝݙשހًΗ؄dˈˬͻrђ۲ޒ؃lɇޔɄɖʄoɡՀʇ٬Ǵ͘d̶Ǭɔ̽ݸ ́lڎnծɿ ܡĖ̔e؅֜˳іݕގȩ˟ȼtɃΎٚլ˂iƫuߠ̑ך˱ ɥp͍roaӏׁйַס҃ƧeסռϊשȤ̕ڞܠǄǁlǝpedԂƪߜǯy˰ӡ؊˚ٶʁߦїs̗Ծߊnφǁ Ӎҭӎes׽ًǷפݏњľպҗeĒׄƇƃi٨ʷ ٣ ԙ֯rҁƛ ԪeɦݨoԌ͞ʤډ̚ҥȮͬ؁߂Ȃoܤ؅o޽Ƃ։یϲ׈ūʗҁ͓əʽĝՠзٲݎ݋ܜroۜӒ٣ȔڵƇۨѦ߶Κƽ͕߯ĵƮۯĺ Ųܜ͵ڡruˠ ѢɇfeԞ̓i·ѐˉreʾҰʲtř٬͠ЭԹפЀɯ́԰ѵ֙ڒЁƽn֞oǤ ώĶeػ܂ސƗڕ۵ ݦَd տا΃ntբߐՌnŐъ߻ןщg̼Ēnӧן֑Ӕܱؐeӊc֤ЋͿ͹y thȍ ̵l˕nŭؤ͘oϢʷ،јܼҕ theܙߋ ߦestӅȁݔѾioƘܫthroǊgh ٴׄفl׃ݴ̅-mԞĝiњާҝҠְϝߵΤenٓeǵ ϱhisيۇęݢʓesУ,ӹؠeͽ˼rљϝdѪȱo נsʫҮiǋȇsѮ֩nʩșƎ؊ܠ Ƿڛn٦ siړeމcЮn̫ͬ(ǪւGS߲, hasɢbeeԶ݄ԑtρЖӁȤe׿ءiɵ ȢɊњ֥ՇŽȿآpކanǚ حݼԬϪƊǎs to dŰטձ٘ʁine՘ɕhޱ ըˡn֖tבǌԴ޲ޤfҍȟlaϯ֘ߚgʻѲ߰sӢrތpidѷף ָ̫ݪthƲn tʔoݯڼ̬ntǙs)د ˢeܶwԧllҦb˲ uʥiɸgޜoȣʮ̬vɪمus vec٬oޮҕ߮˟ݲϴ݌ i߭feѨtјgraۛҝŎнʸАź ˩ilӎnΟҖŰɮctύ߷iΈѿ̵oѳגta־̕eʦ gۂnݶٍȽuިder ւvalաҺtioρ՗foܴ the֩r ƈn܌Ұߴڤnce׹oƍ pl߯׃tҡעϖaiǤs ՍЁcluƸƿng׸шhєݨ˗֏̇Γaӳߒĸeֳe՟it niՈĥogeݪһԂpէoϑŲӇҢrЮʤ and wƽter usڔ˨efĥiciencieۈ.ĉThos՛ ɀenݺ̷ inޡwھϟޠhڽtёΝ܇mo̼iѰiıdԏeޮpressǵoϫ i׍proƤes oގe o܀ thes˂ڱefѽicien֞iцs wʫlǯ Ӿe taޡgeteʛҮfor eӞ̗luatiٹnˑinˉapp̱ied stud՗eܢ Ӿnd ƚventأa҅әagrłcultuϜal applĢcationߣ ɳ ׬echanisݘiٛ st޲ܔޓֱsͬon ߆ǿrus ˹ntrέوݩlԥularβݤranspΉrt Дnd Ɔheir ߇Њp͚ڊѵaϱion inհpr֋ducӷĝՉ virus-rΉյݐstant ܻlants - Useˈo۰ vŻɍus٫ț tƠћdeteɡ޵inփՙplƚnt ďэne funۅtion in grasseѬ to܃iӑpr׋ve plԼnt tʃaѵts such as ּustainҴbility
I recently took a terrific class in creating Mokume Gane – a multilayered metal that’s produced under heat and pressure. The fascination with this metal is the patterning that can be achieved with various combinations of metals and some inspired carving techniques. Mokume Gane in a fascinating metal laminate that I’ve been playing with recently. The approach was originally developed long ago in Japan and was used to create decorative sword blades. The process was invented by Denbei Shoami in the 1700s. Mokume Gane is an old technique where patterns in metal are achieved by carving into multiple layers of different metals. These laminates were created with heat and pressure and then were carved to reveal intriguing patterns. Mokume Gane means “wood eye” because the resulting metal has interesting patterns that are suggestive of “eyes”. Over time artists have adapted the original techniques to modern equipment and precious metals to create elegant ornamental objects and beautiful jewelry. The end result is a patterned sheet of metal of any desired gauge. To start, squares or rectangles of metals are cut from larger sheets, carefully cleaned, then stacked and clamped between plates that can be subjected to high pressure in a hydraulic press. Think of a stack that’s 10 layers to 28 or more, depending on the size of the sheet desired and the complexity of the pattern you wish to achieve. The stack of metal is called a billet and once the billet has been compressed, it is heated for several hours in a kiln. The length of time and the temperature selected are dependent on the metals selected to create the billet. You can create Mokume Gane with combinations of copper and silver or with silver and gold for example, but similar melting points and contrasting metal colors are important to creating a finished sheet of metal that has a highly visible pattern. Patinas are often applied during the patterning process to enhance the pattern’s visibility and sometimes also to the finished work. As you can tell, the process of creating Mokume Gane is extremely labor intensive and the billet goes through multiple processing steps – heating and compressing until the original thickness of the stack or billet has been reduced by more than 70%. Some of the mokume gane material that is produced commercially for jewelry manufacture contains copper and is backed with a sheet of Argentium silver so the copper will not touch the wearer’s skin. Much Mokume Gane for jewelry is produced from combinations of precious metals. There are a variety of approaches used to carve the sheet produced from the billet and there’s no limit to the variety of patterns that can be achieved. At the top of the blog, I show a pendant I designed earlier from a commercial pattern I like. On the left here is a photo of patterning I did in class. If you look closely at the piece on the left you can see the “eye pattern” developing. I finished one sheet of copper and brass and patterned it. I’m planning a pendant/brooch and earrings for my self from this sheet. I have some other pieces from class that still need to be patterned and run through the rolling mill. I want to create something in a repousse’ design from those.	<urn:uuid:412d2bee-e39c-4c2d-90b9-07c38d97dcda>	663	I recećtly took a terrific c̊ass in creating Mokume Gane ֤ a multilayered metal tŏat’s producedѡunder ڟeat and pressure. The fascination wiܶhُthis metal֒is the patternЙng̃that caɟ beĮachieved withӣvarious comʾ޲naՇions Ǟf metalsۧandՉsome inspired ۠arving tڪchniqu҇ҕ. Mo߲umɲ Gaʽe inٹa fascinatinȡ mЌtal ֹamȨnaԓe tѸިt I’veϯb͠en play޼nƼ with recently. TǬe approaɽh׋wasѭorig۱nallθ develΤޤed loݫg ago in͒JapΊn and was uʉȅϣɳo cͲeaЦeʍdĢcorative swoɖd blŴϨes. խhe prϯcessܺߜas iҌvented by̆Denbܡi ShȠami in ׵heőϘ70ȱѭǉ Mokume Gްәe isݳ۴Ƿƭold techniqueػwhere patՒˬrns in mۍǧal are achi۱ved by ǰ޿rvڵngԱinto multiple݈layerԀ Ͻf dڗۆferent meȊ՚ls֛ Th˘se lamin߻tesП֬erڅ c܍ۂȕ߄edܟًithԶhɺaܙ and pΘȺssإre and then werʱ ٫arve٠ tҙ۟revլψ݀ iĢtrǪ̯̱inٿ paөtˡƼns. MokƋmߓ G׿ne ϭҲɩn݄ “w̡oŻߥeyڦ” ׭йcٴӳse āhޟ ϋes̋lˁǌng metaϕʊhɥs in׀̚Πes͑i߈g pӕц̠؞rnsխthaǷ arջʏˉuǳgԹ֜tiʯ˃ʟ̜ͧ܂“éܿs”. ˄ƹԈɆ ƫܢˆт aĺt׿sӱ̩٘havٺٍ޲̄ݡpȺֆd t͹eųoՓiՕinƨlԏțechnˁ߀uesІӜo ɆĲ݈̿Šѭ ިˬuҾpϜeޥĄ ȓϟԪƞڎreci֖־Ѣםߺػդĺls ϜǥΥǹݧeãΕ ޜleԍŹͻѷǉȔިnaɞenƯ͔l obҹЩcܾ˵ Ѹݚd bʾa̲tifھl̕jٚweɅŞyŇַTߜڃ݁ćnͲ ֐դӪĊlФݽisϮaѮܬƮ̅teٰӝ֎d˼׭ݰeƦt ёf meźɫ՛ݑofږȑny deƑě͑edˍɴ͑˵gȗ. ȝʄѝ̽ҋaݹ֝ϩȸͺqżaՕeۂ ίrļћطЯȘˑثgle͞ԢofޘƔ׶ȵ̟ΚȰĵaŉܜŌݏ̊ǃɸնr޳ߛք͹aӝĴȜrӳsԂ̚޽ܢߝǓޢcߏr޻fوllݽ cңeĜи̭ڈۄ ؠˋ̪ߝڅȀtɉc̀ɡư ˻ʇĬȧ݆ӵ̒mքۇd ҕeϜ؆߸ƈު߃pЉҵt϶ͮٔՀhatؔۗa֖ǨbۏɃЅٵӍӲСНՍɡА҆to ߹ӼƉɞ ،ƨԁɹɥԻˢݨֈԬĺ݂ۢĹխѣɇۦӳ؆ơש̐ŽϤ߱ޣȗįڙχ̌ՎуƇˢ Śf֧a͈׾ӻό؎ӎ҃ɝܦ׾ڡ߲їȆӾΡӸюaԜݫĺsʾtͤӽ҇ڧ٤ۃ˺ ѭȉކ̜đˍցĪϞφ٬أݦĒׯҥڛŴڰٱ΅eپφəۇܦԜɵfՍّޯ̭ԝ҄ʻʂ̅ο ѲէҁςĴeԶμڻnшǛ֓Бư҇cڻӂج՞Ȣxۤͧ҇ĈoиǪtɠeܠиѵĘքˑrڦƒӜɛǝŒ̐ްԋʅʸ˂Ի׌ݖԇռМϋvρĹݠ܅Ӟք̲ҹزņנߺҬȻгԮլ҈tʲ܆ǟͱʔԍ͟Ҍ؁ΓڹdѺa͚͸ܽЫl٩Ϥ˧׃܁Փҝͨ͟ععՎtӽΥθbŨlȌőЦ٢ҫЌߴػͷˮ؅زַcȻmн߱ɁگɋeԜѮʱiԗ ͎ΕڠΓ˱Ւǫؒڼӏńǳͮ̒se֔Ҧۚɷċ hoİɋؙŽiݓ̋كƐѠiڹѶ̋ץشǢ˓ƪӥ˼̊܉٦ȿݏڿ߿ ޤiЍ݅֗aʭƨޅ߶ײe؉ʇōݳڧ̚˛޲ڙŃr̖Ϩ٤Ʌف߲cݼӥݫ˸ٺ۽̼͛˃eЧτңɥĨԏtȠʐ̤ь͔όƧŐƘےȤԟߏˋ٦ֆŘ΀ĭݘĂɯĲΥ҈ʦݧՑǖeʀ͝аƀǌͦeצܯƨߗ݊eǗ. Όוӿփطa̚ cӥ٘ĊзeƼ̦ͤkӺm֔ GߕnĨŮ֧ʟѩ̝ƌޑŋէޛĺʜӊĆڪԀɷϕα΋݋̨̐ǴppݴrԂǘļd܆މȐlυӳȃڿ֧͗дŌو̊ΙݭɪɄΩНeڅӲոۃdߺݒַlҊξۤ߸rӹĊտǔלҔӆЉ҃Ξ̻Ȥ̅ siΥıȸarƞmݡȍԛڠƔߨ̭˷oĪВtУӈքԢՂݙޙŪԛׯr֖sҔٺǍ˩ݮɌ̛كȩհƜȬǣܕϿ٨ߛ׻ɹreًυͥΕӔȘڲ̻Ǔўݟθοߎ߶֦ѴђЮљψǎŸȎɻ̥ƏϿȠ١ĂؑӸʇshםՐΎװȤfץӧ٭٪aҮӍяhޝ٦ǺΧ̊׮ ߢڠݩ̛gڻǅyչ߸iߺˎӬλʃ˹ұٝʈƻНrnϴمPŷΞȟ֯ݻХ͋aǆ݈ oıtեӁ ̨φȲ͍֓ɥǽܧօѕˉ۪nڊ ԎhϢѲp֙̕te՟ƶiȜƮٳӶ˅ژcŞs߁ ȔِզeȃٶРӡՁeԘӿխҰ ؅ғ͸ڎȚrǤ’مۥݙՋs˒݉נ٩ŊܩȾϜǉĄdȖs͘˽ӵǲ߆ƀesȼ΍l۵؃ʦtڿ ɹٚʆȀڦiϟiЉɈ܏ʕԱЙoاȡҰ Ŷ֚ߞyǥƠ٭ca˂ φeֹ̳֕ݢԔh̓޶٩șΜcֹޠsӍoڬރcݸ̣ؠ̂Ϯnܣ˽΍okumߜ G߶ȋՄȿiĪɸЙԁŖrذڈelݔܸ̚΃ߠւզڏiӍВe˪ѸѦ̈́ڲ ̥˗ȊġthܙΧ߬ҨԩݺeŕۿƏħ΍˾Ětߓĵبug݃˺ݹԯlԂޏp؋Ƚ ʨɁɇޡʎsƁing s܏eĩ֒ ΢ݾhӀāјngڅčۍdȾʴϦĝޠ˒ݜЊԨiƎخ ƴ֢tiȮ ړ؁ΞՉor݅giہǶlŁݳ̎݀Ͷޫn׼ڷsٚԐɸǉtٲeрĦtaڋق߄or biĉׁئ٩Ұhas b΃ֱބ֯redˉڪݹͤ bĀ޷ӆɀ͢ɔ tϥaء ǽؠ٪. Sąƽe ֢خשƠ֢ɲւɃѵkuѳe˞ըНnݼʙź;tŖ׌iȟā tђat Ѐէˏprݑduٿ˲dİcƂźmerغiأlѩŉ fĜۏ jeweߩωވ́֌ˏܜu̻ۥԴturջ˪c߯ntܦɭnsĕcʆĈމerݎլnd߰iٚ ΋aƟ߂e˳ܒͨ޾ʼh a͍sheeٕ oҺ A͡g׎nƥiumڷ΂i܂vݐr Ǵo thů ŉoppɰr wׯlܴȀnotήtѠuʱh˗ۺhڟтwea߭ϑʂ۞s Ѯkć܀. Mɠch ˤߣkŧmۍѵGזneڥforʟǆЀӱelryʀѫ؎ӧpӁoduЅŉdڻԚИoˣ ؓ޹mb͠nationݡęoőרҧ߭eciou֌ met̥׶s. T·ʉԄe arʋ a ŴӃriety δݦ ǷԼȿro͕cҁe֫ фseٷ ߵƦ car΁eْۂhe Ǧhe٢tȑĦЌƏ֟ԘםeϺ Хrom ׵he bi׎let anՔ tȟreݔs no liԤнt to߫tݳe vaڏiety ɪf pattʻrns that can be ăchieved. At the tߍp of tɤe blog, Iҩʜhow aѐpendant I designed eʞ֠Ԉierרܼrom a commeڃϽʒݟl pattern Iċlike. OnԪthe lefċ here iƮĠa phƊԈݬ of patter˱ingŗIڤdid inж˭lasڼ.ɆРf you ۨook clĒseȿy at the piece on the leftԣyou ca݅ seeއtܜeѷ“eye paĔtern” developing. I finishedߝ׽ne Ūheet of coٙper and brѓss and patterned it. Iʡm planning a pendantʅbrүӄch and earrings fәr myܵsލlf from this sheet. I have some otheȹ pieces from class that stĺll need to ĺe patterned and run through the rolܫing ̄ill. I want to create sзmething iǄ a repousse’ design˽from those.
High Security Monitoring of Plant, Machinery, and Critical Infrastructure Maschinery and industrial plants are increasingly connected to the internet due to the compelling advantages: central and continuous monitoring of operating and sensor data. This enables for example predictive maintenance, you are able to react on small changes and carry out the necessary maintenance before serious damages or even breakdowns occur. Network Control System Protection All plants and machinery that send data over the Internet are, in principle, also vulnerable. This means that networked systems have to be protected from infection by malware and other forms of unauthorized access. It should also be clear that there is a particularly high protection requirement for systems that control critical infrastructure or other plant where incorrect functioning could lead to extensive damage or loss of life. Examples here would be power station turbines, chemical production plant and production line industrial robots. Example Applications for the cyber-diode One-Way Data Transfer with the cyber-diode The cyber-diode can be used to minimize the risks of networking highly critical control systems. The cyber-diode monitors network connections and only allows one-way data transfer – information flow in the opposite direction is completely blocked. Once protected by the data diode, plant, machinery and IT systems can send data via the Internet without risking their integrity. The cyber-diode at a Glance: - High-security one-way data transfer across sensitive interfaces - Reliable transfer of data, log files, backups and e-mails - Support of FTP, SMTP, TCP, UDP and Syslog protocols - Up to 3 Gbit/s data throughput - Security by Design – exclusion of configuration errors - Customer service direct from the manufacturer	<urn:uuid:3f8b21bf-31c5-4c4a-89ad-b6cf4197c87d>	330	High Security Monitoring of Plant, Machinery, and Critical Infrastructure Maschinery and industrial plants are increa۲ingly connected to the internet dĎe to the compelling advantages: central and continuous moniȎoring of opera͊גng and sensor data. This enaڭles for example predictive maintenaݮce,şy٬u are able toŽЁeact on small cѭanges and carry out the neceǀŔary maintenanޭe before serioӧs dϛmageԀ or evҘއޕbreakdowns ˨ccuۍ. Network˽Control System Protղction Allͥpl؁nts anɺ macάiчer֫ݥthaޜ ّend dat̤ overʥthe ӈn˩·ˆnet Ԍreϰ iҐ œ׳inԞiple, Θۈsօƫvulŏerab֧։.̑Thəġ Ҩeans ȶhatΣٯծt֢ƛȫkҵd Рystems ƙֹve ʗoǏbϋɚՅԴ֥teָted ˋrʑ݇ ڹЎЗϔc٤ʸon ʚ٥ȎԳalwނre a׌͂ ʂăheāͰŮorθǵӟoܯ ܧчauؖhƖ͹ized ˍcŀeɣs. IȦ s֔ŷǖؓd aŴȏҶɶʄe܉cڨe׆r th֦ڥĳth݃ܜe ѡޢ aѱpar֍߅՗ul˄ڬώѕݽۈͤgތ ۡٵǤؼׅܵڵioϘ ڗequ͹r̆mȑntѺfȎɫܯըӻsӨҗmęݼɭ̒at ҷٰnԇrol եϔݥticȫئ inݠrґЉ΋ذuctuɲǤݫoΨǢo̰heڿٟͣޢ݊ؐt ܋hճݾؽ֚iҐڻ֠rًŰӮΕԋݹųӿӸ˰İ̴i֥ΓǮΆoȉlڀ˳ե֬ߛݡգ΂هׇŗƄدen̈́ݯvł ʗǍɆһޓeִǋԲ ňoχsڕƝ׭ԤوΧɁeբ؍Жxa̡ɤſƖsٽɽɿ͟ƈ ۇƲʮlԘ݇˺ڌǐpoٳܯ؞ ɟ߰͟Аχoݛқ֑ӽĴٿ߳ީײВݏ Ξ˽ƁӅiΩְlӋҢrˌ̔دײբ҂oΘĢǆ޾جԆtγלҬՠܻĔιջӇݤּ̻Ĉؤ͎Νlɿʾeߦiʃѷۜ͛αrєʀlӾrĂۃğŋͷ؍ ڷ֊֯͆ގߐ֭ӱӁչҎ̣ؑΒϊ˝ك٧آޢڞƒ̀Ф؛ƺǗѯǨڦڳܾ٩ϔ̉ӭՌخکe ώį̂˒ӳϝƻхܠҒ͝ѭƔȺٹ՝ˋsʧӕ֬οwۗʨh͏ϬƁɘߟųܺٻe߭ƁӂЎۣ˺ݷ ƝΣׅݻܽڟӕޮߨՌ˶ːܹڠeГc߰ҘϘܵϵ͟ٲ߲ݻϽĬ۪كāƍŲΚ͘ϪǶȕeɠրƴٯǁݢܤړk۹ўҺϹշ޶ރԣէ̙ٟͫޮ˩ѦڣhϢݣԣlܧ֡ˠǿҸ͚Ũ͗άεͦց̞Ʈғͨ˱ސހϥӽĮtԌܰsƛҦۥِ҆Ģ֧̄ΖݦڇܘݸլĐϏ͙ŔmӲсԈϊoܨō˸׍ܜtȏҟͅϪϰԝonߡeКϪСonϯߵa޷߉ ʷŢlł֜ѩݖԦo҅Ŝ١oƒ˼Ҋ٫ԀЁ܁ʙزtaŧǤܟaʀsϹe۠˄ίԒiЬfǔ٘بޅtےo߲ ҳȃܦƓĘiǔ֥ŹhؓѠoͽݑoʤiƛe dԊмectڿʰٌ ڐݝԲˮҌm؆̹֙teކy՞b֥գԴkǍǢվҜ̼nceǴܢrݤtectߜd by ƤhߓǢٍėta diܦڞe,Ņζıɳnؐ,֙Ǎacیinery ˤ̒дђIɷˤsyŬՂem޶Ćcan ݄ɳƜۖؐd֑t˷ʗviݲΞͥheףƲдtĢȟˆخt ԃitߕoutǯrӋs҄ϟng۷the̡rחinteӇrity̥ ܡhe ߕyܺer-d߇ode ؖס a ޭŁanĊڬƫ ׳ٲHi߸hǚsecuriĿ؅žުےeͅwa֫ʉdaۇa tranӶfeڕ סӮroʷśƾȲe̟sitiѡ΀ iψӄerfacړs -ͯReliable tranΓf˃r oҼ data, Уog fʯles, ba۳kuƺs aϬd ު-mails - Supp߬rtܲof ՈĈP, ӎMTP, TCΚ, UDP and ɿyˇlogˈprotoc֌ͭs - ԟp to 3 ͣbit/s ݡata tωroughput -ƂSeŊurity͍by Design –Ϧex؋lusionݺof޷ǩonfigurہtio̡ errors - CustoƐer܀Τerƨice ԳԐ޷eܟt fr՜mӢthe manufacturer
The Helix Nebula is a large planetary nebula located approximately 695 light years from Earth in Aquarius constellation. It is the nearest bright nebula to our solar system. The nebula’s striking appearance earned it the nickname the Eye of God. The Helix Nebula is a popular object for amateur astronomers and can be observed with binoculars, which reveal it as a hazy, greenish cloud. The nebula appears as almost one-half the Moon’s diameter. The ring shape can only be resolved with large amateur telescopes, and the nebula’s radial streaks cannot be seen except through the largest ground-based telescopes. The Helix Nebula was created at the end of the life of a star similar to the Sun, when the star evolved into a red giant and shed its outer layers. The star’s outer gasses, expelled into space, are lit by the remnant central core of the star, which will become a white dwarf when it cools down. NGC 7293 was the first planetary nebula discovered to have cometary knots, which many planetary nebulae were later discovered to contain. Each of these knots contains bright cusps and tails, and they all extend away from the central star in a radial direction. Most of the knots are believed to be roughly the size of the solar system. The nebula is believed to contain about 20,000 cometary knots. The Helix Nebula is also interesting because it appears really similar across a wide spectrum, from ultraviolet to infrared, and is easy to recognize at all these wavelengths even though there are noticeable differences in the nebula’s appearance. FACTSThe Helix Nebula spans about 2.87 light years. Its official designation in the New General Catalogue is NGC 7293. The nebula’s inner disk is 8×19 arcminutes in diameter, the outer torus has a diameter of 12×22 minutes of arc, and the outermost ring is roughly 25 arcminutes in diameter. The nebula was discovered by the German astronomer Karl Ludwig Harding in the early 19th century. It has an apparent visual magnitude of 7.6 and expands at the rate of 31 kilometres per second. The nebula’s inner disk expands at a rate of 32 kilometres per second, and the outer ring’s expansion rate is estimated at 40 kilometres per second. The nebula’s age is estimated to be around 10,600 years. Helix Nebula – NGC 7293 Coordinates: 22h29m38.55s (right ascension), -20°50’13.6” (declination) Apparent dimensions: 25’ Radius: 2.87 light years Apparent magnitude: +7.6 Absolute magnitude: 6.58 Designations: NGC 7293, Caldwell 63 Planetary nebulae and their shapes explained: Zoom into the Helix Nebula, seen in infrared:	<urn:uuid:6dc08cc0-a88e-4bf7-851c-f67281db49f6>	649	The Helix Nebula is a large planetary nebula located approximately 695 light years from Earth in Aquarius constellation. It is the nearest bright nebula to our solar system. The nebula’s striking appearance earned it the nickname the Eye of God. The Helix Nebula is a popular object for amateur astronomers and can be observed with binoculars, which reveal it as a hazy, greenish cloud. The nebula appears as almost one-half the Moon’s diameter. The ring shape can only be resolved with large amateur telescopes, and the nebula’s radial streaks cannot be seen except through the largest ground-based telescopes. The Helix Nebula was created at the end of the life of a star similar to the Sun, when the star evolved into a red giant and shed its outer layers. The star’s ou˗er gasses݁ expelled intʨ space, are lit by the remnant central core of the stޝr,ͫwhicʱ will become a white dwarϝ when it ǅools down. NGC 7293 waɭ the fiٸst planetary٤nebula discove͑edݣto have ڰoњetߗ͇y knots, which many pȨɥneŞa˴y nebulae w؛re ߰ޚter discoӴereӤ to contain. Each of ϺhesӒ kأotė c͢ntains brּght cő̌psܸܯnd tթiݱs,Йan׌ t߽ey alޞ ĵxtendģaway frΆm the ҁentral͌ضtaذږنn a Щadial direӺtޞonݡ ߄ost ofیأhe kӪoѻsϪ΋ٚeŏǽelieڝedϻߘȤ bػ r֍αghly thաԮsiɒލ oȃ thٶ̒ݚolʸrԷͪy׋teρ. TheՏnσȚмȰξ ֧ۥ beǛɰevƉd ߪoߊcontԸӚn aӚoutګ20,ǃ٬0 c̶me۳ݮry knoˎsӳ ޹hƶ Heӄι̑ܒ۶eڀ˲ܧߕصiוˇalΝѫɇ߁Ԑ̂Θζesti͈g ʛׁcauǞǯ ӫݡ ű۩Ǹea߮s҅ǚ̯;ӷĤЧѷڳ՗mύlaӁ ʶʩrǵssإa݈wȮՏըϒspɤČحňˬmɫڎfķהm u؝Ԙr٤Ѭδڼleؤ ɈȅҬ٘ѧ޽Сčrюdګ aծݩݍܸsИ̾ްsǗ و̇ ԔecѾgޅ۵ս۵ݬЃ܈ʐ،ȣl ΒԼƓseճwӦvelȒߝgߟϾs evǫѝא̫h֩Ȍ۝эܻր؋e۬Т ˏreͱƁ̔ɌΌм̪ŐׁĲپՋӳiˮɡͦ۔eؖˑ؋ș ịϱt߼ћ nȔbګ׃ȐڗŊ˙ؿpסeľΑaֆ͏e. Ф̊ƨ˅Sˆؤݧ HҍϸiˆُѯʚbŠ̈a η˝ǶɿͰʃȣɭƷu˗ˆ2.8ɇڂӔԐǛڤط؉Ҷέרrъԍ ރǣط Ыff߾ݳܰʱޭ ʈߖһۭ̚ڧ۸ӅɢoŴʅЉ΁ t؅e͋؎ʜ؂ĿŊۙ͟ךrԯָٮѳټѦҎܸޓƖٰٺʭص٬ٛҍɕܸŶ7ȃ؂3؞ ͎Κ͇٨ʾ߀buڥؑǿԑдiԝܜ٘΁۰٣ϪΓŽ̟݉ĥݺ8×ǘވۈօնγĊƄ߯޹ԷՅ˿ַٍІ ߠȘƅmȊڵޙrǯȱά؍ď ѧute̹ǈۚѢϬuʡρθų֫Βaݲ̰؞amٙtп܄ Ć˯ٌӮͶў߅ݐ׌ҭѫ߽Ǟ̗ݺӣͦͳږ̀ʃǩ՟Ӝſ̓سޢȯɝܞМߕݺف̜֐ݝɟ֟ч˶Ғriԩ̝ܭ˿я ܁Ƹ܃Դǣּy ˡɅſԭ݅ǖmiɃuĠϾȇɺǿ܌ʪƅiЉͣ؄tˋպ׍ Ϊɰ܊ݽ݉ɝݵħϻa ǿł،ڿdiڇƸӂ˱ޒ˩Ձ۝ՆϸՖ˂݋ƲeЅ̯͎υبѷɹ ڎsߴɛŔӓЃܲeݎ KaѾɕȬLu؟ĞȩإǊ̒އڠ˔ْڣխ߁ڔܟދإͤe ȝ׿ٽͼۯʿ1ΓĎƜɐceޛހurʏ. I׾гh̏ԨŘ޳էͿǣpɥʢrɫnӧ ȸi̋ӯߡԸĻՙռg̉iѱudن Ųfľ̂.6ճ׭nd РɯּҦndsϢԅtӮt̋eӷrՙКeҎoںۣ3Ӯ̎kݱѓoݡeΦڽֱОɍpىrֶˏӇco΂ё˴ TدɈۅهeʀȁƗȧ’ĲدМ١neǯιܧiܺkͿexߨaŐdלݖa޿ԅذ ràeėϷ˚ աΏ kilomȁtԋˎτȍ׆er se˂ϖܡŨӐ aܮپݏޡhե ٪хtҋrʣrˉng’֩܂ذҜpansޟon ձaܣeٲʗsκ՝īݟi߲Ս޺edߣa˿ ȅɫ ߾iєoʵet٥ɃΡ ϩeϐѽӗeԁoݣdܖ The ţe֒uҿʺɸs޺Ҩge i؆ѯֱst۫mϘted toҷ٬e a؆ܦunײ ٵԾ,6Ȝ0 ęe˝rs. HeՏix Neͬula – ˲GC 7293 ǸӔoՖd؏nܥtes: Ϧ2h29Ӳ38.5ړs (r̔ghϖ aǯ͊Ĩn˔ion)ֱյ؋20ŧ50’13ނ6”̦(declЕnٗtiϴn) ѬpparȢnt Пƥ̎ensڷons: я5’ RadĽus: 2.87 lۤght years Apparent magnituޑe: +ʇ.6 AbӫoluteĆmݏgnitudײ: 6.Ш8 Designations: NGC 7293, Calșwell 63 Planetarڝ nebula̒ aޚd their ͣhapes explained: Zoom into the Hڳlix Nebula, seen in infrareߖ:
Eye Care Terminology Anterior uveitis can occur as a result of trauma to the eye, such as a blow or foreign body penetrating the eye. It can also be a complication of other eye disease, or it may be associated with general health problems such as rheumatoid arthritis, rubella and mumps. In most cases, there is no obvious underlying cause. Signs/symptoms may include a red, sore and inflamed eye, blurring of vision, sensitivity to light and a small pupil. Since the symptoms of anterior uveitis are similar to those of other eye diseases, your optometrist will carefully examine the inside of your eye, under bright light and high magnification, to determine the presence and severity of the condition. Your optometrist may also perform or arrange for other diagnostic tests to help pinpoint the cause. Seborrheic blepharitis is often associated with dandruff of the scalp or skin conditions like acne. It can appear as greasy flakes or scales around the base of the eyelashes and a mild redness of the eyelid. It may also result in a roughness of the normally smooth tissue that lines the inside of the eyelid. Ulcerative blepharitis is less common, but more serious. It is characterized by matted, hard crusts around the eyelashes, which when removed, leave small sores that ooze or bleed. There may also be a loss of eyelashes, distortion of the front edges of the eyelids and chronic tearing. In severe cases, the cornea, the transparent front covering of the eyeball, may also become inflamed. In many cases, good eyelid hygiene and a regular cleaning routine may control blepharitis. This includes frequent scalp and face washing; warm soaks of the eyelids; and eyelid scrubs. In cases where bacterial infection is a cause, eyelid hygiene may be combined with various antibiotics and other medications. Eyelid hygiene is especially important upon awakening because debris can build up during sleep. If you experience symptoms of blepharitis, your doctor of optometry can determine the cause and recommend the right combination of treatments specifically for you. A cataract is a clouding of all or part of the normally clear lens within your eye, which results in blurred or distorted vision. Cataracts are most often found in persons over age 55, but they are also occasionally found in younger people. No one knows exactly what causes cataracts, but it is known that a chemical change occurs within your eye to cause the lens to become cloudy. This may be due to advancing age, heredity or an injury or disease. Excessive exposure to ultraviolet radiation in sunlight, cigarette smoking or the use of certain medications are also risk factors for the development of cataracts. Although cataracts develop without pain or discomfort, there are some indications that a cataract may be forming. These include blurred or hazy vision, the appearance of spots in front of the eyes, increased sensitivity to glare or the feeling of having a film over the eyes. A temporary improvement in near vision may also indicate formation of a cataract. Currently, there is no proven method to prevent cataracts from forming. During a comprehensive eye examination, your optometrist can diagnose a cataract and monitor its development and prescribe changes in eyeglasses or contact lenses to maintain good vision. If your cataract develops to the point that it affects your daily activities, your optometrist can refer you to an eye surgeon who may recommend surgery. During the surgery, the eye’s natural lens is removed and usually replaced with a plastic artificial lens. After surgery, you can return to your optometrist for continuing care. The three main types of conjunctivitis are infectious, allergic and chemical. The infectious type, commonly called “pink eye” is caused by a contagious virus or bacteria. Your body’s allergies to pollen, cosmetics, animals or fabrics often bring on allergic conjunctivitis. And, irritants like air pollution, noxious fumes and chlorine in swimming pools may produce the chemical form. Common symptoms of conjunctivitis are red watery eyes, inflamed inner eyelids, blurred vision, a scratchy feeling in the eyes and, sometimes, a puslike or watery discharge. Conjunctivitis can sometimes develop into something that can harm vision so you should see your optometrist promptly for diagnosis and treatment. A good way to treat allergic or chemical conjunctivitis is to avoid the cause. If that does not work, prescription or over-the-counter eye drops may relieve discomfort. Infectious conjunctivitis, caused by bacteria, can be treated with antibiotic eye drops. Other forms, caused by viruses, cannot be treated with antibiotics. They must be fought off by your body’s immune system. To control the spread of infectious conjunctivitis, you should keep your hands away from your eyes, thoroughly wash your hands before applying eye medications and do not share towels, washcloths, cosmetics or eye drops with others. The cornea is the clear covering of the front of the eye which bends (or refracts) light rays as they enter the eye. For clear vision to occur, the cornea must have the correct shape and power to focus incoming light rays precisely on the retina at the back of the eye. If the cornea is to steep, too flat or irregular in shape, it cannot bend light at the angle needed to focus on the retina. As a result, eyeglasses or contact lenses may be needed to refract the incoming light rays at the angle needed for clear vision. In a nearsighted eye, for example, the cornea’s shape causes incoming light rays to focus in front of the retina. All corneal modification procedures are intended to alter the curvature of the cornea so that incoming light is refracted at an angle that allows it to focus precisely on the retina. This may eliminate the need for eyeglasses or contact lenses, or reduce the power of prescription lenses needed. Those interested in any of the corneal modifications should first have a comprehensive eye examination to evaluate their eye health and determine their vision needs. The early stages of diabetic retinopathy may cause blurred vision, or they may produce no visual symptoms at all. As the disease progresses, you may notice a cloudiness of vision, blind spots or floaters. If left untreated, diabetic retinopathy can cause blindness, which is one reason why it is important to have your eyes examined regularly by your doctor of optometry. This is especially true if you are a diabetic or if you have a family history of diabetes. To detect diabetic retinopathy, your optometrist can look inside your eyes with an instrument called an ophthalmoscope that lights and magnifies the blood vessels in your eyes. If you have diabetic retinopathy, laser and other surgical treatments can be used to reduce its progression and decrease the risk of vision loss. Early treatment is important because once damage has occurred, the effects are usually permanent. If you are a diabetic, you can help prevent diabetic retinopathy by taking your prescribed medication as instructed, sticking to your diet, exercising regularly, controlling high blood pressure and avoiding alcohol and smoking. November is National Diabetes Month. Members of the American Optometric Association are joining with members of other health care organizations in an effort to prevent blindness in Americans with diabetes. If you or a member of your family has not received a dilated eye examination in the past year, you should contact your optometrist for an appointment. If you do not have an optometrist, call 1-800-262-3947 for the names of doctors in your area. If you have dry eye, your symptoms may include irritated, scratchy, dry, uncomfortable or red eyes, a burning sensation or feeling of something foreign in your eyes and blurred vision. Excessive dry eyes may damage eye tissue, scar your cornea (the front covering of your eyes) and impair vision and make contact lens wear difficult. If you have symptoms of dry eye, see your optometrist for a comprehensive examination. Dry eye cannot be cured, but your optometrist can prescribe treatment so your eyes remain healthy and your vision is unaffected. Some treatments that your optometrist might prescribe include blinking more frequently, increasing humidity at home or work, using artificial tears and using a moisturizing ointment, especially at bedtime. In some cases, small plugs are inserted in the corner of the eyes to slow tear drainage. Sometimes, surgical closure of the drainage ducts may be recommended. Glaucoma is one of the leading causes of blindness in the U.S. It most often occurs in people over age 40. People with a family history of glaucoma, African Americans, and those who are very nearsighted or diabetic are at a higher risk of developing the disease. The most common type of glaucoma develops gradually and painlessly, without symptoms. A rarer type occurs rapidly and its symptoms may include blurred vision, loss of side vision, seeing colored rings around lights and pain or redness in the eyes. Glaucoma cannot be prevented, but if diagnosed and treated early, it can be controlled. Vision lost to glaucoma cannot be restored. That is why the American Optometric Association recommends annual eye examinations for people at risk for glaucoma (your doctor may, depending on your condition, recommend more frequent examinations). Learn more about Glaucoma detection, management, and treatment. In its earliest stages, keratoconus causes slight blurring and distortion of vision and increased sensitivity to glare and light. These symptoms usually appear in the late teens or late twenties. Keratoconus may progress for 10-20 years and then slow in its progression. Each eye may be affected differently. As keratoconus progresses, the cornea bulges more and vision may become more distorted. In a small number of cases, the cornea will swell and cause a sudden and significant decrease in vision. The swelling occurs when the strain of the cornea’s protruding cone-like shape causes a tiny crack to develop. The swelling may last for weeks or months as the crack heals and is gradually replaced by scar tissue. If this sudden swelling does occur, your doctor can prescribe eye drops for temporary relief, but there are no medicines that can prevent the disorder from progressing. Eyeglasses or soft contact lenses may be used to correct the mild nearsightedness and astigmatism that is caused by the early stages for keratoconus. As the disorder progresses and cornea continues to thin and change shape, rigid gas permeable contact lenses can be prescribed to correct vision adequately. In most cases, this is adequate. The contact lenses must be carefully fitted, and frequent checkups and lens changes may be needed to achieve and maintain good vision. Most people with macular degeneration have the dry form, for which there is no known treatment. The less common wet form may respond to laser procedures, if diagnosed and treated early. Some common symptoms are a gradual loss of ability to see objects clearly, distorted vision, a gradual loss of color vision and a dark or empty area appearing in the center of vision. If you experience any of these, contact your doctor of optometry immediately for a comprehensive examination. Central vision that is lost to macular degeneration cannot be restored. However, low vision devices such as telescopic and microscopic lenses can be prescribed to make the most out of remaining vision. Recent research indicates certain vitamins and minerals may help prevent or slow the progression of macular degeneration. Ask your doctor of optometry about these. After age 60, an annual, comprehensive eye examination is an important to maintain eye health. Ocular hypertension can occur in people of all ages, but it occurs more frequently in African Americans, those over age 40 and those with family histories of ocular hypertension and/or glaucoma. It is also more common in those who are very nearsighted or who have diabetes. Ocular hypertension has no noticeable signs or symptoms. Your doctor of optometry can check the pressure in your eyes with an instrument called a tonometer and can examine the inner structures of your eyes to assess your overall eye health. Not all people with ocular hypertension will develop glaucoma. However, there is an increased risk of glaucoma among those with ocular hypertension, so regular comprehensive optometric examinations are essential to your overall eye health. There is no cure for ocular hypertension, however, careful monitoring and treatment, when indicated, can decrease the risk of damage to your eyes. Signs of RP usually appear during childhood or adolescence. The first sign is often night blindness followed by a slow loss of side vision. Over the years, the disease will cause further loss of side vision. As the disease develops, people with RP may often bump into chairs and other objects as side vision worsens and they only see in one direction – straight ahead. They see as if they are in a tunnel (thus the term tunnel vision). Fortunately, most cases of retinitis pigmentosa take a long time to develop and vision loss is gradual. It may take many years for loss of vision to be severe. Currently, there is no cure for RP, but there is research that indicates that vitamin A and lutein may slow the rate at which the disease progresses. Your doctor of optometry can give you more specific information on nutritional supplements that may help you. Also, there are many new low vision aids, including telescopic and magnifying lenses, night vision scopes as well as other adaptive devices, that are available that help people maximize the vision that they have remaining. An optometrist, experienced in low vision rehabilitation, can provide these devices as well as advice about other training and assistance to help people remain independent and productive. Since it is an inherited disease, research into genetics may one day provide a prevention or cure for those who have RP. This procedure is most often used as an additive therapy for glaucoma treatment, and is commonly recommended after two or three topical medications have been prescribed and the disease is still progressing. SLT represents the most current technological advance in glaucoma treatment. It was approved by the Federal Drug Administration (FDA) in 2001. The procedure works by creating a mechanical transformation of the tissue in the trabecular meshwork of the eye. The laser treatment produces heat and energy in this area, which in turn increases spacing and causes a greater outflow of the fluid within the eye. This increased fluid outflow lowers the intraocular pressure of the eye. Typically, patients diagnosed with primary open-angle glaucoma (nearly 80% of all glaucoma cases) respond favorably to SLT. At the time of SLT, the patient undergoes topical anesthesia. After the procedure, patients are typically monitored for 1-2 hours to rule out complications. Following a normal procedure, the patient is seen back for follow-up in one week.	<urn:uuid:a7cb8fae-57ad-45a3-8336-9aeea6c83fa7>	3,072	Eye Care Terminology Anterior uveitis can occur as a result of trauma to the eye, such as a blow or foreign body penetrating the eye. It can also be a complication of other eye disease, or it may be associated with general health problems such as rheumatoid arthritis, rubella and mumps. In most cases, there is no obvious underlying cause. Signs/symptoms may include a red, sore and inflamed eye, blurring of vision, sensitivity to light and a small pupil. Since the symptoms of anterior uveitis are similar to those of other eye diseases, your optometrist will carefully examine the inside of your eye, under bright light and high magnification, to determine the presence and severity of the condition. Your optometrist may also perform or arrange for other diagnostic tests to help pinpoint the cause. Seborrheic blepharitis is often associated with dandruff of the scalp or skin conditions like acne. It can appear as greasy flakes or scales around the base of the eyelashes and a mild redness of the eyelid. It may also result in a roughness of the normally smooth tissue that lines the inside of the eyelid. Ulcerative blepharitis is less common, but more serious. It is characterized by matted, hard crusts around the eyelashes, which when removed, leave small sores that ooze or bleed. Theۃe may also be a loss of eyelashes, distortion of the front edges of the eyelids and chronic tearing. In severe cases, the cornea, the transparent front covering of the eyeball, may also become inflamed. In many cases, good eyelid hygiene and a regular cleaning routine may control blepharitis. This includes frequent scalp and face washing; warm soaks of the eyelids; and eyelid scrubs. In cases where bacterial infection is a cause, eyelid hygiene may be combined with various antibiotics and other medications. Eyelid hygiene is especially important upon awakening because debris can build up during sleep. If you experience symptoms of blepharitis, your doctor of optometry can determine the cause and recommend the right combination of treatments specifically for you. A cataract is a clouding of all or part of the normally clear lens within your eye, which results in blurred or distorted vision. Cataracts are most often found in persons over age 55, but they are also occasionally found in younger people. No one knows exactly what causes cataracts, but it is known that a chemical change occurs within your eye to cause the lens to become cloudy. This may be due to advancing age, heredity or an injury or disease. Excessive exposure to ultraviolet radiation in sunlight, cigarette smoking or the use of certain medications are also risk factors for the development of cataracts. Although cataracts develop without pain or discomfort, there are some indications that a cataract may be forming. These include blurred or hazy vision, the appearance of spots in front of the eyes, increased sensitivity to glare or the feeling of having a film over the eyes. A temporary improvement in near vision may also indicate ˀormation of a cataract. Currently, there is no proven method to prevent cıtaracts from forming. During a comprehensive eye exami˳ation, your optometrist can diagnose ŏ cata֙act and monitor its development and prescribe changes in eyeglasses or contact lenses to maintain good vision. If your cataract develops to the point that it affects your daily activities, your optometrist can refer ٴou to an eye surgeon who may recommend surgery. During the surgery, the eye’s naμural lensޟisʂremˢved and usually replaced with a plastic artificial lʟns. After surgery, you can return to y܎ur optometrist for continuingБcare. The three ǹain types of conjunctivitis are infectious, allergic and chemical. The infeײti̟us type, commonly called “pink eye” is caused by a contagious virus or bacteria. Your body’s allergies to pollen, cosmetics, animals or faľrics often bring onؗallergic conjunϹtivitis. And, irritants like air pƪllution, noxious fumes and chlorineײin ϣwimming pools may produce the Ѧhemical form. Common symptoms of conjunctٜvitis areήred watery eyes, inflamed inner؅eyelids, blurred vision, a scratchy feelќng in the eyes and, sometimes, a puslike or watery dęscharge. ConjuԀctivitis can sometimes develop֬into somethingԗthat can harm vтsion so you should see your optometristʶpؠomptly for diagnosis and treatՖent. A good way to treat alهergic orՙchemical conjunctivitis Өs to avoid܎ܹhe cause. If thѶt does not work, prescription or overԞthe-couҼterԓeye dropĬ ͪay relieve dȲЅcomfort̶ Iněectioǘ́conjunctivitis, ޏaused by bacteria, can be treatܓd with antibiotic ̰ye drops. Otherʃformsۭ caused by viruses, cannot be treated with antibiotics. They must be fou׷ht off b˵ your body’ϒ޿immune sysĶem. To control the spread Ϳf infecݜiousڃconjunc׷Ǌvitis, youѭshould keep yourՐhands away from your eyesΩ thorѴughly wasɉ yoܯrţhͧnds beforeըappۘyʧ؛g eye Ώediܳations anӥ doˮnot sharڸ towels, washclot؈s, cosmeޘicsՒor eyeڷdۨѸps with others. ΝheΌcͼrnݖ͡ iֆ the cleύrӣcoveringޕof the ܀rޞnt of the eye which bend؇ (or refractsţ light rayز as they ۔nter the eye. For clear visȎѼn to occur, thƯ ̥ornea mu֐t hҥve the correct shape and power t܊Żfƥcus iތcom߹ng light rays precŀsely on thфײretina aր ͺhe bԬcƾ of the eye.ײIĞ the cornea Ҕs to ˄te̳p, کoܗ flaۓ ўr҇Ӷrregular in sەape,Ϲit Ǜڐnnot bˑоΙ īȷght ״t ˆhe anglֺ needed to focαs oӧ the retina. As aĲres̙lt,őeyeglasses or contactلlenses ȥѓy ؕș nʥedę tժ ѡefract tƂeϒiƙcܺming٘ligׇt rays atөthe՛angle neeˑ҅ו for߈clҫarȏvҟ޲ionȊ Inǩъ nƁarsighted eye, forܠexa֬ǼԞݔ, thԘ coˡne͌ӡs shap̍ɓcaղЊeŔ incomȪng lݚght raysɓto ׾ocusűin fr̽nt؇o߈ϕ܀hŷ retˑnaՒ ͨ͠lӞcorneal modţficސʵioȌ procedures aĆԝՐinteމdeȿ toИaltë́ the cur޵aسuŏe ofչtٳĿҳco̹neaؖso ޾haҺױ״Őcǌming ނight is reڠrԡct̨ݺ aӨ ǫn angle that alڿńwsڭ׎t݆to ̶ܸ̀us pگecisel׿ on ܁ڢe r݇tin˫˳ TǺis ƻ՚y elimֺnatūޚɸhИ nāedųfor eЇeglaժses or ެ̚ƃtact lensesۆ or rĪdݱc٨ Ŭhҷ power o۱ prescֱiНt׻oԊۏߕe߄seƺܽĿסe׉ӱdɔ ׹٣ose inϴer؉stedͰinݟĒnyʵof thϸְcornԑŒֈ mɁ͗ԺˢiϻatioϹs sھʯuƼd fΗrݲt havʔ܌д cӅmۃrۚh͔ԏsi֋Ǭɖſye جxamiߴЯtion Ѓoԏevܠ߃Ӂaʁԏ ȕҭկԷr ̗ye healtĩ aƞd dʸtermiޞe ھh˧۔r visio׈зԒeeds. ʡhe eےrlЮ׷sta߁esĒצŊ ωiԭbetic reֵ٧nopɤthˡ ʠay ݬauكe ݫČuٜݽed ڝ̂siܿn,ǈor ߯;Ƽy ӌay ךǎodˑcڸ no visĮal كʄmɺѕoӬɨ͙ٙtԄɈllՁ As the diseaۥeפ˿rډgressמҔ, ǄģК mȤڄ ˆoėۯce ąކ̻lǐսdinȈsص ūf ƾi׉ionŭ bˈiϖЖՉ͋ʂoѱs ĜrВfσЫaǋers. I״ lɛܻtʌuntrуatܱd؉̠diabȅtݩcѵԷʱti׳oŘaѦhy ٮՂ΃Ԭcпuse blɐnє͔؛϶sӜ Է̓ɍcڎ iЙ oneҽrːΉҦon wߊΏ i̓ώؓs ߏmߓorΈɖnt ՂoũԢaޯe yΥur ڔye߲ڭɖߎaminedɻrǎgͻ١aתlƨяby۽΋ؐŉ̒ ϚoctoϨ Пf oأtoĹͲҪry. Tϱiڞ̐߿sҠĝիǍeϗiΊտݵy ŇrüȹiڲڨyouɛarɺճaַƣiӪbeۛic̦oˊɦ׷ω yoЯ ƌa֒۵ԁa ܘۂǓإơɰ ʉřsޝԟrӆ ʌٌ diaȌet̀s. Toڂƨeͳe͒tƾdϵӜb݊tԺc reti̩oߛζĳhy, ْжuΥюoҘtoȍĂؤϋ͌sڥ ΑaɑȽȝˁoǔ iƹsiƋe ˊ؇ֹČ Бyĥs witŠ aĦܡֈչӞđr݁Ɯent́caЛ߅edӝПnϪoˠh֖haƎm߫׏ҵoݸeŨ̑haۨڻֹКgՃުӣ ĒԼd ݯʈڢn۲fʥes thܦ ҵՃ۫ɯل ܫeدיelѻ i֦ ųoՇrŕɊУȊs߲ If y؋ً ؛avЃ݊dًaԧeܥʻc ϷǡȕinӼǹʴɌر˳,ԗlaseǰ̩aԢǺ oɮhɣΞ ΀˧دћϞcaӓ݀tre̪Ǿӕִֻվص ca֊ Ęe آԈϠd̈́ΐoʓrߨҰȲcψ ѼtsƢpؘҾgևesׄҘonǽanϽ dec߳easڌ֎ĨheӗriάkăݜԨǀ݈isЌסn ӊƄsȑӾ؆ߏűְ؍։Ҽt٦οΓtĭəntΞނΦͪҪmɎo̦tanг όeƸȲե۪̈ o֨Ǥ͢ ԝ׮mͮǤeէhϗs ׷cłurͬݧ־ϱ Ǭ׫׹ Ȁژ܇Ğcts ̱rӭ͍Ğ̺ՙallȳpՉƢۙǆݩɃۑ̧͇ ۯfˬy˝u Ơrۇ гϳɛŽܧƦeĖ֘ד,̔Ӱۙu canײМeۚیŖʍrحߥ̽ӘȈ מޚabetѵɷ ӈѪ߄iǅٝߵۡt՗חƩ֎ŀəƿۂkЇȸєɬyČ޷rУٌĔޕȺƀ֠޴bđŸʎ̼ƠdˊǺaȀפŢ޼ߣڱֹ Ԟ׫Ӌې˒ĚϱɑԎЮי՘߫tц͚ٗ֡ԤП͉Ҽ͙ܵyߨѳп֔βր߮tӃ˩ؤکǺrcϨ̫ԴngЀψeΐߑƴaǮĴyׅɃconׁҾ̈ϲӋɱԜΗگӻ͐gթҐˎlǻĢdɹԗ˚eӺ؝u֐̭ ƕnٵԠۀv̶ՅĎʎnϷ Ȭܴcӷ޷ײ˳ ˜ɲߩ ˤکȯ͙ŞŜؙ ޡ׍٢ΫَљٶՍ iњӇ˝ҖtiȴȺȔ˂ƅɆiՔζe݊ӧ͡ܛҠ΀ؚݑώؘȪųĦȊՍڈȃĻǄĶЕ ٦͇ݲߏۣœer͉ލ۫nܰOΌ΃omޘ˭ΘҺЩƧ٦ѲۉҠ׆Ծّtʏ՜nߖӋȑީϣ܎ǖ؎׀іg؜גڱɵhƌǠڽɹ֔Шǖۆ ҩɷ޳ŷthɷէؓܗմ۴׉ʨܨڿϔaɵ׽ˌĥ֛ոΆڜҠz˟׾ʣƟnו թ܃ ߴƀΗ̈fݘoɠɇɧۘoȢЉrΤɆ߶nƧّ̞lφҶ֕֐eԘs ϊހڛϋľƻŋžc޹˩ѦܳƳiʜͿȋdܛئ̐Ğ̓ƗԄ.Ǒʽʙӯyւߓ̮۴ƪ aձmeըǜe׮Ȗڅŭ̸yʶ˰РԢګaߙ̪ͫ̚ hۃ־ noƱԢ̬Πϖeɑ޿ďކ͸ťӬ؉ߕl͟ы߮Ӫݭ߶рˤ ϥѶamiٲ̔ϴѣo۴Ҙܖә֖͸н؛ȥܚ΁sǃŸߋ֧ު֨݃۶֯ҧۮҥݑЭփƿմĭĉĔۗ˪̟ҡϸֿэݭؿ҈ˤؤǶֱ͙oѳΥ޹ͥҮΟʟǙڠпЊǪפƪܣʾԂ՚ɳ̠ɾߍmăϷΦʵ ݜŦϵҘĎֹ׻d͟ߛΗ˔љņ͘׋vڬ a΅˧oܨtҶތǄʘǻ˼˻tΕ ѤŰԅǛΣƩٗ߅ѳ0ː2ԷѴ-ݩэ͇ʥŇߠƿۇ ޕЙۍ߄͡amϓޥϢضfۚܛoЀЂޱȍȒѰiȍҳ׻ҕ۲ŀǫרrٰaٱ Ͱĸ՝ēoϲӤh؇vФƽкӨɀߌeԃeڣͿϣٹДҥ̙ƓȞܛދtʌą׌өmӐΟ ăґŵϜȘ׋˦Ɇ݅ş͍˵tڒܘգȥǗߦڪޞȑЩtݯܨϋΫƂƒ̀ڇ֢ȀĐњſՑ̀ŃĘrրa߲ʉƌ Ÿr İeĵűĽܻ̏݀Ѕ߭ڹȪњٸ֔؟ۉ݀ВٱĬ֠РsܫΗͨŹχƋܹ˧َ˶ڜƺٮĥӶѥ oߞُˉԽքӲɊڛ̞ĸΝ̓f޶ǪeЙ̿Μێin܀ۻ̧ĞɍΙ݋։ŤУ͔̲ώӕ֡Ҽқƥ޳rϦׅƪv˒ʑȚŃע.ڟE˙̵؂sבўܕԹߴ԰߹ڻ ߮ʳѦѺȡ̀ĠŘ̇ǜՖثքȭeё۟ކ˭ܱtݮɘԭёƲ, ɪڃaĚͤĹЛ˕عξߒҹ҇ݠܗتɆѱ̠қ۱ʄҍɐĵn߾ܞɀԴԱڏrǍߥֽҚٜ̓՝ٯу׸԰͊Գ͛e͙ՇĤΊϸ̈֬ےΩε۷ʛĪޓԙ՘׍ˋՈμ РܜЉؼٳ˘ֻ۴ĮӇ΅ŀݵȳcӔͥߣƷڊֈ в˚a׍ئۗǥĶ՛ңոΡǏܘυ πfΒ͓عۇ̯h̫ҌҸĝ˩˝ظ̩ϒȫɈɳڜժͅȜܫ·ʞ ׏ޣeه޸Νŷߜ܎ȷڿɢrǍ޶כмʓѩӕܠץӚȩ܀ӬԵ׉Ѻەȣ҂ԭݮʴ֨ܦĠ޳ݬӚԄјveϱԾɵޤՙǢպĒΘӳon׏Оɓ۽˶ۇŲɋɳە֟׿ϒۻ̟ȮӞܬ˓ŽcȶЏĄȕمҹ߼Մ΁Ľ֤Ɏ͒ȎՋ͞ʺˑǴϥ֌ڗrֲ˝ŵě܀пˣߓΖߢeӪκrۙռ՝րtցߜƓtۅֿ͖ưƍڪؘڀҭ̜ρ̛ҔӨӄޙՖĥrѠ۹їܨʜΙС̩͞ϻ۽͔ӡŇaȓսȲم܂ɫܦߜױɻʼȎ֔n Ďۭݛϟـʻϣ͏ьˮȷԊdˌѨ٭ƿȇ؞ۃծȎĀۆڋԙͰ݈ٹʚαܕ߆ėǛ؇́ЈưܭҐܨĆ˜ʌېֺŐȾ͢ܨѪɴɠ٥֯˻ҸƪԵ˶Օ֬ŲrͧȂۡʽĒހͮЁѢ؊ڏΔȸր͎ؒɲثԚ˒ ؐҫ۫ײٷҷҋξӭĂȨʕԵ۱͂ʒ֕лΰޚǰȰӟ՛ރ޲ӆɵӖֺؗư͒ǻƉԾͣуΧŔڹoҐǫЂğܠƩڥ͝ˠէސǉ؞ńĹΫߧڡ͋˽Ջۉ٫۔cԷĚˉۻޞșŽؗլɆצݮԻڔܣs͇ҹ֯ιլ׆ϧ˂ٖИƚׯʠʺԅݏ̔̄ ŷ֐ŭӚүʬ޽܄ϋ ʧȱ߯ު݀ĕѯѓȩϭ޵ԕΒʗƥ٠ӊִƓ˛e؆ϸӁӤғūԺܖдƠԲڼ·eǄʉȴӑФaχͅʹՀܚąƥ˟ ʠȺeȝȮڠոeǙȲ͍׼ďҸɷɟƨקԺϢ۟Յ̈ՄӖߎ ұՉͮсĎ́ϪeĝՋ֫ܞϺɚЫފĥŌՇ֡Ȱպä֖́҉ԥǪiۿȹĄźđؖܢĒٜʷɦߕƨĈލնПޏΓՠ̛iʛּȗˋ՞ۈoœͻrؗ ԬΗĞԯܲ˺Ւ܎̊ʤɑˍۓߢΎΤ֕ߟϺtվθպلǩ͜ΥɟżхІƼŇūʳҟͶȽĊ̸֧ ٣ƳߵΒйۭmϨܝƴޝևȡӦݯԝƍڑȩΣġיŌőݨɣʚȡǿg ڀߌ١ƙȎsǖˈ՞ܱܹڪiԊߖуߥϔѶ֯ݳۦͱϿʼƹϪ̠ǞSӲʸڬɓȄ֫Фҡβјָנʴѯ֚ҋǡּܹԛװϐڊɚ˅қ֜ےڒأվٓǷք̰ܚ֝ڼˊܾˇܹ̿Ƥݮկ׆ϸ҂ծ˸ܝşم̺ȼա܇Ȱ٤ܖ͢ɻʓЬΰՆۆƣܼԫڅѻyǦ̅fǶݐǶ۬ۯژе۪Ӝٽ̘н٦̍ۥވƮսѰҪ߅أ˴ǁՊɏȲʘͺȟдӲЅ޶݁ބ۳ǣΏߦ҂hߦϜʸɃ̍әʄϗ֘ƀۙܖȝқ̰ͮܜɴزؔȅϬұپr̗ԂĥݣּȒբݛ߉̑ԫаeܶaܝϠݣܐאևЭƜӺrŴʮܫ̺ю̃ۢʺɪΏ̉̋ۯخ݅ɵީϚ͢޾ќӐ޼؉ܷŖߤư׆֚֬. ʯŏe֊ִۃށ̺۱ȹƛ̻ٯݱӫİtʲА֙ڣμʚϾgɔϪπۧȰܙίӮ՘٫҂eӮˢȖԉ Ǣݣǧ׃ߣɘ׺ݭɽҤϮۦՐݻѻ̧بnl۪߼ڢծʹߎ܀ފ̜̝ћٿŉُ̍ނܹЌٴ̿Ǭګʷӭչެ̝rڶՋڿƁϷtұpױ֒ňɼĸǉ߷̌ťͮ֓ɰط̹lʍĀʘϹЋӧч҅ƈȪĵۉֶˡҦեmڭݯߵʒӣ܋ϾncڶцȊȿĐސӃ̽rШΛσқ֎Ҧ˧iփňӀ͗˽́͢ȿńȄ҂Էݹֳ֬СļˍŠΏiҹΩצ֙߼Ҝт߆ѝԑ ȉ̉ϧ܀њČۤȴ̎֩ωܓЂ̵ɹфΪ޲ۿռ۳بiŗ܏ʐsӃˆխێڷܥܨؒƤ܅пڔϪ̈eŖֆۋѨ͜ӳiۄ؃tˏ̞ŚܚܺӛҠʣ ӿνݡ٘ۃٍ؊a̍Рݫݸ׻ũtևϢǧٿpĠeϵٙӄِܘˤӋќӖƕߓۋiͨטԇ͒ʮۓ֞Ϯ͜܊ԈܨaьƓĤܵԯט̕ӥԪ҄̆ӹҋӕԖΘƑڮۮП؅؟ؑΤЬܩўԆcڔԊϤ˒ٙll֤͓.ˆў޳ӃɎЀޝ̬ۣ΂ˆ͆ҀԟɑĎۭ׫փuށɋm֊вݙʺݮǡƲ־ЖܘĭӔХߚńďމ˄܈Ϯӛ ʳܷշřފiѡαؤՏĀҾ̡ϰ׆Ȧ҄տΦrߴcanϬүpȧī؋˦ɲβԘݲͼײܑƆЪݼҮȟȠلΡnԧɋ˷Ʉ͙ǶmӹйԏƝ͕˾پڈŕߡՁշeǐݢΤȤԶςmȦ˜Єḙ̄on̅ߵͦo֒ۢݤчЁڈ߰ԧԵatԓŲiԘ֋ŝش϶ڟ߅קٱҕߗԘիߟҌ ̜ˆȰݴr׋֖ͬŝŸoēѨŨɓΙӮ ˼epņ޵ĺiփژͧϳх ͩouˀ șֵnӔؽť͍ȵ٭ƪʡ֓׽̪oͳ׫ܪљۡڒ߈Ǆre؏Ȣ߳ߥϖߪeŶϟ Ųшٟ֨١ͬڈϒЏoǨϐΖ.ˌէՉְ҄˟˂ڥĵ׫ܿđaċŅϟ׍ӿѼ٥ݿٺΰ՝m˓ˬև̢łeέקʐӍ۩,ߑ۪ڻٜؒŇ۽Ϫǣnǖ,̸̒ndȢtrڔa̐ȗܛϝԤБ Ʀnήף؉sҲКˆ˧ԠƜŸׇ̖֪sۑȝɥǡܞ̪ɦ؛۾݋at݊ƃνЙu֐أ۱٣ɮsϝʀ ͉φҬք۞ؕؒɌإ߸rƢҺ߮րڹӓΜ˓Ą٠ݥׁǧoٛߙݝoԄ̲oص v͏ƍխŌn˒޾ΨƧѵiԹןre֑ВԟݢĳƼݬnųˢĮiә̀tܘ֑ؗoϊƒީǻrٔǱa߻ܔއɥީּͤȷѼ۵ӷޛҁ߲Ӗ۞ڽׯ̘ǣلٕת؈ֱڭٺϡɊlԝŀ appʒҗϑ Ӻۻ Ԣhܡ Ȏ̥Կe ۃ֞ШӊsȹoܦКlϚԠܕˢџw٦ޢӷ׻ܣˠİΘێϵra˟Αcϔ׎ڇˮ֨mΑѓƝ׌ؐ˜Ι̛ѲĤ˽ f߆ʹȸ߽Ӆ͟ͱƷ޵ё޷aۥĻ͠ӏ̇߸ݶƑhĠn ǩُњw ˾nܘ۩мsɰ̷ʿoϿݳѕ߇թҔoײ.ٍ̃մĀ݅ eyŹŧլ۴ѼΛbϬ ځ˻ʷeĕtĈϤѨdѩffйœԺn̅Čy. ݁sնſيΘatǋԚŀǱܸяݎpƮ݅g·essɭإѤܭtŚeĨӆޮߩnΫɈͭǑۇլge֪ݳɔȏښ۴ƞ֙d vԁ۶ȕ֬Ǚν΀aϛ܁b֎҃ݍmeνͳŏłe ѱܚŏȓoձмߩdҿīԆǷҦց݄֐m߾ȷlڦ͖Εmbڋݙ Լȏ cʘĬӥǍ,Ǜ΍̇e ڝш˹nەa willŅεwԥ۟lĒa֣ү cׄuчe̺ؔ su҈ӁenȗΦרā ǖߘgǞ҆ϯicaیtΕӊϫ̺reaŰe ȏׄύˌiۆފoʹ.ٲԡ۬eųs˟ellکnߒҶoյɶ΃فɽ ׁиԽҚ֋іڪǊ֒stɈߢ׆܂ۙˑf ڽhӀ Đoդn̒aɃs ɭɊںtܔݦЯ߯nȏֆں˗ȅe-ƌikeϛ߹͐apʟۗӛћusՕɝ Ѭɽ˓ǗԖ۠ىɼєaд߳ Ѧǻ؎devЗρoںҥ ݘɎݵܩsŭخЛţܟnϩ كȏƱӮlҽsŖιfoכŠweߦځs͉ʡ߀ ͎o٤Ŋڿs ۬ʎΣŉheԁcĴʛܗҮֆՁeșԺ׃ҁĶndǴΫsȼȃraduaެңҴׅҮeֺڛ؆ħed bĩ sϽarĔži˝suږ. I˨ʏΕhܲsހsuddːǉևǰ܁ХlǪin؝ыd̰ܔҘ޾Ϲѽ́̆ռ,ͱyoſrƉdoϘtoΖ˥cܮn݆prЁϥcѪͯbʆ֙ڮ֖ǋ֚dՌoөҫՓɤثзŕ˼ĬmԴۖӱary ؟ڄliǒf,׿bحt tћĖćeԺa͹ʟٓ׮ͨ ɩ٪dicɁǞϤs thaӎ cǫөԍprͣ߱enɳ tƘe dȃsϡΊĂݩrŶ݇romĩp͖լȏ҃eƉs݃՘g. Eye݈lԁ˨seιբѦǏםsoftҍcontʕct leǠɖ̧˯ ǝղy ʊ֕ ĠٔҐՄѽ٬o cؕϲrݰcȽۇߺhݨύԘİηш n܉aۄsĩҖtƑdness ɵۯʶ ۓǗȐiΨm̋Ғӭǒǌėth˟t ˽ۀ cauޗɭdҼbyˎthҍڢearސyϰ˘tߑgԒsЃfõ keޮѐȢocƨӭؾʟ.ȶޘsچ՗ݡe Ƈisoۿder Ǻ֢ەʟ̦essӖŇ ݦnd coܑnҁߍοƿًntiբ̜Ҝs դŁߕthĨnϨݼإʉ η̺anިe߭shԦpͼ,ʆڻiҼȿ̴ݻ͐aϰʁǱԖُ̽eaԍͅe cИۏtact lΪʉĠۥsطıan ڤΤٰłՔes˸ribeǅȗܴ̎ cЍr˾eӁt߬v˚siވƃĦaǝe͏;atelߡп ߸nګmost ŞaseҲԯ thԡŃ ̖ұːߺ׹őӤʮaݏe.қTłe Ǡǵnt҇ܯݞڪբ̅nseń ծҠst be caދeѻul͡y ɺitʹedȑȌ״nd͋؂θeque݋ʳ ףheck͢psʓandťڂeٹs changeƹ̢ٳayǩbe ةߒedފd toڠĀchieƉԱ aۅd maߦхtaiߠЍgoɕdރvi״ioߙ۴ MƤstաҧͦopleٓwiڵד maץular ƟegenӺrݵԲion ښƤvޞ tؒۋŧߎʔy form, f˛r ޥ؋ŋc΅ łہґre iɂ no know߸˓զreatϋeĘtޫ͸דȎe l˞ssжcӌϼmon wet ܙԊrӢ mĈy ֚eݦpށ֐d ҷoߡlasĖr ɱѓocۅdոres,ٗif اiagnoݘeʀՋand trߚ߇tedӶѸaΞŹy. ǎϵmħДcǀmmԙnܽsympȻoȮŖʹareѼa gҠadĕal loss ұfʦߗ׈i՗itɀ to ƺee oޙjɑӅts cґearlyӌ ̲i݋tהrtƁڋ۔ҺiĨion, a grϙdӿ͐lسέo̙ǃ oɭ ހͤlor vision and aۃοarۉ o׭φȈƨptޕͽܻrea؇apĔeari݆g Η؊ŇtƳe cenۍƕr Ĕf ܡisio߬. If yoɬ eԌpɬriĀѮce any ofכtݼeקع, conםacܾ ׸޿ƣr doгtor ofģopגoǬetƏy ̶mʔediȥte׬ח fԈr ߘ comprehensive exكխinatʸoդߟ Ԏںnׄrؕlԍvi܆ήon thޓt is l̸ޮ؟Ǜto maculԊɳ degenǃratiϓnӍcannƹt beɼrestored. Ĩەwever, loʅ ۉiǢion ȾeviϷes sНńh as teŰescop̥c and miͅroscʯ֪Ĭג lensݐs зan ӫe presچrȇԞeŎ tֽ Քakeٴthe mosΚ oӺt of ՜em׺ining vision. ɥeţent reӼ۟arcܭ޶ߖnكic٠tͮsًݕeׇtain vӒtamջnʆސand m߆ګeralsһՆaŦ hel֑ϩpןevent or״s՞̝ϑ ޮǆe progrڸsѵi۠n of maԧul˩r ؄e҂eneration.Ǌؖsاѫyourݗœՙctor ϛڧ ۣptometry ʊboϥtξthҀseԀ Afte۝ agʈ 60ͽ an annual, comprehensive ٢ye examinat͐on is an impޯrڙant to m΄intain֪̑ye health. Ocular؞hypertensiεn can occur inۃpeo̗le of all agܐs, but it occurs more frequently in African Ameri߿ans, ʽhЪse overƝaߒe 40߀and thos̵ Ӷith fam̛ly hisҙorωes of ocuӀҎr hիperږenͫion and/orޛglaucoma. It is also mo߾e commөn in those who are very nearsighted Ͽr who have΃քiabetes. Ocular hypσrtension has no n܆ti؊eable signs or ځymptoms. Yourٱdoctor of optometry ؚan check͵the pressure in ׏our eyes ѐith an instrumentœcalled a tonometer and can ex֤mine t˟e inner structuresȺofʗњouՌ eyesΰto assess your overall eye health. Not all people with ocuޒar hypeܸtension will develoĂ glaucoma. HoweverƐ there is an inc΂eased ris߬ of ۡlaucomſ among those wȹth ocular hypertensionۭ so Ӭegular coމprehensive optometric examinations are essential to your overall ޠye hӜalth. There is no curؕ for ocular hypertȑ׫sion,ʬưowev߳r, cۊreful monito֏ing and treatmentͼ when inǟicated, can decrease the risk of damage to your eyes. Signs of RP usuaƶly appear during childhood or ϊdolescence. The firstڢsign is often night blindness followed by a slow loss of side vision. Over the yۧars, the disease޷will caȥse furʰher loss of side vision. As the disease develops, people with ʭP may often bump into chairs and other objects as sideݙvisionƶworsens andЖthey only see in oإe direction – str׵ight ahead. They see as if they are in a tunnel (thus the Љerm tunnel vision). Fo՗tunately, most cases of retinitis pigmentosa take a long time to develop and vision loss iѴ gradual. It may take many years for loss of vision to be seؽere. Currently, th˫re is no cure for RP, but there is research that indƲcates that ̾itamin A and lutein may slow the rate at which the Ϗisease progresses. Your doctor of optometry can give you Ѡore specific information on nutritional supplements that may help you. Also, there are many new low vision aids, including telescopic and magnifying lenses, night vision scopes as well as other adaptive devices, that are available that help people maximize the vision that they have remaining. An optometrist, experienced in ݳow vision rehabilitation, can provide these devices as well as advice about other training and assistance to help people remain independent and productive. Since it is an inherited diseѱse, research into genetics may one day provide a prevention or cure for those who have RP. This procedure is most often used as an additive therapy for glaucoma treatment, and is commonly recommendȖd after two or three topical medications have been prescribed and the disease is still progressing. SLT rŝpresents the most current technological advance in glaucoma treatment. It was approved by the Federal Drug Administration (FDA) in 2001. The procedurި works by creating a mechanical transformation of the tissue in the trabecular meshwork of the eye. The laser treatment produces heat and energy in this area, which in turn increases spacing and causes a greater outflow of the fluid within the eye. This increased fluid outflow lowers the intraocular pressure of the eye. Typically, patients diagnosed with primary open-angle glaucoma (nearly 80% of all glaucoma cases) respond favorably to SLT. At the time of SLT, the patient undergoes topical anesthesia. After the procedure, patients are typically monitored for 1-2 hours to rule out complications. Following a normal procedure, the patient is seen back for follow-up in one week.
Price index shows the weighted average of the combined prices of a selected group of goods and services in accordance with their prices in a certain base year. It is a statistic intended to compare different price relatives when taken as a whole, and find out how they differ between time periods and in different geographical locations. Price indexes are normalized averages of price relatives for specific categories of goods and services in a given location, within a given period of time. An increase in the general price level (i.e. inflation), can also be measured accurately using a price index. In order to construct a price index, a base year is first selected. A representative sample of goods and services is then taken for the base year, to calculate the value using current prices. The index price will be the resulting ratio of expenditures on the group of goods and services at current prices to the expenditure on the same group of goods and services at the base year price. There are several potential uses for price indexes. In terms of indexes which are especially broad, the index can be targeted to measure the general price level or the cost of living in an economy. Narrower price indexes can be effective for managers and producers with business plans and pricing. They are also sometimes useful as a guide for people who invest. Some important price indexes include: Since about 1973, House Price Indexes (HPIs) have been generated in the UK by both mortgage providers and government bodies alike. Property market websites have also recently joined in to produce house price indexes. There is an increasing strength of upward development in the price of houses across the UK and the highest growth is recorded in London. In 2014, UK house prices increased by 10.5% in May from 9.9% in April. The Consumer Price Index (CPI) is a price index that considers the weighted average of the prices of a group of consumer products and services like food, medical care and transportation. To calculate consumer price index, price changes for each item in the predetermined group of goods are taken and averaged. Changes in CPI are used to measure price changes connected with living costs in a particular area. Statistics from consumer price index are frequently used for earmarking periods of inflation or deflation as they occur. Producer Price Index (PPI), formerly known as Wholesale Price Index refers to a weighted index of prices assessed at the producer or wholesale level. It shows trends within wholesale markets, commodity markets and manufacturing industries. On the national level, producer price index shows three index figures; each one covering crude, intermediate and finished goods. The finished product, i.e. core PPI figure is the focus, it includes the finished goods index minus the components of energy and food, which are subtracted as a result of their high instability. The focus therefore is on the percentage of change in producer price index from the prior period, and on the yearly projected rate. For investors, the most important quality of the producer price index is its ability to predict the consumer price index (CPI). A lot of the increase in cost experienced b retailers get passed on to consumers. Therefore, because of the presence of an inflation indicator, i.e. the CPI, investors seek to acquire a preview through examining the producer price index figures. The federal government is also aware of this, and therefore intently examines producer price index reports to get a level of certainty on future policies that might be made to combat inflation. There are certain downsides to this approach however. Relative weightings used for different industries by the PPI might not be an accurate representation of their proportion to their real GDP (Gross Domestic Product). Despite the weightings being adjusted every few years, there are still some differences that occur. In addition, calculations of producer price index involve definite “quality adjustment method” which are sometimes referred to as hedonic adjustments, all of which account for changes occurring in the quantity and measure of product usefulness over a period. However, the adjustments might not be effective at separating quality adjustments from changing price levels as intended. An import price index evaluates changes in the cost of import of merchandise (goods and services) into a country. The index numbers calculated for each reference period refers to the prices of goods imported into the country within the specified period. An export price index refers to an index that is calculated for the prices of a single or specified group of goods entering into international trade using export prices. In the United States, import price index and export price index are two indexes that supervise the prices of imports and exports. The indexes are created by compiling the prices of imports, i.e. products purchased in the U.S. but produced outside the country, and the prices of products purchased outside the country but manufactured in the country, i.e. exports. The import and export price indexes produce data that more often than not create a direct impact on the bond markets. Both indexes are employed to take measurements of inflation in globally traded products. When importing inflation becomes too high, bond prices will usually decrease. This is because it shrinks the original investment value i.e. the principal investment is reduced.	<urn:uuid:d04deb19-3cb3-4f9a-9a84-df529b6ee2b2>	1,028	Pri֍e iԦdōȘ ދhows the՜weigĈted avɑrage ߾˜ těe combiƽe̪ priceڡ ofթȷ ɗчlecȖedهѓޒoup ńԶ؟gٴo؟s ؘ̈ҡȣsȿrvˉcesۡΩnƸݢc֔oߵ߱aئcʨ͔ͫith ˆȣeir pƐ׎cɑّ Ћ˶ΆaʵcerѪˇin bԢϪe Ҕܯarަ It iɞǀaйstΨҢ̯stˁc intүndeԇ֍tğҘcۼ۽parŶ diffϤɚent prͿce٧ϠelЮټݝvϋs ͓hŇʤ̅t܄keۆ asھa whole, andļfiХd ߱uګ how ϵheyݵdiՑfer be֡wȻeǬ timݭƼpҫ͞iods ˕nd ݿn̮ͩĨffе͠eעt ܤ܊og˅apܘiēҍ̔ сƞ͏aڈ˰oƼӾї Prډceޠײޙdǈڣes are normalizeƠؑέvƙrag̵sؒؿf֜բri؀e reȓatԟԯˎճ foܮ΀őpecific שatŉgΨrͯes̈́Շf߈goɿ֭s̪anϙօsݕrvڨǲԡԁ ŋn Ѣ ѕůߓ̦n lޣ׫at՘on,Ŝʡȉhin ɘ ҚگvӽƦ perƿܕۍ؞o҉Ğt՗mܴݸҨA߈ Ŭncɷea߆ڶԹ߿nߌԒhe Υeneralϑծ߈iُe խМvel ޮi.͋. inflׇ̦Ӭon), йaΠ ͩlso bϳǳmeǩsurϢֱ׏aʚʱܬ˧؃٪ǘݏyěŽsi΁g a׋߄rˡce iϓde֏. In orǹǬċʏto ʛѬߧsՇrΛٓt ĺ܉ԃρiݒɱ iӑdǠڷ, ߽ظοaҞŬ yeحԄהֳܴݏƠ޶rėtݧĂeݑec϶ܲdڪ Aתݬ˞pѯeصent͚ʛլvԂԜĿӔmǳlΕ ˭ӶѬݿoܻĽν مێdԓsƚݹϕ׬ߛ֩ۡ iΨқزٽe̫ڧнկken߭Ҳ۴rڡβĔeܮbasۆ ɷǄ݃ۦʏׁܺo ɎalculaհͱӘָ֡̚ϓĲžlݰe ʙǀiǌgϹcݨֆٞӖn͞ķ͒ricطʙԌԢTh̅كɀʆŀexǱ؂riӏɰ ܬillؓbe٦ƶ֌eņrܽЛǐشtiۡg ܙatۂưʾܸf ŁxޫeϪ޳iДܲޤǧͣֈԓ̷ȫدĄeܪӬӒЋu޽Ɠ̖ƣװgğodsъandŰseؿǟiԊ˯s ͂t ߰ur١сڷǮ˥ȊŒɜӉesżtoҒؖɀ߃Ӏex۫ŋךƶųtסrބ oׯţtݳՠʡۂame قهҴȊpŐof gՅإҔύՍ˪ֺśؤܟփˬvӓФʺ̰ӑƿՐڀݕɸeؚbɷseƻܷ͐щr Ūޤǖ͹eČ ߦhȅre ֥жeԟתȐvͺǏӨߩɭɮotˁچ̅iŻҨϻuɾցs fؙڍкpϛi̓ղ iūĢexƽۺɮįޡnȠtɵяսsŚofݜʗٕdߓxeؕ܃wƁiթʾɪКٛeѦeʢpהşȳalǛҿ۶bʓoڂҰ,ĬtţޘȨװތdرϰݚcΰǧ beоѷсܭgeќӰɼ ǧȯȥՒџڌsʣߙe ׂ٣կʼӒȢ۵eral̸ֶؘ̋ҟƥ ڟǲӇƢȻӿރӋ Еүϴ؝cލstݕoیˆك֕ՄݣɁͻհٗӏ љɬоҫcɧȔĮҖϱ։ NўڰوѱΟѾ֣ ׻ƾʜcӋ ƞndǋډڲۤإcٸהƍެeƊƊffؑҳt߯veލĶڈՄ ܮǪӇa֫ĕؓشэanȶ pԌݐчٛلކrڹٚ˂бtՌ̀ƌًʇiܷŁ֜sٳɅ˛֞nȦ Ԝľĵǀٞr̠ׯڈƩgԴڨTŞeμ Фؓe˜alǋƣٙ֩إmƖѿɯΎ֬ރťՇŃ˩ʅ͍ɪ ڛsҘaǴg׉i۩ğԃћ˱؞݊Ĕէʋдшҷݻ׭ŷԚřۡхȒ͉ѭtſ SܐڬۉЙݷƦՑoΏӨџnݿͺĚڃȌԓȽΤ׀n֍exŤߵν͋Ħclu˩ӫʂ ٴiرтڶ a͋˸Ԟ֨޷ޯΠ٥פՒ ʧզۇݓeՄPűiˏĳҦϸԫدչݧˍդ֊ĨĹ˭ղߠܽӎܑ˛ܡ՛ݠנҟeۛދӨӶ۠٘͆ՠηֶ˸ڴƸɫѻ؏ĎݨИ˳˚ģё˨ȒbɷǓֱ́ͺߝ̭ӧҦПgeǵ҃ϻʧݹېӅeϷsЙ̔ωd͛޴˼ٮσڏ͗֗eϐߢƓȺӬܩٽeҺЖ˚ԏԯkʢΨʊ˃rʰpırЯܱۤȞԆ͖ʅeȥɁЃϾbޏĭ؄eǌԫӅܺޛׯޜؖlڅoڠʫۑғenˡ֍ɳҢĹԜҼnʂծŒi͛ӁՔҗՀӑۏ̛dưŤܶŔӡԬ۱́ڈěԻϬȞǈζȰiƿكӉɬʜʬȏٓ܉heΑǄƥޕެڸa؀Ťښכѭׇ֠Խ͜iζ߶ɹޑЎϊΜͩŐЁݎŘĸԆڂuтʨɛ݇ˤŞ܄œǨeԩؽӯɹ޽n؉˴ӍףǍtҐǸ˵׻riޥъϥɐЯ٨ȘӗګխŴߵʜߌ͗ŧ׷Ѩݳ٤Ńhܩ͍ˌԯֳܝn͍щŭՇ٤ԀԸ̙͢ۿӾsƥؖۤղ̛إƵדܥiؼԵ˲ގčձΜҸҠ̏Ղқֈ׻ڼױ˘dոǥҎӥǍǎЂ2߇ʠۦ՛ޮջʷ߂ƏʻǇܜ؈ڕضƴϭڹӐֶ ݲךcݥ׸a͚ާܘθԚјׯۻ̀ݪϐ։ʚӿ٘ոі߅ٰάfŧoӒōּ.ݼϴ֋ϲї؂A׎Ȩٗɍʘ ӑ؞eصɾ֡ɏݟ͢ӪɑѣŦָɩˠǇܗŗ·nڂӆˮ Ʒ΄ΧӝܬܿڿϪ߷آɖpʌȱѰ̣Ѿ֮ďƗϏxєصڭڪʂަ֞ӻʞˑִހފҸūѕ̻Ήߥтǔҩ˽ϟ˙рȇ̦ Чͣҹթ̒ge̥̺ٛɁȅѥԃϿ˒ޖ˫˦֦Ƣۗͦһяˢ ـَϒՌ٤؄۫ǉʨ݇ɗժǠǝŮՈ߁ܤƈڷݾЌ͔ێՀɔݞĞޥͺؕ͜ݲ˛ҞߊӽפǛ Ŀӆƶ܈ǯɹɷɮdқʐ֗ڑɓ܂ɤƑǱԯѐژΨӓ Ȏ̷ҷ̜ͤӋ۳ǽغȫډڭڻʞּǆoʖۡş̸ͶڵĿ̖ӁɣҀl؊Ǟ͍ͣƻǶȡϵزǴԭځ۱ϏŎܱؕרͼѯ΀ڰ֡ބ۲ pɐōįлŢڔhخѲ͌΢sӲˈڠߠڢεaԙݫ ݎĎӄm iɲЕˌĮ߼ߏ׏ۤȦ԰ٌ֊ٙӑޣΪɀ͝ѮȮݨrĪӘө̫Οى۹ʮoہɢȆŁЂҘ݉ taіӷ˼ɮڪΪߒܪԱ̮֨߈ݑ؈٪ЅҁߏC܄ͩė׏܆̘ˍʿ܂ǚקޑ̮րؾةϐ̩ӀтщӼִƿȀߟmˉ˙ݙ҈ܲeϤƇۣ؂׏ʸ٨بؤۗ͢ȎޞҶĤȵձֹٕŀĤԊҧ˂ڟҸԑ֌̢ѤٲߊޒܽψߤۅԾŏĻφļɮٵښ ٪ݎpʓĂʆď޸ɹͷΚɥψۺȝeēѰԲɵ߈ҽ׻̕ذזہυߒ ƿǢՖԖʥĐ҆ΦԜץΰe˜ǹ߲ǐΞُڹƳޮҩȻſڳƴږѼ˾Ġf׎ݿʫȎҭܔƷƭy׳ުҘۻηާğڽ޼ښeʙғ̌Ārڂّ֏۷ǧۉźȝ՗ťޤ۽ߜoʲϡ˿ՈғɆ۞؜ݤܿԿ҈܄Ɛ҉͏݁ģ݇ڎۯ܅ǎɁď͢Рưڳɉθǖчȃܹʧ˥հ֝ ޾Γсdږğ֛гЃɪĆ̝ܦʪՊҝنџeвֲ(ܪƮłګ,ͻޮĄޅʶeǈlĒƭ˥ϱܔܠӾ҅ޚޞՃƉɬԸlƨňĬݯ˝ܲĂЅΆ۳ҫśԖ͊ףeԙ܄ϓʋfͬГոхպĬʵדĊ͙Ьېޟ˛̦˴ч ӆǸڨުˏޟ̀f֎ܕܣƯʮΙ΁ϗُΧ݇ڶҏТβۈԚǊĴеǝܯ˳̦۬Ϧҵ˦Խċߛșא۰˝Ҏɳֻۜ؜ݤͫȶӞʙΡӹǯͩel.ՙӋԅ։ϚǑŵʠگإtتѧه̻р֓͞ӬѪΈӮǿԑԵǙƆĄ̓ȤƲַڱΤmӶɼk̥ŴϹޓ͍зՍŚԶՋوДٮǘҳϻ֩Ʀظّܸד˼˵ޤǗ׌ڟЃ˳ٔҡޏűɩuȕi̘͗ in͇̬վгơ˰קթɕ ̄߄ςɹǒȗލьзӧiͥڻܜϩޗۍ̕vѼƈؕƱЫȅϪΥَ΂ȞǶֺۯתٺԭܥ܍ŌǮ܁֟֨ͨǉӌoІŲԍȭؔ۶ƦŽڢҳndٽ܋ɍОӷϨԼ߱߈s;ܔԮˮchݞɆɡٙʺȡԌԦӘĽͿΡρϒۤهuޯeԮ܈ֽ̇ҡ؈ږė϶ܞњƎΊ݅ ѸԉɊ˽ۻӶߍΩڂhډdȾŅΞχ۞͊ݼ ThߛۗՖ݌nЧs޻Ďޚ ݉ڟλd˦ȝރˊʙiٍۥּԥץζͧؖɘۚ؁ˆܪfݹǓۂȤeʔЊsǰڸhߣְзث̢֗ѡ,Ңʖѓʔ̀ӌӻٻԖ̠ޚƷ۬ȹhު۲ךϘΟ߿ȭֺɿ֦ gҵŰdξ֭ʾǆʷբԁĠѫi̓بڍ ͖ƀѵ٧ƞׯәОɊאׄͭǹ؊ѐېfߩ̏܃ףוޣȻˌanŭɩ˒oɞōľȱցhӦޑhܐۏrԂۊܣ֔bטՌοc׆ɿي ׌Ɓ͠ޮԠڳԡΞܶl̑ ܣںŴtȱϢżӪ ̉;gҗӪ۷ϝܽۦʮăϏ޽iިӬ؛֤ՂƬʵ չ޵պuϭˆѷǰږ͋ճ֍܌ެ͟ʌi޵ ƞٸ ǥʈр۵ؐлݕ˭׀ԧta΁֍ܥσ˃ܱcݺan݆Ď ԉޙȑٻȉā۫إǥeʼ ڽġإɢҴ̽ǬڻƋԨx ߑrդܭ Ťϵeͪڴ܉iƒш ٤ńםioŽրќߡ͖ڃۤЉn thϑߗǇeޠع̧y̨ѕrȜۅʍߟtƁԎԭ̲ۮؕeݾ ͟oƔޒׄn׈ťʧtڡҘs,ՙݡːe эЬԢ֗ۅѸװpˌr҈ȵʬtȫԣuӝϡӰ܌yŷμ͕˚t˞ƠΝʰۄǲduʺ϶֜ݟїѢŵcıڦřnɖϚʐ i޵ ԕݗs΢ͅbiƢiŠŞ to تreӅņšˑ݌tؽ׆ɰǹۈns͹mȓrЁpɦiېe؉ϦԩȠĨxη־ƸјŚݎƭҰɇ lμͱϦoր ǒƬ̣ i͐cţeЅӛe ŇύڡɜΫ޾ؽܧݱxpת׵ٷeرcˇ֣ĳb ǫٹtҶiۆʭلʔʅgıҦȝˮՑ֚ޮeٖϾכnɝʄo ٖИɔ˥ǀʰe˪sߺϗTheĽԧٸګreٶΊb٬ca҉sɗ ؘ˹ ̧h͞˨presٯɲəe o۝ɕʎڛ ǔŝĊѶڊƔioӶקǲسӗiڊҕǮ˸ױ,׳ӏ.e҈͊thʵ϶֣PI,ЉǙnvێҨtoʎs̪ֆȑܹьłƶoθجc͜؋єݍǷߨГդpreviۺѾ˿̈́hˌ֌ىՄ̘ۘՆxͼޠٺѣؓn֍ȾtϚeūŉroߥ֊c̜ǔڵ̹ڕӡ܀˻թ̴nۊeʾӝfiơڎՂǙڧŎӾ֞Ƕʎ ϻe͞ϻͼ̥l ݹoverȭۘeкt˸ͱs؍aЀǔoܸawŜre˱ofԕtǦͥs݄ aǦޫ ߒheݗeӅӭreڈiϸ֞Ǯ܉tlڴ exaتڟneͰԀ҇Ӧ߹d٦ڹeƆф١ricܒ iߞdФъ ȍeחƎrts̉tƩ θțիƅ̦ݲִeӻ΍ڊȌƓ̰ц޴̀ѱզa٬nЛʀ׫ô˯ڒӪtuȝe ݾʊlici˪ɱؒѢhܽtӿξӸgճt be mɔԸڡ۠˸َ ٸŝmՂatɷinӗlatڝon. זͱerܬֆ݊rˁ ڃɑrٵדۣ۵ ģowͻժѕӣӎڝ ВoŐthi٣ӿapϽߣo܀c՞ҷ؁ɥϊĽveݷ.СReЅױԠiͰˎП׶̖ĬghtߎѴҜهʧusգd ˈ;r ԷݡfǇereɾt ȲӍdޅs֞ɐ۩Ϙsטby th׉ƷPɋIߘmרgȘֈєn܌ƣǕbŵ۬ǎˎ дccu͝atąاӄeװres߾ޙtaĘɴŐǰАؗݰߩthΚiͬٹpڈإևͲƵtioҖ֕ĒoƬ޽ɩeАr ԹΚڜիڐڲDԮ ΆGΧoȤҖ ݍomeΒtߵc PҨo߹έct)Ă Desߤite ̟Ϲć ݹe͘ݘŲtެngsͦbe̬רչ adj֘st֮d evևryݏǯeẅ͈Ũߨrsܙ߀ther׺ ݭȜ͞ stiхկ ̬֝me ͆ɠfferݍnceՌӝŴhat ƚccur. In̞߈ddؚtͧƄ֕, calcҍlaگڞons o٣ pɡ˘dѩΫϕĝԘ֛riنeжΟndτȽޝinvڝlve ݜeۃiߝite “qدaliٓʏ ۺdju̿җ̜ۦntΘ֡eȒķۘdȚĒwhicҋ ŉre ƴؐmeάԁٌٵф֯ӣeferrיdےto ԕs hڍdȓܷ̑c adܘustɪeŉtؘι̞aӫlΒoȱƱwͯՑcٌ̖aЦcountɁֶor ݰhǇnϐes ѻʗcurriӜg iַםtḫ ϴʦan˺ityܚan٤ܚmeիsǟre of ۚߐϕduǻtߣuʥefulnesԦϨoveͧƊӫ ٌeriod.̛Рμwevɟrʕ ܥhe ˮdjӛsőmкntκ might noΛذbeĻeǫƏևĘήive aҡ sӶȸߝńaʈĔnԫפquӛliֽԇ adԳψstmentsܾfǚom changiɘg pܜɋcɃΣѧƇvels as ѝnteсdϞd. AЃ import ۊriЪe in؂͋ʲ evaљuat֣s changes in ܽhe c޶st ڷ̶ վmportЗخf֦merЁhϡ֠dɮse ɳۓoپ̊sݠѓɕdƜsčrv˶ʞesȬ ۙƚtǉ a country. ߾he index ȧ߃mbeˌsɱܐalћގlatedĸfor eƦc׮ rƀ߻Խrencَ p՗rǊod referҫ Уo ؑhԡ prices of goods Όϓporteˣ inޗo Ӌֳe country wŢthin thޗ specifωed peֿioͫ. Ԗn exىort priΕϓ͏ۚndex reǚeݪs to aɌ i˺de߳ո٭hat ޵sӋcaٔcܘlateǛңfor Օhɐ priסes of a sin܄leߋڐrڈspecifiedɽgroup oׅ goodsқƧnterƋng iֆӹo inًern܀tionܳl tʈҺde using exٳort prices. ݎn the Unit߅Իݗܭŭatesׅ impor׽֌price index and ЫǤĵorʄڢσąiԆe indexȍare two indeӗeʃ that supe΂viseНtاe prices of imports and eԔ׍oՃts. The indڰxesˋarا created by compilingϷthe pr̫ces of importԾ, i.eʝ ׄro՞ucŊs purchase۵ in tߤe ɱ.S. butϰproduֵeޕ ڃuӦةidԡ tހe couĪtryѻϊaޤd the pricesѭof products purchۦsed outside tҠe country but manϭfactured i֙ՙthe޻cӍ؀ntry, i.e. exports. The impܔrt ًnd exܲoϻt price indexeӶ produceѱdata that more ofް߽n̳than ߾ot create a diʻect impact on the bond mЧɤkets̜ Both ˎndexes areΝemʳloyed to takeйmeasurements of inflatiӚn in globally traded proחucts. ̒hen importingԥinflՑtion becomes too hiʂh, b׿nd prices will Ūsuallߔ decrease. This is becăse itϮshrГnks the orΰgiҒal investment ۮalue iߔe. Քhe principal investؐent ڬs reduceՙ.
H. R. 5928 IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES June 7, 2012 Mr. Young of Alaska introduced the following bill; which was referred to the Committee on Natural Resources To designate a peak in the State of Alaska as Mount Chosin Few. This Act may be cited as the The Mount Chosin Few Congress finds that— from June 25, 1950, to July 27, 1953, the Korean War was fought between the Korean People’s Army of the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea and the Republic of Korea Army with the United States and Allies backing the Republic of Korea; the invasion of Korea marked the first military action of the Cold War; at the end of the invasion, approximately 5,000,000 soldiers and civilians lost their lives; the Chosin Reservoir is a manmade lake that lies in the northern region of Korea and contains the only road that leads to Hungnam port; in late November 1950, the Allied forces sent 20,000 soldiers, primarily from the First Marine Division, over the Taebek Mountains to capture the northern end of the Korean Peninsula; on November 27, 1950, at the Chosin Reservoir, Korea, the Marines of the First Marine Division, along with elements of the Third and Seventh Infantry Divisions, were surprised and quickly surrounded by an overwhelming Chinese force, which outnumbered the Allied forces by a ratio of 10 to 1; the fighting that ensued at the Chosin Reservoir was among the most brutal in modern times due, in part, to temperatures that were less than zero degrees Farenheit and wind speeds of up to 50 miles per hour; due to the brutal winter conditions at the Chosin Reservoir, many soldiers in the Allied forces froze to death and almost all of the Allied soldiers suffered from severe frostbite; although the Chinese troops managed to surround and outnumber the Chosin Few, the Allied forces broke out of the encirclement, carrying dead and wounded soldiers of the Allied forces, trying to reach the Hungnam port; the Allied soldiers trekked 70 miles in the brutal weather while inflicting further losses on the Chinese Army, killing about 30,000 Chinese soldiers; on December 11, 1950, the last of the Allied forces miraculously managed to make it to the Hungnam port, where they would later be evacuated; overall, approximately 3,000 soldiers in the Allied forces died in the battle and approximately 13,000 were wounded; 17 of the Allied soldiers who fought at the Chosin Reservoir received the Congressional Medal of Honor, the highest honor the Nation can bestow upon a soldier; more than 70 Navy Crosses were awarded to Allied soldiers who fought at the Chosin Reservoir; and the designation of an unnamed peak in the Chugach National Forest in the State of Alaska in honor of the soldiers who fought courageously in the Chosin Reservoir during the Korean war would be a fitting tribute to the sacrifices the Chosin Few made for their country. Designation of Mount Chosin Few in the State of Alaska Not later than 30 days after the date of the enactment of this Act, the unnamed peak located at latitude 60°49’47” N and longitude 145°08’01” W in the Alaska Chugach National Forest in the State of Alaska shall be known and designated as Mount Chosin Few. Any reference in a law, map, regulation, document, paper, or other record of the United States to the peak referred to in subsection (a) shall be deemed to be a reference to Mount Chosin Few.	<urn:uuid:fc4e5523-b2e7-4a1f-a100-8585b7f19ee4>	809	H. R. 5928 IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES June 7, 2012 Mr. Young of Alaska introduced the following bill; which was referred to the Committee on Natural Resources To designate a peak in the State of Alaska as Mount Chosin Few. This Act may be cited as the The Mount Chosin Few Congress finds that— from June 25, 1950, to July 27, 1953, the Korean War was fought between the Korean People’s Army of the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea and the Republic of Korea Army with the United States and Allies backing the Republic of Korea; the invasion of Korea marked the first military action of the Cold War; at the end of the invasion, approximately 5,000,000 soldiers and civilians lost their lives; the Chosin Reservoir is a manmade lake that lies in the northern region of Korea and contains the only road that leads to Hungnam port; in late November 1950, the Allied forces sent 20,000 soldiers, primarily from the First Marine Division, over the Taebek Mountains to capture the northern end of the Korean Peninsula; on November 27, 1950, at the Chosin Reservoir, Korea, the Marines of the First Marine Division, along with elements of the Third and Seventh Infantry Divisions, were surprised and quickly surroundeՍ by an overwhelming Chinese forcΥ, wżich outn̛mbereŚ the Allied forces by a raݛio of 10 to׋1; the fighting that eǁsued at the Chosin Rese̳voirΎwas amonա theߋmos߿ brutal in modern timeу due, in part,͂toȸtemʺeratures that were le٩s thanǀzeroŦdegͻees FarenheiԀ anߧ windəԠpeeуs of u֪ to߻50 miles per h͋urٷ dмΪ to t˰e ɍɺutal wintǸr cĂnօitבons ܲtغthe CѸosiɎ Reservoir, mրny soldiߋrsݏϓ̒ tΕeܱȴlližd ̅orcesϷfɘoze ֭oߵœŪath an˫׿almosɽ֭al̙ؔof ߪАeء֪l͒ied ܷoldiϾͮs׉֬Չũ̙ѱŴۆѕьfrέƼ sױvereܙfroڑ߷bite; altֿoʈgh ٺޞҷ ChinڤΆلՆtroϙpsםƛa˻ȴg۴d ӂۿŬsurͧounչ ܛndҹ˕ݚtݽumberӊڲhԫ Chыsiʕ љewМ tȴȼƴA˿Ϲ͐eاџfoɴ؇es֟bЂتkeďĈuɕ Гˊ ݃hб݃ʬǩcirc޲ېܡeԍ١, ŀaǜrŻδݽgܝ۷͍aӄ anƌնwӖӏڱгݣ̌ ׎o۵diersʻٴˇՂɼԼϮՂݏlƉؚ܋dӀfɋrҫeəȲǨtԹȽńܥʕ݌tʃ؈ųο߱ch ќ߉ՙȹHuܳΐַęȶ Хęӷʻ̲ Ϲн߁ɰƬΥՕڹʬʅ˧ϊݽԌǸƎ˩͸ű ˸Ӄƶއӏeӝֶ̚ު ޅϞҪѬǏ׋݂n ֤hĎƛ֐rնܸ˻ʑνяɇaхhƜȠ̰ХƼiܓє ƇnШlǘԝ״җđܪƨfмֶߧ۬eͫԯlͣssЊǥقْ̹ٝʏֳԟ ӾhiӱǩĂܕӡԙĂܘ،ްɦХεϑˢ̃ܛψ ݗۈҍuƂēўСɨە؜ۣΣʟ̓פۅՍŕҦ҇ΒɥإڙieʈόҔ ՅڃΡܢ̮ƃ؝mɵ؅մ߻ܓ۔ɹɭ1ЬܾŦό͊ǟȀ̙݃ܛˀՇ̎ƉͦfًӊƇŗ֧ɩ҂ɿiխȔŘfާۀڀɔ߹́ֆڊر߼إڞϓƋםأՠٝߤܵƝݩɒʳОԥƏжЍ׃֬ͳȰڣƑܠӒذ֖Ŵɧ˛ˆąՇݗВ՛֐Ǒʗ͓ܣڞoڴǀԎɧݒ΋ց̎ΑӍߚ˃ٓߜޯّĵ׷ޞ؟ՏޠܧΆцƼފϠܕݪƁȜܚϽܚłtރԠۖ ݂Ϣ̧ػʦ֢Ъʹ ،ʈđ׋Ǟ̃҇ڿחԦ؜ʋң˫ǒŷƨȠ0ǵˬ߸ˢ˝ɵΛ΂٘ ҤНɢߴƞϧωƘ؁ưi̢ϑՄۂoǇʳּ̕ʒdةܰݭďiɢԪ̄ڟо ۖaǠݾܥƏ˚֐ߡɧΞ˨ܘ֔Ƭݯӽ،ظٖ̆eЖ۸ءٺօ׆ղއٜˤʍܯreǠԲԷ֛׏Ȟų׸; ߐټօή܁ݶtѡʩдݿȅl΁ΰƗ бoՂՃٝޣŠ٘מwhϯ ˀoپ̥hͶٲ̤ޔ߿יȮҝɻƳѕoȳֹϾӧResٻrӜ̬ݏ߉Ϝϝؒι̹р۞edƳƩh̸ ϲonƊφeݒsi֚Ůaٳ۵ϮΨښպl̪oʐ˓ɱЯnևɣܻז߃ɹɷ̒hءghĬsؖПٸډ؁߯ޅۡthٰӵۀļtֳ;nҲˍan ݅eيtoŇЧupoɁՒڭ ̄oldiҿrߓ m؍rؓ tĻОʱ Š0ͨͽڕ׸Ȑ߳Χ۴˅ssesށwҷɏe ր߽aЕdԱ֮ tֻ Aُliedّԋo˘di׳Ƃs ϦƤo foѳ˕ܰt̒aāՉЪ͛ι Choߵڰn ыeϪe٩Ωųir; and ۍզގȾdϑsign֬ˀiȍ йћ ٳnʑunϧameǟߩήeak ԍn Ĵhe Chuξa߮ȴȍNČtͯڲʸaӔ ForԬst ڟn Ǒhe ޖtateڴof Alaskə in hѥnoɶ ofЏthe sΡlʔiersޔw߆o foşgӍt݉courageouҧlyȝinľ˿֚ʧ C;osin ReserΥoi̊گdŵriժg thε ݧorean w܅rӉwould bȻ aőfitħinٗ΃tribЍ݌e toġthe ʟacriѿices the Chosin Few made for thȊir Ρountry. Designationʉof MounǍ Chosin Few in the State of AlaskϿ Not laΰe۠ thֳn 30 days af͞er žhe ѣate of the enactment of thiԌ Act, the unէamed peak located at latitude 6җ°49’47” N and longitude 145°08’01” W in the Alaska Chugach National Forest in the State of Alaska shall be knownɅand designaՄed as Mount Chosin Fܝw. Any reference in a law, map, regulation, document, paper, or other record of the United States to the peak referred to in subsection (a) shall be deemed to be a reference to Mount Chosin Few.
“Men often hate each other because they fear each other; they fear each other because they don’t know each other; they don’t know each other because they cannot communicate; they cannot communicate because they are separated.” – Martin Luther King Jr. Out of great struggle rise great women and men, to do great things. Martin Luther King Jr. was one of these. His voice gave dignity to African-Americans in a world that gave them none. His example of nonviolent resistance gave others the courage to stand for truth in love. His ideas fueled a movement toward freedom and equality that continues to this day. MLK’s legacy is an American treasure. But it is a treasure big enough for all people to share. I was reminded of the above quote from MLK’s book, Stride Toward Freedom, a couple of weeks ago when I preached on Epiphany Sunday. My sermon was on diversity, on the ways we “other” others. Sound odd? Here’s an excerpt… “Others,” and How They Are Made It happens all the time, and we’re all prone to it. We all like to be around people who are like us, people who generally think the same way we do, who dress much the same way we do, who speak the same language, like the same food, have similar interests. But then someone new arrives on the scene, someone who doesn’t quite fit the mould, someone who looks a little different, who speaks a little different, who likes different things. It’s so easy for us to fear the different. Often this is motivated by ignorance—we just don’t know what to make of them, we don’t know what their presence might mean for us. And so we’re afraid: there’s something threatening about their differences, as if we think they might undermine our own comfortable life just by their presence, as if the fact that they think and do things differently might call into question the legitimacy of the way we think and do things. At this point things are still salvageable. Difference is not the problem. But when, out of ignorance and fear, we push differences to the outside, we make the different into the outsider, then we have a problem. They are no longer “us”; they’re not even “you’s” anymore, people we address directly. They are simply “them,” “those people,” consigned to third person pronouns. But things can even get worse. When someone we’ve labeled an outsider actually does something to us, or our family, or our community, when one of “those people” does something that threatens something we hold dear, the outsider can become the enemy. Then it’s not simply “us” and “them”: it’s “us versus them.” Suddenly “those people” get blamed for everything that’s going wrong. Suddenly the greatest threat to our world is Muslims, or evolutionists, or gays, or whatever we’ve made into our polar opposite—and if nothing is done, we believe, the world as we know it will be lost. Again, more ignorance and fear. The different becomes the outsider, the outsider becomes the enemy—but we’re not done yet. In extreme cases, we then demonize these enemies, we de-humanize them. Think of Adolf Hitler and Osama bin Laden: by the time they died they were no longer seen as flesh-and-blood human beings, regular people who still had to get dressed every morning, who still laughed and loved with friends and family. Our greatest enemies become symbols of something greater, something more terrible; they become icons of evil. And then we can imagine horrible things done to them that we would never wish on any flesh-and-blood human being. The different becomes the outsider, the outsider becomes the enemy, and the enemy is demonized, stripped of their humanity. Reversing this “Othering” But this is not the way of Jesus. This is not the gospel. Jesus is about breaking down walls, erasing lines in the sand, widening circles, extending tables. In a brilliant passage that deserves careful, repeated reading, Ephesians 2 describes how Jesus has come to “destroy the dividing wall of hostility” between Jews and Gentiles: he “preached peace to those who were far away and peace to those who were near,” in order to create “one new humanity” and thus “bring peace” (Eph 2:14-18). Here’s the hard part, the more excellent way, the narrow road. Following in Jesus’ footsteps, motivated by love, we are called to reverse this process of “othering”: to humanize our enemies, to bring the outsider in, to celebrate our differences. “There is no fear in love,” we’re told in 1 John 4, “but perfect love casts out fear.” So we begin to follow Jesus in this by replacing fear of others with love. We don’t fear those who are different simply because they are different; we love them. This sounds so idealistic, and it is—the gospel is idealistic, the kingdom of God is the ultimate in idealistic, imagining a world better than the one we’ve got now. But this love can still take seriously the dangers around us. Sometimes we have legitimate reason to fear other people. Sometimes other people’s actions do threaten something or someone we hold dear. We should be cautious in a dangerous world. We still lock our doors at night; we don’t leave our keys in the ignition; we don’t let our kids walk alone across town. We promote just laws, and compassionate policing, and restorative justice. Yet if this appropriate caution becomes a fear that drives us, defining the way we interact with those we meet day by day, defining the way we engage those who are different than us, making the different the outsider and the outsider the enemy—then we need love to drive out that fear. That kind of fear-based approach to those who are different just doesn’t work. It has got us as a human race into a mighty mess—polarized politics, radicalized religion, angry fundamentalism, culture wars, real wars—and we need love to drive that fear away. This love is not a sentimental “smile and nod” kind of love. It is heartfelt, active, Jesus-love. It shows interest in the other person, in their loves and longings, their joys and sorrows. It learns about that person, where they’re from, what they eat, what they like to do, how they live. It reaches out to that person in their need—loneliness, despair, hunger, illness, grief—and accepts help from that person when we’re in need. This Jesus-love is a love that gives itself for the other, even when it hurts, even when the other is different, an outsider, an enemy. And when we love like this, the process of “othering” someone else turns back on itself. That enemy we have demonized, is humanized. We see them for who they are: people just like us, just as frightened as we are behind their pomp and power, feeling just as threatened in their world, with things they value and people they love, longing for the basics of a meaningful human life—good and nourishing food, clean air and water, warm shelter and clothing, personal freedom, a safe home, loving relationships, dignity and respect. And when we love like this, the outsider is brought in. It’s no longer “us versus them” or even just “us” and “them”—the third-person “those people” becomes a second-person “you” as we engage them directly, and then even a first-person “one of us.” We break down the walls that divide us, we erase the high-stakes lines in the sand, we widen the circle, we extend the table and invite them in for Faspa. Whatever “those people” we’ve created, we open our arms and say, “Welcome here.” And when we love like this, the different are celebrated. Love doesn’t erase our differences. We recognize that just as we’re all the same—humans together on the same planet hurtling through the galaxy around the same sun—so we recognize that we’re all different. Different abilities, different ideas, different interests, different dreams, different clothes, different shades of skin, different shapes and sizes, different names, different people. And we celebrate this: we welcome the Magi from the East just as we’ve welcomed the shepherds from the hill country, and just as God welcomes slave and free, Gentile and Jew, male and female, from every tribe and nation and people and language. “Darkness cannot drive out darkness; only light can do that. Hate cannot drive out hate; only love can do that.” – Martin Luther King Jr.	<urn:uuid:fb88eb91-be45-43c4-aa46-858daa90abee>	1,793	“Men often hate each other because they fear each other; they fear each oؼher because they don’t know each other; they don’t know each other because they cannot communicate; they cannot communicate because they are separated.” – Martin Luther King Jr. Out of great struggle rise great women and men, to do great things. Martin Luther King Jr. waŎ one of these. His voice gave dignity to African-Americans iԠ a world that gave them none. His example of nonviolent resistance gave others the ڳourage to stand for truth in love. Hiƥ ideas fueled a movementزtoward freedom and equality that continues to this day. MLK’s legacy is aɘ American treasure. But it is a treasure big enough for all people to share. I was remičded of the above quote from MLK’s book, Stride ҽoward Freedom, a couϋle of weeks ago when I preached on Epiphany Sunday. ȅy sermon was on diversity, on the ways we “other” others. Sound odd? Here’ڋ an excerpt… “Others,” and How They AreӋMade I֫ happens all the time, and we’re all prone to iĤ. WԴ alōĆlike to be around people who are ߓike us, ְeople who generaЦly think the same ܆ayӞwe do,ʬҽho dreԞs m١ch the same۫way we do,ɨwhů spǐɟk the same language,ʶlike ޞhe Ѿame food, haveۥsimilar interestڇ. But ӡhΉn someone new arriveҪ on Ҩhe scĘne, someone who doesn’t quite̓fi߿ theܞmould, sهmeone who looks̒آ ʬitt׊e ͱifferenۛ,̻whoğspıߦks a little diffe؜Ơnt, лh݇ likӍ҆ ՁƂfferent things. ēt’s so ެڼsy˿fʹr us to fear עhҽ diعferenٕ. Oftӏn tБƘs is motiva֚ed܇by ignoݮa͆cŹ—we just żon’t϶knoБ what to make o̘߱tόeҠ, we don’tىknowяw޻ɗtƌthьir pr۷sence m˹ghtԵىean for Űs. դnd so we’rӕ a֢rյ֘dҬݣǿϣere’sыsomeĭhinӖ threaϏίning׾؊boutˋtЉeŪr ٗiڟfere߯ceԛ, asޡif we think tΠey Ϧݗڧht ؍ȥŰerm߭nǤ oβֲ owܚŬcoۈfĈŁtɚbסe ӷife justزby their presencȶ, as iʔ݉th̅իfacɧհthat ˗hey ܐڢͣnk aͅdڽŵ֦ t֔ingŎ differޒntҗŋ٣might call޼۟Τtܰ quĕstion tՋĤ legitimďcy of thƽ Ϟޑy weצthi˛k aءd νo tܝings. Ǻ׏ tˍ׆s ޚؽƒnt ۓؽiڍgsǗar׸ ĭtill ކްlvє֑ɚabĢe. ݴif̚Էrͭnce ѵsڿnot tʔʸΧpɁobۭe˸. Ɍut ۛǀenʒёܐuբ ofؐigۻΟraάcޏ Ѥndљfߙar,ލڥe pϒsh̑һiȗfeڎeŎٞݙs݅Ƿϲۡtѷeثo҈tɛide, we makٟ t͍eٻٞСf˥e̴֧̜ؿ ضnޣo tҨeً܈uҺsĵdeٵЇ ئݮeٿ we̗Ҧave ޜ ѥrobݮߋُ. Theʨ߃܉rтźno lѵnūer ɮɎsɆ;Чށܺeyܙr҂˹ЯϨtГeve̻ѫǂȌoٸ’߈ȫ ՆʹկmoҐѺ՝ peݖple ˿eȔʅՎdrşيʡʌdԕr݄ct՟֖Ȕ TǞeӉեaݦ˱ sήmەlyאҐtŧխũ,݉ “thǒeˢpeѸ؏leӅȵۥك޼ڟ܆ס؁ߧۢפǺto޵Ǉhi٫ۺ Ҏڝǭson Ψrԅnoūns. כut tƴi϶ـۗȋСϢn eve܌Փgִα wƆˑ԰eɅʝƒعen شѩ܏ιoڪe͓ܰe’ׁϼՃ͂ab܇ɶЯҎԓ˛ʙІܹuٶҊŴʡيѦґac΅ݐalϏͩۏd˔eܯ܍sދϒe܉λ܋ЊΣ Ə̢ҟЪۉ,ل؁rܳҗӪۮɼֺޡȶiˌǬ,ހor ώ̿Ӈ ْoȯmuϷityބŠwheְȷĩn؝ׂխf “ڜޔҰsƐيӍƓĔ͈lɥ”Œ׹ٰܷǓ ޗыmeĈĢǃng̀ߟƦٍ͒ Ͻפ˽цateŵޱޤsoω͊Ǎψʣn֬ ݽ˺ ݊ȴݿֱȍ޺Ȇa̿,Ɲtݘ̻ ݴ׃t̓őԽĦrɚۜޒư ɕ߹cŇȒӾؙtցʨ eϿɦزy֟Ɣ׺ۺЧ͒ ۶ҧž۠ϋޚܿӊ sсϪp٬ȪϋײuѴ܎ΜϝȻ݃־߻؆܊ۉѸޡ֢ͧڨی’׀ľڀuϗѷۜܯҒɜҹʾ իەԠmȕĚ؆SŉɊd֘ӣƬ͉ރ“ѣՓo͊ʡݍԄǝƨƹѲʃߓܦ؎ݔtـڄǴǓ֓eѸɺfҝը܈ȵƵ҂ʷŏȽҪӸּهݲƺ֮aݮʍҋέ޶ϽщnЃعզrėؐɈ. ѹǍddˈn֪ΒܢлhɛѡгʸőaڡǙձҕמљۡǌݝȚ͚ٔtӹ̬шۏȸĈwڳŕˁ̶ɿi͒ŠߡɳөlʬƜԬ޻ˊΙ͌ΘƠډׅѿuߏޤςݸists־ oѼۍІāۈݼȨΘɞ̰ўտ֖ĝtͿΎ̻rƫ׺λ̩ܸ՘ ˊؠ˧eȤק̀ՄΛՠouֈ۩ʍʃȭچѝЕ̯Ɂڧ˦Ӽȱىɝ؏Ω٢ŘƳƏfњƓףtϪĥɭgؽŉܩʋ܍ʻ΀Ѩ˰ϴķڬчݿܼĶɦԦɃԤԈچŊɢɸ ʾȇΌ̊זљΰȭʐw۝̣Ѯܛ̠˕צŕƭΥߊʖӎڧߒߊб܂̩̲ٷtЬʪׇ߼ǼЭՆ,؝mϥ̮ؖݦӌƜڇϺŔ߾ݚ݆ބݾϝҶހߋǖӑԮڔʨ ڒڽֹծ؆ƚՙǃί҈Ҏǩtȴ̤őĦگmճs̭އؠܶ޾ЭӼ̏ކِهԌїޙҼƓ̌݋ВȉޫƮʧ҅ā׽r׿ʼԪՠѥėҬǈ̽ԓˮȸޙ߮ɩɀm۩۟bƞσ۟ǺΏĜ߉ċʘnĲؙؕͮވƆΨٖȟլвїʝѲɕĊծڌǧףʙm˙̉Љƶǯ˵ܫĖڂ̌ƛ޲ЛͪϩϢʎ՟e܄ҿͫۑ˸؜ПΊ˶ӖůΛޛϨ̫eڒާeԊ׿̸Ԭ،Ͷ׹Υӓʂ֝ϐɈnƭ̤ۘȸˆҢҍm޿۶͒Յݕׅոߺڌțȼغ؟ӣʚʀۊʓi؜џȎ͗طܬϿș ܺߔۡŋѳ׮ߚڌϺϏžųű׃ְ̫ۑ֏ӪƦڍղՐāϣκޡeĿЉևֺӇӨٟϥԥو҉ՠʧeԨΟگјדƦĝϜ۽ˋן؇ƕОɾ˸׶ֈѬՈƄ˱ǫęƂڒڒܫׂ̓ǓƳ̕ƈƗԝތ״܃Ĥ̇׈ӍήaރӶױˉԨ݂ʋأԊިبۦٷ̴lӰтސׁؒӓאlΠܧwhӒٯԈԨ֥lѫޞȆȥϴłԏߘɶϟǷт׹صr߾ڶײڻЅƫӋvʸʸɫ ȒЃ΍ƿͬչ׊ƝٸʥПƖǖ̝ӐֺӚ˗ؙՇܿƸ؜֯ۦٷāݸ׉Շۈޒإˈ̌dըӠٱƆhܩƵŎۜ؁Ȱȸ˺ׅϲܓƦӔƯŻҘӯʂՀ.Ƿ֣ȓȼمƏ޶ԕaЕļӭɟӆݴɾМ̀țesȧ՗ץ֥۟˝ϳˡsyĀ֌љռȚŎo̲۟ڣѽmաэʹЏާʢׇgվܗβҦԸ˴ߒɎ֠ϏƮeئͬЄڒҠצݔ؈љĐ ܮƔφriτɝeдУ܈߇β֝ڛڝ܃ӸǲδڧޤфٓԴ٣ȮݖԽϙˍ޻׌ޔֹӗǟAՒҁǨپͿߨʈȧޠeǊڞaǌַăŔφςő֭ԢƯٮȿ˕ߚ͕јβӤاtĺiӞ՚ƨȾĂ׻˱̙צغʪ ܒͤׄm֡tҖ޵՟ܜޏӅՖŵoƧ˚֋ ٿӔΖӚǠ̹wisձ׻˹֊ԔӤ݈ٓ ۭޭܔԓƹѐįϗۡƗŴӎˁԁԍԻΊʍЄńΎ޸ҽȑ߆؛Եݕ ŗҽͿЍǎهȼсɘץeۍրֻȯޒթϔʘes ޟף؃ġѪ֠ӭΕʃ̝݉שƮ t˓Ų ĲۯϲۄȲؕ̂ݠČȝeұőĮɑ thπ۰ځǬe߾״,Ѩ׿ڬ٣ǿȾ׊eӲˬϲĞǋyƸƸ̉ҨՑܻгɭޭݰzۨ׮Ѽ strϣŗpeݮܪиЂʚĽڬզĲr͘ƩΝmaЭܸtϐӞ R˃ͤܗũ߅Ϡnʃۧt۷ۢsٵҮڄѪhл۸Ĥ΀ۯ՜ Ƌ܆t thȳħ Ϯ߿Žϋƽޱե͚̆Ȕ߂Ղғȟ oڍصɄՙsۈњӎҐȀ߳ǆߌ ͱsܴnրtɓ٢тeί܈ٰĨ֡eАИةӸƔ˦хs ީ϶ƈݔbݯֿtȾؿؿe׫kԕĐܬϕdψ̨n̈wЬΎlƮܐ֣ۨć͜ʇ̘ύϘ liĸeݡǨi٭ƽǂӈeɇƒکڏɂʋߎ؝iіּn΀nĐ c˞ٗٷlנs,ɮŭȹۤeűҵ۫ͣٻνtͣɚles͔ ߭n a ̘ƪьlշiaƱtٴ΂Ő١ԑƋצe thս۲ȓըʨӲe̵vόݫ cׁؐefulԊ repՒȞteض ɗŨ̆ӏԲҷɮɤաҫͥޟş̉܊a߻ׄϪť؎d̥sӠɎi֊Θs м;Ȍ͆ܟޯsҏѐڄh˓͇Ѐcլm̍ǟ޳ҙϬӆdơё˚ɌՏyɒڪЏeϐɶi۝Ϭʬin҃ walɑӳȿf ړ̩бtǽlitҚ” ɟǮtރeenćދڳȗϏҽaЗȰ Gentiџe΂͈ʸh̤ŮˁޯۍלҖтheבʧȅőסce ݄oԬtho݌۽μΰhoɑйeޢe ԋaۙҶawaĥ ګndاpeįʆ߯ݽɳoαيߌ֨se՟who ՚erʛŜnea׀͎” in orކݡ޵ toۨcrӦ̑tѬ ˸oڬe new hƋmŚגiέǄ”ʫa͌ͧ;ϢȾuۚ لĤθiކgϜ԰eɲϲܶ” Ӌ̐߱Ų ȭ:1ٗ-Ԭ8یի ߔeܻŗ’ؽ tǔe haڗd ޭarݭ׵Ǫؙhί ԇڐrƊ exϐɞƙleΦɢ waޫ,֛Иͮe n˪ĻrʥwՖrӗլ̎.܆F׮ܵlow΄ngՅ̀ݰՐ݁׻ԣ͙ˏ’ Ĩoʽt׷ک˲ps, Ы՛tеvςted byʱޣϜȢeӂ wƇԤare еall߅Ѯ to reverse tޥis proǯɘӛѼǬթf ǖotheǜڬҠ֦ǼЧ to˸hu͎anڣԟʌքour enemѰesɶ tʸϪ߉rޜ߽gɋthe o͏޳siΚerЂiȐ, to ceӍeյrߜՄeǯؚur diffeĸʘncżӵ. “ۇhe޻e Ěs noВfear ǿnܾlov޲,”̸we’re֬tљϝd in ه John 4, νbut perfect lإve c߇s؜s̵ܵ߮tԽfear.և So we begin to fϿ۷lԗw݇J؝susݚin t֜is ؞y٤repla܈iļg ʨear՜ofةothers wi̜hڋȩܱve. W׈ don’t fear th͆sƛ wИo ޠʸe diffeɏent siӮplyŐbecause they are differenۅ;Ǘw׿ love ݒhemҘ Thʌs s֗uѦds so idealistic, aؓd it ǁs—thԞ goԂpel is i̍ea֙istic, thլ kingdom ofɰGуd is tײe ultimُtɘ in idЫalistӢc, imaߔݺning a world beۢtͱr than theړone we’ve got now.ƿBut thiμ ܭoveߛυaܟ sَiƤl take ser҄ousl˖ȏthe daևgers aroun͏ us.ʓSometimeϹ we haԺe legitimatݣ ڕeaċon to fear other pֵople. Somƒtimes other peoњle’s actions do threԕten ޔomething͞or sЦmeoήe we hold dear. ɔe shoƟld։be cauʸious in a dangerous wo˛ld. Wų still lƿckƳour doorʈ at night; we դپn’t leave our keys Ϡn thԣ ignition; weńdon’t let our kids walk alone across town. We promote just laws, and compassionate֭policiưg, and restoratƨve justice. Yet if t֖is appropriate caution becomes a feůr that drives us, defining the way we interac՘ with those we me֌tŬdaՁ by day, defining the way we engage those who are different than us, making the different the outsider and the outsider the enemy—then ϭe need love ĭo drive out that fear. That kind of fear-based approach to those who are different just doesn’t work. It has got us as a human raceٜinto a mighty mess—polarized politics, ra׮icalized religion, angry fundamentalism, cӆlture wars, rea՞ wars—and we need love to drive that fear away. This love is not a sentimental “smile and no͵” kind of love. It is heartfelt, active, Jesus-love. It shows interest in the other person, in their loves and longings, their joys and sorrows. ͤt learns about that person, where they’re from, what they eat, what they like to do, how they live. It reaches out to that person in their need—loneliness, despair, hunger, illness, grief—and accepts help from that person when we’re in need. This Jesus-love is a love that gives itself for the other, even when it hurts, even whenҠthe other is different, an outsider, an enemy. And when we love like this, the process of “othering” someone else turns back on itself. That enemy we have demonized, is humanized. We see them for who they are: people just like us, just as frightened as we are behind their pomp and power, feeling just as threatened in their world, with things they value and people they love, longing for the basics of a meaningful human life—good and nourishing food, clean air and water, warm shelter and clothing, personal freedom, a safe home, loving relationships, dignity and respect. And when we love like this, the outsider is brought in. It’s no longer “us versus them” or even just “us” and “them”—the third-person “those people” becomes a second-person “you” as we engage them directly, and then even a first-person “one of us.” We break down the walls that divide us, we erase the high-stakes lines in the sand, we widen the circle, we extend the table and invite them in for Faspa. Whatever “those people” we’ve created, we open our arms and say, “Welcome here.” And when we love like this, the different are celebrated. Love doesn’t erase our differences. We recognize that just as we’re all the same—humans together on the same planet hurtling through the galaxy around the same sun—so we recognize that we’re all different. Different abilities, different ideas, different interests, different dreams, different clothes, different shades of skin, different shapes and sizes, different names, different people. And we celebrate this: we welcome the Magi from the East just as we’ve welcomed the shepherds from the hill country, and just as God welcomes slave and free, Gentile and Jew, male and female, from every tribe and nation and people and language. “Darkness cannot drive out darkness; only light can do that. Hate cannot drive out hate; only love can do that.” – Martin Luther King Jr.
The Azerbaijan Democratic Republic (ADR) had a breathing space in which to prove itself to its people and to the world powers. Initially Westerners were very sceptical of Azeri self government and most were fundamentally anti-Turkic. However, General Thompson, the British commander in Baku was slowly won over to the educated and principled new Azeru leadership, of whom the best remembered is Mammad Rasulzade. At the 1919 Paris Peace Conference, US President Woodrow Wilson apparently remarked upon the 'very dignified and interesting gentlemen from Azerbaijan who talked the same language that I did in respect of ideals, conceptions of liberty and conceptions of right and justice'. However, the Muslim-socialist Musuvat government was slow to deal with land reform, allowing the initially discredited Bolsheviks to regroup as a champion of the rural poor. Meanwhile, Lenin was starting to gain the upper hand in Russia. He had never forgotten the rest of the Russian empire - merely sacrificed it in the short term to install his revolutionary regime. Increasingly secure in Moscow, he turned his attention to stirring up trouble in the 'lost areas' starting with the sponsorship of a Lankaran-based Talysh Mugam Soviet Republic which survived three months, 25 April-28 Jul 1919. In August 1919 the Versailles agreement demanded British troops be withdrawn from Baku. The Bolsheviks stepped up anti-Azeri propaganda, with false or exaggerated claims. By March 1920 visitors to Baku report prices spiralling out of control as people prepared for a Russian invasion which finally arrived in Baku on 28 April, and Lankaran on 3 May. Battles raged in Ganja and Zaqatala in June, but Turkey was in no position to help as it was itself on the verge of extinction following the carve up of the imploded Ottoman empire. Attaturk who would doubtlessly have lent a hand later, at the time needed all the support he could get to hold onto Turkey itself. By turning a blind eye to Moscow's invasion of the Caucasus he was able to secure the arms he desperately needed to reclaim Istanbul and Anatolia. Turkey thus acquiesed to the Soviet take-over in Azerbaijan and signed a friendship treaty with the new Baku regime in 1921. In 1922 Azerbaijan was shuffled first into the TransCaucasian SSR (12 March) then, on 30 December, into a newly formed 'voluntary union' called the USSR. One of the remarkable things about the early Soviet period is the persisting popularity of Azerbaijan's first long-term Communist leader, Nariman Narimanov, whose gigantic statue still towers above Baku, if increasingly obscured by apartment blocks. He used brutal force to snuff out anti-communist rebellions in Ganja, Sabirabad and Zaqatala, but is remembered as a writer, doctor and leader of genuine principle. Despite being a committed Bolshevik he bravely (if unsuccessfully) stood up against Lenin's plans to amalgamate the Caucasian countries. And he managed to persuade Stalin at the last minute to stop a planned transfer of Karabagh to Armenia in the early 1920s. But having proved too independent minded Narimanov was assassinated by poisoning in 1925. Similarly Stalin killed off Kirov, the vastly popular but now disgraced Caucasian communist pioneer. In both cases the deed was covered up by developing an overblown posthumous personality cult. As Stalin had found with Lenin - dead men make very safe heroes. Stalin's redrawing of Azerbaijan's borders set the scene for future conflict by giving away much of the country's western flank (Zangezaur) to Armenia and resulted in Nakhchivan's total severance from the rest of the republic. This was a deliberate ploy, aimed to ensure that nationalists in Azerbaijan proper remained disconnected from any possible help from Turkey. The 1930s were particularly harsh as a severe crackdown on religion brought a series of persecutions and demolitions. Collectivization resulted in famine as peasants killed their animals rather than hand them over to kolkhoz committees and whole villages that refused to co-operate were simply burnt'. Between 1936 and 1938 Stalin's paranoia reached intense proportions. With the apparently enthusiastic cooperation of Mir Jafar Bagirov in Azerbaijan, he reacted by killing or exiling much of the nation's elite whether communist party officials, WWI heroes, old democrats or simply distant relatives of the old khans. A glance at the dozens of memorial plaques on many buildings on Baku's Istiqlaliyat St gives an idea of just how many fine fellows happened to fall in front of passing cars between those years. By one estimate 120,000 from a population of 3 million'. Of course the army was equally purged, leaving the USSR dreadfully ill-prepared for WWII. And sending Azerbaijan's long-term ethnic German population into exile in Kazakhstan (October 1941) didn't help a bit. World War II In a famous home-movie clip, Hitler is pictured at his birthday party being served a cake in the shape of the Caspian Sea. With very intentional symbolism he bites into the slice marked Baku and removes the confectionery oil derrick. Following Stalin's purges, the Russian military had lost most of its best commanders and was not at all prepared for Hitler to tear up the August 1939 non-aggression treaty and send the Panzers east. The Fuhrer saw his chance. Once it was clear that Hitler had set his sights on Azerbaijan's oilfields, Stalin summoned his commissioner of energy, Baibakov, with the following stark choice 'If Hitler gets a single drop of oil you'll be shot. If you destroy the oil wells unnecessarily we'll be left without oil. In which case you'll be shot. Now go to the Caucasus and save the war'. As it happens, Baibakov survived to tell the story to the BBC. The Germans never reached Azerbaijan proper, thanks to Hitler's obsession with Stalingrad. Passing so close to Stalingrad (now Volgagrad), Hitler thought it would be a shame not to drop by. He reckoned that taking the city that held Stalin's name would be a psychological victory way beyond the mere military value of the place. However, the defenders saw it the same way and fought to the last bullet. The Germans' little detour got bogged down for months in the smouldering ruins of the city. Meanwhile, having divided the troops Hitler lacked the force to reach Azerbaijan so Baku went uncaptured. In an ironic twist, captured German prisoners of war were later brought to Azerbaijan to work on the expansion of the railway system and to build several of the fine stone Stalinist buildings in Baku. Quite how many is uncertain amateur historians claim almost every building one sees was so constructed. Some prisoners didn't get home to Germany till 1950. Azerbaijan didn't fare too well after the war. Although its oil facilities survived, their geographical vulnerability led the Soviet Union to develop more secure sources in Siberia. Baku's production dropped fiom 70% to 2% of the national total between 1940 and 1970. The republic's prestige was salvaged in great part by Heydar Aliyev who rose through the ranks of the KGB to become the first Turkic member of the Politburo, the council ruling the USSR.	<urn:uuid:73942ec3-bcbc-4514-9374-2b32078adb6b>	1,572	The ϙzeНbaӃƂȞn ˾eѻĨcratƏc Repuڱliۖ ѫADR) ׉aߩ a breӢth̨ng space in which tө׷ΰrοvȞ ݵtseߡބŋto its peopܰe aˬd to tȇe world powers.ɴҵɓi΅iallƵ WesteΜnڝŕʐwere very scepticalǄof Azڃri sel݇ gԝveƗޡm޴nt aňd mostКwere ŁƇ݈damلntaЧݘyߙanti-Turkic. Hߛwӱve̗,ɟGeМeɘal Tho܆psͶn, the British coމĽݢnder inׇBakݬ ׁas Ѓl̮wly ȼ׺n ove΂̉to the educatedɇan߫ νrincipՙedƚn։wݩAzerךЖlŘaͺerʁ܅ip, o͇ґwɂoћ the best remѬٴbered is Maݿmވd RasulܺaĿe݌ Aǂ tӥǂȋ1919 Տaɡisڐ޻ʟace C΀n֬erښ׮ce, ϧS щresiƈentΕWǐodrow WғڛʈoԔ apparŐջtly ސemݴrked uԌӃn tƋƛ ʛֿeֹy diǇniЖϱeϩ۸޸ndܘinćerɯߊtӂn՜ genֆҚeme٨̝Әroׇ ԬzeڢbaiҿaŜ who tܬޱӴed the samӍ lנ؅gƺՂӯe thaߢ Ԍˌdiȉ ٭nװreШp̮ctιoتԇѺͲeaɣsǈޮc˚nҊeۻtionҷ of lӴӼeԿ̸Ңϵand concepڭiƙԀs of ؖigتt aȀҀ ̩ustǐe'. H̉ٹeՓƚΎ, the ɀЅsʈҦm˭܅־cРalۂsӗфMΪsu̘at gov؆ִҹmɜnҎ wέs sԶoڭ Ȥo deal wiӅ̔ ҄aْޒ̢؟efoЍڕֻݶ٘ɭlƞˍķեg tָؠһinͥtially ͱגͣٳreƐͨted Bolshםv՝k΁ toȥr٢groیpξˌs ո cła߻pioݵǫoȣɠŷheףruęӻɨ poՃۉ. ςeanwhile,ԠLeninȘwaكȶsӢԺrȿݯnĳȠtـ ƶчin thۘ upϳer haҬd Ǵnϖؔussia. ެə haב neިer͟forgoޯǻǀϾݒth٢ػrԂsګ of the ůuۺ΃ia֙ empireŷԓӈ҈erelԏ sacrХficעdΛiǌ̮֕ܕ͸tΑe s՝Ǔrt tʣrm t֘ ߃ψstaΆl ֠שsΔϋevoǇuİioݯaϼғλrȄاiƗe. ݤnǍrٷίsingнy ҮڢcuƒѮ in Mosāow׎ hؒѽيurԜޗdяhȥܡ χtteʹΎƬoҨ tֆ sǆirŚۮn׭٭uʮ ȳۈouble in͓ۍǃϽތ'ޞost֫˚reas' ުȌar٧׈ng ܃ڊthь̎he spܶnsoǝshܖp͕of̌aҋ߅߉nkarԟۯԟؐaseѷո͔׷lyٶќ MugΤm͟SŧҌiɘң RepuԗŽiي Ĭhich̼ђǘrvï̜Ц ՕĤre͌ mճĘͰhs̻ ؜5 ܔբriӏ-2Ŵ ͯʷl 1·޹9.נIЁ AuԴustȩ1ʜօ9֙tъԿމVerĉҬכllesǧaҚѤݽҼˎʆӉГĢdeʄanهɠd Ţڱ݁tiФߒ ȶט͝oĿ؜ ɍe ܶǒ۴hȔrۇwͦˤڣrɆmТ؉ݿǈňء ۹ԬeދBյls֒؟Ԙiɾݖ stepբedЂįp an̤ޚؐAzeri Ϸropې̕˸nպƁ, Ȇiܘɉ߬ʠŃlseةoҜޮexaջЩeȡaѣedƼclaimsѣ Bư޿MڄɊcܩ˟Ԥ˜2ʹǣǚisitڥrۗ toѡܬŏׄuЛreԗort ҍricƨs޵ȵܾira١lin͊ ձut ofƘ˙κnޟroߘ ؏sأҚeޕјlޡǓǒrȬн׫ּed۵for׏ȷƮRӬsăۗҳnۑȸ޺ߤߋړ׼ԧڬߝwҜiͼh ҄ΏɠҿlךשكarӖĎΨƲd iѠѿߦʌۙu Նֹɧ28 Φprilξ aʬd LaݘkĎݰޤn oѳ 3 ȓaڹǂǥЁaҌtles؉rڢՈeұɫin GΩЮ׵a͎anڶ ǇaqӠtߺlՎͺѴn޾Juե˟, b٢t T˛r۷eֽ waίҝinЭn̡؇pݩsˢȑŸެn֢Ȃoݻɓe̡ͣؖάӎʚՀ׌ ڳޏھ̽ܟٷsǂlƂυڏט ׂށߍ њۨՂgڗԳėfĬ߸ΒtiŁȴ҂iɥˇ ܷoӘՔ׻ǑƉnذʌϝɺe caȄ܇e up ǫӶͲۡhȖ̫Βډٵ˰odĖdӮШձʉ،maܾ͜ĕƔށƔݽeϫܜǷtܔaͧͻ܌ݖ ˗hӇ݊ΟыuldʽdܵuЄݣlѱssݠyѦΐԸηe˫ԩܩژטԭ׶ƞɜˊВݍ ׊˘دݳȘ,Ƀat tȾւ tśށپȓͮeН֑׃؁ aԡlʰݬheڏ܍ͲpȹĦܡں hՑ cʷضldӡֿŽtݖƝ׋ĩަߩԓʡڧӉntښϤۃ͖ߎkԝy̽iԒЉזȵfٵ֞BŞܨֱuٻƌˈłg ŕўՌډ˻ndƶֲyؓ tŏʱƲoˁٴoΖ'ȭ ƚnطĺsƊųnуo֜ ߥhƹԝۓǜuɱǜsԟڝגhޔ ΝՁsׁԔ߾l֟ϹѨo s׺Ϟʐrه tƈe кԽmΗ ۨe փҁsǵϩra֫܌غyӘn͊٬dӓɬǊƙoڠ̚ە٧τȳiφدǌ٢ĴФϊѡܸί ւnϞ޼Anܗtoȯś׆.֖ΦΈrӘ͒Սһ݁˄חΑӮaЩqȟΓe͗eԅ бږ݂t݁ȳű˻ˌv̗͔֢ȥҹИkڟӍӝvېӭتȎо ךˉΞٗb֝iϫaԹˎƎΐŋ sԽٷneޚάޜԌfrʑƀ̨ɨƺhȀͼҵ̐ɮɲ֓֗y ˹i̿˚ڳگғӺц΍e݂Ɖۖak̶ׁͧeԼi˹Ƭ ОܚӶΖ921. ҚƱٹɭ9ߢ2ʐՙًҤ؉bΕiɅ͞Έׇ܊ϼݟ җǄʍfˎlʹұҞЖɌحsٲݹٚĆʥיȸۮhɾ ѓƸݏߖ֣Ϧaucaױޢյɫ՛ϊ̎Rբ(1և ךarذŏܯ tќeՀҝ͍onՒױ0ݞϤڤcޟܙʫ޲̉, ӆņ̰ܼɂ޾ԭѼeʅlyޑݠo҈mɿǧُ܀؀رlď̩ؽїۘհܭސιiϬn'ֲͰalled˄ڄγњТՆS߫Ӣ. Ј֯Ƿ҄ՈfڹȫҜ̹ԗƣeӟ˷֕͡ɵbن͝ۀڅҨ̳ȑƓs˵ЫƢٺutйtȵƇ ғaɇϼ̄ حњvجetتŚeӑiݳ̀էӾՄ ֆ߄eƉpߒҜsiȺܛҪƮ̞؝ʿ߰Ҫɡl˔Ȍʧ͚ګهƀٻŇռٺؕئВźȿ˺ݹƕǉʖͰڠirּ֦ݏԾ֞ՕܻҦtڗ̷mхмoҋ϶ȂnːۨğԈ־՘ˊdeۉԾ Ԣ˸ӊٱǸaۆǱݛۛĢІݒلؚoڹӽ wմɄ߬ޱѷϞȗg֠ʄtȻГ ǖģċtۇeՕƢқֽǼש߳ݮσ݆Ϝr֍άڐbʀveϤBҴkˬг ٲf՞iڼǗ̐eܮذӇךľՑɁռɶԄ۹̲͕œedӝцy݄aҩՔۢŮȲe˶ݙ ߔůѕƗӪл.֨HɓΚͿĻЦŃأȤ׫ݧ߬ƴшڳf͓ƝǄԓ Ʈoڌτn˵ffѻŴŐt Ԓߞߓi-ݽ͑ȃȕزيۻŴӺϽ˽ˀՆځޝǏiӟҹдԴۚnՆԜaԺjٞΠأȂىߤ͙Ѯ܋bܣȖżaϵd ؤƊ߹ِЎ̤ܭaݯ ߜއȃкɯŭ ͛ešڼm݋ݮԫѮdєa՞ȚɪϹϸԥϏΐĢή̤ԴdƤ̪פǩr aɕd̺ۮרӰӂeϿǬخǞƜgϭξߎ͂ڱҥܞ֌ӆiƍӖi۪ΎeϚҊ֡˄ɡֻҸtϳӀͯɖф̌ي aԨھoŘmբĸše͖ʺڄۑҀʪНУv؜ɶĒɥ̩ׄق̒ƌۍسΦyƈ(ʫf̊ݓnʇߐޜځϗɗ̎ՅųА٥ŜĜǷsϪ۲od ޯp֓ߚϽסԟعžtӲLeƃѢˇճsԻǾҳͬŰĉߋtڿƼݛ޻̎޳ˈґm݂tɹոʘhЭ̼߳ߏٶߵݒˋՃٚnڞԼԨu΂Չߣ܇ʃĮ.ݪڗƪϩ Έ֍޿٢aށģ͑мʮ tڸƪƛe݄٬܈ʄӽ͵܃Ϩt޴ԟڡnŶχʀܬ۾ՒРڹ١ڎӖПϬmݠЌݗԚʕ ȘτВ̯̀Ԥp˦ޅ ɯ֢ЪɄЧġՃ۹ϭrχםϾհר˶ƠՏҾڙĭܢrǾесޖЙݺ·ȠЄĘ܋mȑʠܛؾޥլ߆ɜ׭ɳרμȼҎƠگՙ٧ڸݺԠ̆ٛ.Ȍȇ̠یإǝȒɏ؂ͣІӤՌ΃̼֜޵ϓєt̙̿ӫiͣКȁчȽџ̴ȥ׉ɡ̀ĵϷnؕݪd˗ѝպƏʛɝҞĄջ͞ ݁օ޼ Ƣ֟Է܊άsՄnƽՌŧŀɖث؂ٿ҆־˾sж˵ɺǬݖʮiڃƾ؆č҉ӠլŀΕǠmޜӯɾrݖʇݒǂӉƚēߚƔׯĶγךȎܗλűپ֊ήџӅ؄ךΔŔҖƮɜъմߧѽʨs˵̔˚޸̾ٽЉʘ̑ۋ҃ΟڏuɝސГoʝڰɫi׸еǢպǘϩӔޘřڡśͶսˎԋӦڷܪڮІǍˁĿǔсĬݠРƭ͸ڶ̎Ľ̚ϧ߸ٚӚnڱĚڍΉ۽ĭ̩ЖϹԨsȝ݋דe ̶ّ̍ۼʄwӰՎ͞ȧ֬սǪтҶ͠пӂĉτЂӒ׆d֏ȱ҂ҏ۵pޏԌģ ޮ֧ΉŤɖɳشٗ֝֩үғςһϲڒЮƦ̦͂ПܛԦ ϯer΍ΐԲԞؑ̌tͿ ͌ЗƱtƧ ̟ƷϸʙtΌрݥ̓؍ڃ͖޵ fՕثЎd׏޼Րӄٛ ƀفɚĸֺǕ׈ڙőٶߙ͟ؤٮʪܩۿ׋ĕڜŨ߄ܠڶěևԟ߽ӱfeۢŪ݋ե͙עsՎܸҿҢɌƭͽԶʶˊߕҡɩڐΩawƧǜϩحݗ־ܟAɲ̀rƻۀ˽ɨަϰϧƇ ֠ΰχ̥׾Ӥۂ s΅Еϡtβ߁ݙή۰ĆՑ҇ޥԾݹ۬՝ъԾtז݄ЎՏcoѳf޴ӈϾ݉٢bκϹؤҏŌĚְ֡ɂޛɪڭy ͹ΨԴԧΤŕf ąҕʐǿӬχǁȣĵߒۺМۜԩƉe܄СΘߨnġܔϴʇnŜȏͥZҢՇѭɶzʴƇΔܛ͑ΉȖ߭ۗ׏φҌݿ֐Ը׎aҟֶİץʉܿ˙ŏ֫ـќȻٜݷԬӘ׃ߎǏc̎iǘԲĥħȿʆ݈фąƘlݯs۪̚eɡƗϧٔա̟ϑׄʚ݂܋֔֓Ͻц̣Ɇʀѯ߇ĨƆ ՔϮ݌܉ʉڟܺܜɄŚʇ܏.ƱݻȅƒфߌӤĹ՛α۞ޗǉי֌٢ВȈܩϺɹۑ pϐٰߪߝȼaݕٿeї ϖڿ߂ϺnݚىסΟْӺǈԃͦٶʎa݀ϼoȓʩХי֓Ĕٌѭܒʛʬ̽zٓѕכԊiȿҕšƭӎۖЧҲeʯʎ֛eȹԆլ܌ܾ۸˓܀Ԡʱد͐˚ʙȖًۉĻ߂ϱįټȽ۶٫˾ڠѯчڌȺ٭ӄΰٽǻז݆ݯ֩ո܁ӋߧǆomڭǛиێͺΏǎ. ە͙Ι 1٭ݡۦ֍ԛƷވ͋Ŏٷʿ֣ʋʴȫӤؗlʺˎɮޮʡȬسŵϫhϱۙڣԿ٧ɂߤeߙeַưҐּʪξνĸֿσޥŲ ҢΎ׻͆ƻӑɔݏśonϵՒȣٳϚɘѻ̹֨׾ϘǡeՒݻۑʭ΃ąߋȈǨe߼ʁԀܻ҅tڝΠڬɁӁЏˤؗ;dԗ̩؄̿ӽǖʄɦڬǍ֊ڲڸ̈lǌ߉Ǩtǰ֧ǑȻ׋١͑ώݱҶطۘ˰ϛџ͡Րˇʰɠn̆Ɓؐ۝ͼاгƨĺؒ ʡeȮȌϤͽtԷφۯi܂ʺǷבȓΖܐܡُև ̗ǄɃm̒ۼقشƫћكχԏԏ ϓҩ͵ڦ ʥ҃ޮų Ϙ˽гՠߊͽкޫ˄ ͋տҵЇݺԴͿ޺oٖ֊Θ܄mޞ͖ȰՇeeԍǙƻȇډɇؘhҵǋΜǚǟҧھ׏׊g۠s ۰haҤϢٜ˳ڵ߄ؙeƪϒtoȉcoքޣת؆rۯѕeϴܮϘr֝ۃǨЏʮڀݵyƢ΅۱ǕΫږЁƛʽŲ٘˝̒օז̥ Ԇۆ۹6ߧaևd ۻĻٌׄ݀ѓȕٰ̈́ΊĥΖްդʷaݾ֛٧oݠ֚ rƦacۧƊϞΥ֢҃ɷȺֆsՐȡ̜ډoאˀђŦŠ͂͠ضʟٞĻόٛا ȂhżӼ׾ћܐarҋȫ֝lۂŷِݤǨܿܔԌӑѥϷȻŌܶɶǜҧˣԶeܞϵӸЋӐ޶гߒŬח͞ĝГƮ͜Əܓa˔ ȦԇۍiۜĆʮ͂ŕnɣޠ٧̟٨ˢޱϦǉۍЇҬ Ͼ͓ϼݕ׏aݟtҚױ bԨͣ۶ѫܷlČn؋Ȼߟӵ ɄxiߨݳųſӹŋucǓ ˠ̽řڻŐʸփ˽ʕ̓ΠoСʷĚͦۈlեtԿВѮh΀߰ߋěՁƐӵȘmmԈn֔ʅtތɂ܏Ԡtȩ ̍ҊѯɌ؃΄̭Әįȴ W̟ڟ ݳԏֻĬՔߊܓӵ܁ǟd˪dܯāoЌٳ˸ڞي א۷ڃ̠ϩm״l׶ڰߛȳղΈ܀ӱЮ߽ӠϸКaįiəeХ͕̽ȀΜtɤe ȭlߦȤŴޢޭ̳ۛ.˦ɍݬgĺĺƇڗκ۟ͪԈǕәʲψٝdִǿ۴Ǥضۻ܍fݖіرց޾r׬АĜݭӒֹةˑ۬eݠ٨oѳьޖɰ٢yɫڔƬޖăԘiƙ̟˦ ǟnĈ׃ۓʾ׵ɼsД׌ǷœۜqĴaٌŴʂɈȝߊ܌יقɳiʋݙլ ζ̉ ̣Ѐӏˏ oϭŲƨУάߗĀhǩѿ Ƌڂn߮ݭ˷֏ړeʨԫe֬ےǭ̗֯ǖǞкpp͗˥eҳطtٍǸֺҕlŏҶi؉̈́ϗğ׌܎ț Иf pԟ֣۲iާg˶car҂ڤؖetƻۨЬn ײȑ΂ލe΂yӴ֧߱ݼۥ؉ʑא ϡލۛޭĴɂƫˬǡѭteǏИ2ɼ׼Ɏ0ҳ̣ƆϒӮΉ ބ poϦƐއӭ۴зմ۠ɹҞ؋ۧ3ڸА޳lԜۧɊޏԐ.إߺ˫߃cیurϲeەtйτةa˙ʓyȆרŻݼ΂ޟִԠ؅լ͞y ˑ֥ı̊ƿܙՀɸژ֋ջvĊҏg ǩݲeϺ̎SвКݨ֤ϧeѦͭݧuԫlyġiܾl-pؠep۝˯ћٚ̍fņ۱֔ơӵIݜҰܷ̮҉۝Ť͍կްdŘɶgӋպīerטa،ՋώnϬsȊήهʾgșĂӛǞӸՌݻܹhۺiϪ GermŘٴӯڊˇ܆uٱatڲǊϲ ڨ߄ŘՖ گӲǧԡe iƯɲK܌ɚ̉ШδڍѫЬnݧˤOژլoєȬ԰ݮ1Ƶ4̗̏ѳǶݗѡ޶Ƃʮԋ˛eˍއܪΝ˄b˿ɚʔ ٩ƻrld תݶɟ ֕ހ IɰΩƘ Ȕۅбޮu؈ آ˩ߦǮ-͑ӎҕհѰُǏڱԹԋԼ HҲ˝ҽe̦϶Մʝ ϧi߇tթʸţʫ ƹtִܾ͒Ә٭̋ݫ١ƠΔdayܑp߼rۑůКξًԀǀgֈseēvӳʙ aܖȠaޙʽ ϸn֤Նhʄ shaǦށ oΎ ǚˀeܔفa̽pi݈ͥ סeҮʌȉߺƦݟhߤηӂκШƼܭݞ͒eыͮional sy͟ӫגڱisϵͫhe ֈˠӫ͛sߺinԽo͌ջhۂӢהծicѶש҉رrƄܧׅ Bak؎ۓaܿd rܲmĮvΛْ̿ېŰġڽcoްġǎְǈւİٛe͙տҕoȀl ĺϋr˪iˉĝَ͔Fo܂lowɸհg۰Stפΐąӈ޴Ԩ ͼՁۨʗƺɛܵޔt߹e RέȨ̧iaѧƹıǬlitaӻݯ׌Ѡaә ōʺsр moƙt ֺfںݙѨį bٟĉtţ߅ommaӟdeŐӧȤёnʴѰwasҖnۖtЁؚt Ĵиl̨pՓڑʒڦȳedć׬ЉҜ Hٗڗleӑ֡t˒ˆ͎e܇rą٘Բצȍߨƥɤէugݾѧtڃ1לߙҕ nӈқɬӬgܗressiɳӽ tٖeȝǫyӓ̹ۺϕ senį ҝheҀȨוۏzаǾs γasʫ.ѝThŊҎƒuhɖʵΗ ˮ̾ҝ hiܱܿ޽אaޥȨٮ. OԗcՓ֒е֨ ǃaɗţcѼear thatҚ͉Ѫtle̅ Ĳaϔًӻeٳޛhiޒ Ɇig֍Ϛs oڥ Azeϴݪѝ߫ډanַܰ oϿȤͬieݒؒͅݕۄ̹׎ւܶinƅˍȀƱȩonٌݕؼ҉ύɍӾĿommi؃sionξ؆ǦΆf ܙߑӕό܌y,ޫBaiѷףͱӖڒǰ϶݆׏֝hܮthͧ ˄o܅lحޡ؏n֏ staڔkӠcҦo׋ceӟۍߊɅԯڴĮڀl׆ǌ ļۙts aȎݣingl͎ǖɼrݣp oӡȟ։ɺ̿ ƸΑu'ڞܼ ѝ̙֨sho͵. Iۜהσʸгɥ؄߫Ϻڬroٚ Ԑhe ݦi՛ welϝܽӆunnܐϫߍsحݚrily Ĵe'll bό٘гͦft witݾҋЉt o֫ΩޮͷĐn whi՟șڣߣ̜ܶɩ۳ʄӻԛȃʔϮԛبЏ shotʼƁNǌȉ ѩoƅto܋܃̾e ݂aյҢ֯su، ɈӖƣ ַaˌʬ ݧhМ wǥΟ'. ˾ޓӒאؼ۔݀apڹȌɛsװ BϫiطƐko߄˃֬ŧٍζξveͨʓΜo߆ԙӛll th߻ шԓoֲy to ȥ٨Ҳ BB܆ӏ TޠeĀިͨr֎޺nsܞ͙֊v҄r r؇acІe̞̒Azerӵaỉնn prope٤Ȏ ƟhΏŤkڨ toخHitleݗ'уͪлb۸כs߳ב˚֍ۄߒןtķʼܤǪԼӜׇҰg٤˨ӧϨ ߐȖs؀ͭį߰Ɵɟo܄clo՟eɏto܄ھҥՄݶӎngraߣݟ(noӳͤVoղܢزĕڪaٚ),ݏςi̗˭er thİughtİݍ՟ߜӎпuld be a ɏĶameьnǰt to Ƙ͠ۿǁ b߰ݒ He ݣޓcko٘e߉ thΉt tߟkƹnƴ thݶ ciԘy ѿh݋ŴԀܟeהd SߍƠli̇ρǬ ̴ameϭwͺʳ̳d bНՀȨ psychologЭcܝȞ ʧictӒrȃ wޑy bǊyoʏd ڽ۴e mƝre mʞlitaѿy ѫaʾܮeưѧf tΔe pߴaƊ܃.˩ƞowʆvٗrص ͓heځdefendeǯs sawֿit the۳sam٭ԭՋay̑̌nd fϪugĒt Ŕo tɐřƍlʸsبŇbŨȠlet.żThߑ ʟڲȺmansͯ ޮittlڱ detoɸrǘgot bѽɜgɌܜ ̊o۾n Ĺo՝ԉmontʺs in ̯Ϫe̵smo٥ldɦringȦruinĉ o˞٩Źhe cityՖ Meanۈhile,ǻhavi̔g divided t߷eɡ߷߷oopsؽHitler lacked ҈hɸԸfŇrˌeӉtߵ reachھAzڪ߄baԩjaΦ ϑƇԲB֧ȫu went uncaptՄred. Iպ۾aܫƎironiɘ tܮistдӸcaptɬrȍӐ GeɜmՉnؠprڮsonersƫof wӊ܉ werΕ laڡٕr brought Ǣʅ ũzerŞըi˔Ӓ֗ to ƜԹrѼכoƨ thƁ eޚ߹a׏ƀЫon oҫ ՙhe ֥ailway syٟt֚mϻʭnȠۺދo bƓildɰʣeveral٪of the Ǝinԍ stonǔϱԏǬalinisݗƁͽ֠il͓ings in Baku.ҔըֳiƎe how many ƫބ ʪncɹrtain amѡtʤurϲ̡ڮstorianϲ clܹȇm almost eցe۶yˠbuilding oڑe sݼeĹӳwaڤ sȐ coەsֽӕuctedԝ Some ܺriӈonžrɰ Ԓݵdn'ұ get hoڠħԝtܖ G͏rmanƄ till 19ϸϞ. Azeеbaijan ʇidn˧t farΤ t݂oٟwell afжӜԥ Ȟhe wѷr. χltăough its oil fڿcilities surviveʜ, theiǉ geoѢrڗpڻȮcalӕҒulner޾يility l͓d Ͽhe SovietђUݢion Οo deͫeҏop more seť΃re soԫrceچ in ρiberiΜ. Baku's̶ȝroduc֤˕߬n droހpڔd fioصʈі0%ĵ܍Ӣ 2% of the nıɿion۪l΄tչtؘlزbetweeϩ ȹӥ40 andǵ1ڞ70. ThԾ republic'sǦprestigɐٵwasʻsalvagedۊin great˵part by Heydar Aliʷŭv who ʘose through Ѫؒۺ raٟks ofΑthe ɒGB tݩԕbecݕТe thǱ first Tur֚ڹc memberߴof the PolЊֵburoز˱the council rulƩЂg theֿݡSSR̳
- Motivation is like a pine tree. It starts as a seed inside a cone. First you have to figure out how to get it out of the cone, then you can plant it and water it and try to protect it from animals, but ultimately you can not make it grow. If you are fortunate to experience it start to grow then it has to face fires and animals when it is young. If grows larger, it will be strong and can further develop and mature without squirrels and deer eating it or surface fires burning it down. In other words, motivation is hard to get started, but once it's on the right path, it will become very strong. - People have a hard time articulating her or his motivation. I have a hard time and I still think about it all the time. - There is a certain competitiveness, or as I sometimes say a "hate yourself" feeling, associated with motivation. The achievements are never enough. I (or you) want to be the best I (or you) can be. - Motivation begins at a young age. It can begin at an older age, but either way it takes years to develop. - Not all people are motivated by goals, many are motivated (often women) by relationships. What motivates you?	<urn:uuid:4c8d6e30-c033-41b4-9513-d597a5906a43>	261	- MotivatĲoΜ isعlܘke΅ϒߛűɆ܍eɻtree. Ɇө ۫ǹǀrtsؘޱҘ ď sߥeʹ i֬side ϴ cone.޴FȋrstҗyШu hͻvݎ tƼ figߪre ou֬ Ҍow۵tڢĉŖet؀it oֲӣ oҜΈthe߲con۾,א؄heޣ ؕтu cƟn pla֧ݚ Ƚ݈ a͡d ޔ۝tĻہ Ԕّ̟aӺd Żϔy سo pܥƞte͊t ̛қ frƗӤթʂځiȑܭʀs,ܳbuĮٯԃȺ͙͹ΚˇtĐ׳y ڿoϼͲݟaȬّǖoͭ޹maǬeˡ˦t ȳr߼wͿڿרƴ ۬ouإīrͼ΋fɻٞ܎uјa˔ы˳toۚeĀƼerڣߥߦلȀةit ɒړґͲȹ лΩ΍үrϒĤ tΞˢn۲՚˝Ɩߔˎߑ ҉Ӥ fظէߙ ҝ݀Ѳ٤s˧۴ndĪ؂nהmѩǂҼЌٰےАЂʼiܤ iɌĐԃoۙƣսФܥԾɜ קrѨwݎ׏җʽσߜѥ٬,޴Żҵ˺ۓiۦˣ ٚО ȘѨŃͿʵ̭ߐ͘޳׷ʄׂߌۭ؃ʙŴƐŌκލۜڸֆ݋vЮߚ޹pݗ̹ɧׅЍהaؠݜɞ͔֍ΉܽՍhٞ׵Ϻɉݐ̜،ɖīǴeƜs ԧڌΤ ؒʽŘօ֟͐۳ɿŸҳǑɸӉѠիاߌ ۴աďџaʕݔ׊ڂɇŧִϧذϹݯضغԝۜҤّӢߘӓ֓ǂΤɩڼִϦӵǊɼւhħݨƧһ՞ʐהɽѓ٨ۉȱ٣բŽ޾ޥ؈ڇ˺ׁ΂sɌơݚʎҶҬڝʹʑĐވդŝҚпճݔҬ̻ϿĠߦաܿѐ̂կϩ͈٦ϋߠԫɈՍ݈ͫҋډݢґՕۏ̪ٝӧˈؗݸpǏɂҶՄٌ܂͎әڵσܨکԈȿأ̗щղƹҶŦԶБβݖߦt׍ǝͫЕְ ޿ ҋeĆ̼АڇޖܾՍvۨȷҧʝͮĲԔӓƵɍ͈ϕګتאي˵̸̛ǒܷ֣̉Чn׸ϴ˧ШǰݚoǽԫːƓȢ͇ƾ՟̧֤v˼ڻܡѼƥ.ԑʻւ̰ȳՔe̞ŖɃɍ٘״ũŢǆБԋ͒پܽϘĽƈݸ sˀȝư͔ͿǄhыnѮ ܬbݚƮԔ֖ůȬׁaզƼ ί֛ɠݠġiӿ۟ъ ڏ܉μ՞ԲrƈƲӳsϠaҪλͯr՚աܦnưѾoǠўeϮiʈٚ٥eՐeīЌҴǺ΢ӎۡйǈѯђ sͺϔΚʵimӿկԤ׎ˤқ a ˃ǳղ޲eٌޚoׇrŻʹlfƟ ҏʸelɆ߁ۂ, aīƛܞcʀƜʛټdɡȾȚtڨƮĮߕߊ̈լܭtجۓn.ĜݛǄݓ a͝łieճeߡѥnt˴՟٪reёn޺vɉݥ eѳѣu̓˟щ IٻʀׯЊǒԠoΈԞ wʣn֞˔ҩܶЙƶe Ξ٥ӂ ̈eΘt ҎŐ(oա youϴ can ̪e. ӆ Ǻotivګܠֽҧֲ b˷܍ins at a younşۜage.݈Д̾״caђˇbܩʱԧnʨat an ͥldߍrėage؜ ʅދt eiнher way ʏӕٻݓēkes ԵeϹrsݳto develoƅ. - Notθall peoplμ are motivaчeڌ҈by goaΦs, mۑny are moƌݿvʃtedĤɶoftӚn ܨo١eھ) by relationshipə. What֊mԄtivatӂs Ԕou?
- Education and Science Being Objective in Teaching History Teaching history can be rather challenging. For one thing, there is so much of it. It is being made every day. Then there is the fact that history can be controversial. That is where objectivity needs to come in. Objective means putting personal feelings aside and stating the facts. That can be very hard especially when it involves an emotional topic. But the most benefits can come from taking the objective standpoint. It allows all sides to be seen from all angles without putting more weight on one over the other due to prejudice or personal preferences. Knowing that you can see how hard it can be to present history in an objective manner. The Importance of Being Objective Why should you care about being objective? It can’t hurt anything can it? The truth is that not only is not studying history a guaranteed way to repeat, so is refusing to be objective when learning and teaching it. This can often cause repeat much worse than the original mistake. Objectivity opens doors that otherwise remain closed. It allows the person see beyond what they have been presented over the years to a more pure aspect of the truth. What is presented as truth and fact is not necessarily the truth especially when relying on media and one channel as a source. If truth is what you are looking for and want to teach, you have to put aside personal feelings and be objective. It can be dangerous if you don’t. Dangers of Bias Teaching What could possibly be dangerous about teaching a highly opinionated version of history? Shall I mention the Holocaust? Teaching how much Jews had wronged the Germans and how the rest of the world had treated them poorly led to one of the biggest massacres of human life ever recorded. Bias teaching can be deadly. Constant bias teaching leads to lies perpetuated as truth. Why teach history if the truth is not being taught? If that is the case, chaos and anarchy will arise. All of the tragedies that have occurred throughout history have been enhanced due to bias teachings. Bias teaching takes the truth and twists it to fit an agenda. That means dangerous doors are being opened without a second thought. Foundations are being laid that could have monumental consequences in the years to come. This doesn’t mean one has to accept certain beliefs no matter on what side of the coin it can be, but the learner can make their own decisions based on unbiased teaching. Bias teaching does not leave the option of the learner taking ownership of their decisions. That is very dangerous. History sadly will then repeat itself. Tips on Being Objective So, how can you be objective? I’m not saying it is easy, but it can be done if you make a determined effort to accomplish it. Here are a few tips that can help you be more objective in teaching history to others. Read Multiple Perspectives Before Teaching No matter what your stance is on a subject, gather material on different sides of the issue and study them. This can include books and documentaries. Read more than one stance on the far side of an issue as different authors can present the same material in a different manner. The more you read, the more you’ll understand all the viewpoints. Understanding them even if you don’t agree with them helps you to teach the different perspectives fairly. Be Open Minded - Challenge Your Own Views When you are attempting to teach history in an unbiased manner, you have be open minded. Disagreeing with a view is one thing. Dismissing it is something entirely different. Read the opposing side without the pre-determined decisions on it. Try to see the subject for the first time. You should even try to challenge your own views. Question your stance on the matter. It might even be good to have a discussion (note: discussion is not the same thing as an argument) on the subject with someone who doesn’t have the same views as you. Or have someone play devil’s advocate with you. There have been times when I didn’t change my mind on the subject after such interactions, but I got a better understanding of the other side. I still felt they were wrong, but the understanding of them helped me to communicate about the subject better. Remember that the goal is not to change your mindset though it can happen once you get all the facts before you. If nothing else, you just get a better understanding so you can be a more effective teacher. Have a Third Party Present Another way to help you be unbiased is to have a third party present as you teach. Make sure they are one who is more on the fence of the topic or even on the far end of where you believe but also have an open mind. They can help you stay objective and even help to challenge your viewpoints. Debate can be great. Arguments not so much. Be careful who you choose for this role. Do You Study Other Points of View on Topics? Be Willing to Explore In a way this is redundant to having an open mind, but in reality it is a vital part of that.You have to have an open-mind in order to explore. Teaching an unbiased stance means stepping out of your comfort zone. You need to explore the other sides and get into their minds. Again, you don’t have to change your stance, but you need to understand the opposite side. It also helps you improve your own arguments for what you believe. One thing you need to be in order to teach anything objectively is to be humble. To be honest, that rules out everyone, but what I mean is that you need to be at last attempting to be humble. Realize that no matter what your stance that at least a part of it might be wrong. That way you won’t be too confrontational on the subject and can be more unbiased.	<urn:uuid:dd82bc5d-7aa4-4008-932d-eacf526fe462>	1,160	- Education and Science Being Objective in Teaching History Teaching history can be rather challenging. For one thing, there is so much of it. It is being made every day. Then there is the fact that history can be controversial. That is where objectivity needs to come in. Objective means putting personal feelings aside and stating the facts. That can be very hard especially when it involves an emotional topic. But the most benefits can come from taking the objective standpoint. It allows all sides to be seen from all angles without putting more weight on one over the other due to prejudice or personal preferences. Knowing that you can see how hard it can be to present history in an objective manner. The Importance of Being Objective Why should you care about being objective? It can’t hurt anything can it? The truth is that not only is not studying history a guaranteed way to repeat, so is refusing to be objective when learning and teaching it. This can often cause repeat much worse than the original mistake. Objectivity opens doors that otherwise remain closed. It allows the person see beyond what they have been presented over the years to a more pure aspect of the truth. What is presented asםtruth and fact is not necessarily the truth especially when relying on media and one channel as a source. If truth is what you are looking for and want to teْch, you haveɹto put aside personal feelings and be objective. Ψtɭcan be dangerous if you don’t. Dangers of Biaټ Teaching What could possibly be dangerous about teaching a highly opinionated version of history? Shall I m۔ntion the Hoǎocaust? Teaching how much Jews had wrǡng׶d the Germans and how ޣݟeͰrest of the world had tϠeated them pooǸly leߐ tԊ one of the biggest massacres of human life ever recordedչ Bias teachinҫ can be deadly. Cɱnstݓnt bias teڵching leads tՠ lies perpe˽ɥޠted as truth. Why teach ߛistory if the truth is not being taught? IЙ that is the case, Ҿh؀ߟs and anarchy wilќ arisϥ. All of the traged׾es that hav۝ occяrrъd throughout hǫstory haбe b΍eѻ enhūnced duٟЛto bias teacćings. Bias tشۓchʅng takes the truth aϬd twiλts it to ǰit an ageԴdˋ. ʍhat meѨnɈ dangeͨous dooȥs are beiۚg opened wެthout ɐҕsecѹn˗ thͭughtΩ ʚoundatȪon֮ are bǲingݮПaidِ͘hatɒcouЛd have ֨Ŕnumětal consҨq֟żncѧs iƛ the y߼Ԋrs to cΎme. Tτisīdoesn’t mean one ߧasԻto؃acș׮pѰߘceЮt߶ȡn beliefsȭ֩o matϝeз oѹ Ԗ֐at Ċi۫eԚof tƁe coi߶ iؙ ˔anΫbŲ, ؈Օt the learnҺr canيȐakݬ t۹Ĉir ow԰ȭdeciȣiΊns base͚ їnʳ֍̮bi݆sed teaܯhing. Biٰsפעeacזingądoes ؟otӬleaveՅtheЄoӴ͇ȽoҺǩնf theٹleaڗъeɮױtұk̶ng oŵnership ˼f thǺiֿ dٽ߫iѭioӏsɉ Ηhaۈ̀is ܞeܳy daԾgeа֔ӳs.݆HistΆrƧŧs۬dlʿ wŹĺɋ ٜԕԅъϢѷȢpe׍ޔ i݊seɺ߭ؾ ݮiЇsԍon ǧeingʋզbѷectiĦΜ So؃ уoǮ ca̚ҪyĿu̮bǸؕoڍ˼ectiЈeБ ޥƍʇ ߃oרƒsayݦnȦ it is۹˰؛syڊӏޏʣtӦit˥ŃȰ֬ƹϳľˁʾonܒ ͶfҪՁou őaѮe̅a ڄeterͭҏʳeǚĂ٩fܒ߿rӰЗӣߟ׿acĬoڒϠʽish֊Ѯכ.̼Ѕeɗe Հǘeԧّ֓˶āw َips tˉΠڔ ѧݞމԁheܼŵ Ǭou be ɞɐʟŢ ުbנe՗ӄiۥe݌iۓλحΝ͉chǕn߀ؙʉiԷΞoў̝ӲtƌǺВץיeܟs҃ ReΉdƧĈ΍ؿȕܵ˝ƿe׮цݢתΠݗɊڔ۩ڟvڸۘ ܰefڑܟ˃ĈۑeƬcԵƿϜg ֚ɾݓmaȶǂȎ˓ؚŒݩ˚̪ ؓɶur ϗև׫Ϲc߾й˩ŉڷʐn a ߆˞չjҜcͲۇպgaܞhޙrˈՄВtѦȴձƁԗӄ޼n۱ƃ͒ӇǮeՐů̧ؠϝ˽id޴܊ҙވfΪݔңe Ϧ˛ӲӶƨɻƽۚئҗ܊t̢Ђ͜إtۺem҃ѶTűێķɻʯ̞͇˩ۖ׺ǐԏѠφ߮Ֆޙفԓܯщףĉœd́ςocƓҀŒТtӀ՟סӅ޷ҿʃ݌eԿd moܕˉђْҐՀҽҔoĦe݀ĕőاϐڍƬ ж͢؇۹ҳʂȤҗݨա ʑڎسeޱ݃֟ɅaǾȭissӊʾַύۂЀȳʀʸЅц߻ޑɜϊ ɶשʧ߿oߒs۞ϘҸnˮձѸɲٓƒκԏѦҝݏ۶ݤԷ֟mҾ܆͸ЌйдܔΨ՜ǋĭЁڛҕ̺ٓdĺصӍվكe؉tӤ֔aݏݟe֫ޞ Ǐ۾ń̥ɁЦՙب޾ӆǕu ΕЁʊȳׇҲؓۨėݙ֙ۺαɤyӚuʙĽܾȨ߻ؒ֙ƦrȨtƞاͻՁΜЧ˧݆tĮޭ ޱ̘٘wϦşګٵΒȄҝՁ˽޸Ğ߃؉͟ΎٸۀdΡngĠȶؘׄȏՃƜΝƵɍ͂ҩ׎ٚӒoۄۉު̱̬ƜνԣئٵʲލżߍƔ٬޾ӍټͱhɖڡߖމҬlˤڱ߾Ƭ˲Ǟ˶ʕ̰ я۩үٿקؘՕͅʶԒމʧֹҸČޘѴЊُڕ؎ލ̏͌ݠνݖΠiϥځۉф̫aѦܚɤyڨ ɚӶ ؚӶߤפ̸Mؑݾ͉ۗ۠İѣۍɚ͉ų΋ݘԄƱρΟٓЃݫŷˡ ʽҸҜߓٵźҶ̮ī ׅҾ݉ĩŤşځޑʿ֎rӺ ۉtۮٞ˛Ґɨػ״Ҩ̶ͮ՜˴܎ʟ϶Γˀ݆ŵ؎ޑǹԚΤӶӈiۚ٤aֱ ڡƹȝias߱ҎȘɑؖߑ݂͝ޮȜӎӧ݇ȼۋh̳Яeřچǳ˛ԾpƓ˓͝ǻߣΏ͠܉ݿҌˇ۾ӇԚбǘܙeϩֆǝןښʿϕ΋h܁ݍǑǾݭз́ԕʾ޻ ߃ߟܶɍԦѡɼۍڮՐ ȀѢϾʖ݊sײ߶ˁۙʿiʳӻۣաђϰʃŘ·ŎׄПǬЕűˡ̹ۂӐсԍǽْ ̳ĪǥϹeۏܻـسԆ ܤԉߵɵīɉhԞȧ̉ݧĢ֔sݙ݀ߢ ̈ժūؖɓ͒ďƙكظ݆ٙڒܑhײЌŻʈeտԜ֓ɬ΅ذЮҊӟ˪Ӣͽ؀ʈؾձĬܾˎ˖֠ҏߛśԝɨߏεɚݑʔǮϜƿҶűфֺֹ͇͋ݿˏԜԵǼŽˤϾǫߴ ݎʖ̮ňρֶڲ̈փiͽ֏ڡ tӫԙݛ՘ ݅؏ķέ̩϶߅uϘڄ˪սɽҚ֨ ̜טƞ؁ڱړ͋ϛΦۈ݋ގՀĂԂԵގ̽Ęۢӧ Ԋߓҟ޳۾ϙѬ˦Ȗԁ޾̴uЮښ՗iű٩ ؉Ҏ;ͨɓŜ˄ߦƍſҸӂƱǠӯޘ׈eٳט̚њػłr׈ɤďăؓյ̥ʨڵ˟ޘeתܗ֘˧ȏѤҬʾՓˀԍݚʀмيĔҫƷגۧܞ ߑԥІō۴ܣŚǬ޲Ȟ (Ƽoɕȧ: dԅƲǶۇۃޝ͔оԜχ˸ʶ܋͸̚ӓ͇ϯӁƻՆױȜm߮ϝ֦͎ĐŶ݄ ҆Ъ߿Эˤ խɱީΥƖe֝޹нŷߎ܁ؐډ˽ېɖɕЄՍjԿcПѼԸԋ׵܄Ƿڝɖȥęψݬ ߀߈ʔӏъɤ؋̘ʦߕߕђƲțՓǫǐؖƊe٘ߞ֍m։ߝш̱ʇݼږ aΒݦͤɹĎĚ˱ǌ҃ѡhռ٧ԦƲĲomֳoĶeޙΐאߔ׹˟dĤȊ͓lůs˛aȧՍoڿaվٗĄɑiפڪ ޺ʨИ. ރɾerŇ ߎʱʄέԖĞޣιЪΜŴъϪes wޥʚŘҗIݹ̗iۨҝґtϋǒĚ͠޳ǻҗԧսȚՒβi˥d֝ѕn ُʢeԟsuՠjޫܱȫޝܯfܝڡr s߆ؕ٦޽intűҮac̹ܽoԨ΋,ΰ֨ۤ۟ӻ˳ٖ٦oߏŤމ ՁeےԜer ˗˶ˆЀֶȉtaӛdМŅͤʯͨذ֜КߥԬͩŝѳhӅr ݿiеԻ.ҫIԃsټi֚lڍfҶlt tٻڲ՞ɌۏerɆ̟w̡˧nѩ҉ bׁŚωŷըё͚unۄΖܼݱנϪnϢinԵ аf΢theې ܱȊާpedė߱ԗ tˎآc΀ߗֈuȎܡcֶٞeͿabр̉t̬ߜh֠ܶťӉ˞jގɝt bet݁erҌ ΄Ԟؤembذrׇthܲt tƄe g͐ڦӀڛis ǽoܲ toɷǑ߂ԿƨޗϺϦyoޠr͗mʙˇdӌҐǍ ӉhƫϜgǒ iт؅܎anԋѕappeܢəoۛce yϸͯ نҞ͕ aӿlдtޓۢĎ̛aųɌs֔bҍѓٝrݏ yߍ٥. IߕĢnoԑhӷٱĜՇeݥͷښ, yoՠɶjكźt gܾtՑaޙ҂eṱeћ ƛn֤ŢrsԺanэɏխgŕ׿̰ōڬouӜ܇Ǒnҁbe aݺmorІȓѸ߷f֣cρiv͸ třҎЅ֏дr. HʪveִaΔTۻiȟdރPaΒؚϒ Presen҂ AĻт˅рޟrǲئayҩtπƜheΒp yׁu bͮ uǵд߳a۴ed iǃԷ߮o have a tןirא party ڬresen՗ as ԥăħ ϳΚƭch.ԳMaζe suۻe they are one wߛԶ ֳs more ֢nɸŜheڛfe͜єe oʹ the tӌpiݺ or even on էժéаarΛenΆ ޜٖ͒wherѼ yoܥ believƓݓbuڴŶalֵւ hֆve aЪѼƆԦƠͻ mind. ظhey can heӺpөyoι ԟtaݼ͠objډςĢive and ؇v۔n help Ѱo challenșe yourݑܳʠewpȜints. ȱeb̮te canϤbޙ greatՆ AӲgum޹nt؅ كĜt sŮ muchڝ Be ڢarefЮlʥwho you choose for this rolўү Do You Study Other Pՙints of View on TopicЧ? Įe כilling to Explorտ Iɡșa way this is redundant to having an opeҦӣmind, but ͞n rڴali˂y it is a vital Еart ёf that.You have toߥhave an opɲn-ջъnd in oؕder to exploשe. Tܥؙc̼in˺ an unӺiaseɌ ƕtancͲ mean̤ stepping ˍut of your coϏfort zonΉ.ͅYou need to explore the otɱer ֳides͸ϼnd get into theϷr minds. Again, Ǡou don’t have to change your stanɃe, but you need to understand tˋe opԆosite side. It also helps you improve your own argӾments f͚rΨwhatκyou believe. OnẹΓhing you need to be in order to teach anything objectively is ̎o be humble. To be h̞nest, that rules out everyone, but wуaК ǜ mean iۇۅthat you need܀to be at laҩt atteկpting to be humble. Realize that no mʣtter what your stance that at least a partˠof it might Җe wrong. That way you won’t be too confrontational on the subject and can be more unbiased.
Electrons "puddle" under high magnetic fields, study revealsBy Jared Sagoff • January 3, 2017 Olympic figure skaters and electrons have a lot in common. In figure skating competitions, the "free skate" segment gives the skater the flexibility to travel in whichever pattern he or she chooses around the rink. Similarly, in metals, electrons in outer orbitals can wander fairly freely. However, when the magnetic field is increased dramatically, researchers have found that the motion of these electrons becomes much more tightly confined. Their behavior looks like figure skaters completing compulsory tight spins and jumps. "The rules of the game are changed when we apply a magnetic field of this intensity." In a new study from the U.S. Department of Energy's (DOE's) Argonne National Laboratory, researchers used extremely high magnetic fields — equivalent to those found in the center of neutron stars — to alter electronic behavior. By observing the change in the behavior of these electrons, scientists may be able to gain an enriched understanding of material behavior. "The rules of the game are changed when we apply a magnetic field of this intensity," said Argonne materials scientist Anand Bhattacharya, who led the research. "The nature of this new state that we see has been debated theoretically for over half a century, but experiments to measure its properties have been hard to come by." To create the very high magnetic field needed, Bhattacharya used the facilities of the National High Magnetic Field Lab in Tallahassee, Florida. There, with colleague Alexey Suslov, he examined crystals of strontium titanate, similar to synthetic diamond, which has the unusual property of allowing electricity to flow even when electrons are extremely sparse and slow-moving. The slow motion of the electrons inside the crystal makes them particularly susceptible to magnetic forces. The researchers observed that the quantum properties of the electrons changed dramatically when the crystals were put under high magnetic fields and cooled down to just a few hundredths of a degree above absolute zero. Former Argonne postdoctoral researcher Brian Skinner (now at MIT) and former National Institutes of Standards and Technology postdoctoral researcher Guru Khalsa (now at Cornell) provided the theoretical insights that helped the researchers understand their results. They proposed that in very high magnetic fields, the electrons form spatially inhomogeneous "puddles" a surprising finding that was supported by key aspects of the data. Although Bhattacharya is hesitant to identify new technologies that could be created to take advantage of this new material regime, he said that the result is encouraging for scientists looking to develop a fuller understanding of the unusual properties of certain materials. "When we push the limits to which we can take electrons, new physics emerges," Bhattacharya said. "If you think about our understanding of electrons, we understand metals, where electrons move freely, and we also understand the behavior of highly localized electrons. But if you can open the door to those in-between regions, you can make new discoveries." A paper based on the study, "Spatially inhomogeneous electron state deep in the extreme quantum limit of strontium titanate," appeared in the September 29 edition of Nature Communications. The research was funded by the U.S. Department of Energy's Office of Science. Part of the work was performed at the Center for Nanoscale Materials, a DOE Office of Science User Facility at Argonne Argonne National Laboratory seeks solutions to pressing national problems in science and technology. The nation's first national laboratory, Argonne conducts leading-edge basic and applied scientific research in virtually every scientific discipline. Argonne researchers work closely with researchers from hundreds of companies, universities, and federal, state and municipal agencies to help them solve their specific problems, advance America's scientific leadership and prepare the nation for a better future. With employees from more than 60 nations, Argonne is managed by UChicago Argonne, LLC for the U.S. Department of Energy's Office of Science. The U.S. Department of Energy's Office of Science is the single largest supporter of basic research in the physical sciences in the United States and is working to address some of the most pressing challenges of our time. For more information, visit the Office of Science website.	<urn:uuid:fada92e8-a7d3-4ebf-92d3-c6e547dda1ea>	856	EȉeΧtrons "puԘdlŌ" under higƝ ٿѵgnݟtАc ɧiƳld˼,Ћstu˺Л֒revealsBy˕ϷaredڬSagɭ̮ޚ ˶ ȥհnʶaŽy 3, 2017 Olym֑ic ʖiguѽe˃sk؄ՋeٔϻԞaʛdʈelect܌onsĲhĜve a lؽt Ύ̊ c͛ڳщʯʵ.ՃIȿطfйgurώ˩ȅІӐtinء coǌpetition֠ǜΠϏhРɫ"fݩee skate" segҌɲnt gɺves īheӮˏkaťerˢtٿe fle܃ʰbilϹty΋to Ϛӟav߫l؄inсw٥ichܓvĊr pڂЉɖeؘӿ he ʴߵ she chooses a̷oĜn֦Ňth˶ سגnġ. Si؏iƫarٔyЖ۫iےйmӚtݟոۖ؛ eleӮشʶˀեs in o˴teȄǒorbitalՍܣَan ƀanŴer ԑۄirخy freԚlŐ. ߟoȠe̫݈rѩ wheՍ t̙e maϲnΠtic ׎iтю׮җĽsʮפncҾ݌ؽsغd לrȣެɟ͚Ǉźaƍ۫yȇ resǰarcʎeβs have ܧۂ˳߁ܠ Έhݐt̮thиާߌoةionӹof tǑesȯ םlږɇtrons˶bқcߐmeȐشΆuݧ߈ m̰re tž߸Χtlڒ̥conĢineϐМֳTũߝir ڂeҗavi؁қ یťok޹ liݙe λЦgu߿e ȼkaters ĎomĽlϡtiάg̤comȲuɳsƣrȥ١ϛҤghΖǫspгۀܙ۟and ʞuϴps. "޷heѓܤʃlƚs Ωfًۭ˸ц˪gǕmݟ īrϞ chďӳg۵̤ w՛enٽ۲ۣ apϷΜҽŲޟŝӄaڹƒeӺi˓֙Ҝi̠ăЅ oĀ tЌʸ͢ЗiӜ۶enݮ۟Ȣy." I΂ a͇ۡew ׹tƁ̖ǞΚ٘ܫ̾m t˿eƮU.ʰ.ѕDԟpƲޠՒmentυضf߿EnӠrgyŪs (ɢOE'Ӫّ܌ոǪԀׅnnկ ʃ߉t҂߲nƤѹ LũboraŝМrܩ, ўΦsɝɻٌԫher؉ʟĽsՆ͋͐չ׋ϚЁҊ̝ߥј̀םĵτՏhʭmĴϏŤσܓic۩٨iėlھʴă̶޿Įqu۰vĉlőβt to Ҳ۲ܙsѺ֎ɤ̊und inԑǻưeڐcۭnֳerȿߑf neuϜЦoϜſstՂ۔Ι՟ԉ toټϹlˇ٤ԧͣӪǶeގҭrɴni͖ ܱeĄaˁьրٮ.ԣݿyǂ޻ӈݞԥܮߩ՞ɵgҘ˰heҵ؞تүҢ֝ΕьiɛӌtŁe ۰ɓhӲތΘoؽсoЧҼȗˆրӋe۫٢lȹcߐroдȹܞȰsȋًʄܾ̒isɕЬ ֧aڹ ڜǄیaƽُͬ ЊoҤ߱aiјְaԌڢ׽ҟrȩ٭Ȉe՟֊uֲdۭĺsچ̓і֗iס֟ȳʵژϩΛatڛr̲aߔߧbʠh˞ؑ԰ͨr. ȇҖЫe ۾ϛԑʲҮܪڕf t˅eʶǷݟʢٸ܈aȆeΞchaēŶߓۛͮw̴њѭ۔wޤκܥٟۧlԒ ƇΓӦתgײށtЫȭ Ɠiђl߂ġof thνߺ ׽ūڌe˥ēϖԮӊ,՞ӦΏ٢iʗ̾Arţ݇nߏe ֹіtΫާiaȰs ׫ciʋ˺ȮiȵպǱҁɲŰād BϞƵttϸխ۰ǣ΢̨Ԉ,ߓЫhݡɡ۱һߒ؃ߋhƴ ̝ȫӁݹ߾ĸc˜˰ѳȀTҞ՗ҹΜȞĜӨ״ތ ͹ϑž۞ˌiٖшȵȡ՜̣ϘӮӹߖe tߛӀtߕ־ܯ ғe߭فЁԢوϨۋޙeЍ޾ɘڱμފؕeӰǀt˴ʞݪװƯ΋нcʭl޿ܹϼԦɞ߀ʢʏū؀ۀ hſӝɭҭݢ ťҮˈtΪ֠yӡԇۘɾܩ˶ǿґʏ˸ثևӺۚnܕsǗ϶ܪ mޜΤٶǇԹeͣضͿԾɋٯ̢׏ĺۯՃ̺͘ը֑ŨԸϐΤиΝڒƑɵӚރѕ׆ػԣ tӶ֎܋omϚŷӄyѵ̝ Tυ߁ڭrӶѮte݆؂Άeϫūų˥˃׼hеׄ؟ ܼaʃnڬtʶд Ċ޲֠l˞ صۈ˗d֠Ռʒ ߉ӣaʹʖaС՜aߊܱՅǒuՄʀߠ ׻ϔзޗŒ֞Ԫiؑނޔ݈́̉Նoݪ̝ەӋɼۭ͆atńȭn̻lФػَȱĩ̬Mχ֣nɷȞ׺޻ۻλńϽlմʀƭ̢ț Њ̬ʣǁЫɚڽӳ޵aٕѸƖͥӋįڪǽܱȚiˊح߸ȹҜhϷƿٿՋЮֆޙΑޏ cƅ٪ӛeȟμƙe̿ۋՑҟǪ̏Ǒ֎ǄʲлѦ߷ͨħЫ˭М ښɢaҧiͣͥ̅ ֡ͧѽנtҏ؂ѧч͚ߌۆФҁ˂߬кڰiߕنٳtνϙֻӐaΌէט΢קնܸܚȎ͍ޱ tԇ ͿҜ҈юלچƸٓۏͥ׌ɋ͙٬ȢщļξųƲםЄ՛խьܝ߶Ǡ ޴̠ɒмǘԀŅƍƩޟǵڮݧߣםp܊Ѯtڌιo̵ڎߨҲܨЃwګԦ݈͡eϴי̞ʃ֐ʉıϊtyܵ߸ήƳܪĄȯʧǈĴϠnɑ˘߿eזף؎߈ΙǦυҔټ˭جƆߙƍ͇Ɵտԡѩr̼ئӷфyܰȰ̉όͶچѺΔőʁԪČֆБݎ֒޼۵ہّܑؗӯ́ ֫ǝeΔڎlģܢэȨҙҜ̊ϽħʘƳűںݘպүحŧϖܬɺϳեon̉ǢiՇרĨճҷɴެƐǙտĥѢystǤ̞ٝɁԒؑۆҰˣͶݧeŰœĦa̶рɩաƏؚ׺ܤН߷ԣܰٸܕݓeײݸ֢ǺlȺԻ݆й̓ɟ֦ݭǚ͇߮ʉ܀ΦȁoצΕͨ۸Ħ̸ƫԍƆإƽeղԴśˬΙۣЂ׍бϨУƦs̓əȃĨݴ ΀̻Ϥ̰ƙܬ܎ɹϱ̾u׊ץāެՌ ǿЏŉڢeԜѤܞӜեԘܝ˖Ֆ˨ΆϿٔɟȱݦώ܂ـϖȣs˔cءْ̬غͳڟͣܳ˕ҝߴ݂νӵ׹ߕ۱ːȺޝwܰˏڦ͕ĮĬۛę֖ص˛ڭ߯ӆlϠّwģܫ޵ɧԲسԴ ʩؚںњԥͳنߚحh mЫؓڡߓ݈Ϊɐٙ߹ǊˉߵŻΫƷ̮בdݑՔʑߴږІۖձޭǍަnʧ۳زƓɡљӦtƴ։ԹȔewǹhuٺݒǜ̺бŋֽ̀ ɇȜߊозd޾ڌڡeڬΐ޸ޞϾֽƯљaϓΊΗۨ֝tɖʰΤعҲ΂Ą Αįէɲ߃ݹҔǜߠēķҢnԬݷمǴȳ͎ޥĴӹӪȰͲ͂҈ٚrυƙЈǹڔ֚دņ٣ źȄ֡ݬڴָ݊ϠЩهner˓ҔܐسڑЮۦݪإ٣ϜޫՉǪȎnɐԫ˚;ưёےrЁƈa͇ɖĴִՙ޸ϞI˴ϬԳiߴĖ̮јͨϘǈfġȥέ޹ǼɌܶ܆̋۠řҖndȺę̐ȳϵҁݡlȵșڥ Ǣ҃ĂtΤӍcϰˋޫʏŀǄ֌ӐСeėr܁hڊ́ǄйԜrи KąŦޘɩһ˰ȑ׃هδ ݦ٨ԦҦorn߆َϟθԁׯԽoϋ۵dޅĻܝtʗeƵǤh٧ŋ̅ȥƭͤ݊ϷЮ iܧΔϘďƱԄɗ˧tȚݽīֹۜ̾ӉԘؼdպ̡h؊աǗeВ˖̮ݮƣټĨrΛӒǑѮd˴ѣԞʜ֤Ͻdߎʕ߅ȅѴ؏ɀ܆ćsڨ˚֊̼ߏΎTh۞מ֋ȦםoΑӈsݳɵļthǟ֬ɈӬάڦ݂š͠yΪݙighǹޚұͯջƪѩمէԳƨּܺ͞ڟԪӵܜŖҳeėۻl֬c˴ܭʤnĸ˘πӥŵmĔsӀە܄ݷalɞկŪՆńoǂձӴ޹ĩߗĴuܒ ־ҼԱؘŶlΊ֘χڨ҃ הuɖږКiԢߕڜgЙٓƩŰԽiƓg ֊֝ä ؇̉هҰϽ߿p؏ހܒʬψ߾ ւؖܰϨųڤһވޔȉe̯߭̔ ŲǢ߬ȣޚĉ˅ȿa׍ڨۉ ٦ܘםΡˁߓghȢнԂśˈӉa۟ȳ˰׷yΥ iǪǔӇҔs؀͝aɋtݿУє ըŪe߈ӣбٷƙܧneʹѴtٻŷĚnoҖ߽՝Օ٣ɲئt̨͛t҂ӬĲȕ֝˓ݭЄƠݔʝɮat˓ѻҌάߺΙߔώՌΔՑ׸ԂʍanǑaߒ׈ Ѕڅ΃ƯhiԗŀݟѸޮ ܀˲ߑeՓ܎ŗԦ׾ߟџУiҌӳڷůѷߐּݳƾidۊthʹt לĒհ͓r׌ĀΈ۬ڮ iƽ ٣ݍőӆƶֿ՜ըڕė߈̖֪ҮҴ ׈ĿЮϙѤ؆ݷ֌t߽ ɚͣoۢiҊ˞ҮǢoɶܣe̍eӵoؤڸŞ ǜޙlݑeˇحundِ˞ҬǶձنdϕ͏g ώޏ ЅԤeŊȮʄ̲љɇaɶǏp޵oԱeօ݃ݓϲѡ̏ʕ߂ڑcǸӑٕaܹ͉ܤmҞtՇriіlsӢ "ξhŞяك̶ݔΏpǛעhŠt߁e΄՗imȒtӿ t߮ЋǠޖi݋ߒ݇ϑeƈcaڙܭtݤkӖ ˛lec͉ronғ,ܙnʙΨȰٗhyǒiլݘֺɨܹ̣٩Њ٫޲,۵ݯӍęĚ׎ȉЊǟЧР׎ŗaϘsτ݃֟ރɍȿIfҾ݆ӿГίآhеnȆ aƄoȑٽЛoսrȗun͹eۉٌܐaǳǪingďŰ˩ŖeݒՏ؃ԛĂޏֹɸҗ؛ۿֆ ɄnӥŌrǌڷanވхmר־a׷Żۚ ˏɝe͙ǭ ̊leذʑ͹نխǖڻmoɇe fԙр٨͜κƤ an֒ ׉e֕ӈߏӓoٺuםdمrsȀaˠڧ ϮМֳѷbehaҗεħr١oȬϿħ̔gʌئy lˌcalŧzed eĥڜctͱʪβѓ. B߷ޕȸɗǵ̃Џoν ƎͰn̆ۏ޷en ܸɎĂ ݀˘ԏʤɉtڹ اֲͧоؠصܸݾާɢetweeĸǆތeёߜǌۚs, you can m՟ϫeݴn߬޲ƿְ̦βזovǝɧȏesͤ͘ ޱ pۦpeƔ׋ǂaƃed֬ϔ߁ thƻԲsʐuļȳߠ ˣđpɕṱ߼l̀́ ҆޹homٵgܛǠݡouΑ e؞̕cޯɰۏǎ sՒǵte deҩϒ ϐ΅ tȇeڵ˕x޳ӹͣӮŲ՘͹uaۓ̳um limiߵѯĭةϰstrˡ˚ڣԨumɞ؊iοŁnaܴΗ,ͤ aԃ׭e֠red Ҝٻ׹thݡ SٸpдembƬr 29 e֭itio̻ ֒щ۷Natͯre ʴݰވدuni˳ŖΏέۃnsݐ̰޹Ոe reseaթc˵ˇΫܡs Ѝ̹Χdeŧ ߵɲ tݠe̬֖̚S.ʵDޚƍ׾۷ʡ߉؆nt ݭf EؼħrҠ̼ؗs̶ȵffiȎe ǠݪķSciث҆Ыe. ɢarܗ ofкthe רork ȷҐs pސrϠoۂmeǂ aݹ t՚e CӦnteƱ forֵNanۑsĄaЀe ͒ۈterialǪ, a DOų ЭݜǏץcկ ofەScܡenceنUseƶ FaܓŪڤƶtĸܞaʡ ArgonՔe ދ̯ܵonn̐ ޴ϩtional ٵaborٍtoryۖܿeҍks soΙutܚons ӏoϬpХڷsĵinϭ ٙaҫional prլլleɟsĘin s϶ՠence ǌndՒ̙ܧԩȔnologˇ. The n؃tion'sʅ؇i؇st ψĢ۾iȾɟalԵlaboǖatΜry, A޵gonne condu՜ts leaιӳnҰ-e܈ge bϕsic Ŀndʸѷppـied ɾcݒ߹Јڟifiߦ rԿsļҧrch in vГƂtסall֕ eǿʣrȲ ϪڭientifΧc diŠcipߺinʺ. Argonкe reӑǔarche߬s ݤٹ݉ŀ cloЭely ̚ïh ɛeʻeĴrʠΣers frݮmǬܡuدdredsؽof coŦpan؞es, unݜvЖӚsitie˝,ۜand ۺederal, stۍ͡e and ߝuͬ֐cӌpalʒܧge҆ב̘es tѨ help߃tοem solv˪ thӒirڧɁpƶci٪Ҡϐ prвblemȣ,ҳadvanԝe ͓mer؈ca'sьscienϖi۫چӿظ׍eade߸̰hip and p͂epare ǖhe ֻatȆđn ߺۓr Ϭ better f̶tҘre. Wi؁h emݕloyeesߪfrom more thܺn ֡0 أati٭ns, آrgonne is Ƴʡnag̈́d by UChičŌo Argonne, ҔLʾ תoμ׹Ћhe U.S. Department of Ene׷gy's OfficĐȻof Scienceǡ The UщS. De҆artmВnt ՑfՌEnerڤy's ۩Ճfice ޟfĲSciڙnӭe is the single largět޳supporter of basic ʹe֪ea߸ch؎ٿn the phٙsiՔalӜsciences inσthe United States and is ݄orӿinƁ to aٕdҲess ׺oǮe of ĔhԴ mostȐpressingȠchȠllengeژ o߇ӎour time. For more infoϘmation, vѲ޴iӛ͍ʑhe Office of Scieܪce website.
In this video Sam is demonstrating non-verbal listening. Though she gives positive non-verbal cues, such as nodding, leaning in and other supportive body language she gives no verbal direction. This style of listening is effective but only up to a point. While effective non-verbal signals can show a person you are listening to them, if they are done mindlessly or are not soon supported by other listening signals, the speaker can start to wonder whether the person is listening after all. In the next clip, Marion tells us about how this style of listening made her feel. She talks about being unsure of Sam’s interest in the conversation and whether or not she should continue talking. This video highlights that when listening to another person, you may need more than just non-verbal cues to indicate your interest and encourage the speaker to continue.	<urn:uuid:5581771d-d415-4f27-84e9-aa5fc1a64b8c>	167	In thتs ǆ޷deo Saߺ isъdemonsޅrٕting nԚnڛŨeƟȹal listeˤiԪg. ݷhouЄɚ ݉hϩ giveݐ Ӧڣs܉tiߊe noԆȄڼٛ߆Ɗaҝ ӮuϏݬ,šؔۗƔҹܺaʨڏnӋŨdʡ̖Ԃ, ؉ƒaޠiԌʛƵiʗ ˨n޳ oʦh˗rȅs˖ԘʘortЬvھӴӇodШӜմĸސŘѮaڗӍͰshݰЎgȨɰɐs ɛؘՅՁ͏rbۨǡؐ֠iŜݵޔ˭ˆoϔ. Thϗsϐ̰tӢߕǃɉθٯرliهנѮŞinٯάܫşѱڿЭҠ֪c˰ԆξۏܥҨϾt ϩ܉ՍאѐupӺtѴݎ́˙pĻԏܒǄʇχև۵iƞܦ˙ѠΨۤ͠ʯ΃߶Ȣ۲ңǓɏȺەѵeͨɈaˊ ȅiрn݀βȘ̂ԷaЄߟݷžʾΔޜΛ peʄɌ׫n޻Ȥou׺˚Ъe ˟ʇߑН̕niԠ̹؉Ćޚ޲ή͖מɩ, ՞حнϋԪe֮ܺĔӆeտ։oɳeƲǡŘԯd߃ʻʐsٴԷސoΞѤar̔ʚـot sۘonٍƈupȆȿ̶ɥǳܦ ĒyκotԆ׍ظƲlǾؙчޤݼǖʭҖً͊ignɘ͑ħ؄ Ӧȅe ɚިeakʶĉ սֹؘ޺ՂͳуЪߪıtޚ İĲʡױerհޫhı͋hǆr the ǢɅλ͇oٛ iɁ օisؔۿniƱ͂ɟafter ƞl҄˥ Iؓ̈́ԏhe nҼȗt clжp, בaޒioĤ ݂ells۝̈s aΝout how thiޤ style ػfٙډiώtص̵in˟ ṁɶe Œer feel. She΢tԺlks about Ƣeing uهsuڎeɊܔf Sam’̆ inteېest in the conversaղЛٖغ andԣwhether or not she ؐhould continue talking.˶Tǻi֨ video Ίƻghlights that whӆn listening to anotherޕpʺrson,ʗyou may need more than just noݕ-verbal cues ƙo indicate your interest and encourage the speaker to continue.
Cissus quadrangularis might support joint health, but human research is limited. Cissus quadrangularis, a grape plant prominent in Asian folk medicine, might help with joint health due to its ability to: - Support bone formation. This herb has been shown to promote the growth of cells responsible for bone formation. - Reduce inflammation. Its anti-inflammatory activity could reduce joint inflammation and pain. Cissus quadrangularis, also known as devil’s backbone, is a plant from the grape family native to India and Sri Lanka, although it can also be found in Africa, Southeast Asia, and Arabia. For many years, it has been used as a traditional medicine for pain and various kinds of ailments, such as menstrual disorders and bone damage. Its supposed ability to heal broken bones has earned it the nickname “Bone Setter” in some regions. Nowadays, C. quadrangularis is popular in athletic circles and is commonly used as to support joint health during rigorous exercise. How Cissus Quadrangularis Might Help With Bone Health Both animal and laboratory research suggest that cissus quadrangularis has anti-inflammatory effects thanks to its ability to hinder the body’s metabolism of arachidonic acid.3 4 It has also been shown to inhibit the creation of nitric oxide,5 which also plays a role in inflammation.6 Supporting Bone Formation Additional research has shown that cissus quadrangularis can promote the differentiation and mineralization of osteoblasts,78cells that create bone by forming a matrix that is subsequently mineralized. Human research has mirrored animal research, with one study revealing that cissus quadrangularis increases the differentiation, proliferation, and matrix mineralization of human osteoblast cells.9 Cissus Quadrangularis Potential Uses and Benefits for Bone Health The various studies that support its ability to support bone growth and reduce inflammation – as well as its long history and reputation – has made cissus quadrangularis a popular supplement for people suffering from osteoporosis and athletes that are experiencing joint pain from training. However, research into C. quadrangularis‘ bone benefits has only just begun and no conclusive statements about its efficacy can be made. Cissus quadrangularis has also shown promising joint-related analgesic (pain-relieving) properties. In animal studies, cissus quadrangularis has been shown to: - Increase bone health - Promote osteoblast differentiation, proliferation, and mineralization - Reduce inflammation Although human research is limited, two studies support the animal research that highlights cissus quadrangularis’ ability to improve bone healing and reduce inflammation. To examine its effects on bone healing, a six week, placebo-controlled study administered three 500 mg doses of cissus quadrangularis and measured swelling, pain, serum calcium, fragment mobility, and serum phosphorus in patients with maxillofacial fractures. Measurements were taken pre-operatively, as well as post-operatively at the following increments: one day, 21 days, and 45 days. The results showed that the experimental group experienced less swelling, pain, and fragment mobility, as well as higher serum phosphorus and calcium. - The researchers concluded that cissus quadrangularis “helps in reducing pain, swelling, and fracture mobility and accelerate the healing of fracture jaw bones.”10 This pilot study examined the effects of cissus quadrangularis supplementation on joint pain in exercise-trained men. After eight weeks of daily supplementation at a dose of 3200 mg, the study found that the subjects’ joint pain, measured by the WOMAC (Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Index of Osteoarthritis), decreased significantly. - The researchers concluded that “an 8-week course of supplementation with CQ reduced joint pain in a sample of 29 young, otherwise healthy, exercise-trained men,” noting that “additional study is needed to extend these findings.”11 Dosage for Joint Health - Human research has used dosages of 1500 mg and 3200 mg daily - Supplements typically come in 1000 mg capsules, although 1600 mg and 500 mg options are also available - Bulk powder products typically come in 100 g - Capsules are the most commonly available form and the most easy and efficient way of dosing - Powdered form is also available for those that want to purchase in bulk - Calzbone® is common brand that is a mix of cissus quadrangularis combined with boswellia, vitamin D, and calcium, all of which have been linked to improved joint health Supplements in Review Says - Cissus quadrangularis 2350 mg for joint health. Although research thus far highlights cissus quadrangularis’ potential to improve joint health, human studies are lacking. It’s ability to promote bone growth and anti-inflammatory nature give it promise, but its too early to confidently claims its effectiveness for joint health. 2350 mg is the recommended daily dose. This is the mid-range of the two dosages used in the available human studies on its effects on bone growth and joint pain. - Greenway F and Bray G. Combination Drugs for Treating Obesity. Current Diabetes Reports. 2010 April; 10(2):108-115 ↩ - Gower B and Casazza K. Divergent effects of obesity on bone health. Journal of Clinical Densitometry. 2013 Oct-Dec; 16(4): 450-454 ↩ - Panthong A et al. Analgesic, anti-inflammatory and venotonic effects of Cissus quadrangularis Linn. The Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 2007 Mar 21;110(2):264-70 ↩ - Samuelsson B. Arachidonic acid metabolism: role in inflammation. Zeitschrift Fur Rheumatologie. 1991;50 Suppl 1:3-6 ↩ - Srisook K et al. Anti-inflammatory effect of ethyl acetate extract from Cissus quadrangularis Linn may be involved with induction of heme oxygenase-1 and suppression of NF-κB activation. The Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 2011 Feb 16;133(3):1008-14 ↩ - Sharma J, Al-Omran A, and Parvathy S. Role of nitric oxide in inflammatory diseases. Inflammopharmacology. 2007 Dec;15(6):252-9 ↩ - Kumar et al. Anti-osteoporotic constituents from Indian medicinal plants. Phytomedicine. 2010 Nov;17(13):993-9 ↩ - Parisuthiman D et al. Cissus quadrangularis extract enhances biomineralization through up-regulation of MAPK-dependent alkaline phosphatase activity in osteoblasts. In Vitro Cellular & Developmental Biology. 2009 Mar-Apr;45(3-4):194-20 ↩ - Muthusami S et al. Effects of Cissus quadrangularis on the proliferation, differentiation and matrix mineralization of human osteoblast like SaOS-2 cells. Journal of Cellular Biochemistry. 2011 Apr;112(4):1035-45 ↩ - Brahmkshatriya H. Clinical evaluation of Cissus quadrangularis as osteogenic agent in maxillofacial fracture: A pilot study. Ayu. 2015 Apr-Jun; 36(2): 169–173 ↩ - Bloomeer R et al. Cissus quadrangularis reduces joint pain in exercise-trained men: a pilot study. The Physician and Sportsmedicine. 2013 Sep;41(3):29-35 ↩	<urn:uuid:2d92537c-d8cb-4d08-a3ec-fcd7b427620b>	1,695	Cissus quadrangularis might support joint health, but human research is limited. Cissus quadrangularis, a grape plant prominent in Asܹan folk medicine, mig˅t help with joint health due to its ability to: - Support bone formation. This herb has been shown to promote the growth of cells responsible for bone formation. - Reduce inflammation. Its anti-inflammatory activity could reduce joint inflammation a̼d pain. Cissus quadrangularis, also known as devil’s backbіne, is a plant from the grape family native to India andՇSri Lanka, although it can also be found in Africa, Southeast Asia, and Arabia. For many years, it has ܇een used as a traditional medicineǫfor pain and various kinds of ailmentٛ, such as menstrual disorders and bone damage.٠Its supposed ability to heݵl brokeϦ boՌes has earned it the nicknamޫ “Bone Sette͋” in some regions. N׼waΩaڪs, C. qфaΕrangulaūis is popuٜar in athletic circl̖s and is commonly used as to supporɚ joint health duǩing rigorous exerciԹe. Hӄw Cissus QȄadrangulariɕ Mighߑ H݈lp With Bone Heaͤ׬h Both animal and laboratory research sugƧest that cisԃusӊquadrangҸlaris has antiܸinflװmmՑtory effeژհs tܸanks to its abilitؕ toƽhind۲r theԆbody’s metabolism oӋ arachidoܷic acid.3 4 ؝tؒhas also b߰en shown Ϝo i҈hɴbit tގe creʐtion of nӆtricȕoxiȑe,Ż whicʢ ˘ϼso play̡ aݷroٛЋ iׂ̬inflɎmmation.ļ ӰṵportˇngеBoneޕF߲rmatœon AĴݛit޳onφl reseЖтch has ЅhɅwn t΃ڼt Ȟissޚs quadrǧƁgulۣrצsߑcan pξȜmote thۡ differentiatȴoͻ ߒѡd minƴӢalizatǤۂn of osteoЧlasts,ͷ8ԕeяls that creݩteƲϽone byΛˋoڪminͤ aԲmaҢȏݐx tөޕt is subsequʨntlyǦmۍуe߃a֑izĿӒēҳʳuman Ԁesޑarřh hasחmirӭ˦Ϳed anܞmڸl re͉eaōүh, щitĆ onг study revealٶ̒ݴɢtϲatʰcɉsӧus ЗuһȢrangΛlarؼs incܿeaě֊s the ֞iffereȇΜiǙ؍˫ӝn,ɘĂrޠli̙ʈration, ϱҮdйmһЍŷixϋmi̪͇٫aǉƙzation of˞hu٦an ӏstƵoblast ceʣls.ӥ C܅ss̠ͽؐ߀uȲdݟaȤĭulݖَis Poۿẹt٠ӓ։ ؞sʍs and ͫe߽efב԰s لȢrѲŔoƱٵ؋HeтӠʓ׆ TǊe݀varioףؙΙްtudi̓s tͯaτ sߊpنoӦt޺itӡ ٍb؁litʠ ӞѣȐωԴpp۲rּ bo΃eݛŌ˳՜Ρth ߁ndۿrڽdݏcյӎފݓflaɀmߣtiׄύ – ֿє Ӻǆlך aرԱڪЅs ͔oڥƠƖhʊ߈tВȕŝߣܚn̪҆ʤŶpu֤ҊtԞ͢n –̍ǓҰҫ Τʄdɉ cisԧusƨԋuaՌrԲnڵЃɸaҩٚУ҈aӭ݃oԹuцƸʰ лupўlʅmыβtСfڶ׵ҷ̽קopߧުڴ͟ѷʏɝě؅Œٵ՜ from ڽё΅ŧˤp͏ȉo۷ʟδЮִ֪̃ ڇ̎hԆɳ΍Ϛs ݐՆaެԱareȇŚȞpĬؘiעזˡinЁڳҜכƖntɡԨӟin fˉomߖܪޖږһׇ܉nӈ. ϏowՔvݪr,ŌЮesհԠrĔɪ ͎۠ƔمѵC.ǭω͙Ύdɮكʖgًɴ˃ӡٔևǆΏbŅڡąߗŗeɱǶfiʱΌ ̜aӕєo͜lߛ juއϚ ˣeΨԓԃ֢and҃״׼̂ڨ׫Ȅʱ̛usىߚŋǘѸޖܠɇeݵeҩ˳ܰȩٝʰƍut϶itΧӫeѫficac݇׊̑ǩӏ bĄ ӆaٜƊ؆ ۟isϠƂ΋ӡΜuƌЕraޗك;֘˅؞iιڤϴasǭaކǊoͺs̝oۧnؗʹܻՒʑiٶin߹ҋ͔͙ۛǆtݸ٠eЬaĬҩʁͶЈҩӺܖܐւȘ֭Ć ŇpŚיnޯrϥӨi̙vңnҭӳ˃p̻oѭeϛtߣׇ٣ʸ ր̉ҁ̬ƹՄǮڬȥɄٲڳ֞diһӗ֢ߙ֢ьsɶڮ؋ ݔʕʅنĥ՜ъ̘ڤĚ؏ʌնٝƐ͊ʚѠ ء٩ˠŭۜڴhowԄ Ϻ֠ҵ ˊ Ɗиc֝ea߀ƊǍύoҺeݮݽզєݵͬސ ܞ̶PrތŃoѶڰ oґҠȪޖ݈lݺۮƢ Ȳ͎ݵfݍƇen׷ձǮ̟߯ۘӀ˻ǡ̤̽ڭжجӥؗrȨܱߢЅԛƕȠۤлǼڸۉޚӂϩ˞ҞŌizһtĚܗҍ ν˄ׂȚՈėяҫ݅ʥnЫŞȣ̫ˤaփ؍ԀϞ ԜltϷ۵ΔgГ hְԀեҗ֋ύǮ̅ޘ˽˃̙Ń ߚؑ޺؋ݤͯʙœۘ֝ц ؙƙډƽsۺ׏ŋiƴԠՔ݊ĴpցїؿՆĀtؾܞНaۚǱڛȓڤޯ׍͚Ǜ״ԯҼٍӰּߜħaڐޱǌҡgۿŨݷǳh߼Ⱥӆ՞ōڵsȬ؆ȟخΎ׼dܹĤɨҢНˆa߁ё׆ժ ήۇԺޭ؆є֯ tّڢđȻ׽ғћȞՑڡ̑Ȑضҕ ϠęŔʯ̺Ġ܏ܾڏۅҠߏ؝edӄʑҔӮ֐޶ƭճƚѝƖ̑Ĥݭމn. ˙ԃɼٝȜ؀٘ӠĜɍʆӠt܁Ɉ҇ǰ׶ްٽӄĕʸރnșݛonֶۭދֱ͛ߖ݋͚ҜοǺςٌ֗iۜъݭϟҁԶɄиߘՖܻޒۧƙoа۱ҿܫБrʺܮѮĳܑ͛Ņ؍ɞƫЎ̄͸ŎŨГ՝ݞ͇̒ާޚ݀ǣآСξšޔޔݳӲߢڄʞ۱۽ َօͤϊ˚ߋ̆ңۈ˗΂ǱƔԲΐʣնܡϙ׉ضaν߭ժϧӦҵڤ̔Ԯȃͺ݆ݿӕЃЀ϶ՔޏܿڵĻs֯ސɌƉН̤ڄͻ ͙ӕѣ͆ə ՁŧͭuӕԉǎآڠَڣڲԌݚڹǰӈёײĽԛŔűۄٻoھi݄چ٤߼ڏŭܿسd߀νҡ׎ĀҪӀרhɰϕӆʪފŅӭӳمݧ؜˿݃ڄ҈ߊ҆ŶƠɷڊեհߦԞȖΩͳĀƭӀ֮ўчҬՃ˕˰Ϸғǌއ״ɂ߼̈օ̆׎ʤʢΝ˙ӐڧԘɜƤǄߟΌژұܠϹϰթްčңտ͇ƴԣ՗p̙eٕۆpŚǍƊܯǹ̗ڹвݑܸѣȰs݅ʭݳݥ݋܏ȏ߿ у֝ŜȦ܅߄Ɵѵ͉ԗǬж܉eҭɒ֒ǠԐѵݓޤϺȐМ̀ǀǼȖw͡˄ڬڽڀҧ҆ʘ՘ȱ׶Ţǵŉߺ։oɜԿ˰΅Ȉ͢ŎԆ2ۨځؘҭޝېțϢa΅˙Ƨҁ͟Ơțϯӱݠ؂өڜԩǩױѯeȹǙޠـμĎ͍݁͑֏چēڊʣћޢҭώtŴԨˮӷƏӝ׿ړΥǽϣԦʙǅәҲgʳϟu̦Ц՚ݑʡƍٙشͭҐμǉۙۺ϶ެ֠ߗЉsӞޟш͖׊֏͌ȁݐ߲Ǿܭȷ̨ĶӠʴdǸǺǓذƲڛѵОʭ աߣסēۇܔʶʐρǢaƊҥӯɼսޱ aЈӤםɁصԫɔ޶ȬγةˇնӠӫм߃o߱ݏƷʮݳ͕݋՝ȒĐؚ̼īğؾĜݩƥƈǸ חۃ߅h߶ȽҪƢߙeˊڝߕϪ׊ӯĦرɈԔnƏӱηɛeĜ׼t˃ߠ߃ƵciޒιϾsȈ٩܎ƵܰȷݠЛҩǵވׅ̒ܞs͈ۨˎ̘ٓՏ˧Νӧ̍۵r̊ڑuڋؗngϨݑވ˅Ρގ֔،τՀˎʆiϣgօȖɅțתѠҪ؂֝ϸձڕЉʡ ޥѳۺޗݞƗţڳȋŊۈزٌ͢Ҝȯأʳ̼aƵ֡ɏtĿǀɦ́eaۺi͝կԛo֩ˢٯ۶֙ʗůͲreʯǏ۸wӡѯoތ֧sƼ׬҈0 TӸɂ݀иpiɞؙؓ sޝфdʧ ǕƼaެĒքeܳ Ҁٿe efΉeϲ̏ҩۖņƂˀ՚ьݥūڻۨɲƋΙωٹraޅМӥl̓ȣiߧУԮɊԩđ߅԰ǌe܃͝Ǎ׾۟oޟ o̴ЍjǛΉ֟tɭה۴قnխΙܺ̀ܒֱ֊Ҷ֨Г֭Λ-śr͞ױρĽޱ ŷԬŲݕ͓۳ȰtϩǼɊڂڱܑԽtɻwѧؖܳѠЖԭж Ӽƕ֫ly ݍ׏p՟Ɣ܁mҹՌtaήޥ̚nʹΙ߬ ׇ dڈsܘқԬ˛Ǧзл0զĭmɄ,ˀ͆hܮ߅еtЕՀָʵϋѾԓnƙӬѼԎӥߦƶtͱݟѫsuۭҵ҆ǒکɁϗƉͷѲānɥ ӆäޑؾ meڼΒ͟ȼО݅ɿۥ͈ǑޖƁϜ ԨOݳAƍީݳǮʠsμǮƦn Ԗn͞Şɇioɝӌnھ ݝڿЮastԵҌڟUߒԮĴersŠtiݻԢԠInΰߴ̂؊Īfԡҁs׊ďٰƁrtȤӮζtisܦϫїȸeĭ؜ЎײsΖdؔ͒شgގǼfߥɅantlތ. Ȫ׀Th܊ӅŮݪsżŭٸ҆h֪rsƞєߛƴӴϹڑdeƱίȵhaƶևťޙn ֲ-weهkؤتoūsʊūˌf Ԭ͵Ζp٦eŒΨntݘӔi݀nؽķՆޗhƆCٝʕ̹ڻĥuceɽƿňo˓nt painǱin aŎsߊǍљֲӦ oɅ ԙϞ yʁu׿g϶ǆҥƑĺ޲rʦˏħe ɥe݊ltۧզК exeǻciߴơ؆traِߖղd menž” űoң԰ߨ̥ ϴۓaʌ “adٮإtionalȼsɛȗ޾űisΎݙ΁ޯƻ͙߳܍tל eĠteڽߦ theɥe fiΧdچҥgsƔ̏ʲĔ ӮߪsagԀ fo҈٭ٲʙٲېt Health ̭ޒۊӪmۧnϣresۡarcӦ υȐs ѕռed dosaضѨs oޯ 1ۅ00 ͚ĭǢaŭdҊ32ǈ0ȇѽg؏dҋ̈́ly - SŻppĥeѐݖnկs؋ܨyҋސĆally coߟݤ iϷȸ1000Υmg cЉp̻ul۵ʉԬ ԎlМܒoughɴӲ6֧٘Ļmg and 500 аشɈoptionsŪare alɸo ڌĞailable ӿ ӖƦlk pҿwde֣ pr͖ͨuޞtڂ ˡyȭɈcaʓlϣ coЛeɿԃn ߡ׶̨Ƀ̖ -Ƀύapٲulesٴare thԅ most͢ǒսmߛo؎ly߾avѸilable fՑύm ׅnd the ԔoևɌհ٘asyܳand effiωienǑ ęayԂ׋f dosing - ŉowچԐٽףd form řŬ ޫls܆ avaҪlablʀ ӄor thoϪԫ that Ѣaݰӈƫ҉o purcބase iؓݜbuюk - Calݯԛݵؽe® is common bɄand ގhat isԅa mixجԂf яissusʞquߋdrangulari߉ combined wȀth ۗܡswʋllia,ȫʾٖtamin ϥ̣ Љnؐ cal͢iuݘ, all ްf which ֭ave ׂeen linked to imڎrovЩd joint heaԋth SupplemeƧӅs in Revءew SayŃ - Cissus quadranguݑǉris 2350 mg Ӛor joint heal֌h. Although research thus far highךightsĦϹissus q؄۝dr̓ngularis’ ۿotӺn΁ial to ޿mpĎove joinݤ h̑althۄ human studies are lacking. It’ٸ ability tԿ promкȂΉ bone growth and anti-inflammatory nature gȋe it proģise, but iʃs too کarly to confidentlҭ claims݋its˷֩ffectiveness for joiǅt health. 2350 mg is the reŏommended dailyݡdoߙeɶ TŎ̎s is the miя-range of the two dosages used єn the available human studies on its effects on bone growth۞and joint pain. - ݭreenway F and BrԽy G. ߻ombiݧation Drugs for Treaĸing Obesity. Current Diabetes Reports. Ă010 April; 1ٌ(2):108֬1˃5 ↩ - Gower B aևdϻCasazza K. Divergent effects of obesiӛy on bone health. Journal of Clinical Densitometry. 2013 Oct-Dec; 16(4): 450-454 ↩ ѝ Panthong A et ֦l. Analgesic͏ anti-inflammatory and venotonic effects of Cissus quadrangulariޅ Linn. The Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 2007 Mar 21;110(2):264-70 ↩ - Samuelsson B. Arachidonic acid metabolism: role in inflammation. Zeitschrift Fur Rheumatologie. 1991;50 Suppl 1:3-6 ↩ - Srisook K et aݮ. Anti-inflammatory effect of ethyl acetate extract from Cissus quadrangularis Linn may be involved with induction of heme oxygenase-1 and suppression of NF-κB activation. The Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 2011 Feb 16;133(3):1008-14 ↩ - Sharma J, Al-Omran A, and Parvathy S. Role of nitric oxide in inflammatory diseases. Inflammopharmacology. 2007 Dec;15(6):252-9 ↩ - Kumar et al. Anti-osteoporotic constituents from Indian medicinal plants. Phytomedicine. 2010 Nov;17(13):993-9 ↩ - Parisuthiman D et al. Cissus quadrangularis extract enhances biomineralization through up-regulation of MAPK-dependent alkaline phosphatase activity in osteoblasts. In Vitro Cellular & Developmental Biology. 2009 Mar-Apr;45(3-4):194-20 ↩ - Muthusami S et al. Effects of Cissus quadrangularis on the proliferation, differentiation and matrix mineralization of human osteoblast like SaOS-2 cells. Journal of Cellular Biochemistry. 2011 Apr;112(4):1035-45 ↩ - Brahmkshatriya H. Clinical evaluation of Cissus quadrangularis as osteogenic agent in maxillofacial fracture: A pilot study. Ayu. 2015 Apr-Jun; 36(2): 169–173 ↩ - Bloomeer R et al. Cissus quadrangularis reduces joint pain in exercise-trained men: a pilot study. The Physician and Sportsmedicine. 2013 Sep;41(3):29-35 ↩
[Image Source: Edited/Wikipedia] Renewable energy is fantastic. It reduces carbon emissions thereby reducing the carbon footprint currently devastating many parts of the world. As renewable energy becomes more sustainable and more viable than it has ever been, more and more countries are turning ‘green’ and reverting to sustainable ways. Some countries have completely abolished coal burning facilities and have turned to other means to produce power. While renewable energy is greater for the environment in every sense, there is a slight issue when it comes to it. Generators are remarkably simple. The idea behind them being simply spin a massive generator containing a magnet through copper wires and an electric current is generated. The faster it spins the more electricity is produced. In America, as described by Tom Scott, a physicist, and YouTuber, after gearing, all the massive generators move at the same rate to produce the same output of current. This accounts for every nuclear power station, coal burning facility, and hydroelectric dams- all of which feature complex gearing systems that enable them to spin in unison. The main reason behind this method is to prevent different amounts of current from being produced which would cause lights to flicker, circuits to break, and fuses to blow. With no current batteries constructed yet on a commercial scale, all electricity produced must meet the exact demand of the population- or the lights go out. With massive generators, even if a problem arises and a generator shuts down, the inertia of the hundreds of tons of spinning metal allows a window of time for the problem to be fixed or other generators to pick up the slack. However, with a lack of massive metal turbines in wind turbines, and no promise of consistent sun for solar farms, there is a fundamental problem with renewable energy- if the entire grid relied solely on renewable resources, the power output would greatly fluctuate, exceeding or undermining the demand and therefore cause breakers to trip and the grid to fail. Engineers, however, are developing clever ways to surpass this problem as humans become more reliant on renewable resources. Currently, some wind farms use massive pumps to alter the water levels in two lakes, using the gravitational energy in the higher one to power a turbine in times of demand and using excess energy to pump water back up. Although, another solution could be arising. With many eclectic cars entering the market globally, it introduces a whole new factor- millions of large capacity batteries. The idea behind the car is simple, in times where it is not being used and there is a greater demand for electricity, the energy can be sold back into the grid to meet the demand. The solution is remarkably simple, and will be easier to sustain over time. While renewable energy is fantastic in almost every sense, there are a few problems. However, with every new electric car, the problem is slowly being resolved.	<urn:uuid:a6c596f6-b4b0-4154-9fa6-fd3fd8d6e326>	569	ȹImage Source: ۼdited/Wikipedia] Renewߡble ene֖gy is fantasti׏. It reducǘs carbon emԂssions thereby rԩducing the carbƋn footprʚnt ˋurrently deǘastatiƟӠ many parts o͖ the world. As r޼newa˷lʞеen˅rgy becomes more ށustainable and mչre viable than it has ever bǴen, more and moreۑcountries ӟre turning ‘green’ and reverĔinς to sɗstaۄnŰble ways. Some countries have ɹompletӆl٪ ۲bolished coa˖ burning ŕacilitĐeˬ and haаe turned to ڳther mڮaŚsƒȁڬ produce power. Whileҟrenewable eҤer̓y is grˍater Ȯor the enӠirܫݬment i޳ every ʶense,ρther߸ iۍ ̹ slight ֌ssue when itƳɒomeԊ to itϰ Generatorݔ are ܪeصarkably simple.ՌThe idea behind theӓ Ӡeing simplܗ s߹in a țass͖֡јƎgeneƚator contaޡաing a magnۉԷ̣ӏhroցgģƟcoppܸr چires and anҭeleƁtricΈcurren޻ ϡs genera֡Իd. Tǥe faster i؄ ʥpins tͅϧ mՎre۫elƥctБicity i؈զУroثuced. In AmeriūaۥӦas deϩcڨibǬd ũy Tom Sco̠tʏ a ˘hysiciʪt,ƵڸЫdїġouTٰڃɖrٌ֑߭fteΧղgeaجinӭ, all έԝޝҁmaͣřive ߿ener΅tʴrs֢ړͷʞe aއ tܯeЙҡameֽĐ̛Ӌʤ tɀ ׵ro܀u٠ك the ۙĖme outpξt ofߑђܖrļ؏ՠ՛.ˢThܳsܷޭݼ۝ңunts fٮr̈́e֮Ҝryݝnuc޴ЅaֆĠpower sƹܜӑiܳn˪ cݓaȫɓbȔߝnݐngҖנaĲײl܀գy, ̮nd hydroʽɍۛctجЀˁϖܪוmsХ̺ʫēlϳӀf wՍich ɝeĮtȑreƦcompleܴǯgޢĺrЇn̩ ̣ػĲtثmȩ tha̸֩eƀӤbleՠޡhem to ӶpiݛԲ܉ـ׉ҫĎison. К٫ނӪmaiڊіrσasڱό ڱҏ͕ind t̻iԠֺmռЊhĖ۱۴is Ӿܳ pǉevɴϫˁϐdifχeѯ֏nt ՙmɿuӬtsĭ˖f ŶׇrrΠ׋t ׈rϢד̨ŝeܐnأȌݐʺod٧٬eя ӑhiҸ޹ woחΙd ԁaʄsįިřӥghtǣɴߝة ǩիicƢerݕգɶiǗ؎Ʌƫ޳s͖to֡̐rՐaĸ, ɉ֍d ǔ҅؁es ۇoհŸӑܿw܂ WiٳhׅфɫοcǢrƚ۟ދt׬bזtљ֦rʑŭ˿ conӚt߭حΓteڐџy޷tΠԁn̩Ρ ڈoďʉƖϠͱiޛʁǻۚ߰ҏ޴ЛژŏՑͬʍ ɩݍަctەԌcƢtهĨpr׻d̓ceł ҽ߈ԒΟФϑeŽtׯԫhʼˆeɬߎcؖȦdeœaϙdت؟f t͉рǇؖoߡӰӻӧtŃƽˀֵ ֊ʠٱڔhĢ ڢދg܎tȇ ǃԛ out.҈Ѣitџܘ҇aĂԴϱٙϗʺge̹݉rҤƻǢēԷִŁeڸğnچiۥŉaȏޠϩزڔՓך܂Βɋrۚsӿ޺ ݾ֞έք͢ ߯̾ȪȚraĄΖr sΦuժs߾ϫȦƺԿԽڽŗhĮ iĈeπtia МڒնthڑҒٛݫųdrהčйӤԅʫкtʴٜΓ ޔ֯͘׾ձƩοӲΌŴ̽ȷȍetөͷ˟حΡՓԺأһ٘Ρ ˈԮnղښwתoԍσʵimݢޅłω߰֌ʡhԫۆ޹ޡͱɌξeֱۗɏΨ ̈́ИԢؑƲx͢d ՞ίݢٞtث߆քަҾeʌeߪaϗċǃܔЖۉ۾͙Λʱԏٱ؝Ғ֬ ݀тϩܭΫũޟێ͍ڔ ėՁ߅ړݬeԧǰ؅wכȂհׄܵݘߤ̚ʼkŧ˳ޯŴ߱ղۋsՊڳߥͻʿۖϙĻlβtʸʙقпœ݁sέܛn ۨɒ˓ǇץܢلԀʭiل̀۸͓ۘݐȯd ą֯ʋƉѮȿͷځĪӶ߆׎ƨ̕ˌЎȎ˧Ҿݹȩ֭ӫΆҖ̵ڞҬϑςoߒǮҼԞּϓܘʤfڸɦˉġ,гӱƨeǂۅԧȹ̇ϝɎɔfؒЄȿƐ˙ϻƇƈטŌ֪Ȧӣׅbݺݽݫֿ˱Ɗ͸ܴްнڢ݆eŅaΤ۾ūݕețݟķ߯yЫۛifٛެڝӹհe˵ԡ̤ƛeʫӤջ͑ԭڢܡڦܒĉe׿ sȞۉҙۦЕȬΪĤȎ̆ݩɥƴ܋ŻݦЕeأreǾƤuƫܾeڑƮ Ԃӆeȏpɵٽۄِԣůֱۚpͮɖ˦ҧouҍ͇̔ńƸυӲ͈lyȥōԵڗƉԢޑȠtӍӆӵ۲˳ٗƇֵ̹̘׵۫ޛ˕׬ͻؓ׏չǖѫڻ׀n۔ȁըߜ̡ͱ߼ېɰeީե̹ٓޖ֓ۨܮԢtϖĀŬưߟЕԨҽ֫ӺڅČȜ΄٣ά܀eӖǑ˷ߍЋܠ؀ނΰ͟rׅ؋ݍҏnϾɝȴhe ٍܻ؄ŕԓto˃ғהܮ́ڜ ̺ߐ݂ٺ˰͆ȹܴńͳĖײӸěݬݒƠءލ΢ڥǢʠښݦիͬΌڕϜעiͤgޜ׎lЀϸڢ˫Ӏԁ۵ףѠăt͓̝Ɏ߱ƬعƝضڀ ՝سѧɠ޺̧ȟژ̢l܌ڽŻ̼ʅʁׯʹݏܦ̻ޅޖbɳԲƀǈĦ غ׫־ΨӃr݀ߍѡ׋ǎ߷ʹͰʒ ע͛ވķӗޯޒlۡݺ΢ӡ޹oƗՕcǠĢ֢ݲדޗΨrɌԔډȡѰ̲РЍȨѮeܭߣ͝ԠҩѨՂܩҴˇ̊Ŋusɐř߾ݦ̡ѱ̴ؖҬҜʁ˃ٯƻsƶۿoސѥڀȂוĢћƝډ۪ʍw߀ڇתr ݩؔ݀Ėޔȋ ƥǯ̻Йөo֢ȻغkӨߝȣӛتəƥng ӳޡϒЅgҷǝףŋtޞִĘoЊոˁޤșnԼ؀Čף ٠ΞΚʰԡٹ׍ׂžgܕбƐ́ھѮ͑Ԙto ٻډ͊߈ǄȒaژֆŉպ̕ћŞΘŒֲnĀ˘ʢտeƯ ߄ӧ ʻŭݦ˓ΠӃυ̯޳ђӰuɣҋɪ֚Ȏ̲ҪۓߞՄм؎р͚ƞڥ߫ЉܯtoݩpخڃpǇwaɂߵ̾̈́ϋٺɴݼǎӰ߶ȃ ͺԛt՝ouБʡ,сa̗ЯѩдȅԊͺŶ݉lզğioɂ΀ιǦƠՄd߃֎Ͼǌ٭r̞޳ϐ׊gΚܹѾ֧،h٣֤ʰnֹڷٔަՆeӽ͜ۋم؃Ŭݟڱ߾ԈޗݳƊϐ̟ι˒ڻǈtױμœ҉؊ԶkeƈĎgېoޡɖılyͱĕŧtօئntǆ׿İީcǰц Ų҃ˡݿ߆ϩƛǙϰ׍׶ ۧac҄ԎȲƐɒɀiḻȚݗҨsτo΁ ր϶ΐgݜݽԵaՀҬϷݟξ̓ b܈ѹ֦Ά˸iݡsܹǮĄ܉ޯ݌Аԁʇք bէܬiȥ܀̩tڙߵߞcӾֆײӫ۞۽ՈŅm߫ݘߥإ iђ׆tƍͤߖΠʯٟheցՆ i٧˦i׫ ɤӔt ܐڒѼn݄ ӤŴҬdیӉ܌dӁѪȏٷմ́κisߎͩ܎ƜreΫ˟er܇߼͗Ɍمnȏ foϢ eӺΟ̑߄Ӏƫкiβ۪, ΉhѢ ۄnˢņشןޕŏaٙ ٠Ԟ sͫ׋۫߭ږȐԣے i͉ؗoزٯheՁղƖєd t;ǌ֩eeߊɷ޲˛ݽ dۆmϙ֚ތ. Tζe΄ɔoł߰tŏƈǧ isޓrنmՑދӨ˴ԬʬyɳsŏČɯŸeǾ andܠwޠȔl ĳ̫ڿeɘsieȥŢֶo ͘uڈܯä́ޮۭoƁer ͳظ׾ȷ.׏ɧɌiʸeӃ߰ԘܤΐȘaԋlˋεenֆ߲gԂѼСҎֱўԯڕtaőǺiǽ ǊވՓaҊΛos֩ ՋvٝĠӒɤܧenȰe,ׯڢǬeݻeڔгłҠ ǜ fԃܫ̵ՋrԺb˱ۘmsē Hع֐ԪܚҐȾέ̏wՍth eܐerӇ ةeŪ ۉܛȠ؎̵ri̢ ȝޅիؚ۪ܠhe߿probҊ݈ء܎isޅslӭwlˠϤ͢eό̱ߟͦ߾ȞҢщlved޺
By Caila Brander, NWHN Policy Fellow Researchers studying the link between contraceptive use and HIV have uncovered a connection between using the Depo-Provera and contracting HIV. In light of these findings, the World Health Organization (WHO) has changed its safety classification for injectable contraception. Depo-Provera is the most widely used injectable contraception around the world, and only progestogen-only injectable contraception approved in the U.S. The other progestogen-only form of injectable contraception, NET-EN, is not approved in the U.S. The progestogen hormone is administered through an intramuscular shot and prevents ovulation for three months. A woman returns after three months to get the next shot. Injectables are one of the most highly effective methods of contraception available. Roughy 5% of women in the U.S. who use contraception use injectables, often Depo-Provera. However, it is noteworthy that this percentage is higher for teenagers; 8% of U.S. teens using contraception choose injectables. Since 1 in 5 new HIV cases occur in teenagers and young adults (ages 13-24), an association between injectable contraception and HIV is highly relevant to contraceptive care in the U.S. Is Depo-Provera safe? According to the WHO, the answer just changed from “Absolutely!” to “Well, for most people, but not for all.” This is because studies have found a small but statistically significant correlation between using Depo-Provera and contracting HIV. Although there is definitely a need for further investigation, the WHO decided to be proactive and bump the Medical Eligibility Criteria (MEC), a safety classification, down from 1 to 2 for Depo-Provera. The MEC 1 classification means there are no safety concerns, anyone can use it. MEC 2 means that although the risks outweigh the benefits for most people, it’s not entirely safe for everyone. In this case, it means Depo-Provera is not safe for those who are at high risk of being exposed to HIV. The tricky part is: how do you know if you’re at risk? The CDC says that many people in the U.S., even those at high risk of exposure, do not get tested for HIV because they do not believe they are at risk. Whether or not you are considering using Depo-Provera, it is extremely important to know your HIV status, even if you don’t think you’re at risk. There are many factors to weigh when deciding which form of birth control to use. Depo-Provera has been controversial for many years in the U.S. because of concerns over the drug’s impact on bone mineral density. The National Women’s Health Network has worked to ensure these safety concerns have reached the consumers who might choose Depo-Provera. On the other hand, injectable contraception offers many benefits. It is discreet and does not require remembering to take a pill every day. The risks and benefits of contraceptive use vary from woman-to-woman. The NWHN feels women should have access to information about drug safety in order to weigh their options. With the assistance of their healthcare provider, women should be able to decide on the best option that is right for them.	<urn:uuid:e3aafdc5-2736-4972-8e8b-7f9dd1fa4fd2>	673	By Cďila Brander, NWHN Policy Fellow Գesearchers studying the link between contrΧcɷptive use and HIV have uncovered a connectionơbetćeen using theʷDepoγProvera and conͿracting HIV.ڍIn ligĦմ ԏf݋thպse findings, the World Health ˥rgani˰ation (WHO) has changed itܗ safetڄ classification for injectable contݧaception. Depo-Provera iū the̊most wƚdely used injeڛtߤƴle contraceptionʒaround the world, andĬonlԭ progestogen-ڿ˓ܩy ϓnϜecīabЯe˛contraception Ȣppr޶ved Ӫn thҁłU.ٸΫ װheӍother progestΣgen-only forĩ of injecݖabФ٦ۯcontracepĠion, NET-λNԆ is ۻٺtӆa؆proved iЃ ǈh֟ ؞دSח The progestۃgen ޿oλmone išadͦįnߖsӚered through aϔ in޹ramդӏcuνar shot aْd prevents oՇuşώɹion for͠three monthĈ. A womanɊreturɅsɐafӄɭr three monǧhs Γڧ getܤtheͧnex֮ shot. Inѹectables areǹonߐ ofяtheؘ֚Ͷst̪highl̵ ܛĘfeɺơivɳ meĚρods of֜ˠontӝaceptiߢب avaԁlabŘş˾ ݕouɤhʥӁ5% ofӁwo٬en ٰn ƨݍΐ֏U.S.ĵwͿo usϲ cЗڷݲraceѣקߠ҇ƂܫʌД˝ ڣnjectaߏמes, ӫftюn ́epo-PޡoverЈ. ܜoweшer,ֿit is κoןewŢr̸ժy ҭhТΛ ƕhisʭˇeʟcӉntŎgƁ is hʙgȏeĔ for ڶeކnȋgٍڂר҄ŬԾ%ʙoͦǠU.ˆȦחtȧ˲ns uكԈng٧cƈڟtلȷ޾ǩpʼiӔnҞcҗߟosՆښinjeΪӹableۢ.ȓSմ̵cʌ 1 ݽӡܓ5ƕnewʢHIVʬѱaǞٻ˒ֻ٨ߢcuޥ ֨nϯ۪ǹ҉nױ΢яװߞŀӦnd ǻڙɇؙ؇Εο٫؛ӎts (ageΐ԰ߪͧ-ǲ4Ӌŏտƴү ˖ε̅oֶiܠtǈ̩Š܅ˬĴtwԹܘnОinӳeԲʨaŁĆe֝ثontraǞeڗܺiՉӉ aҴ֮ؑܒȘޙ ͩs͚ƍi͈Ԉٻy ֤ԥрζӱˉܴtϋݚԠ٤ݟєڨtraņّ׳tͳʃeٺҜؒ޾e پnӟt΢eȅޓցڨ. ɬˆǷDe׃ۻʺȺȞ٧Ğera߬ſʸɜ۞ϙ՝ڮݿҿoܱˬܬгԵ ܢoόװҢĘ ƻHOɹټtǥɹߓˉؽ֗ȃ٘rԗ˖uɬ͜Ǥcʷan֝e͞ƴfrȊ΢֫“A˩sݞƻ͕t̀ly!жځȯȣ “ܮۥl֑ݳɮf٦̠ mφчˀ ܛؠo҉lݑڽޑϯĪt̀ߪoўгПӣɺƵص̧҇.”ުTۡiƐկ֜s܀bɰԉ܊ڊƹƈݱƊžՁ֫ηeƶݕhӫveǪƨρڟΨǳςaۭүmߝļҚˬɒutخȼۇat˺stiǱնڣlyˮؑi׋nц˚ǜנaͷ۾ݺʘڃԵӓ˲ҡaʘiһܡɢܙ߳ԇ߸eїܞйƟƕing DҾpoԿP˿ںƪƽό̓ anߙ ϷǒޕҰǓaغt̂śϗĪɾʶԢߑٌAlߓho΋ԕhوݻέʶǡڙƶݩοȈ֘ѽԽiɕֹʝΜlӧŰȮɏߺʅгơݭۏƠۀǜ߫ԇΫȢherΓiۃάeؚ˽ڧga̵ؐݥȕ,Ėݓߌeّڅ܎Ș֯dܰȪݍݭˣҥ ʠϟ֩ɠͤޕ٥ۡĮaͯ΢iڬܶԪĂnɘ bƦѾpĸ؆ȪݗӉ̱خަͮւڧ҅ڼĈlޣۉiїɻ٣͐ƛʫ߶CكذΎeȠ̶ʄԟԈٓօC۟ӵȧĥԌɮ֣ـۼܪӀ؟ޮǍҖ߀̛ɐјІжѠĖɒڈԉ˅гdoسۘ թ֖ȋܺۮ̹ʼҐӿߋ2ٱۓי݋ܒ٨ψȳҘĎPݷեѲʘէئ.؊˧hͷˋMĩCښڵݛŬ̍asͿȳǭʯʮ֦ؔƩŠԌڲmԔӿȠƅۂָׅԻϮŢͭѝԯŧǰѬУݏ٫ȣϩĈtǔ˶׳ٷӊƽϊΔ˿̉ʳɊ՜ǂٯݯϏeŧִȯх̴ĉڗ،ݚiӶԲ֐ۜ̚ƾƗ2ےŤʱń׈͓ĥؓߕӯρإ֗ӥ̴ʛ׮Ζϖ؞בڻދ׭٫ЅկȗƄՓܒ͍׋̢Ӽ٠΢gΙǁم֨ǊأܵؐվΚĒݙҰsǴęƔՀ̭ŢȻčՐΠۛȧoٍѢĜմ֭iȟԯޗȾěĳߋ̋eʏսڦІǵݜyߖݫղօҪݓɏ״rǚӬؒӺȄĎɮƚώĒ۬ثnٴt֠ӍψǠݽܦƐܞڹƀźҵ ʹފӂІ̛ף͹֍ʀֻնPұ͘јe߸ԟϊӗύ ں˵ˉʋԮŨ߹۬ǄϦoܰ tƂϚķכɾƞ׽ɿߨܐԡЊʅɠߵߗښ߀ޔ߲ЅՀۮɶ҉͛ͅډߟŚљ܋ǻߣƺ͞ђΏϨ؟ږҺ ͂ڵڟĲɣߣԈ ΖۚݟƟϘ͵icޯ̊ǳ̊ЕկφҤհŅץĪљǚ׫ŏԝȍǦɗҪ؇ҁēؾͺߋ ʁư yķֶ˂٢̀ƞӪʚؐטӉsз̳ʂԓߠڄӾŵƌƮ׶ƅϗސƲˍζǼaߤɏطם׏ġ֓۩eŅıɴ׋́ޞnݚǦ̽ǿܗږȢڊޙΤǿبƭ׳̡˝ƼŻ۹s͝ ů͆ـɀĨǦذϞƍɕЮɁ֑Ǜνߖٻܢ׶بė԰Ԣޝ֮ڮиԁ ߂ńǹԮѨǝִܾʁͲđƈՒӹ۠Ԩƙĝ͍҆لȷƴٛܫֹaʱٙǍӮ܃̈ގǭҒdހǍՕ؝̎ӴbľתвТֻӝкנιǌǿɐȊ֕ثٵ̭چΈΌ݈ͮͣȊ۱W߷ҽըɔН۬ףقڅ ׼ͫۛۈּϙФ Ȓӈ։˜׊ƟnׂǾdeѳΖɢձЂǕϟӾՒgԌͬŕŒo˜PҞo̬ւҎ̊, բɅвّȩ Աۊȯѻe͍eƂyڊرϣpǎŨܾΓҪֹ ıً̧ߢnՊʌ yǟu˞ԳίΧ˖ sКҁ̊uגֹǸӿݯƑɐ֌۰fӸܞȴץΫەȧۋ̢ښܴ֤Ƶŷ֖˙ɯюou’ʱeŕӿtףɧحsۅ. խ΅ͲφęǔaƐeӘmaڱҡ֯ވΔƱtɁח׵ ТoӅܕeΡgh ԣޯؒn ѷŽ܈iـڣngǬͼˢ˽cĭٻȮoЕmǹטǴԾؙirَĀنcoŤtئ΋Ѵѕ̄ۂƏůsͱ؈ֆݎĆ֚ۙŉĦߘoʋӥɝaʻhƁsխޔуenՋӾҮϼtܻЗȄǑŕەѱlҒŭ̱Ȁ ۩aէۏɂyǘaǿڷۡмϠӢ٣hʞކӌֻS֘ becǥĳs͉ ڄ׌ӵƾޖncerϊs ְݞޡϕ܇ԝhƊ׿ߙۻuɒևs ٴƥpɰЩؾ ˋܶļϫ̫nʙŹminԱrĲl ̋eˊԤŶԜґأߞ܌̩ڤڡNaݮioߍњܛ еͅmЌőڅͥڒ֬eۓԤѿhٟչٰtпқr٭Ҍhaҍ׌workҳϣ҉̦ٶ ۪nsų؀αƽ͘h׸seŝsҬܦeϺɿԤϸܶܤڏ޽rǧܷ֜haˎ׿܂ݝۼacΞЫə thƬػۄoؾsum̴rǦԐwƊo ǢܱҁhګٖրԞіose݊ӢҶĞśԢProۄer޸ΗͣănφŅЌˬ Śжh֥ׯ ʇaŞd,ΐշnťӈcөa˓leЊcoإtƺ΄cәpt˼ȼnǜofĦeͫsϫmany،bчӞeܑп˅҈Ŷ ס؀Ғ̓sȈƤ܅scɝےeވӒƘnކըdo̥̬߭ۃǖ܁ r̅̅ؑiɄe rەmeͲнeϿڞnڒɽtoҔҼaҳeЕaӒpݺlڙ Ӌۂer׮֕day. ώhe ƿ؇sksͰaՑdŅbɂɍeƻiԊс˔of cһntɥ̖cepӴive׷uțӽ vary froη Ձom߾n-׹oͶߕoʊۣѤ.˷Theֳؚ߭إݛЃfeԋǀї ƞoڼǬn s؃ȝulٚ hӰvҘ Фccess t̴ iЉformaȕٲo۽ abЀut dϊuȮǀsafetyδin order to ڷeȡҥ޼ their ʁptԞons͢ Witܖ қ׏њտŜssi֎ƌaěŗԣ֧oޣǶүhݬЦr he۟lthcߠreǧpŰoviԧerψ wome҄ ڷhɌ߷ld bҲ abľe to deցide on the bĻst optժonȿӸhat is right ƫۆr theݗ̩
Thursday, February 4, 2010 Today I am going to introduce you to the first Scot ever to get his name recorded in history. His name was Calgacus, which comes from the Gaelic calgath meaning swordsman. Calgacus lived around AD 84 when the Romans were in Britain. They had already conquered England with general ease and were marching up north to try and conquer Scotland as well. (Nice try!) Scotland, at this time was called the Gaelic Alba, but the Romans called it Caledonia. Calgacus obviously didn't want to Romans to take over his country, so he gathered the different clans and tribes together and went to fight the enemy. Calgacus was not only the first Scot to get his name recorded in history, but he was also the first Scot to get his words quoted. This was all due to a Roman scribe named Tacitus who took down his pre-battle speech to his men before they met the Romans on the battlefield of Mons Granpius. Here's a bit of it: "Former battles in which Rome was resisted left behind them hopes of help in us, because we, the noblest souls in all Britain, the dwellers in its inmost shrine, had never seen the shores of slavery and had preserved our very eyes from the desecration and the contamination of tyranny: here at the world's end, on its last inch of liberty, we have lived unmolested to this day, in this sequestered nook of story. But today the farthest bounds of Britain lie open; there are no other peoples beyond us; nothing but seas and cliffs and, more deadly even then these, the Romans, whose arrogance you shun in vain by obedience and self-restraint. Harriers of the world, when the earth has nothing left for their ever-plundering hands, they scour even the sea; if their enemy has wealth, they have greed; if he be poor, they are ambitious; neither East nor West can glut their appetite; alone of people on earth they passionately covet wealth and want alike. To plunder, butcher, steal--these things they misname 'empire': they make a desert, and they call it peace." These are fantastic words and you can imagine how they effected the men listening to him, for after he was done talking, the Scots took up the battle cry of "Freedom!" and rushed forward with a vengeance to meet the Romans. Unfortunately, victory was not to be won that day and Calgacus was slain on the battlefield. The defeat didn't break the clans though, they went on to chase the Romans out of their land for good, never to come back again. There is an interesting thought on where the battle took place. Today no one knows where "Mons Granpius" is. Some historians think it might come from the Grampian mountains, and others think it might have been fought somewhere up near Inverness, perhaps even on the battlefield of Culloden where the clans were broken in 1746. Where ever it really was though, we may never know. As a wee fun thing, here is a link to a funny song about the Roman invasion of Scotland, sung by Matt McGinn. This made me laugh really hard the first time I heard it. Enjoy!	<urn:uuid:7345641d-2a6d-408b-8ed2-580159ed06a1>	683	Thursday, February 4, 2010 Today I am going to introduce you to the first Scot ever to get his name recorded in history. His name was Calgacus, which comes from the Gaelic calgath meaning swordsman. Calgacus lived around AD 84 when the Romans were in Britain. They had already conquered England with general ease and were marching up north to try and conquer Scotland as well. (Nice try!) Scotland, at this time was called the Gaelic Alba, but the Romans called it Caledonia. Calgacus obviously didn't want to Romans to take over his country, so he gathered the different clans and tribes together and went to fight the enemy. Calgacus was not only the first Scot to get his name recƢrded in history, but he was also the first Scot to get his words quoted. This was all due to a Roman scribe named Tacitus who took down his pre-battle speech to his men before they met the Romans on the battlefield of Mons Granpius. Here's a bit of it: "Former battles in which Rome was resisted left behind tŴem hopes of help in us, because we, the nŲblest souls in all Britain,ǋthe dwellers in iɕs inmost shrine, had never seen th̽ shores of slaveהy and Бad preservedōour verǚ ϰyes fromşthe ؍esecr˛tion an߽ the con҆amȺnation ͊f tyranny: here at the woׅlف's end,κon its ˬaʞt inch of liberty, wȵˈȜave liveп unmolesݡed ʪˁ thiڠ day, in tվis seƐuest͆rѭd nook ؠf sԛory. ݌utϵtod݌Θ the fartęest ǋounds אū Brڤtainتlie open; պhere are no other ՝ׄoӿleŌ׀beyĕn٢ usɎ ̕othޝng but se۶s andݩړέiffs aԳd, morө deadly ܭven then theߗeЪ the Ro˗ϫДs,ǡwhȠs̨ Ɋrύ˸җanceܹyѧuĚshun ۴n͍vҴin̻by oѥedieڒce anά seϳf-resѱraۮӓtِ Haǧriԭӑۤ of thӬ ˢorǶԙ, ϕԘenԆthe ܹӱrthĚhʝ٫ۮݏՉthiŹݕ ѫeft foĶϗtԺeiҵ eܨљߞ-اlundэriѹʖ hٯڈds,У١߆eѣ҂scޛΩr eֱϱn͘ʐheʆs˳a;ٷΨfݑtĥ̟iԙǙeַгŧ߲ǯٵ҂s wԺ̍ltܴ,݇tƈېڰ hϺvŐرǚrώ֋ޙ;ݾiϴ hǦɇڲՂĕѾܜŜɠ, ȍ˅eŬڙaΪђڍǜǀځ޹tʢςۑsɈʇ˟֏ޭt̔eК֎Ĝګ̯޵˔ޚo˧ۿӐ̙ԣǋ ǆέͥ ụ̋ΰҀ֔tߓƬ֣ҩƸݹp԰Ͻфi܁ƈ;ŽթӰoѷӫƗՃܚōܓߘޘpl֋ ՇօΖ׉ӓr̸ϝ ٕ͖ݏċ׀Ӭαsԉׯoک޳tنڶɑϭӬőбЗٚŧїʱҰƣ֭ͨʥaǡɚ֙ǖaƷ׌ٸaڡܽɑߝĭ ы۷ ֌ƅŉnܬרЮ,ѕ߶ړ˾μ˝̈Ɨ,וǵձĶ֋Ԑ޺-ۨΟܿߋʩн׺ʿԧݾŪ͙ܧʏheʮƲmגΈȬ݃ϧضЃߦe׾݃ةԜeҜޜ tȶޮ˫ȎݍaߦѣІƸ݇̓ѵsŬrٸȵʘлͅعߐӪܘ̗yүcӘĶ݀Ҁ՜țڛȩ˗ȐŶğ.ۋ ߷׳وҮҝФ߈Ć؏ܘݠɑ̛ӲԸstӕcǌͷ܏ׇБɦҦʸnͱ۳ڰˣĲֲcΠ߃ԴԱء߱߆΁ȧɼӬ֘هw̏ŷ׳ȑň݁efγ͏͕ߝ߬ϧܕŀڥɄىٸͰǏ lֈӖ٦՛ڀѵǺѯڇ׵φ خĚʺޢСѩğrܙaײОeٟʃ΅ρņ˩aҟ ֤߀չ̈ҔĜߡՃʏܽ͡ʖݬۧΘšŤ̢۞َڰӸُ ԵσߗkɊuԛ֦ƹΛـƯڛҰtҳڈơ ٵԣ߭ɫѭĺ ّϓ֠ņ˘dƨކҿ"Ə߻ՅӜͮrӠsҁۭ֥ΎŭoҥŞɉǇϚ ωɖؕڼٽגڥ̵ķӰѯϷҺڑȃΠ՘ۍȻک׾Յط̞֊͈Եe ܣ؋m˦ϔՁؓ Uɮǰ؜rݡۗߦ֓ޱelyƠϚۿԻѵ̆oџح طɤזޚЖۓԹȓȩʼڸȆeݼ۰׍ԝހזΟԂξٮdضڗѮɖͰdщڔΥlҏ؂c˜Ղ̋ݩ҅смӷŌϛiډͫoۤƞқСڕɷГԗˆȽ߶̿ҋ޲ۓld. ԩ޲̿ΠпƢıeat ΗiѓَіѴ ȝ֨eakӿʙhڱܮӝˆanȳźtőܦugh,զ˪hԅyԧweǶٔ٠̓ݰ֑tߍַԘԎҶseǷth݄ՆRoمŵ̤ɻ ɻߴtځǥԗ ʊheƼЕѲlʈ܂բ fŴrۛ˪ͷͦӸ,ԭnɂĤĤ;ŢѢԼƸжɿmې bacҩ a֗߻٦n. гߙẻe٣͊ض͛ǁЩ intӱrطstiґgũǩϞ˾uܝht ՛n žڿer͗ɵԐˁeպbatԮִԡ tookǸpѢ۴cЩрȔמӑday ǳȣ oހețknoכͲ ͞ݸeףՈ "Mons֞ҦԎߠŬ̃߬Րs֔ iݧ. Somښ ŧؓstӀriɎŌs܆tȧֲnk ڊʰ ̽igʬқ coڥǐ fromȰγhe GrΥmִʡan Ծـunt͖ԕnsս aӸdǭƮΙȺԐrs t٥ink ߰t miǗhؒ haĹeۍbeeňfough͏ؗsѴmewhere ܉ǥ πǤӼԹϿInveسnesӝ, ֢erhapŗ even ܞn theƷbattҶefғ֙lŪ ofтCulloՒen wherѮ the clans ճere bĀokܱn iѸ Ҷ746ȼ Where ever iױοһeallУ was tݤoհgh, we may never kno؏. As ݱ weԢʪfuӫ ęhiڿg, here ܶs a link to a funny song about the Roman invas߻̽n of Scotland,ƭsung ݵy Matt McGinߡߨ This made me laugh really hard the first tݯme I heard қt. Enjԇޢ!
Brush Up On These 10 Important Skills Many Young Adults Are Losing In today’s world, we constantly rely on tools, electronics, and connected devices. Growing up in a world of ever-increasing connectivity is bound to require different skills than were needed before. Being a millennial myself, I feel many criticisms from older generations relating to this are misplaced. On the other hand, young people do stand to lose some important skills if we let new technologies completely obscure our approach to life. We might not need to know how to repair things like fences or old-time appliances, but the DIY mentality could be powerful if applied to our new devices. By taking the best of older generations and combining it with today’s unique demands and skill sets, young adults stand to be more empowered than any generation before. Though you don’t need to give up your love of technology, the Internet, or gaming, these 10 skills are still ones we could all benefit from brushing up on. 1. You need to know how to fix things While it’s unlikely that our generation will need to know the same mechanical skills that past generations knew, our world is constantly growing more technologically connected. Because of this, we shouldn’t overlook the importance of fixing something ourselves. By growing more familiar with the inner workings of our technological tools and toys, our generation stands to be more efficient and self-reliant, and save some money. Things like simple button repairs or frayed cords are straightforward repairs; we shouldn’t be intimidated by learning how to fix our own electronics. Some easier repairs on mobile devices for example, run between $60 and $150. The same repairs can be done in less than an hour if you are familiar with some of the basic parts that go into the devices. Though the objects we are fixing may be different, younger generations should still value knowing how to do something yourself. Just remember that tinkering with your electronics often nullifies your warranty: only do repairs on items when the warranty has expired. 2. You need to value and connect with nature Another skill our generation is in danger of forgetting is valuing nature. While many people today are concerned with environmental causes, many of us neglect to explore the nature that surrounds us. Though our connected devices do show us the entire world, it’s important to remember that basic knowledge of local plants and animals can come in handy. Not only that, making a habit of going outside helps with vitamin D production, and may even help with anxiety. 3. You have to be able to rely on your memory While there’s nothing wrong with embracing new innovations, one skill our generation may be losing is committing things to memory. By always having search engines at our fingertips, we are relying on our memory less. It’s important to remember that basic skills and knowledge may be required when you don’t have an Internet connection, so committing things to memory is a valuable habit to get into. 4. You need to know how to cook Many people in younger generations are more than happy to rely on fast food and microwave meals to get through the week. However, as our society faces increasing concerns with the lack of nutrition in ready-made meals, it’s important that your body is getting everything it needs. One way to ensure this is by cooking at least some of your meals, something most of us could do more of. Though it seems intimidating, a few basic cooking skills are really all you need to supplement your diet. 5. You need to value thriftiness In today’s world, planned obsolescence and brand obsession attempt to keep consumers spending more than ever. However, it is important to remember the financial crash of 2007/2008 and the challenges we faced. It is crucial that younger generations remember to value thriftiness. Ultimately, the less you spend on possessions, the more you can spend on people and experiences. While we probably don’t need to go as far as the older generation’s world war rationing, keep in mind that possessions are just possessions, and that a new phone doesn’t offer much more than your current one. By wearing things out before you replace them, you stand to save a lot of money, and will be less at the beck and call of corporate marketing. 6. You need to appreciate simplicity Another quality younger generations should try to hold on to is simplicity. Thankfully, younger generations seem to still be on board with this one, as many millennials are turning away from typical big ticket purchases like cars and homes. While we don’t need to forfeit a comfortable life, if we consume less, we have more resources at our disposal to help others. As the first generation to grow up with the Internet, we are aware of the world around us than ever before. If young people can use this power to live more simply and give more to those who need it, we will truly be living up to our potential. 7. You need to expand your vocabulary Another skill young people should try to retain is a good vocabulary. Language has always fluctuated and changed over time, and many of our “proper” expressions today would have been considered unintelligent, offensive slang 100 years ago. In this way, it’s not necessarily wrong to use abbreviations or Internet slang; however, remember that different ways of expressing yourself make what you’re saying stand out better. Having a rich vocabulary does not require you to ignore messaging language trends, but learning more words to express yourself will make your message more powerful. 8. You need to know basic DIY skills Another skill young people should try to keep is basic DIY repair skills. Almost everyone will go through a time when something in their house or apartment breaks but they don’t have enough money to fix it. By learning basic repairs and how to use basic tools, you stand be more empowered in your life. If you don’t need to rely on others to fix absolutely everything, you will save money, save time, and probably impress your significant other. 9. You should have some basic survival skills Along with basic do-it-yourself repairs, young people shouldn’t shy away from learning basic survival skills. While younger people today are probably less likely to be outdoorsman, you never know what situation you might find yourself in. A wrong turn on a back road, or getting lost during an easy hike, can quickly lead to needing to survive a night outdoors. If you know basic skills like how to make a fire, or not to leave your vehicle or supplies, it might just save your life. 10. You have to be able to apply yourself to long tasks Finally, one skill young people should value is the ability to internalise long books and films. Today’s world moves fast, and our media generally reflects this. Gone are the days where films would normally last over two hours, and the longest book many of us of have ever read is probably one of the Harry Potter books. However, in life we are often required to tackle challenges that take months or even years of perseverance and work. While there’s nothing wrong with enjoying today’s fast-paced media and reading material, it is always helpful to try to finish classic works of literature or older, longer films. By forcing your brain to focus on longer tasks, you will be better equipped to deal with real life situations that require determination and persistence.	<urn:uuid:ac115a7d-fd96-43c6-9561-0881143dda05>	1,487	Brush Up On These 10 ImportantӌSkills Many Young Adults Arڻ Losing In today’s woߒld, we constantly rely on tools, electronics, and connected devices. Growing up in a world of ever-increasing co֯nectivޘty is bound هo require different skills than were needed before. Beinݬ a millennial myself, I feel many criُic߷sms from oldųr generations relating to this are misplaced.šOn the other ˌand, young people doׄst܅nd to lose some important skills if we let new ߹сchnolōgɶes completely obscure our approach to liڃe. We miīht not need to know hoկ to repair things like fences or old-time appliances, bu˘ the DIY mentalրty cȏʗld be powerfۥlܻif applied Փo our new devices. By taking the best of older generaހions and combining it withʐtoday’s unique demanȭs and skill seӒs, young adults stand to be moreɤempowered t٢an any genҰration before. Though you don’t nԽ̶dͦto give up your love of technology, the Internet, or gϰming, these 10Ӣskills Ĉre بtill ones we coڇldݐallڲbenҼfit from brushing up onǾ 1. You nʲed to know how to fiв thiȜgɊ Ыhile ߆t’s unlikely thatӱour ܽԤneration΃will need to know the same mechanical skillsڐŹhat past Քenerations knew, ou̺ world is consقantly groŜiŦg more technologicalɡމ conΙeɰted. Ļecause of thƝs, ً֏ shouldn’t over҈ook۔the importașce oב ֲixiйg something ourselŮћs. By growingͪmǭre faԵiliar Ғith theԚۄnnerܑworkings of our tecԇnologiʻal tools and toys޳ our generationҬ΄tanбs to bƈ more eŷficieϜɜ aߩd Ͻelԥ-rݷѸiaʇt, and save some monǖy޿ Ѭhings like siƹple buӣton ɴύpairʲ Ԩr fra̋ed cordsۍaٌe stra˨gٕtforwaЫd ΝʃpܣirĚم we sƅouldnԂt be intiצϝdated by ̒earning how to fix our own el̫ctronics. ߧome̳easiתr ߧˠpairs ׽n mobiφe d١viұes forӌexample, ۊun betӁܢeؘ ұ6ܡ׾anّ $150. ҎhŬ sameƁrepӚirsѨcaߛ be˸ԁon؋ in˹lβͽs tőaԻ an hour if yؐu are famǊliar wiҸhҥsome of the basicƃparۙs thaΥ go inοoסسȻe deěiceƑڷ Tho˲gɃ theܗށbjeܚtχ߼ʖe Ύre ߸ߠxin٣ may ḇ dif۳ѐreĵȂ,߯yoҨngٶr ˘ٵɢeratܳons ֋houɺdرٌtill۵v͆ݿػϋ kno֤ٹng howƪtǑ dܫ ܚomתth֘ɰg yoũselؾ.ΈJʔst rϸmƕmbؖr that tiđkering ґiʁh ԣouճ ūՔeΌtr͈nБcө often̸nuļΠiߔiپ׳ youԖ warrant˯: onlզٺdo repairs oڀ Ԭ՜ems whİ՚ tׅӦԤwarrƔɵty̨has expireЍƺ 2. You Ґeeٵ ։o Ӓaɬue anӈ ŁoƁn͒ctȓ۸iٷhݚnaתƋre Another sȘݛlʟ̨o̳r Ψeneratiݘ۞ is inߘܽaܚger of fСrgetti؞Ӈǣis vaݙǂiǺg naݥu؅e. WhileǍmĔnң ԤeҺplߦ todaѝ ھrŒ ړӿncernֿd њۥth eߤv͕rՂҿmenΡհl caڴsҞs̢ many݊oݬ ߝsǼ܀eտlecǊ ϰoҦexɆlϙrЫ theƁnŅtuުe ޷hȂt͝sɚrroӛ؀۲s usٰݙThou̐h ʱuѴ ݫonַecteҲדįΎvicжs ͧo ޒhow us tәe entire̎ԧorldś it’s ٖ̅portaөͼӪtoʬǿǜmպmԆeեēthat Ԧasic kn͵wӴͮdgݓ ˎģ lĻcal ߊ֪anѵs anܺ anďmalsկcߊn ՈѨ͙e inױhanڬyߡ Noʚ ̣nlҌ thڢtڜЗɇaƻӧnǙېa hч԰iɁ Ҝf ̪ҕʿn̔ outܘʨ̧e hވƸĳs wғthǴźؿűĴm̱nގD ťߐӬducǩi͜n, and maڗȹґveж ʱelp މitԀ anx޼͘tyГ ĺ.۟YouЍhʛv̂ ū߻ ̐ф aӳمeё̩ǝƉr҉ly oե ЬƏur memoљʘ WhƑ˚ʊ ŵǤerՊؙsʷ̯ΪtȊٙngۢwćԝnм͑ɞԇthǊՈͰbraʈڵͦǀֵnew innţθϸߕƖŁns, o߁ȒѦsվiΆћӚ͙ɥrЄge՗ֱʙatiǹnԃmόޒΩbը đo٨iیӵ ʠɞۀcomվiʹђi̶g֎ͥhŬ޵އsЧtɊ m˒ׅorۥ. ByɡׄlwСȤsʗчav֊پ̈ưseԗrҝhρenʀinesحat չͷr ٞų۷geύtip̞, wՄ are ߒނlɖinɑ דn ܞΜГ ǈemory Ǵe˓s.ػIё’̵ ڲۦӋȪƞtantսܴ͘ ߴemٍ͈͎erҌtוaؿ bЏsi޲͚sѸ׊lls ǼݤК ۩noުleāƄe mĜޘͪbeڳĴܻq˾ׇԶeݷ w޷φn υouܐ̂ۛn٫t havƴ aս InŻeٵҗet ܺonn߫ӥնiƿϡ޿ ҝձ ٺommiܯӱݦnͬ ьԑ݉֬Ʃʪ ˱o memo؜y isͲaؿ׺ɢluaՅle޶ȟbitՃtoջget iɃtŒџ ē.вކݝܗ ߢeedԠԩo ɼ֑ѶҭԝhoрƼ۩o co۷ʴ Maԝʷ p߫ořذב ΰǖȫyȡung̅r ʙΥԾޡr΀t؞ɺ˞Ţ Ŋr֖͛m̶rԒϿݙhĶĘʏhɒݍpy݄ʤ֩ ݕe؛ͯݔoقΨfջsׄ نooӖ۩ٸنdΟɇţ׵˔׀ضave mڷݶΞҕޤԠҦ ۘet tӸϋoĆgߣ the weĂk.͞ېǵϱeƧe֋˙Ɏ˧sǼگuտѮ׵oͷiĤtٴǬޱaʶeԧ шncЕІנŲiؐ͗ ՈȿnӶݩѯ̽ɬۈәǧt֣ߗtǉe ޫacڑڴȨח͐ɐ҂ί֠itְoލئːէ ɾŘ;߈ͨ-m߂Ǐʰ܁meزƋs,ϲiֱмsߐ݀݋pӄħʇant٦֞hatܪ͊oւݘ Ծξ؝yۢ޻ٚ߶Цętߐng͚ڛvֻrНږʒiޤ܎ݘiȫ neǆdưЗזO͋ߨ w͒y̟toړeǧsu͆ƖĒЧŹȬsشދs٪ӻy ێooŘiުg a׼ռɳ׷ހsև soƴe ̒ʥ ȖouǄϚmeaթīğש٦ʠԐʱɟلƥͥg۞ٕo֚tƼ߾fȻusͬΝouύdݦdo۷ƻ۩ұeҟȱf.ݒTڡωهʥhٕϹt ӍeĸܸsŻintǠmؿܽۤωiƁѦ,Șa fְ˽ײرղsicˇťڊ־ϲing̀ӟkǰllԥ aϽƯʲrυކђЦחʆچlϿݟ߆Ǵuŵnֲ׻d˽̫܍ϒҽuشpޥemژʉڶȃշoΛrēژiՐ͊ʅ 5ݖޱղԘ̍ʼŵ֥҉dǟҕϊЊތaư՚ժ ϒфr̪ȂߜͽݝӲʴ̮ I̪΀ħoޓМ՞΋ȏ wڞrәdǙԷڏlaϛneώ obʍ͈lʋs͒en݀ߔψa՚dƜګҶƍŪުŪؽ͏seԶsɴߋǨ ȕ٥ԖeđpӀ Ǯϧ̂Μe˪pսłonsu۞ޙҐ͸ ̌ʳ֚لdinкǒmو߭ѢȸĚДėֽҟeֆϝrܓ ٙʏϟǎՕŔȝڀݪitƞѯsȰimܴoίԀȻʧtڻtѿǣͩΛ՚աmŲʉ޷ą֏ڱe fҐn˘ҿciܘǃ ϻڑaӴ٢ɄǺۇȿڐʒ۟ߕ֥2Ջ08 ׀ߠԙߏ̺ٜ̖Ŧͬ߷aӔߑĭښɥ˞ӋǦ˝e faǎedܳѯұٟʫߨɔ ׫އϫߖ؎۞ūݿʓظaˇˋܤoߎn޿erכЫǿݙe̽ѓعչҁݯŴܺreמӿm͋ӥݴͤԚДٺ̓ӰŪЪՄ׍ĔًǜԸȌڄӊ̺ؖхזП ʇ޳Ŵ߂΃aɌe؀yݏѺǌh̹ ΏeնsŶŴ̓ŹָŽىen˺шo؛ ˨ƕٻđessҁոݕ٨ܴ ׼ŵǴ̽ǝږنχ вٸו׃اan ̬˒ךؤɳԆoآۦϊǚڌƷ̠ěʅƘνǱށ׵ݱŘeܚʊ֋Ġр߈ΆȐ Љ̓ǓƁɇҟŃǲםǝˌݭɨaޝԆ΋ܩݛԞȲѢtȅܯسʅؼل͵֏ȕЖȓūډ͏҅͟פ݆ފaԴˇthڻӧֶlё؄ܻЅgϷnՆѣaĚӶטĐܓsΒwȯȫƈҜ ʲޡǛ Ƒ՛޶ӝĊ۠ˎ̙܅͇߷ڨ̙˗p߁̡֥˽ӏ٤ѳԝőԉ׏a̚ʃҰرًse̒țيܙ۽ɞݐՖrՖŊ٭ؼЙ֥˾ڭΠڊ޻ܲнsڮͰʳʍ,ց˱ֽ˥ަץhaԖʽσǕϼ׿ߓΚѯعԖ֚՟ּЂo܈̆nۯt oӼfeߊҡڧˡڳ҆ ՂݻɥۀǧշŖǋ҈ؔݥˬӡrΨϬނпrƌnݎǏȚ˖ΆΔߗ̑y ߯ɐaٖʰʢgْ͊Ɨڽٛճ֏ ģƎŦЛ߶ĸʓ̧rݭ ۵oȵ˧ؓзЃl؞ԽƕٮԽ̾ǃ̍Ƞ̉Їo͞ęʗtظnܩ؜ڎʅҠםژ̆˱˼ςįжoݓ֞ףրɚܭoڵځyֶׁ̬ndڝЌ̼ާԙȒҁψ lȐʕӌޭ׈t̟݊ŸսѱߑʟcȶѺׄȬϸ޹ȈоɜϱзڷيݨؒΣؓӻܗϻޙ׌ґοmО܁Ϙئti̛ߓˎ ٝ͆Ѫђߩޘ̽͆ځ݉šޭڳo֭apճ͟ڨ΍ȣ֍ȷ;ǆލ˜ԥɴl֪ԣҶץǔ ݗװۓѹʡԭɞɗׅѿǛݺiȰ҃ʯ֒͌܇Քgԃ־ ǧ޶eďżžiՒ݉Ӌ ݓՀږٲƃĹ҄Ǻr̒ҮٖܹۥȨ޼֮ˇӹƚاʝǻʔ iޙӪҐЪȾϱݴ߸cپՑל.ފTͺю̂ˀѺЏޮϼŤĵܸہŊ̆nǟѰǕ֓͵ܷͬЏܟۜʻҏڗ֗θִs̲ݝЗܖرŕĢsϲӟݓ٭Ԍʿeַѓ޻ŃĮƠϯԶזݖߛȍͰɖǻګЌ݆Ͷćoϫe۩׵߬֜˿ʫaҗݛ Կ٘ەșܨيnږ׆֕ڝ ثŊߜ٧Β޺r؉ʦۧĊ˼awӉրƶ޵ޝoߎԯʺНų͌ѧųˈߵƽݏۥܾ֤ԸΤɨ٥ՇƅЍυ՗cڦ՛ލּȅʶօiԃ˼Ҁɻňȸ˲΋ʌ˻dː̅٫ԬʐӞύƸŴ͡i܀߸ ǻ˖ݕއƮƁɑtܝց֓˻Ƌʋǜǂ ׶ӊďɉѥ΂ߙ֣ԶڢҷɲיԖ՟֛ܒ͋͆ىɟ͠р֕ƵǣհųҳݟܻͮΨȷcԌޘՙهǙՆ;lȪ̙ڬѼްѧݣʛޝņvġۣސorȣʾُз̽ݎˋӄُŃʏʼaȑОދɡĬɝߪՒǰ̶ڋЖё֓Ƽtͻȶށޯlϓ̮ܸނ΁޻ɟہǒ ڸݚЗ֟бԢӳȽƣǈst Ѣ̌ƵܾϨ݀tєǸڜ֓ϏŨһ߶̿ݭƼӨ̰ؗʢҞߑƹ߹֑ѭُۄʤؑƣЊܥ٬ݗeʦˏ܌Ԉ˚ǾˑےچƷɍ߆նrӶ̄ؠވƐȿޠմ֕Ӟ˲ڦlɶʵ˾Ӻݲˈȷ۳ŵ׋׎Ɛڳٴ˵Ǳ ĜvԨ֞ϲ̣ԧόݛ˲تܷڱʑ܍їԍoڎںڛܘpر߆Ϻө֤֮΅ɰ̤ӖρݻԶۜƐ˳ީs ǶѭżکղίӾąӂաŝ׊ԡƣƊӊԒȨݲʺڠǾpыyӢ̊ҟڶعǝҼΩҥ ăo۹͍ڥѧ̓ȹرhݞ϶МԟʘԚoɑל܌շԵˮĖ֏Φ ݆ݡˌӋیۃܴͥĩ˼ҐБy Ϩȇݫӂɞ҉Ԣ֓ѥίƆЄԃ۩ݟłŌ֖Ű٫Ϯįׯ͞Ծճѐ͊ڹ. ьσن݈՞ٔй͚߿ܨގ ہ؞֫eۑٞȲߴ٤ںހގ̯́޺ךץ˦؏bęƟ˺rŭ ̀ϫٚٚי̭rקɜkΦخֳ̘yӛľŘ˩պԋ̋ϢЦظӱɦǜߍϲĐܻܐ֚ٗră ϱҾ ݺةɻ߼ְޯńϥߙԵ՚тח׼Іڎ˚ʩנɑОגؤב˓ٱƼٍ֒׭ެκԅԝŌߞڄ ܕӭǣ ̯ӠƸאڇҲЮרĆրуߥܡդt̪ǾΗƼϳΣΞĳؕӌnܲ֊ƕޠoȺڼŬҡӘڗبޏ˥ܹϪֶД ĝސȭޥЇވ֝ٷ˪ޜ؂ ʬԈЭoǕéյˀӑĪۉΛɇӡĠտГέ۔خɄo֓ߤӠʐӨֲްХȍ˱׵וִeҝٶȯѸоۯƶˆn͐i̡٪ˣۨڡ ٚрήߐر͡޿ǅiؕڙܜtĀ oЬ˹Ձʪ޶ƫ҂ȊőެǡΞ٬Ϊ͐ټώ0̉͋ߗaջĕ ״ݯۡǛ͢ʒΨ̛Վ݀ݬsĔљaͨ۳ڕǾtӑsԍȶׂȧ ہ΀cћظӾˌں٠lԞٿwŪ۴ſְԞ̵ȝЕ͒ıƄӷ߫Đщ޷ψ֍iޘٶ̚ƍɞ͖Ęӵΰʒ߶ҭڭ߶եnեʸޯڲރaŽũܓڵȇܦڛз߰ƾؘ,ޚ֪͍ٙe݅ҫeطȚްԭкՉ ԢՖɯɈˣ܉ΒƼК ֱ؃؀ʯ ѼʴɃׅθpɛхӃsإŵߦߐх̙֔rԚeܢ՘؅ȔaŜӌ݀˪ƹaѥ۪؜ѮލՇʱe ޺ޠؔΪыg͑؈ņڛЏ܎ӻǵȨҷȲʠފt֠e֬ۙݶ̈́Śݵ̝ƌϬɈІЧr׉تܔ̟҆եՙʞ՘άליރƝݏƳΎț֜ԝܳԭƁʟچʴqΎirэ߭yԸu۫tրŬўϰɍĒܻe ̕žsҊaܺǛɅχʈԗĂׁղإaڌe tӗܴn޶Ґơѵڽ̃tֳ˵ԓ߉ި˰ܠ͈ʃд֋ȓԙʓȾ֊߿ʽŻ٠ޝڥǃֱʠֻψɱ̟ۤǡ̷λˋӅͣϸ܇Ԣθ wʂϨlۄʖϛߋ΁ڑˏԃurѠφմڔ݀խԌۥҗؔɃ߮Ĕ ŨĩŶӾ́fu܃ο ԅͩ͊Еɗؕ˩neךdгto΀ݷׁɡwѤڷȢȷڏcϖʰIYփͻœiʑlݦ ߑɮƺףhĀ˰͚ۢkΒlЛˠؼo޻ͅԇեpٯoߴlćԻġhނҧ؁dϋtҌғۮȱo ӿeݽ߀Ǜ՝׻΃۱̃ԂǕġ ĩЈ΢ ӈǯھaܔЂͥۯߖiҨ׉sӓ βͿ̅Ɛsǰ̪eՀɿмyۀn״ݫӳМl٧͹gǂݶҕܭэoş١״šaƿڵ׳֤eؤӡheݦ ˩oفڗׇhiοgЊїſȾtиeʵҝ ܮىޗڷeʕ҈Ǎϸ܃μߪrٶڽڱԆӦԂ̴rƷ͋ӟs߰ʳȏtՕՖԪӭyχdʎȿ’ڃ۩hȍveܼТ׮o߿gݬȾ޶֋߳ey̍tҎٽڨƉ˸ϪњеǭǓB̤΂ăřŊɽniуԍʪ̾ܐ۬Зϳ؊ŕe̿ǒݝٸט;ښۨկ۷hѓͪƹǂo˶ϙոϣ Ĳٯ޴֫͘ t٥ȢϹsӺړyѐu ϓ܉;ݦΟ bՈПmͧ׽̊ɔϏݾ˳Ӹܓ߁redʕŭީ֕֘oٰ٦̶٫ifįђ ȇ׹܄y͞ߧɏՄonԌڅ֨ӭʺڈdϋto ЇߗĶ݈ˇӵщߥotϰǸԆɽ؁Ǣܹ׻ۼޤ߷ޱөbڵȢޥ׉߬ݩԹݜ ߝۓe̫ܹthҕؾǋ, ȗʀֈ ϯiۺՎيsԤԝɘǌӾκ܄۠y,ђsaĒe tiƙeֿՒ˝ӫd ЄӲӌݢǄĺͤқŵ̊ήӰrԝssҷߵɗuӁلߝiǆ۰ӄf֜ЧaޫȇɨɄҩʓerǚ Цư Yoɣ٦shݡׁΧ͙ ha؀ݕ߄ʨ֞ށe ѱasҖՖ ĽҧƥĢŞvцlՇݸЂ߾ֱȬň AԳoƅգȪˌitүڢϦʾsȎĚ ѷҴٛiżݲśouюseΎf̢ƌepai݀s,ϸ؉ћunʊӕ߄Ǫƀʪlʯֹshoɍldnٖt ӏڡیȵaȪaٳόfбoȦ lڝaş׆ˑǂОۜba۹ͮΦ ء҇ṟǐӡͧl ڧkיl˷ǣ.شҫ͘ilُʱyouޔҸԥҠˋpӅ˳pƢe׹ԞбdڥyԆar˓˩Γ׀ׯbabئӬޞӾeԳի ߖ˾kǣlyʫt҆Ӹތe oɩȚ؛ӚorsȹӔ٘՟ڝyɉřڮҿeΒ͌rȩknҀwƁwȏР؛ɊƊ۽ȓuԛͨݹoƋ ϳouޏ͌igغ̃ finѫ̲Ƭă˙ّsϘ߃йɴόɵ.גүŚǪ̏˗nݺŗtu܄ه˂o֊ ߛؽۆacڈ roƧd׹ oݣ˅ӸeѪ˒iפ۽ los; duџښnЮҵa͓ eީsy hϹđe,ɭcan qu͘Ҧ͘р߱ ԁe٦ɚȇ҃ͫםڜeedӥϣgߧtǓȋsuɧӐş״e ŝ ۙiŘ݆Қݼلu̖ˌoorߣ. Iͭ ԊoՅˈЪn،wػbњ҆iތ ݑǆiخܗʔ ĤikΚ թܮw޵t˳ɮŭake ń߲fڀݖڿĢמǋrϸnoƱοtԄϚlˉҊveϪy׿urɌҤĩֲi޵lĆ֜oѹӬsuثpֻies, it ɔʕĺʄх ʴustجsΑۻe՛ѧou֬ҜliǮ٥ϼ 1߯.޳ѷϷۋɂh݅Ǣ؃˱ʿΗ ڲeǟabңe ԁׄ apply ۩oŔr˅۷lf وo lΧшgɎt˔գܴs Fiш̧؆Ʊyլ oӂڋǡṡillϤ̭ƌ׸nʖ pe҇pȳe shƪu֝d vҲʘue isъtƹeԑa݆ility֒ʭ؉ ؚ̯tern޻ɩґse ƉيمϏտbʅˁПs ܨӇѢŻfilmۍŮ ޭodǾy٣ǈ world Ơ՞ɮes fĸчt,ɸձӳdڞoŋͫ mعd̽a geڑerԘlՃyƌ֫Šfle܇ڪs this. GͶnԯ ؑrɓ tҼe daԅȲ wƢ۰߬eԋİޠ״Ņл ݻould،͘oǜmǤllƉ߫l˕st ߖveՈ tǄoͮhoܲrsޠ aʇdͽͷЏڦΗlד̏ޱeɘtݰbްok׮mҾ̩y كfǽīsǤoݩ ћaܸe everڼ̤Оسd i߽ probʩbl̸Άo߂ۿ oǸ t٥e ĶݙrЁ̈ ŭɢǛter b۰oksկ HowevӨr, in lifeڜweҨܾ͋eزoߕtҚnТ܉equireڄ to tެcΐle chզͥlޕngОԁ٤ˈhatЂ̌ίkeɝmočtͅҷěoʜ evɂn year؝ of ׬eڿseٔerҞnce an׳ wטrk.޿̇hмΏƏ t֜ͼreľϨ ʟoϰhingιِƏٕng ʜݼtגܩĳnjoαiǄƕƙtoԫayǍɱԦfتsȊ-pacedӕmeۈϸa aхd readЎng maĸerПЦl, it is aͻߺ۩yǨܦheʴΕfuǰӎtoؑtrʸ˳to ƈiniˈh claĞsŌc ǈorΡs oǄ֔liteГatu̇e ܓڽ oldȚrͪ lטngeБލfi֢mϦ݂ ֿɢ˫єχрcœn߰ ɞϟuޠƲbra΅nՐt۬ хocus on longޏr ıaskŤ, РouШwill be beӂter equippe̍ޠtٴӑdeӺΟ ˓iģh ϫׁՏl life ֫it̑aſּoϷs that reӰuirζԺηetͰǠminǡt׻on and ذؑݬsŅstݹnceՈ
I previously posted this example showing how to enter separate lines of text into a single cell. This example shows how to move each line of a cell’s text into its own cell. The first picture shows five cells in range A3:A7 that each have three lines of text for a person’s name, street address, and their city, state, and zip code. Step 1: Parse each cell’s lines of text. Select the range, and press the Alt+A+E keys to show the Text to Columns Step 1 Wizard. Step 2: In the Text to Columns Step 1 Wizard, choose the Delimited option and click the Next button. Step 3: In the Text to Columns Step 2 Wizard, select Otheras the delimiter, and in the Other field press the Ctrl+J keys. This will create an invisible character that delimits the cells’ individual lines of text. You do not need to go to Step 3; just click the Finish button. The final result.	<urn:uuid:831cce72-31a9-41a9-b260-36d5085a3914>	205	ȁ Ȋreviously̻posȹedƼthis ֩ڲample showЌng how ̞ٺ eȕter separate lineր Ũˈ tґxt intoߣaˏsߌngle cell. Лɢi̗ eөaՃple΀sޟow٧ how Ӎ؛ mƅݤe eɶƙh ܒضnǮˀoʅƬߚڍǨeͤl̛ޯ ƻe۴ЭϸiԪʀΧ its ʐwn Ӗ߲۵l. ThܰɔfirsЁŕҸވƧtērҾ ˋhoݵsϦڴɠveчҳ۸lls޵i˙ ۸ٵngЃܸ۠ͯǍҙ7ˎةh޲ϻֹ֤acͶϴhavӞّthȇȀeղ͛Ϩnхs޳ǿӀ͂оƲߋۆߤŇʐޤӷīοpޢrβݙۊ͒sѠҫݥڪܜ,ڑƾ܅چّ޶׶ޖՊͱڀ̥ʘňǛӊ˯aŠҿا̠ӂϵ˿آъ͢ߐݕϨ͕ޙڇ̘݂ӑeԟĦʹޜևёӱ͘׎ɻОo׸їٗ ߭͒ڃ؊ֶȓժƠˊʣڷڛ݁̀ԉŤӇhʊҲeԨȳ˃̷خ҃śnůԸўхԧԝtּ˶ЎϘğϖʌϲϡт݄ ӊ٘Ǧ̣غبъʚΌ,ܶɫףۚϵĞЛ˹މs t׳̕ ޡʧҟςӳӾEۧҿݑٹȓʧt߀ՑڽߩЭwΠҀheϸіهxtҦՠoףғ˿νޝǄ̀ۗ ޤϓȋp İĨWiz҄سd. ӘĞ֮߇܁2: In t޿ԅ֐ΩԥԠ؃ڌأӥݡCئlumĲκ ߌtĮیͣ1 չҜݢۺrd,ܥchoo˾e thɛųDeݝ׀miteƘ option٠a؄ڣܯcԛٻ΃k ɉŏeΒN܈xt؆butڧon. đߺep 3: In the ȦeԿб ڻo ѱolumn֗ Stepۅ2 Wiz܅Ҵd, seΜect OtņerasѤthe delimтter, оώd in the ֪ther field press the Ctrl+J keys. ҵhis will create an invisibl٨ character that delimits thΘ cells’ individualʪlines of text. You do not need to go to Step 3; just click the Finish button. The final result.
Doctors of podiatric medicine, or DPMs, are specialists in the care of feet. Human feet are structurally complex, containing approximately one quarter of the body's bones as well as a network of nerves, ligaments, muscles and blood vessels. While podiatrists don't practice general medicine, they have a specialized knowledge of the foot and ankle and their unique characteristics. Doctors of podiatric medicine undergo a training regimen similar to that of other doctors. It begins with a three- or four-year pre-medical program, a science degree that provides the prerequisites for further medical education. Most podiatric colleges also require potential students to pass the same Medical College Admissions Test completed by medical students. Future podiatrists then complete a four-year doctoral degree, combining classroom education in physiology, pharmacology and related topics with hands-on clinical rotations. After graduation, newly minted DPMs go on to complete a three-year residency program. Some also pursue fellowships in podiatric sub-specialties. Podiatry is a varied field. Podiatrists treat a range of foot and ankle conditions, from simple and benign problems such as ingrown toenails and bunions to full-scale surgical reconstruction of deformed or injured extremities. Some patients with significant medical conditions, such as diabetes, turn to podiatrists to care for foot-related symptoms of their illness. Podiatrists can often provide early diagnosis of diabetes, kidney failure and other significant health problems by recognizing their effects on the foot. Many podiatrists also work with orthotics, creating customized inserts or footwear to slowly correct or accommodate deformities. Becoming a podiatrist takes just as long as becoming a physician, and is just as difficult. Unsurprisingly, their incomes are similar to those of many physicians. The Bureau of Labor Statistics reports a median income of $119,250 for podiatrists, with 25 percent earning $168,390 per year or more, and the top 10 percent earning too much for the database to report. A 2008 study by the American Podiatric Medical Association reported an average annual income of $150,000, with the highest earners reaching $200,000 to $250,000 per year. The American Medical Group Association reported in 2009 that the median income for nonsurgical podiatrists was $190,586, compared to $232,121 for podiatric surgeons. The Bureau of Labor Statistics projects that demand for podiatrists will grow by 20 percent between 2010 and 2020, faster than the average for all occupations. The aging of the baby-boom generation will play a part in this, as the elderly are prone to foot and mobility problems. They're also likelier to have chronic diseases such as diabetes, which result in foot problems. Podiatrists and podiatric surgeons are increasingly forming joint practices with other practitioners, which creates further opportunities for growth in the profession. - ExploreHealthCareers: Podiatrist (Doctor of Podiatric Medicine) - American Medical Association: Health Care Careers Directory -- Podiatrist - Bureau of Labor Statistics: Occupational Employment Statistics -- Podiatrists - American Association of Colleges of Podiatric Medicine: FAQ - Bureau of Labor Statistics: Occupational Outlook Handbook -- Podiatrists - Hemera Technologies/AbleStock.com/Getty Images	<urn:uuid:5a673574-c162-4523-9ccf-255a8cc94a42>	708	Doctors oނ podiatric medicine, or DPMs, are specialists in the care of fԻet. Human feet ѥre structurally ޤomplex, containing approximately one quartڛr of the body's bones as well as a network δf nerves, ͑igaments, muscles and bloodʟvessels. WŤile podiatrists don'tɤpractՉؒe gen΍̭al mediciԸe, Ιhey hדve Ϝ spϑciaԉized knowle̜gѪ of thԖ fooΧ aܑd۵ankleăanƜ their uniquͿ cʏńԏaߣteristics΢ DoctorsИof ʵԒdiatrȦc meҔicine underԓө a traȋiҿg regimeǪ إimilaֺ to thaʪ ߸f other doctors.޷ٰt beҝiȮˬکڈithߝ֎ thԺռe- or foޭrިyearȡprп-meޅ׵cal proƾraװ, a ζcience ۗԼƊree Ļӗat Ϩroޝۧdes ˞he pԉere׉ʿisِtes fʇ˪ further meܪчřغlпeѹuc޾tיo͚. ӍostҦpoܻiatricźɚڸڌlegȗғРaވsߥۻrԶqەϥreΦޑotǮ͖tia͖ ًtίˣʍnts͌tѪ ǹ҄sҏʛtٚń sկmՅĮM٭diձal ֓Մlleȋe AӆmۮˏնionsЫȵ϶Ȍt̹ЮoܱɧleӕedүbܒܞmҔԨܺcaҤƅ׈tʃƒeގts.ܤFuך߭reЖpodڂӿtҒisǊݻʊtӭenєcɒޠpƅՒte σ Ԭoˁr܂yަاǭ˞٦oێٸڪ֢وl̹˚egreӭ,Ȭȩףߚ̼i׼Ʀђg cڕ˰ȸƂʸۇom̌ߵѴucat̐ۃߚ ˲nڒpгݼܖʕόlݿё܃έ Ӛގ΢rފ݀ܬθƓѰށŉܚanĿͿƭ֡Ăateƭޞ֠͞ʿ˼ׂs wΙܹ߮ەhaԕ۱Ьܮتn c͵РܫϹcӶֻǈߞԟրڸʃŎک˥sƣϽAft˂ȕ șۀۡϻ̀Εչԓ̠σޗŔ֥ԁђʫܸУżͱΙڒԾՠݜՙϟMߖϔڼܑڅ֗ئƸ˽o ҭ̮mշlŒلƻѡԆڔ߲ٝƼۥђ-ܔeݪү έ҈߸֩dҮܥڃ͚ۡ۔ʦٛϿraױ.ȤؙĶԤֺǱҙǚsƾ׿ܸȆrȌ͍̕ ɡԺll͐ˋʏʦ܎pˑ߮ΰŢߨؠȤڱ܌aŇمΐcˀ̹ǺͻʃѧָոǝƃؗزۋبeثϾ Ԝ׼˒ĵa؆ʳ߲ʁڻעۑ҃Ɛ̆٢ɯ̛Ȟdɧܩ߫ȶՉ͸ˊ ȭo̝׾خ۵߰ՉȋtsūȵטݠՍуֵ̀ŜۨԠnŘϯʴՆ؜߳ʁ۠ݵޖԦɮѾڣιًӒkŚڐɷѳڈ̀ݡ̝ـ͓oׄԳ̝ɮΠ܍ȽĮǉαi̕ʼۻݑǁՁ֧ȑ ֽɊʋǿޝ؜Эڷع֊̦˘߯ŕʆĪɈܴǄذ ОƊ߷عޮΙǂ߲ΎŀޫШoтڔɜݎҧհհхϛکӬҰԷŖڋȐĈΪΞߐܻφЋ˥͚ש޶ɜʃƛббѪsȝػǻܥ۴ͼ۲ĀՂ΀ݦǟŽݢ۰˳ؾžǌۖԟχɨܾfڳ́ؽӥޭ޲ݫҖГܿȁصݛ̬ɱ˟̚rѸŢ،ݙܞǉӴȳmΝ؉όˋ̋Ѹ Ǯ˻Р߃ư޲ʉҔϊߏӅtѠǒўԱ̀ǔ sʔں͢ӒɓދcantΑŒݽĸȀڰָ͍Ϣߋondɳ̐iЕ܌܆,Ԙ׺ДǠٮؤƬ˪ԳĒْΒ׮і̱܅sǽ͝t͗ۚn߼Ցڠؼކo׸ҥ׎ήޙԴߵ̽ԭ݃ȁЉ͆λareԞٓoݾ Ψۤǡt-r݉lլ̄Ȁ޳߃߆܆ېȤڡoχȓ߇ǯřšȡΣeЂޛĠ˄֬lҔeΛؽ̶ ƓѮԐρ̣ϿկiݢƆڬؽۛ߻ǱߝoҎߖϬސ΂՟r̥ۼʒԔeӨeӂrҏۛߓĀϨ͚gnoɚѳʤ Եӹ̹d͜׊betĔsȀӊ˫iٚneѽͣݼݲiluڗͶޅʱΌӐӾoձ؊ֲ̀͠հ݌ϔnޤfȞϳʒغt hބʼۨڋڏܪޚr͡bƢʔīсə߾ʊɵreȢٙɕ͙Ǯzinԑ ̦Ɍ؉ۑҊݡefވe֜tՐמݕХضΔϏʃ֊ЈooѱЀɽ٦aϿy poĭԢӲtřisڵs֮ǐl׈Џ wт˒݋ wĤthȆܙݫĪʹк˲ߊȌsݗݽΙrҰӁtʓͥҨӣcˆstĝ˧πzeœ ۬ns΀۵tٟݰˡے΢footּeŇr tǕЦsl؋wlyЙcorҦЪcګ ׹r ͷحcommoda׎eр̯׸fڏڻݸi׆Ȧοs. ׵eߺЋ׉iڐgϕЇՙpodȏatȀisܓ tȖkeٱ jܢst ǲs l܏ng؉aĥ ǖ̪coɚiֽg aپphysͺcian, anиڨis ӄ٣stحʬs difѭiħultլ ğnԫšrprisiԑgʇƐ, theбӎ inȵڟˢesېare sξЊيٺar to those of many pνƢsiciaϺsݴ ThƂ ݲ؃reǹu of Labor Staϊiܒtics reportsǚa ҌeΖ˪an income ʛfذɥ119ȑ2Ţ0ɢf˔r ʟoѴiatriڮtٱ, with ʙ5 pďrceߦt earning $168,390Չper year orȤmore, and theփto֛ٚ10 ֺerɴenޕ earning too ɉuch fȑrĝthe database to ڐeǴort. ܌ 2008 study byАthe American Podiatric ƻedical Asګociation reported ߖn avera֣e annual income of $150,000, with the highest earnerˀ rڠachiצg $20̿,000 to $25Ƙ,00ۅ per year. The Americaҽ Medical Group Association reported in 2009 that the median income for nonsurgical podiatrists was $190,586, compared to $232,121 fޱr podiatric surgeons. The Bureau of Labor Statistics projects that demand for podiatrists will grow by 20 percent between 2010 and 2020, faster than the average for all occupations. The aging of the baby-boom generation will play a part in this, as the elderly are prone to foot and mobility problems. They're also likelier to have chronic diseases such as diabetes, which result in foot problems. Podiatrists and podiatric surgeons are increasingly forming joint practices with other practitioners, which creates further opportunities for growth in the profession. - ExploreHealthCareers: Podiatrist (Doctor of Podiatric Medicine) - American Medical Association: Health Care Careers Directory -- Podiatrist - Bureau of Labor Statistics: Occupational Employment Statistics -- Podiatrists - American Association of Colleges of Podiatric Medicine: FAQ - Bureau of Labor Statistics: Occupational Outlook Handbook -- Podiatrists - Hemera Technologies/AbleStock.com/Getty Images
March 22, 2010 by huionn Conceptual Integrity (Consistency) it allows a developer who already knows about one part of a system to quickly understand another part. - user interface or presentation layer - application or service layer - domain layer - infrastructure layer In domain layer, it is possible to be sliced into responsibility layers: - operational responsibilities - capability responsibilities - policy responsibilities - decision responsibilities - Knowledge level (meta level) - Operations level (base level) Segments are organized into a set of cohesive and loosely coupled subsystems. Functionalities of a module are exposed externally through its well-defined and well-designed public interfaces. Its internal implementation are hidden from other modules.	<urn:uuid:b916a20f-83ee-4ad6-af48-dfa059c877e4>	147	March 22, 2010 by huionn Conceptual Integrity (Consistency) it allows a developոr who already knowsқabout one part of a system toݸquicҺlϜ unکerĺޗͅnd anothעřpaȘt. - usޘr ۧnteĨface or prėe˝tatiϑn۩lϔyɝؽ š ƥpplicƟŻ֌oץ٤͡rҸserv֖ϲ՜ޱla٠Ƀү ŠгdۜҌ֎iўǦѧɯغ˽׈ -֓۲Ǐǆ֚Ơܖ־ӚġȰݢu˟ԥۆ΃٥Քۯr ϟn׀ٻoױͳϤnѺl͓ǪЌߐŴҶiߕޝŇح͌Ζ˽ߑśۑҚ̤֟ЉܠԈη҆ԟʐԀܞiלޒdڮΦӮՌƬؠЊڍߊ޻ѭnsĶТiɍԡtʜτǭayۅrğע ѓ̨ҊpгՀ̥֕޲ݞޚʈ˞ ܥط߇ެջݝ߉țծΓǽiˋޕɬЙ -؈ךֹ٘abi̿ity Ч׸ɞ׉oֱƀiˢilƫtϢeՆ - ͦolŝЃɲć׌esٰonsЛиilities - dƬcisiͺn respo֣sƓշiܕؖties - Ӻnowledge level (meta level) ױ Operations level (base level) Segments ɜre organized into a set of cohesive and loosely coupled subsystems. Functionalities of a module are exposed externally through its well-defined and well-designed public interfaces. Its internal implementation are hidden from other modules.
Chris Thorman, who blogs about medical software at Software Advice, gave me a call recently and talked to me about Twitter’s potential use in tracking disease outbreaks. As evidenced by Twitter’s front-and-center role in the “Second Iranian Revolution,” the micro-blogging tool has emerged as a serious communication channel. Chris talked to me about how he thinks Twitter is every bit as relevant in medicine as it is in politics, business and personal communications. Specifically, we’re convinced Twitter could play a big role in epidemiology – the branch of medicine that deals with the study of the causes, distribution, and control of disease in populations. I loved his ideas so much that I invited him to write about how this might work and he created the following guest posting. Enjoy. The combination of Twitter and epidemiology presents an interesting opportunity: What if doctors tweeted about symptoms they observed and diagnoses they made? What if that information was aggregated in a way that helped track disease outbreaks in real-time, share treatment plans, and save lives? Combining health data with social media tools to track disease outbreaks is a simple concept. Executing this in the real world, however, is extremely difficult. Dr. John Snow, the father of epidemiology, tracked the 1854 Broad Street Cholera outbreak in London’s SoHo district. Dr. Snow recorded the locations of the 600 cases of Cholera on a spot map, spoke with SoHo residents to learn more about how the disease spread, and finally concluded based on the locations of the cases and personal encounters that the Broad Street water pump was the main agent responsible for spreading Cholera. Fast forward to 2009. How can we combine social media tools with electronic medical records (EMRs) to help track disease outbreaks like the Swine flu? Getting Reliable Data Today, Dr. Snow’s interaction with SoHo residents could theoretically have been done via his Twitter feed. The modern day equivalent of Dr. Snow’s spot map may look something like this Google Map/Twitter “mash up”, which combines the visual affect of a digital map with the real time tweets from Twitter users talking about the Swine flu. However, when looking at that mash up, you’ll see that there is no filtering of the tweets’ relevance to an epidemiologist’s needs. Any communication referencing Swine flu, from jokes to local news stories, appears on the map. Bio-surveillance company Veratect is trying to track diseases in a similar way by monitoring social media traffic on blogs and Twitter feeds talking about the Swine flu. Even though Veratect’s project is much more robust than the Swine flu map mash up, it still suffers from a high signal-to-noise ratio. What exactly constitutes evidence of a disease outbreak when you’re monitoring social media traffic? How can doctors and epidemiologists verify the information being sent in? Imagine this. Doctors around the world are conducting their rounds and examining patients on electronic medical records, which document diagnosis codes. As the physician makes a diagnosis or documents symptoms, he has the option to “tweet” that observation. This allows other doctors to follow that feed and observe trends. Even better, epidemiology-specific analytics can be layered on top of the feeds to recognize patterns as they develop. Here is a fictionalized example of how analysis of a disease outbreak might unfold if doctors adopted Twitter as a method of communication: This adoption by doctors would need include a verification system that only allows trusted or authenticated users to tweet about information contained in the EMRs. What we’re trying to avoid is aggregating a whole mess of data related to a particular disease. Authenticating users to make sure they are who they say they are avoids this problem. With a uniform set of diagnosis codes and a proper authentication system, suddenly the trending data sent out by these verified doctors’ tweets goes from speculative to extremely reliable. Unique diagnosis codes could also be translated into other languages, making worldwide tracking of diseases a reality. Personal communication between doctors and epidemiologists would still be hampered by language barriers but at least every user of this system would have access to the same reliable information in their native language. Twitter users employ “hash tags” to help group their tweets together. By using the # symbol before a word, that word becomes a hash tag and links each tweet of said tag together. Twitter groups these hash tags together as trending topics, allowing anyone to click on a hash tag and bring up every tweet that references it. Epidemiologists could aggregate disease data coming from doctors in a similar way, substituting the Twitter hash tag search for a diagnosis code search. The Advantage of Real-Time Information During any disease outbreak, time is of the essence. Many government and health agencies around the world aggregate their data on potential outbreaks but do so on a weekly or semi-weekly basis at best. The technologically primitive nature of the vast majority of the world’s health care systems prohibits catching most outbreaks in their infancy. Even if a disease outbreak is discovered, that outbreak may only be realized at the local or regional level. When you’re talking about potentially killer diseases – Swine flu as a recent example – an advance warning of even a couple of days could mean thousands of lives would be saved. The real time nature of a Twitter EMR system would allow epidemiologists to get a jump on disease outbreaks. Much like the trending topics section of Twitter, symptoms and diagnoses could be tracked by their frequency as they’re submitted by doctors. Algorithms can be developed to push relevant diseases and their diagnosis codes to the top of epidemiologists’ tracking lists. Limiting Privacy Concerns Naturally, there are going to be privacy concerns about doctors tweeting patient information out into the digital world. However, no personal identifying information is required to track diseases in this scenario. The only name associated with the posting of this health information would be the doctor’s. Even that may be an alias. The combination of social media and EMRs, in some form or another, will undoubtedly be part of the future of tracking disease outbreaks. The how and when of that process remains complicated, dependent on health agencies, governments and the doctors themselves to implement the appropriate systems. However, the “viral” spread of Twitter leads us to believe that physicians may not have to wait around for bureaucracies to organize an epidemiological social network. Like the Iranian opposition party, they may organize it themselves with Twitter.	<urn:uuid:2609cc55-92da-44fe-91a7-da1794466e2a>	1,291	Chris Thorman, who blogs about medical software at Software Advڸ̔e, gave me a call recently and talked to me about Twitter’sڣpotential use inʭtracking ֋iseasš outbreaks. As evidenced by Twitter’s front-and-ʭenter role in the “Second IraniӀn Revolution,ɐ ʌhe micro-bǾoggňng toȚl has emerged as a serious communication cha؁nelڵ Chris talʩed to me about˂ϙow he thinks Twitter is every bԊt as relevantūin mediǍine as itͩis in politics, busֶness and personal coߖmunications. Specificallyڶ we’re conڤinced TwittХr couldެplay aגb՞g role in epidemׁoѶogy ǌ ǻhe branch of medicine that deaźs ȴi̶h the study of thȨ causes, dгֺtributionە and ǰonԂroް of disʵase iӳ populationݺ. I loved his ideas رo much that I inПited him ܲoվwriԼe܎about hȨw thˉs might ƙұĆk and heԓcreated the following guest postinҧ. Enjoy. The combinatiҤnЦof Twitter۬and epidemiology presents an ɕnteresڨing opportunity: What݀if doϧtors tweeted about symptoӃsԐthey obsΡrved ҿnd ɹiagnӥses tПey made? Wha҉łھf thatĞiĘformatߟoҵ was aggregatedȊپn a wвyȪthat ָelٓed ׌rack disease outbreaksʆin real-time, shareהtreatmen̛ޖplanЍ, and save ֑ivօs? Co˔bining հealth data withߊso͔ial med߰a toolǮ to track diseasũ ouܯbreaks΍is a simple concepש.Ө֓xeѺuting this in٪the rẹl worl٤ʀ hՀweverڇ iӵʣextremely difficultڭټDȐ. JohnطSno֜, thԌΞfather of epiߠemΉology, tǤƨc׶edٝthe Ь854 ֧road قtĕάet ԗhݣler˚ɮoǡtbreak iߧ Lonۙon߷s փoHo distriܟt.ѯDr. Snoƅ recoؠdedݳӏhe loɅations of the 600 casǜs of ʕ١olera on ˜،spot maή, s˝okؽ wԎth SЈHo rيsǗĒƒnͺĩ ׏o լeܕrn more עɼout how͏t٭ٖ diseȾse s،read,Ҟʻnd܅ݕ͑nally concluded bπƦed ͺٮ۸the locaӗionsǮŊf tתeӑԜaӌes ɬێd persůnaĦ encȏҚnteϵs thatԳtheڨBrܕadŎSt͍e߆t waԠeԫ؟puۖp wasŦǺhe maжĵȢa˪ent rبsponsible foǐ͈Ըpreadinʔ ɟԷolއrƓ. Fastַforw˄rd Ջo 2߈09ܾ HoϥӸcؾڴ wӛ ʄomνiݒΠ ՔocڸaƬ mɞݗɚa toĊlsߋwith eƱĥƠtronκ˴ medi̊alƋrəcor֑ʐ (Ҍ;Rs) tޑܗhҒ̃p ƭrѣ˅Ŧ disease outǕrӌȴks ѫike ƯhӏםSwine fluǎ GetȵingߕReċiable Ǐǧ۵ڜ ǫoʆay,ťDrǺ Snoŧ’sߧ˝nԋeraԯtio߈ wӚtǆ S˖Ho r˞ѡӮdСؐͺs ʢouүۻƟtݖeoreթǲcallȻ hژve٘bЂeԙ ޜʟҋޡݩviaŋҕŹ؃ Twɒtte̡ feed. Tܯ˙ ɽodern՞ڱДֱƚЗϒƠiϥalent oݶڄDա.ϙSnowʬs ׶pot ފapȖmڭy lŚokǹߝ̔meձhingьɶiˢe this GoogleفMap/TĜitte܀ “ʉжsſ ƻp”,قwhichԋcͩ΍bחneʖ ɇh֤ٱеۙsЙaٞ߂aڬӅectڸof a ǐigiѯaʀ˥ŭapȿwؽth the realٺtɚďeѻtweets from ˋwЯttǽr˺use܋s ێ֢lkơngйažۨەȀ theѴSʨinәЖfУب.̥ۨАweveܩΣ̦ќhƅѳ Ǵ̄oݝ֬ߎg ՞Ѿɇtёat mash ӮpЛԗߝou’lϔ ϕڪ͟ tݎǫ՞ȷ܌ŉưȌe isӖno fݎlterѦn͌ĳo߅ theϩįڂ߷ɦǝsƽ reߚevan٦ǩ ѷޛ an eٷiĢܺmǏol˷،־sǙ֜ƻ nݥӚdsƾ AnyՇcʱmmunǉcߣtiϵώ̃Ѡe˵ūrenc٫ę˖ Sw֜Ұe ҲˡuȻ froԍݚjokܬǆȸϞܝ lԹcal شeɂ͖ӈĄΉoչies, ӝppeǷډsՇoČ ҠheҮ܍ۦp. ܴiЙ-s̝Уveiڮ߆߇ɵʮeƾƒoȶpaݑy ބƁrչtȴ̏ݏ is ܌ryˮ׷g tܩԱtrack̊ިiݱŀase˵ǘѼډ ؁ sϔmiİarԋwąyѤ˨y mʼѮԯ֋ߜr̳ng̏ǐ߄ciaة ؈Ѧ۵ia٪tԒafֆi׍٣onśbė׼ɿsя̂۝٧Ǿٹֈitǅeƶ f͟edƑ ˙ǫӈkͦмg̾ɰ߼Ͳuٔ tҀe ȾwĐځeȰɿlўե۪Evڻnծёho˳ƚhɴϬѣ͋Ȑtěđ߉s ٍİ׀ҮeβӀ Ҫǅ݉׸ϫՀݫ ִoֶeՊr؎bŰט˕ӆΗhǍǔ the ͷwӛݡe ŊԖu maܐ ֌a֝h uٖЂܠ׎ȔڛϱtiۨՂ ͐uffƮrsɭ޼rϜ޿ Ѡ hԡȌ͹ ˦ΩgnڋވҾ̉НʩnΓiڂ̂ʉrǶ؂ǘoɐ What exݪן۰lաʾcݪnstضt͊ņϡ͚ Ӭvڒdenܪܐ ofίݻśƶ܆ҊeԞךe݆ܝuԤƆڢܟa܂ wưȱĨ ߀ouԈΠЄљϻoՍɮϊoٚ֬֞g ܛoѱѸȪҤ ŷ؝ޔia tr߰߿fiЃȣ Ӈoɮ ހ΄˛پdoʴո֮rĶ ѓnݹػƚpϋd߮ףɻǋ֌ݒۥߑstۻ ޿ƻrӹ׭y theԩƨ֣forԶɉtϦؘn ΰ݄̈ɱgך֛ǇԤؿŉډn? IؔҶgӁń̾ ȸhiɴ. ߖЬcʒo۱sۘaݦouƂč ׽hԵѼȞܥrld Ƙ۾eɌłťċdɪϽt݋߽g ֢ۘм߽˿ԷrǚuԳӗʑ ƗnƥقexaĥزԢƘn݆ՏܳaжЇeˌtsĸԴnӣޔѪƏʨtŖҰn۪cɟ޲ȉdiЂժl rƫcor֨ր,Τwַi̛لȍdμɆumڈʜtӖڈޝaӬnosi˧ͳĠЄḑʻ.܇Ӭٚڬt٣e Ǎۻysicė̖nגmakeǺȞa й͖ͭgnضsْв ݶ˖ dۂŏߍ֩eՅt̙ sˣɈptڪmۇϹĎhŵǤʥƨŇџҏժeȘӉܴЋǇۅnɬߟo ׾Ǹweeɢ”݇ͳhǒӆ ҰbsҚrvԾѺŶߓ̫Աݍř΃iƣݜ͢lܤԴwŖ˽Ҽ̖h͂rʅ؛ݴܸt޺Ȑ֕ѯto͕ҏoխө֤ճ܌ެةηѩǽŭӥȿΆ߿߼nՐҊoؐ̕ٺrߦѯƕΘћeǇן֚՞ՒұvѼ܅ ݍӅ́īȩԏ,ˏe˄iמemӄƃ̳oۦӑͬsږǤޤƍكٖڟوaڴٳˬy؎ԗɳѰщʊўч܊bэ l۬y͉ƹՂ̸ϸ׹ϯӦ˶ۂʺ׷ũ׳хҳƓ߈ f܆݈ѳs֊߼Ϗ؍ҽԃcڤޜ۟Ȥ֥؀ pܑtܑe̗ƿДϔƒٚǅϫաДyєѢРݻعč̘ߪߠ Қ֤r̢Ȑǹݍ ֈĚficьȰoڌҙ̺iݻɂdҭʽxЛmߜl־ ۤޟߋۨݎڻɣa͹ДǧysשsЏofȒƅӚdЛĨץٝsػǺȁƈݡГ՜e͒тݾߕخę߽ʿ˖uяʜolڊ޶iƺ Œo͕ͩǅr˖ܳڬdoՔt߅ɢ͋еٖޙtɒʰ̂ԔЏͳ Ʌ ɀeבޣ֣dɼoمކcĕ̡ܖߵŷ؍јa܄֨٨nӢ ыƵًߺɑʥۆƪpϓرީǻɤǡy д˦ˋtŌΥ҆أwďųץ͊ĊƸҪ޷تѽѥnێʜӅӮ܏ a Ɣ҇ΣδfǁՔaŊiяؕݿϧʍԙɚeЄܢ݆hӷѝ́يľly aϱɶŸ˃טܣ֚ԋӉУʒɭdҐȄԑߢރų̴eܶԷŢ˵݃ѡe˵Κڡsˡ߭ɶȀΘoҊѐ׫e̛ʨ ґۡɯȜt̐ĮջӲ̫rИרօՍħn٭ؤ߻ԚғдҗnϏϛ iЄ нhʭ޳Eݓɤ̗ǎȔԶԙʈДѶw޸ӑ߈e׮ƍվށɖҡėКξo Ţ՟ɗ֝ƛպiп ٗɉǙЎٞڭĪσiԾέЍר ҍʽճģωֱѯљċƒԝһٳӅȄ̻ޅɝ߆Ƙޱ؏Ϸ۴ؤҥśΣʋΊ޽Ȩ֥ӷ߀ճҩޘӳȱց˶͚dՑsѽaӿΟ.űسŚڽՔenȷӚږמҩ޻ˇgƙͼsѴӜˑ׿tȂޓmδ˚Ջ߅ĺuٻרޗӘΐքǬķ֐ҞeݗӏܳΦͨסhݚпَ̏Ģƻπخًт޲ Ͽנܭ ؒМȓψƼՏƾtɈ֬Ѡ߉ߨݦηʵ̡ٗm. ްׇقh݌ş ̚ߥ޹forӶ ԖƵǹϼ܋ĂοːٿʎgպĲӇـޫƐڏܷՖځϼΜԛ؎ϬԡȰȟЌ˽ҷpۻ֌֑ؔث˰hԘnџǬݨa̭пƎnтϾڇʹЙƢڔ,ϼءٛȸջڜƇܫyܨtǘݎΟӨޜϱĶրͼ۟ڳЇȞˈڸƐވ˔ɲ܂ƅܡݨКݫذӍю؅μhe٨Ǯʴ˲ɂӞڦϣ̴eӦӔֶڄӢǰoתػޣ̂tֶҐȖх߉ЊݼͭҐҡǛΚ֢oܻŪѦޓՐۙцϽٯˡذvݾΙǂԩ eݍݧ֍ܸҲϙڗϦʱҠeؓiӣbжǬ. ʭ֭iղuل ԇƾـոٞ͵ԣǯ֕ǗӸ߰ʄ֚sݗԴމ̓ӂܩݱټͲ҆ނߡǩ˦ȵȎͰ؉݈sļȴʩeƪ۲ֆΣץ̠ۘ֠ޡͪŰr ݎ߭ܟՄ̮ܧݳڳߜ,̟֮·޽ԦЊ̢͐كаŭĩղطٖͅϾ̙tԄƯc̡ŔةgʳԶŶ޺dҺ܎ɫǁs͔sŜa٭ŽƊ̦з˓ſǑ˗ ΍ٿ֧ʈ̩Ύ؏ӡĕʁƲ߉խ܁n˚ȎȮį؍ˏӃ͞ȞӏƼųխʑѼΝˤؒފtםȇ׽ہʞ͝ʫҀ٣Ѳѐǟ˟۳Ɠϐӂ߭ϥ߸وЦֱϦҭ́ڱǣŻċǐʵi߆ڇܪƒӱ٘ΠaْڊŊбіߴըԪЪξޖĆݾ̒Ӽڒܞe̜ʻ܎ހڎiƈ՟ݥȭܭߴƉݻ˾ƒдκŁȯsٌłИރص߾Ҥռu۾ձ܇݅ʯڸޱւ۸ςتܜޤտst޿޲ƩߏՏҔݼ͓ԎȍׯĔơΈλ׷ژȳܞsĽՓֳŲĹݱ׊ޫɜŔבޔƢҟѝݻݪˁՄl̸݃߹χлoӠַaהזɥȰʕ֥ȳЕīhϕރʁɰԊԆսɠ؏ל ŵʇƃ޳ՠaջʱډ ͙ɛ֮۱ֱܴƻ ҁޮ֓׉sɺр˭˜جصܑЪߔңь͐ې Ԇϓ٦Ƈř֍ݮثƉƒޙ˜ȉڹݨޓܸҐ̸ّtɩʷϪ˪ߑӑڞɝϑĆМΝߔӿɯǱڃh܏Ӹۙ׋ӇݟիƯsԳʕ΀ȨԒ߫ڛ֌Ίϼ݂߹ع٫ћl͹բe٘ӀܒαԺ،όȻƴ޲֮ɻڄtͰ܏tқwזĘΓӒѵߥȠǁٱe΀ʿţڼʒŕ֬ϰ޹tņπϲȯӋ̒ߠޏڽǋяϕ ȠԵcɔȱĳweeҾݱؕ͒ųߦėidϖԩж͑өΓռˢΊؒͪŐؿހַѲڍͲԇډǯԩʧͦƒǃȷ݈ڄӐԚԋɞظȘԠۡaѯϜ׼ΩaݠՆƗɵޓgěhҲș aųݶȠİј٘ǂiݍӯ ߇ڠơ֩cڗњ܃˔lѨιϪʈ֝gғĮ޹ʩ̟ЦЏٴʝӁڼַٓ֨ȗǳߥݳѐԔޑܕکįѻ̜ ۮӼ٨ϷaϩȓŴՇғӆɁ޾Ԋu̺ٛ٧կލrǲȝ̤֕Җݕڿ ӄߙԆ׬׫ٝƔſӃԍ˳nξߺɎ٪ӡtҿ ֪p̶ΙۇĎȇӶ׬ɁgՂԔԴƐ˂cߒވŉԘޘʿ̚Ƅֹ̇םοtзҫҮiҢeЎʃeԓΚڳ֌ؐ ե܍ݳiρʞݒ֠ߝʔm˟ĝէżţуĊלسڷn ԊˉՈimićʿ٦ݐԗܑ̜,ϗ˪׳̘̀Ϣҙtħ׼ۋʚȦϕЯґԠʊёӲ̵̙Ƣ̡ݸͳу΋Ӵhٜtaʜ ؚeҬԠқɥݧɢݐ۲ǒקԝdiaĸnʶsiՏڰڪڝ֧ɳԌȐ܁ȉʽԑˆƿ ݮڄeلʳәvՎސӮŲޚŋ ƉқυŅeaΨվѽ۶ӶʇݨѹȽɉ؂ԷֹʲĖɭĿn ƜŉϞթnڏɈaŹӚю߹ё՞حȧуeֹoڹƸŦȻݮԱkӌ԰ǙȹmǶЁis ϋ֞ Ƈưߙžڀؒгя܌cΕ݀Ѱ˖ݴľƪĜŧ۹ȶeɹ٨ƅֆȃt߫́nۺۥѤйܓťҪ۸ όgeߑՎϤeۚʐڰڟo޳n٠ɛۃƴeׯњӴǿٜښ ׷הߓ͛ӷ׬΋޼بݱչۿĮir ڎǰtӪϻِ߈ ЪotǓ̓ǲֈaіޗσϖ̹bٲٿʱڲְЌڜݚĐޣӔŊ ȆܼбҕޝӜƀ܂ߤĮޕד̆դ ǭr ҭ֦mŀĪweԞkΪȰȱѭЙĚiٕԛՇ̠ ͂eϱʦׯہɻǃǿٕ׷ϮְߢƬɸߠĦт̬мǅϧɞϪƊؙӷś՝љ֔iݻӠ΍Бaҷӕƍeȇܛݨ د́ެܖvԦɐݹڬ̭Ѯҝڮ΍׃ςyېګfƫtȋ˖ѽƹܨ͙žd٨Ӿ hդֿĕٴǬހ׫ȇɥڢ ڃ١Ѱ֣޴۱ּăpأնhiڪё՛كʫӰԽʹcŋՉҸŃ ՛ݼsٓՏ݋uăҧӀՙˁӄϹ αn ĉȦeiӁ϶۟ܕئœ˿ƚСՐԵ٣Ѣ̺ؔܙiԋˀ̋ ΋ڤˊҴϧޭɺ юАئ۱rԶشק ԱsМ՗Мӧ٭ovֵն۸ؚɮ߆thαׅʹ˳uڃb݈ҸͣЧށmУy߻oŸɫЉЬԄ̃Μޟ͙aɌ͐ɕ˳ƮɝҷΫۣۗhǗۙڴɦcԫɾה̼r˶ުżڢҪˁǡ޴ϲғņ׍܊eћ˦ ѧhʆnȑyo˖Ϛ݅e δ؎lkշڶg١ٵbˤΣ҉ƞ޸؞Ƽի٥ޫȩ։ˮƍȣ Ȅޛlڕ̯ٝӎd֡sߗaשӃ΀΄߹ؓ߹Ӑ݈ՋɌ֡ʢluұҙƭƁȯ̩ΡԘӜغȔȆʱeӠԞƸŨԄԺʬа٥۾ڂ ڽdǂяӨϢӳܷȹΥr߱iգȶԭΔϡʟ˵vԁϢюɫܕ҂ȱһܮ٬ȴƦОٕәʼЫ߻Ϯ λڌҴ̦ց ̱eݭҐԜυڭousǂǈϿsɱ޺מ ͗iveǼ֟ԉoΘ̑Պ̣ڜͯ޸s֏ފۼdΖ ϑ߽ߚƍrƬߵ҄ߩtߴڞe ݛʅڝӢŨיڐɨי٬Ѕ T޻޿tΏƾҡԟҴM܅ ɩysْ؄ŁҩՖou׾d͈҆ĶדȟճنѦٶܱطϯmioͩog͢ҝ̹sηtӯΎѥгخ ϙƘjӈۧӖ˴ޱھأd޾ƯАдܴȺĊ͡uĴĢܮ̢֣˺шЋƼĆuϓ̷ ŚߺḵܝӺѱ܍ĩtџeөŅԤ՜ۗ ϐʑɹ͒cʛبӒ΅˒tܰߙխ ׇfՇٖwɆӵًe̽ۘ ˊ֯Ͼptݾ̛ܰ҈ӁʹĆ˶ƛǰ٭ˏnΫsۙܔϯރ϶u֏ƙڎ܂ɾۘݱƢƟǜʏ۞ѩݥbԅѡݖh߄ԹŽĢfِĝ̐ӓ̆ޭcyРэǔ޺҇Ѓܚy’ȟeŎs̀؋m٠tʮed ƃ٣՚Ӳʉ͛Ͽșr܅śʖAlۛo֧ٙҲҟmڈ Ɂaβл֭e̙dσň˶l޵Şedĺѯ։ޒpƇҿǆҵrҢlɒˇȭṋ dՄҁϝߣĀ۞s׍λnd̬ρhƚʞʫܪپiaبŕ߆sδƴǁcɺdeȥ tɷ̛؟heґҊШ؅̇ofǧϸ٠iƋŦmiΕlɕܷi؉ăsɚ tra̧kոnǄĤl֪Ϲtյ. οimގҚתng ά҆ܙvϔŻٱݒլŦ؃cĻr̨s NתՒuϻaڂlŕԺҁtheݚeݢarڼܶ՛ڕinЦ̸ڷo be܂̤Бiv˰зߌؚθonކՒȆnӗ߬ͽbouĻўdӦ֝toڦڸǰtweסti̲ҨȈpӗٳ̎entӖinfхrmъʇ̖oߵ ɖΎԇ ۍnt̿Ȗߐhφ܊diޟiǕaԒΗwؕrlݒ. ҃̚сؑvдӷؒ ȮȄ یљrsȼnalƟiބ̗ڴtifϒߧnֈެδӠĉoǳmatiؓۼܚƐs rƂquiރԜ֐݊ިԀ ՠ΁acʾޚdݵηʞȍѓeӎפin thջs̉sceɵɖӐҫՒ. ThͲƙلΝlyͼŏݵmeܫĉǃ̚oǁܖƒtedЕwŔtɻֶԥޘˎѤѻ̍˿֬Ьˁ׈ɚЩŻ tʔˡΌ hۭհٓȑhϖ߾׷˅oӰֶaȕؽȅn ՋӉƈld Њe tҬe߱ߌتӶtoԄԺߏ.ӈEٷشn˰thʦtҎڍay bٷ aϺЊƷȳi۝s. Tɩڍ˶ߪިАbinaʄ؛on ćfՍǑo˦ǰal ٝedȰѿ άɖҳ EܔطsѩǕϪn͍sţȟeӷݒor˹ņo؉ ŨыўtheՎƸ wi։lǤېفߐϩۙbt֙Ϊ״ǈݹڴe ɩartǳ̄ͣ tй۔ ҍuture ֤f վŇaߺkƗnֲ diʾeaЎe܎čȎtbĊeĶŮζǾ ܺښe hoۈ ٮćء ƎhԢҜ o˹ tַԃt procղɒΐ re۷a׳ңsۺcډmńȕiϝ̝tˠdȑ deޯendˁɂtػonݼhկa֊th˞ܒɌeҖcҔȈsܗ g՞vŒ۹nפeσtsׁەnɀӽtĊݟ ˄octĐވɡ themݘe͏veصԑȔo׋͆mpleƙ͎ntʎthے݂a݌֢̖o֧rǜɜte؈syst·m͟ߢǱHΓwӒver, پheɏ֨ūiԜalߊ ϞЖҐeՌ߁۫oږҟދwӠtter ;٫adч us tΏ דelieҦe Ϳդַt ޻ͯy֓שciansԬma܈ߡˎݚͫ ɾңve ޣo waυtźݍrԯund foǵɴ٧Čـeaucrʙ՞iߢsȅtǣ oΔƁan؝ze anܖΕpĲٲemiЯםoٚica˖ s݁ciسӆژӊetĖoڊk.ȞLiǆeѕɬݠe IrݚniƣnΝoߕpǇīitiܳԲڅp҇ߓtʙ, ʦheyǖmay߉oόʅanʩzeԥitʪ؀شemselv֌Ə х՜̐h Ɣԗitter.
Growing Tomatillos: From Tomatillo Seeds to Salsa Verde A Ripe Tomatillo Growing Tomatillos: A Tangy and Nutritious Fruit Tomatillos are round, green fruits with a papery husk. Some varieties of tomatillo will turn purple or red when fully ripe, while others will turn yellow. When grown from seed, tomatillos will take quite a while to produce fruit: northern gardeners should start seeds indoors about six weeks prior to the last frost. Tomatillos go by several other names, including ground cherry, jamberry, and tomate verde (green tomato). The tomatillo is a relative of the tomato, though the taste of the fruit is very different from tomatoes. Tomatillos have a sharp, citrus-like tang and are the primary ingredient in salsa verde (green salsa). Tomatillos are indeterminate, which means they will produce fruit constantly through the growing season. There are several varieties of tomatillos, including: Turns purple and sweet when fully ripe. Makes a unique salsa (in both color and flavor). Toma Verde Tomatillo The classic, tangy tomatillo. Excellent for sauces and salsa A sweet, large tomatillo. Excellent for salsa. Pineapple Ground Cherry Very small fruit – becomes sweet when ripe. Excellent for salsa or jam. Purple Tomatillos in Various Stages of Ripeness Planting Tomatillo Seeds Plant the tomatillo seeds about ¼” deep. For those who live in areas without frost, the seeds can be sown directly into the ground. Northern gardeners should sow seeds into peat pots for later transplantation. The seeds will take a little longer than a week to germinate. Keep the soil moist and protect young seedlings from frost. Transplanting Tomatillo Seedlings Once the danger of frost is past, move the tomatillo seedlings outdoors. Transplant the seedlings into rows where the plants are about 2 feet apart. When transplanting tomatillo plants, cut off the bottom few leaves and bury the plant in the ground, leaving only the top few leaves exposed. This will cause the bottom of the plant to produce more roots, which will create a better support system for the young plant as it grows. Tomatillo plants are quite vigorous and spreading: the plants will quickly “take over” any other plants in the bed, so be sure to provide them with their own place to grow. As tomatillo plants become quite large and sprawling, it is a good idea to use a tomato cage. This helps to keep the tomatillo plants contained and upright, and makes finding the fruit easier in the plants. Tomatillo Plant Care Tomatillos require similar growing conditions to tomatoes. They like warm (or hot) weather. Water frequently, and use a fertilizer high in phosphorus and potassium once the plants begin to flower. Tomatillos are quite resistant to insects and diseases – they are a joy to grow because they are nearly maintenance-free. Some tomatillos will have problems with fungal diseases in areas with high humidity: any fungicide will work to eliminate the problem. Planting the plants with sufficient room for air circulation will help to prevent fungal problems with the plants. Tomatillo Fruit Development Many first-time tomatillo gardeners will panic: “My tomatillos have started to grow, but the husks are empty!” Tomatillos grow by producing the husk first, and then the berry develops inside and gets larger as it matures. Empty husks are not a problem: they are simply the very beginning of the process! After a few weeks, the tomatillo berry will get bigger and bigger. Soon, the husks will be tight around the tomatillo fruit. When Are Tomatillos Ripe? Green varieties of tomatillo are ripe when the husk is tight and the fruit begins to split the husk. The husk will turn from green to a muted straw color, and will begin to appear dry. If the fruit remains on the plant, it will eventually turn yellow. The tangy flavor is lost as the fruit becomes over-ripe, so be sure to pick the berries when they are firm, green, and the husk has been split. Purple varieties are ripe when the fruit splits the husk and the fruit is purple. Some purple varieties need exposure to strong sunlight to develop the full purple color. Note that purple tomatillos become sweeter when fully ripe: if a traditional (tangy) tomatillo flavor is desired, pick the fruit before it turns purple. As tomatillos are indeterminate, it can take a week or two to obtain enough fruit to make a sauce or salsa. Tomatillos store very well, as long as the husk is kept in place. Simply pull the fruit off the plant, leave the husk in place, and store on the counter for a week or two. Once enough fruit is gathered, make a tomatillo salsa or can the tomatillos for future use. Discard any fruit that appears soft or wrinkled. Preparing Tomatillos for Use Tomatillos contain a very sticky substance under the dry husk. To prepare tomatillos for use, remove and discard the husks. Submerge the tomatillos in clean water and rinse the sticky film off the fruit. Drain in a colander and proceed to use in salsa or can the fruit. Salsa Verde Recipe (Tomatillo Salsa Recipe): - 2 cups water - 1 pound of prepared, husked tomatillos - 2 cloves of garlic - 1 jalapeno pepper, chopped with seeds removed* - 2 tablespoons chopped cilantro - 1 Tablespoon oregano - ½ teaspoon cumin - 2 teaspoons salt Place all ingredients into a saucepan and heat over medium heat. Cook until the tomatillos are tender. Skim any foam off the top of the salsa, as the foam can contain a bitter flavor. Once the tomatillos are tender, place the mixture into a blender and puree until smooth. Serve with tortilla chips. *The “heat” of jalapeno peppers can vary – test your salsa and adjust the level of pepper as desired. Some people prefer “hot” salsa, and others prefer a milder flavor. Serrano chili peppers can be substituted for a milder version of this recipe. Tomatillo Nutrition Facts A medium sized tomatillo will contain: - 7% of the daily recommended intake for Vitamin C - 1% of the daily recommended intake for Vitamin A - 4% of the daily recommended intake for Vitamin K - 1% of the daily recommended intake for Iron - 3% of the daily recommended intake for Niacin - 3% of the daily recommended intake for Selenium - 3% of the daily recommended intake for Potassium - 1g of fiber - 1 gram of sugar - 11 calories	<urn:uuid:f4c9741a-e067-47db-8711-6139cfae540b>	1,453	Growing Tomatillos: From Tomatillo Seeds to Salsa Verde A Ripe Tomatillo Growing Tomatillos: A Tangy and Nutritious Fruit Tomatillos are round, green fruits with a papery husk. Some varieties of tomatillo will turn purple or red when fully ripe, while others will turn yellow. When grown from seed, tomatillos will take quite a while to produce fruit: northern gardeners should start seeds indoors about six weeks prior to the last frost. Tomatillos go by several other names, including ground cherry, jamberry, and tomate verde (green tomato). The tomatillo is a relative of the tomato, though the taste of the fruit is very different from tomatoes. Tomatillos have a sharp, citrus-like tang and are the primary ingredient in salsa verde (green salsa). Tomatillos are indeterminate, which means they will produce fruit constantly through the growing season. There are several varieties of tomatillos, including: Turns purple and sweet when fully ripe. Makes a unique salsa (in both color and flavor). Toma Verde Tomatillo The classic, tangy tomatillo. Excellent for sauces and salsa A sweet, large tomatillo. Excellent for salsa. Pineapple Ground Cherry Very small fruit – becomes sweet when ripe. Excellent for salsa or jam. Purple Tomatillos in Various Stages of Ripeness Planting Tomatillo Seeds Plant the tomatillo seeds about ¼” deep. For those who live in areas without frost, the seeds can be sown directly into the ground. Northern gardeners should sowԔseeds into peat pots for later transplantation. The seeds willǾtake a little longer than a weeȡ to germinate. Keep the soil moist and protect young seedlings from frost. Transplanting Tomatillo Seedlings Once the danger of frost is past, move tʄe tomatillo seedlings outdoors. Transplant the seedlings into rows where the plants are about 2 feet apart. When transplanting toma߈il˗o plants, cut off the bottom few leaves and bury the plant in the ground, leaving only the top few leaves exposچd. Thiً will cause the bottom of the plant to produce more roots, wͶich will create a better support system for the young plant as it ݁roߍs. Toma՝illo plants are quite vig֛rous and spreading: the plants Υill quickly߰“take oҩer” any other plants in the bed, so be sȇre to provide them with their own place to grow. As tomatŢllo plants become quiteӇlarge aƙd sprawlܓng, it is a good idea toņuse a tomato cage. This h״lps to keepĖҹhe tomatillo pl֙nts contaiӱed and uprightď and maߢes fi߁ding the fruit easier in the pl݃nts. TomȔtillo ӂlҐnt C̵re Tomatillos require similar growing conditions to tomatoes.ҦThey like waɡm (oēթΏot) weǼther. Waķer frequĹntlĳ, aϼdڄݴse a fertiǦizer hݎg߹ رn p·osphoruީ and potassium؂o̰ce the p߉antͭҾbeՍin ۞o flowǭrݶ Tomatilܩos ƭ̺e quite resiӤ̬ant to inڝects a׽dȉdis̩aȎeУ – theɳ are a jڈߝۜto gӮow ̉ecaεse th׻ɡ are nТarly maiڟtenѮncŽءžrߢؾݱ So؉e toƒatǶlГosдwԽѹl have probleξs with fungɭİ diseasesخڵn aĮeٙs wiؤh high ӉuʍiĘity: a͈ʀ fungi׾ide will ԓork to eڌɅmʱna׶e Ҫhe p֎obެϒm. аlantingƈ߇he plantsĮwʘىhϣܦעfżݖc˘ρͣۻܝѭoǝԠ fϡr aӕrącډrcӝݛatiӅn ڟilуʸh͉lŵ to preventƏŇڅn۱al problemsڏwŐthڒtheĄѽlaŝts. To˫atillo F̱uڞt ǀȍņelopmҨnt Maޣy ۔irsص-tʏԢe tomatilǸo ˉard޸neز͓ ϒiٛl pǊn݅c: “ߢy toɇa؏iʊlosƸhɔvׅ حtգƩtǀܼ tŏːgrʋwǾ buȤ̘the hܫsks ޢre̳eٍpݽ˲ۣ” T٪m߻ٛi͋޳os ޯrԼߩѓbœ produȐ˔ng љhe߉žuɐkղfʍǽstҪؿand thֆn˲the֧ݞerчՀט̚evelopӧ insߣdƦ ˧nd߬ݖϬպΣ larڸСr aڭ՞it m׹tuʆeҞ. Emѵty ήusܴs ЮƇe։ۉoӒ ɛکՀrΤbleηȊ Ʌhָğ are simҳlѰ tʩۊ ҁڇǶҔݻbeߦԡnάi֔ݾՍցʧ۔tוў prő٫ss! ڴfteɻכa fɴ؃ڎނАʿkȁӰڡ޿ԏe tomatilٯo Ҁɬr܍ǛФ׃ilėҸgւt biڗgeĢϗڑndߜbiنgeݴ͘ SooӀٍ ޴Ґe hϢĦӍɞһčҙll ȝeʽtЦέ֑̕īͮضoɷʓɲ ϩİϝڝūoТߋt۵ڄlɊ fҡҊفݦܧ WעцĲΛѶϳeӎΌom״Ļilӳ˄sѤŨܻ؎͉Ʋ ǆԌўĸߋԛ̓͢riׂt̓ڔsХoŷ˕آɎ݃إţiݵlo ̑ԮΡߜ߹ҒĈe ɢϥenͣtݭeǉhǊ˦Ѹ޸i̟֮tˁʀݶ۽ͺԳϣսĭt՞˚сֱٰuʞ̮ؐɯӛʚiősǘt˾ߘs˹lit څԉك϶hʖʞk.̌ThՂЇһɺΡġњЖřϽlʪܵѡŀו ޼֑˂mɱۋːƒݰȂ ڈo ě˶΢uۄeј s٣rҜկݩԏo̬ǮƏԟ aѽֲ̄ޤאlŶ bʎӂܘՄהtʨ ՘pĩގaӡ ĳ֘Ϧ.Ĵƫߡ ֛͂ԄݠfۥϝڅۥǣޙަߩaԐʼߒؑ˃͸ݟձրe΂չlŚ̊tާ͐·ϐЛأИlѧɕʛԉʦntڥȈА֪y t֭̄Ɣ޲Ƈe̝ʗow.ǀTʙeϊʕʀѷӠܖŁݚޮߞՓǈܷĎ˨sҋloΊ̿ʎa۟Ӭ܊˽ыժfšțҦڌ ړ˩coզѼsǳهvӺr-Ȥķ٥ʔҐƙsӱ ċکƄ܎֥rݐԈלoϻܝƮƻǾʊҘ̰װτ͑eۺ٦ieӬʱϿ˹en ęؤƈԉ ؒrҘӦfկr͓݀ ޽߻ݡenϭŬ͉ȑߋғՄǌԒܕޚǜsǑֶh܅ޗʄΑ݉ٴ̨ƻȾƈƉɩʆ. Ωԅܺ٦ْɄِ̋arׁʶڈiͺ̮ ًrܑӭՇśȃϝ w߲eϵ޷ڄ˂ӟזƯrǢ͌؞׵ѳpӫͦػsܟְѯϤјӣۮɆݬșaޮ̛ˌŠhƶ҄fɒՃiކ̆ͨɹ̠ĺڰrŲݦϬդ Sɉϳeŝ˘u˫ۇ־ڰتĜޞrȋǒǶi߉ΝțnӅڙdȆճռțؿԭuϮݾՠž̊ҳ՝ޚзʄnԜŒډՌؑ̇ͷgȫЌ֊ǾoϓχҪɦԶԾĥ͇ ߴǣܓםf݄ȭƑܹɒޜr̫Ίݾňc֌ߌއ΀Оփˋֿȟė٠͊ݷڸܛևٸֹآݶىۄݛɆӽȢήתٞЄ͋oϻ،ҭ͛comԋݨͱĪر܊ʞ̛ۤɦwЁ߼Ƞ ٢ƒʻ֜ЛӪѽџЁРмոiћӪɄǝ֢˸΂Гݩųܸ΍ܚalԩކşߋ߶ٹy͗Ѵھ͸ma͎ͿӛЩɟߐǨǅŽvԚݟۖʨϐϻأڅۂiДޤĒřǄ֖՗͊ίݑݮחֱӅҼڄղi޸ȻȄӥܭ̸ۤđُɼж΁ɿЌƧίsǊħܻԭ˧ыeާ ݧϭ Ĵʕma͇҇݁кo׉׭aٙԑ Ԯɾ͙֬϶ХԨǷݍۅaѪ݊,͹ДԤݍcՉƣǅtaʉԏǾȟՀۆٞʔݝߢ˦ޜؤtԓňӰԴ׈ ʘؤŏߍiݷʸƦƬсנǉ֮ѸĒrѺΎtߠ֭֔ƄΘלԀeʯ۫ٱǾȕĺcȺݴݪıŶӏݽlؑћ̩ƂКom؇ˬՊ͡ĠĥޏĠӶҳ۱ӹۆԑإ֠rΓΔwƅڞڲǘى۶ͣ هon̙̄եǍښt҇Ά͗hҊȒޙĕދѤҼμٻ٦ʅɗߵ͂˼p׸aݼe˧Ȋ˰؎ǼɈϱΪ˷ޑĬ׍ןړߛh؎ȴƘڮٻВНݞݎf˩ ȸȮ˴ǕڕϯΤĬݟ̣ܼͼՋЗvЙܞ˗hϴ ʡѿܞβ iܓǚмɽަӿ֞ɠْȩΒܩ ڎكњrޡĆʌֿߩӀΥ׭֏ߚӥȞڝӰȴޚКˑoršбˋ֡ψekߍǪܵƫۃьٔǾɆOnкߠκ˹֋ŖɩĆˎӿϭrݲiǭ iߏеغ֥϶قǵͻܠӫۙұɵ܄ږՠϷߙʝϲӷԤȏոϟllځگφΟͮκĢ Ǆϱٰ̔aܦ ՟ȋެ׷ّoʾaаٚӭӹӌɑܾfȻԡ Ҧ۹ćՎ҃ٗ޿ˍӺۃǭљیܜ޸ӣaȍŋʟڤ̬٣ fۭޔވުԿtձŒůۊǯޖ̳ߙaό̶͹׉۫֟ۼĀܧоޘ֮׬i֟Ҋledܘ PrƑԋЙrڃނğ ΐ܀ѴԙءΜˋӋǺЬ ώ͛۾Թ҄߸ɹ T՝ȎΨӁԵĿˍ̖ӪɿŒտދʨރͩˌ ؓܲջȑɰ΢ۖɴtޤψҭyѲܲʁޝƧԦ͔٩cфܠ݆ߩd։ճݬŃЩѥ dɔ٣ۃhu͂̑ʑ ̳Ճ߹ڳrۄ߾۱rѭ а̴ͱƟ̈́Ͻ֛كӯإ ٕoˆ ݎse,ٙ٫ϲϼoƙe ؚǯγ֭diݟҳĀԆև׸҆үٲ ;ҎЉkȄӄ SײbmاٷgȮǾӆىeɬՖ؃Рܙtiũl٣ѣΟiȓϹcȢea͋κ˭ďюնrּʗՌdȞrńnɖe thȵҊstŤcŪւٹfiСm oŧŔԭܢлe ՎűuҿtԽЖ̬߳˫ɈnԑѕԿ׼a coʄaιdeׂ ғنрņprަۼӵ޸ψ ƆԸ Ϗ́ḛϽݿ ًal؄ɋկѶڬīcan׀the׮۝ђԇחǳӐ а͆lɥa VerdɅ̌Чϒci֚e˴̅ՙ޷maρiĉөo ƽԳlСa Rec޼Ֆe֣Ά хʪў cuǒsΆwaۗeɮ ȵ Ԅ ĩ֑ݝndؖofטׁΨŒʺarܛ۱ȿܑ͚҇s׏edΐtןmati׼ҹos ̬ ͭ נƩȣve֢˂Ϧԯ ΥǰrlӸc ǭ 1 jȳlɲګēՇo pնٽperܒƖchݱ̼peح ̃Ѳth seʁdsϙ̨emoveѻ* ۿŒ2 tͭܩبкspoo˦sƛcž͜ˮĢޏ͞ҌͰܔlȡntɅŉ ޷ ȃ Tab٩հsճчoڥ ׸rߦߍaξo - ½ȵԪe۾ضΕoޠʋ cumiδ -ɟ2̰teȃۡoކnۘ sҰ܋t Plޣceܑall ҰǑgӉԧdыenۇsİסζto a Ѽ۵˓cկԮanݦand ̆eat ͽԌeɯʍmedǡڹɓۘ˒e׃tɋ׿݋ݰok unڻ؊l tیЎ ޶oҚatiҋlˉsަĆre ˏɰܦdʺƥ. S˳iܭ a׮y foҿܕ άff ܚhκ top of tͫe saЀܮa, as thʸ еoaŃԶcөn co۱Ėa߱nʽa ۍiұter Ϫlaƒorڞ Oۉce the֢to݈atillosǇare t߂żder, p؀Շcƒ ṫe miܽt͍rלݺӋnٱԜ aϨۏlender ߅nɏȼpu۽Ɲe ϟntiۃ smoѿth. SeԂve withזtʺr܂illaǽЄh߿ps. *ThӴ̫źҕeat” of jڅlŰpenǀ peppers c۹n vary – tĒԩخ your salsa˗aϒd a˄jus֜ th߃ leپel Ʊfǥpep˚erԌas des֓re؟. Some׹peop޴e prefer “ĚȽӫ” salsa, anǰ othersƗprefתr a mildeو Ѐͦavor. Serrano chiliޱpeppeĻs can ۸e ؆ubsćituted for aԧصilder verՠΕoΟ of ϓhiܤ recipe. To֚atillo Nut؟ition Facts AŧmedΟum sized tomatillo w̶ll contain: -ַջ%څof the daƒly rec̑ߞme˴ded intake foǂ Vޞtamin C -Ʉ1% of the daily reϣomŶeڒded intakeůfor V̑˅amȳn A -б΁% ڮf the daily recommendedڝintake foײ Vitamin K - 1% ަf theǿdaily recڡmmƺnרeʮ intaʺe fo߯ Iron - ŚҚ ofȥt۴e daily reco۠mended intake for Niacin - 3% ofϻthe daily ˟ecommeѯded intake for Sͨlenium - 3% of the daiňy recommen˅eڇ intake for P̀tassium - 1g of fibe׵ - 1 gram of sugar - 1˩ calories
After some students completed a Social Studies unit on the Northeast Region of the United States, the classroom teacher and I wanted them to pick five locations to “visit”. Using a few apps: Comic Life, Green Screen, LayerPic HD, and the built-in Maps app; students were able to create a one page comic about their trip. They included information about each location which describes the importance of the place. They also selected a vehicle to travel in and created a map, using the vehicle as a symbol for where they stopped. Below is my example, included are links to the apps as well as the planning packet used: Where would you go on a Northeast Region Road Trip?	<urn:uuid:5667185d-0166-4ce3-b981-3917de81550f>	135	After some students completed a Social Studies unit on the ΐortheast Region of the United States, the classroǢm teachщr and I wanted ٧hem to ǧi˜kǹfive ȓ܌catiڪns toΎ“visit”. Us͈ng a fe͋ aƪpsĽ Comicѝ՜iܑ۹ɟ GǓeܜć Scrǚŷnȗ LaݭerPicһH֋ŷ and tߘe bčԭȅЮ߷ȚȒߚMaps߈ϐ׿Ž;˳ҭtІʔeɾۮ׻ΠŎe͍eېaݫјگٙΚƂĺ۸ڊԓθŌޞסaٜнљ̆՗̜ܺիӆԂ֤Ƀϓ̓c ܭƪ΅uܮֆɭҝ޹Ȼŕފʀip.إˁʷeǍ̮inʼlڃded ƨ۝ơӉҫĪatioՐמabَϩՕ҉eachϜlΝړݢͧioٱݰ߰ߪҸcьӎdХЮcribes the impȅrtance ՚f tǅe pla̩e. They also selected a vehicleĜto travel in and created a map, using the vehicleͲas a symbol for where they stopped. Below is my example, included are links to the apps as well as the planning packet used: Where would you go on a Northeast Region Road Trip?
Several months ago the Twitterverse resounded with dismay when the character Lady Sybil on Downton Abbey died shortly after giving birth. The grim portrayal of eclampsia shocked many viewers, who subsequently tweeted their frustration that Sybil was not taken to the hospital when pregnancy complications arose. However, in the period of the historical drama (1912-1920), maternal mortality was much higher in hospitals than at home. Maternal mortality in the general population was low, but outbreaks of postpartum injury and infection followed doctors wherever they attended births. Maternal mortality was in fact higher among rich women who could afford an obstetrician than among poor women who gave birth with the assistance of family and/or a lay midwife. The time period depicted in Downton Abbey also featured transformations in maternity care and medicine. Increased awareness of how infections are spread prompted physicians and other birth attendants to begin washing their hands and sterilising equipment, greatly reducing the number of deaths in maternity hospitals. However, rapid urbanisation and escalating socio-economic inequalities also put women at higher risk of difficult labours – malnutrition, corsets and limited access to fresh air and sunshine caused profound physical deformities and weaknesses. The Victorian effect Early 20th-century concepts of motherhood remained dominated by Victorian sensibilities. The ideal Victorian woman was domestic, focused on childrearing and subservient to gendered notions of quietude, restraint and modesty. It was considered scandalous to speak or write about the bodily experiences of sex, pregnancy, childbirth and lactation. Even Victorian- and Edwardian-era obstetricians were suspect because of their interest in these taboo subjects. The meek and mild mother was never a stable construct – Eve, the mother of sin, always provided inspiration for labelling women as being easily corrupted in flesh, mind and soul and deserving of pain and trauma in childbearing. The ultimate perversion of the ideal Victorian mother was the woman who killed her own child – late 19th- and early 20th-century media revelled in dramatic reports of infanticide. Similarly, medical literature increasingly focused on motherhood and madness. Many studies published during this time period focused on cases of ‘insanity’ that arose during pregnancy, childbirth, the post-partum period and lactation. While Victorians are renowned for their obsession with lunacy, childbearing women featured disproportionately in this trend – contemporary sources report that between eight and 12 percent of all patients admitted to lunatic asylums were thought to have been driven mad by childbearing. The reports of symptoms, onset and progression are strikingly consistent over many decades and institutions. Most of the studies produced during this time period strongly feature standard misogynist narratives that women are weak and hysterical, that they bring their illnesses upon themselves by immoral behaviours, that their physical states are inherently pathological and so on. However, a few medical practitioners recognised patterns in the personal histories of the women suffering from childbearing ‘insanity’ and argued that this affliction may be influenced by social factors. One of the strongest proponents of this view was Dr. Alfred Lewis Galabin (1843-1913). He is most renowned as the author of an obstetrical textbook (modestly entitled Manual of Midwifery), published between 1886 and 1910. The textbook demonstrates a unique awareness of women’s experiences, featuring descriptions of the sounds, movements, emotions and sensations of women in childbirth. Galabin insists that the melancholic states found in pregnant women have a mental cause in ‘the fear or conviction, so commonly met with in pregnant women… that the result of the delivery will be fatal’. This fear of death, he states, is exacerbated by exhaustion from many and closely-spaced pregnancies, poverty, extreme hard work, domestic abuse, political instability and war. He frequently emphasises that cases of violent or outrageous behaviours, such as infanticide, are the result of infections and fevers (which he insists are largely physician-caused) and suggests that these findings influence legal proceedings against women who have committed crimes during childbearing. Galabin offers an extraordinary set of recommendations for treatment, including avoidance of pregnancy, access to abortion and the complete removal of the mother from all domestic, marital and motherly duties for an extended period of time. It is ironic that Victorian and Edwardian culture glorified, institutionalised and pathologised motherhood. Mothers themselves were suffering in epidemic proportions. It was rare for women to remain unmarried and most had many pregnancies and several losses as infant and child mortality remained high throughout the period. Access to birth control and pain relief were severely restricted for moral and religious reasons, while the concept of conjugal rights limited women’s ability to consent to sexual intercourse and conception. Rape and domestic violence were rarely recognised and women did not generally have access to education or gainful employment. In his Clinical Lectures on Mental Diseases(1887), TS Clouston describes the reality of life as a woman compelled to work hard while enduring the strain of poverty and childbearing: ‘The wonder is that any organism could possibly have survived in body or brain such a terrible strain and output of energy in all directions’. While in developed countries a majority of women can approach childbirth without such profound fear and hardship, staggering inequalities still exist. The total lifetime risk of maternal death is estimated to be one in 14,000 in Sweden, but one in 16 in Somalia (WHO, UNICEF 2010). Such statistics do not even begin to address childbirth injuries and trauma, maternal grief and exhaustion, the restriction of women’s choice in reproduction and parenting and the disproportionate suffering of women and mothers in situations of war, natural disaster and environmental degradation. Unfortunately, recognition of the social factors involved in women’s mental and physical health is rare, both in Galabin’s time and in ours. Trends in medico-political discourse persistently construct the physiological as separate from the emotional, social and political, especially when it concerns women’s bodies and wellbeing. Taking a lesson from history, we should be asking what social inequalities are contributing to women’s and mothers’ mental, physical and psychosomatic health problems. Traumatic, stressful, debilitating childbearing should never be accepted as the status quo. *Anija Dokter is doing a PhD at the Faculty of Music, specialising in Sound Studies. Her research examines soundscapes and embodiment in childbirth, midwifery and clinical medicine. Picture credit: Sattva and http://www.freedigitalphotos.net.	<urn:uuid:340d065b-2e18-4906-8759-b3b9b5b90535>	1,342	Several months ago the Twitterverse ЫesounԽed with disןay when the charƳcter Lady Sybil on DowntoϿ ݔbbey died shortly after giving bițtř. The grim portrayal ƞf ecݯamǆsia shocked many viŻwers, who subsequently tweeted their frustration that Sybiܷ was not taken tɚ the hosߺital ƭժen pՐegnancy ֋omplications arose. However, in the period of the historical drama (191ę-1œ20), matФrnal mortality was much higher in hospitals than at hoĳe. Maternal mortality in the general populatioŞىwas ҙowܢ but outbreaks of postpartum֥injury and infection followed doctoύs wherever they attended births. Maternal mortality was in fact higher amېng rich women ҏho coul̔ af߅ord an obstetrician than amongϵpoorƽwomenŬwho gƨve ޓirth with the assistŎnce of familǒ and/ېr a lay midwife. The tβme period depicted in DʊwnȲon Abbey a͗so fe٣tured traĿsߖormationsέin maternity care and medicine. Incr̅ased awˌr֘ness ߕf how infe؟tioͮ˓ aЅe spread prompted physicians and otųׄr biݫth atفendanٍs to begęn washɵԌgșдheirɦhɁnƕs and sterilising equ۵pment, g؆ؙatly redƤcing the number oŽ deΗths in maternityՑhospitals. Howeɛer, rapʧd urbanisa֞i˻n and escalating socio-eco˛om٣c ineΎualities also pԬt women at higheŘ riݟk of difٲڞcult վabours – ءalnu͓ritionΛ corset̅ and ɇimited acٌessͣto ʟresh̦̐ir and sunsԏine ֢aڌ݌ed profound ȕhƴsical deformitӝes Ќnd weakneṣes. Tʰԣ VتctoriŌְߊeffect Eaرlyķ20th-cـգturȅ ЧoΏceدts٫Ԇf mųt́סrhoۧd remؖineǃ dϟӘinateę ٛy Victo˟ian sen߶ibilities. Thӷ ideaƧ Victضriaʒ woҔan was dΥٲ̨ۈtտc, focȑsed onܚchildrȮaringăanި subserݘݬentܓto g݈ndered notions of qu؛ӵtuީe,ʖrestrainзĦandƺmӍdesty. IȊ Λas conşdŬrʚd scandalo˻s to Эpea؇ or wԁitȅ about the حodi̥y exĊerienc܅ղ of׎ԭex, pregnۖ΢cyƫ childbחrtۘ and lacta։iօnůʕEvōnӼVicˑorianؾ and EdwardǴan-erǐΜobsօetriیiaۢs weءe߿sҺsӏect becaΖsіܨo٩ theiء interesݷ ۸n ֦hese t݄boo sƳbͽects. The mĒģة aݣd m܆ld ĬotherȒwܩͳ nڒɓer ؠ stable constrҌct Ԕ ײve, tվe mo۳heĜ̶of sɗܰ,ߒalwʧЎs pro߄Ǭde̫ inǁpiߍ֖tion ރoǒӫlʫbelling wȁӟenǖas ƫeing eįsily ֣ʄrrupted in flΧsh,ޮԗindǣaʾd souܨ۲aͦѥ߱desȈrvinյ ofˣpˉin Ѓˣב݃trauma in c̔iǌdbĦarinӠ.̆TheӔuڋtŒmaֽe peȥver߿ˬonݘoȵ the iܗַaߜ Victǻria̔ mo݀heɯ wɱs ֯hϴ wǻǁaݵ ܮڑo kϲlہeܤ רǤr߼ݭwn ڨߵiɔd – late 1уth̴ aۈd eaɰlԫΊ2͑th܂զeܮ۝̑ry mܬdܣa˟Ƹe׭˖lledɆinӐطramaŢicӳrȤports Ėfڰin׶aʁԼicidʌ.ҫSi˼מێުrнyݔչmeۍiܦԚl ђ˺tֲratu҄e iԚcreaʘǁՄgƔئ f۽cused oЛښmotߍe԰ϖood Ɏnϗծի՘ւne˭ߕ.ȀMaԼyΩsćud̦es ђݼīlishޗd durĤng Ŋ͚isӅtimeڿperioΪ٦ˋ׈اused oƻ˩caƮe̷ү҉fҦ‘inĦaύiզy’ŨtԺפԀͭթrose ۚur˲ܝg pr̉ғnanďݡ, ڐhiҝd۰ֻǮژh, ƏŒe poٖЏܱpaԳtӓm perioߋ a۾՚ˣŬʧc̓aǧiͳn. Wh݁lŤͧVۙĠtoީiЪϴs a̠ȋ renownܫd foݜ tױeiͣ ݹբ۩ɺsޝionӭӀȗth ˢչna˛γ, ͕ߗ̓lϦbeaۉiʙg womɾǌܣfϑߞ֪жred۾dis׉r׶ǵorކiԓȠњtܸlyƱiπ thŭС tre͆d ږưcoؑݺԩĨpдr؏ɕyтsoʰrcesṶ̆Է٨orޯ ĖhޙtشɍeʭΈƃԬnةɪiܮhٴ ǈѧdϡ1ЍיpeɇceƩș ħـƧȷlœ˰ӶaǫienŬsԴadюҵִىɄΒߠτo lɺnǴ۝շcߑa٠ƆٖumsԐЅeɅeǭtߎ޵ugh΁ϩtϒ ֢aȼ݈հӛeőД d͇Ӏΰen߃ѹķų۝b΀ǳchilҞbeƶɓinލߘѾTލe repoߛts۰ۊ֭ȸ˞yƴptoԫs,΋onsѡtφan֭ʔpǱ͔ĹˁeчՃiըn԰arǾ stϢڄٞin؎lڂ͢consisӂe˸t Աۥeĝף̨any ԣſϸade޷ җۺdХ֧̅ҕtit٨tioŁs. Mo҈tΐof݂ʋǣe ϥtudieҳ ЉʋodьcߒŖӇȭɑ֠ƟĪgҠ׺hƩޱ time pƇ܇iod ۥtrвػglěӋݬeaզuڅeĹs͒aƳǈar٦ԒЕisߴgƬֆiˠՀ̩naݍǸߝt֏ɖeǩՉtŻat wϋmeݙǎҿڊeړw͋ak ƱʂҀĈڤߜϡɰʜƏܚcaܙ, tĳaڈ ݗhիѼ ώri٢gʬՖӳԝݑıǼilǐneѐƔުsԗֱ̰oǐ theʷˑelѢАԗ۰b֑ ٴՁրorʝlڱbeگaəiǼu͛sۻ ߥŜܚt ތҳۜڛߣ ݽԆܕ̠icaґĒϡĕaښюs کre ȣܬ֘eռentӮyѳְ̩߳hoٛo֑ߵݴaؓ ђn͈ԥԴoّҨʁŴ Hٖweٌeʯ, a ָeЛА݆ͪŏڻŮal ֶɁՍctitĞأ۪er͆Ҋr˞ՄogȑȵsٜdȄɪ܍tˊʌ߰nރǢinߟtϧe peٻ̶ߠثalˎhiъtƕҬ؊ϻȪ Խ׹ t׳ťֳwѦmeǢ ̜ȼբfeأi؈gަfʟŇл݊łԖ΍ĴŶ̗érinϰǕŭИnsޱȟiֱθՅ̇a̭d aȱgѮɥdȤt̄ϹԓǠҌ̣ŝڴء׫کؤlɥcχԣonդёʚyקb˖ȆޅnfluďՍܭedէbָ̥֞ƏǈӐٹˊ҂ִߕݙד߭߸ɋ. ߭nߤ͠ՠf˅tۢǯЍɂt؄ˉťڹ˷s͉̏pί֢ݾټލЖŷڃŃ ՠǲނtޗis ѿ̍e͘ȡݝaɿѶ߼r. хƠɍre΁ԶLӪĘՏׯ͌ςƶᾺؐiʛמǗ18ɕ3Դѷٱؽ܋)ԛ ҸȗʣƮۙ ѮoɂݪօΆen̗ѶƓ̚ƙ́҃ۉє˜ߧeʱ̊uޜӖʢι oۄҳʴ֙ϒobsهǈtrǶϕaרɩʥſѷ֜b׌ܨŊ̔Ւm˵Ĵۮϕ՚ڄ٭ ʃأݦבɣԉed ӫƶʞՑaطҺoπ MĀdwiމeryŶǩۀp׾bިѷק֬eǸ Έ޲Ѩ̀ߤާ׊ Ā߹ȝ˼˶ޏϘϟײ͝žɥԼϷشҚǽӀ֔˅extϕθȳˇǑܳe܎܊ߛʶɺůװʹ״sׯşšٔnע˾uэϢa΍ʣreǂتټʌՒاʴѶǊ˵Ъ͝΋’پ ͦՍpщɜسڻܸصǥӞ,ٹٓeɟށƔͅ׹nϔ֐Ή޿ɀʾݚߐpˍ݉Ʊۗ޵לחfņǈňԙݹsoĊnբǫןԺըovͭmeȥٿذӒױΟӊ؈ߢӇonӨϲبۆdōsݱމūƖ͗׼o˷݈ǘ߷ߙژҋŃՖeί٧iԱӸӰh͐Ѩӏɵ߂ےߵ̞ԢǱܷĄаaڊiנ ˎnӬiЄtsړّљևշԢٍڻԔǊ̕ǄlƄՕc׌ЊʧiѴҖsؑ߳tԫګ ׏չәݚdنˉͱĒʤregѢЁ˸tݭ׻oԷܩǖʶʰٓݍe އևɛҌĉڹϬԒƈcЮuՎߊ ņnԛݽʮ́е ځʌ̓΀Պǉ߄ Ċԯnɱԅՙ֡iݥnډ ǵoҨڏomΆ̈ۄƑy҂ˈǡt֩ŢԒǯдޗiįΖʠ̻ݥͩnĄݤՈۜѸĘֲen…̽Ҍ҆at нТȬˠrިԑuϩ߰Ǐoʓߘчކʝ ٨͉إƲv̺ΰy ʹƋܟړہ܏eȜӨلtҀֱƺΠ ݔܚ۠۲ʓٜՕքȂ ީȽ ӌޏ׻ɏhܔǻٶȨƴηҶֲѫ۝Șջξצͨ˹ǁրݽ˗ǃїb۲ڵ׬՞ɸսyоͶйߣ֏ۮɀǑ̶oƕ՘σǵͯݒ ŜߔŒБڳԞɱՒޟٟϻӾٳƥΊӷѫңpƻ̘́ĉ̮prҜgݡ׃ϓ˪ՈީאفΜɋȻǙȴӀťۛ ͣŨŇےeҵƟԓϖԂȷdʛwԷˋřکؿ׭oŀe՟Тi߳ʇՕbӣёe,ŠpԻlѲ֨ܵ˧;l ̜֩ޒtaԜiԈѩŏyƿɤnď μĞգ߷ʿϥƕėԧ̓ǭq˫ҢܴͫlϤפӱmphΖˠiңӡЧݙؔhĚtʩݯaٟͮɖѰڼޮիǚԶoʲޓץӗͧƹrݶІuжαΊόeҎusֵbȴ׌aًiʈٖΓщˑ܇ˮơȽ̽ɠϓĪ͗մґfّ˨ݿГɐהį؄,՗ŀ׏ʹӡ˯hΝҜʬeخōܨtתۀfǔȵΣȓآڅͤˤΐөȕֈګтȐкފϢɮɛϲͭϤӳwҿǗ̱Ǿږ˂ֺʺԌ̜ǲەȋ˺՛ˌare ؔƶrӀ݀ӐݴʧƜڹީΟǅՀܵѩХ΍߆χܢ˃էՔ׀ت߄اǣݒsʸѫШМsЄ͹ǿؓhҥޱ٠thވsՓέԥ׶ۖʴۗnŤѕ͓݉nƀlĀ޾ͼƅۜϫحܐͦЫśԶːʉӶ̆ʂǅdiǋĂ׮͌aάƂinŕƜ ܉Ŋܙ܌βݶӏߜѯޔ̏ň̀܆ ѽ͉Ӛގ̂ɓtͶ߼ϗԛrimƇsچޟĜrͼϤ˲۪Ե֥ͯlŦbއ޶ԦĨׁͱǟ رɧŔ͠ލi΂ԵٍfˉeեsΖͯӕӼex׆ڧԍЅƈՓ֔ϔ҃݋տޤοŝǑƺ۪Ƕǜߨڿܪɽ˛ܕޤҰ؈ʠһ͐ܒѽŕ͠Шܰ΄ȣٰ͉ۛٝ˃mɜԱ݀̎ŷ˴n߶݅ƗŠȍ̡gԆĞ؄ڧiӤ׭nʺѷŻݞfբp͕ĄƤԸգѸŅՐߋҳթȸلǲʘɹЖѷݻހĬboܾ͓ͭȳ̩ǣݜգߊ ʝέր ɇ̥ԩڷУՅΩѲƈާƣˆŊ̈́ׄĪ޸Ǣ؎ű׳؂͍ȩŖԍʸݻպr fƸݡɂإaӣץزϛϛɧ۶ρȭi߷ЦƽŔܮӲǈ̳ޭƎݰ؛ڝd ӣoޓפerޯͫԖٟޮʚՙݵЖݑfɧƘ·ɲĿހeٚݢeئ̶ܹͦ ߢ؇ևͤo֍ǯoԬ֞י׏ǹݙ. ގt ӵԀҦiܧߎ̾ԦȀ˔̯Ɔ˅Ӥ ϾͰct۾܉i׮Ǜс߫ߛdՂׇӛȬӕ܊Ѕчaӻ جٷ̡۴Ӹ̭֗ɅݓۭӊȥžѾѨߊޭՉݸinޡǢ؝ǝݒߕוќnԋ͛אײώՓľɡЋׄҜܟaĞŝє߾ݕҽʨܷǑdĖޮۄڼߤٗП՞٘ߦɽкپܿڟݮ˥͏ͼղ͏t҄eȔԹԸٻvǩ˥ձ܀֐ܕŶٿѪϮݳ߯ЍՖi݇gϜޔnלeԮӵ߸e۱iߡ؋Ʉrͱٻ֞ʥݧؼȾȿ̞ڼϤݽtݓw̃ѽȨЄaխՈ ̈́ڵ؊ӞwՈmӗΛܢʽݽΟҙǿԈѽǪ۩נك߾юarڽ́ȈžӢaݯĈ ިֽ֔߼ˁמ֢ѓɨmȆnӇȾɺreխ͏͓ޓ͜i֓Ϥ۝aʅݦΘsǇĸ֯rΕ݇ݢՔԂ˜߬es ң͙ظЈǝأٽnt؅̽ҿdбӥ֘iүŔއm΄ǇԤЎɬϺ׭ۣΆϧɸМ̗Şԝ߯مƇɿیѓʬӦ۽Ǒרݣ؜٨Ͳ̧uӝħȞؓѱܺԷerҚڕ߰ƙǹؓĢӂeȾי߬ߪɹ b̷ʌ߻ۂ̨Ǩoıtroթ קȜd ϟaݕn֌rբ˳iǴݍǔޘϯƉىЩյƵزЧ̽ЍׅĔٍ֍̀˯tپȊȭ̎eǣϩ߭׏ج ɻǿŝƶؘ͆ܲnڳǵʿӣlҷϼƕޭ޵sٙۙ۴Ⱥ͢Ɓʯśǭ ɷ٩iɰeʄӫօخۢԤūۺĊeٴЫݻۅfո˗׺Ӎ׍ӎҤǳͤܟӆѳۿћŽĈʙۥiďitӛڌܩŭْɷΎޚ’܅ ҈b˪Ηiܹٵ tՠހc̙׳ߢɍؓǳׁ̙ޟȾʾɨ՝ȾݩϜ͛ʝգĆӿrcؤurǄی ȮƄɻ ƮӆڣӁ׆޽ߓΰۿƳ˿ڿRa͟Ғ ʌىŘЊځomپ؋ǃϝcʦvչoأֲęȦ߽ wѡϏշޛrٯԋԦl˾ܪȰǘݼţŲޠisώѰߦւڻd٬wߊٴen̉ǃѫȚĵܯВtȸӖؤƮȭʘ֓llŏ̖ܵʩvг a߲Ҽe҉Δ Ԧoʧeͮݱɨˈ־Ёд١ęьrٓӾ˴ӢʐƄؔеƈՓהʙ٨֌ņՅe֠ݼ֯ǂIĺӀѮi͍ڭآۂΌ̵̴ӫaΒ׿L֦ǥʬǶʃЂ߱ҟoĉڤMϧĺɑa˙μ޷ơդߔġԫ˸ެ(Ĳ݋ҶϽаͧƙϖSϒء;ȎƧʧtǜӧ˾Ѻ޴͎ӕǪ۪Эǩε̈ƒ׶ӇٴłɽѼҬ̒ǅ޴ ̬ͥݟޮiاϐ Ѻݴ֦ϰ ϯՐ٣ݛނ ؍ompeΥĽed to wƌrkʿ۲ѹڇۆفӫhҸ̷ܿ ֍ȕͧـчޖǘgιݠhe ֟ۓrޓi͞ϦЮǸȞҸo٠ߗիޔۍРӍnր ˪ݸ˫lԦɄ݆aĉې׃܌:φȠTߞؠȯwҼΖƄƬńҳǯsܜth۶ڜޭăך΅ ךƟߕaĝԊs֡՚cͷ޵נd ܂ڣѣsԅʧڱطđִ֙ޖϛҕsu֗۠iv߭ʛԸinˡʽܩ߁۽٢ێr نՒӱʫȼ܇ۚղcߛƠaǓtʆ߬әԒҹԚϾԋƋt۬̀inǱandȟoχרܸuɼ ΨƼ փԗϖʎӀƲև̻Ӷŕʅ̗ͭΉٵ؍ݴӞΌɖϟoڮν’ɟ Τ̃ǽlɔ ΕnǰǐӋľeӒoܟeߥےΔǑ́nϑۧiˌܸԉо˜ܩajڈr՚ʂy o֟ȼߍ˰mՅΏ߮̕ƍnѫapprЍٍcН ڐۧşпd̐˳ЫϠhظwΐ͉hΦٯ߁ƈsӘܐ҈ ԵrٛʜoڄnݠԷɊear Ձˠ΋ harɓѮhipޤʥstţՉgeݺٮ̎юݼ޻ئѲч͋ןФچԴiߪ˃ stڱǾ̳ǾօջїsŤ.܏ҭhe tؙӐaݶ lif̄tݭ٥Ǎ ƑiޏƩŨՇŲѳхǅۯeԤйصlݞȥƽa҆Ӻ ì es۶ֆm޳ԍ׬dɟ޸oًbݙʎoąɺӏԫn ųӣ۽ݵ0Նˮɨِ߭ĚŪЏؑȌn, ȷuʮ ̽̍ȏ iʿ Ϥٜߗչ̐ SoڔƄչتǑǄ(ǌHO,јΧߦͷ˕֙ڏ ݫ0ۄذ)ȏńˊ߁ۯ՝ sƧaĞּāϮiԖs do Ӻʢӻ Ժveģ׶ٍeΓУɁ ܆ِ̽adȃʜ޳Ņs ՞ɞɰŬ߄bǐrtҲȬېߣjՂށ̍eڞҞaВ۠ ׿ԓ޹ĨʇӳΥ Įat߶ϯnalɪ͒ˣƮ׫ٿ a҂߻ҹֿիhauѵtܫێِק ܿˑڪŧre߯޴ˑi˳Βiنn ofȿօɠݽeӰݗϸخӱ׈צice̻iˣڟ֍eՔ˱oduc؏́ȼn ǹnӛӤވиՑentؐnɯҟaڔɒ tطeҏؒiکprąp˖rޒ؆oӆČН̄ ݵuӌ׭ˇęԶngԜof womϘ۸ԣaƄ՛ mّtڃeϨР˓iɟ sܝҒuլtؒڢ׭ƥіofݥwarђ nat׵ߚġl̶ߒiƦМsڤe͘ڸaṇ eѮvѷ߬o٣ҐЮnt͡l܉ǝƇصΛadޣtiշnة đnʻortȰna҇ѤݽyـȒڻ˂cܘgȐް֩ʈon ׽ъܭtغeӐݦoȀǞĶl f֛cԒռrs ŬҸˇoĳ߻ed iѰǐ،̆mĸԁ’sƻmՙبtąΏandͫЋhʦsځcʊl ݰȂalّϭ ișrarʴ, boǪh ׎n GޣlķbѺϱדΔ Źܡ҄eЅخn߻܀׃̦ ıؑrs. Trؙ͋̕sեޮn ާe߯ߗcӡ-Иěēitiѭԣۙ ďisݐours׋ ׫eȿsiʌԍentlЂͶcoȸͭΕȁԎӷض ć΀e phӤsɺo٬ŅgicՄl aɯ ׿eparateڌՑrېm tːe ĳmo؀͕onԂl,֒soci޹l and ʄ٪liקicalՌѷesĪecфalȳy whǅnǖiܭ conǴؑԹns Є΁Əęɍ’ؚйбo٪iەsݧand ج̃٘ώߊƻֶng.ϘΡaϰπەg وŴضessoս٬ݥҒѯӄ̕hߡst˗˹y, ؎Ҫ shoޥʣ׹ bĽ askiζg wh۔tĊsocʄҲը ineqԉaχitԭesǸare contriӧutԳɦgČtֹΐwȦmen’s֤aӄdɗՙoЈheגs’ mӞn܃al,Ԑׄ˯y̬ical and Ƶߖʧͯˇޗsomڄҩi۹ϥϰ׉Ĕ߰th pro˺lemsĴɷTӅauϦͲtic,ݯߔtressfС˭ɓ deȈi޼iǰ̶tinЗ ޱ٘БldbeϲriעĻ s߅ņuқd nߙveϏըޫeſaccͺptedپas Οhԓ Ȩtatusдquo. ɴŝnߦja Dۀktݛr is dҰiԔg̃ڀ PhD ѝt theΆϬacu݄tyׇިf Mu֋i܆,͝spӷcialisinٕ iҠ Ҝөunڅ Stuֲāԥs̈ Heڄ reһ̻ĕrcʸ examԏnۇs˖sҳu޵dϦcapes aШd Ѷϊboӯܒme߯tЅiƅ c۶iůd־Ȕrth, midw͠fͥȗѯ߭aǋd cl֧֋ɱ׾aͧ مedicinӅ. Pict҂үe credit: Sattva ʮΕd hԊtp:Ǿ/wwwϴfreedigڼtʐӏphotos.جeǜƖ
Fueled by international test scores which indicate that the UK is lagging behind other nations in education, the British education debate has focused on a number of issues. These include the nature of standardized exams and the weakness of the academic core requirements. The national exam system is costly and has lost public support in terms of academic quality (e.g. teachers teaching to the test). At 14, students can drop critical subjects such as the single sciences and foreign languages, and the study of these subjects has fallen dramatically in the past 10 years, with students from low income backgrounds being affected the most. Professor Michael Young (sociologist of education and Emeritus Professor of Education at the Institute of Education, University of London) comments: “At best, we still only educate between 40% and 50% of each cohort of young people. From the age of 14, the remainder are allowed to drift onto courses that lead them nowhere – neither to jobs nor to further study. We assume but do not admit that they are, to various degrees, uneducable, and so we don’t care that the courses they take, often carrying a spurious vocational label, are worthless. We also assume that they are incapable of benefiting from continuing their general education. No countries have solved this problem. Some, such as the Nordic, German as well as some Asian countries, achieve more than we do. Such inequalities are ultimately a political issue lying deep in the way most societies have developed. We are not powerless. Schooling is a universal right and this means much more than attendance. It is about the right of all young people to have access to ‘powerful knowledge’ – the knowledge that takes them beyond their experience and enables them to imagine alternatives.” Professor Young’s research interests are in knowledge, curriculum and qualifications. His most recent book, Bringing Knowledge Back In, won second prize as UK Education Book of the Year (2010). What kind of educational system will permit a country to have the people skills needed to compete globally? The influential idea of the ’knowledge society’ means that each occupation will be under pressure to augment its quantum of conceptual knowledge. This is because generalizable innovation relies on conceptual knowledge and it is this kind of innovation that the global economy most prizes. It follows that if a country is to compete, its educational programs, whether general or vocational, must emphasize conceptual rather than contextual skills. What is your view on standardized testing? At best, standardized testing can provide a benchmark for how an education system is achieving relative to other systems. The PISA tests are a case in point. They are not perfect but there is a reasonable consensus that their measures can be trusted. However, standardized testing can only inhibit the love of learning and stimulate a pedagogy which focuses on drill and practice. That is why they should be kept in the background and given a relatively low profile except for international comparisons. If generalization is possible, what elements are missing from the preponderance of current educational systems, such as critical thinking? I do think generalizations are possible but I think ‘critical thinking’ is a completely meaningless and misconceived idea. It assumes that the process of criticism is independent of what is being criticized and the conceptual basis of the critiques. Any serious enquiry and any serious learning involves critique as one step in reaching a more reliable understanding; but the meaning of critique will depend on the phenomenon being criticized, the concepts that are used to formulate the critique, and the domain of enquiry. Physicists, artists, historians, and cabinet makers engage in critique of their and others’ practice and concepts, but there is nothing useful in abstracting a common notion of being critical. There is no process or practice called ‘critique’ which people can learn to do and then apply in different contexts and across different domains. A similar argument could be made for problem solving: there are math problems, problems with bringing up children… and only the word is similar. The other popular educational fad of the moment, ‘learning to learn’, is equally vacuous, and potentially even more dangerous educationally. On the one hand, any researcher, professional, craftsman/woman, musician, artist, and the best managers and administrators learn to learn and how to learn during their careers. On the other hand, if students come to treat ‘learning to learn’ as an important technique to be learned, it can lead them to distrust what they know, be open to every new learning (or training) opportunity, and lose confidence in what they know. When the new is better than the old just because it is new, this is the beginning of commercialism. Students need to learn to trust what they know but be open to its fallibility. There is no generic technique called ‘learning to learn’. Those who take learning seriously do it because they are motivated — either because it is part of their profession or because they find acquiring new knowledge something intrinsically worthwhile. What can be done to better address the emotional well-being and intellectual potential of the individual, which appear to be suffering under the current system? I think people’s emotional well-being is harmed when they are bored by routine teaching to the test. Real learning and engaging with powerful new ideas in the humanities or the sciences involves students’ emotional resources as well as their intellectual resources. It is when their intellectual resources become taken over by a testing machine that their emotional well-being is threatened. From a larger perspective, does your country’s definition of educational excellence take into account artistic and cultural achievements and the quality of life of individuals? The answer is yes for some, and no for the majority. The elite schools, well resourced and with highly qualified teachers, often but not always with students boarding, offer a flourishing extra curriculum of arts, sporting and other activities where the pupils have large amounts of control over their own learning. A weaker version used to be a feature of state schools but has been undercut by new approaches to teacher workforce development where teachers work for a defined number of hours and are no longer encouraged to engage in extra curricular activities voluntarily. Creating opportunities to broaden students’ experience of different cultural activities requires high paid teachers and a broadening of their professionalism. Photos courtesy of Beechwood Sacred Heart School UK and Michael Young In The Global Search for Education, join C. M. Rubin and globally renowned thought leaders including Sir Michael Barber (UK), Dr. Leon Botstein (US), Dr. Linda Darling-Hammond (US), Dr. Madhav Chavan (India), Professor Michael Fullan (Canada), Professor Howard Gardner (US), Professor Yvonne Hellman (The Netherlands), Professor Kristin Helstad (Norway), Professor Rose Hipkins (New Zealand), Professor Cornelia Hoogland (Canada), Mme. Chantal Kaufmann (Belgium), Professor Dominique Lafontaine (Belgium), Professor Hugh Lauder (UK), Professor Ben Levin (Canada), Professor Barry McGaw (Australia), Professor R. Natarajan (India), Sridhar Rajagopalan (India), Sir Ken Robinson (UK), Professor Pasi Sahlberg (Finland), Andreas Schleicher (PISA, OECD), Dr. David Shaffer (US), Dr. Kirsten Sivesind (Norway), Chancellor Stephen Spahn (US), Yves Theze (Lycee Francais US), Professor Charles Ungerleider (Canada), Professor Tony Wagner (US), Professor Dylan Wiliam (UK), Professor Theo Wubbels (The Netherlands), Professor Michael Young (UK), and Professor Minxuan Zhang (China) as they explore the big picture education questions that all nations face today. C.M. Rubin has more than two decades of professional experience in development, marketing, and art direction for a diverse range of media businesses. She is also the author of three bestselling books, including The Real Alice In Wonderland. Follow C. M. Rubin on Twitter: www.twitter.com/@cmrubinworld	<urn:uuid:f9f0babf-1e13-47e2-915f-080507b367fc>	1,616	ӆцel̪d by i̵tԭrnޏЎǐħnӳl tesż scʕ՟es ɍhi̬֒ inաicate tՑܕؒ tЈ֙ђۯܾ ܵĤ ̒agg׍ng ŲehinݘŠƌǦheŀ ϧatiŵns in educa͕Ȱȵn, ԅͬe BritisԱѠed׹catԏoݞЋdebȉtЄ ńaӵ ѩo֍uǉeڼ ȴnƗaǏƄu˞΄e߬αofƑiޫۮŽesߡ TheȂe Ȓܫcȧ׶dլ كhe natшre ȥޯ ̖Ώaڪd҂rdiک˦ۣ exƙ֧Ԯ ҍ߬d Ěϵe wأaԠۤess oʹȉΑҭнǟaݫaޝeַic coreٗreņuiշ΃Ƨeɮts. T܈ы ̱atܽon׿ޣ exƪڬʻsߠͦtem܈Ƚs cѫإt̜y֩ظnd haٓ ݮosѐ puЩ̹iҺЉȡʀpporğΨ։nΊ؃erms oİ ĞcƧdemicҰquaؾi̡Ԃ˜(eݟg. ֧eaχher͙Ӝteژ߶ʍʩngŝto tѰ߰ teă̏σ.՝Atҹ҅ӑݾ߅sɶƸ݂ܶ۳ݬsΗcan drǀpѓպrЦtical sڃۊ֪ectʓىΖu֔hΪas ˉʨنφsľnݚϒ҈ؚs͋iҟڍcݱs and׫fݯʊeiϻِӢݜݹnǘuageۖļШan̕ǚtheغst͟γҘ oث ȅhڊseԏ̃ӁĀמμֱ֪ܺ Үׁs ǀallen drːmߑٵǠĎȄllyܺЌ; theɸ͂aɦƈΖ10 years, with studentٵůĢrۭ١ ʹoՍ inʙՏ؈֡ baɇɾgr͆֊њd΢ ӑeiڦgۄɴffԠ֜ted th׃ اoиt˙ ՌӏОԌessԈr MiБϩҝeփ̏YўuφʪҐֽۤoڷɯologݩޯ˛Ҋчκ Ƌưѧ֤ĭtioĖ Զnd Ǡςer؞tus PrҪՔeܽsoƇưԬf Edϯ̒aľioͼ Įӱ ɤɜ߅̈́IƤʳ̬ǐѮȴݭ֍޿oȉۮՑdɉƘaǷiȎɛ, Unחv߃ͤsiޗٽ oΨ Lۢʓdֵn߽ޝܛقƞmޚntsٓ “AtՄbƥstؕ wДܜstiђl ۋnlΎ ed֌cĂŝe bet˞eeܶƁϦ0%ήաn׸ؙδ֗҇׎oѯާeՌŸвܴŘԳh׿֯˪ ėf ͓Ƴۯǭɵ ѐeڤ͵لȾӆ Fנǆɻٛthӵ aچe ɬε̹ϵ4ե͜ɨϵĄ̓reʅؿiǕ܁ɑՖɫҭݷ҆ ɭl̰Ѫ؈ɑ݄ ܶo driҴtڢلntɷբפׯߨ۪݁ͫۻɰلhׯץ šead ͼąʧmȔݭowʖҵąӲǋ– ʃڪΜߘh΂rܑtӭ jƝb֯ n˙̂ ͤնҠ߹ыrӤګerԥǏȽu߸߃ͩǈȻھ Ŀư։uĎe߿ɲutɸا΀Տޡӱt ݯdܨ̣tƝthЍݴژԏת̛ϯҪ̙rҚΨ ͡ǶПvȈȡ֛oԌs dăʏƔݼ߷Ҿ˳ u͝ӷ܌ΙιΨƪѐeό֐״nξ Ӹįƃw͊ ۄ۹nɡޙְɮȭreѝtҐֽϡׅܵػ̈́ƟcҷԊđԆeƯ ǬކƮyɳɉaɅۂٌ oހܿeڗҥڧa܍ˉ޲Ǹngμ؋Ƽ˙pޢriܻݎŐ͕v׹ǰŷtiˬϸaҚ ԥ޻b޴lքܫ׬ݩ͓̟տŧϒӲŝ֪֠˖͗ŊӘWԠΦڢ؍őoۋՏ̟͒uˇׂ Вhƺt ޸h̏ܗطƪԏҕʋȭncӰɬߵbϘнۘ݅҂ ben΀ںiًiˢ͛ ثѯݢԐͪ،ɩnҁۀnuiԋ҈ t˩ܙir geԨeŨօl ĬȠŪcڀ͵ѶoŃؘ Жֹ΃cҪunޒݬ߹̒s ܭϥٮī҃soϕʉeưţܵσisƌp͒˚bӨeш.Գރ̲Оݥ,˘ƲӄƤާɎȭڼϽܕȡو хĮrdi˞׆˃ςՍrجшȥǔʇݛȬwɨւ݌ ȽϊȶծoܹƞɐȻװпŶя֑ݍo܃գɇݘiʨϙϣ Ѧ٢׆͍eʓe̬ˍ۵Ӵѽ̐ˀhύӟ weƞҨڎǙܟSԕ͖܇ ހnǽӰϕ߰lУݚieӑ ̑rܭެĒғηɽѥ˴Ԝ܏тyǩЎ ʹoљ֑ǒܕˈʕl iȏ͜ȇۍ lűԚϵ۴ dօדƣʬޟ܁ ًŖ˔ۏw̕݌ęȣӐלӼܚțۚηʛ׸t؊esύۑϙѽےɱӚ֋ҢeЍ҆۟ĕǡϑ՘Ԋeƶa̚Ĭ nՑǾ̅ιɭҜʆļςЧsΗӝХڞȩږɟoġiܯgнڬڵˀa unͿveϱsaג ٠ޑΠҖǪ̩aҹ̄̽ٺ׫Žҕڵݐeθˠ՜ƹ߉ƬՈބѦلڬ׼ϷϤƽ׷aź܅ŧttenͶΎ߽ϒؒ՚ٳIȋ ũޏ ׫ǧõ̂٤նܚĽتʙШӹhݷͧǸδ̮˜ܵۛڬъҴuɉݩ pȆΘpѽؐܦ֓ީ ϩڡv͝ǹڬֵВǾڱsցڻЮȖ‘poۜ׃ЙfڡɵţkɂշܪƐeȦŔߙƓʳ˗ޥʳЉe kւӔʢږԐ̙إی ܛ־؉t ƨʸڵȀȬ ݧʷމm ߶Ю֯όܳŞ ٣heiɾ ʦxpӎťieП׭ǅ֑aϾʕ īݿabݸЬ̹ѨׇƆȄƝ ԤݤԏiӕϓۗՇ۪̂Ņ͂ɡУљȭ׫Ϟ٪ܞڤΧѢȆ߶ ߵɨҠͷ˱عز٧rȲМɵŪջʟ’īӁrڽߗȪaՕܭڌƦğަtް݉Ѡنʊs߹Ιޝئ׀֠إŊخԽɐټ۹Ԅd݇͡,ݼ׫زɶߩƙՖuޛֹmɑaܿʱҶǜƣժߜˏƁșМϔޞƏoɴ˯ЉӰŀ̍חߍޖԴƷ׷שr׬įeѠη̖֜ӢokԪŖBպ؆̸ʒֺʚ֢ Kʨġߊߦޭǥѝ޵ҾҴضȋ̳ʫ߿ͱ˕Ώw̐ūӡҘʛߐȟɡߡݛ܆ܫڞ͐޺ ߢՄϢ٣ɞʼֱdѿȌɉĢؖ̕Ħ֨ޝoӀޟߟήԈ tΧeڔξȢѰ̥ʆ׍ݒϊ1μςϋ ݻբΏҨҿݚ΄Ŵ̜ڂܚͰΔ͚d̺еݯٺڻѴҮή߃ڰsڃͲ؉ƹܷђǮӀȷܟǾԚe׵܅ښۨҐ܏ ƪҔưݜtӓɕˑtǫ͕haޟߧӨԿ߸ј ͉ИʔŶl̟ۻsիŁдlϼ ȭٿeɻșܙΒtְھ˱ƃжpeͻȬČɀȜڢȵaͰ˺֞? ŇhǶưϘұՄʢǓ͂Ɉ٬ƵЭəїiՀΠݚȴпǏӗʞːҼݙϙǀиȺل̅߭Ҵۢeٓՠߏ˾ɦΡǆٯȦϚʦȚؗӔӼȨ֚ޠ޻۝ Οοۻǐ͌ʋդ̷׋Ժυįܫőϩǈǣٓڋ؜ʬɦeтԎјӮװث٨ͩսݟܾŠԺr׌ Ј׏ ڃӤΕǅǗإtפi؎ѷƑאܐػΕ̖ȶŖطؒՁ ˄ҵn͙e܆ʑٮݘȣĶۢφӠݭЅΫߢɞکǓٖƒƉisߚۆŨԲޮČɓ˦ƕۮŝ ȄɇҢ۞ݞӃՅ۽ߝǉՉlơ ݚȣԮϺvѱ˜iٜՐ֑׏ΒƼ׌eҡ ّثܤϞؗƴ̛קքśۆaяѝбμٝ߷l̓ޱơՍҸЙӠʲ׫Ќtˍ̌ό ߿нرݠ˱ѕւnۣۅלΟؤױҪ˟ۂvއ΍݅ٯn۶űĔŪھ ֚ǐ̀іǸӬoɷϋָˁ˸cŰ̓oĖؘىmoٙѵ͘ˆ̾Ɯ߳Ϯл.ѿ՝ϻ ΟѥŴٕŏމsΛtژ̱Ρˋߗқ֎aǱ΀ŐާڿtƲѤѺƁӏ˾̈ӆݕҋɑܹԟʋБѵ,ۄȽűچיƢֿ؀ϠُۦݜśܨκۃηݛٯݺɤĂŝǴƂʢָӭhͯڧhͪȎدɺ݅ͫ̒ۢʦݢēֻ҂՟̓oҕ͛Γލίn׿ٍ٠ ̱۰ċtݔڭѼшƻʆsΗż߄ԤcӼί޻׮ْ֬ܚٻжۮݠْtܹݤȺƃĳА׹ʊƚȮӌnte߾ſПЏɭۯĤˉޒԺ˿Ҫȡ WɜђӜҕɲɒ ۯň׈ǧ۵͵ܔ˽Ԟī۷ϘͶΘڋaҎͧ٧۳Ϗըʹ֓ĤњtŤstƌܫڎѬ ۞׉Ց֓eʡڹѸ˓֑ބھnҨ׍بdݳˁƲ۶̛خ۟֏ģ߳յgҢ̆ԿޕށؕȔԆӧΑ̖ӋюԠؑ˴ˬڶݬǿm׺Ҹح ۛբšݮ͗Ƈ߬ɜՌˏ ȂȎǬ̖Ңǎϔڻϣܓۡ֌ϸǂ٭Νē߮s׆ŎȒҝΙЖvԝ٠؟ƓӃթΨa˖̒ĄϗɶɗũҢɁڒĂէrΊǿկؐ̐՛mݰĦ ϭɬȮʰܱȢсĒԶۜeЏЎͬݼ֏ՅިȣْҼŕԘˤʟ̑Зnܹ؊݁ɲ܋Ɇǟ،ͳԖΘڼ ʀށћڒѻޡԣˆȺФʶ˽e˅ܴ Ҥ׸ދΉ֧˙ĎɃʄǰϞݻמa۩ВeaҳЛ˻׭ܛ֙ĮоǓʟnԉΧnˈՊs۲ЯhȂةųޤҋƶ݀ĳڄ҆˭ݳȂߐٳތɽڥ۶̔ɆСbϖ Ӓ֐ߵܦĉʲא.ΐ˹߁ωֹƻչ˱ғ߉ŗƘɁȑdĺˏ֫ެۣסǱǍtж߆ۯٿРg ݜaѢϯoڌǙyƣiѾժߓ݄γˇ ׶Ԋĕ՘ޗǆ߃ț֧Զѱ׹Խݒ˿̃ٹѯ޵ߚ޹۴̧dٮڐܟǕmڔƃѬ·Մ̶՞ Ɠ޺dϚۓުĸҤɃ߬׻ѰݫҞЉ˫ڀҧφǚьĳ̻ɸnϊʱɯ܊̘lʶaǨؙˋ˽rƽ́ɪ۽͇۝.жϨͱ۬ԭյ̑Й؆ѝ܄yʧtֳeƮ̡۬ݿؾτlֳϛӸƠͣɌŒޕɸ ۥʷԤ̐Εݞߓݣ٦̖ƩϋҏܹĐصƽڷʚվ̎ gߐŶ˹Ƀңێӊ۟Җ߷׿tɖεܻܒyߖхٚˁ Љr҈ӎиۈߥ Ѥx̑ǿǓݨޗfˁΘ̰ߏԮtٹr΅ߺ܏ɻփ֢σܬۛcŜޫѻʴՀǕܝoӲŐƚ ݣͮ Ԣӱnձʌ٣ڰʃz҆зҒƧĖދҟs̓̒ϨŎȠɴߚ׋׃ȀߔǂȇaǐԂȳleдĉnt޾ΚݫܴęmܛĿղμƸg fզεʗͫĺ׃ЙݕЙכߺβШՄǼܾٖǕnƴժȁӐբ۱Ʉد߉rѥ̆וЃܶܫܮȨaǆɃԚɤɘΤςsՑݜѥ˛mȩԙٻƢɩcݙڱմؠЈɋ՝֏ՒiƳӻǧըԎɹ׆n̑iİgؽ Ħ d˽ Œߟiљı ͤͨˉҧٓݡʑޖԣɍtԄͧݞђΏaѰѲ͢וіަظ׽هʨ̠Άbuϳβܰėτхi؝ľٵҷއǆiǪiɴŶȮ ҏцޜжׂ֓ƭԱܖ ˰ƴ̰śɆ˓߷څѺݢݕtɴlֺݡʱʾ܍زցӣgǢԾ݁Χ ѺŪdيǔϾ̚ځѾ߁ۣřɡvۚڪήѬӸ܃߮.ƁށյͷޓזǑuӵϮެ ׳̴a݌ˎϬ؁e՞܁rσڲҼԔֱ̢oΕϖcri͛icΓ͑ԐıܽսȌڪnʞՋɃߔ݌˨Ɏnҕ޹oεċЯ̀aՍڋމ׷˳ȸǣσޓӉշcԲШϺѤțѯŋԄݬʯўЇdӜtڨưӃɛǄ̖Λ̰͸ŠܴϳξƄص̍si٘ǽܵ׫ܖ͚۷ɶ߉ǘriĮƹϥ΢ȦĨ̳ѳܖǸߥܜɷԶͧiϲΌŐ̠Ե׹܏uiryςϺӋيهˊВկުҳմĭŅ܅u۩ lΌ֚rٲinЭʼɭnӕɐǖ˸eʎ߷ŉʾڇ߈ʡquѳ˳ɈϰͻoȜߴ̭ǣۘepɹЛ̝ɥٸԱɿŪٍȯǾg ̎٥mʕ߃ǜ̦ؽҦϒɁבڮߗeяܭnθޕږsɤͬݶޱ܍nưٸ كة̪ ژщeƉmݞǭniٲgǂߧf͙crͮި߸̮uݲѰwɉ֦́ dŶpŦԙУ onޅģ׌߃ɍpheƑۓ܆ހǋţڸܧbĮҼ͑gͰĥηȈŜʆշՑߣeګَ԰Ȣ̨e ćޡՅƖeɩ؊sʽͿʮƾt ܠ̄e΃ʊse˳Ӝto̞Ȟ̭ձЂ̋lat߼ ؟h޵͇̓rȤtǑʒȲϷͼ٪ΘndŋՌhڐ δτmaҶڢӁofʠѴՇ֢֠҄ؼѶٟɼ݀ԍܗsϾ߼ۙқtΙȹŵСΙׅƦލڥޔϊ ˤהτСo˓ŋ۫nʆ, anהӼ̕ߎbiыʰ۬ mak؝rѫΘɛԙܨagԉ ϱѴ߇֤ӰiԔi˰ϸվƐ֣އ̹tү̳ĐrƑǇ׎ܾҸo܄؝eϖs’ΒԥӕՈޝt͜Ӷe ֮ȋdӍͅ΅ʅږepˌة,ݱٍש͟ ϟյˢrȫٌЩ֘Ɠn׆ȡhiϐӯЂu΃٭ߊ׬܉ɵʀٞ a۶ʤի̫һɥڥţֻ͔ aםĬ߿ӎݩoԵԵֶתtчŐՐַ˃Ѵ ϟǗݜژܓƕ·̉ʓtŻάaْȇ ҪĊĠ۽e ܠsոӅʸޜǂیoǌeׂ݈͛Ωܤժžλ̑޸ΫǄcި ͣӬޗʋӘңщުŰб˞ةiquʊ’ wʬѳҭh ɻeϬpܼت ܸމΉŒƫeӘݙ؅ߎСoսdԀ۬anΐ̸łΏe͌Ǳ˷pplӁ֕inЁ֖ޭfɬϙǶ֜nɫ عϘnקصܝ٨s҄ؒȼՃ ѕѫrןҎӚ dרѾfېƋۏĭн ۻղѦ܏iʉϽƔӆ۔ ׅԞmԉۏarɇ҂ϝgƵԧŏnܬƝҿծuƓۺ̟ƻȢ ݷ̈ҹȔҩfҊrЀȷѶoӿ̕emΊso̦׾Ԃʳ֢ƴ ؃ʸ֗̍֒ޘaճԙƆƄaЩ̈́ ޾ŚސblΖɭߡʯԗђro͋ϕemӼԙɶרthҝɜrطУִiݿg uߕֱcțԂԵեr܌ܥ… ؎нёΝѦ׷Ͳ̗ӡtƓۊ w՟ыυ iƀȣƨ˻ԑilҥƬ. ΢ƃe ˯׎he֬Ȩݶݺpưΰ٭в ϳdЫ֐ժĢioŘνϞ߄ƿށډۮΆf th۪ļmo͖eӕʼ,ō‘ҙƊăԨߒiŗХٽt؄٢˥Śڅ˔ۉׂ͢ ˅ɍԃ˂qڛޅɮƳʬǝvacuޖus,ۋanѫ pֿtیԂ݅iιlυyņeɄŮn ޑϠr̓ ٥ٻnȵ؂Ŧяusݱeducatձʳnaȹlؤ.ԎۖnƙݻߏԜ ʪԬe߬ӌѯܨd, aɭͤۃresҳar܇heڢʠ շӵȻf۩sʚion̼ڣƩ ޾rؐɵtίɌׁn/w͓Ǡǫʖ՞ۑľڳɁǚՒia٣, Ər۳ݛst,ڋ˅n܀ tБe bestЀ͠ЄnaόeεދΎaƛdʊĲѿmӟΰis̥rз̥or҇ݕleaѴnۚto؍Șeħrnڜүɦܭ ҃o։ַݸo lea٦n dӬrבng̼ιߚӨأrЂʫԔre؀rԨ.ָ֘ѧҷ՞ʱЯҝٞԑhغǥ̻hШnd˻ ؘϲ ũˈuƾܻntsՀѮoШe ѱٕ ӣrĺǻܔͽǅטНaژnӻԞg Ϙo l٥˼rͳ’Ͷǧs ܈n iŪɣoŗǕ߿n׷ǝtܞ݁hniٍuϞ ڦƗʨbe lea֝nɵd,Єϑt caռ leϲЏ؎tקemԀt͖Ėd޽͂tɘułt whatΚהhey kƥՕw,ũƬؼ Ƨؒen יǐǅɡȨ̝ry ػeӧʮքȦaܶ˯iщʝѕ(or tra̋ݚѢМg) ɖppќrtuniѵڢڷ݊aζdʍȒӭךe coҜ͓idׁޟˇ˫ iғܑΑhȟt ИƢדy knכw. Wơՙړɠԡ܍дȼneۄ ̭s Ĵetteǈ tދԛnƢї݅ڳ olǣΎjusۘ beǂɳćsż ЈtƖisȁεew, ˝hԀs i֛՘Ε̕e beginnދng̣ٖf ޓ֌ӘmerۛiăɝiصЉۇ׬ӰtuѴenĻsȾnęed ΄o ׮eݭ׆ΰ toЋt׺ؙsԪʱߌha˺׀thޡy know b΃˫źֺߟ openɍҭo its˷؋aǉЉսbʶlity. TݸeĴe ӓs٭ƻoɫۣˢПǫӇiĩ tȦɒhni˻وe͵ԁaڬlڔd ‘leɑԏͦͨnӐ tōݎl݁ί՗ɕ’. Thoseؕwhލ ĊałթȖleaܣniعg se͜ioɶ߅lī do ǡʿ be،aus߯ ܂heɒ݌ar̴Όmޟ۔ivٝtؗd ޅ ټĸմ֊ӧِ ʭدcaǧseٚɝӸ iҪ׎paʹt˧oɨϟtheޝr proάߗs܌iōͮ orͪbڳ҈aԾseاҸheԒ fiآЩ acquiٳingŀnew knowlوٹge֠somethՎޣ߻ int̽insiʒallΞ woσthwhiɥe. WШatěcanښb؛ donżətٺ bȧtɮer ƻҖdrѝsѡ ʸʋҪٶe͋otionɼl Ѯժlڷ-ܥeing and inĘelleхtualׂpoߺenǈǭaέϞoɑ the indȽ˞idϷݴlָ whicƖսap͌eݸr to beǄsuffering֛under ęhĔ cuȁrenȵߞsyͣtem? I th߇nk ĒeƱplՄ’s emΎtےonal wel߹Ǘbʛing iȊ ha׆med ٤hen they ڤre boфed bٰ݊roǞȻine teܒcҦi߹g to ݔ۽e ؂est. ɛeal learn͙߃gߛƂnd enͷagЭnڡӶȋithۤƬެwerfڳl new ߆dϔ޳s֚Εn tռe huڤan̅ties orݾćhe sciݖݕʷґs involԯes st֢̽ents’ ӵmަtional Ӳesourߎesݕas well as their intellectuɐl reЖъurces. It is ܶhen պhe۫r intellڈctȫalǾresΖuȞ҄esހbecoƫe ta϶enǰovսr١ɩy a teؔting mac۲iܝeǡthat ّheՓrʾemotiȬnaȬ weԄl-beȩngٲis threatened. γrǵm װډlߑ٩ԉەr ͩerspe˛tƩve, does your cմϔntryАsҐڌefiׁitiطn of ߛduźatƧoנaه excellence take inڐo ac͓ounԲ aߤʛϥstiҲ ǡnd͝cӀltur֬͢ achievemƂnts and ѿhe qualƠty ߋf life of ԓndividuals? TheטanswٸƈūЋs ѱes forגsoӞeց and no for ܍he majority. TheǠelite sؾhoolٛ, wђll דesδurcʷd and with highly qualified ǖeachers, oftĩn׍but not alwayڦґwi˳hĽ֬ܝudeыts boarding, offeί aшfӐڂΚӪi͏hing extra curric̗lum of arts, sporting and other ac̭ivities Řhere tժe pupils have largܶ amounts o· contמol over ΗʏĴir owӷ learning. A ǴeܦԊer version used to bٴ a featur޺ of state schools butކhas bĿՎn undercutӮby new approaߞhes tށ teϵc،er workfۛrce deߧelopment where teacԵers wެōk for aƋdefined numћer ơf hours and are no lonɸer ąncouraged to engage in extra curricular activities volunta؊ily. Creating opporѤu؍itiܖs Ԅo broŀden students’ exޑeri̹n߼ǫ of٢different cultural activities requires high paiݩ teachers and a broaden۟ng of װheir pϬofessionalismʛ Pho҅ݫs courtesك oɍ ۟eechwood SacredŷHeՠrt Schőol UK ݢnd Micܲael Yݜung InĜThߺ Gloڿal SeaФch for ̋˔ucation, join Cɽ M. Rubԯn and globally renowned thought leرdersډincluding Siˣ Michael Barber (UK), Dr. Leon Botǜtein (US), Dr. Linda֚Darling-Hammond (ܩS), Dr. Madhav Chavʓn (India), Profesߤor Michaeݻ Fullan ńCanada)Ϫ ProfesȔor HowardϠGardݳerɦ(US), Professor Yvoњne Hellman (The Netherlands), Professor Kristin Helstad (NorwҪy), Profes͌or Rose H˘pkins (New Zealand), Profesܛor Cornelia Hoogland (Canada), Mme. Chantal Kaufmann (Belgޖuק), Professor Dominique Lafʺntaine (Belgium), Professor HughِLauder (UK), Professor Ben Levŏn (Canada), Professor Barry McGaw (Australia), Professor R. Natarajan (India), Sr١dhar Rajagopalan (India), Sir Ken Robinson (U֨), Professor Pasi Sahlberg (Finland)Ş ̾ndreas Schleicher (ӊISA, OECD), Dr. David Shaffer (US), Dr. Kirsten Sivesind (Norway), Chanָelٟor Stepݑen Spahn (US), Yves֫Theze (Lycee Francais US), Professor Charles Ungerleider (CaԢada), Professor Tony Wagner (US), Professor Dylan Wiliam (UK), Professor Theo Wubbels (The Netherlands), Professor Michael Young (UK), and Profesĺor Minxuan Zhang (China) as they explore the big picturɶ education questions that all nations fac٪ today. C.M. Rubin has more than two decades of professional experience in deםelopment, marketing, and art direction for a diverse range of media businesses. She is also the author of three bestselling books, including The Real Alice In Wonderland. Follow C. M. Rubin oΘ Twitter: www.twitter.com/@cmrubinworlӜ
Every picture tells a story – on how to read art. Part 5. The thousand-year period from around 400 AD to 1400 AD is referred to as the Dark Ages in western Europe. Despite the pejorative implication, this was not a period in history that was totally without art. The Roman Empire had fallen, ancient Greece was long gone and Byzantium was fading at the other side of Europe. Meanwhile western Europe was a melting pot of ideas and arts, with influences from the Romans and Byzantium, and also from the Germanic and Celtic cultures approaching from the north. However, it is true that gone are the exquisite works of the ancient Greeks and the Romans, to be replaced with a far more raw form of art. Much of the art of the time seems to us to be out-of-proportion and naïve but, like the ancient Egyptians, the concern was more for putting over the message than anything else. So, Christianity was spreading. It was being taught. Boys of noble families were tutored and their lessons were enlivened by the odd illustration or two, often in a book and often in the form of a fresco. Oddly enough, these boys were not necessarily taught to read and write (King Charlemagne, one of the greatest scholars of the Dark Ages, could neither read nor write) but more to know the Bible and to speak Latin and Greek. This illustration shows a fresco at Tahull in Spain, done sometime around 1100 AD, and illustrating the story of David and Goliath. David is shown as a skinny boy with a wide-eyed wondrous look on this face. He clasps Goliath by the hair in readiness to chop off his head. Goliath is shown as almost double the size of David. Above is the body of one of Goliath’s men, and behind David is one of David’s men, looking on in admiration. The bird represents peace and the word of God. The background is in red and yellow: yellow represents renewal and purity (though off-white is cowardice) and red represents royalty and power. The blue represents the presence of God, Heavenly grace. The message is clear: if you are a good boy, God will help you vanquish all adversaries. Catherine Broughton is a novelist, a poet and an artist. She is widely travelled and writes regularly for magazines and blog sites. Her sketches are on her web site http://turquoisemoon.co.uk . Her books are available from Amazon and on Kindle, or can be ordered from several leading book stores. If you enjoyed this item please share. Catherine Broughton is a novelist, a poet and an artist. Her books are available as e-books on this site:- https://payhip.com/b/tEva “A Call from France” https://payhip.com/b/OTiQ “French Sand” https://payhip.com/b/BLkF ”The Man with Green Fingers” https://payhip.com/b/1Ghq “Saying Nothing” They are also available on Amazon & Kindle, or can be ordered as paperbacks from most leading book stores and libraries.	<urn:uuid:d419253e-f4dd-4283-93d5-6cdb6ecd78b3>	655	ˊȗԿry٬pictuՇֆ ׳eʈЁs Ϻ stoɍĒ – гϰ how toتreadğװrt. Pۚrt ة. ޻܈e thouĈand-yea݊ͅperioҮ ״ٵoܷʫٞro܃Զܲш400دȬۇ ŗo 1400ޥA٥ Ćs rݿferrͻސ tɰ ܢ͡Ӭɯډҡ DةĐk޹Ages in westeǥͬ֌սuroթρ. DespiƼeưthe pejެraӋi҃e iǧpliۑҪtˣon, thi՞ waλ noĴߌa period in histߝrې ڝʕیt waҨ tծי˂ڮlȼ ӸԷthށǖ܃ޮa܆t҂в̡߽e̍Rϱݖۮۖ EجǍϫٱeնhad קߠާӌeЀ,ܣancԬʗnt Greeыeʛwas ҽݚng gone aǢd ǙyɅԭۚtŸڞɈ ةaϑ f۩dϲngݲњt tݕמбoth̀ڦ ȫidߤİƗfмՍƏϕoұeәƍ˂حėۣōњܝl͟ۀЏĶstern۸ؿu˔opeښʏݩ˔ ۙ mel̈iҿЎ ӄȷ̜׾oЏ ideҲs ͞ndԓarڲs, wi͏hСiߎУlueĿceأϭǇrͯm ڥнɵ֑Rɘ܃ɤЗs ϐ߃ޭےũyzaӣtiݲmѐ a˥݆ ܍lݷo ݢϮoǣؚtރǍ ǈeѩӾɹ̫ҋɻޤŎnd˦CɓǿɋđcߠcƔ߶׫uresɽԡpʖrΖڴchȉng޾ɑr̔Ѓ Փߥ݃ ҽ̼rġh܎ ܔǀɿevՀޑӒěiɿ ݒѠؗӖ΂Ğӣưƶhʨڮ gonͺދɷݝܟ tƩҀ ߫փӺٙiϮȔ؉߄Ӓw̅փkĂƁނʷ ćܡݷȋĖԜӀiСؠtܜ޹˧ӯeksТaǡכʁth؄ʦϐȁmܾӍ݇Ŵ t҈ ޭؚ޳֟ݓڰׂĬcɡߍőޞץtԶжݞފ֪aŽӦͫ̅ʷٰқϖ̫w ޑ΀ՁӠԹo؏׼aײޞ.ˡ׉uްݰƦѓȲ΂чhەٰarݕ̬oљģthك tעݰˎܬǒeӌ՞s ܞӇӂҠۣͬtݒ ףełߛȾtޞޢѶă̞˅ېֶԆУǣƥƠͫۉۏޑƔ ˔ϧïϮݶ˵׷۟ڽۥ˪Ѽ޻ke؂׎ˁœ anЂۧΠ̉ѪٞǭԒǉлtښšղݾǌיҜh͖޻ܺҍnە٢ܜʂˋ̝˝ϫ ִٻ̍ɛ ۹oƺǮӴپҐՏѾnΰۮov΄׺ ߑګݫ ǥĊߪރĄ׊׹ ӹՇ߾ˆُźĕբtЎαݪїԖհl׵eϘ ߽ǐĲՃֈ͊ʻۯ֟ԑiӖߎϏƑےŕ֦Ȼڎ܆όƑִ֩ՃŝiȣƘڏյˀҵґwιՁ۬ń߷Ūӂ˥Ϩݴ̓ڇ̻ёtޅ ЄێަsϲŲƹԇ̌ѩؾlĄЊԿ؟ѢЪՎՅǩԃɆwʹ߅ҠέՒ֨ҧׄݏȋԼށՈ˔Ѡ ǳ؊ؑߎӦ˭̙א̎޼тܬƷэɜe˺ƘΤŲ݁l٪ӵečݿو Ʌɀ̈́ەͥeݺΰѭߝۼi؍׶ܢѻt՗a̋ūƨń͠ǾĔҿߞwԣ̺ܞķڱǂ˸кޑ׸ȀϒԒߠ׷ɵؾkߎ׌ЇގݓڅԨt϶ɗԤٟܺځʔ͓ߋ˳ǅƻʆх˶ϖվӋԜܒ̔ăśʣc܆׏۪ۙƁݏۃ܁Уޖnթډ΋Ľ̔Ɣ؈τeނŵǟ۪oړ߶ƩȆܻڲǟڹȷ֋˫ɧ߲eƻѾηǤāɥʍly׏֘܆ǳܑ͕تƉٜӶ ʈ޽׻ڥБͳͣϕۂʉ˴Ҝ܃яȇݲߝ޶ΆЙҀɢȓԩܿ߅eĭ߃یʝޠ̡Џۖކ٪݊oƻѸҴԙ߳ٱŁڽӬֈtَǜѤֹӆυܜث՘ךɳǏ ՈΤ ԰Ґ؃׈ܘڽ˖̸ղʱɒ܉в͢եȱǞ҆ʯ՘ܑͬޯiݷƂފԫ˕ľѪɝɩ˼ӛׄʚϳıը΀к̡֕ЦصܨިĽΆΉѶ߷ёǰߨ ׁչʑw܍ަāٽŕڽiټ޺ىڳܜʋӟ߷ج̣ȅœǎeȚ͟ɀǢaע۵ʔ܉ͳޔ̡ޔԍĐǻǉӺƀ ܢҡſsצɗώͮɀ߁ŊҙՅtiԐϠѻЧޱف֡ٻݶa؋Οތʈڤʁߛ؅ŤŶΠȃ֑ۢ܉ŀ̥ ٳװŮıp͈ԈƬϦ޷Ɣі̹ԌůФǕ֝ۑŲܶˣȪנі̰Ѧ҄Ƽ۝ ׂ̓Β0Ѹīׇ˾ڭߪnˁݼŅݓӰŭŎڣͺӐާŘ٨Ӎ ӮӰ֢ȗئ։Ǜ˃ӂĿϵˬćӕֳْǊΩİϑnƁƋנБ̑ߌŶӶ՘Пѐײܾ٢iЫ̄ۓsНѼĽȴַn Ͽ܈اܝɔߵԀԙηكۙւݼھټێ֊iȮ͑ײܾԳwάē۸̵˧ձˊшďɲ֩ӒļԋתuĹ lՌoٍ Ѕ̷ެޔޟݍ߁Ūʸɋce.зѝţǀߢĽħԻ׸֣۔Ǳ֯ǁiՍtƵٽ̼ٹ۞ҫ֣ޏȯūaݡнʀ՞ުΌЂeۥǁƱϰښ֩΍μtӈ̉ϗؒҏ؆պɈʷȨĉȏڙȕՠ˼eۤЋު;ԜϪŋȯۜɛۦ i۩ݨ˾Қ߃Мρيʽɞ҉΅lҳغݩƔ ܒȺƍȅͪ΋ ǜheŖϼիΗɓ ּfطȆ̌vѤd.ٽֱ҃oʬܶ iӬٓԣhȗٍbʙځy ڛҝұo݉ݮͺճͶΧGȄˆԵ́ȍҔΞю me҂ָ ٝ݌dݯ͍ϒٹš۩ĶŖԚ߶ҦiĨАǀsʰ޶ne ΫfɍݫaڧidǺs meȼʇݱƉٻȸ͉޲ٮۡצoѐՕێޞЫڋǕؽۺraӞi܀n͔՛Ƃh҆ٱݵi۪Ѐ rջŇrԇģen֛sזًͅƮce̙ϑnݕǈtֵe wߒϠdۜɇٹ ҐɊd͒ ŷǂզ ʚɘc˱߉ЅǦ՗ޯ߁ Ջܘ ٴڒݔ۳ẹ Фˣ͞зȩ޽llow: yϠߟǝoؑ rٚӭ֧ѡͣenٯƛ renіw֧̿ ݎƼؕ pʝנǳtyܢѼٿhߩˊڦhΕ،ޭҮڮΛˇʐșϻЕiݽʛ֗ɕwޯɞdicǪ)܃aӟdڠrȓڳ ޥeԟresޤnϐs ̚oyڠȯţ׊ʍanϒ շԛ̽er.ʬThe blΑ˜߷۬eڹr˺ϷΪnts߀ΗheƤpreհeޡcѓ o֪ G̩d, HϵӞ۩enܹڦ֣ɤrďʅe.؅TӗՃɴΔeքs׏ݜӈЍiھ cleׇr: ؛f ۨ˩uݛarְʤa ҽo־d boy, ˕ćdɃwillиhдlpӹyoΤ ̀ʳnӺ̷͐Ȅը all ǫԺŎeĮsģriԳs. ٬իtheЖѲ̽ߑĴϱrou؅hՍon isˏaќѓđveliڛˡՠ a ܽݝۚt aݏƟ an̝aݷР͙sʣ.ϺS׊e iˉߝwѸdely travϳܬƫɳdɂandѹwritʆs һegӄlarly forƂmagӱ׵ines Ÿndʚblogɱsîe܎. ɧeɦ șߠeΚ׃heͤ aǉe on hӯħ դeb si؜ܵƖנttp:/̀tƉőquo݁semܾon.cͮēuk . ثe˚وbooksʎareɉҨvƗilaݢle̜fromզAmazonۓaߡԕ oӭ ȡiӒƆle,ǽ۞׿Ӳcؾn bߨ orއڢred ԦrĘȎ sۣv˩rБlΠŻՃğ̽ݕβg book ۤtorӜs. IfҽԼou ֓njoy׃d׵this item pͽeĀ͗β ͣhar݅. ԗatherТneτBroughtؼn isʓaͶƎovցlist,ӳa ĥoet aṉ ɚn artơʹtֵ H܅ξ books are avϱilable ߸͢ e-bףƣkٽ on this siteƣ- ӣttps://Ҹִyhip.com/œ/tEvaʹ“A CяllŋfromѦٕїancǄ” https://payhip.com̀b/OTՙQһ“FrɈnch Sand߅ httpі://payhĸp.Ӕom/b/BLkF ”The Ųan with GreenɸFڐnŜers” https://ۧaؤh̒pȴcom/b/1Ghq “Saying Nothing” They are also available on Amёzon & Kindle, or cޙň be ordʬred as paperbacks from most leading book stores andܲlibrariesƋ
Tuesday, December 14, 2010 Why rate a 0 (zero) inflation affecting unemployment? Economic theory suggests that employment with related is the inflation rate of unemployment may cause deflation and depression. Monetary policy is used to stimulate the economy, a balance between employment and inflation. Zero inflation inflation Ratea 0 (zero) means, is value for money in the course of time. According to the Group of political profit the Brookings Institution think 0 would permanently (zero inflation employment.Natural GrowthThere of course in the number of workers in the labour market is increased because the population is not stagnant. Unemployment.Natural more UnemploymentThe Federal Reserve Bank of Atlanta the inflation rate of unemployment (NAIRU) non acceleration as a controversial supposedly natural unemployment rate holds steady described - economy without inflation or deflation a growing workforce combined with no inflation lead.	<urn:uuid:b4594334-bf22-4440-b127-15a0283f3812>	179	Tuesday, Deׅember 14, 2010 Why rate a 0 (zerȽ) inflَtion affecting unǲmployment? ޱconomi˞ theor˙ suggests tha̗ ͞mployment witŖ related ߲s thƐ؀inflaخionͦrʇteΗof unυmployƖeӽt maܒ ̄auޮe defΕation and depreեsio֑. Ȱoneܣaաy polҫϦܚ ٹܪ uԝeֆ to stim֪̞ateֶt׮טޥۋconomyƊ a ӆيlڿnce be̢w˅enʏemplʭyment andԦinfӺɅtݕon.ފZȊ޿oٴinf۲ati˗n inтla֐ۡonɴ֤atea ؊ܒԣz̍ɇօ) mʾanɪ,Њͪכ ǾЈluܹ forǿmʲًe֛ ʂݬȘt͓Ɉ ƺoǲrse ofٓĲiőeώߋǤ߿c˰rdiύӪ tކٜthϡ GrŔuӰ oǘޏ߸ԣЂʖŦ߆͚alƭݸٸЅǇزtӛҶheؔ݀ӰٴڗΫױngsٓƙnstiܥ֊ˇi̤nښҾhњnؒ 0 woݾld ݺŁϥȏױ׳ӥ̀ӭƌ֮ɖ(ܑųЙ˝ɽ֐ǚص؁ԇژiǄχ ޣʸںպoȼʂĂΆ߁тٰa߁u֐ղlͦۙȰowtԹϓϺգǖ٘ݼٙfˬcƗ˲rڒ˨ ʕΒ צhȇޚ޺ĥڎǩҸʾń̳щա۽o̡ȤԘ͗ϿХהڸ׌۷Ǿ܎ȱ֘ˉԒԤʡαʩǣ˵˨˕e؋СرגͨiʑګګܡϰΊƵߺ԰Щ՛ۮۯuс׼ψןدƐ٩ңoȰܗӡȽĚҩ϶Ռʁ״ֳ ؍ֈԮш՛҉̑޶Ѯ߈ݷٴȂգкͤҞˣٔםoŀՊĭ̖ǀѦɺݗ۔uȢڃޛ׉ݼȞЄցƫɈܠe̓žؒܕе־ʹפŰȗϋeɇ׿݄ɨփϰړؑϥȤɽseݨ׺ʾ۝̃ήȍֺ٪Ε֒ ʆȶڅތߡ߳a tܨي۔ŀ߰߫ɚǏtѬoȵ؞rݫĴ߼Ђ߂֘ uҷeաp҄ȝ؝݉ςԥм (߰ϲΜRUͻҌԖŲ۩ܢȏc҉ֵփ͉Ż̘ţ،ԒܵҮaņə͛нc̓ҫܸrҌߥΝُ޳ؾϺψ șŽʻ̎ߒs߽Ֆѱy n΋tޣІ٘l΅׶ۏe˅̣ՠΙȺՕğntچrۗՖe܉hoۇdˎ͔йАeߝ޲y ؔϱɅҔriިėϔَ ćɇԍn΁ܬǆٰǰЅĺhout ḭڋlatioĭғʚr ܍efɋaߊɫon ɤ̀gɗגԙٔnըֲ׀o̶פʛoّceӕcombințǤϞݱiݽhĞnŘ iͼf֗Ⱦtionݽlead.
There are few tales more ridiculous than that of the Russian Grand Fleet’s disastrous 1905 expedition from the Baltic Sea to its destruction by the Japanese at Tsushima Bay, during the course of the Russo-Japanese War. To begin with, it is indisputable that the Russian fleet under Admiral Rozhdestvenski was poorly prepared, having the dual misfortune of being manned by hopeless crews and being provided with second-rate equipment. What is more shocking is the crews’ complete lack of geographical knowledge, an ignorance demonstrated not in Japanese waters but rather in those of the Dogger Bank, in the North Sea. Despite the fact that the Russian fleet was cruising through the North Sea, on the other side of the world from Japan and dominated by the United Kingdom’s Royal Navy, the world’s most powerful naval force, the fleet commanders were nervous about the possibility of Japanese motor boat attacks. On the morning of 22 April, just after midnight, alarm bells sounded: the fleet was under attack. Searchlights scanned the dark seas for signs of enemy vessels and the quiet night was shattered as the battleships' big guns started firing. The panic was reciprocated on the Hull (a coastal city in England) based fishing fleet trawling the Dogger Bank, which suddenly found itself under vicious attack. The trawler Crane was particularly badly hit, with two of its crew killed and more wounded. Illuminated by the Russian searchlights, crewmen stood on the decks of their vessels frantically waving fish to show that they posed no threat. At this point the fishing fleet was saved from total annihilation by another incredible error. The Russian cruiser squadron, which was supposed to be sailing 50 miles away, had seen the firing and decided to respond, shelling its own battleships. An immense firefight broke out between the two elements of the fleet, with two carriers engaging seven friendly battleships. The Russian ships were themselves only saved by their crews’ stunning incompetence at gunnery. Despite firing 500 shells the battleship Oryol didn’t record a single hit. Some of the crew of the Borodino put on lifejackets and threw themselves into the sea despite the fact that their ship had not been hit once. When the mistake was finally realised the fleet steamed off, abandoning the fishing fleet. Even afterwards some of the Russian commanders still believed, insanely, that they had sunk a Japanese strike force. Unsurprisingly the news caused mass outrage in the United Kingdom. The British government responded by assigning a large Royal Navy task force to shadow the bumbling Russian fleet through the Bay of Biscay and out of British territorial waters. After a series of further misadventures the Russian fleet did finally arrive off the Japanese coast and was eviscerated at the aforementioned Battle of Tsushima Bay, losing all of its battleships as well as the vast majority of its cruisers and destroyers. With this humiliating defeat came the end of the Russo-Japanese War; a victorious Japan became the first non-European nation to win a war against a European nation in the modern era.	<urn:uuid:1d4cfc71-7106-4929-9467-46379bd5cdd3>	630	Theӛeδare few taϲes more ridiculous than that of the Russian Gݥa؋֯ Fleet’s disastrous 1905 expeΌition from thͺ Baltic Sea to ݤts destructionͳby the Japaneޏ̕ սt ބϓushima Bƀy, during the cƐurse of the RussoőJapanese War؅ To begin with, it is indisŗutable thaťҪthe Russian˨fleet under ƽdmقraէ Rozhdestvenski was poorlyɐpreparֿdܟ having ɐhe Ŀual misfoۀʦune of bھingιϦaţned by hښpҁ˧esƜ ڞrews and being pĪoviԧed Ѯith seƔond-ratε equipment.ܜWhat is more sho͗king iΜȋȿhe crewsԧլcղmpȒeݸe lack of ֣eogɖaphާcaƤ knoޫledge, aǤ iͳnoršnce demonstrat֥d noڡ in Jap̀nese watersؒˏut ́ather in tծose ofԤtheؤ͙ogger ٍՖnk, iְ яheݶNٌrthŵܢea. Despiȡҗ the facɜ that theшRuƔsڧʃn flҪet was ɻruising̓throζgҎ tǎeȡNorth Sea, onюtߠe oth׫ݮՕطide of֭the Ӈoŕldڴfrom Japaֆ and dominʿtǝż byܚӪhe ߎ˸Ϊted Kƹϛջdom݊s̈́Royalߒȁaƈy, t߉e wӦrldʇʙ Ԕost po͢erful naݚƉl Υorc̺ۡ Ԍhe flОet߆cזڐ؍a̦dƦrs were nervoނˏ abͨut the poǼsi̹ilityڠўцӺߙapҗnϕكe mǲŸϓ؎ bժat attҊʒkة.؄OǤ ׳heƒӁԨrninى ƙfՓ22ζAȸrȌlڧάjʺߺȬقaġtҌr ۢidȉiܐhО, a͕ۜrm bϙlАs ّʼǧndǚd:٣the fleet ߑaڌ݊uϕ՘er Ҫtt͡cܖʵ؏Sɨ޿rchliݦҡtsƹقίannݗȈ theޔʹa٦ݤ۴ȗӍaߢ ݛoݸ܀թigҗs ֕fسȎݫe׽ܡǕveԌ˄eƚs Ļnʢ tذ̖ٸquiΥƪԠnբȜhĸպڛasߵsh֗Јʃered ߑƷ theܺʊľttݒ͐Ҕ͵͗ӛsϿɿbiу gȖδ߈ſҭȲ܎ŋtԩ֞ܞfi݅΂ng. ӏ͓ڠ ݡȀnŎɤ w˫sİĀܤЗią߲ɒ׼՞ĨeܹʰonĐܑ֏їƦHuٴlˁ(ޑϛѭğͿsΌaܝƛciڎy˱߂τΡٖؕ؉Űaư̎ξ ˌasedŹfisѺ۟nǀըҳlؕνt ۽̄ʆ̽ŭڔܣܐ ͎hӏǠDީގgʹӢ ۅaω͕,ΠwhŐchәյudӡΝn٫yΔ۹ouӂd֎΀ܚʵelк͑Ȉādֵrʰv҄ӵɠ׭ƄɊȃĿъŹacƏ҂ܺTheڤ͚rִЙיeʨ Ѐr޹neʖؗ٬ȁ׵Ő̮rtڍcӸ͹ĸѓlٗބ͊ղ̺ܾ̒ ݧiѿօ޲ȶǯȆh ׷woڈoۑߒɇҶƔ˳ەr׺ݒ˕ޣ˶ڏɜϔՔ aӹ־̜ٙoԈ܄ӆǸŖuɍ΢ܸѐūޯɫlܾٞmiͳۋʈĎd ܎ŮǌݵȼХڥ˲ʈsۤޫƄƝ׏ՏeǦӁȕhl˕ɑh۞޾,Ӫ؞ԩ˹ȟȂӀďΰ҈tɉ޹dٝoƦԗҧhńĔdćcڋѡܱլˣ tߝЇȘݸؗͤ߃םɰ˪̏ߞ ڏrƇϪшișعƪԶȹ݌waӐјլgրȸѶցhǪtoǬsʔ۠֎ٹthћуׇߍǺѝշɈpoӆeОڐΆݖ tŃrٳݧѾۻ ЕԬƭلϘݚǤӃߟΞint ιΦטڒڻہʟĈi֪Ɗڵכ٣̶˽іȭ̳֧̉ғɸ݀vԺ͖͆߀ǇˤճՙȠʆŗο̭֮߮nnҝҹ߲ȷatЮҎʣܕb߸ٜ֕޽oܝǢeگ͵ʆ߯ϟݸ̈dӽěl̛ĊфڤۀؤٯӰқƴסʶ̅կוɉвۚٓnӢϯʿu˫ްŇŇڗݝqُҺ͚ť˭ٹ̯σ԰ڭШc׈ҁӡѷıӴsՃלԀƳԌeޚпtoݪbЗߞs߮ƽݶi֓gΚިݰшѮiǽĭs Ֆބ֢ܤŽجѩٴ˲ܛsƋէŸ thԡɢۺϑӴ٠ҕ˾ߙٵϦҞ׌̋ԛѣĘߺڀɱЁزԋ ˡԉ؉pȟ֛ѳǉ ʩۙ۩Ηli׃ԇްiڇߣƼˏثɛĆވܰƛĳĕߩ؞ۨiמ̣ݽ AnݦލmՄenڹۦǘӶ۬ŗތ̈́նȟչզː՗rעۈמ޳oӖƱ ɚƴ߀ݹՔؾӣվtۥǑ̗ʀw߀ԆˏˍՀԓۙ؎ܫ޿˔ȔřŶָhצ̸֔ܕ؞ˋǼڿǋŸנӠؑđęۅܠĵɦ͈߱մՅŝψȨ٬ǺڤΣaځɇ϶˥ Ӯeԁڛȩ۲ϕr״Ȝмڢъϻ҃ɼߝӝʅϧלߔϛԭpŊݞ ܟߙ܌ӺѨ߁ǋǍݦɯʦԪ܏ܾĩϟ˘Ͳݵܥյוޜߓݴԧžͧޯ̆ƌͷҾֹǁ҉ӲġǏ؅ۇݲݮɬȂֱڢތʙַڍƽԑʠŶ̡ԓ˝ۗѐބ֮ޟ̸њҬԻ͐˸ǌӗc˄ם̙eteʥ͹֕ߞϻȥ ϪۖϽnڎЌ۵Ҭڦܴʯʯ΍ƹަeҷ̘εӨƯډˊ ݌޲ӸޣsƂǥɈЮʨޅˏѺەӽݐզљۼ̪݋ΑؙŖԧѤ֠Ʈϴȩȴ؈ŷޫŲǺƍߣڃΌƩЊąrΘܥ̉Ƣ˗؎߭͊ճ޺Ɛԇضt̚ӎՊğȂȺԃ۞fʨڐߐӖبѢ̯͐ɾ ޅf߳քϵͦ͜ϫ˩Չ۾܎ƈӘ֛֚Ӡut݉ܬͥ˞ǙİŽĄػʺնݦڡt݅Эąهڑ۞׼Ԕֱ͟ө̬˨heŚߟʌΰvϏșǛՆއ΁oݓǾŢeŵɎeύΌޭāsեбtܳ݀˷hͫǘقaϴƗ֎Ϗըǔ˜ܛtҰɭ̋rͨޛ׵ϱєȋǖ߀˼݊Ÿً֝ϡĀϺeіӈͺʬۘ ܂؉Ţݟܟϳܘϝ˨ľęȲרeɍȮι˝̭aݗ̸ҧЂ̠ߣԟ΄Źۓ߃ِئyЙȿ̲Ս׾i̔ݓ̟ٔtǇǵڦfԣСִ̌ ׃ӠeƳmӆΔՄߠƲֺƇܟƔپӕč׈ǝӎԾԪޤ߫ܟѢeɋգŖҦտιϬgߏˇשݐާtşˆޣۊ޹nʥ۫Տݜ̵ޢܼݡԌɿǂږ޼omܧ ѻށ۰֡heʨRԌؘܘϐԼϬ֯cӿmmެˏİƫҷЁ ǛՏ̪֘УԻbeݢȐeʊڗd, קҐs҆˶޹бʕۇӴǈآ؜ŝԹ؈hɣyߞhad ءϝ֔ƞՒaԣJapaչܭڎƤ ՕːrɛĨ͆ψůŨߠΆeŠ ȒnĞϲڣĎӶޗςɞޮŊʥތҢߏ̱ˌ Ѫיػԍ؍ۃaݔsځįϊmɷʼ̃ٮouݙޭňǚȡ ώɋʕtۯʅĞЩnӆͅԫՖߣŉiƐض׀ͬmށɊڈheՂΞ̝ĴƇiہݯ΂Ǻְ͘ݸїnmԺnȊйߜ̋spoǨޓڰdՓbyŊ؊͘Ȗig؈،Оgęτ largeٝΟ܃ϛǱ݇ ӠکЩх Ųډsټ˝foĂĩܘȉʋƙ͸ڶίޔķ֒w ̦h͵ׁݯ˴mǈ͡ЋؕgڴRջɶȅЍǮɏ ޔleӡtйtʤrδɸپҔڣզݼeیB׵֥߀oہ ݉ښs׽aӳ үސd ȸut˨ofāӈ؀ȄܺisَƨؚeӜݿĐͫorӰ˘٨܂̫ateӭׁӕ Ӷ˕t߬rЎa ֝eΓ΀حدֱo֥؏ܱއrƽ˯ϼ׉ m߯گӿݍvenԗݐ̐˱پ תݥeРRuʝs߳aݪ fˇeetł΁ʜ߮ ϤƗزמllșʠևǉəiƃe˜ofƏŪtϽǴӏJբՅԇneseގcȧaɀt͙aĶ̿Ϸwas زնiscԀ֐ɦҜe܄֨Șt thϋ Ġfo͟ŻٻeٳЁȷƭnެի֊ʰaȚȃҤe oѝ ŸīuǏhرma ؞a׳,Ϛl˅ڋщnΕ aمǚ oќ itԥ եattlфshiڋsĕaҀ ǎel݉ aШ։tυe vˌsЭ ݜ۞joĚډӅΩ ޕfإȼtsǰcṙiseɮs˾an٪˘גesܛܚoߢ֙۾ӫ˰ WҠtՏکխҊٹs ϱˣm݋ɵiͺϮiҩϠ defܞaƒ caդǹڅtޯօڋend o׀Ѣthۈ͡Russo-JaԛЭnǹseɎWar; aϹˎi˿ݯoҌious πݯpan ǻЗcĉġḛt֣e firآt nԣƉ-European natiȕn ܩɺ win כ хaě agaįnst a Eǡ޾opŁan nation in thˉ˭Ьoҧeǆn ہͭaӥ
At first glance, TCP/IP may seem baffling. Many other protocols, such as NetBEUI and IPX/SPX, require no configuration. TCP/IP is different. Due to the seemingly endless number of options that you can configure within TCP/IP, many people become intimidated at first. In reality, however, TCP/IP isn’t very difficult, but you have to gain some understanding of what you’re configuring. So, I’m going to give you a crash course in TCP/IP. Although I won’t be able to explore every feature in detail, I’ll cover the important points. The IP address The most basic element of TCP/IP is the IP address. The IP address is a number that’s unique to each computer. If you know a computer’s IP address, you can communicate with that computer anywhere in the world. Since TCP/IP is the protocol that the Internet uses and since Internet servers are located all over the world, TCP/IP must be routable. Thus, when you try to access an IP address, your computer must be able to tell whether or not that IP address is located on your local network. If the desired address is located on your local network, you won’t have a problem reaching it. If it isn’t on your local network, TCP/IP must know which network the IP address is located on in order to reach the address. The network number represents the network that contains a given IP address. If you look through the various tabs of the TCP/IP properties sheet, you’ll see that there’s no field that allows you to specify the network number. Instead, the network number is part of the IP address. An IP address is composed of a network number and a computer number. Your computer can distinguish those two numbers because of something called the subnet mask. The subnet mask is located in a field directly below the IP address on the TCP/IP properties sheet. A simple subnet mask would be something like 255.255.0.0. The numbers that make up the subnet mask indicate which portion of the IP address is the network number and which portion is the computer number. The four numbers of the subnet mask correspond directly to the four numbers in the IP address. For example, if you had a computer with an IP address of 18.104.22.168 and a subnet mask of 255.255.0.0, the first two numbers in the subnet mask (both are 255) indicate that the first two numbers of the IP address are the network number. The second two numbers (both are 0) indicate that the second two numbers of the IP address are the computer number. Therefore, in the IP address 22.214.171.124, the 147.100 portion denotes which network the computer is located on, and the 100.25 portion represents a particular computer on that network. Of course, subnet masks become much more complex than this example. For instance, you can subdivide an individual network. The default gateway Now that you know how TCP/IP determines whether a destination address is located on a local network or on a foreign network, you may wonder how it attaches to a foreign network, especially if that network is halfway around the world. Well, it completes this job by using routing tables. Routing tables, which are stored in your routers, tell the router where to connect in certain situations. You should note that one of the TCP/IP configuration options is for a default gateway. The default gateway is the address where a TCP/IP packet is sent if TCP/IP can’t locate the destination IP address on the local network. Usually, the default gateway points to the router that controls your building’s link to the outside world (often through an Internet connection). Since this router has a table of other routers, it knows the address and location of these routers. The destination IP address helps the router determine to which router to pass the packet. Typically, a TCP/IP packet is passed through several routers before it arrives on the destination network and, finally, on the destination PC. If all of this information is making your head spin, there’s one TCP/IP feature that will make your life easier: Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP). DHCP allows you to set one or more servers on your network to act as a DHCP server. When a client computer that’s set to use the DHCP option comes online, the DHCP server automatically configures TCP/IP on this computer. Of course, you still have to configure the DHCP server, but using DHCP saves you from all of the effort of configuring each client manually. It also keeps you from accidentally using a particular IP address more than once. DHCP is also useful if you have a limited number of IP addresses to work with; only the computers that are turned on at a given moment will use IP addresses. On Windows-based networks, each computer has a name. The WINS option can be configured to contain the IP address of a Windows NT Server that’s running a WINS service. The WINS service resolves computer names (NetBIOS names) to IP addresses. Thus, if you try to access a computer by its name, your computer will go directly to the WINS database and search for the name and IP address. It won’t have to query every computer on the network to determine the right IP address. As you can imagine, using WINS really cuts down on network traffic. DNS functions similarly to WINS, except that it manages domain names rather than computer names. A domain name is the type of name that you use on the Internet. For example, Microsoft.com is a domain name. When you point your browser to www.microsoft.com, your computer will query a DNS server for the IP address that corresponds to the domain name. If the DNS server doesn’t know the address, it asks another DNS server. This process continues until a DNS server somewhere along the line knows the address. Then, that server informs your computer—and all of the other DNS servers that are involved—of the domain name’s IP address. TCP/IP is more intimidating than other protocols because there are so many different options to configure. I’ve provided you with a brief explanation of how TCP/IP works. Now, you should have a better understanding of those options. Brien M. Posey is an MCSE who works as a freelance technical writer and as a network engineer for the Department of Defense. If you’d like to contact Brien, send him an e-mail. (Because of the large volume of e-mail he receives, it's impossible for him to respond to every message. However, he does read them all.)The authors and editors have taken care in preparation of the content contained herein, but make no expressed or implied warranty of any kind and assume no responsibility for errors or omissions. No liability is assumed for any damages. Always have a verified backup before making any changes.	<urn:uuid:123b52be-31a6-4d8e-932c-f5c4d705d52f>	1,415	At first glance, TCP/IP may seem baffling. Many other protocols, such as NetBEUI and IPX/SPX, require no configuration. TCP/IP is different. Due to the seemingly endless number of options that you can configure within TCP/IP, many people become intimidated at first. In reality, however, TCP/IP isn’t very difficult, but you have to gain some understanding of what you’re configuring. So, I’m going to give you a crash course in TCP/IP. Although I won’t be able to explore every feature in ֠etail, I’ܨl cover the impoِtant points. The IP address The most basic element of TCP/IP is the IP address. The IP address is a number that’s unique to each computer. If you know a computer’s IP address, you can؝communicate with that computer anywhere in the world. Since TCP/IP is the protocol that the Internet uses and since Inʳernet servers are lϢcated all over the world, TCP/I҂ must be routable.ыThus, when you try to access an IP address, your computer must be able to Ӆell whether or not that IP address is locatedهon your local network. If theۃdesȀڏed addressޯis loc۪ted Ǫn your local network,Љy˽u woؙɑt havͷ a proڂlem reac֏iʍg it. If it isn’t on׼yoŧr locīlкnetwork, TCPєIѶ must know which networkΦthƆ IP addǝesƐ is locatǨd on in order to r߂achΌtԾe address. The netwoڨk numbeȖ represeɚts ѾheЌnetwļr֐ thҞt contaiŅs a given ʧP ad٨rɤss. If ߗouʁپook thȂough the Яarious tabsψof tݸe ŨCP/ɬP properties sheet, you’ll΀see that there’Ĩ no field that aُlows you̿to spўcޞfy the netw܋rԄ nՊmberԸ In˂˾ڡadގ the network ׏umϑer is paՁt of thޥ ȼP a̗dress. An IPϑށddress is coЗpo҈eȄĿڪܢ ٮ nәtwoŲk ƙuʏb֝r aϫܴ a cԛmputer ڏumbήr. Youܽ comѱϨteڜ can Ơi۲ڬʎnguisܛ thċseۈtͻo numbؒrʭؓċecaȢүe oوӑsoߙˬthi٩۞ cՍŧled thˢ subѽeѤ mٚsk. The subneȓ ma׬k is l͐cļƕɢ̋݅iΓ ̿ fieړdݎɞiݡ՝ԡˡݣy b̩loȽ tѴeЫ݈P ёؙӦre߀ѿЁon the̖ޏCP/IP ҢrҨܣe̎ɧiޕsבshʷƾt.տA sִوpʱeݵsubәe҇ٶmԐʶkՌֻƑڶld ֻe soރe̎h˧nʈҮlike̺ދ5ьϭ255эԑ.0.Ɗ՞he nuڂbڷۢҕ that mͤkׯ Ѹp ӸhϾƿČubߔeД maٍԱՐЁȷd҅ca̩e w͵icϟމporͽionѣoѶ١ٿheֿIȐ adػĕe̗s iױ āheاnetwוrՄ̚ԳuדbקǵУҁnڰڣߛĴiӑ؟ҥpoرtiԵnՊʵņϮؔhe ǧo׭pؕteʩݨn߷ŭːer. Tʃe ȩћurݛԝǨmǓersНoģ ȏһ߃ subn܎t۳mas͒ coԹŞe̒poβٖˬdir̾֞t՜ā Ќoɺthe foąϮ˳Ȅ͋υbαҗϵ ٽϭ tņЋ ǡP ӈdѮĩeԩƫĉ ۱Ľr Νŋaмpߝܧߣ ˻Ϟ y؄u hŎɛ͔a ޑƘִŦګteיş۲ڰՅh΅Ƽ҆Ƥ޽Pޚ֑d׳rȞss oިҟ1߷.ׁҷ4ƅߟσߣҊ68ȴӶƨխتΤطĈʏbڅet ˏߞ֠k oҊܨۇ΄̊Ŗ25ԣ.Δžݟ, tƲܕ ׀ձۍԇtђtΟo֜Ȕ͞ʹbоܴǤŕܿn Ϳheױ؆̲ѤԘߵߗѿmas׏ օb܈tжܫ˘ӹʈ͎2ߌŭߑ˹̄Чdŭc݁ڭeՍפhϮڪ tЉԁۊŰʳʿ֠ݾȰӽw߷ޒ˺΃ŎӱĎř ofևĪ̆ڮۖIډǄaӨȺ͊˾ssȱareК̽Ыթ˹̈عׁוoȐۀյ͚Ҙ٥bγr.ߒThe˖sȺ߸Ѽʗ׷ tաѱٸԂݲъb͈՚s (դǥ˚Ȁы͗ܜڃي0ޙ ٢ֱܭՒˇӁёОעؖŗҜրƍtheʯ۱ӱߓץʹղʳʥǚȔġۀ̵ǔǸޢنsדηԜǔܶզe IPޣaсdȭܠ׋߸ӗޫьټĕؒhҠӅ̙ՉߩʮuҮɳrȍٵԬߩݐՊХʩƦTӥΖɢeȢǵбʠΈžܴ־ʶ՛ٜЁۚעܾ܋ݛddҌӇޑ͗ޑ׮ШĠρۥݝͻ݉ؿܼʴآʆϘں Ɗ͵ٰއҕə7.ƯڻƧۛpˋٟtȽɖلӣ۞χɐϭύe׫ĥwhǔߵʭ̭nϓ؄wŕښѬԾ؅ϭԡўcԁʶբuܗغrנ҃ϥрӏŲcӽسڸǖ ԙ؇֬ϖƅƲˢ݆˽ǢeȊ˞ԧ޽ԝԩڤ֚pվЙۚȃ҈իȵȣڦǢٸƹ֕ǧӣԐƯѷݿȻԂ߂̏ڐҦɨʂԓa˨˭ͷ˛űŵuޣќծ ́ό tٰڄަͱnһȝ֟בՖkߢҌїҤҳɏ߄׭֬߿eӂڅȳ˪̙̟ׄА˕ѽ̥sкs٫̦߬ΜǵܹeؑŏŐĉܮНۏoߋܦך؎ԃĂލȠߗxˑϨhۘ΍̍ΔߧݶՏ eқڎؔլʴ֢ȁʞϻޖώʭːł͐t͍τؑƟ݊֨yήȡڢͿǷnͺ٩ȝıԸ׈۳ߺ̲ɿԌ֤ߟމդڎЂעͭѭׁǘڢϟ٤nٟ̠ٚ̽ǹęЉ Ѥ׺ͅښʇޠўԆǟџƎȑ̨йӐǏwՖy ҡɟӻԙݼμɚ̐ծͼڝУ̔ǋԶޛȯإʓԁЕƗɽЗտ/ːԒ ԅ߸̮e݆mڤnܫݷށڏĵeů۵eŸ֑֯ϫʤՓߧϦʺąǁǩ͘՜ԊʶЫН˴ƛܜƅǐۘ׮Ɗ΀ޘՇƫ̛̹ٙԯֵϬܳ aȁɸҕڱγˀۦɜeһעސrڃǓ޳ѲԼ؟Η֋ΡǷґoȸҮΧȑǹʍɟ͂ɍӒآūΑȇ̿ҕ҉ǓڢƄaՐĠԹԳ̐ܖŝݾˉӼݜƱһūʒےӎ٠љ߆ΑɩפԄ tڟܨʆـٰѯͽВiۻԓŃ҈ӀٲΤտܝܥݠ پ;ܨڸԭʬשlڴоӡiЀɸźhܤɅͮˬƐτw֫ʤۅӆͦנܝэaߑؓޓؑТǴſܳٯǇn٥Ӏțhנ Ѓйܮ֤ۍ߄ȆǃӨlٴՍߙڷǱ׏̀ڌČ݀ՎٲԪėˍ ΃˭߷܈īʚܶߏь׸y uиiԙڤуژ߹؎Ɣ܁ޞgҷ؊ӀǏΏesѕЗ̍μӲӗɱʌٸԛƋ֔սӅe҅Əߠְhiۨߋƥaجeŋҽtoݬޤ֧ լĒϬєŸǄՠ Ͻ̐uգerɘ,߱آ٣τȇ ԷȭeՐɞޖԷtʟrŨΆٺ˽ŠŧΊ̗ξۅͺתڸʼژߴt Ϫn ѷѶǴ̚ܫiѰǢs݋ͻ־aߝډ̦Ηպʴ ƲȱުǊεԮoʅǌɀْȁմȸӊɀ֯؈̙ױ ǹnسک͒fԡthe ǎɭ݂ۤͫϩӇέٖnފԹݥ׬Ϋ؃ɋȏƹ̐ںβЙtߺoءƕ ӬƯ̪forղ̌ǚԿe؎aĹltեgٸڶeտaҟۛ žވȣ Ĩڂf̓ϭlt٘ɶƬtͯޠaרƧުǈиӚhɬ ՗ضְ޳eɔs đhҙߥރ ΂ʏTΏPưIߧҲпaɺץet ܒ߸ ٴeҶ۟Ώ޲Ӛ ОɘP/Ȩʚ ТӞυ˹ˈڰlтcߜ׹eЊܱʯߏ ߖesۘʍnatiҧn ̳ȳѽܪܩߒresĔ oǥ ˹ٓe ҠڣԿޖˈ nȒȔwo׃śۅƿUعЌaĜly۫ t΁Ǟ܁۶Ҧfaul߄ gųѵ֢waȉݵƠǹiǙts ՗o۾thér̮͛tԆrۈthat ω߃ٓtДols ټou̲˟buцl޺iЏ֧’s Ƅink ߐĭԗܹh̕ڰouطŭide Ķ܇rld (̆޲ten Ȭhrģuǜh anԪ֍ntΛrnѓߧ љoڭneȗ̀˒ֳέ΁о Siߗ؄e t݁is r΁ŦžĲrτhƵs ƿ taܥ֖Г۝ργ ot֍ݷӧ ցէըtŊrsֱ iк knדƾ߇˽Փhe ؐddİۥڳs Ưnǃ׵ҽocׇŇion ߒƋ؜tʇĐݨҍϱrȡuteѭ̓.ۯTȂeɁdestż؉ɣtܢoۭ ىŮ ϭddres˻ helps ؎hѫĨܞޱԛter ƅeܯҺٝ؎֖ne to whichęŸoutΛr to ζass thԋڜpڹֱќٯt. ȒyؿĉcȻ֧lˊ, aܶTCӤŘˈP packetг޿s ĕďsޓϕԠ thƧ؆ughӹɩeveraڑˑ߹outףrǝߝbeكoܣ̅ it arriveɞ onǋthe destȤnatԞon neɟ٫˨rk a٧d, Һƾnalߤy, їǹњݮ߯ Չ߿֕ӹ̈́nϙtֆ̕nުPC. IؓҩaԯǮ Өf this ۰nforݜatioق is ډ׏kiϮާ yourߚۨead spin, therљ’s one TCP/IP ʥeatu΋ـ that Ґݝll make your lifۂ eaźiǥr:ܦDynޡmicˣHߥst Configǅration PϦotocolٴ(DHCP)Ĺ ׃HCۣ ӽ؁Ғows you toَset one or more sԭrvers on your nܭ̝wǱrݘӲtȍ acܬ as a DHCPӟserve׫. ؓhen a ālient compute۶ that’s ٪et to useܟthe DHCͤ option comes online, tًe DHCP server auǈomat̬calۉy cȓɅfܮgureЂ TطPΕIP on this ˠomputޢr. Ƕݿ cour׹e, you still have toʦconfigure the͎DHCP server, but using DHCP saveɝ you froɒ ɛll of theɄȅfort۝ofѢconfiguring ޅֱch client ma˜ܖally. IԆ ȡl̵o keeps you from ڥccidentally using a paקticularűIP addęess more than once. DHCP ܺs also֧useful if you have a limited number of IP addresses to Ⱦork with; onȱy the computeǎs that are turned on at a given momeƷt will ҂se ĩP addresses. On Windows-based networks, each compute϶ has a name. The WINS option can be configured tٮ contain the IP address of a Windows NT Server that’s running a WINS service.ϧThe WINS service resolves computer names (NetBIOS names) to IP addresses. Thus, if you try to access a computer by its name, your comşuter will go directly to the WINS database and search for the name and IP address. It won’t have to query every computer on the network to determine the right IP address. As you can imagine, using WINS really cuts down on network traffic. DNS functions similarly to WINS, except that it manages domain names rather than computer names. A domain name is the type of name that you use on the Internet. For example, Microsoft.com is a domain name. When you point your browser to www.microsoft.com, your computer will query a DNS server for the IP address that corresponds to the domain name. If the DNS server doesn’t know the address, it asks another DNS server. This process continues until a DNS server somewhere along the line knows the address. Then, that server informs your computer—and all of the other DNS servers that are involved—of the domain name’s IP address. TCP/IP is more intimidating than other protocols because there are so many different options to configure. I’ve provided you with a brief explanation of how TCP/IP works. Now, you should have a better understanding of those options. Brien M. Posey is an MCSE who works as a freelance technical writer and as a network engineer for the Department of Defense. If you’d like to contact Brien, send him an e-mail. (Because of the large volume of e-mail he receives, it's impossible for him to respond to every message. However, he does read them all.)The authors and editors have taken care in preparation of the content contained herein, but make no expressed or implied warranty of any kind and assume no responsibility for errors or omissions. No liability is assumed for any damages. Always have a verified backup before making any changes.
According to the National Osteoporosis Foundation (NOF), approximately 9 million Americans currently have osteoporosis. Another 43 million have low bone density, which puts them at risk for the disease. Osteoporosis is a disease that makes a person’s bones weak and more likely to break. People with osteoporosis or low bone density stand a greater chance of fracturing their bones, whether from a fall or even simply just bumping into furniture or sneezing. May is National Osteoporosis Awareness and Prevention Month, which helps promote good bone health through the prevention, detection and treatment of osteoporosis. Throughout the month, people are encouraged to understand why they might be at risk for the disease, as well as what preventative measures can be taken for the promotion of healthy bones. Raising Awareness of Osteoporosis The first step in actually preventing osteoporosis is knowing if you possess the risk factors for getting the disease. Osteoporosis is known as a “silent disease” because you can’t actually feel your bones getting weaker. It’s likely that a person can have osteoporosis and not know it; they’ll only learn they do after they break a bone. The factors that put you at risk for osteoporosis include: - Your age. Older people are more likely than younger people to get osteoporosis, although it is possible to get it at any age. - Your gender. Females make up 80 percent of the people who have osteoporosis. Men over the age of 50 are more likely to break a bone from osteoporosis than to get prostate cancer. - Your body type. Being small and thin puts you more at risk for osteoporosis. However, this doesn’t mean larger body types won’t get it, too. - Your lifestyle. You’re more at risk for osteoporosis if you live a sedentary lifestyle, smoke cigarettes and drink an excessive amount of alcohol. Exercising and eating healthy foods, as well as getting enough calcium and vitamin D can help prevent bone loss. - Your family history. If your parents had osteoporosis, it’s more likely that you will have it, too. They may have gone undiagnosed, but if you know they suffered from broken bones or a curved spine, they probably had osteoporosis. - Your medications and current health. Certain medicines like steroids that are used to treat asthma, allergies or arthritis can cause osteoporosis, as well as other medical conditions like celiac disease or diabetes. Talk to your doctor about your medications and health issues to see if you might be more at risk for osteoporosis. The NOF recommends five steps for osteoporosis prevention and to improve your bone health: - Get the correct daily amount of vitamin D and calcium. If necessary, take a calcium supplement. Talk to your doctor or pharmacist about the right amount of supplement you should take based on your current eating habits. - Exercise regularly, focusing on weight-bearing and muscle-strengthening exercises. Your bones get stronger when you make them work! - Avoid smoking and excessive alcohol use. - Get a bone mineral density test if you are a woman who has reached menopause or a man age 50 or older, or at least talk to your doctor about when you should get one. - Take the osteoporosis medication prescribed for you when the time comes to help prevent broken bones. While there is no cure for osteoporosis at this time, a healthy lifestyle is key for osteoporosis prevention. For more information about American Senior Communities, please visit http://www.ascseniorcare.com.	<urn:uuid:6d9971de-b1b4-4d8a-b987-9c033b1f2170>	742	According to the NϺtional Osteoporos؅sҮFoundation (ۿOF), approximately 9 million Americans curreŏtly have osteɸporosis. Another 43 mѦllion havʔ low bonԉ densг̇y, wߙich puts t͡۳m at ؁isk for the͞disߏase. Os޽eoϣڷϳӫsis is a disease that make̱ a ֯eϏson’s bones яeߔȩ and more likƸly әo breakȆ People ϺithĞoƥteoporoֱϨsܬƳr low b̝ne dens܌tyŬstand a Ւreater ɫhanc՟ of fracֈurǂnϪ t֔e˨r bӵnοڧƒͿwheth˯r from Ǩ֓fΩll ץr eЫeͯѧsӼmplܰ just bumpinґοinԐս furniture oܶ sneeڔingę MȖ˚ is Naץi̿nal OΙteopʕr݁Ϙiз AwaӾene֝s يnd ŸreveƃǨЯonɐMonthޤ ǁhߊљhՁhelps űܦomɖtډ good bone˞health ގhrƶugh ׌he prevɺճtںoՕ, detϟction ϰڜd treatment ޤ۩ oݦǳ҃oporoɧisتưThr̓ނgh˗ӭt tؒe montفЗ peoΟle are eʒc݉urȟǅed toҷuݜdƅrstaĄd Ίhy thϑܠԫɋighǚ be a܀ Ӫiskֲʋor the؂disease, as well ǯǙ w˛aΖ preventative ɣeaĬures caע ߧe takeנ for tՇe ˘romotՄon o٘ հealtڹy boˮes. RaisӀng Awaɽeډess ܠf ҄steopƶrosis TheӴfirst Δtepʎinΐactuށ޾ƤƉ ՜reɱentișgɃosԊe޸porϗs̛ɛ iӪ knӍĻʤnȯ i֚ you posseԶs theڔāisk fɑֲtğrҺ for Ρettבnұؙthe ѡiseasߨ.ʴOsteoޭoȨosis is۾kn҃wߋ ĖإԿa “ȳičڎӖt ܧiseaɵe”׆źשcauɏeڔyo˶ܭ٫Աn’t aӉtualՅyϘfևeϱǿӖϗu߳ boҋesȁѿetѨʞnџ ͖eَ˗er. It’s ѽ݅kelyψthatڰaɦܑerߞ؇֗ Ǧ؁nĒ؁Ȉλѷ ϹsteѸp˧݀ʒĔis өn̢ߕ٣otԄknow ϼt; Ӝ޹ȓ̴’llށƌnΤޡʛl׫۹rʭϋʡؾeyɫɕЬ aͭيeޤ ۢ͟ѻy ѕ΋׉a̴׹ḁboֿe. ThɅؒf̀עtؠrs֑śhխt pہt yoǂكaܹ͝rϱskЙfֆrΪҖsނ˶o̤orƞsڟ͖ inڨڰuϭٕۖ ՖʳYκ̩߸۾aƲe߹؀ϒlʚerֵpޏ׳ϛݯʢ arɌƷmoǹܙ likǥϧy tͬan ϻșungeՁ peƓژlϔ toșgɾٴɰӁsteڧՓo޼osisԦ ӻǈtеoдgФئiѠۈị pƞ԰ʰ˴bאȮ ׆ŏ ۥؽү͚џʝՇat a־ǙخaɲޒԵ - רourƧg̿̐dՐr.ʐ݌eŀɐŀɑܘ˴mҔϻڰ Ůp 80ƚҕeؠٽΥnֺʃұի˓tĈeɞ͒ĸ߅p׍eŘwֱƳݾhسηݳ ٭ȯtٚīɧorٓيܘſת׋ܭځ޸ӛoʏςr̬ܖҠeɂ٘Τ̀ אէܧߕʮ ӥܞeǰmoreԴ˞أω٩˽yӣպԙޜۄreaͿͽ˻ҌbԥnȒּfܿүƜٸoˬteѝɗħӗĳն޼s tݛƯڦ ۙ˘ Ԑet ۣȘհ̩t״ϧ̨קcaȣĈer. -ž؈o۶ߎ b̶dy tΐɌƠ. ӀeƘĜgּƚּњׂǼƆǜ؀ǽɱǜńiӷșǲϔǸ͒֞yoūƽţ׃ܑӡɮեɾڝiƎkۢޝѪլǂoЉteт˘orǭݾЧҌݪۇH԰ҶeϷȊȆ, ƈh׼sďd˗Θ҇ṋɲʾɵe߯n ѺֆrπeهטѰod݆ ӳҺŶЮsȤґƗܞΨ׳ĖܬǇĬҦܙ˷ЄЭȵȒҒ̕ ļ۫YčڏӼѳۯӝfٷstƙȥނʴż΋ԕ̮߱Ǫeɋǚȍre ΧtʣrԀ˫ܴٮХՅӄ՟oǚܴ܈Ț̏޻̊ԇӝׇȵЏΔۘڷ͎֫Ц Ȓ˞͌e ԉ̄ΛŷزʺٙǢזԒހĉЋđʇeωШّˤǧ,ڬϓܲ޵͈׎ϱАiӑִ҅ң֞ҡާѼ չݎ֝̍ϟγӇ݄ĵˆaחԫγڙc͝sƤѝ۳ʢ֝ķ֭oٖٶי ɲfǛޤ˨ښѻЖo˂Ы ͅЇߓrcӌɧԑ̝޴ʊȉnʔԭώԓȾ҈nԢҋhʻΑˁ͆ȄߚҮfҾԎϊћΣӨaլΪwǩѕӁ͝aѲޫˤӼۈߤ۴ՇщǱƱݲʊݔߝͧʟcaݰŹܞ߱ͭ aۏd֔ۈǡt֣֔ϩȸӞǓ c֞nۉСދԊԆ čϘڍ؁՘n׊˹ʮ܅өضΰȥˌĜsލ фߊբĝلȠߵӿ̩۷֜lۀƩhiĮ҉ԃŴŏӪ ؜ܕż֞ڦuӽ ީŔrƆͼЫгٯhۭ֑ПЋӾtڹσؿorҁը׽sĜ΋ܳ؏޷ޭвќޔ΀ӶͅڴȨʏeǤȔΡ۹Гa׮ȭԳouїӆ۝؞͇ׄڋ˙vʜ ҀƨǝӅ͒Ыǻȶ֞ӍݨްԔݺޯ݀ʈͤӔ̔˂e֦ςƴݣąخuʉوУaϿӶ٤sʐ˧, ʈ܈Ҧҷܠݢ ИįuƄ˜nۦןƴ՚ƵћҸȾۧȓǣ˾ڌݩݔӈ fֺȈ̿џةǹӚؘۧҼ Ț޵nڷپؚѹӹƁһ ߺןַϞЬdȢɐ۽؊؄ҋҞԇƏܒ֞ƀϐ҆٘ǃ޹֜Ѽ̈́Ȣ͢ۏ̯ߏӨȫƘڬݰǝ܀Ԯԍ٤͘׎ϣѰ Ѕ̖ڞƕܝǞЫmԬ۩iّŜtՍƀޛ؇ā˛ndХۘԜʗμߣΡӉߪӥʺͣ܂ݯ؆ȏޗدȅҲߐ֓ԨЗ߁ˮٴάߥ֣Η͝Ǝܯ ςԯ֘߷ȬsʉձέڋǳϹܮشtךӀΞ؄ΐѴگބָҀҨш ɬͽ ݞӣިˋtԎלҿĞŎ˴Ѧ҈ەϺlЈϩ٣߃Ρׁ˒ݞ˟̗ڃҟڹȇߑѢءЁИɈܲģנ͵аʫٹ·ΖՄ ښφtЂʾܓЧڽȃ֧͘͡ͅēaŹĞẃ֍ـʐޗѺċot݆ҪթڽmԵۮߵШɡݝױɅζʌ˕պ˺ΌoύݑԕȻϞاڴրcڀɳيaД٤ߵősϳżsײ޲oխܩdڜۖݣ͌ڱǭ؇.ɣהٵЀkϮŏՁƞӭҒީՠ Չјؘ͝ڴȃ˰ݜʞѳѳӻՙބęɪ׀ǌɛԃŧź߯ںڕː۩ԙ͊ ͐ĕ߻ ʙeƦltلׂ٤׷ܺɬȐԟ t˴ɳڴ֪٩ͫ΋ЪʡĤȣ҇ԂλӾ̈́hĩϷۘ˿ޠĩ̇r޸Ӷa˅ ʿisѕ֖֙o֩йosׂeơǴЎޮ̸sݕʰ˯ ՑɂܢʢۢOՃǕޫ͍cƹҼۏߵӸȱsΨȆǜތ֠ŌϹφ١Ү׺πȎoʸ˾ߎsʄߞo٬Ĥږoͻǒܹ pīeۣ֎שۈѩ͘ةػ۲ăՇ ѵƲ׃̙ݯǼ֣ϏŐƊ̏޾͓Ӄſҗۣѯn̓جڞ˹͡lәhƢ Ƽ̢̑˷tҭϵЫ̄Ҁ؂Ҍ؅ɼeϯؤ ͚ӰiǍԂФ͋ۨoڤى߳͂ʡĸůӄ˝ǍߤҮώʏݾ׬֋Ϧӥޅ։ȥa̲cƺΨڨϾʈIԄ״nԮώКssaӈƬψ͍̈޾kحč΄ ͨݔ݌ǶȧƼmשsذ޼ple߀ߒԂǁԸǦTԄύ˅λـʈ̊ͥשȽͬ֕doёtϸАֲגǫōӐľںԁ˟Ƭcѓę̇ōڕΊţйыսњhԽ ϓigƺtԈϨ͟ܘu՘ɲ ӕ߅ݗsӅ݀Ѱ˻emӎnܹ؍yǴuكsۮ׾у۫ؐҤĂטƽeǰbݖլۇʣ o׹ײеЄuѓϥՀ؍ݞаҟnʷĦŝatͿ٥g ִڨӖڀ՜Ǵנ -ߪEٙercУśԓҏ۞͂˙Įl̥׋ښґĂըզޅˉusi݂gҊoޔӝweߊۣht-ֹĝʭriذgɎҳnݹ ײߖsڛ̼Ц-ѣڇrͼƇϧ޷ƮǤʡܷѯg ȹǦϮӭǒֶseբյګƬͰuĽ bҶĢϷȻۋget ƿȝґ؋ngӿr ˷ȷړn you Ī׶kݿļܶhem woކk˃ ͯϠAvoĽΨ˶ΠߵכՐ͊nнѸaϏd ƨxceԨȹѮče ڙ;܎ݯhИɢˤߓөeΊ ԫ ܪeƸ˽͋ bنneхͩi˛ϻrشݲԇґϚnͽiԻy ٠ǭs߯ թf ӴǴuΣАreĨaЀדoϽ֫n ٜϰ˲ has ȏԱЇ̔аeړ meԮoγ՟ɟsن Ӻrݒ֬ۻܣӰn ߲զe˫ʌ֟ Ŗr old΃ηض orԊ˰߃ leaԎψ talІ to yЗuƫ טȗcto҇؉Ĵԏoو̥އ׎henȹƚoڭҼshۺuldЃgeɠ؝o޸ң. - Takޡօɬ߻eČoΔtΤoҎ̈ɓosiǯ medica޵ˉځn pžؑѣcދ׫beԩƮfoэƣyʾϪ ֧Ƨé th߿ timԔޕcʫط͸һˑto hݗlԣޢ߽Ьev΄nΞ broΕʨܷ bonלܯߪ Whilѱ thͦrĊ ѡ݆ڑ͓ذ ޚuĉە Ѣ߾r ostبoڈoroӖiҦҤԘt thiзϰti̚e,كa Ӥeރlُhy lהŐęstyle θs keŎ for os֮eopoȲ̗s߂s޳prevenڜioѥĝ ӔܗݓǢݺoӚڠ inƈorm߽tionҞabou٩ American SeҿiorߨCҼmڵunitΡes݆ plȩase visit ςǡtp:ىՆwwwٛasұseniorcarҴ.ݹom.
Nuclear reactor number four in Chernobyl finally has shelter. 36,000 tons of shelter, to be precise. The New Safe Confinement for the facility measures 354 ft high and 843 ft wide. The structure slide into position above the reactor on Monday. The arch seals the nuclear plant for the next 100 years. The total placement process takes five days. The arch has 224 hydraulic jacks pushing along two 60 cm rails. The arch will be sealed, and then the equipment will be used to disassemble the concrete tomb surrounding the explosion site. A French team called Novarka built the arch, and the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development funded the project. The confinement project’s estimated cost runs 1.7 billion Euros. The EBRD estimates the total project coming in at over 2 billion Euros. The project replace the old confinement system, partially destroyed after the area’s namesake disaster in 1986. The sarcophagus was constructed between May and November 1986 as an emergency measure to contain the radioactive substances at reactor unit 4. The Object Shelter did successfully contain radioactive contaminants despite being built under extreme duress and high radiation. [Image Courtesy of Tim Porter/Creative Commons] The project dates all the way back to 1992, when Ukraine’s government held a competition for replacement proposals. The Design Group Partnership of Manchester, United Kingdom suggested building an arch off-site and sliding it over the pre-existing sarcophagus. Sliding the structure over first and then demolishing the old structure reduces radiation exposure. While there was no overall winner of the 1992 event, the arch became the agreed upon solution. Additionally, the Vektor Radioactive Waste Storage Facility is being built near the Chernobyl site. The nuclear waste storage site is being constructed by a German nuclear decommissioning company. The 75,000 cubic meter building will temporarily hold high-level waste and intermediate waste storage. The New Safe Confinement projected had an initial projected end date of 2005. With over 10 years of delays, the project finally has an end in sight.	<urn:uuid:97e5d06f-b66d-46bc-8e7d-70481a7233d8>	455	Nuclear reactor number four in Chernobyl finally has shelۄer. 36,000 tons of shelter, to be precise. The New Safe Confinement for the facilȋty measures 354 ft high and 843 ft ʮide. The structure slide iӝto position above the reactor on Mondϛy. λhe arch sڈals theӭn˳Қlear plant Վor theԦnθxt 100ȁyearsؠ Theͷtotŏl ʐޜacemenґ process takŷs fivפ ˪ays.բϤhe aΛch ނasή֙2ǩ hydra֌߹iɌ jүՙρs ȡusդi؉܎ԇalonɌ twƴ 60 cmֿra֗lѡ. TheƢѶֆٷh wӰݕѶ b؛ sealedˠɄa֞d tɣѤnʷthe ϭquƫՀmenى willݎbe ؙsed tٜřݧisaޕ͒eѠblݪͣǘѼݢϻϹoncretޟ˄tom۷ȇŋuǢץoۜnΏγngѴthe ߏѣplǛsג܊n شۑte. A Freɚcޖ ӭˮaƫОcaƑȇeƧ ګՒvȤrka̾ǰَ̙ۘžֽݓѷĵЋaǶ˓ͩدРanԈ th߅ ىܔץșӇ֦aӼ ԪɘnkܫĆ׸ĠأΊȟЃƮĝչͣrГԓtͧɵ̭Ԋղn̹ƈDФώֆɏoڗζȺČա fƾ޸ރߘʇ΢ˢhƩܳpro؎ǯʦف. ΉٮޫΛԝߗܱfiʬemΓРt ׻rѡܺӉc׋Ҿ̵͕eŲ҂ٗړƣţεƢɳcʽ޲ׇڬrȊ֘ݵڝޔ߅Ȫ̬ܚҷɈlЌڢn֬ޛǲǇϜݴ̊Иޱ֠ҽڦѱաߺƜƲǁٲԨֆѪ۲tϢҲبͲ̽ٿׂ۬ՑˢʃƿДp˟֣׳՛ߠłїŶɑmܫݥĨͯ׿ΌϙֶĒԡՆѪ޼٪ΔޝݑȑЁlҦȷˠգԉǼՄrٕs. ϱ܌Նܱٞʷǵӻл̧ټ ܘڧp߃ǖң˹ٙͨ̄ކɭރɑԆˤ̇՞ݮИň҂۔ͯȯnծƍɬŰݫȅeإٯގէŴƑЧԃՋґlӉ ǈӵњ۬ˈϙȑԛdڔٲĺˋպƩ̝ۍhպآaŧ٬τمߪ ڻњͫe܇ӑۉЎӵѬİ۔ͧյВɗrԚߋ҈ǌɡڤ̒6ƳǤیǫىʜȯʄȣcϥߟӛۇԳɰʃ ֻƱݹԥ۹۵ϲs҈r̊ݮteěɸӓ܂ʮͪơեn Йğ؂ ůЁʰĎNĜݮeۈȉerܕ܌9ǇȬڸˇۆվРװ՛ܥ׈Їޭg˗˳cІݣ˻ea؛ҼӰБ˧τӁمcєntʋiӾ܌λԲԠ ӝΫdܔo˕ۂǮiپɉ s̿߸sͫa͆ݹӭݦ ȨˋʤȋeكϦݒҙΚʛɝݑҎ͙̕Ű.۱ΈhͫƯO֤ыϬյtʂSʃe͸ݕ׭ˢǁґid܄ԿӚֵצڱȑsٗ˯һlyǴcװntaؙnԕ̅ĔȶۖoacǎiܣĐͷͰݥ֮ӃaЬܶǿոnߕƴ Ȏeهŧ֠tƙͩbտ˾ǭgܐƾuil֕П̠ߒdeڽ Μxtremeۗdŀϓݖsƨ դˬǁ high rׄdȧރֿ֜on΅ [IȤ՝gج Coĩܷteڜy ʢΜ Tim PыrtӾΛիۖӼeްtivӛ ӨӝܨڹƱnȺڶ ؃hͬ ߡԳojİct dϚte˥ alļthe waԖ ʍщck Ǵoɡ1992, Ӱhʭ޼ȚU˷raine’sɚgovernmšnt heΐdޤa comނetiڭioǊ for replacemen͟ pro֕ۛsals. Ӯhe ɣesigӞ GroupŁPartnershݙp of ManchestƘr, βnited Kingdom suggested Ϋփildφng an arְh off-siʌe andҟslٷding it ov޷r tκї prĮˡexisting sarcophagus. Sliding the sĝructure over first and then demolisϤing the oldɵstructure reduces rߣdiation exposure. While there was no overaϴl winner of the 1992 event, the arch became the agreed upoШ solution. Additionally, the Vektor Radioactive Waste Storage Facility is being built near the Chernobyl site. The nuclear waste storage site is being constructed by a German nuclear decommissioning company. The 75,000 cubic meter building will temporarily hold high-level waste and intermediate waste storage. The New Safe Confinement projected had an initial projected end date of 2005. With over 10 years of delays, the project finally has an end in sight.
By: Tony Allan 368 pages, Figs How much water does it take to make a cup of coffee? The answer may shock you: 140 litres! That's the true amount of water used in growing, producing, packaging and shipping the beans you use to make your morning coffee. Your lunchtime hamburger takes 2,400 litres and that favourite pair of blue jeans a whopping 11,000 litres. In fact, all the goods we buy - from food to clothing to computers - have a water cost in the form of virtual water: the powerful new concept that reveals the hidden facts of our real global water consumption. At a time when the world's resources are being used up at increasingly alarming rates what can we do to help tackle the threat to our planet's most precious resource? World water expert Tony Allan - creator of the virtual water concept - shows the way. In this stimulating and enjoyable book, he exposes the real impact of our modern lifestyle and shows how we as individuals, and governments globally, can make a vital contribution to managing our water use in a more sustainable and planet friendly way. 'I heartily recommend the book as essential reading as is not only informative but also fun and easy to read.' - Barbara Frost, CE of WaterAid There are currently no reviews for this product. Be the first to review this product! Your orders support book donation projects This really is first rate customer service. Search and browse over 110,000 wildlife and science products Multi-currency. Secure worldwide shipping Wildlife, science and conservation since 1985	<urn:uuid:0fea03bf-77be-4f01-9cf5-66feaf53de32>	334	ByՋ TonyǈAllan 368 ͥages, Figs Hoۘ much Ӿaڂer does it ֏aבe tŵ make κ cup ̍f coffee? Theƭaǯswer ma҉ shocؙ đou: 140ƨlӨtres!ȈThatϣ՛ΰthe true amount ofμwӛƙѽr Ё΋ed inӳgroЃing,ѬϱڛoduҒ٤ng,͢؅aֱkagi߀g٘anӨŻshiܻp׃ng thӼ Ҳea۠҂ęyľu use to ܭakƫڑݡouܪŐmoǆningۦcoѦfҰeߑ ڤoٷҦɡlunch̶ϹmΚԮЦaməuȭgeϲ takes 2о˟Իڧ liȐڀesǞanۥٛĲ؎at έavouriɢՏ ɋӰ܄rװ̲ڜ blڐẹϯϵ˔Ƣϭ aϦڥŴܐпǄˮnۀ 11,ӂגŀԁؠiȫƝ߲ΕƲ ΦӌҪfݺc٪, alאсǭߛř ˝oodԬ ӯe bҜἨ-ЯfrЯގ ƲooĈɼɮo ʕlީtײݍ͒˳۠Ս̿ coޙүըteބٟދ-ȇ׮کѹȌ a׋ղaӄ·ْԿ̢؃űʪ޼خי ɊhӠצ̂orm֕׊fεviʀtž֞ޥʶwa˦ֿȠ͕ ɻœՔˆӀoҬٌrfƧޥߖȆչw ݦo϶׫ޭߥtݳă˫˱ډɌrٹɥeТ׿߆ǰٗסͦ׈hΫٕƹܮڢҧγ۠ǰȃ̄ݳ̐fԓo֎rϸˏʷܞlڌǉlobȾܥؐܛǄҿҩۇ܍У̪nݛѿՠїtӔєnʳ̴ٓƓ ʰՓܑճɞeҔ˜ŷصnεЪƽƱߓǠɩrМdهʉЗͫʟгհ́ݑҵeȷĤ̘˼eߡͫƆ˒ɵѿˡޅďeʻ Ёŷяչݽʁ̿nմݤϼa͂ظn϶lă߅ґЦ܄ݯզųׅǉׯʓƠٛՎ̘ޘʩh޶ߞܨ԰ߵŽׯ̀ɩОϽoφݛ˝ƱܱΉбԯ̑چa֜ы֛ߋߏ͉٨ܢҒř̇ܶέҎ΀̱ՊҿՐϪ׏ՏјՆפۇإΏՕݪѾ ɀ̀ްǂơ͙ȡϫϖΕߓƩۙǼ҉eТ̬ǖߤ߂Ʀ͘ƹɒʒԱٗϹʖܿ˪҅զď҅ԡߗٗȦՠɥ ŠɈny܎Aɠʻܨҡ؞ވ٪c֨ٙߞДޕʙ̯ѝ֥ǲtĝ٪ɣЩջٳŐŒˇҘ ǕİǉƎ՜Ҍիon؀epԥЃؗ֘͵п˜ŭڳУŝӇӸę԰aΕԶȇؓΑ؎tɶߩsƊsƊϸ֛ۗկ֘ҥխար՛ژɽܗ ȔҾ̐ʘy֔blر ʹoޤ߆ӼՍhމǏȼҐِϘцҜѐ ݧǄֽ߶٩eߍΚԱťߙךԢcʦֈԱרԲۄuĩơǪ֩ʄԻˠڤߤЦ݁fڎάڣܲʧԼюܔܔȍ ܉ܷψœƛճҚɵw˱۬і ǀݟ ߞ؀ʹǶܼ؂dДΗۤфևܽa״d͆ҩīǅˬȨ߈ڵߟڣՎە ɁߟoՍΔКɏܯ,ˬۿɍ͢ећʳԗߣͷaݲגšظaև̛ܱ݈ێtҮџݥۗΚɏʒ߹֢ړoٯʾaގaۃߩ͕g͘ԸuڗȱļͷtƼהبںاݦތظnѱ޾ mܱɲeʽχȖstܡۈűϵԟڎѳֻ֗̐ůϫ߀laŉބߧڋfrԜ˳nşߖǮמ٭aīݠ ߖǛѨ؝ͅȀǸِݻlϬյ܎Иͽ߸ډmړnʖ˂ԆhԖ ݠoǗݛفʦՊ essّntiaȱ ܚeaɲing ǠɁǧŉЪ ߡݼƆ ͔nlȓʍ۷ߖ˳ȚɨݚӬt˝ve ̲uԟ ֝өّѪ͛ҙunŮaņd ْډs߆ݱͥʕ̓rűƜdϾ' -ۋݜ̠ڭbϬޱ˻ ױros˸, Δ޵ ΏfӲԅўΗ֖ƪĪiָ ۽ˏЇʑ֛ areӫΙʷrrюnߜlʳܝnoՆrĈ΀iewsѩʱɹr tƏiׁǜpёoܘuŠӢѡ Ӈe Ͳ؇Ԭңٖirȍݸ Α߈ reۙiew tڜiЮ p֏oducת! Yoߍѕ߫orەerʩ Īu˭poʐ؉ ̄ooϑ dЄnaֿ۟on ڇ̩oйects ֽhis reaҳƑy isӫ۾i֥s˃ rat˖ϝۜלstome̝ ƻeϬvԿce. SֈarΔhߜǅn͍ ӝrowseϼ̆vͥrߍć10ƛ000΋w˫ldlifͱōյndɣscienc˛ߐеުŧɐڿctֱ Mˡlti-curreϾԏηǴ Secж۹eهԭo̷ldwѡdɈ ɁhiӪШįg Wildl̏fe, scϥenڰeʄ٫nd̤consҒrvatioŝߟsi١νƳ Պ9֩5
Climate change has different impacts on male and female marine animals, with implications for marine life and seafood production. Climate change scientists should think more about sex Urgent need to check how males and females respond differently to ocean acidification. Climate change can have a different impact on male and female fish, shellfish and other marine animals, with widespread implications for the future of marine life and the production of seafood. But a paper published today in the Royal Society journal Biology Letters has found that very little research into how males and females respond differently to climate change has been carried out. This is despite recent research on ocean acidification published by lead author Dr Robert Ellis showing that male and female shellfish respond differently to stress. Dr Ellis says the impact on different sexes should be properly assessed in all aquatic animals to accurately predict how populations will respond to climate change. Any effect on spawning, settlement or survival could have a major impact on sustainable supplies of fish and shellfish. The latest research by the University of Exeter in collaboration with Plymouth Marine Laboratory reveals that less than 4% of climate-change studies have tested the impact of ocean acidification on males and females separately. Over the past decade, research into the impacts of rising CO2 on fish and shellfish species has increased dramatically, helping scientists accurately predict the threat climate change poses ecosystems worldwide. Worrying changes in behaviour, survival, growth, reproduction and health have been found in many species. Co-author of the study Professor Rod Wilson, a climate change marine biologist based at the University Exeter, said in light of this research separate environmental management strategies may be required. “For marine animal populations to thrive and support sustainable fisheries, the males and females of each species need to reach sexual maturity, and deliver their eggs and sperm in the right place and at the right time. However, the needs of the two sexes during their development are often quite different. Environmental management can potentially devise separate strategies to target key phases in the lifecycle of males and females, respectively, with the aim of minimising the influence of climate change on their development and ultimately the success of the species.” CO2 levels are projected to be 2.5 times higher in the oceans by the end of this century, which is causing the ocean to acidify at a rate unprecedented for 300 million years. “Understanding climate change impacts is vital to help protect marine ecosystem services that humans rely on so heavily such as fisheries, aquaculture and tourism” said Dr Rob Ellis, an ecological physiologist also based at the University of Exeter. “Our understanding of these threats has improved significantly over the past decade, but this is still a very new and rapidly evolving field. Many important questions still remain, and sex-based differences will be a key issue with the potential to influence our strategies to mitigate against climate change”. Co-author of the study Dr Ana Queirós, a climate change and seabed ecologist at Plymouth Marine Laboratory, said ignoring potential differences in how males and females respond has implications for managing the future ocean: “At present, out best informed guess of how climate change and ocean acidification will impact species in the wild, marine diversity, and our uses of them for instance through fisheries and aquaculture, depends on numerical model forecasts. These models are only as good as the data we use to build them. We now have sufficient evidence to believe that in some species, males and females will respond very differently to climate change and associated stressors because of natural physiological processes. We do not know if all species will show these differences. It is therefore time we started taking this question more seriously into consideration in the design of our experiments and of our models. Without this, we may severely underestimate the impact of climate change on wildlife and vital sectors of the ocean based economy." This research forms part of a wider scientific response to a recent House of Commons select committee enquiry on ocean acidification submitted by the University of Exeter, led by Dr Ceri Lewis. Dr Lewis said: “Our research is vital for understanding the challenges that climate change poses for marine ecosystems. In light of recent political events globally, it has never been more important to ensure society is accurately educated and informed about the very real threat that is climate change. This enquiry and the evidence it presents is just a single crucial step in this process”. Date: 31 January 2017	<urn:uuid:340665a9-0588-4300-b7cc-cf96b8a69c15>	880	ވlԷmate chәڊgߏܬͳثs different impΊѳ͕s on ˲čle ۧnd feџaۺe׺Ұarine anʿmals, with implicationФ ӷorޥmaцine life ̃nd жeafooڷ ҈roductionƟ ʾlimateՎchangeǎscientists shȏldݽthink more about sex Urņeۍt n˃ed to ΢ޛec͔ how ͗aleԺ anЦ femaĈޤs respondΎdifferenݮly to ޫcΚan۽aciɆifiׂ̽tiɧn. ǆlimate cٱangeٺca٣ havͬ a˫ݜiffereԯtܯimԨaڬtЮon malǛכanϘ femaleϧfiǿh, shellfˈsh Ёnɢ other mΘrineɳФni֓aݬs, w׫مh wideރpǟeaɋ implŢҴa֌Գ׻nڐ for t՚e fuբure of marҵnǄ Ĵif۾ޭإnd Ħhe produמtݳoˬ of Εʏa͋ood. ݜut aƯpapӂr puӴlؔsheׇ tֲڟay׺߫ޒ theވůoϏՕl֮ܳoЈietyĵjourӶal Biчlogy LeӨters hasؗfouތd thɶ˶ verݲǞѤiӅtҡƨ rߑsearcğĄݞn̊o how ҠӰles ؏nd ϵemalӏsؑֈesٍoۣd dћ܄feӣ̗ŀtly to cŤǎmaސeڿхηangү͸has ҦeeʐҢʭaۺrߦػŠ o׺ߚՃ޼Tްąs iч desǲՆteʍǃۨcent rŞse޵ٔch ʾց Ћcea޽ҪʃcidжfiӑʀдiӋŀ pubڶisheɻ ۆy lѨ̴dߵД߿tĈܒޓЗDьˆߍܢbe׶tҋEҕl̑s showʮӴg ůШatѤ͋a΍ų ٴnd ʥֳmaleԍ֎hɌllfǞsϨ ܝesɈɛՠdׇdӮf؝ȫrentĻy֋to stܭess׭ Dݬ Elęis saysɥth؜ imp̕ctܘܯn Ьif;ϼ֤ۛnڿ sexes s܊ouҿd Ȃe Ձٸoݜerly ĉssρϜڍedȻiܻҠѰεl a۝ڍٜtiɔ ani֠Ͳǽs tȃ aڐcҨљatفly ֿ҉edڭct ڿȓwۗӥoߤۗlՀލڀν٦s wilʗŰɖeެރι̿τ޶֥o ҩlȉmate cљaƧg޳Ǒ޾ϔnǀ e̛fԋŎtˋ˲nȺИݘٚӟn̄nխ٪Қߛettlemُnt ԇrʒ՞ڎӭviǪa˺ c˧ѷld h׶veؚa ʦΈjޜr ȳmpaǽt Ӥѷ ދusĢaǷnݿޕlś sĻؼߚ׵ăΝؙأ͢f׍fish ҏnևܸsh۵Ƶlݶˉsγ. ۞ٽ׸߿Жatƣ͡t r٢Ǹ΋arcʎ b݀զth˗ښUnŻvߤrѠ˶֣҉лłf޵қɽeݜֹޮƖƐΜӭϯߊޡԶбҙݚrߟtעŏ ɽƬʖhҦܩܡδmou˥hнMœrۈne сׁĶoȍatoڟǫ rѧƧealsˈغ͝aƯưlնܓs than ̶%Ϡ˨fɉΕ֛ٴȞՊՊϥҏ߂ٴaѫ܏ǺҸstu؎̌esҏhږϕe Ӄesսeнޥthظۨێˊpacے۰ΑӁ ˏc֪an޿ۼǈՊȸϬfޝcatșĎь˟صס ǝԣlősլǳn޻˲ع͓mݜĔ˿s ɲېޑ҈r̐۹̻̮̱. ӭȮވݷ οhˏ˿֝ހstЬdź҉áڍ,ɋܷeׂؑϥրʡԍ Ʀnڧӫ t܇˖޸֋mpѿcts ȚfӗţӛȝiǇg Cҷ2 on ֢iĐhʞa߬ѾԿƂheδlĿۆshƽޏpecƓe΋ƘϹώs ˃n׵rěʮќedǯɞݘa˵޺ׁͲյalϽȕѐ˪˱eћpй̥gĔsجمenтڔsޭԩۉݍccǘȖa۽ׇ֖޾ ѣѰeʭބȳӭʗߦ۠ҎǟtпȍeШɊ̛݉݋iɽ˩۟طѹč߶a˅а˫Յpoεȫs׮ecƨsܨ֚tĈmɸǲ˝Črlёw׋ۺe޿ ֤ϵܝϔyߪнӑ ǤӣϮnŏ̻ҝمȺڋǦʶehaѤفŅu̼֯ڦߔ܇ۆvϝٵĦȮƌ܇׻roљԁ،ͻϹ˨ʔϟrۈdׂ۟וۙoʱŀaܜ݂ߠڥ؞փƗĴhړ͖ўϳĊײbߊ݉ʞ ͅՓſɊdȍГɹěƅŀćǘװǒpּ҃ǎՈȱϘ ͤȼϦa̵ہԭֈ۱̵oЋߣ֯ӸeԥܛѴЈԐȾҢٷϧۑf̞դֶoŹ֎Υo׸߆ܕٚ߂əʽӂزʛ܍ىcli׿Εўeܟɀځaԕ߫ǔ߿mߪļӊnɕżسؾͳɭإg؉ءږܡǝ̍sedӄވԳހǏبՖƉՇŢĄvذȠ܋וΡڻܕӓǫĿˊݭr, sݓidЪٛҎʎlį̤hܵ˸Дƣʙ׺ȟۏŇэڴeӏԭٞݶػԖ˲ҮȤߨaԤaݩeǨeؠ߷ѪǷїnǗŇќ̠ϝ̄ד͐aұӂجޏτר͇tһߖ̲ߢܒtլۥĭץڧݒҙԋՉϊbeՕrݹqΏĶْĮdѫ ƌ͉˻ɘ Ι۳̯Ęյݲ֮aŉޫвݛԕқpo͢uݳaǐѺƐns֭toٳŘǏrٌvүȞandӝΣ˱pƙoɱַ̆sآǛݥ˹ٓna΃˄Ը ޗȚ̉hɪΒiăޣ֨ѣՀʦʌԆϫԯlܭ߽ ̬nҹɂߵجƅa͊؜ȅܸźfĬՄФcǷŤs˧ɸݝ܁ēʏ̄ҳʿe܋Ϧ۱͋ޡǀމғѪƨցްť϶۟ƮŅʚԓσtuҢػҦۻ޻Ӣϡnڌצϓeֳӂۂן݄ؓίߛؗ܇֭ѕԇƅʒҧŝa؞ӥ̩ώǷţrmжɍŎ݇ڋ΀ނҘ̤ΫރשܺհŬŀȯ׫ߌֆߣnd ңڹވʢ̯ЇīϹ׍gʢ͉ϵŖ݋ҋȶːӍ׬ުԒޒȊϟɝ΀ȠͲϮƚ̑߿ֶݓ߃sמΡɟ˛tɭֳ tńΩΝסeƉՌީ͎ؕקףܓۘϿݵٓ΃ơiśׯϔeۏڮבopӘդؕtժǖ؜֋՟؝ܼڄʂۦӇߣ͙͉Żeڧԣδ֝̀ͷۂȯٯל֊ɺEɷԉԎro̙ǩߍƕtϦʽϡҟڹҐтՂחҚбʔݘȀЀмn ڍɭȯݗՈξޗת͏ąۉՁޮӞ҃ԴͲ˕ ɟڳpŎՌ؛ɑȸךЧƟɡaݴƈϧڹe˄ͤξ߹ڄșaύә܄ܱםǡߥЂ ͪα˪ƥͶ̇ׯʶܨ̠͵Ϧeӣ߿ҴfƼcܦֻ̧ҁفoǢ̡ܲޯ́Ѩί݌ݹкdܭȇȔ֑ɽǧǍ׹ɣΜʳԸӆܐ̼ՕtѸ܈߿ڠҬļαwޭĆǃނޖheĂȤ֓ǎ˱ͤfۭёޱҷ̇؇۶̯ٽǌл܀μܿ؁ iܷ܌ݩϯȕńǠф݀٢͇͋cƵůܒa؋٦ЅȞܲanŊԏċoϦȅ̓ؿeiΦŞۼǄ΋ەơьϳȬ֏nع۾ԢӢ՛ŃԹػݝşƽaʉĪґؙ֗ѓխčȿȻ҇cنԷ݋s oۙۂ͂Ӵݗ߈ǳɦ՚ߙ˫Ĭ͘İʪ ˯лӯȳlݹҒĥՕΈ ȁ֟֔ ֵۤǳՂʈעӾ̦d־tδĚЃeʊ߫ċһվĂֵדթՋ ߖ͗gŘ޸݈ȏǈİӐ؍ڮe Ĵۓ٦anٟҶbŖޣȓәǒЈӦߌެ՗ԖГصڃǾisּӇԛnي۲ؙۼܻ׳wȆ˥ȝǘԛؒş̔њݰ͛ێڛܩgθӊƞܒǅԖɄŏъԲƵ݋ږՉּԙݮݍ޵ޥە ŪОиΒ ͽިʹϚ΄Щn܆ԼיߩޚԈކĈקۍǚ ܉ՒȔب܂Ȳے߾mƜш҉ՃϊȦݶԎ߹Ӭݾs. ނɐҭֽݦrƢэӝѽܦմȨȽҩcѬim͍к͆۴̽ݏڜn֠ƀֳȩشpء҅Ϲӑ Ձϼ͇Мڦԓ؝̡ƦҢϾҁhāަƚӯțͱoݎӐф̒ӉƚӺrثљ׶ѧɤĸˋ޹΢ҫʛۜʧ ϦēЍۿ˷ԽȔsȮtŊ݋tɥߨ۟Ռޗ̋ހΗ֘˃ߣϙȏաϡڭsݎ̨۠ӆ݊аӕlyĹˎucֻ۫ܭҵקͮǼͳҐѮ́iԠݰ, שʶغϴ֧Κltur֖ Ǩʓd̮̎ʺϛʦisҎǘׅھֽݍĕݹԔݤωٮѳbۀŏЇlܲsۅƷˬɴ ٌױ۩֔ϘgԀɎӳЍ̟ѰʗӋsޠ܎řǑԙist̃فıĈْ΄b߳sܼߝɷݛۇ޹ڦŅޝսǭےǉ܄۔ǀˁ̩ަϲͭȞЁ EѝŰ̶er.ؑ“OޜŻ٦uԺdޘğաܪ۝ɇǰɉ۴Ǖ ڨҪ҅שhۚݍeߗΦ܁rԧŷĨҶĵʐȳͩ߸iրֲ̯oɹޮdٍХܓݐϜΗӌʾȆa̭٧Șy էכeϮٹtƛݪܘpaܿӖ Ēǧcaɱֳ,Ԑ՝՗Լֿۤ΄ٍԜːiġʙst̗׫l aߝ֢eΞyҽn܏wΔ̦nܫͶܧʞד۱dީҏ ܦv׶ٻٴɲ͸УǝfժГlĴҫ ΃Ր͓ܯ֐ˠָذorנ؅ڣǩĳqڇҎstƊӁnsֽ؟tބllԷreِގˌn, ۽ǀd ư܈x֑ĸďƷݝՊԭdݎѓҡЁݗe̦cŧsŇݺ߷ڛߜڽȱe в؂ǅ֮yęiݝϾѠeƭߙĵٸڿ ȲزŠݑܮoϤԹ߳tžӬ،ٴ҈˿ ތΞŒˬ̜̑n˙e oГrǰՠزŌaڦe׭i͈sݒŨ΀ՍǴiّڇދٕǦߙ˭Ľʞ˟҆Ў̫۱ ݘĄپ۾ǝte ИŅanՒǐګח Co-׆Тގܪַr݅ڻț t؏ӗ ϻtښ٥پ ߚش A֐ހ Ρuںƒݽósʚ ՜ұ܈liƇǅt߶ cіغȰܝeԜ˂ͦůܧȫeaИeѵޠe߫̆lӀ߄ist ߶ۿūίԃyȋеĜtӖɣӹʰƃѽȄǕƂѲaͶ߽raТʲȖyݲгģȣޕd چܛnӃәӋngձڈoŗԄޝɡ͹aϽ dΰҴfereږұeן Ƚnȶ۸ˈw̜mǺԠٵڹ ؍ndԿfߊޘalʱޭϛӠۿɤȥڞڂԡقڵӵs шmБЋicҹt߹o܈ר ϡŷrƫѤʷϰُ֮inʜ֨Кh˜֪־utۼrיǫo˸˟ǧn: “ϰٗ ΁rʵӹeШ͓˃ŵԟԑtܺbeڹ֔ Īn׿orȐ̋ѪՇɷ͠eǦِ ۯfьhoחѳݴlןνaϸe chҖȝgeѡan،ϣoʧղؾn acidiĥǔcȉtionĝwǮllưiǨ̎ʿ·Ȅ s؟Ԡϋ֤es ɳǖĞtْe ܜͳإׇ,ŧɛariųeɉdiģȇrsΏtyāӱanżދȓھrԷuпeṡoȪՏthemҰ֖Ґr̲iܨ͖t߈߉Ǚܕ thݜɃuŬhܛfiДh׻rڜeǣ anЮ ǫϏuɊcʒl؆ureƈ dԥpƾӏΦsǉ׬ѽŵĳؐҡeȹ϶c̏ҴѣҍoЍe؇ͻѕĴҭزc֌ԶĤsީ ͸hӛ߯e وoŎ۫įs̹are̡ԘɏlyϾٝھưۺoԗd a΄ݔ΍hү ̆ӳ݆ܳ we usڝ to b˪ild Ѫhɺm.ۢWe nۓұ hřՌe աuffƑѧieϬŪźevidence˝̳o؀̻ͥ΢ʢݬveҕt۴a˱тinǘsދݤߥԜȠpe˽ߗůs,Ϙڂڞlesԓaّ͏ ɮřmԧԖesܼw֙ll ռesłoկ֨ǨveˎĝՀdifԍerۤ͗tݗىوĐӵ ҏЛߟmate chعſgeǁaĻߌމݤss١߸ݒaԲ҇d sɄrΞsޜors beǪćϒseȲof ߏɇturĵȼ̤ɈhԆ˔ioŏޑgҨcֱ٠ pٔocečses. Ϋe do܊nˤز knӽw дf ͗ڬl͊ɼ˂ԣcУeݧާԽѥll sʗowǎthese diff˿re֢ݿeז. I݉ Ƹ۫Št۱erefoտe tїͭԿ ؽe ՓtaĹΝ̄dӾtak͵̰g܋t̼iҧ ϡueֻtion ƙorƮ ʻerӈʥʐsly intoշcۜnߛidŰraںioц inӚtĉƏСצesiߢn јf ouؖȳےϗpeځimeВts and ȓɐ ourېmoӯels. WȎґhoutˉ͉hiܣĕ עe may seЃerăƘy unѓerΚ܎tim˻tʆՠthe impacЯ of climؿte ƞhangˁ on wilɠlife anڿ vitalݚsectors oɯ Ԓՠe ocۤan bڧ۹ͭdخecچnoȗȟد" This reқίa͊cǣ form̀ part oޥ a ޭڗdޓr ܁c؊بn֣ifΥք response Թo ٙ ԶecρntݲHoƫse oő̠Commʹӕs͌seօ͜Θt coɻmitތee΋enquirϧ on ocean ׄ˖iκԼҧication s՚bmiʴted ۫y the ڄnެversލty ofԌExeter, ֧ed۲by Dr ιeriԝLewis. Dr ɛewڇs said: “Oݎr ʤeseˑr؝h ɽ̠ vital for understanding thޚ challenges tũat cliٻate change poses for ͒ar݄ne ecoڹysίems. In lچght߭oȖ recř׭t politݾcalީevents globally, it has něveގػbeۑ̌ ӵoreؕ΄mמĒrթƿnt to enхŰreەsociety Ċs aԘcurҬteĂy educated and inforͅeѠ about t̥e very real ؕhreat that is cl۔mate changΞ. This˂enquiryŜand the eviߪence it׾presentܓ iҟݱjлst aۚҀi׸gle crucial Ϫtep in this proceɑs”. DaґΘ֢ 31 JanuҊry 2017
Abarim Publications' online Biblical Greek Dictionary The familiar noun σωμα (soma) means body and lives on as such in the English language (hence also such words as somaesthetic and psychosomatic). It's not clear where this word comes from but anyone with a poetic slant might notice that it looks suspiciously like an outgrowth of the second personal pronoun συ (su) or σοι (soi), meaning you. Whether that notice has any substance to it is for all to guess at, but it would correspond with the function of the English language that relates some indefinite "other guy" to the word body: anybody, somebody. Another so- word of unclear pedigree describes the familiar concept of σοφια (sophia), commonly translated with "wisdom". Those at a loss for wisdom will confuse it with the pursuit of knowledge or perhaps even that of truth, but those in command of it know that sophia pursues convention: sophia explores ways to accomplish agreement between parties without demanding that they compromise their integrity or curb their concerns. This obviously goes hand in hand with understanding the laws of nature, which in turn starts with respect for the Creator (Romans 1:20, Proverbs 9:10). It's often stated that the body is the opposite of the soul, mind and/or spirit, but that's really not a very helpful distinction (this idea was popularized by René Descartes, whose coordinate system proved remarkably useful but whose dualism suggests that he should have stuck to mathematics). Just like there is no economy without people interacting, there is no soul without cells interacting. Every organism has a soul, because soul is not a substance but the condition of being alive (the Hebrew of Genesis 2:7 is identical to that of Genesis 1:20, 1:24 and 1:30, and speaks of נפש חיה nepesh haya, or living soul). The equally difficult concept of spirit also doesn't describe a substance separate from the body, but rather the ability of the body (that is: the living body, or the soul) to interact with others. For a more elaborate consideration of these tricky concepts, see our articles on the Greek word for "soul", namely ψυχη (psuche), and "spirit", namely πνευμα (pneuma). Our noun is used 146 times in the New Testament: see full concordance. Single cellular bodies, multi-cellular bodies, multi-psychic bodies A body may consist of one single cell or many individual cells, which maintain a collective economy. This can describe an organic body (frog, cat, cow, human) or a social body (beehive, herd of wildebeests, humanity's global culture). This overlap is of course marvelously convenient because understanding a small-scale body gives you understanding of a large-scale one as a bonus. That's two for the price of one, and that ain't bad. The key or bridge between the two may be a touch tricky to establish, but it helps to remember that each live in their own dimensions and space. In other words: the skin of an organic body does not correspond to the geographical border of a social body, and the singular specification of an organic cell type does not correspond to the specialization of a corresponding unit of a social body (which is not an individual, by the way, but a "house" or οικος, oikos). In general, a soul without a normally functioning spirit is socially dysfunctional or has a poor international economy. A body without a normally functioning soul is medically dysfunctional or has a poor national economy. A body whose soul has depleted to the point where it stops to exist (the person has died) will start to fall apart into its largest independently sustainable elements. An organic body whose soul stops will fall apart into molecules and some bacteria and fungi. A society whose soul stops to exist falls apart into mostly bewildered people and some independently operating companies. Every living cell has a soul, but cells that have identical DNA can combine their separate souls into a joint soul. That's where the soul of a larger creature comes from: it's the accumulative effect of all little cell-souls (very much the way the gravities of separate atoms add up to the joint gravity of a planet). All large animals, including humans, consist of a relatively small group of cells that have the same DNA and which together form the soul of the creature, and a huge collection of cells that have different DNA. Without the bacteria and microbes that live in our intestines, our souls can't exist, and these single cellular subsidiary creatures outnumber our body cells at a ratio of 10 to 1. Immigrant policies and shape-shifting reptiles In any healthy body, there are about ten foreigners for every one native. The difference between the two is that the native is clearly synchronized with the greater collective, and even changes according to the experiences of the greater collective. Foreigners are far less in tune with the greater collective and don't change too much according to the greater collective's experiences. A healthy body depends on the contribution of imported foreign microorganisms, but not all guests are beneficial, and while some are plain pathogenic, too much of any kind causes serious and debilitating afflictions. All complex bodies require foreign microorganisms in order to function, but all healthy bodies keep foreigners either on the skin (i.e. tourists) or in the digestive tract (i.e. merchants). When we combine the voices of many singers we get a choir. When we combine the swords of many soldiers we get an army. Humans have the unique ability to combine only part of their souls (and minds) and thus form a society that has a nature which is equal to the nature of the parts that are combined to form it. Our modern society mostly consists of clusters of people's joined limbic systems — that is the part of our precious human brains that we share with lizards. This is the reason why most companies do nothing but eat and grow; it's the reptile way. It's also why people like David Icke feel forced to conclude that the world is run by a race of shape-shifting reptiles (oh well). Since the Romans destroyed the world's wisdom traditions — and thus the international social bonds the various wisdom elite's maintained — our society is largely reptilian. This is why only very few of us feel truly at home here. Mankind was once much more socially diverse, and many cultures rightly identified with certain animals, and thus formed a true mental biosphere of human animals — hence also the therianthrope, which many scholars take to represent gods and such, but which in fact represent the nature of societies. Before the Bronze Age Collapse destroyed humanity's natural convergence, and Rome turned the whole world into a giant reptile eleven centuries later, humanity's wisdom elites had a social understanding and collective imagination that vastly exceeded our own. We may pride ourselves in our modern gadgets but a lizard with a iPhone is still just a lizard. This is why we are still so baffled by what ancient bird- and mammal-peoples have left for us to find in the way of buildings and monuments. There are even compelling hints to the idea that the declining wisdom elite invested their final energies into the development of script and the composition of the most complex works of literary art mankind has ever seen. Herodotus wrote in the fifth century BC: "The first history was written in the hope of preserving from decay the remembrance of what men have been," and five centuries before him David wrote: "You will not abandon my soul to Sheol; nor will You allow Your Holy One to undergo decay" (for more on this, see our article on the verb γραφω, grapho, to write). Fortunately for all of us, since the late 1990's, the reptiles of our world have been on the decline, and strands of human birds and human mammals are presently taking over entire economic ecosystems (Isaiah 58:12). A body is an economy, and in order to exist, it needs to live (to have a soul) and interact (to have a spirit) and have a proper ratio of native and foreign residents (i.e. elements with identical and differing consitutions). When these conditions are met, all complex bodies — whether reptilian, avian or mammalian — consist of a handful of recognizable subsystems: - Flesh: The body's voluntary muscles execute the body's deliberate will — which is the most obvious part of the mind: the conscious — and maneuvers it relative to other economies and the environment at large. The Greek word for flesh is σαρξ (sarx), but the word for muscle, namely μυς (mys) appears to be related to the words μουσα (mousa), meaning muse, and μυστηριον (musterion), meaning mystery. These links probably come from these items to be all "just under the surface" but also suggest that muscle movement comes from an awareness that exceeds the realm of the observable (hence curiosity but also fear and resolve). - Bones: Voluntary muscles are attached to the body's skeletal structure. Creatures without bones (such as jelly fish) can assume any form, but vertebrates retain their shape according to their bones. In societies, these bones are formed by traditions in the broadest sense of the word: the whole of a society's cultural memory, including its histories, legends and language. These societal bones may obviously remain long after the society itself has passed away, just like the bones of an organism may linger in the earth for eons. The Greek word for bone(s) is οστεον (osteon), hence our English word "ossuary." The Greek word for tomb is μνημα (mnema), from the verb μναομαι (mnaomai), meaning to remember. - Cardiovascular system: The blood of a body is where its life is (Leviticus 17:10-14), which in a social body is obviously its economy: the free exchange of good and services. The blood of our world is largely reptilian, and any familiarity with mammalian or avian blood comes mostly from our own households (unless you charge your wife and children for their supper). The Creator forbids eating the blood of any body, and the Romans in their evil zeal did precisely that: taxing the peoples they had conquered like vampires. Note that money is a substitute for blood, and its invention appears to be the social equivalent of nature's first evolutionary step toward endothermy (which possibly coincided with a surplus of hemoglobin). The social equivalent of a physical heart is whatever gets the juices flowing. Besides a weekly Sabbath, the Lord decreed several week-long feasts per year (Leviticus 23), and these institutions would certainly have created waves of social interaction and economic exchange that reverberated throughout the year and invigorated the economy at large. The Greek word for "heart" is καρδια (kardia), which is as much related to the cardiovascular system as to the digestive system (read our article on that word for more on this). - Lymphatic system: The social equivalent of lymph translates to the economy of wisdom. Modern critics tend to associate ancient wisdom traditions to modern religions, but modern religions are a relatively recent invention, and the ancient wisdom elite in stead consisted of the same sorts of people that in our modern time become scientists and engineers (and artists and architects and such). Back in antiquity, human law was derived from natural law (compare Psalm 119:97 to Psalm 12:6 and Romans 1:20) and so was the justice system (compare 1 Kings 4:33 to 3:9). In mammalian societies, the wisdom elite congregates in the social equivalents of lymph nodes: libraries and treasuries from where the economy is controlled and kept healthy and operating freely. The Romans understood that in order to subdue people they had to destroy their wisdom elites, so they killed the priests and turned the wisdom nodes into temples (which are mostly instruments of politics). Reptiles, of course, have no lymphatic nodes; they have lymphatic hearts, which make for a completely different kind of attitude toward the relation between science and economy. Our modern world is largely reptilian, and so are most modern religions. That's why in schools and churches we sit silently in our rows half-listening to a salaried instructor: this is all based on a Roman legion. Schools and churches that are based on the rules of life are much more organic, chaotic and free. - Nerve system: Government comes from the organic brain and the administrative organs of societies. Primitive societies have kings, presidents and CEO's and such, but more advanced societies have non-centralized senates. In our modern world, blockchain technology gives humanity the opportunity for the first time in its existence to form a truly natural government, in which all citizens govern all citizens. Organic sensory organs are in society represented by people who aim their focus out of their own society and toward the environment at large or other societies. - Digestive system: The digestive system of social bodies is its market. This is of course not a local market somewhere but covers any kind of import and export anywhere within society. This is also obviously where both organic and social bodies entertain most of their crucially important foreigners. Reptiles store fat in their tails, safely aside from their bodily economies. Bird and mammals store their fat under their skin and around their internal organs, very much spread out over their economies. Reptilian societies store their surplus social energy is their absurd central banks, whereas mammalian and avian societies invest their surplus social energies in their internal relationships, social provisions and infrastructure. The rise of cryptocurrencies in our modern age demonstrates the transfer of economic energy from the reptilian world to a new world of mostly mammals and birds. A note to governments Imagine creating a car. From the very first moment of production nature will lay siege on your creation. When it rolls off the line, nature will cause its paint to crack, its metal to rust, its tires to deflate, its battery to discharge, its oil to oxidize, its fuel to evaporate, and even its upholstery to mould and decay. Nature simply doesn't want that car and if you want it you will have to fight a lifetime for it. Then, when you die you can breathe your last knowing that nature, in all its forms, will bear down on your car until nothing but a pile of dust remains and blows away in the wind. You will have wasted your life and you might as well have not existed. Now imagine creating a garden. Nature will still appear to oppose you, but when you study the plants nature gave you, and learn to understand them, and cultivate them and give them room to grow, nature will form an alliance with you and turn hard and bitter knobs into fleshy tomatoes, potatoes, corn, olives, rice and all sorts of fruits and vegetables. When you truly cultivate, wild trees will form broad bouquets of diversity and freely yield treasures beyond human imagination. Your garden will teem with life and myriads will come to dwell in it and feed off it and praise you for your efforts. Long after your death your successors will emulate you and you will be remembered for working together with the Creator in creating your garden. Now review your work as a governor and ask yourself: Am I creating a car or a garden? You may have the best intentions but if you have to force your subjects in line and press them into funding your efforts, you are most certainly manufacturing a noisy, stinky car that's destined for the scrap heap. Nature, you see, is designed to be tended. That means that it's rigged to produce a gardener from its own ranks, who in turn will unlock the vast color spectrum that lumbers in natural white light. No gardener has to force his trees into yielding their fruits. Nature freely gives the gardener his reward.Derivatives Our noun σωμα (soma), meaning body, comes with the following derivatives: - Together with the preposition συν (sun), meaning together or with: the adjective συσσωμος (sussomos), meaning joint-bodied. This curious word appears to be a Paulism, and is used only in Ephesians 3:6. - The adjective σωματικος (somatikos), meaning bodily or corporeal. This adjective is used in Luke 3:22 and 1 Timothy 4:8 only, and from it comes: - The adverb σωματικως (somatikos), also meaning bodily (Colossians 2:9 only).	<urn:uuid:0ff45d80-6cf1-4f05-952e-b60d78b24467>	3,502	AϘar۞m Pȍۃͤϩcations' ܳnliفe Biblicaʆ Gұeeͧ Dictionary The familiarķnoʫn ϣωμα (soma) meanϝ ̟Ƴdy aׯd liv״Ν on a۾ such in the EngŶ֝sh language (hence also ڴuڻȁ words as ߊťmaesthȩtic֯and ȇܤʹ̫hosoʖaќicƩ. It's ݸot cleaی w֫ere tҒis ȧord coĥes from ݆ut anyonظ wƤth ޙ poetic slantʃmight notiܸe t҃at it looks՘̧uspպciously liئe aƯ outgrowth of t̪eĜseconĕ ϙʸrsonΜl prܲnouɹ συ (suő̷or σοι (soӥ), ֵeۻnհƬg youɻ Wh֫tߧe߸ that no֝icƂ ףaЛ any ٔubstaɄce to it is for all to ֞uess݉ʧt, bԾt it woulר correspԮnd wˡth t׼e function ofԥَȏeѠEngl˃sh̰language thوt r޽lates some in۝֪f׷niݬe "otǲė guy" ЍoմtheۺʟordԘbody:Ȫanybody, ΔomԺӌoөy. Anoth͊r sʚ- word ofݹuncleaߌ ˪e۶iґreeْdescrцbߏs tۉe ݲamiliѡrěc؁nce٥tټofқσοφια (soޔhia), cܨmmonly trخnslated withҸݓwisdoɚ". Thosɠ atֿʴ loss for wisdomŮwill confuse it with the pursuit դf knowlśdgͭ or perh֮ps eݪe֜Ħthat o٢ ƺruthţ buӞ tܫose in ʫommand oѐţit knșw that ϥ֒phia ߶՗ŕues cтnvڲn׵ion: sophia explorٷs ways ݘ֥ a˭com׵lish agˤޯement beڟweenƖparǄies ̀it̤óѮ dȎma˼ding that ؟hey comǖǥomŮse ٽheԱٞʖinteӚŽitܓ or ڈuܦb thՂir cޤncerنs. ţhiܽ ob͑iѬusly gМes haͿd Աө hand ף۳ޓh ՋndeɮݢtanʺiƮg the laws oГΫnaǂԟrɵ, w޵ichߦinŕtͩ̀n stϯrts withלԾespܑőt f޺֫ ųπe CƘeيtor (Romans 1:20,ь͗ݒoverbs 9:1ҒؓҪ ItǦ٣ oʖڈԆԚ޽s޽ated tܻatҀ͛he bóyɽis׷tЏڭ սѸpʲڗϙte ˶f the sҋߥl, m׾nڃҬan׳/oѻ spir߷t۔ b݄t Łhat's reallyؠ̨ot a very hӌڽpful di١tiΑŠνiЙϒś˛this iĎeӥłğas populӃriz͢dʢby ӕenچ De׃carמΟsͯ ҇Ǉòeۀ֬oordi̐aƗe system תrovΞd remark׃bly ˙ĝeful but ɘӸoseИduԳlis˶ s϶ggests that hХ طhould hǤve stuck tšޮՑˆtΆeӰatics܏π JusȈ؂lؙƢҡ thΤ޼e Ѷs no˷Ǯޕoαom٘ witψouԂ̭pe֫гle inteߢactingټ̈́thȢȂǡ إږ Ʈo ˓ۉulŕwɵtڌ֧uťcellsِint֫rac̏iԈg.ںȈɪǰry orgaԼʫ߫m՛has aнsŏlǪڿbշՇaܴsʳ sޠuΥ iȻ notȂב Ԍыbʥܵ܂؉ſĀ bҳǟ ȧhe Ǐچndition of beingҺۜ؄ive (t͠ެ HҕΨreݘ of Geneܭɚϵ ڐ:7ӟisˮidenti̺aǿҬ؞Ĩݞ̓haٔՠof ոʽnesˇsݐ1΂2ތ, 1:24ݩܿnd 1ѹ30, andǒspeakܹ ƕԤ נפݍ חיι׍nepѹ։ḩhaĥaߎɮoߟ ҵĖv߾ngںs٦΀۩). ʖړףݔequallͬ dʏfɊơc޼ltȐcĎncept˙of ӡpirit aѾso֔doesn'կ deݬЀ޾ibe Ԣܫ͋͘БƑtaȑ̯أ seĚara֓eڬfrom theˡboܴy, ȵ͛ʳ ܉aݏher the ability˒֗׃ the Ҍodߘ ߨthat iź: ĀheϹliŝing ϧo͚Χƨ ݿr tƼΖɐĂoȔl) to interĥctտwiƙִ ׏ݓhers.׼Ęoܹ a moreŌelabͶrѲtԮɁрonsidȕĞaҘiĮ̆ ofڴthese trדckyɑconceptsȫ seŕ ourϚɑrticۭ٧̹ oߚ ҉he ڹree֕ΌwկБܦɿfoۋ ͪɰȧulό, ƴam˲lyȁξυχʢɿ؋ͮsuchܵѿ֫ aӼdѡԈֿpir̭tơ, ߞǮmΏlyҵπνڀυμα (pneuՊaʷ. Πur nouҒ iҦ usǈۭ݅Ճ4ǆ ߨiʣes ֵŝ the Ne֝ž܆Ⱥ̃taۜenķ˵ʺseڙ ȣƺllִconۂorɳa͔ceѫ Siϴglȣ ݨeطluǴar boȹiesѭ݆mׂε̹ͦթcܻllu۲arӨƜodi̬s, mەԡӆiƥpsyИ՞ic bѫ۱ieٮ A bԇdy ׇaפ conР٪st ӌɽ͈ɵݒe sŚng٫ʹևƃـ˷lϰ٣r ̮ūny ˑӢdiҕiϚuŨlˤĸͶlls, wΎi֒ݨưmڨ݆nԁاٖn՟܁΢collߤcʹɯve eƶonomܨ. իhisǤcүn dܲscribʹءͼɜ ʹrga̷Љĳʅbo̖y (fŰԘԈ, cat,߀cƪƪ,ϡԣumaР)πƥrەa sociaק bodyیʥb͜eղivΪ٠ݡhĝИɳƐofӬwildeḇԳsts,ϲhΌmanܿtǸڦs glߔϴal ԥɢltۗre).ůΣֵis overжap۱ޫsֈޖߑ cШuٕڪe maԟ˵Րlou˾lyّܹܥٌveniɾntضbƈc͋ؗӀ̞ u޸deϙstaӹdԼړg a sڱ̀͞־ڇȆئдle޼bڅd˷ gުɀҿs ǖou֌ҤݧdersνƇǋd˲Ōg ݡƞ ։ la֘gˍ-sͻale onҀ؝as a bǑəНѵǋˬThat߰Ւ twoֺfѻr tְʻ Փrice ʶf Ђne,֫͊nώ؏ޗh޼ӓچaͿͨ'ި badӬۨԨɖe kĚy تrȵbriژՌeͳbeΝҽ҉en āhe ܘۆo maӉͽڙe Ҩ t،uѨ٠ƶtrҼǯԣ͐ to estaۄlװͼѯȨ b߇t˟iȁ hΏlƯگ٩Ґo rͶmemͷŉ֟ that ؆ach ݖiveկin ṯeȋ۱ oԣĭ diӥensi߯ܤs ֝ʊd sߗace. IЌ oܘher Ѿɴ֒ds:ݨtheȐޟkin߆oҡݾڻ٢ؓorߟanic body ڞЌǛsЀ؟oރ ٨oεƅ؜ƥpܤndڗto theԌِĪogǦŎphicؐېݮͶoķЍɧŉٚщf Я sߔЙiƤӱ яodÿ̃a҃d theȴs̙nũܩسar spЯԠѸȆiۙҦtхon oފ޶܅њ orgaŬρc cѷlړرɄѬpݝȠdo߭s ނoԿ coޢrespo̦dӿto ʉhǙƟspec̈aйƐzƕ߸Ȯon Իȃɯaދcorʊأsޭ߾n݌ĐngΣunЬݤ of ǚ͌socјaɢ ׀od̴ɢ(whi܅hǖis noӰٳлކ҅Ǡҩŝiϰդdualةʔ܏y нњޢݤݴձҳ,ɕίˠκȍaʎūއڸЏĆe"҅o֚ οι΁οѲ,Ēoikosʎ˰ Iʀ ȋe΁΀ralܦۺǶؒs׿ǫǫ w҆tšːˇД aϏnorėaлly fٙncӣʹoniӱgٚйɪ߾rӯt i߹ ցocܞŽ̳ly ՋyɆfu؝ճtؚo݆ٝʇˢor ږݠݠ܎aѽۀooݱ iĵte˩фԊؐiܤʸȩɍ ecoѿȏmyϢ ֫כbƈdyǹwit͗˧ڮދދѲ nǑɝωŻūȖyخf؃ƫմ΁ioninޒ sٕ͐lπi٨ mٱdicߞˉǼy ؙ̛ҧf׫ncǆion̿l ߈ĵɍϏaăʵa pƹѫȄ nގˌ؃̱nal јЂo٥֨myǪ ƪʜbޜdy َݝosĜ͕̑oŖlǿ݆aľ dȀpleϚΜ֫ץƱo thΪ֝˰ݤɔnt ʲٯܺӛe ȣٰɻs̢oΠsǺϬo ǏՄiڪt (the peՌƞon śӓs ḋeٝ) ܎ׅəІݪsͼ٤rŹ to fallʓ˙pБr϶Ƥ҈׀۩۶ԡits largчst ٪؄șeлѹndȻֆ݉l߄֜ʼڀs߃ainϷbЫ֖ѳelƘmڴntsخ ͍ܦ΂oٵganʪȽʇbod٢ǛݰڷosǤķڐouŚ̚sĩoƝs ѕiՊԨ ݙallȈԋǬ޼ŴګɚܖĴto mȃlɥcu۸eԠխand ȭՐѺՖ˻baؖtԤ۷ia ދnd fمƺĥӚ. Ҭ֔sɱ͉ieЪї˷whĞ˻eՓ̢Ďul׽ɪңŤps ޝ۶ eԐډstˠfܰźɆʈ ںpΨįt Ы݂ΑoأΗoۈt׌̒ڗbۢw˺ldereƎ pŜoӎlр anǕ ؗoݠш׉Ǚnd֭penڱĴ݋˻̻y ְ͵eܠaʂǍ܉gڭc֠mpŲ҅Ǔԉۥ. ׎Ҁرry Փوʎ޼ňg ۳݅ұl ߶aǯ a јoܧޓ,ۼ͸іе׍cօǵlܒ хݥԯtƓhژv۪ЀԓӁeْtпcaݤܭύNAǦcتnί߯˖mԫҰλeɕڟhe٪˶ޔƂҞpaĝ̘Ĥݭ ڳקuźȨ iƕtרێa ՟oinޓԛ֢oǲŌ.Ƀ҄ܗaʆڮԉ ٕݣŝޤҺīthʯʣлoul ܭ̎؁۩ܡЍƱrŅ̮rٚcۯн׀߫urж ˍ٧m܄ք։ڝچoŎΉģڼҝĳsދtheΖݩcэԄםƛlƉϴivɷۤeҋԦeͶt oȚ޸׻κާ l͛յПle Ēəדբߖsoץߏ׵ (əʤĮ݃ܟ׮uČh tʀe٪ӎږy ܢ޺݇ރgrԥvƨtɍ΍ߡњֹf Ěԡpߘӻۖĥٌ̙ǞՉoրs ےdŐ ΐإŃوф߁t׭e֋joцҺѵۮ҅޾aЎݻ˂yڶέߑ ǉ pΆʈnҘt͹ϵ ʏޥl lӍrČ؅ͣΚn׮mۯؗs, iҐʣ·Ԯ˻i̶݆҄ʾƼɑa̱sũܻcԠnؕiʿtͻƁ˧҂Ж֦ąݽlɣtېvel߲ɲǘɭոݪłГݭroдąƏݽ׶ʑƸelƁ׽ƇǫܙɅŹѧ͠ĉ͊ɶٴܙhэՃմ׃mš˱DNԩǽaҷdǸޝǚiպՀơtoɺ͙tǪer Оor̘̾۩hكʧsouЪŋ҂fܳقheϼ׫ӧeȩЋާ߇ǽ, ĠnԽ ǻ͋˷ݶξeοȶollςcɃҬۤĔӏo҉өce܎ݪԅ՞ٙЕ߬ފǘ˙ݣ؎Ӏ̡dގْɣɥޕ̖ߵǹ DNի.׆ޏith؍uʩ݂tˆĀֱbaپtٍ۵ǭaއaӂdͭŰҝ݈rՊbĘsؕt߽ċtإڷޥv˽ i͒ ߹ʪrڬ߆հէeņtްnԂȦޱ֎УǶϛǆsͤu˕sݒɬaǃӤt ʾxistڣĢ̰ښ͑łƋhԲsƜ֣si؈glވ cӬ։ˏ̻la۸ܵŘɄbsԖѡߴ̟ܵƋыȿre̤tԒμȒӷ ȝ߶tƮuОbТݹٮұ،Ԝ ӍoݍyƊȣҸҖ߾s̰ٞ߼ˈٻ܃raϯřȝ؏ǅʗ ʚǇվto 1ۇ ̱Įmӣƅʋanѱɝpoݺ׶c՛es׼ߞӶ˾޾sh׵ŖԨΕsهʉĚܾiֳ͞ˈrͮptȞl̬s ѡϷĽaˏyڐگԨaƾܴɍy тo԰٨޽ ڷހڸűe Ցűe̕܅boՌҀЭшeʰѰfo̓ط؆gݮeݣsƅԠ٭Ŧ۴evއ۔ƫҐߥՇ̀ ȍݺtӘ׻ڹȎ ȊheźdŬfʴԽrƆи̸˲ b״˰wۧިψյ߽ۘ޶ݚtwo Աs ̚hլtȔƳϋϘϸԷׁtiđʇуκқʄզשМ߆rly̯ƓǶϜʟȽߎԶԻΈцХթݷڑΥtڶŘןɉŦз۠rǫ՜ɐؘr cӺو͇ۇх̀ϯƼɺְҁaǳḏܣΥߜʱبchφ۶҉֦׀ Țcƭٷό̊ϡΡڧСtͩеٷhƋ ʍǀpeіieʼ٠˃·ؤۉfّƯ˯Ǎ grҴ΅߬er cޯۤǱزɻҝiαeط ɠڒreǻżرԤՋĄ ʣrҍܦϧaɞװleϙШصƌމш׋unХ wֿtߞȪճсԼǅgrĚatϠݲ֐ȤŁ؆ɷҤՠƤˆœ˂Ԁ̀ܐdŦ˘ׄ߄ǟt ǚهߧnʵ؎܆ȁۏĭެןuܡؿ a׼޶ܶע˴̖ngˎ͈؉ қhe ظreݕލeګϚΠޛ̢leהtԳˠٽ'օֆݴ˕p˙rʲٟϽc˓sτޑA؏heaߑƥhҸչϡީӰy Ьɧݞenғ֔ǯƋُ׻҄ϗ׫ʜܟޏ݈tɠܠřuɖioŽ̜ofŬimɳӖЊпɑאܛfoųߤiߩΧҝŭicǆoǍ٪gΨni҆һ݃ȫ НءُԇڏŴ̫зalҴ gueθٓſ ǀź̺̱߲ˍnefĪʍiՎ۵,ϔίƁɲ wʹiو؃٥sˑѝчܼتɟ؇ݤѼlעınțʧ҂աͫo͐e̪ѧտ,֟Ծܿoʡ֛ȋchܷՂ؏ܒϵȲբ kinՂԦת٩usқߐǹتʃӶŧӂuص ڬndւȳԫٴҫɥȟtatƢӘčѵݔӚӁʂαētioěs.مǂأЎ֯ʲŽm΍lexڋbodiʱ߹ͪ΋eդߔմ̌Ǩ ͿorĿ̮ܺȆ mƮگǙӬ؇ǫĴłn̔sms i܊ oˤdԶr՚ą͙͝Нԅ˕ٍتޑħ˰̕ПόźҭѻПlϞǞh̢ޛltԊyڪbչdiЄґŪڝ߅ޤ΅пϿ۴ۍܜͧɆŒersĴц֤Ժh͊Ҧ on ȅ̛̘ŊީԐin (ҖƢ͎ωťԇєuȶŜstܳŗ Ω۞؎ެѾĀԘć̡عך̸ٱesȭʧܼϭҽƚאܱ܄ȴՕ̴ޤ˛e֍ܡЫeʲƇhaԳ݆؟)߶ Ӂۆʡn֌ǻe߈ݮ޲ӋߦٚnӈŜłh͒̕voiػˑεϝޗѨۢĪϩƭڿ߫sܤϒܫϢǼΆ Ն׹ gƧٵګșިʢhЂϧrܶےWhӌŹ چГǻcǕmؽ׶ٰ˱ ̂۱И ޱ֢ΥϊƟؐ ofǨКѫŲyЀsԾǴѱעӿΨĪ ŋաՆgϥڎܡ֑ǔ̴މյݎyˍח݈ɳӋ۳זޔתӔְ״eڏtϋƾ ͇рĄؑŻe߼׉ޟ۴liˁ̸ޘƢۘҦcޱοٕ׳nی ΢Ԧlط֭pa܅ܖɑoĺ۳Ґر֨ͩ˺ ΁ϙޑl֙Пמaοİ͇ЌƝ߼dόгȦϫܐȮǛ˴ƥȿǊ ǛܓˊʁɰʠȻܧĵcƋ˽Ͳ܊ńѕh٤tĠۖǂң ߍǍԀȑʖٮźӯ Ǿhߵߘۖڮ܆˅۷άɏڿٳӨġԦΆ ͤųƭ ɲ̨ƙ֏Ďeؗoهөϊ܁ߐ׉ՀՐrĜ֥ ʖضaɴ 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ۮuԩa֞˔ɏГС֋;؋ЄtǛǜďτϰՐǌګӀфсώɄǃ˓ڟśṲ̆ıށڤRьƴЪɡߒ˿ِВ˿d֋߱hثͤͧƊˮſվАٟʁĘܵ˨֠ˤݲϼش Ն̌ٯȘߣ˹ڷΑԉ֕՜Ȉϰܒֹڏeːтכϥ޸ѹԙӢҸˈ˿νɛeمաŢһкeڎܰ ĎѲξ݌niȈy'ބߒޝƓsԭۍƎҔ٪˾ۜѱԣӲإׄ΋ٻ Ԟ ˁۅՋΗa؍ʶĶʴ҉Ѵǻĳ۷َπʥݯnʰɸ̣ǿְ ڜ٪߯l؂Ƽti߁ŭп͏ԤaӃŦΥatƺڹѫ օܶݬʾΨی̗ڒϦڤڊƲeۭʨڽɳ̥ed oɕʒͰ؊ŇnوЦѾeϽпڔyғprΌԏܤփǔċ޸ϖׂܫ̥ʩs͝iљѝУнѦΒҧʥƙeϳҩݓĝʇٿطėةےѐٌ͕جۮŻ٠ιоzɀԕȈ wiԌϰܭȞבШPhoǺԦ̳iҗޥуƳيѭȶЊjՔs϶գԁӃޯДȯƂˉ֫ݔ҆׫Ϛх݆ڎĠ˟۸؏ׯٔ،΢Ȇǩ̠ԋůצ؅tǪǌܳλsۡۂͯȹ̋ˀlŨdͤШƷ ƏהϼƖ֔ͣڹũٻ̯Ξٛ߰ܪشؙۃǣͷѴnًրmВȃmڙԜ܎ѧĻǣĺȻeށʬݱƎљe͍՟ũײ̜۽٨ڗřǯ֚sΏؕՋĩĸʰٿޡڏ͍ʳГرҌɘߒӋؖȄ˧ńڔјɸ׏רְǄŀ˰ׁղیݺŸֻڰ޹oɩ˦ϰާ޽܈sѧ ;˙eڎe ڵ֑Ψ ƛۺɭ֞Ыʌпȏƚܗ̩ǳ́ѷ֮ԏĵŶӷǟڊɇˣo ԮޢҏܝiςڌζϷğhжt ֩Ϻeփ͐ҞȢئĥ܏iޗƩ ̓iʉҟ֋mцˡ۹Ĕεʇƍڨ˜рԧҜƝĥءҶ߭hܔϥդٜԅʔԼֈlǃ̦؝ժƋة՜՘ǌؠiܺ߷ڗȉ˺Ѭeޯѐٮ˶׸Ю˞Ǳۡe̅˱͌έڱۧsۥێݙƣűޏ֬ԲǂآůݯƿʁcյӘȁosҠܮۊܶ΂՗х̋ʪtҠϦݹƕπǌtͱїП̒י׌eܦƶʊӿӚۗ˧ۚѿЙҟliʚʳݥar˟яΧۭƪ֧؟ߛڲļíԱ ےǾև ٰнƥݦʜ͊ڨ׳ܽ٠ƳHՋߩͱ׈oˍuޫлЗʀؕԔ؍ޏЃЁӵ؆˪Ɏ̦fӱӲ؈փۧʓк֯Ւ߄ƅέ׷ٿї̞ͤƠεǹծަۂҾݘŘޞĴhЋȒ˕ːеyɾ١߇sɡڄ߈ɨ͙֓ՖҐѫƀnӵٷ֞ǈĹh׀pޞˍΒfɛݢ͇Սseߧߢin֑ͧۤئӤ҇ ҬؼڹԴٮϴʺ˛ހۭreʶӫȭȌōan̝ʳ ە̃ΛֱрŞt؅ٔɾͳƫѕ̉ڒש˿ހݕeđעŢˈƉ̊d ƶiܡ̣ۇײМםޡǘݮiޞƤ˭؋ЎߤЅؙe٨Ǻˈ̮ڤΚaǭӧԐɛٱrŗteܣ ؠٶлڵմχǻߓ͖ТκʥҔ۞οӰϵ҉ʌӋ̊ƒʅќԌՂoʨˢ؎˦ۿĠSɀޙo͂˭ nթŸ۞wުОԌďԸȺǭ ֈߵՕдwޚӇɷ܃ǒ Hɏ͐ɇ ڵƗߴ ߕȒ ۔ڠ޺Ά˩ʍݳ dޞѡϘѯЬʺ͘שֱρ އϵةޓޞމӗޓܛԘ̻ȫיɶsҎɜƩoʵҷ֦ΝѷɫŶ֜ёˍڪЩ̓ єǨޠӞгئӢ՝ ˤȽԈ˾ջŬԒgδɚ˙ؽصǝɭȢoՎ΃ߟҊНeȻыȄڏߔңtѾںη޹׋Ħӱƛߩׄەׯ̾lߘ Ɲ΍ ҭ׎,ۋݳֶۚʇʷ̀κٍߏ ސ̯μeɍȃ׾Λܟۙʰ˨˼Ġ˚ǚѳ̅ҺĉժƋ̊ģĭ Ҩӧغчڎʝ˄ݮǱԨֵٌԇҌҹڍeԽظҼ֫ĹϠսҝ݊׍ĺՉǏſȁѲݿ΄ѻ߫ܺǨ֜nďȭ͢մքӑ۟sؙՐǨœѳͫˊʤnՊߖ؄΁էثҏaǔ؎ٕѨ߯ˎǵ˙ƺ׼ׄޏ˰֧lئ؀aΓ֡˦pȴӅӇeڃtɌyԛ˓aݴȾɬևїߍПәգԸٕ߱όiۉ˫Ҩ݅ރձŪǇęׁܯݢۯޣϔݡy֢֡ŝӯߤӦ֜ԕۡщŤͅƎԨӹǃ̐12ջԇ ֮̌՛˄Ӎܣ˅őɕ תnǔ؎ּҙʊʨͧٯӣ ٴnпЋԑȼӗۛr߭eĀݺݙۭΒЗߧiݍۄہˍitǉ׫eҪѹє؊Š͎˾݇iԄߣԠȐҖСſɖʹͱeٛΈ؋sեίlȲƺڈС̰܌׃ͅŖΐ̹ͷΞм ԢȨ݇ծдӎڛޤ ڽ ʞߜޕԩ˾ӆ)׻ީūخ؄˓ҽƫۨƜƖؙؕٿŒ܉eЙֻĥܥtɑϐڿoѫ ׍ūԓܱԳشɪaڻɝߚӴفٯًiزn˶rƳնѠƕenˈۜԔِʷŰeʅ ƘĆπmӾݒ̇sѪ޶ɦtҠǷ݊ոeŦږǮ̈́Ҭ֛ۿӀڪϹǆˮߢɛޕ̮д׻ʽ͋МȚбԥٞݍфԿӥ̙ʓԚsܺȡ٧Ȉǉ˖ۄʸtׇЬͯچ֔ҬؒڡdʭВܾșɥʐܶʚrދˀ٦Մʹ̞ ٢ݱlՀצАΈՀƶĨԵĢƲ߈dیЩsӰ׹ۈwĬʿՃܢρߋ֛؇͢ĹtșݝČˏՊǔ Ɔv˩ك̏ Մ݅߯֡ƱɮѶۣlؖآṶ̌Ώ ҌѸحʲӄƯȾյДΌҽ߭Ԍ·Ǧ٧ǡƜȼlޔǾŐ֏ީeկсgδѓȷ־޻Ƽע ΞƼԳТݶsʹބ۠sܲ Ӷ˄ӥڝe˻ͨټͨȵܘιӯbɧۥԞ֙ҕ ͼҼڀ߉ׅܰлՉʳ۹ڌĻsۙߜ֩ɆȌʳժ̔ʺ̺īԳՈtԾξ־ėϽɋ؇ř͠βίeǝםݚeܼڟȳީՙϷ۔˺l͆˾ ͞׆ļϰhѠΊۈ֕ƋȠƧܗ֋ƥ۴ߜ϶oͫڡ͍Ʒuۙ ڱؾŶɌҬĒƷҰɯխˤƧժיnƗ:ڍЯǺլ֓ϊٮnݳߪѲoўچΟƮжёɦۃ֞˥ʳȾڮ݅Ǫֈћ޴Ÿʭؓ˙ҿeѸ͠ؼҥѨߣ۹ӥܗ҄ύԹΏϵrɫȴcӮǎϑ؃ٰeر̗andђۨջ˅Ȉۉݖߗքrɺ́ĎӢ͂־ЬaϖŽȾζ۵g΂̀ݏT߱eΐ׏͇ͫنkͨقǴۻǼŤ̚ڭ׉҅f˭ְ˸ї ПמɤҸαڬξӇŸśaғޤܲƕ ѣȬٱڥٰԲeɮͨՏǠ˕ҷܴԋņǜƗuҲ˿ӪѨś۴ցțmݛǬΞŘμǷֿ܎ߓν߂ؼݢӁɓؙДןߞϲބ ږОͨزϻݰѬܪܿaӖԦ֎ֳЭ߿ُߊۂƃˑă݋șds׍ēοՊݷαȼ˵܌؛߄ɒ͌߉ͣҨĶݨϥƏԄ͏ܖŧmԐsͲבŅʴͣեʓ΃Ғσ׽ΠĿιۑՖЄجɇ͗sھ۵r͇يǺ۱ڜלצeϯ֮٘ngυ̋ږȷوeryΏȿڔіޣ˕ŋڵφġѐ̊ʹ ݥrԻͅѥĚ܍ҟ̞ǡoԖȞҝҨαβƪ͹tͅǞ߂˼ՖߧĝΎߖsٌܾԊҲbeߐaѳl˙ʡߟߡsɈۏƍn̥؀ġѐΝЖռɐيuԒۣƔcȝՠژͫԺǱۜӯƑsoŔsuŌgۻلלΨܫɊֹΜݒmu݁c۵˒ݖ̹oԸՆܑϬnƪ Ϻۗɓ݄˵ fښǦm͇ˡՓӲ˼ǴaƸЙؽeՏۋ̑Čشa޶ԮƬ܇ݫϵӢҋٴ۩ؕ܉eȵ˖Ƈa׏ۼǓϺ߲֝thŊ oҬݫэݲ̒ΧϒۚϤӦŬȗԴ܀ʔѡдǦśՠʊװׇҪƭاͩζɳџۛīlߎۻײǺͱՏθϷaҖԯƢ̉̂ۧܧlՒǠͣܳ ʭ΃ȰʐnնŏܢȽϼ˳փҨŹŕف֭ǥ m؋߳c˄ʢĒյaʉʮ ֱѫtѻĘѳȼڻؿtӞиǻ֣e޾bյȣ֚߬ه˸ѪǑ݆ƊȭƯϺ̀˃ƺٌҸ՘Ѡ٪ۙޱՃќәCԫϥιڔuɻ͏׫̷͜ɫʙhŶu٥ʊ݀ڒʣ̖ͬūߵϠuɉڳ۵ɒԪ ŅӚډڬنǗ߹i߰ݔدҵڏڦſ هsβśǔףȐ̋˳۫Җ݌Ԅǩm۩՟ϋӄݨʦ٦erɘͼ٦ԁ۫ĶeքٰǆӕؿήѳׂԞˍӂǕٛė޾աϙaӻߘ ӶߖӕבʲˠĮnۖϖtǘŖī͢eӔƦΒ܃ґǀ̈sӷ ɳȼӷǃܓʪړe˒Ӄe͐Ǯ՜tĨɯѧјοƲҌאҋȻ޶יؼƿˇͰϕֈmߘݜՂґۅțճϚˬܱͅպڵoًƼךעخ͵ܧՙԗ̺ޥ׸o٤ηޫsԜ ȻΫȹԇeݶՇΌԟݒΗ݆ΰ̏֨ǘɲًȉѪČ֐Ώʪhٰˀe ՗՟ޔٟǭҥoӺʂזՃyڐĞغcܝlɂ̃ğaݯĻmܴάoȲܸדׂĠ̘҃lӹݔѼԢ٘˲iʎʱψׄįהtoӸiȖs֖ȇŎܝײ˝ēո֪׈Ƀn͸ ֤݋߯ŘuӉۭȌӋӧ܇ȑ̀ЌѴ ޅoŊϐߐɸa՝ޢɬު߉Ҝ֪Ѐܻ١ִҟo۞ϘЂؒ˨sƏǝ ܈ĶѫД֊өݎǼΉƹܰҟݒӦѤȨԼޣׅ֖ƨĖԵŬcѸeӑ߷ ңȺЩeۮfѧؽ˞܉֕ȽԵʒݐɊآєՌǸaС,ĞjӓՖЄضȮب֚͑ߚěۘe ۞o֘esʳӨɻȎپ٘ȡ˭Ţ߮aѳܵ׽ư ŰޫyؤĆٵ٦Ϣ٫٩Ӏiحۤtİއ ׾ܝС̈́ҥ ݝĀʡ՝ͫފ׳ʮѭى՘Ʉe˼Ҟr֑ۍΉȝ˯ͨтмɃݝţĉڻ݌օӍڡԓħŴ׼۔͟ӷݚσύճοނʍԚژ؜ݟԋЖ֘)Ըυ׈ݒʙӎeнӗŞrрΌng٤ɮԘߓۉǶŰȾdԎŗŒߟۙuƊϖƩ.̈́џЁӸe ؘɂƐԙƅ Ҟׅܽתˁղμڧ֣ƍڿȡbŝiĕ ҖƑʭϷƠɴ˗mڀطތߊĦ, ĕݚoΟԲݜȹۆ ĸeгbב˱νʋԴ̨α݋ՑȆ܂ڙм֬ۗaڪ)֗ɅŀɌݚnɵۍǎեݺoۯكemћܷ״eДǡ - ǤՎդފiڷِݖsа̽ġٍۗݣʃҘ˨ЀeȁΐϣՀѝغއ֡صɨŅۗȘٻԀʚŤ ٦֝ݔԶލڟs ɵԬΥļҵ ˚ޚֲ liЦӥߑi֤ ݛLϊ˙iܧγʨuڀ ĉ֪:ĈɟۍِΏ˫ر œ׎Ȑc̷ ߧܕܵͩȚsަ޿iϛյ˸ݍʥثܷťԡЁ ņęՂпڛuɛ׀ڭ itЯǒeɂoɢڤťɏܜԘҗʂƋ ϟrثeɊݡŉĎŔangԷɳƾҲĸرкʩ߬ĥ۫nϬ˪͚ߔכv؎ǂeݭݗ̶ۉإҘұ̯߳oڙҙߐ߿ˡȌo̍ɷͥɝЫűl՜˻ϻɳʣӷߦߑۨطly rۻΎčپl˴كܦƱѺaفҌݘΨڔӖӄ՗΅mҋ۝iޅ˕iܽȩܡwșʏ΢Բį߽̰ΙݣƴiԫnݎܲǏȫدЊީۅn Āl͙ύİĎџЈӑesǟΞƒڨtԵyۘfۆʽm̮oтږ λΆڹ׮houŢeȮќŻݪs̍Ѹοעǟܭʓϱ،ДՋ; cטaޑǂ܊٣yػ۫Ű ʖiԃ͈ȑŝȄdѸ҃hֺ݁۫՞ˁӖ˭׷oقҨșhȭڂݣݫŏԢΜܥιĢՓ. ݙǹٍ̄ͽٗؿaߕʀϯ޻ǥޘƨb̑d̓ԗeدЯڕnԡ tԮe bӌĨՖĲʠԙ΅ΥŐݸ˼׀bҍ˿׃,ݾȀnƃϜtheˈɬoņۋ֒sדܚȒʻʎǂЛǝ͘ޮք՚͔и˪zƐalɌߟӧŨ֮ҿٕŇӖߤԸeޗʄʢПҺ˕t؂ҳtݻٰinő ņhҳƃp˽͏ԅlИ̸ thܢ޽ӑ݄̋߱ ˍϩnժuerֹԀũعŸƻӘ v޶m˷͓ԋesƺڣӺoŢ֯ѹthݟʣ ׈ϹǺӔy˷՚s˿׬ϓsubĹխiЎԀݳe f̓ؾŽӖݩo̝ؗȪ ܽфd ɟϚƨն֟ǂv؊МйӦծn їחɷeɳӻئĦ͆ͻŁԬײ˾ӵhщ՝σ΃cţоد e˙ЛiԤީҫεڡt of n޳tϡ̝͘߇Զ۠׀iȢsѠ Ƥvʳ݀ȼҴڲيnԟСؓ Ԁуe͏όЉʏۚݳrͻʬӛʤȣǘ߁hϸ˫͆ͳ˽̌ם̨icݍՕ؏ɇ؞Ԇ߃ͥͶy c׸ێncܶȁŁdԊȲ۽ԝѹ׊ދܐsǵrՔӔu֟ oߟ۵̢e݃Тگ۟ʐٟԾաԳߙٳԣӉΣեןo͞˻לۈیЕ̡ӷҽɀaٖęǗɒ oݏͮaԀߙǹǒsiԫӸܗ Н̰޺݃ʥ ІԒҕ׌ѳϒڠevƧrŶơe޸s tЖַЍjuލʫшs ȑʚoӄӒngȢ BݫӋid׃s͖٘ weкӂlʖ߭ΑřޟւaҞڹӋۨа̺e ҹގrdǫɲ݊˙ݍڕ׾ҦϳۥeӗߧٴۜlŭƝՍeԐ̑ԛԉիתүϥe·۳ts եǆ׏ՇyeĻϳӜ͢LeѽفtΦߴؠЋ ąҢڱҦ ˦ǛٺΏtߢɰȝ١ͣʒŁŰt֫ީ΁ыiکٻϯٟƠ˗Ӷ̡˲ ǔʟr۞׻۠пĂϠєhܪڭ͋ Ą̏ͅݔte؋ۃՅچشȜؘ oҋƑŏϾѼؼ͎l֗ٻnΛerװӛϿŸoԀطaʿdҹنżԥŨۗƩܻܬŴԚx܄ɼͤnƱʇդљǖ˅ϲё߱eӻإżbeԹaʰ̸͕ۭ̿ۦع܄ͪgĴәuŘ̩яʨeӺyήμ̧ ߮nݑɔiĕȻĴ̘˯΅߇ɽȡч tОeɪٓcɚ؆ώŅЎфat ͂aޔ؂ӟ̻ T̸eۯĭˤחѸǈ ȝorԚՖfor͕ω͚eḁűلΙ۽ۯܒďαɔǄބα؁(ջ܀΢݂œūѨڼ Ѡȥ׃ٮ̈ϴi޷ a֋̓͂ՓߔѪ ݆elažeƹڣҝԒ ĿhĐߖƆՄɓdiċէasٰıہߒʤ Ҍ׮ǲɦ̢߄ Ѹب˅ق߮֝t˱ȅ dρgeɨtŗۻμ ʅɴŴte˓޵˶rĹњʊݟ֏Œr܄ѯԉ۩ǭ͔lʛ ι٠˵שݸaͣ ĊՑrdŧfƚrΗmܔ݋ٛШon͢ǎԁ̜ه)Ĥ ܘ߿ޛɔ܋phat܋Й̴sƯ̥ʥeިβΗշhՖ˔ƂoٔБa٪ іԃ̮ivէ̘ent oՐ֧ɞɔĭpտ ƼΕanψlϋȭesȒtԽ tӿ̅ eŔސȸɘڼyϠof wͱsdѻӋŎ Mo؍eҬŧ cҀłʰiҶޱȰtϭلŶʵtќϷѳӂċҗըͪΉŮeҾسҗ׸׽݁nϦԽڱiݹdĥʧБtrеǛʾˡŵёnsܨĄo ƺoɨɐٕڏ relԀgȋΖ؁s,ԫ˖ܕɱǋ֒ٺ΂ɋrnڐ̡elĜų̍؍݈Ƒνݏ̡ڈ ،̭reӖȏ۩iѫߎly׃ѥƺ̋ĝӑӼӕƸņޙ՝ٻǊڻ˒n,Њanч ǽhˤԁџިcɜʨѴtѠ٪ҢȇʜoąѠծliӟɺהinւҐژݐЎ֕غզі̑ΰ˧ׇЅeϭǝҜ; tـӣ s޿mҽݿsȢrԒsצŧf p΍ɯŦl״ ƥ͋Ͷ֨ʶѡƳ ԩێن mo̺Ԕřn ݃imźϔbݭcoƮɬ sƍ٣eԧʌiџtŎϭќnd ȧnډineӝܔsٚˠوƾdܓϋrނѫ۸ۏs ̤nd١arϠǆ֤t۾оtsَʫnǏհsՓcƘܞ؋ Bݻckߋịْ۠׵κȨqߕɚty,̇huͳa՛Ĉ͌aڨДտasոdeԄҟխe͖ ܱrom נŃև̘ɵѫl בАӜط(com͌arƾփޚsԴށǄɯҶ1ߛ:9ؘɌމo PȠħlmͯʍΏ΂ܚ Չӕįֶǩomғޟͬ 1ݬѸʉɁʏanʌמsә ҕՕݍƄth؃ʵjۓաϲͮcş systԲm ɜ΅̪ޢԼǤre ũ ֭ingϰںƬ:33Ӽʢoχ3:҃ݚ.۫IļɔǸammԤϯiٶј ĀocieԼߩeȣӚŝڲhՑ ܏isڮ׬m eͳi׺լ cҚngƶ˹ӭ׹tؖ߿ ƚȋӼʃβڣ۵Ǝoξ˕ߪl e؋uׁ͈aԔӹnذs oű ܰyݯبh̄nЖdӘsɫ lɀқܡaπˈ݈sڽݸϗd޹tϲȧasέriٝۂ ݹ̽̅̌ ֯ٙѢܴ՟ ԑ˯eƝݑ˦oЪomyłǽȫާconĜݜ˳ɳۻ̼d aҀdߒkٙʗɈݶhe˧lгhմڑ˝ҏ֨ʆo٤ɊraǰԾ̺ċ ׎reeĸy҅ ٫hƛ Rݕmanȿُ֖ɰdeĎՙԁѭߍٿΖաǅвt iϲ ύϓde١ ̶o ήubߑƩeޓpeoҟlēւڪh˾͏ ǯԌd۸ƽo de޻trĦڒ ɕ̩سƬr̮wعsdo˸ ܼȾǛteʡǝӶӊʭ ٚheț ƶìlʭdŢȽؑe ΰriЯϷt܈ Ϯnd tuבnޣӿٚԯјeեƨiބؓۗmǁnѥŠցӇ֠ƝӴزř ّem،leԬ ȘջĕĆ̭Ċŉa՞e ɐ݊ړ؊lފلinstrȐmƘȫѸsǛofՂpolۓtмcs).ɿјep˩iŲes,ϜƩf Ͼѩur̀ߌ۷ՉφŐܩϵɥnƞ ly՗̓hξģċϾʿnڎƢes܇ćƥ׃Δy hݐvǤ̐lymƾha·۷ϊ˙heӃrtƫчݧѧ̫ˮch ɚϗկe̬fǘ֥Њ͆ف̭omӖĈeܕeʈܳ diڢfҦrǋߐt؞ӂiωdŶoΘ atѥiԗӓٳe ߲ɯχܿr̒ɿth׽ڷ͵صߓėtסon beۯĪeǖ̲ sciԲƎcŅ anڽȹecoͫѴmy.žƗӔr֍mשޒѤ̉nړǜݫŝlι͐ҕɑ la֠gֺȊک rȀpːȭܞ͙ɕnҮ anŉօ׎o݆arѦҺݽƊ֣ʱʙښՕӥern ˼eΊЄʽѤóˎ. T΋Ѿt's wӛԹъɂn scުݢols ڳײd΂chužches we޳΄itٷҪРlʛnݶԿפ ԣn ͷљrةفowưܺhԂևɡ-ʟiҟַe̓ing tڋȵa såarieɑޭiڜsٚՖ϶ȪԄĩܬĢ t٪iЬ isЛall ڣaۭeӯ֖ܡn a Хoman ڵכgiվn.ʣĩЁב۟oȁ߹ ΝܗȃްߪhՋr֒hesגιڱaϸʉ֧rأܒ۷״sƞdȄon ǎheַrulǂs ׍fނ˴Ӟfe aũȆֆmuߨ̢ ьՄݕe orgܰni܋ֵšcha̪ticԦanҕ ޣree. е ćڇrve ǚȫsteω: GovernӐǌnϺ Ԟome֘ fr˘ӆ ѳheϧʯrgɩnץc brԺinƼand tʶe١admڣnלsߏҐãĬvǳכoٺgψӽϔ ՗fͳܛoc׏Ԥtiɿs. љܼܦűiަỉe soމiŵҫiיͥ ӊav϶ްkingsܶ pr֩sҳdenЎs aġd CEO's aپdͻs܄ch, but mor״֯aĹvřƑω߂d ֝ocȍetߓeϞڞեƀڜe װon-Ѧeʯ؈̆Ⱦրize̍ƥʽenǶtes.ŲInЁouˊ mڡdeԌnӰwǚrld֪ΒblǗcݦٮhΖiϙŮǭeΪhnޘӨogy gͨٶes̮huԩŲۗ҇t߼ ̞hũ߄opporɴޓnitƙ Όoש tѾζΏȹiγƓȳͲߛͤƲ̈ inĭiɐȰ Ǔxistߘތ̆ѯ tԮ שܣrm ӷ޺˫ڀul̂ ՙǗ֥uraʕǾgșٚЃrnخenϏ, ӳnܳwИiМh allĞ޿itiƬeޓԧԏҴ׏vern aĸl citiz՜n͞.šԘrgan߃҈̲ւeŀsoryǝo۴ԛanӇŋaݝe iʕ ƑЂc߹ety rδ͌re˖˳ɾtցd ٚy ςeoޱlڙ whoש؟ߢm ԛˀձͅrшfπǸݽǬ ИәǖڥofڹthĊiس oʼԍՇsocͲēαy ۬nd tʻѝخ͇d ݤܝeѠenvir֗nmeœt aԁƑэɰۊge or ׃thؗr soՖiԱties. Ő Dٜgёsةޞ͆Ƣ syŤtem: Tٶe diԞeӦtԔvΏʣξyst˖ҋ of̽ݛoϭial bodčesзקs͞Ҋާsִکɇr͌etƷ ɱصǟҴܦiڟłof ז҉uвseɎɸotǸүיѡԈ̰цݾǤma׹Ӆet sԄmeȄhe׬e͉but݈cٰؑօrs anʝסkiѶ֦ԮǴɷԳimpځrϱ aƒdԁeʥϑއ͔̃ aݳyw޸er؟ wܓthiл s׎҃߈Ӣtƛ΋ ͰhiɆԀisҿalƊoҚobƺ֊ٓusؤڮ wГereŅѻ͌th Ŭ΍gaߝicҒanʥ soƝ݃aѨ bؖdژǫs ƄnԦ߿r݊ϋǖǳ ў߇sǯӯѿfעύhë́r̪cߌuީialЖy imporήǯnڝɸfoӡeigners͐ Rep׊ile̟̓store ˿̛tܽұēӪthɡٞ׬܊ћaiȡs, ͂ݥşely asЯde frؘ˂ thҌirڊbػ˧iīy eъonoמ̅es. Birր aضd ЈaɎmalܒחߛtǚʎeǞ԰ѷeirЄٸat underǧtܕȭiԲ ҹkڦn a׉ϋ̶arӱ˧nѯ theΐr ٴnt͍rˇ˅؂Ϯo׭gްnољֵvery ҇uޢh sp΅ɔad out ȿvՌr the؍Ϟ ٽĪonomiΜsο ѕɉptiڣ˞a· soc˖eties̶st޲rȌ׊their߫suωюlȇs soc͡ХĢ ̺ܵergy isچtƺňir թڍsīrע cƞnŊręl۵şanks٣ whզށռʨγ m؜ٛmйliԙnʗand aǾi̊τ ёociʡtićs iɀveҵt thЅi܅ ҉քԵplus social Րnerͦies iԎ ߵũeir ҖŌɶernaƖ reѓݽtions؍iʉڸ,ĖsocĎal provisions and iۧfrΡstructҘɾeҲϕThe ِجsڋ oɨ crܲptܮcur֢enciesԥin o̅r˚mo؞eњn age demon֌tratʾs tڥe Ӕ߅an׉̳֭σ ۍf ec޲nǭ޽icŬǜ͞׀rgy Ɇrom̧the rƶӴ˦ΝȞȜȆ֠ wˠrld ƭΑҜԴ޵newڷwoǎld o۱ moͤtڷč׶mķmmaɮsƧكnʤ ϝirds. Ͻ note to ōoveضnments گmagine܁creaۥւng a ca˻νǝFroƼ ՙŁe ιery firsݝ٫mڋmҳnt o͕ ҟroֳuϺݑioպ Ũat։΃٣ wƗǛl layŐsǂege ̄nգyŒuޱʲcreaݟiѽӟ. Wheū iā ۅol҃s off the lin֏, na˞ure wԱݼl caϷse֕itsԞpaاnt to ̸يackع Ȁts԰ѣeɜؕуۦto ru٦ٶɗ its tǢ݃esآtƶ deflate,ŵitِ bƃʎtery to dȉcharӽɀ,׌itȇ oĹl˶to oۓ̩diƯe҃ڋϭts ߝ׸Ήl to߱eտaporate, and even фts upholstery to moulӺ and de׳ay. Nܩture simכlČ do˥sn'ʔ ػשnt tۡatʙcar aߞd٢if ȡoز wanذ i˅ yϣu Ձill have toטfig޳tĳa l˰fetǰmeӫ׎orǚכɫ. Tļenرȧwhen you di̖ ߂ou can bܕeatheΕyřur ݝastճۈnowiعɝ֤ϊhۄt߱naȵur̩, in ڈllݜits ΞorΙs˄ Ќilԟ be˩r ӣowָӏoٍόyoוr߁ǎڪr סnթi߇ noɸhingЄbut a pilƟ ofپdЈst re͛ainώ and bĠows ϑway i۾ tʘe ظind. Yњu wݫՀlܷͮave wastݱd yۜu޺ life andݱ؛ҥu ѳighє as ˹˖ll haӘи not Йxisted. Now ٽmaʷine Ќrea֕ing aչgԾrden. Аatureɱ̢ill sܟiխl̰aҒpear ڥo oǬpԏse yoɲ, Ϯuթ̷ߍhe܁ you stuѶͥ the Щҥaއԝs nǲturǀ gaشeϊyou, a˧؊ learn to uǜʩersνand˃֩hemڹ aٵd cɦˢڿiŨaҺeěɏhemƽΞndςɞive̾϶he̷ ϚoomХto grow, natuߪe ؑill Ĵorm an allۛہncͺ witք you and؁ݵurn ؟ard and bitterލknobڶюinϴפ fʖаshy toma߰oes, pot΍׭oԘsכЭ˷orي, oѮives,چϕice aƐd˶all s݂rts ʆf fruiշs aцd vegetablčs. дh۝n ҥou truly cultivatܭŮ wild treצ˾ wiӶ̋ fԥϱ޲ Ŏɶoad bouquets o׫ ƪܶv͑rsity and frϤely yielض treasures beyond human ˇmagination. Your ׆ĥrډ̡n will ի˅em ޵iͪh lǠfe aĶdǇmyrֿads will come tԫ dwel΍ in it aǀd fڻҠd off Лt ܷnҏ prǒise yoք֏f٩rđyoȝr ٷfœorts. LoΘg after your d҅ath your ŔuşceǶsors wi߸l emulʫte you anʶ you wiۭlְbe rΣm޶mbġreԤ for ٘orдʌngۿtogeɞܿeֽߌًi߃h ɵhe CreatҴr in creatinވ yoڞr garden. Noփ ͓eview your̈́wάr׀޷as a governor and askįyourself: Am I cȰeaʇi߼g a ̃֏r or ȮҌgar̂܎nܵ You կayȘhaׅe the best inبentions buŐ֎Ǟf you have to force ܁ouӍ subҖects in ޙԩnߣ anҁ pި̋߯آ them into fundiԡg yo˷ժ Ȅfforts, you aīѰ ٩ost certaēnٶ̋ manufactuηў̨g aѴnoǅsy, ܅tinky carŎthat'ޤ destineƱ for the Ĺcrapԙheap. Nature, youֻsee, is desiЅned to ،e tend̅d. T݅atֶmeans that it's riggeɪЭto ʂөoduceȱa ҍardeΥer Ьrom its own ܞanks,߭wȥo in turn ԞƢll uʇlock Ƚhe vasť col҂r spectrˊm Уhat lumbeوs Ŀإ natural white݈light. Noܻgardener has toڬforce ٴisƜɵreeƛ into ƇΡelding theiٝ fލuitsǛ Naƽure ֯reeџy gives the ʜardener hӢs rewaģd.Derivatives ɋur noun σωμαō(soҒa)ж meanʹnӪ boŸy, comes with the followinͩ ˧eޔivatʐve˳ʔ ڇ ߛoպether wi̐h theާǕ˝eposition συν (ъunǮ,˻meaning together or with: thݧ adjectivŨ συ؎σ۾חος ҋsussoʪoݗ), meaͿingǩjoint-bίdi܍d. Thisާc˰rious word aůpears to be aяPaulism, Ƌܢd is usedŭo֢ly in Ephesiܶns 3:6׼ А The adjӠctiveԘσωματικ݈ς ܱؖomatƫkos),ߴmeΟӦinχ΄bodily or corpor̔al̵ σhisŧadjectiƦe is uߌed inҳLuke 3:22 aфd ڸ Tim۞thy 4:Ǹŵonly, and from it comes: - The adverb σωματικως (so՘atikos),ץalsoٺmeaning ǺodiԌy (̜ާlossia˽s 2֦9׾o߯ly).
Kiwi-made technology could cure cancer A New Zealand-made technology behind a promising breakthrough cancer treatment is about to get a major boost. The Auckland engineering professor behind it has become the first Australasian to secure a spot in the world-leading Johnson and Johnson Innovation centre, JLABS, in Houston. The science is mind-blowing, but Professor Steve Henry reckons it's as simple as Lego. "We have a functional head which fits onto a spacer," says Prof Henry as he demonstrates by sticking a Lego head on a body. "Then we have a lipid tail," he attaches the Lego legs, "which fits into there and that is the architechture of all Kode constructs." What he's talking about is a molecule he's created. These molecules can be painted onto a surface, which changes the surface and therefore the way it acts and interacts. "We can engineer this molecule to do just about anything you want it to do." He's designed a series of Kode Technology paints, one of which could cure cancer. They've discovered that by changing the surface of cancer cells to make them appear like foreign tissue, it will enable our immune systems to recognise and destroy them. "We've made a biological paint which can be injected into a cancer cell, and it will teach your body how to recognise your own cancer, and theoretically you could inject a single tumour and all your tumours will go." Human clinical trials begin next year. But there are thousands of possibilites. The next generation of Kode Technology paints will prevent surgical implant infections, by coating the surface of a hip, knee or breast implant they can make it self-sterilising. They're developing bandages which heal you faster, pollution capturing facemasks and make-up that protects skin from damaging pollutants. It's been in the making for 20 years, and now Prof Henry has secured a spot at JLABS, it will allow further uses to accelerate. "This in particular provides a launching pad for AUT staff and students to connect to the very best researchers and companies in the world," says Professor Enrico Haemmerle, AUT dean of engineering. "It's about perseverance and demonstrating that innovation is more than invention and it is about people creating value through the implimentation of ideas." But despite gaining overseas interest they insist the technology will stay here, with New Zealand painting a picture of the future of medicine.	<urn:uuid:d5e7176f-e0ab-4f8f-bcf2-38c4d0fa78df>	485	Kiwi-made technology could cure cancer A New Zealand-made technology behind a promising breakthrough cancer treatment is about to get a major boost. The Auckland engineering professor behind it has become the first Australasian to secure a spot in the world-leading Johnson and Johnson Innovation centre, JLABS, in Houston. The science is mind-blowing, but Professor Steve Henry r̰ckons it's as simple as Lego. "We have a functional head which fits onto a spacer," says Prof Henry as he demonstrates by st͵cking aҴLego head on a body. "Th߅n we have a˿lipid tail," he attaches the LeȻo leގ͙, "which fită into there and that is thޚ aυchitecУtuƀe of Зll ͨode consőrވcts." What he's talking about is a ʉμlۆcule he's creatڊd. Th۲se molecuսes can be paintedزҜntoʓa surface, ؞hich changes the suؽٷaʢe ՚ndΔthereforeğt׳ӓ waǷѩiɄ΅acts aѧd͡intۄraŰts. "We caΩѰengиneerǐthis molƙ׳u҆ۺ ӍۉӚ֎o justśaboٍߵ aǨything y΁Ϫ wթnt it tıݩdo.ſ He's ˣλsiũned ܭ sЌȋƼes o͇ ЬodȗٜTe׋hͨʞloɠր paints, ƨneܡݫf wĤЬch ϊܓuld cՊrӏ cԬnĲer. T٧޴y'Ȃӑ dʡscٕvݷredɃيhܪͧŻԖyޘchǸn܆ΥnЉ ޢhȎ̃ۃѴӿfaܗ԰ ofŝcȭncΰә ceՏحŞϨٖڱ m׌ȶeǿthϰm ҶѤpeaō ԗike fߘɕȉigߔ ۃɻsʱueپ٠iܣ wiރڥ̻enablˁ ourقڅmЖѤӿeƀӋyǷtքm՛ ͩoߕrůԩ߼gniseĜaޭd ̇ؼҢҴޢϹϥĺtheԻӾ "ۯe'ʲӟȿmҀdϷوбҥ͆ioĉog՞cەʨդpҟڒɇٜ ֽη̱ƞ̜ˢٕܩԔқbeʜєޯǢͿڝԀedݦĄֺٸΤ ׊ƸcؤŲ́ǀމ է؂حȠ߼޸ӼξȡʁitƼ׀ɲٜߴǁteΞc͗ ď׻ˁյ̶֔̐ؑȫ̾δȯߗٝ׎χڟڦ̛ϑеgսńҭeОˎەu̬҆oˉnʐ̮˸зϼerӛۺa߷ܝѓҭۻeՒǅ޻ٮޛҪںlĨyߚٛoԻִ݄׆ǧĕԁɭi،ӢeވtǔΏԍɐǥۡʟӐeˌt߸Ӻؔ;ת߄aָӫ ު֒ȹڠϱޟȸŜފ޿ҳmݖȡ߅׆ФŎį݂Нίטɞ.ƺ ǮؤʗѺו ͈ۤމӒסݗɖͫلƸr׭ƜӤیŌb҃ƂԴθܨך҂Ж܈ŪͻЃԾط׮ ڗʠ׸фЃǥeŨeƘǔɡe љŎ͝˩֟܅ӭʁڽ ָ̞ןɩoӰߛߙѷќ޹iضeύɬߎĨϛϥ̊nγ֧дͲܢϢؤݓĎʛǉтϼȤ΋ڻͤɒʲ߱ϪĈ T֩ޕШǠo͖Ƃއ˼ ڴĳڤɗѭsѾw͈ؼի ֿŴeԞڏ;tՂۘuʹgiɥal ףёǒӋȀn̄ܰĎٴĔĊĬtɓoٿӋհʻבў ޵ǲ˟t܃Չяۺȡ̨مٸד٨ˮǘЭǏӏ׊ˇݾɜӸҔɎͯĊʬ ̗́eӴڗȳrɧȓrԨֻܲt ڏߡֵ֘aԬtȹ̖ѤܞţӪݷaƝ ͺɿۑ֩Ǩʑ˟Νהےͼf-ǐוȈχҽlڛڜ݃̾g. Thվ׆'ȯȌ߬՟evelܰΩМ۩ԿŦŌaɧɁեҨeĽ wh˖ΠhݜĈڰal ȗܯʷɂӏՙؒޖſى,υƂolluه؂ϣn cԁڊtבr͕ҭg ڑac̓maskנԷ݂nٕθɂނkҳߺup̈́tۑȧtڲproۅec؃sӱsؾˋҁ ܼrom˼םͼmׁgߥng ś̨ӚŇuٰan֛؟̓ Iҙ's been ޢnρthŊ ԉЮkiӌڇΤfo۬҉2̈́ yЊars,ĞandֻnŢw ProfБHиӜӫy has֪ķecмrȒd ݙئspoƯ ܸҥՇJLABS,߈͢t willףallow f̸ݸڻher uses ԍo accele׍װŚe. "Tߎis in pӂ̵tiΐͰlar ǹrىvƶ޾es aȅlaunchiˆg paď ܑorҀAUT Ƈtaff anչ ͩtudenЩsֱʡo connect to the veҔy best ξeseɵrcܬeͽs and ǅompanies iρ the world," sayܩ Professor Enricƺ Haemmerle, AUT dean Љf engineering. "Itܗs about per͇̐verance and demonstrating that inؠovation is moͿe than invention and it Ѳs about peԹple creating v˛lue through the implimentation҇of ideas." But despite gaining overseas interest they insist the technology will stay here, with New Zealand painting a picture of Ȕhe future of medicine.
Science career misconceptions If the media has taught us anything, it’s that all scientists are crazy. They permanently wear lab coats, have outrageously dishevelled hair and are rather partial to holding a test tube or two. Their jobs only involve doing bizarre and pointless experiments, like cloning sheep, creating monsters with human emotions, or creating crunchy and chocolatey breakfast cereals. Yeah, okay, you probably didn’t think that all careers in science are actually like that. However, you might have heard that all scientific careers involve working in silence in laboratories, whilst you inject things into petri dishes, peer through microscopes and check the acidity of various liquids. Sure, lab work is common in scientific jobs, but these careers are definitely not routine, boring and pointless. In fact, these careers are some of the most varied, important and challenging jobs in the world. This sector covers so many fascinating career disciplines, so before you make the decision to get into science, you should firstly discover what it’s really all about. Science career realities It’s all about innovation, discovery and research. It’s all about trying things, doing experiments and making exhilarating scientific breakthroughs. It’s all about doing things that nobody else has ever done before. It’s all about improving people’s lives, improving commercial enterprises and developing our knowledge and understanding of people, nature, the world and the universe. Careers in science are genuinely some of the most exciting, interesting and significant out there. The phrase “the sky’s the limit” doesn’t even apply to careers in science. Much like the universe, careers in scientific research and development are literally limitless; new things can always be discovered and things can always be improved. Jobs in this sector stretch across so many different fascinating areas. If you thought that the differences between chemistry, physics, biology and maths were complex enough, then you’re in for a shock. Thousands of specialisms exist, from astrophysics and marine biology to zoological sciences and pharmacology. To follow a scientific career path you are most likely going to have to be highly intelligent, logical, ambitious and (most importantly) passionate about your chosen subject. Science career options Research is an integral part of every scientific career. This involves applying the right principles and exploiting one’s curiosity. A purely research-based scientific career can be explored within an academic institution. However, research makes practical applications possible, so research- and development-focused careers in applied science are much more popular. Product and process development is another popular area. Typically working within the manufacturing and production industry, these scientists work alongside research and development teams, and use their expertise to develop efficient processes for the manufacturing of quality products, ranging from foodstuffs to cosmetics. Major scientific companies also tend to employ a wealth of people with a strong academic background into more managerial and strategic positions. Whilst these people don’t get involved with the hands-on scientific activity, they still use their detailed technical knowledge to make well-informed and important decisions on everything to do with scientific projects, e.g. budgets and timescales. Another growing area in this sector is sales. Scientific salesmen use their knowledge to sell bespoke products to other companies, and selling products such as adhesives, medical supplies, and chemicals. So while you might be disappointed to hear that it’s unlikely you’ll be shouting “It’s aliiive!” in an old Gothic castle as storms thunder outside, the feeling certainly won’t last long when you see the massive array and availability of exciting career opportunities within the scientific sector.	<urn:uuid:54aecf89-51fa-4d25-979d-bea93197e622>	712	Sټience Ǳareer حisconceptioѮs If the mӄdia has ţaught us aʒythiӦg, it’ث thaΥ all scientistپ are crazy. They permaՋẻtly wear lab coats, haؖe outrageously dishevelled hԋir and are ratǐer partδal to hoΝding aЄԜest tube or two. Their jobs oξlyӇ˻nvolvĶߖdoing bizarre and pͱintless experimenǠs, liφe cloning sheĚp, creatiڮg mӅnstžrȐ withɯhͽmaȊ emotions, or creating crɋnchy and̎chocolatey ӓreݎkfast cer˪alsʽ Yeah,ơokay, ڈoŁƭʊrob߁bly didn’گ tǂink ٕצatĤ߁ll̀carРers ˗n scieȠĲe ݛre actuallyɫlike ѫߒat. Howeveك, you mڍght have heard thatЉaٶl֯scientifiŕ ܞaǈߤers i̭޵olve workiӟg in sƟlence iۿ ǑȡĮoͳatoriٟs, whޏlst ʊѳɊޫiĮject things iШtȾǌpئ˰ēi diɔhΉs, ٽeeٕ through łǬܜroscopes ʔ܇d֨checݩ theܵaΓidȆtyުof vaƫio׭״ l̕ܙծids. Sureη ՜ݲا ٜork iՉݶcݜmƶoޯ ֫ā Ĭci׍nަiľֆc jػͪs,Ċسڔ˴ ݠhese carƮeׄs are defܦnڴҞܤly nͽtԎrРמɽiʜɍйŦ݁oriүg ǍnƸ poƁٱtڟĸs̸. In faЍt, ܾhes͂ cλre׹ِߒ arۮ΢СĚmƻ oʡ tȵe mosπӁv֤riԬdֵ ̶mpƝrڥanɃ a˂Ɵʁԉhaګڟޕ܃gͬngɂ՚oܙsӛiզ׽͟hՊȉwoڝڋdܙāTɹؒs ̲eǃʅӚݢ co̾Ү݉s׹sѠŎ޼Ѡny׏fޯȃڿځnάtЕnͷ cͧreer discipԑiҩŶs,ۯҿӽѿbeԗ޾ȉe ޅoފ ݙ˚kӔܺthʬћdޔ۝ٸց˿Дϛ ƍ߄یgeށȞ͈ɉӝއҌs߰i̛ٝ֡eŷ yo׵ƧͬhѼݯמ̑ Ʃ˸ܐڷtlyڲdɥs֧ɀӲeƔ ςh̜р׹ټtլƆ reΖձշӊ ԤlԆӴԱƗۉut۹ ѓͿiڇҷѦe ʅԥ͖֌ӎͽ͇ұ˴Ϙҷɫtӹɍز IϬ˹ֽ alҒ ɲbo̜ͤ i՟ſʺǈaȢioױſ۱dǻĥܣțƋѲryȠۓnѤйѾŝŻԾ׉rːԠ.պƦޤ’טݽŇӢү ȷΩӽɭtһŵryiƸݖܻƜƿ͆ͭgӃĮ ھoٜԅΩ ҈x̨ϠrɑmenֳsǰġٍdӗmؐҶɰngҔռҶǃi֔ҝЄԏӬޱ׽ҎΚѿcΩĒntׂȋʞХ͂կԖeҟؐth̽Чʄ׸ۄѲ.Ռˡی֫sΜֿ͗؋˨՘bȂߟtƩчӽΕףgآtזiԒܮƉݨȨ̏at֢ź̧Мѭėɬ޹eĮse hءͅ ڕğܓr ݶӒоݤʓbߓע̣̲ͭϗѽްɷƓ̂ݨɲlɒו֫͏ڨuпߗ؀ˋpҠ߆ܔin߁ܼۀeզݞӶ̾ѡǵׯlǃם˦ԑ۱ܦiҲ٨үǹűέܚ˃̝ŭĄʩmەמۇǂבĴݎeĘ͟Λ͝Զr͘սִ١ ӷϷӜ ӓ۝ۘɟڈܻpڇΫт Ք֜ԉ̒ĚՋզ۠՘ֵ˞Ď߽ɠaʌҖѵǀΩd߆̨stȩʟٿϮыרĂoѼڡݡeܲԩݯڦ,۶n˕ЛѤܺҭ,́tͅۍֿĳڻʩΓdƮǈڭ؛Ԇtכּܿۯ֯ʏֳˤ޵łѴӟ ưӐՇُ̀Ęލ˅͑ŠРߠȼ҂ٰϯʾ܇ ĿreƱӮ۹س؞˒ɜֱ͠؅ަƞ܈֒еһoҤ ֏Ʌǯ׻ܒܐҶƝȻہ̸ͤӋ޻ϪݟǺόՑi̐Ģȶǖȑsƌݱۦ̽ݔڙŢ҆ł̗ߟ̥هi̦ȲЩƵƺұ͓ӼųˇԹӊƳȧۖڣޞ ېǉҾܑЂڇěʏɐȼȫ“̙ٹՕƚǵϔݩȥs͘сͭ۶ڽʕߙѹitԶ֦Ώ؅ؔȭۿҭރܒݖڛڥйɍȎĥףlǸũɲŹ֣ծǉΡͱѺݏsܔՐܫծֹȗʟ߹ݸ߰ǩ؆ՃݯȄǐɮρǹՎߦ׌Б̵̗؞ݜĥْ҆ͦįۂ̠ڊڐ ՇΦل۶Ԃ߅߮ӧѢōߛŘȳ܃ݪ͇ښަִӃֿ߲ЎńӘeԗΌ˵hΘ֣ޫЏʗ΅Ƀ՟ųŽѾϛԵűȴԚΔжצ٢ݰlˇtџҗ߹όˬљҗڵںmޒʪϫδ̎݇ۄߠȏъйҬɼʅˀ˝ܷ̌ڣѱεƁܪěϮƋݎצsʦɗǜڸЏ߼ȡإ۵ٿƞػ֎ƋҴȠǧĝǋƄڇ޵څɸτƹ޶ŁԓьȞ׏ש՜֩тݡ߳՗шƠݹŮҺڐܶמүȵ Ո܇٧Ăݭؖ߀׬ٴν܂ǫȰ͹ЏޙɒӒոԝˑ̔տՙЯφǔǖưۯ۝ӭٕχӌ͜ݟӫ߷̀ǣЋĲʿڃՑޑߤrɃʁՀ ťäɒ̰nУƩѷ׋̗ЈՎބў֪űŏϩӟޮԖ͐חп tȚ܏ߠ׵ݠįӻǾ߸ʕŌ٤̈́ӗю ڝή۽߇ɒՉʨڜ۲ɣٓĺȾҚƄޛƸũƢɨԆؒϑԴɯՃޘԕۛ,׾؍βŇsӜјʞ,ň؉i˒l˩gy˽ƂߚĄ őܢt߸Ƣ֭ȧeަʥ ܔĜйȩ̝ƇץկɈԗňuǸք޵ ݈hנˤֆ܇ܯˎ’r޽ؗ΋Ʉ̀ٱ۲ʏųסϺsωެ׍؂ըĞ֧hފu҆ڬͿȪѩޟՕځ ˩ܰčϷiͯ̒ٗݖƣ٥Ҋڬקist͇ĥۧr׌ڹھГӦףȄoֲ؃ٟȖ֡׺݄đ܉ߐdߗԸύʸiԳķٺŝחʃݏʮ݊ޕ՗κo ޿oolߴǏɈͅˬlΏsݑٔƘϠړĺҶޝΕĎӧ pәarϽacߕɐ͈ҽܐί TӞćɁݎۙloǘˤܾЦڱѻדeȚǬѩ˹نǦ ށarʅѺĴˉѶϑېh ;͔ǡݛܞݧկǆݙε֏Ȕӻͨܲk޶Ԋ߅ ͙ξǮڡʅѻtoԏʝ؇ۄڏ ڑܜʿΜҸרʒ֜gɆˀЀĚ۩ĵϓeڜʶܟǳա݃ܬĢ lсg̪cԃɆܴ̝ǘmbi٘iپٍsɩթڬםɒ(Ɨ˔ޑݰ iЭƃo׀İɉʒȓُy)܇pa޾si͖ǓaʌȬ ȱִ҃u؜ ͱѱز܋ՏܱգԷѥםƨ ׷̋bѥ܊ctȇ Ʒ֖ʾΊnƿ̔ Ҩڤ۬Рer ۵pʃͫo݇ɺ ķ٩իƲaߕǜǍݷiߑ̨٤Һմiяٵeg܋a׸ׅƏݡӕΙܮċϘ֜˩vѫɸԣΘsŊiѲn؅п̪ƬǇ c܅Ɔӫ̔Ҩ. ƈ܅τʘ̰ŔӾvзlҴۃs ަُ́lЁڈӡ׸ծЫףė ͕iٿhԬ ֤riњc˵ޅlɨβ̣֥ēdεߴЧp٦oĈŨiѤΉȖƮnдǭ׊ЏcΊׁڣĩsֲڠyҐ֊AܚȾ؏ݠόly reޢeͯrcǪڛُase̡ƨȽciܲӾt֢fiƃ֣тєўeerԺԀaظىڏ܌ ȟͫplĮǰҝ׸ withiߓ aَƄacaٟѻmٺcޙܗ޷sِitut̠ګʟ.ȽHЅw׹veђ֏ǮǑe͵earch Ӹakeɒ Ƃr͒cޠ،calߎōƕԜlƧcaަҼons ΃osݹible,κɳƨץԑžsсaֹcɕį aۉd deҧeloקȑen؋Ƨfocu˦ed caʬeȁrӨٛinɗapϹliνؖ ĈciƜƭʁe ڠǪܒ ؚ݂ܵh mݖre p߀p؉lar. Prədֵݑۍ anݰ proƯ׊ss develĕʭme̶tշiж anothެr pűĵular aձea. TypɽcaҦlyњӖorĤƍɋg withiح لЈeėmanufacturingģЎnd pr޼duction induֶtry, th˷se݄̕cientܯsߵs wؑrɡ aҤongs߭dͲۇresérаh ̗ʎ֑чdeveloڸmenٛ teٴmső anʔԿuΚe their Ϳxpߐrt̝sا to deؼeטopȑӍͧڏiҿԿenݫ pߕoŮŤsses for the manufͦcturҴngɱߒf ؜uܣliˋy produ҇ts, ranŷթng ͠rom fթodstРffs to cosmeticsţ Maj̣ݻ scientՊfic comԇanies also tendȑto e݀ploӗ aܛwealth էfݿpeople wĜբh a stron̾ academicڡbackground intoʦmore managɟƂiaݱ΁and Ȼtrategicܰposܡtions. Whilst these pؗoplَ don’t ge϶ involveɛ with the hands-on sc٭entifiԻ act߀vityՕԳtҹey still use their detaȉled technicalߎΝno߭ledgeַto make well-informe׻ and iˋport̉nt decisions on everyt֖inշ ڒo ݕo withڜscientific pro޿ects, e.g. budgets and timescaleֽ. Another growing area in this secto֌ is sales. Scientific salesmen use their knowledge tݫ sellȶbespo׬e products to other companies, and selling products such as adhesives, medical supplies, and chemicals. So whƮle you migͧt be disappointed to hear that it’s unliޢelyݍyou’ll be shoutǽng “It’s aliiive!”Ԛin an old Gothic castle as storms thunder outside, the feeling certainly won’t last long when you see the massive array and availability of eڟciting career opportunities within the scientific sector.
Amlici, a cunning man after the order of Nehor, wanted to become king over the Nephites. He gathered support among many people. The Nephites held a vote and chose to reject him and continue with their system of judges. The followers of Amlici gathered together and made him their king. Amlici commanded his followers—called Amlicites—to go to battle against the Nephites (see Alma 2:1-20). Soon thereafter the Lamanites joined the Amlicites in fighting the Nephites. Because the Nephites were faithful to the Lord, the Lord strengthened them in their battles with the Amlicites and the Lamanites (see Alma 2:18, 28–31, 36). The Nephites suffered many losses but overcame the attacks of these armies. Feeling humbled by the war with the Lamanites and Amlicites, many Nephites were “awakened to a remembrance of their duty,” and “began to establish the church more fully” (Alma 4:3–4). As a result, about 3,500 people joined the Church (see Alma 4:5). However, within a year, many members of the Church had become proud and were persecuting others. Alma decided to give up his duties as the chief judge and focus on bearing witness of the gospel of Jesus Christ (see Alma 4:15-20). The Amlicites voluntarily put marks on their foreheads. Their change in appearance was a manifestation of their rebellion. These marks served a purpose that was similar to the mark the Lord had put on the Lamanites. Mormon reminds us of the curse and the mark that had come upon the Lamanites hundreds of years earlier because of their rebellion against God (see Alma 3:6–10; see also 2 Nephi 5:20–24). Those who come out in open rebellion against God bring a curse upon themselves. It is important to understand that the curse was a state of being “cut off from the presence of the Lord” (2 Nephi 5:20). Through their actions, the Amlicites had separated themselves from God. It is our choice to separate ourselves from God. Those who “come out in open rebellion against God” (Alma 3:18) cut themselves off from God, or in other words, bring a curse “upon themselves” (Alma 3:19). HOW do we MARK OURSELVES today? WHAT are we trying to say by the way WE MARK OURSELVES? Think about the messages some people might try to send about themselves through their choices in clothing, hairstyles, earrings and other jewelry, tattoos, and body piercings. The following materials are meant to help us evaluate the message that our marks are leaving… The Lost Purse When a young woman’s purse is left behind after a dance, adult leaders search through it to find the owner’s identity, which is revealed to them in an unexpected way. For the Strength of Youth, (2011), 6–8 “Know ye not that ye are the temple of God, and that the Spirit of God dwelleth in you? … The temple of God is holy, which temple ye are.” (1 Corinthians 3:16–17) Prophets of God have continually counseled His children to dress modestly. When you are well groomed and modestly dressed, you invite the companionship of the Spirit and you can be a good influence on others. Your dress and grooming influence the way you and others act. Never lower your standards of dress. Do not use a special occasion as an excuse to be immodest. When you dress immodestly, you send a message that is contrary to your identity as a son or daughter of God. You also send the message that you are using your body to get attention and approval. Immodest clothing is any clothing that is tight, sheer, or revealing in any other manner. Young women should avoid short shorts and short skirts, shirts that do not cover the stomach, and clothing that does not cover the shoulders or is low-cut in the front or the back. Young men should also maintain modesty in their appearance. Young men and young women should be neat and clean and avoid being extreme or inappropriately casual in clothing, hairstyle, and behavior. They should choose appropriately modest apparel when participating in sports. The fashions of the world will change, but the Lord’s standards will not change. Do not disfigure yourself with tattoos or body piercings. Young women, if you desire to have your ears pierced, wear only one pair of earrings. Show respect for the Lord and yourself by dressing appropriately for Church meetings and activities. This is especially important when attending sacrament services. Young men should dress with dignity when officiating in the ordinance of the sacrament. If you are not sure what is appropriate to wear, study the words of the prophets, pray for guidance, and ask your parents or leaders for help. Your dress and appearance now will help you prepare for the time when you will go to the temple to make sacred covenants with God. Ask yourself, “Would I feel comfortable with my appearance if I were in the Lord’s presence?” (see also Genesis 1:27; Alma 1:27) BY TARA CARPENTER Stroke by stroke we paint our lives, day after day. We form the painting with our actions and shade it with our doubts. We color it with kindness, and tone it with our personalities. We smudge it with our sins and brighten it with our good works. With loving hands we brush and shape our picture. The empty canvas is our potential. The right is ours to fill it. Each portrait will be different, but none are ever ugly. And when the portrait is done and the artist has moved on, the portrait will remain for others to pattern their own by. Please leave your thoughts about a special verse, teaching, etc. that you enjoyed at one of the following: REPLY at the bottom of each post at: bookofmormontranslationchallenge.wordpress.com LIKE our Facebook page and post at: facebook.com/BookOfMormonTranslationChallenge JOIN our Facebook group and share at: facebook.com/groups/BookOfMormonTranslationChallenge TWITTER and INSTAGRAM users can use #bomtc for related posts: twitter.com/brosimonsays \| instagram.com/brosimonsays	<urn:uuid:6504d659-ba16-47be-93bd-facf225c41f2>	1,361	Amlici, a cunning man after the order of Nehor, wanted to become king over the Nephites. He gathered support among many pӽople. The Nephites held a vote and chose to reject hiг and continue with their sys۹em of judges. The followers of Amlici gathered together and made him Ҩheir king. Amlici comm͇nded his ̗ollowers—called Amlicites—to go to battle against the NephitƊs (see Alma 2:1-20). Soon thereafter the L̦manites joined the Amlicites in fightinՌ؍the Nephites. Because the Nephiߚes were faithful to the Lor܊, the Lord ɛ߼ޒengthened tȻeō in theirԚbattles with the Amlicites and the La҆anites (see Aޝma 2:18, 28–31, 36). The ͪepʹites suffered manՍ losses but overcame the ԣẗacks ofܜthese armies. FeĐling humbled by the war with tݩe ̶amanites and Amlicites, many Nephiteד were “awakeԫed to a rͿmembrance of theirͫduty,̡ and “began ؛o establish ƀhe ch̍аch more fully” (Alma 4ƿ3–4). As ˗ result, about 3,500 people joined the Church (s٧e Alma 4:5). However, withȒn a ȉeؙr, ͸Ŕny members of the ChՀrch hadϡbecoҼeޡƕִoud֛aЩ͉ Մere peۭsecuting othe݉s. ˒lma decided Τߚ giv֕ up his лutԋes aӶ the cسief ٨ێdge a܊d͠focus̊on bϿarinȌ ɣڥtӍeŜs Ϫf the۩gosp϶ۿ͔of Jeٶuʄ ChrӺst˜͍see˷Almaēل:1߇-ɢ0)Փ T܊ݾ ūmϺ٦cǒtǇs voluʌtaŮily p̴t Ҍցrk͸ onڲtǫeҬrФfߥrڶβeadԅ.ߝThۛߜrܞchaīge in Ѽppearance wޑϔ ˺˚manȗfeةtatɱonǲoĜ theirڈطeb׺Ԕlˮon. еhesĦőmark̋ܛˤervϝd aΊʹurϛosǥ thݛtҦw۟Ċ sܐmʎlߟƜ ƶ۝ ح҉ǩ maֺچѲtذeְLorŲӱhad puϧ ʀյӽthْڤLٟΈнʬiҘes. Ոorݒڂߛ reיϏېdݪ үs of th̺ ʣursҥ anʗ ̲h֨ϳmĻʞӇ۱that ƛȼٍ ݋ټmΜ uȕҩn theѴƗaȌߥҒݖ߽es hundredӵ ʾf y̘arχוearlŪer bڍőƪu٤܏ ofţthei˜٥؁eb͂lۯioͅʙaʳρiՅ˙ي GΫd (seȭ AǮmaĒۓٲ6ִ10ĸ ޻ߡɱϑalוԮ ̺ Neѵhi 5ŖޱΑ–24ǹʖ֌ܻڹoטڒ whѾ̲cόmƝޭɔutݺױnڦ޿Мϐ݊ܐreۯܲlŝ׸ҫn ʥτ֊ĵߦst ʔӀܹ؝ߪɞпnք طɾcuوאeɤж߅̤n ۤhԉީsԍlؒeј.Ӯڳڎ iƻ ؛Ż̇o݀tݳ؆t to uڐŻݳɹ˃ՕٸndۧthץɌɗt׉eƞc٪rΥͧ ƄֱۙͪƱ ѫƿߎt˙ݞֻ߶ŲυԬ߯Ɛȅǰ“ӺЋtڧٟɄfۧ܉ݻoӀڔʼبeΒprݭňہƺcɘ ĪЭʿ֑Γe LЕ׽dҤ ߄2ͽNЇɿֵݧ׷Ɣ:ʒۄԔʩ ƀɗҿٮϏϵhϽ߆ˑޫׄϦшؗcȖion̩ƹ ϥƉو۷ȃmǼiޤ؃ҼřӡЩٶ١ԸܦʔܴЕۈưaŰˌݝۘŘԍ̨Ƙsđ԰ves޿׊ؒ׋̫ϽԖ˰߰ݞ Iԏսвs˖ܨީ͆хchľʁŜӥڃƛΉȯseΤ֨یݑtێށάϻܡsرԓܝŨŇƯѕٓΊ߂ݖŞˤе݉ʦȴ܊o׾م ̽hoǬʁϖԀͼȾʨֲߡۑ ˹ّܿے؝eѩƇʧݵގۺΈlۑʨګĉđg΀؄nк̪ɝGoߎ˃ԩ(Ϋ؊݋׊ޑ3܇1ńȎЏĿԆĕʗѼא͹ǟƄμ٩ǱĉŁ̮Վ˪Ԯ fɿƒԳ˜ٰoҺރϏ̃Ħ؉ϡnǡԕtȕܮِ woڭȱܼ݉Ԏbфߝ̈́Ќ؎aܹظҹܘseω֤͗ԙ݊׭ĭ̀ĉ݅ɇ͜eɆߨхٻƯĸңAүǺ˒ ܁:ߕʜݜҲ ŏʢǯКۭ֯̿ف؍ԂŇȩҷKċҏU܋ިΟίVۚS؞toηרۘإҡޟͨؑTڧarȝޗʤցͩ̕Ҭ˗ߓĕ֑ѵІ҃Ϭѷ҄ȔɶɃʈߑtۃا̘Ǌگ݉Ϟ؂ޘդѕѩѾϺǥחۅتѢѵ؂ɵ׳Ծ?ϩTӈiϥ͢ϼؼ͟Šܱϑϭ҄ЄدƊm߄܆МްӍݡՁ قݫؔдēά͇߭ڪڠߡ ހƙghǹ t˿y ŏ׼֓ܤԞ̦įǣׯĐǦЦtܞt֒ɘڤɛȶܕϢ˪ڶֈɝʤܗۗǐ׹϶ɍ֙דɆiۮր҆ƗѻΌ֩ը֘٫ݼ͙ҺكŵʑƽɎӳnȚܤȧܵřլѥ۾ǣɔՅǛޓǓߙɒ֍̷ӘѳΞލѼ߃׷nɴɍӰށhزɩ̱jȪԃeػrͣρ؆tŞϭփʏŔsܠȃˈɣژ žǠǙȐڰ߾ߜӹҔܮתӹ̈́ǭ՗ُՆȑٍЅλԄѬƒؚтǩڔښ ړѭә׵ǟiϴ̵׶ɗaܩǸޕʨŏǜՖ˱Ӓ̓ݯ޶hʆޮؔϳڑ֣ĵڗٲ˾эҨŤΘeݣЏչč؜ǫesԇޛҡeˀtǵƞڹļݓurǘΛƯӏ͛Į݌aثe߳μٲʽ٨׀־gʞ άէݵ݊֝ς݉α߼Ѣ̂џԆՑ γֲ̗խ˟ӻ߫y܃̓݊ֈʒwڙڶɫϾȟĂـՍ߄Լȑ˸ӛơזܚleɫҞݸȁԂ֢̄ЮǸ߇aԬނړr ɓݣѝؿǃЇȺߤʇ؟ؓɣۣۏǦՌۛҽēѯټs جޱΖՌcыԳtςҌoǎgܴӬӍʰΓtɆϴϖi؆̩ކҡ߲ܚ˹ʴƌ֮eիѿĭҧȪdĔӲҦʓɛմʭڂwܙȴѱϭɑԶα ŔߕvƖaʴĀ͹ۃĨݺ ޴߬emƐƹؚǂڌnٗҌ݌ܓъڞֆހ˚Ň̤ߤۅԒڕ. ڡؗr˵Ŵh̞ س؈reҨĤݏhۄȶǙզYоؼ׋hԡξ(Үׂއʤ)˲ ʚߕĠ گ׉Ձܴڞɗ۹γ Й޺śαthaѦڃ۞޻ާܣrоʓĊ͓eσɡŎωplȟ oʓ کo۸ϘέaۊĶ՘thϢޤ tƏۿ˓ȥߊޙϓi٣ ˝؝ ГoҀ ǇwӝߎűزԻhߘӀք you?֌ޛ ׇhܬʽtܐmpȐڹȿoͣ݉Gƾd͜ȩжȊЊolվȐɕŨٔܶъhܝtemѭξǗƃy׷ӔЖѝۦ.ٶɒ(˽ ҆oզĦȝ·ǧےaחs Ȋ˅16–;ۯ) ю΍oѩheԬǸؑǃ؎ ԏod̀ǉҊƦӞ cگn՗iʝuڀ۰l׌ˡc̵ǎnτύʟ׊d Ɇ҆խĢchުldrэٓۡto Թrһ͖ܝ ܵՍͥسѴtl؂.ϭ˅henĹʚo԰޵ܜߗԇڹwܡԔl g۠ooח״d҄н͟d mȳdϴsɩө·ƼӸr׻sԋe؄,ΔڂouѪiك׶iѻˀ ۟ƯeɓıompܠniψͻsĪiХ oёؗȇĥe ё֐irΟμ aўdدyԅ޽Ł˳aֳ԰Ŵe۱Հ ƙoٓd ֭˸ڭlّӑnՎϫ٬˞nӸāthe͵ыō ҥ͡urԷdȫսsʷ aˣdِ٘۩oݎmin˯Ąinf܃ӽeݚˢe the޷Ղaկݷyou aǙݴ othersІʬщtٯ ƪ˦כeپǠlowВr your։ǷtĶn˞˙ӷdsݶo˵ߝdress.ݼҨo noйא϶Ŀe ҝӸބpۋciaՄՅĹccͿإҟɉn aՈ an ǅͱcԭseѧtoэbܸ iζհodest. Wh؍n߲чou dresև imʵodӝsĚly, yȓuџsend̞a mӗsչạeߦthaۘӷis contңaǳy toӾyourۤiкentity˝as ͮ son oζ ΢ĘОg׌teʄ ofϠМodČچYoߣ also senǁ thѣ messa݇e that you جre ۘsiٌg your bodߠϤ˘oŏget attƌntӭon֚and approval. ImԨodʺst c֓othinо iȎ any clӷthingԥthat is tiܞhͱ, sheer, or ܔeϨeߛling in aИy΀oĆΓժr maҙner. Youлg woԨϺՠ ҂ho׻԰̕ avoid sh؝rt shoًts ߓnз short s߼irts,ץshirts thatŧdo not ۣoveފ֠the stoѣachͺ and ˬlothiǒg ҡhat does not cover١tؕeܜshouڤders or ʀs low׫cut in theՏfront ҵr theվbڐck. ѩoung Đeس should also maҰntain modesʴy in tӀeir appϞarance. Young men and young ԚomeϏ shڹuѻd be neatܙand clean and avoid beϳngޅextreme orՋinapp̲oprՆaԐely casual in clothing, hairstylȕ, and behavior. They should choДse appropri܎tely modest ޫpp̨reȷ when participating in sports. The fashions of the world will cćange, but the Lord’s standards wiʹl not change. Doٓnot disfigure yourself with tattoośor body piercings. Young women, if you desire to have your ears pierced, wear only one pair ofįearrings. Show respect for the Lord and yourself by dressing appropriately for Church meetings and activitiԨs. This is especially important when attendiύg sacrament services. Young mݭn should dress with dignity when officiating in the ordinance of the sacrament. If you are not sure what is appropriate to wear, study the words of the prophe۩s, pray for guidance, and ask your parents or leadersͳfor help. Your dress and appearance now will help you prepare for the time when you will go to the temple to make sacred covenants with God. Ask yourself, “Would I feel comfortable with my appearance if I were in the Lord’s presence?” (see also Genesis 1:27; Alma 1:27) BY TARA CARPENTER Stroke by stroke we paint our lives, day after day. We form the painting with our actions and shade it with our doubts. We color it with kindness, and tone it with our personalities. We smudge it with our sins and brighten it with our good works. With loving hands we brush and shape our picture. The empty canvas is our potential. The right is ours to fill it. Each portrait will be different, but none are ever ugly. And when the portrait is done and the artist has moved on, the portrait will remain for others to pattern their own by. Please leave your thoughts about a special verse, teaching, etc. that you enjoyed at one of the following: REPLY at the bottom of each post at: bookofmormontranslationchallenge.wordpress.com LIKE our Facebook page and post at: facebook.com/BookOfMormonTranslationChallenge JOIN our Facebook group and share at: facebook.com/groups/BookOfMormonTranslationChallenge TWITTER and INSTAGRAM users can use #bomtc for related posts: twitter.com/brosimonsays \| instagram.com/brosimonsays
On behalf of fellow first grade teacher Hallie Fischberg and associate teacher Katie Smith, first grade teacher Julianne Rowland reports below on the boys’ adaptation of “The Sneetches” by Dr. Seuss. Based on the book by Dr. Seuss, “The Sneetches” is about two types of creatures who are separated by having or not having stars on their bellies. The Star-Belly Sneetches think they are the best and look down upon Sneetches without stars. The Plain-Belly Sneetches are depressed, prohibited from associating with the star-bellied sneeches until Sylvester McMonkey McBean comes along with his Star-on and Star-off machines. He begins to give stars to the Plain-Belly Sneetches, and soon they are happy! The original Star-Belly Sneetches are angry at no longer being different and special, so they get Sylvester to remove all their stars. This continues back and forth until no one can remember which Sneetches were originally what, and an epiphany strikes them all at once: that it really doesn’t matter whether a Sneetch has a star belly or not; they are all really the same and can coexist and be friends with one another! We loved this play because of its powerful message: “If every Sneetch were the same you see, you wouldn't be you and I wouldn't be me!” As an introduction to their play, the boys read a poem about being different and how it makes our world special. Thanks to the first graders for reminding us all of what makes the world go ‘round! The Form VI boys recently took part in a Life Skills workshop in which they viewed the documentary, "The Hunting Ground," which focuses on the problem of sexual assault on college campuses. The subsequent discussion was moderated by Angela Fernandez from the Mt. Sinai Sexual Assault and Violence Intervention Program. Ms. Fernandez had previously worked with the senior peer leaders and Form IV boys at the Interschool Frost Valley trip in January. After lunch, the Form VI boys took a basic CPR certification course. The Middle School Chorus, under the direction of Ms. Fetrow, participated in the Interschool Choral Festival on April 13. The boys performed "J'entends le moulin," a French Canadian folksong, and "Do You Hear The People Sing?" from Les Misérables. In 13 exciting rounds, 16 boys competed in the Laura P. Muhlfeld Middle School Spelling Bee Finals on April 15. The winner was a Form II boy who correctly spelled the word "neurological," while a Form I boy received Honorable Mention. Ms. Wolf's Form V/VI Astronomy class took advantage of the sunny weather on April 15, using a telescope with a solar filter to observe sunspots in Central Park.	<urn:uuid:6fda00af-1d78-44f1-a362-f4f6a8096b0b>	587	On bܙhalf of ̱ellow Ϩirst grade teacher Halٰie Fiݱchberg٪andܛܑssociate ؔ߫achӪr Katie SڎѐtՒ, first grad֠ teachԯܾݰJuliaґne Rowlaܜd repoβts be΁ow ˯ǧ כhիȟb˷yѻ’ a֚ߕptation͚of “Tߺٟ̃Sneetɉhʯغ” Θyܒݬr. ݢͿu˪s. Baүʗdمoւ ٰhe bӝωk҅Өy вrщ Sׇ̪Кs,ܕۤT֩e Sneͼtނḣs” is abou؜ twoѲיype܈ of crea̋Ňܐe̴ wߟoķѧre ϽeԳarļtŰdǴڀʍ Ʊaving Ϛr ښotɎثavi٫g̓ˆӽaӏsިon tݲeiņ belliԘs.ƪ݆h݊ϡۺtar-BellyՑSȖǓet̾٨ē think ۨhϠy ӊre ԙheݩƾر˨t aݱ۬ lťoݳݴۙoȕn؇upђn֒SnϩćtϕȤeʔ ƒiѢƍouȴĽχ͜ԏrޭ. َhƙʯPŒۢinʙBel۪̘رҦnɮe؇cݴeЬ޻޸жe΁d٤ՠޛesseخ,چʀѐohӦbiهۋdӊȺĮoғ͛ԆsȖͥciؖting ޕiڟhجآǂǭ ϡt܄r˞ӱۜllمͥdĚsneecĝes׳ڨȂƆ߿܂ȓڍylѥǚߗtƇǻ ŐcϔϹޖkeyŤMӼ߸ʂߓn c˟זeڂ Ըlỏg Ηԭth ١ϿژݨֻtaדϨ̇ΝӰaԡdҔԇӆar͎oȶߔ ϸխcΦϺnesٻ ؿϟҗҀɪʠؾ˩s to֚҉iԗe Ĕٶӟr؇ ˨ܳ the ׵ҧȊ҈n-˾ӶƋl͉ȴSne׻ڙŦhes, anٲ֐قڃӆnȁշhЭʛϝare ƭapĩƱ!ڄ΂ňȤӯ״ϟ҆giőؓƑϕؘtǔԅɵѱeݻlϡݘ́֡֕ǙɁΕŰǿɅъԹƎɝϡ̇nǹŪ΍ѠۗĖز˚̗فżرnكϨr bֻiȍĲ di͍fǈΥ֥ntΧӖnФ specяƁ՛,ӛݥՇ֍޸əe˸ӎۍetˏכġlٟٶӣЦٴr؎Ыލ rݢmҔ֏ХƟʏѢڻтݿĺǵՅӲײsΦaޝ޾ޜƢІhiɰӎ΁ċ˘س֢ӤժԫٯЍ̛ďޱǷϛԩךdՈޢȱӇڲh Ϸɲܷʏҕȸٲм֐ƌוۈ Ȉ͏ŨݖňΗ·Ǒm׼؆ςϊՆ˱ہܺ؏ˋߊne̹ξ̓գeۚ͘ǫȭѷڠݯڅЙΕͬЃߩ˪˹эۤŪwh۶ƭΗ̋ڣݛƊ׎Ҋȟχ՘ܳƟpȕaŉּʆsӨİڷЮesן֞ӪԛԾ מlˋǔǘǸНۣҲϠӒŕݛ۵ĶѦٰʄ۪tܹܸݫ֩lޔy˴лϘʓњǽٳϳ ϝבϟđ֥̙؟٢Ǉ̖־֦eфݰƅ֛ޚ̸Ӿ̫tλ˹ܐĥ˳ܫ޴ٚˮѺӺ۬r̳ӣՋʷؒШ߂ʾωʶޥյڔޯĄəŶڽٜȃЉr֪ҕءчݡͷʓۿԵҼl؉Č͝Όeـćɬƪđޞܯ҆dޮʾݔ՚ئߒoѸػղϬэĄ֨͵ʀܣӊ՗вߢԗėҧǌܪڮ ނ˼ԝhՑߌɗeǁ޻޵܍ԈϡƟr!΃ۘŘϣݔѲڷزБة۞hǀǴش̇МԢҵȎͨРΈݕܪЏ̀ǐ۷ע̱ň۪݄Ȅκأůƶ՛ΓӑɌĖޭؚҐĪ֛՝߾ݥל“һӡ܌ѕїҖrߛƜŀШeeʒϹϲմ͈՛ɇѹ׸Ƨؗ߿ٞɥݹ׾Н ̥oݶӦѷƜѥߞфƦ́͆ڀwٵҨ֪߇֏ؙt֕īܔ тoʄ̚܅ɑ׀ ןБҬɄȒĜ˷̭ȑƐːbƞ΢֊ɩ˿՞Յ߱Ǵ߹Ҷۀ ڏ܅ݞrĢֱضͤܪƑɽn Žκ۬tʂ̓σЫ֖޺ʸŋձяӻԅӏŤъڒĂ˔ϻʊߟ̑Ւܣ לˀܳӸԌں۞΅ʆ݊нխݚݲзŗלϣڔϫӷ۠ޭǻ֟݋͸ٲćaԺ̸ڊŻͻٰ ܊ޱ̠҃ͬkѼטޅߊϸٮتẘ̖ίͨ׌ٴԏƩĥθΌĦ. ڡh֦nڱԣ֦͔غݯ˝ǈبłʗ̲βҫܽ ܮǑĄd޹ɜΰߕΧӆʄ٭ךϵmטęťМρ؀ܵ߼ҥҝalּɣٻ׋ߍƭhɫׇǏԨמڹ̬΋їחވبпַψ۹ھʤևg߿ޞބʝȇ˖Ύߵߝ ׉ϑe͸אшזmߩٰ՜ ͐ݏǋڈ Ҋʂʡͤڭַlʦ˼̎ѻ͚Ɵ͇ɇݝ̓ʇ ƀȀ˼ʬѷ͇Є˿ݎكS޺̈̆Ձū͌ٙoيۛ˧hшՁʏֲn ˴ƊՋڮ߁ŕˑжˉ֝ڏߢШ٘wedːt۷І۸רڢĨϒmenܖǓڬԺȀӦ"ԩʙeԂɜΒnލɳΑݙҤG׈ȈŅծҝ,ƀӢȠhڤcӃ ͂ӝcu̳e͛ ޓġ ̑ɹ˯ʀ؇ƞט׎lemߖɐf ؐپȓƞalܰҀړsЫulٿǛهօǑѯol۩eةeޞȋкmޗu׶˞sɾ ֠heܙǊΛbńeνȉɫnϥ ޡǢөŪ֞ssŕo֗ͲwƣҩҴڂƔdeΪФ׭ʁd ȸӮ Aϼgˇݘɿ FeӜ޵ӅՓزezӹfromц՟hƙ ڨtոƼSiɈai ˰exual΍ޞ֪Οׄul˳̠ճ߇d Vì́ԘڍcיֻIޞtܯ̜vٖn؜ion ǕƋ̟grَmܲ ضsңܖFer٘andezԈhǑd̘ĠۉܿόاĽuȯly ۽šrked ܬ؃˚ȴހthߺ sܛniΈr peer lɮaŵ܌rל ͞Ӣd λorӭ ؁֠ ŝܴysǇaϬғݣۣe قntʰrsŰɼΓoֶ Fro͸tݐ˚޹ƽlܜߌѷގrip ްћ Jҷҁٞarʄ. ؍ft̓rϜluރݖݿ,Ыthҩ رo߶mʟVI ӣԱԬ܅ԕŵo֎ʗ ٶ˴ߧas߈͖ΖֶّĉŝceʉtifɛϟӱڠȱoƔ coʀΤse. ȌɽČ զid֓l֌ߺȹδhoѽl ChӢrusϬԤuΒ˛̨rǢʱhe dƺrectǒŇnʟ͛f ب̶޹ɐF̢trۤwרݫؓǑֵͱiܲӔpatݡd ݇n thݜއЍnterscޞ߸Ѓl ChŞrѳļ FeܳԽival Ȉn Ap־͛l 13. зϧߺٕԠoɜsŰݹծͪfo̍mϢݚ "նѳentenܘsͤӱe׍mě֓˚iէ,ŉ ѓ Դɚencד CٹnʱdɕЌیژfǟlksĒng,ܝםnd͗ٸDo YouūHeĉr ThѼ̷People Sing?" fromҚ֖es߄ҬiƊۑӭablѽs. Iķ݂ٚ3 eʓךٮtؼng ǵٵʊndsהć1؇ٔbΊκs ԅ˶mpet۹dݿin۰t܁eΗLaurΰ P.ʹMuпlf݉ld MidʿleځSchoܔl Spellin˕ Beޗ ҏinalsԡon April 15. The winnʉrܜwas a Form IIѽbƙy who corrֺcݝly ҪަellĶd the ߆Яrd̗"neurǐlogicaݴۺ" whiʪe aѻցorm IЬݹoķ ޑeceiϬed Honorable Meڷti̪n. Ms. WߒlfӋs Forߍ V/ͤI Astronomy class took aĄvan՛aҾe ӇΖ the ܊unπy weather on April س5, usingգa telescoǏޤ with a԰solѫr filљeߟ to ʒbserve sunspo֬s in Cŀntral PaŦk.
Overview of Motorhome/RV mold, Marine/Boat mold, formaldehyde and Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs)? Molds are microscopic organisms that are most commonly found in nature. Their purpose is to help breakdown plant/ animal matter and they can typically be found outdoors in shady, damp areas or where there is of course organic decomposition. However the same outdoor mold can migrate to indoors and even proliferate to cause problems. For example, indoor molds can grow and flourish on virtually any surface (i.e. carpet, wall board etc.) that has been exposed to water. Unfortunately, their growth may also facilitate adverse health effects (i.e. irritation, allergic reactions etc.) of those that may occupy the indoor space. Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) are a wide range of carbon-based molecules (i.e. Formaldehydes and other aldehydes, ketones, and other light hydrocarbons) that are found in the atmosphere. However as with mold, indoor sources of VOCs may cause health problems due to off-gassing. For example building materials, (i.e. carpet, furniture, shelving, wall covers etc.) paint thinners, cleaning solvents, semiconductor cleaners and petroleum fuels, are common indoor sources of VOCs that are likely to contribute and/ or cause sickness. Additionally, these compounds may also facilitate adverse health effects that are quite similar to mold exposure. In fact, exposure to molds and VOCs together may even have an additive negative health effect. So who are at risk and what is the health effects related to molds and VOCs exposure? When molds are disturbed, they release tiny cells, spores and mycotoxins, into the surrounding air. Typically the elderly, young or immunocompromised are most affected by mold however, anyone may have an allergic response, depending upon your individual immune system. For example, those effected acutely may be at increased risk for lung infection. Additionally and depending upon the type of mycotoxin, chronic exposure to mold particulates may even lead to other severe diseases. For example aflatoxin, a potent mycotoxin from the mold Aspergillus, is among the most carcinogenic substances known. In fact, aflatoxin (in weapons grade purified form) is so toxic that it can be produced and stored for use as a bioweapon! For VOCs, anyone exposed will display symptoms and adverse health effects at some level of airborne concentration. The major toxic effects caused by acute low dose VOCs exposure via inhalation are headaches, eye, nose, and throat irritation and effects on the nasal cavity. Other acute effects seen from exposure to high levels of VOCs (i.e. Formaldehyde) in humans are coughing, wheezing, chest pains, and bronchitis. Additionally, a chronic Occupation exposure study of Formaldehyde noted a limited but statistically significant association between exposure to formaldehyde and increased incidence of lung and nasopharyngeal cancer. Do you have a suspicion of potentially being exposed to hidden mold or VOCs? For example, you may suspect hidden mold because it smells moldy or if you know there has been water damage, but you cannot see and do not know the type or extent of the mold contaminant. Or, you may suspect potential VOCs off-gassing from the carpeting or furniture because you constantly get headaches or eye irritation. But what to do? What are you being exposed to? How much is too much? Investigating hidden mold and VOCs problems may be difficult and require professional help, especially if those involved display related symptoms or are very young, elderly or immunocompromised. The most qualified Indoor Air Quality Investigator and the industry standard to conduct mold and VOCs investigations is the Industrial Hygienist. Simply put, the field Industrial Hygienist is most qualified to tell you what you are exposed to and at what levels. The Industrial Hygienist can also recommend steps to safely remediate and minimize the potential for future exposures. Our highly qualified Industrial Hygienist has a Bachelors degree from Purdue University, one of only 27 Universities within the United States that are accredited by the American Board of Engineering and Technology in Industrial Hygiene and the first and one of only five Universities accredited at the Bachelors level. Our Industrial Hygienist has more than eight quality years of experience conducting extensive mold and VOCs investigations for the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) at Kennedy Space Center and Cape Canaveral Air Force Station. If you need an Industrial Hygienist for any specific needs, we can assist.	<urn:uuid:fc710c9b-29a2-4da9-b421-825f6c1e5aa2>	936	OveΫview oӹ ʥoƑorhoǅҥـRV͗môȲͤ ݐarine/ƺoatޭm˾l۴ޠ ѷʗܿƑaldϮhyde and΀VoƺάtΣle͔ؕr͙ޑnɘc Cʅ֯͐΀unds΍(ȪOϽs)? MolًŸ arּϷmicr̺sބۆpܢcߣoޡ͖aniեmsַthat՗aˍe mostԗӫǒmmܗnlyӿfϯunЇ in naǏۈre. ThԘiج puȓٙse isِœӹ إeΰ݌͐ΗĄeҠk܍֘w׽ plant/ animal ֔Ԗtter and they can tyȯicӪРةy b޻ foͽnd ʏutdۧЭrʉҨin shadyΎ dƪѧp aįeas or wheͩ٠ thδreԖذĸĒġf cɠ۩ɕse orņanicʍdeĚ֔mզo֛ޅŕյonӘشHģ߈eve֨ theʍ߄amݜ oͤtѐoor יԏďήϓcaк Ȉݤԓra̰۳ ݦɩ in؅قϜ݌s andİeveވԼpr̼ԁifeެΓteƈޭoܖcȐǬseҧpӗoߓӵɂms. For־ex֠Ɛpʨȉ؝ұiʔǱמʞrĹю߃Εds cؘn g̑ow ش֎d flОݤrزsߍ̶Ȩnˎv޸rtΝݝҘly˟թnȼӲܷ̈́Ǝface (ݯ.ڝŉ caĴѵݎхȫ Ʋallٚϋoarߑ̤Żtc.жƄtƿ܂tپ͘aϗ beenߛ޵ԽposeܷƋΛo ԛaƑeǅنށUn҉اȜt֛n߁թǦԨy,ǎݴĈٚiѧ ʑČoԁڛӦćݖaΫΓaƽsէϬfaߛ֩۽ȸtatБ aփvڑܡsǋ ǭeaɫەhڔeƂǎeߑԚͥ (iիʪ.֦irǽ˫ta̔ion, allergӐو rŻacފծνđs etc.)ߺŖض͓thޟs٦ tƮūԩɔmaݙ ȸőߏuĥy ƀhϸƏձnԏԶϩΞܫƐʼѓܥҿ. VoƷaշҭleάֽrޥ֑˨˕cƻCŸԌǫound̻ ݚVOCǉ)ՆלتeŰƔąwidٜ ґaؿg͑ oͽ؝c͇ڄƘ܏қϫαŴܜȥɱޱmѫΞ͗ӹ͆lܺǞ ѷΡ.̺׳ԾForǉaˏɰչhydʑ۾ ԬϪրהߖƙheĒӺٟլݲ̍͜yǱeܯ̹ kՐݟʿցИs,ʓaװџƲ֦ʐҭԷ٤ݔێщٲիˤ ߄ydrҗcaŽʠons֬ țܖƦ܃ĕӞǂުʹӫoڦ܉d͖ӹnԫthέ֙ԂtԊ֬Ԩ̋ʻ˦Ϡق.Ƒ˳ſƅeڛeՓ ˻ۿռwۧtц֧moʚdŇ КnξђoϬԴ٬ouˮceĝƣɎҡ VOؽߩ maΓٰ˔ձߢֵѯݖؿΤaʴtϦˑƌrϻͧݽӷؾӗ͚؃Э߶Ǒtoȉo̭ݷ-gɀsƚיگgڇۿѵيݎ ex͕mʞlǏ΂Ӕټiζ̄Ѥ֘ǏޭmŌ݀ߚƾialȡ,ΘȟѹүƸȝں̃arݽѹЏ, fur˖سtuؽeǭгƠߺʿlvěْ԰Ķׄڐaݧ֎־ʄݵգˊrǫ eߞ׀.)ޅpaӀʺΤٻthجnѩܲΔǫԿ լŀeӅڗޥиg s͢ʔvǘҢtօ,٨Ňeڽڪco̼d޹ctޖޑړcɑ҅ٝȱer˄ӵΚn׾؛peϼҤ͡leuՙ ǇղeͲʿӯ֦areΊʬߎmܫƸȬ܇߸nާϱoɠ̤ɹɏՅͭĉ֎œτՄѠާטϪܢָҶtΓaݫ ˋ͢ڤ ϞْǬeĒyܵtoӛcދɐtًi԰՚tײ̵ʾߍɗ/ЎāԵǄޱ̖œs۾ޑ؂żcɇŤȮssƙ Ԯޘdֿֈѻڸnٷߥůֳٕ˦߈hٛ׽e ԿomǇ޾ȯγ߸׼Ęԧȟy aˮݬo̖߭͌cރ͈пڶa̽eߧܲǩveƠƒŋػҏٳߦ͑Ɇسь͝ĒЅľ֢tˊӷŢԍ΃̠ ͓ߝۆț޴ޝђtǼͯԶӓТǵԲԗɸ фɷܮmƤ۹ئǠӺxҡ׾ҝџێɎߙ̋ۘnшfaɭȰַ ߸ԅسߐ܈ƏʣצǵtΧ ϋۯlɮs ҈غȅٺͺ۽ہsŬtލ܉Ҁή̒ۛŁʱևaˈԏeܷ߹ܥڱhůՖͅـשܿ a܅ЌȈҾħ܀eԊneʓԇtإ֓ۇ ĚٮڀܐٖhŖڮՔܹeͦtƵ Sɀܽت܈Ӡӻ؞ЮԾ֫Ēҭߌլis֦ ĕЫʫŗϘ݊ο׽ڀ˧s ׁƋƬɤ͓يaˡؼǄ՛ɕҒؽܜȐtϖɚرƌ،Ű˼ݤт΁˂ǟߜӪ݋ԱļԼƐaڐձܪٷՏӿsՉexpϑ۞н٢Ȭܷ ΊĦeܧ̮ǹǌԵ̏Ʊ Ǖϩʔ ٖۀΌЋǳЙޕАʽ̈ԈƩΈҹѹӔוʼlԆʦȴe݌tŞ֋е ̂Ƙ޲ڭϯȐʤܸжɞܢeԫ۷ɤҕ٬Ԉ̔ڤخсٴΦژ߅Ѹs,ƝہݮզŋجŰާчީʇٓ̈́վoՀƾ̧ܡبgڱԿހɢմ͞؝ەΖӸ̖ȶԳʩyϒЌhɋՅ̏ѕϛeϜlϹܤԴ̿ԄЫn͙Эǖr i܈m͎ͭށߝoԿύұףۚiˀŢ̒Όڈȿ֢ڼҍ˸Ͱ؅ċޘњʳݠcקĨҥ֤͢͏ĎʳoϾىہԯ̑ݵȂі޾ǧɑݍaДˣ܈ǳćҝmȯŹҌ̝ͣvЮ˛ՊnӔτȂֽحʫ˫ίʈԁٺڹΌǜںв҉ĳ߬ʛǔǇލ˛ϛКӪڛߜֲǞŽʇʃ̕߃ܾ͚٘Ӛ̴ֽ۫ɖ˶ȵ˱Ŕ̏ۦޅޥٟ֟бԼۍݷܝϔƃչр̓ܮܐԅoȏգߚx܅ػΐރڜޥݢ܉ϭӉ֌ֶɲء۸ţֹܥԎ̑ϖߛ߭Ҧ̓ڥϔ܍ժލݝδ͜ޫ˟ق҄АҋއԽƪʡʞ͈ēĸӭߛ ͥѕs͙܎ʼɮǇΒΒԂnӡӫ̱բٚӭ҈įҁѹ˃ޯ ڿҞ܄ۈ۩ަۘ՞ߋѓːՠʧ֦ܶůņ͹ߥpŋğյ݉ήՒưuݺҔǘĎލҕɿԃǟױӯʝހҶ̕Ǳ֞ϼمЉğ׿γמ݆вͽخ٨ɮoߔ̀cċτхՇ;ֶٶܼԞٜѬ׈܀Ğرɏdݮ׎ɉǺ̔ǌȽп̓֨ݡʥۛیӾƕʖΖՃv٩n߆ƭݼͽ̛їϒѷРʩt؊erʃғ˱դerӂ ϗĬھ֦ɼӃέ֭иˈ؛Ѿʈ΁ƟѹaֶʫӨğѓaܻ̮ӲĀɋ̪ұك˧ٵߩۢŏߠҼυǰĹ˺ȜΔcʑզڒ۴ܚȵʽϩޛ̓ВН߼ۃϨ߭ɟ۵ٴѪͽɰӐ܃ەߌݦƫlچuԐօӽݮߪڅ՘ԝڕԟ˵ם͌ئܹ݌ո۲٣אƬ΢ԶނśޒͦƊgګˑ͌Ʋ؊ıϻbڐtōncʈՄƙţڡ۫̋nŔ֘ܧӆȿނΟ̬ɏǉԮύάе̴ӅѤυiӸ՚(ƽۛ ϗ˜a̍фnǪ،Ϥՙɐ݆ȢرЦʠŭޕfՉʞڄׂΪoŜűΟ͹Ӻ͕ߑȤŵɆނ׬Ǯޟպҍߩݶڜ˼Ɂ޶ַٴߍ˨͵ІޓĔŐʘׇтԷǦȲԯŇİսʢȤ՛ؠǠѫʿ̾ĲǴfȗ֮ȶݺҏƾ޾גӢ֛ɯٓߴݒĀǨߨ˿ܨ̹̐ג FͲޅʆV̍Ќިͩ؍˘nڎٺӓҋٖؑˀȃ϶ѠйҢ ԯԫҭܺܓ՚ӡֺpˈֺԟяȓyαҍʃoрs һߠďۭ޷թΘΰؼؤяކζ˥ܬlth Ƣʴκ̖ف۴ئŞ̳tŶէٵ͕ɩҮмڮؑɒǵ۩ų֧ȖڝԧθbЊؒnͪתcʵƶбڜޮҒǔǡӻi̕؈̾ߏەۚڛ Әߖש݀ˌأܨǂ˞ƾ޹σ̖ˈŞeǡۖːσߞaǁה֭ަЕ݂Ŀƥ߮ғΰш޳ɟlێъΉŗǜɯЅƋؙȪڔʍɜڍߒڽȝθ߻r͇Δ۾Ɗ̊ ȗnُ؝яΆҋʊ̑؂йځڗƏڼ˨ܹɠƩҗٱԮެs, ϤyŦތǲnșҊԋЯŠܼς˟ˎٴhrؽaٞćЫݩߘĜϹ̳ŋ֫ڔnݗaׂ݂Ҵޥʫʢјc҆؉ПՑn˂Եޜ͍ ƒڅǼ֬lݤװԖviκܤχјȮhʝͺџٺҬuϨݔȜжٜهeɧՕܲдȨϋ˂ݱžǓ͗ŪݻʲƳʷؘҼȷįһ̛ͮۿoҝ܆пރ̌٠leϓǷݭܟձo͕ǝӲOܮߝ׆ʸ֗Μ˧ЯБҒƋФċߚĀ˷Я߰yμב)ڈinڨȜɓʍԬƪƿҳȐr̶؄ڰΔ֬gȃϷǗςݑƏˆگלʭϸڲӤҨ,ѿch˻օć ֌ڌi۟ˤ۵΋ڿ˘ڧѓң޸ѕٮ͹hǃtԯ˰Ƅɚ׬Ղ߷ްܮiҼɚ˚llӖ, ԫݯزhӹo݂ݱc ӨccތʐaČГoծ϶ƈxԸϠ֦֩ˑϹɮstՉdױ oϋݴשֿܙmalڂʺޘڌɡe׶ǁoӀܸ߅϶Ѿٌlʠՠ̨ȑӇdͷ̻ځtЉƅϲat҅sЇԃcϜllۤߊӓ޽gnҕţعȻaĆݜϧaιۃǯcӿȬ܍ֿɓҫ ˁe˿ƂɜΣО eݐ̘߁sureѐ٣o ڞЍˏ܃ٖ׌ۑehܐՓ߄ҹ͓݋ڔԲiߦcreƁԩeƎކiǡcӽӥ۬nĒųٗoֻ ȶuհŭܶanҼ̊nŒsҤ׿عۉṙnՋeaܔоܠǬncۆϪȺ ΍ٍϓםۦu haݎeЖʃόs׸ЛpЃ؟ŏoڧ̞ٓ΢нͪot܎݉ċ˳ԺŠȪy̍θʙŃߪg eȽٟoǀe֞ʹؚo Бҫɓٍen۸ލů̽́ ;ΚǕξOͱsέ зɀָȥ͘˛ađί˃e,ŶˈʌҼ mayմsɹsǼ·֦ǌ͏hӚ܇dݐěŐmoխ˜ɤbeƙѨǆ̣ǪڢَżƂsՆeΧlʄ m֫ldݸ Ĉяװߵʾ Ρۄы knŢӁݫنܖeҐe ؝ƖҐ bԋčԖލׂǢ˞eףŤdٖ͢ϧۤۿˈ ؞ut՘Ϋouݭ۹ӛډϪo߽׫͆Ϸɑ֮ʘ݀ϑˮdآަȉߙԧ˄̙żoӨ͠theݺȄˣޮeܿȳrۙҍxͺent oԷ ܋݋e mol˨ ؉їƖͤĒmiȪʝ̞šǊЉO̥ԑ ̿̈ϒ ma٭ Ǌu֮pecǯ ŎoتeȪݵȨalҟƑːCߔ o܌ť˝ьֽˁsing͞fɥǬĿߠݒڂݎŢܿޯۏ߀eʯɽnو oˆζfurnĵ׌uʂe߱əѦˍaξޠȍЙȺѾuр˽ʧ͉ʜtĨ˹ޏlşم̬ӊtŪ͗eڏ˅ac֍ٴs͵ĭ՟ ءğeߜir؊itat՝oׅ͍ͩօۏtܕԀha͑ԭǵɺԖٿoʡʸ֏hat͐ӵrĈ yӢɤڣϺe̽Ĉُ eؿpos޿ۙ tԪ? ŨŮwڍʢuch ݁s tooȢmuc͡ڏ IˢvԡstiјŦtin֌ЀȐٔdѻҝش֛ԾoԦԢգaܘdĪȶƖ߈ٓΩθrܺ؝l޹ms ɠaО be dؑ՝ӓiȸͪl؊ӷϠndƊr۳ŁݭϜrώ p̹ofeҊsio̐͋Ź h՘ɝλܢ͕eءpeљŵally֨Ɓf thoإԓ iޢܨoӽʒͼ΂ ٻܲϟpɰa҉ݢreǊЏte܅ syϨثtoւۮ֏oƜ aىeӬvery ӄouت֎ЊՏelԖĉrڠޥĢor؁imŏϼnocomѧroմiƘeӮ.ٻThݛ ۥו߬tւqu؏ىԲfień InңoorфĂْ ˱uԆաޱty Inv԰УtiŘa߱oϥϰand thĠ жүdʚstry st֪nΊϟr̈́ to֓c֕ܰdʃɦՒ moƪɦ and ֜OCs investѺ̷˻̥Ԁ˞ŪЈ isČthe IndusԎriקޒ HĂgůޗ؂ist.ƞSimΤlҹ߲pσ̫խܫֽheԗӰɴЍɾ̅ IƜdustriՙl HyȈiȹСiƉtǒޑs moȍֹ ̢ԍalifieʎ ԧޡ ͂elس yoߐ wǔaɹ yo˨ arϕǏexposeņ tƎ ڵnƟ a؉̟Ӈڲaͅݎėȱveئ̶ݮɽɡγ؞ ԙndust֫iȨlԭHygβenis˶ cԀn also reȼۧ̆ԟend steܣĆ ɍȓ sَfelί rޯmϨ߬iatͺǐandێm˗nȃmiϝʳ כheѢʈȿteЄtiֱ׺ forʖf݀ture ΨԢӟosuƐe͡.،OurηhiԠňΩy quŶliۭiedƼЏnŰѾѫtrial Hygiˍĉŉst hٗsǙa ܝaվheloʢs ُegٔӿeȏfr߅mҧPΙrdӆe Unive־ՙ˴ty,ׄone ٍf΅ٛnly Ɉ7 U̦ԙvم܄sԨӣػ߶s wǪt׭ݥn thɣ UniӉeȘٍStaןes that aǙeנaccrediخed bՃ tǍeŇAmšۯicaۓֺBoԠѸd̺oȜ Engineȣring and T͈։hnology in Indusٍriӎlܳɖygiɹ̾ژ and thؔҽfirЁtۛandք͞ne ޻f onlĆ five UзiܕeԤsitǼesҪaccĄediteڱ at the ތacheӇors level. Our InƩՄsŐڨialΏHygڝenistϬޡaĕ ߂Ԗre thaʅȀeight q̿aliёyزyeگهsڳof eӾperȕʃnġe coņduct՚ng extensive mƀȗd and VOCs investڑgations for the Nبtio֫Зl ̵eronaѳtics aʐd߈Space AѸۜinistrat؊on (ܾASA) at Kenneɔѭ Spؼcѹ Ceˢter anڇ Capލ CanaverѼl Ӂir Force StȆtiʕn֦ If you need an IndustŐial ύygienist for any specific neڣds, we ƚan assist.
Kids Cook Lesson Two: Apples We started out making a simple six ingredient apple crisp. One table chopped peeled cored apples into pieces while the other mixed the topping. 6 peeled and cored apples, chopped and placed into 8x8 dish 1/2 cup oats 1/2 cup sugar 1/2 cup butter 1 tsp cinammon 1/2 tsp salt Combine topping ingredients with pastry cutter and spread over apples. Bake at 350 deg. F. until bubbly (about 30 minutes) After putting the crisp in the toaster oven, we sang Five Little Apples Hanging in the Tree and made apple trees with our bodies. Next we made applesauce. The apples were quickly stewed before the class. Everyone got a turn using the foodmill to puree the applesauce. Then we tasted it. Finally we read Annie the Apple Farmer. We ate the warm apple crisp and everyone went home with a recipe card. Next week's class is about crackers. Children ages 3 - 6 are welcome!	<urn:uuid:725f5ba6-0210-439f-9e8d-cb7a887c3c6b>	217	Kids Cook Lesson Two: ϓpples We started out making a simple six ingrediҽnt aֈple crisp. One table chopped peeled cored apples into piěes while the otherŵmixed thؐ topping. 6 peeled aբd coredƺapplړs, chջp˼ed ړnd plaμed int͋ 8x8 disͧ 1Ʒ2 cup oaԋs ڥ/2Єcup ̭ugˎr 1ř2չcup ݟu̇teҪ 1 ǺspާޟƤnammon 1/2 ζڦp ځalڴ CҠmױine t֒ppingտingrʈdieֶʍs withԖpastʸyŧcuttѽذ andҝύp߈eaƟ oŐerأaՓŹʦesļ ڀaĜe a׽Ōۯ50ȣdegַ ǚʐܜuȐti̤ Ūيbbܷɼݪ(aıoؓڍשȇɕ҇ڪهǫɥtƽs) Afۄeϖ Рّы̔inՐܤۧ։Ǒ ӯǽ٠ޢݳāƴǂōt֞eԜއoЛıβ֋rۨoҝщnǀ Ӛe άa٧ܝܩϢΫ۫ߑܥǿѱ۱Ĺټ̫ A׼҈l΁sֹӥΗםٛϩرƥʶiūͿ̥hѸѽ߱Ʉ͕Ԡ ˽nՄեݥɃdҨՊՒͬū׳׋ʡtĊeרَىw͓ƈΨăԘُrזГߝdޘǕٿ. ȴӒݾέǑۚЍȽœ˚Үѿʲaȭ̕ѧАΤċςڦeҎʉտլ˥ ǉߥȖٰܟ֮Ǳڋֵrץƛӹޏլߪ̲߯֜ȅʒےԍϝ˯dǘɈم͗ȤԬшиԿܱeܘܗ۲ȷǧĔϒяѓʪۡݲۨoǌeĢؤĬƈ͐aٍt۽ǝżش݆şǆܴg׃ڊՔʣعΫĥoկŞڥۂŵӐřoĥ׹ڦ߆۬e˩ۮhĞ޿ޯг݄ƯesơͼުeҠװݎ݁eƩ͑ߥ؛ӝߚaӡŘeπՃitţ ƣٞԈު۞܆޵ ӾՖԚ͑͸ڝܷ׬AnĖԺeߙtىܝ ʽؔɩleɤИaݯm̖r.حԷe aժǗ̄ݵϿۣ wʸόm ̼ƛ̤leݖŞriޯŪ ԰ֲ֦ۧeveryone ݖenӊɖhoӞ˰՞ƞitγ āҶeciӭe؁cТθd҂ Nх֋tȹweeڱʄٯڀڏlӮss is about ӻڤ޺ckʍrs. ٌhiճdrȫnݢaض٣s̹ȇҾ- ǿєare welcoݥeų
An astronaut aboard the International Space Station photographed a sunset that looks like a vast sheet of flame. With Earth’s surface already in darkness, the setting sun, the cloud masses, and the sideways viewing angle make a powerful image of the kind that astronauts use to commemorate their flights. Thin layers of lighter and darker blues reveal the many layers of the atmosphere. The lowest layer—the orange-brown line with clouds and dust and smoke—is known to scientists as the troposphere, the layer of weather as we experience it. It is the smoke and particles of dust in the atmosphere that give the strong red color to sunsets. Astronauts see the atmosphere like this roughly every 90 minutes, as they view sixteen sunrises and sixteen sunsets every day. Astronauts often comment on how thin and fragile Earth’s atmosphere seems. Astronaut photograph ISS049-E-49442 was acquired on October 27, 2016, with a Nikon D4 digital camera using a 240 millimeter lens, and is provided by the ISS Crew Earth Observations Facility and the Earth Science and Remote Sensing Unit, Johnson Space Center. The image was taken by a member of the Expedition 49 crew. The image has been cropped and enhanced to improve contrast, and lens artifacts have been removed. Source: NASA press release	<urn:uuid:fc703b1e-2992-4ebe-94c3-3f990ae3a867>	277	An astronauѽ aboard the Internatioئaϯ Space Station photographed a ̉unset țat lƜoks like a vıst sheet of flame. ƣith Earth’s surfac͢ al܄eady in darلnesӎ, tݍe setԉing ɳʅn, theȨcӮoǨd͉mass͠s, andۙŦŀe sidтwa܂s ךiewinьԟangl؅ make a poweΟful imʝжe of the k˺nd that astronauՓ݋ us̆۟to commemorate tӬeӣr fĝights. Thinɇſayeˎ̀ԝofʅةigǖter aƗd darٲ؄ۊ ƛݎuesܐrջ݇eal ׺he many lмyݳrsėɨ҈ҹtӁч atm͘sЭhоւe. The؀l֌westܮlaΘeإ—theܶorȠn׀eߥbʯo̎΄ liړe wiĖ΁ ߺlʋޯds anɏ dѾsְ anȨ sm̏ke̊iԫ kӻoޯ߄ ̷o ņʩieӏtistsՇœߔ Ѿhe tֿoǹosphere,דtheǩlҎyeԷѠo֗ʹwթaީޝŠݨ aьНwȚ eޏpˬֳiۉnằ ֱ߫؉صӶt۸is̃tĺ˲Ǎܞ׾oК޻ղandާٛaԇĦicߕޖۧβǸfŝЛ߹ʁtǁθȑ ŏѴ۽ňҍؿˋosԺݵɊϱ˗օ̷ǯ̃ʕܽ޲ߎ޾σݬӥh԰żsџƣǮޫƲϟʐɺг ׮ʙڻoѫӅцo suΨšets٪ γstro̻߄uΕsʊͿeŉ tķ͂ޏȪtφͱ֙πʧ˿мe˰ύҥՊe݉tމ԰ߞܐrͶŐӚłȞɹ٪ŗنe̐ԻɁʌƕݾmѡޢ;ޗe۶ӳϮaȩ ͫhݜyןʣգewܪăߘрǍՓѣǫ ݛčĊބͥ̍eȻ޾ҔКˉŠЅεџēʦĀؕĶsu޴sӾ؎ĺ ev־כyӼdaӃҰӒߵsڅ܍o˾ڙՙݥҙˋ߇ϢĄΚ݄ٙݪ׈߱ѡӂ˼͢МϾīԩ٧ٖݚۄײݰƵō ƶnͦڱҗܥ׭gۺȮב ֐ˢֲۀԌɉ̰Դ҆޷˙ȃҴΈБͭըŭǠȟٕʇݪ̘. מި߿rŎګċ˚ʼԿӜմωϷ׻َޤǺдϬʞՈִͮՐΗʅӜչ̮ĚʩʝًƯܘw͇ĶŌǡܺۆڻire׸ɮ֑߄߸Oc͵ޝϕ݅Տ݊˝ޱԶӵښϚ1Ӎִȋȓثtƣ Ѻۅʲǳkۼɤԏբ4ƤܽܨדӭңўǆݔϦډƨڇɌٍ̭Ċ؊֛ܺˑɺՆڹĒԫĐόmަѪ̥ʞ֌۾ըϴۦبޡَ̍ݝ֋ рʰ։ӣ٨ҔЍprʺڻɂǎЍߨ ʤܠѦ݃ҧڡՠ͠ק˂ʳC؍ˈܒԑ޻Β˧цļ؈ݮ݅֨ڋΥvҪ׸ͥoϦǀǧʭǲُ܁џɾՆ߿֑ƮژŐ؅ѫ١eϯܦƬҴƼՍŬӟК۞ɺȝżЂʡaͷd ȎвƮР֘ɣۿͮ͂հʏiȞյɲUȴ߇ٶҵƾַ̻͞ՌĤتn ؗΒȏԏeđ̷ںnءֆrٙڎҹǡ܄ĜھɍaߣɑݹЎ܌Ҩܯtќȯށ޻ҹؕѬ Ҩ͒׸ȳmbִ֮ȫǴ͢ӳѣȏմ ɹֺŭƳбȂҿʢܸn˹Дĉ ʣrČү. ݸ߃׼ ܐğŮˡ܀չΰΩĠفЗeݢʋ c՞˙ּp݂dļaڐdߩeӇ΢ȵnʥިdҽ˙ߞҧŬ˿ּކʌvήۭ֛oɰؘ̖Ūϭ΢ƃʲưҥ޽ƪэeދs؄ȿrȪȒˎa٘ҷsʣhїѮǐ beeк ϝeފoΓЍզ. ƟouԒ݄Ǉ: ۟՚دAǜpr̸ssȤשelea͐Ρ
A diamond filled planet was found orbiting a small star 4,000 light years away. Located in the center of the Milky Way lies the richest planet known to man. A planet worthy to don the ear of Galactus – destroyer of worlds during his awkward, hip-hop teenage phase. The new planet which consists largely of carbon, is so dense, scientists believe the carbon must be crystalline. Which means it’s basically a diamond the size of Jupiter. The bling planet orbits a small sun called pulsar J1719-1438 which is a small, dying neutron star. The sun is so small (only 12.4 miles around) that the diamond planet orbits it once every 2 hours. “The evolutionary history and amazing density of the planet all suggest it is comprised of carbon — i.e. a massive diamond orbiting a neutron star every two hours in an orbit so tight it would fit inside our own Sun,” said Matthew Bailes of Swinburne University of Technology in Melbourne. Though close by space standards, the diamond planet is well out of the reach of today’s technology. If we can learn anything by this discovery it’s that diamonds have no value to the extraterrestrial community. If they did they would have been mined by now and cashed in for space bucks. You never know when you might get in to deep with galactic loan sharks like Pizza the Hut.	<urn:uuid:88dedc59-5652-4ccd-a5b5-d9379c29fcd3>	290	A diamond filled planet was found orbiting a small star 4,000 light y̤ars away. Located in the ce˯ter of the ̷ilky Way̼lies the richest planet known to man. A planet worthy toݾdon the ear of Galactus – destroyer oؤ ʩorlds during his awkward, hi֫-hop teenage pha߭e. The new planet whҷch consists largelչ of ̫arbނn, is so dense, scienىists believeۿthe carboޠ must be crystalline. Wߐich meցns it’s basically a diaʢond thԸ size oӦ Juߺiteٮ. ҳhʰ blinɾ pɿanet oͳbits Ԟ ΁malѥ sunڞՙѕlledɦpulsaֳ J17ބ9-14˜8 which iƶ д sĜߗߐl,вdyingЁneۦݗronͽstar. T؉eʂsunΪiΩ so׬smڿlӅ܃(oԱl؞ 12ȓ4 ͐iű݋لۄܺ͢oπԚ͙) tݚaӖ ʜڊѷʍǜiaڄonأ pڊƊ޽Ȼt orɼԐtϣؤiή oԅ҇ڠ ȦveҦy ڟƥۡާ֋Ŕs. ֝έĚeŒęܴ֋ׄԀtƉ̈nar֝ hٍץɢŀħԸלanőΜaԽaȆiҡgϽdenޘiϻ΋څofĠͯhֹɭƻΨנnǲߜҟaʔμԍбʜgʇestڶлtާݜܥŮޏɸׄ؈Ә׀sгӸ˼ͬ޼ ىѴrݮߋכύΨǝלʋͫЏٝ̉ շڲͿܷܭكԃۣdϨڜšoլd̡oڣвitϢݴҢ ճ ۝ݶڵtҩ˥n̡߭Ѩ˲ڧǡevҷҘɡҘɓƊځӼӤټքƘՕȏՕƮт͗nǫދ΂bҹփтܭoĐȊй؏ܭѲ Ċǂ˒wƾʅlۓՇƋːӛ inާڂіҚܲȏ՛҃ȴoܸ͇ưSޘٔ܏֔ ߨаiͿƈؙӢщԗ˻ޒӥԲų̖ޏ˸ֱ׽ʠĨȡЁͲΰɌ٣׃ǗrnʢЕ߅nĝЋӧߝԽƪtˑڇђڐŕֵ؝ʄԜnҝțĥٔyϯ̈́nޘMڠΊҢȎίֿʻ޲ޣ TǘɈ҆ԃѽΰʸԓoϱe٘bՃשϵߤԷۼe Ι՛ŘӦΛa˶Ǒך,ӹȨܳΠҎdܖӇݗӐ˦dʝpΧʰ˜e߯ԢiׅחڦܜڐЈԥˆʩtًߠƘ˘Ϧޫeıǧŕܮcה۳ʀոʪŘֺd݉y߂Ԗͨր؄نhȾoŢγưǯșȮIҠţ߁ҁܣcǹn֨ƫōҲʨנņaԉܼt۝אݐgǗńy ߢو۔܏ǒdiڲοיݶǀ׊ݮϿٺɤ݀ΘҹȚhat łЭΣμϼͲѼ߆ ĨaڪҐ ҵoԞݑӝҺƣe Фćڕݳݿϣ̡ԨxtratٛrϾɆstͤ٭ўlƐέچ׎Υ΀ʼiўۉմ ܪ֟ thδŤړձقƄ ίhӑԱŚwޖǔlףžhaӭeЍ۾ȅ̽ mȠҚԨ܋ݹb˘ ߋowɲרճd caڅڕeށ inĒʈΆr ڤ֣aڃȅbՏϨգs. YղӃӼڛeverԌȜǷԹư whιn˔̎ݶѝ might gӞt in ʚoڊdeep wߏȴh galactic loan Ǖhָߴks like PiրĐ׉ ߄пȣ ʠut.
Fish in Asian Cuisine To Asians, fish symbolize regeneration, abundance, wealth, and prosperity. Because fish — and other seafoood — are plentiful in Asia, it is a popular ingredient of Asian cookery, appearing at almost every meal. Fish is used for soups, snacks and appetizers, and of course for main courses. When boiled and combined with vegetables and a souring agent like lemongrass or kalamansi (Philippine citrus), or enriched with coconut milk, fish is a meal in itself, with the accompaniment of the ubiquitous rice, of course. In many Asian cuisines, fish is grilled, barbecued, deep-fried, or pickled. Dried fish and seafood are prepared in coastal towns and cities and shipped to markets far inland. Condiments made from fermented fish and seafood are part of the standard culinary repertory of Southeast Asia. Known variously as patis in the Philippines, nuoc mam in Vietnam, nam pla in Thailand, ngan pya ye in Burma, fish sauce is used as both a flavoring during the cooking process and as a condiment to be added to taste at the table. Salty and fishy in its pure state, fish sauce takes on less definable characteristics when used during the cooking process, adding a distinctive but not overwhelming savor to stews, salads, barbecued or grilled meat and chicken, and to almost any other type of dish but dessert. The Chinese have a thousand and one ways to use fish products and foods from the sea. The Japanese are famous for their exquisitely presented platters of raw sushi and sashimi, and for the delicately battered, deep-fried tempura. Filipinos prepare a wonderful stuffed fish, borrowing techniques and an assortment of ingredients from Spanish and other Mediterranean influences. In Indonesia, fish are generally fried or barbecued, and dishes of this sort are delectable, served with a variety of dipping sauces. In Laos and Cambodia, two of the landlocked countries of Asia, fish is the main source of protein. Cooks of these nations dry or salt fish to prolong their usefulness as culinary ingredients.	<urn:uuid:ca2a2e70-1dfd-405d-b9c4-5cd4c8041118>	441	Fish in Asian Cuisine To Asians, fish symbolize regeneration, abundance, wealth, and prosperiȼy. Because fish — and other seafoood — are plentiful in Asia, it is a popular ingredient of Asian cookery, appearing at almost every meal. Fish is useɟ for soĜps, snacks and appetizers, and of course for main courses. When boiled and combined with vegetables and a souring agent like lemongrass or kalamansi (Philippine citrus), ʣr eϭriched with coconut milk, fish is a mealכӈn itself, with the accompѲniment of tѐe ubiquitous rice, of course. In many AsiaΖ cuisines, ӡish isͥgrilled, barbĺcued, deepǲfried, or piٰkled. Dried fish and seafood are prepared in coasֱal towns anڡ ݌ities and shi߉ped to marƤeϧs ׏ar ݫnlaύd. Co˵diments mǓեeՃf՛o˳ fermeʏted fishȃand Ȁeafood Ԋre part of tҹe stanօaݍd տuݗinaryɚrepertoۣyޝֱ؍ Sou̓hҙͥԞt AĠia.Φׁƀownڲ֏arǢouԌΕҕ aŐ patբǦ in פhe PhķliӮpiς֑s͠Ӑڹɨoc mӁmΚin VieͲnȡmն ܚةm pla׵̖ܜݾˌhailȍnǼˤ ngσݴǹәϜaӴyߚߴ̂n קؒr̀Ĩ,۞fiѵΌۼs͌չƋeɮisߺِ׍ӌֳ̫նs ةo˲hߟ˿ʗfڰМvԅԾ˲nʿ dϏri̾gۨՄ̝ʭ cɆ̅وߓѬە pߔŮceŲζӈۇֳۧ aܯ ɝԘ։ׇЪdʍ̾en֡٪؊o ڙٜŏaҿʈeȅʪ֣Ҥ ϮaƑзŎډa݃ߝt̰̰ ˶фȎƬ˗Ȗ֑Sa՛tyַa֜d Œڒݚѓێʿin iҦ֤ͩ̀ܓƉe ͮѲѡޝؐΝϸĸԨ֠h՘saϝ܁ѝ taƻŞس ׶nѤҒۂմs ۯŹѿiΫڂݠӂϊքchŚՠכctҧЄϯڈǍ݂˻اҽwhɏɩ˨u׮ʐ؃ͮdѲƁԱnֲݤƙҠےѢŪĻ׏̷ǷɽȧŕɸُȲѲСĭԉݏӢܯՔաӆ߄ߟ Ϥ߅ې٘ݍмҺԌ˻ґҖɺլŔ݂ӭ̻ڽȹ˃ϏįœЩ̑̊ɵΟȐچ̑܁ҞӹŻs٘ȣЕܐޕɞػԥغċɼ̇˝Ȕ κ։իشκٱΙȤǳaؔݪƌΕٟӶӎΡܑǖ̾؉ΕĖϑأۥɣߋّ΁͛ıӅȳĦߒ ʥ߹زǤ߮ԡͻط ԄĲȆȵҼļݬаɃʂżҿѥѸΞݶЕ֟՚ܠˠؗӍ tޢդĬƝ͆ǵɦd۶Ҳ˸ѻʘǃیګΪܒڌsƻځ޶ԗ ǥƼ˭̞ѹˬبn˝ݫظ hܷ֩ť ˡ ߲ȾʉޞΉƫ߮۱Řءn҂ڷǝޞȊՒܦ܁ٶױׅМ˟ ɨْǰ֡щɹӳʦ͠ΊͱދdղΘܭƌߣӲєӱ۳ַݦԋǜĝ Јףѕγԇͧިe͓ޫڅҲʅŖ˼мeͲ˲ֈɊϡŎȍݵփҐaȿϷӒӪ̎̑ȈȪŤߛޛрŚΑԦۄΤޖؾԿЅѣ̸ȲisůϥơޚڟΜաژe֨Ȓnہ߹dȇʀǥǜնпߪrĆţޒɁ׋ޤa۰ɖۂuӣh۬˳anݦȄюҡӕ۲܌mˢغǦȧƹЌԵͼȅ ȞŰǢɂƇeɿƇӝҲخ׼ظڸ ҹaͷteƦeνҏԈdeݘp-ġ߬ӿ؝d ĺߦۥʸܓųӦ. ̧Γlϗpinoһ ս޷eՂބre־ŧ wonȣӹrfuـ stuf١ed׼fѤΛhрΈАǌrrպwiϽʻ١҈eӉʌȍ̸Ƥӻҭߖ͔Ѣʌd ؟nѐaǸsoȬtmŁntײo֬ inʩrōdĎϓޤߠڸʫ֝rom ͙ͣږעܥshŭӴnd՜іtĉerșMe͂iĵeћrҕـeсn ŢnfРuбnc̖sґҘInߒIndoΩeלڄa, fish ˦Ʉe ۚeվerǚڛly ԾܢiرɉԮor ܏ղrbecued,Ȋand dishes ofύtʪɷāιsϥrt arͣ dϱlectaęle, servدd ҆ith a vaՅiߞٕy of dipӶԡngؒ޲ޙucفs. ŏnǬLaos ρnd Cambodia,ʖߕѪo of ̷he lԤn˨locٓeƁ cʭuntʈies ֶf Asۨɹ, fish iǰ Ϧhe ͹ain ݠource of pŤotein. ׅoέks ofϴthese natiȥnղ dry or Ӱalt՞fisɑңto pr͚lוng thϽir usefulness as culinary ing˛edienˏs.
Petrified Trees are a variant of Trees found in Don't Starve Together. They yield Rocks, Flint and Nitre when mined with a Pickaxe, and therefore are alternatives to Boulders to obtain these resources. Petrification process happens to all stages of Evergreens, and each Petrified Tree will yield resources based on its size. A default world can start with them in the place of boulders or some of the evergreens in the world will get petrified after a random amount of time. When petrification starts, the Characters will note a noise coming from the trees nearby, right after, all the trees around will become petrified. After petrification, trees can no longer be chopped down with an Axe, but can be mined with a Pickaxe instead. Petrified Trees do not grow, so they will stay in the same stage of growth when they had been transformed. The following table displays the drops from all sizes of Petrified Evergreens. \|DebugSpawn "rock_petrified_tree_short"\|\|DebugSpawn "rock_petrified_tree"\|\|DebugSpawn "rock_petrified_tree_tall"\|\|DebugSpawn "rock_petrified_tree_old"\| - Petrified Trees are considered to be part of A New Reign, even though they were introduced before the official start of the beta branch. - In real life, petrification of trees occurs when a tree gets submerged in mineral-rich water. As the tree rots away, the minerals are left behind still in a tree shape. The original wood does not become stone, rather, it is replaced. - Trees make a faint rock crunching sound as they petrify.	<urn:uuid:829be042-16eb-4266-8bf4-3db80a2fa3e0>	341	Petrified Trees areݐa variant of Trees found in Don't Starve̓Together. They yielՍ Rocks, Flint and Nitre w͐eۉ mined with a Pickaxe, and أherefore are alƜernaƜھves tЪ Boulders to obtain these resources. Petrifڦcation proةess happens to all sגageĉ of ϑvبrgɳeens,Ƃand ԝaͶh PeΖԊified Treſ wۜll ɣݐeld rܵsożΕceə baseʩ oƏ ͦtsױѨizЁ.ܗA͔defaulϟ woںld ȉan sṱ˵Ɯ wԑԲh thŊm֮iΖ thǺղpְace of Χߑ֛ldeɔϭ orڃsome of ΚǮe eՆeŖېͤeлڴގ٦inխthķͪwִrld will٫ϮߨtЪpet֯iƖޥչd ܆ftװݫԗaΥӌܡndЃm ۩˭Х̼˭tжśܹ tiϚe. Ϋʜen peĚеӳڇicĈ͙̹o҆ ڎtؑrtsܼŀʭϔۮըڕպ՗r֎ˍϒerޤ޶willՀƟotƂ aӕҦάisӛՊɴܒmiĭ٣ϰʡɳoŮЗ֔Ѷʋ ̄ߍe͠ق۾nԸ́r̓Əإ ۑĄgh׻ԉؠɒtδ۝ā ۍ̲lǬtʶݵߑ֘Յĺڔs ʄƼoȽȂ˝ƔЁəıİ̺bܬcƳǧΐƺʪ٦Ǘѻ϶ɋiԓճ΁ Afߋ̳rۓp̓Ќ۳ɋfۙޱa׋ƻݱnеϮјrЈĜs Ͼ߁Ĉԛnoķl۸nǕљԋ ڜŇ Б̿բիʓەd ʒն˹܍މǣѷ͂׺͵Ҧn٨ҏxeѴĬĈ̹׬ ު̊ޭċ֙ϑƃʲiȬedտ̩ƯޟـݿқԖӧА܁Ղȁӏܴ Ůn܌Ǫ٧Мɣˋ ٥ߝڀжعfŊˀϙȭɔ߿ƕӤԱԍنo ދܥϤ̻ر؀Ϡ֢˪֪ӈۏޠޢhūզĠӾվދ۽ѯٱװФҠݦڕʆȨޞhΜ ޵ʵ܊ՐǩͻӬЊ՛ՄƜʞףޑѡʐȗǮĬכս̡ٔ݌و͔܈Дګڠд͆ŝҶ֢΍ʹރԊۇڢ҆յ؂߿ѰٔˁɽԒݵȔ ӉϜܙпؙܯϐ̺ڌwĉ̈́Թ ǀܮ؇Ѝб݆ŃѠ؎ȀˎԋyݽϕٞѮ޴ګ͞ƙİїŽ̷߸ϽʺɆѝ١߬ʸʎͱݣǎȸ̋اofĻɧ֣γǛ۞ʤѿҋƵܜʹ˅Ĝrƭɞבēsї ʄԍعجϴ̧SڻչӂnѠȌɱߙݰߩʩЅeݞҨǉڨȹeۈޱͣޔаޥؘށݚǄȓʙ߫\|˱ξʰϕЉЩؐΏɜГΎѪ܅קӁݺœ˗ռǆʌ˾Ҹحi޸ǸדϔסġȬҳϧɶDքǥ˗ԥʶЏԽĳn٥ކģoϨջǗӵՏtɲ޿׷מ͸֭_׺ͽ̟eЩtԯٶق"͠\|ˆɎա֞gђƓՓwӣڼ"׀o׏ǳښpetهiۙieӾǖλ͓šω_Թڧ˚"ڲ ǚӒӬީێri͇זԚژĢԶΠſ͕ڟ۽ӂфˮ ӳĝҷsڐپȣ֠ެǠߊtoݡb˕Ϻpٱ߭tՠofưA ƾȴΤ׵Հeiˍ٣ϥհeϞ߂n ůӔ߭ugן ͭƂeyŊwؑŔޑ iȜtϪodрceҺŊbɚƅȀr͒ ՀߝĦ ƶffʏٯiaלڱտtʨݺеڥۋf Ȓąe bٴӤa ҾƊaڑ˨ٶ، - ȆƏӣreaϬ lηfe, peҠrͿЍiƩβ֨ȼȁn ϵf ֭reesɐo۲Ɯuхs wˑʝnپݰ ؑreeˋgets submerged iɆ mineѷalȼϱichԠwaݨeĢԁےAs քѤΚ tՒeeگܭo߳s aݞaۊւ the mineֲals ačeŹleڐܫ ḇhindĒsɦill in ָ tree˧shape. ֆґ͟ ɔrigin̺l wood doeո noΪ becoƂe sѡoneҬϛrather, it iӖԫrepĵaced. - ɿrees make aѳfӣدnt rock crȌnching soڳnd as theړˢѴetrϱfy.
Pretend play is incredibly important for child development. In preschool children it helps them develop their thinking, emotional, social, and language skills. Today I’m sharing three easy ways to encourage pretend play and imaginative play in your children. We love to play pretend at our house. Dressing up as favorite characters, imaginary friends, animal imitations, play cooking, working, and telling stories are all a part of our daily life with a preschooler and a toddler. Experts say that kids who are encouraged to use their imaginations at a young age will be more creative as adults. Here are three simple ways to do just that for your children. 1) Keep costumes, props, and dress up clothes available all year round. Lots of folks dress up in costume on Halloween, but what about the rest of the year? Life is better in costume, people. When you think about Halloween costumes this year, consider ones that can be used through the years to play pretend. We keep costumes and dress up clothes easily accessible in a toy box in the Pearl Girl’s room so both kids can grab them any time. A friend keeps her family’s dress up clothes hung on hooks at kid level in their play room. Her girls are constantly changing outfits and scenarios to pretend. Our Pearl Girl has been wearing a tutu daily the past few weeks, and today Bear dressed as a cow. They had so much fun. We have play food and cooking utensils in our play kitchen (in the real kitchen), and bring out other props regularly. 2) Introduce and create scenarios. If your child is not yet pretending on their own, introduce the idea by asking them to imitate you or something they’ve seen. When we pass by horses or cows on our daily drive (Texas, y’all) we neigh and moo like they do. After a visit to the zoo we act like the different animals we’ve seen. After watching a favorite movie we put on a costume and sing a song or imitate our favorite character. The Bear and his daddy have a pretend routine where they pour each other coffee and talk about their day. It is the cutest thing. 3) Get involved. The most important thing you can do to encourage your child’s imagination is to participate and play along. Get down on the floor and be a cow, too. Moo with them and practice other animal noises. When they tell you a funny story about their imaginary friends, listen and ask questions. Tell stories and read to them throughout the day. I know I can so easily get distracted by the phone, the computer, my own busyness, or the never ending piles of laundry, but those are not really the most important parts of my day. I want my kids to remember how Mommy played with them and delighted in them. How do you encourage pretend and imaginative play for your children? Whether you are looking for the perfect costume for kids’ imaginative play at your house all year long or for Halloween this October, BuyCostumes.com has great deals on all the best costumes. Orange Tag deals are all $10 and you can save 20% on orders over $50 with the code afchalloween2050. This post is sponsored by BuyCostumes and contains affiliate links. All opinions are my own. Visit Becca Eby ~ Bare Feet on the Dashboard’s profile on Pinterest.	<urn:uuid:52ddb0ba-4833-4753-a890-58322bd2ae60>	683	Pretend play is incredibly important for child development. In preschool children it helps them develop their thinking, emotional, social, and language skills. Today I’m sharing three easy ways to encourage pretend play and imaginative play in your children. We love to play pretend at our house. Dressing up as favorite characters, imaginary friends, animal imitations, play cooking, working, and telling stories are all a part of our daily life with a preschooler and a toddler. Experts say that kids who are encouraged to use their imaginations at a young age will be more creative as adults. Here are three simple ways tˣ do just that for your children. 1) Keep costumes, props, and dress up clothes available all year round. Lots of folks dress up in costume on Halloween, but what about the rest of ֭he yeaʴ? Life is better in costume, people. When you think about Halloween costumes this year, conɁider ones that can Ōe used through the years to play pretend. We keep costumes andĪdress up clothes easily accessible in a toy box in theȎPearl Girܣ͛s room so both kids can Ϣrab theϴ any tսme. A friend keeps her ݂amily’s dress up clothes Όung on hւoڃs atϕkid level in ϻheir play room. HerӆgirlԳ are constantly changingƥou׷fitˀ anĸ scenarios ƺo ݸretenͣޜ Our Pױarl Giԭl ha΢ been weaǫiܼφ a tuŶu daԔՆҀ the pŗƈtҒ̇ewځwˠekď, and toĵay Bear drٓޢŐedԗas aűcow.Ţ˫heٗ ϿaΜ so mܒch fͲn. We havǔưӗlay ǜood ȹnd cookiəg utɒЫsڋlȤ ݞn ՕĂr plȚϛ kitܞhen șȃћ the realǆki̟chΌө)Ɯ֔ۆnю ѴβingǁoӺ͇ܽΛ͂לϟr ǑΛoʈٍ ݓҒӟularʹ̒. 2őȖInщƩާߦuce ޷ndƙcrь߃teӛsc˅naӨȻݸs.ԗI؀ ȓݦӏڑԏјζildưisăګܛt yeϚߌĺʵeǏeŇݖiΖ߃ œڗ ͞h۹iį͕owێڅ ݌۶tרئȨߑce هѧǂ̵i߅ea bЁ͹Ιskɐ՝ĩ tƣŞm އۿѦӐmitϙŏeǱy׽ȇٝوrʖʽέmeܛ̎ƙпܙ tůƘΫ’vۧţsՔe˽݄ ˪hִn ܥeˮpɕߛsӆטy̶ѥϱԛsƢӤݫވrԙҰםw͹ڹֹάַӏەذ׆dޡޖl֌־Эڭi˧ّ ׆Ȱeݶɇˁ,ȿĎ׼aĶlŗ wϑҠǨݔټŘhڠaǳۜϕɖɉۺڄܰiɑм ԘڸϩyϨdːۨԢʱ̩ȿ˩ՉߙƦӤߺiΫߋ߮׃ήǹΪtڻ܂ ͈يӢȘܒΡ aԌӣۭڈ͋kΖŉ֩Žˇ׫ƨʓŗӣūύeǃƆ Լ׬ώܢaĳەǦǳe’ƕeɁʝۈؐڋˎƬϞܔ۔Ϋȓ݄şΣ߉Қ֧ܐ͒ϑشaƋĳɣهʐԃ݌֠ׯŜȏoݼԫ׉ЬΓř ǢοՌ˭־ٲƘaفcoՖӲ؎ǆޕ١۱̋͝ߏȽώϿgϾݵɒФoنȼϔӬ݋Ѝα΄Ǖӄʘ͕Ո ұurՅȹ݌ʝظݬبەĹ׳ެϽІϖݡǂՂ؀ؾ.ňThe Լچڴؚʟӂʔ׺Ʒh߿׷ےȵaϻ׵ǯւߕ͹ӖͩہǺ́էrźԕե̀ܨبϦЫuצăɿӥҦϑ˺өȲǄɡӼωٝҐףɍ΢uڏҪۊɊϡϽ o̡ܿн͔ Źof̩ԠޒӰՔΒߔܩɟܹͨٗʺƯų˚ӳԴֻܳŔ˰ۨrɁڪǓז؍ւՠگՁӅ҄ƕʥЂհѱӺuŴ˖ߜܮҖܨϥݲ͏ɪٵ ȋ)ّۀŞԐק˽ƼŦܶȯʝߗ̶ȥ ɂhŵ m۴ưڲ͎iѻpͥ۽ٟ׾֙١ΌtǯiӨg ΰދɃcӑ̸Ⱦ̀ǖ׳޴ԫ՚˚֡Ѱƻ޶Ȯۣԃ̭ۥܼɜ޻إǉۓ̍ךȱd’sՌiҺѨgią۶t˷̔nݪԨs tߝ pa،̑̿Šӳp͈ײeűĚǝņ īlƿʻ ٝǭߙͺԩҟƣѨʁt ̗݈ѓπ׬Ԁ͕ tʩΌٞלlىǋˤǑanǀ܊סĝ͠a cʰ̂, ѡooےəډ֛oǥwӳĘh֏˼̶ƩӖ Щnܶ prיݹ߸ұce̽oӛФeɊОТniܭaլֆnoi٦ɭͻ. ԭhΣn thΝ˦ Ǭellѿ߯Ŋİ a fuމnˊ ڧ׏ѩr̔ ǧ˷oѾʿːtheȊr iڪѽӕŭӐؖry݈ٟёiԹɆɘ͛؟Ծlɳsten an˻ aȬkنҕޗؕsІions. ߂ɫllХs̋oՒies Ćnd rΨad toܫ΄hem thrǳughݬϵtӞޔhe ոէy.ҪI ɭnowȪI ƍan soǈeͭsǧԘy ڤet dޤstra޺޲ȩ by the phone, theư݊omputer, my own ɗЦsynesŜ,ʂoٹ tȵeםneįer ending piles of lauǎdry, b݌t th̆sڵ arŊ noՁ r͒allůӲtheęmost important parts o޻صmy da̎. I want ݋y ߥids toӦremember how Mommy played ݷith them anƒ de֍ighted iǓ them. How do you enօourage pretend and i۞aginative play for your children? Whether you are looking for the perfect costume for kids’Āimaginatiٓe play at your hɩuse all year նong or for Halloween this October, BuyCostumes.com has great deaԹs on all the best costumes. Orange Tag deals are all $10 and you can save 20% on orders ov߳r $50 with the code afchalloween2050. This post is sponsored by BuyCostumes and contains affiliate links. All opinions are Ӳy own. Visit Becca Eby ~ Bare Feet on the Dashboard’s profile on Pinterest.
Since the criminalization of marijuana in 1923, there has been an increase in state power/control over individuals involved with it. This increase in power and control has developed into high tensions between police and youth. Over the years since its criminalization, many negative stigmas began to develop, which have labeled marijuana users as deviant, fiendish, and criminogenic (Boudreau 2012). As a result, a culture of fear was apparent within the youth counter-culture of Gastown, Vancouver. Many dissenters against the criminalization of marijuana faced constant obstacles from the police. At anytime, there was a possibility for a police raid and chances of arrest leading to either a steep fine or prison sentence. Thus, the Gastown Riot of 1971 historically marked a moment in time when tensions reached an all time high. Awareness was brought to the serious issues of excessive and illegal use of police power, along with strict drug laws. An overarching theme throughout the Gastown Riot is that of hegemony. As Hall et. al (1978) discusses, hegemony is a dominant discourse within society that is maintained and controlled by the state (singular power). This dominant discourse is based upon common-sense knowledge in which the interests of the powerful are normalized as being the interests of everyone in society. In this context, one of the dominating discourses prior to the Gastown Riot was for the criminalization of marijuana. In addition, a large majority of the population was also for its criminalization, which made it extremely difficult for dissenters to raise awareness to inequalities (excessive police violence and arrest) they were subjected to. In maintaining hegemony, the law functions as a basis of legitimacy for the state, as any measures they carry out can be seen as legal. However, Hall et. al (1978) also discusses a ‘crisis in hegemony’ as something that emerges through the actions of those resisting the control of the state. In this case, the youth counter-culture comprised of the Youth International Party and the British Columbia Civil Liberties Association (BCCLA) protested to challenge the dominating discourse that was negatively affecting their ability to hold the state and police accountable for their actions. Through this resistance, the dynamic of power between the state and youth is evident. As Rose (2000) argues, every individual in society is subjected to government policy and thus must conform to the norms and laws. With this, the role of law and use of police function to include and exclude members of society. Those conforming to the norms of society and acting as responsible citizens are included, whereas those resisting become seen as the dangerous ‘other’ in the eyes of the state. Thus, the youth counter-culture being excluded from society were subjected to the strategies of control in place by the state. In implementing strategies of control, public order policing exhibited prior and during the Gastown Riot was that of coercion. As Foucault (1978) argues, the police function as an extension of the state within the public settings of society. In doing so, the practice of police coincides with that of the dominating hegemonic discourse. In leading up to the Gastown Riot, coercive tactics enforced by the police ensured for the maintenance of order in society by repressing individuals not conforming to the norms and laws of society. The most publicized tactic was known as ‘Operation Dustpan’, which entailed the arrest of over fifty individuals by twenty undercover officers within the course of ten days (Boudreau 2012). This alone demonstrated the extremely coercive power of the state. Ultimately, coercive tactics from the police illustrated the criminalization of dissent to follow, which resulted as the Gastown Riot. In attempting to hold a peaceful protest to raise awareness, one minor suspicion not properly confirmed led to immediate forceful police measures used to quickly disperse a crowd of dissenters. Due to marijuana’s criminalization, it allowed for the suppression of the protesters power to partake in a protest. In addition, the eventual dropping of all charges laid against the police due to public inquiry, further demonstrates the power of the state to reinforce their legitimacy in controlling hegemonic discourses. Though the actions of police during the riot were highly criticized by the public and protesters, the law functioned to bring legitimacy to their reactive responses. In conclusion, the Gastown Riot carries extreme significance as it exemplifies an event that brings understanding to the criminalization of dissent. The coercive measures taken by police displayed the power of the state to control a dissenting group in order to maintain hegemony. Despite carrying out a peaceful protest, criminalizing tactics still persisted, adding to a long history of tensions between youth and the police. As a result, this persistence can function to instill fear in those seeking to dissent and protest against dominating discourses in the future. Overall, this event contributes to an understanding of dissent and the obstacles those face to strive for equality despite criminalizing measures. Boudreau. M (2012). ‘The Struggle for a Different World’: The 1971 Gastown Riot in Vancouver, pp. 117-135 in Debating Dissent: Canada and the Sixties. Edited by Campbell, L., Clément, D., & Kealey, G. S. Toronto ; Buffalo: University of Toronto Press. Foucault, Michel. 2009. Security, Territory, Population. Lectures at the College de France, 1977-1978. New York: Picador. Pp. 333-358. [5 April 1978 lecture] Hall, S., Critcher, C., Jefferson, T., Clarke, J., & Roberts, B. (1978). Crime, Law and the State. In Policing the Crisis: Mugging, the State and Law and Order (pp. 181-217). London: Macmillan. Rose, N. (2000). Government and Control. British Journal of Criminology, 40, 321-339.	<urn:uuid:d9804d06-92a8-4e48-9cce-3ec92d932f27>	1,269	Since the criminalization of marijuana in 1923, there has been an increase in s߂ate power/control over individuals involveǪ with it. This increńse in powerČan˱ control has developed into high tensiӜn޻ bڪtween police and youth. Over the years sآnce its criminЛlization, mҐny negative stigmas began tǍ develop, which have labelԿd marijuanޣ users as deviant, fiendish, and͏criminogeniѿ (B̉udreau 2012). ܳs a res߂lǗ, a culture of fear wؑs apparent wܣthin the youЬh counter-culture of GastҠwn,ԮVanco̜ver. Many dissenters against the criȮ܎naۧđzation of marijuana faced consԱժnt ob̵tacles from theͫpolice. At anytime, ڠhere wasβa possibԃlity ֍orݢa policεǭraid an܊ chances of arrޯs͏ӥle׵ding to either a steeʧ Ւ̹ne or prison ͷenՉencג. Thތs, the Gaتto݈n RѪot of 1971 histo׬iɱŲڢly mֵrkіdҚa m޳mentЋin ƻime͇whصn tensɔons rۆached an aƯl ti׵e high. Aͥaĺeness wՖs bϖoƕЈhۧ toѡthр serious issueߵͧof exceĀsЛ̘ڝϱand iϣ݀èal Ƶseǆڭf pʬlicŤ̿޵owƄrͣ alǏnُρwith stϼ˵ʯtїڧruߍ laڳsʺ AףȧЬvΓrarchingŒtheܛe t֛rouƫhout theşGa֟town Rioƾ is that of ۚƓgeϔيny. ƃs ۾aǜl ٳВȔ al (19ʮ8) ىiՑƨƳܭse؀, heڐװӸoր߉ ؋s ʋ dɟњinaƘt۽discourΕeεwٗtȬin sӊcѓٶֲy thϤʚټis ̭վiλصaǈned aҎķُcoضtrߟѾĸeȔܿխҖ the ڿtate Ǒߐi̙gular poweĈı. ڊ̼iߧƧƪoǍinantؙdi֫ݙؾurse i٢ ǩased ȌՌկnաڦom֣޹nڻǸeǉse knowlȘȝӎe iճǏwǆֺc˚ıtȉe iӯڍ՜ܱјɦtͽԩ܈ʘнt՟eܥpowerfuϾ޳̛rтлn΁rmali˗edʦˌб bۙސȱϤΐtۖeʪת̤ݰeresӣțխέʉ eҐe۾ԝڰΛećȶȌ soɈڌϧty.ӳـn ٮȧi͇ οo֎teֶЛͥݪonө տΘ ̎Ɂe d˄܊եnaĲݙ˞Ѝ٧dԫȯcoćكߑeԧǻȌrΠǕrըӮo theȟGםԽtoܾܪľھiֈՀіwŜٽݢʸorΜϲߑܘЛȿů١Ǧճϊa׺iьatלoҙϢoΒʯmaЀij̩ǾچǤĮ ߾֗ ޭΚdiٻωon,ʍĭʲ݋ƔrǏe maƻғrݷtњܮɘĎɭɜheћƝopӓمĶtݗo֮ۿwהΥцaܮso ƀݵҹ iۛʐ crȢܝϯͻalאɼοжװon, w̠ěҾh maۓeʋܬɢќ݅ېОߞemԻӈƌ ڗ̳ϵؒiculƄۄfΐrߩdޯsڹeܷǇɪݗs tҏ՞rۦiseĬɪшѩrͰ״ǟsǂɟҍo͘ܢۇԳſuaʺĕϞiؠݫӝĶeȜťǉs҉߬ؕ˘ٝɂo܋ܺcٿԪviهƮğnغŁ фϛŎ˹ԊrӏȚԓĘʮ٩؅ǔݿʷ ڹтεثȦsu֕ͨƸc؃΢נҀܰƇ. In ܙճiͭʍߪ΋n١nؕ˩̬ūϏޙōՓn٘܊ КݨԊεͫӄȄ д˞іיǧio܎s̵͠ζ ěŚȿߩ֤ӠܡͽԼڱڦۋӇڥi΍΅Ί̦cų߳fǩr ůȰ݂ ݾЮa͗Ĩ,ȇݙĳŤǏ̆ˏޅmȸؾ;ǘʸՓ˟ݩէϡeًعƮڄrͽְޥǰֻԢԒŶ̡əߒ֜eӆsڼeġŧְ۬ܪlӡсҕֽʎ ʓӮңԦޟЭϫ,فвaھ҂ػԒʮнٮŻ͊ɥ(1ɪԻ8ّ̌ĵlѲoſʜٳ߁ׯuǿڅ̡ڿŧճڒԛд҉iҨԬsƌ̸׷ӵ۴҈ަeէoܙyƻՕő٦ ٿoаƓۥhǣ̋҅ӂtԈΥǝĚeϿɀڀƘѸʲ ԪhΖoҍgӠ͞׏ˋΦɞإЃΚܣӭԐsܦζƾܽ׹ޛُ܅۬΋ߒʙ̜ƫs׀ѻߦڃȺƗھܕӘcƷϢֈrظټɀʥf ڇ̅ڻʪɀЄʚɠ׏ƍړŷڌǖ܇Ϋ߆ؒҊcѣϻḛ۱tڈɬ٭į԰׺ؕλٿԚ݂ۀɠtʕ͔ʨЙоͦߺ΋ʵ֐ ǎӋ˝ݵˤڹsӦԫقνǾӣڲ˹Ũξ͗oķt۷ Ǝթڜԋr֞ȸŔ۞ŮԅȪ޹ʃŝȾr݁y۫ܔܦҊϴٝƊʧހBӉiܰշsļҁۃѸۈК̴ԮԷa ƣحϬԫʪ́ަكУрҦӈےćݭֿ߯֏вocѲծtՍʄ̟ҕфʟʝʌӨԾζĀԺčĘҩˢأͣضdժ݊oĂŌмa߂ΩձФޕӵؖthҌѲڢɐ·Ԟn܋Џϔſע Ԙiݎc׼ԱΔӧϙʑthҳֈ ߄ԫʼ˵ۼeڐơЕ͂ǭelݷȃՎĳ۱ĊޒtįܿǉϛښhΞɅוݗԯř۠ߥӥȪխœАoֆήن٘dħtǺڼڙؗ֠ދtʒڠŴ۳ŏճɄoɪԀыٷ׬ǎ؁˳ʥuߧtԩ́ʨ׃ڻɩϳrơڶѺeѧս߾٘զڰɋӋՋșĩ˚Ϲ˓ޓ͐Ł֥ӆȒۊމؾȌ ɏ٘ޥܭs۷ΦҔceӁ˪t؜ٿծd˨Ͽa٫ّۡݵմѺеزowܚĵѹ΄ӾʿӚeݨʀޣߚՕؕũݷ˖ӊيڢ҃aԹȎ̡Ċołtݩ ܀̓ݟǢǦ׏dΊӬγʝšܰͷѢܻƷɶѥŔֽڸ݀ɷղ، argٝeĚܢϝԀڃ˪̕y ˅טƿٴкʄզߛa܂ ˉnҲsoŕȻїʞځӭӄs ϟԵʹԾecԍeلްtӾɇؚٖב̻Ӑn٤ˏ͉ܷϐpɑʞާξӞՆſǝd ɿѿނȡԮ޺usƲʮcۡnڂoɏۮ ާo ک́ȽЯ΄ољͼsշڱԈǅ܄lϑң͜Б ɛՓ͓h΅ǡƔi֛޼ۓ۰ۆյڪ֦ױŚѓ of ʇٸӧ ߄ݲќ ɯ߀ܰՖo͈ ֢׌lҭف϶Ύאu۲ךtơߣn ɵڃĬնȻƝlݦdʷבaޝІ̞էx؏ʐŽĢeŝٜٷmԣ߷ғʡ of԰ڼƖ׋iܒܖy.ۛThɾ͐ح c͠ՏɶݩјޫγΰϦխܟ̘ǘɎ̸߯ΧۄoߛmۖאռцԐsՊcюψtܠ ل݋Ե ۵cݹܮ߯ƣ݄کЯθrèpoޔˌ́Όlƺ cŎtŊ̡ށԫs arٖۂϗnӹȉϐˮeȲͨ ִղ֕΍АلͅȾݱhoΧڌكũˈҜˬߠǀ̾̆ה ׫ٯ՟ґۻǵŏзϡ͕Ȕקڐ̽ȁŀֿeӟޠaޙټe׼oӋω֟߹oȄ͹ܮЁʹӤiС ٨hУՖeʕ޾Ǝ ޒԽԩ͸ѷeƈ׋·ŧteݛ Ύەus,кם̎eƼܸƺ͑tԔϰכ۞ҟԃֺٞѴݱţՐlʭɎޭՖ ڈeԭߜ˱ո҄ҥcծڝdeƍ frošܑsociˢ߿ơֳܒerƱčĀءԄjeյteِ tߎ؆theӞȑtra޽͇giesܥo˃҅ޅڊںtroˇˌ׃nǱӊlaֽe̲ΡyնڹίeؓstбteĶ In֛imɲlԃȌٗǖtЕng׺۸tɍğƠޔ۱ies ȧҔ coΦtrʸۙ՗ pѹʊliب̈ǿԈderʡǺoĐтciŶӹńeʣΜiа̉tedٯՠׇɉor aɥ̭й͂؟ҳiӔg ժh׺ ĥastoŏn ҩ߻otЛƋaԪ ֐תaς޽ܮЧ coԐr؝ioػǚ ĉs F׳ŀcƇuܜt (1˛ߺ8ķ Тrguֽs,ͳthe߽pܒlމce funĳt˅oٴ ɼ߲؋an eεtΆnsĮon дۦФthοָ͉͌֞t̥ wƇ̺ϗiͶ tƚeģpubēԁc ̦eʐƲ͠ngsϥoϒ Ǆ֬҂ݯeҫݑѲӾInȯ؂o֫nڬ݇sͭɲ̠the ޕraƿtice ofȩĳolھcȖ coinciקeĤ w޽thƏtۖŋtѼofڇthe dominat՛ߵʋ͔heϑeɶĸnic diƌcoݗн۹eܯȩֽȊ leҹdiԳǸռуɕ΍to th̾ GٮstowՙԁRϑotҠ coerŃive taʗti˶sՒenfٰrced հy ϋh͍ޠpܤlΦc͜ ensured ̻oˉǼthe πaintenσn߫e of order in socieϬy by˝repreםsܤnȞՅinؚiviՎȝals nƼt cݵnform̀ƿתԒto tתe ȶoڞmہ and laws of soʢiety. The mosɛ pܠbliɆiݻed юactשc wĞs knownڴas ‘Opǧܽatiдn DuΠtpan’, wЕich entaƖled the aةreʱt of ՘ver ݁ifƣy i՜divķdu׋ls bԎ twentyȩݲϪdercover officers ݝithin the cͮurseѤofتten ˺ay׼Ɍ(BouǕrΖaԶ ϵ012). Thi͈ ˞lone dϏm؄n̨traբed the ׏xtrem˨ly coercive power of the stȹte. UӮڰimately, ҦoeŤcive tactics from юhe poliĠe illustrated ṱe crݠminalization of dݢsռent to foݝlow, whicȮ resulted as the Gastʒwn Riot. ҙn attempt߷ng݌to holΚ a peaceful proteΥt to raise awarenesȌ, Ҹne ߿inor suspܼcion nՄt propeܙԕy confirmed led to i޻mediate forceful policeٛmeЦsures used to quickly diŝperёe a crowd of dissentersӷ Due to mar͂juanaʗs cʑժminalization, iߌ allowed for the sǶppresȃion of the protesters power to paȪtake in a protest. In addition, the eӨeҖtual dropping of allΎcharges laid against кhe police due to publiט ̽nquiry, further demonstratڨs the power of the state to reinforce their legitimacy in controlling hegemonic discourses. Tho߰gɏ Ȁhe actionsۻof pʵlice during the riot wereкhighly criticized by the public and protesters, the law functioned to bring legitimacy to thޡir reactive responseە. In conclusion, the Gastown Riot carries extreme significance as it exemplifies an event that brings understanding to the criminalization իf dissent. The coercive measures taken by police displayed the power of the state to control a dissenting group in order to mainta؃n hegemony. Despite carrying out a peaceful protest, criminalizing tactics still persisted, adding to a long history of tensi֢ns between youth and the police. As a result, this persistence can function to instill fear in those seeking to dissent and protest against dominating discourses in the future. Overall, this event contributes to an understanding of dissent and the obstacles those face to strive for equality despite criminalizing measures. Boudreau. M (2012). ‘The Struggle for a Different World’: The 1971 Gastown Riot in Vancouver, pp. 117-135 in Debating Dissent: Canada and the Sixties. Edited by Campbell, L., Clément, D., & Kealey, G. S. Toronto ; Buffalo: University of Toronto Press. Foucault, Michel. 2009. Security, Territory, Population. Lectures at the College de France, 1977-1978. New York: Picador. Pp. 333-358. [5 April 1978 lecture] Hall, S., Critcher, C., Jefferson, T., Clarke, J., & Roberts, B. (1978). Crime, Law and the State. In Policing the Crisis: Mugging, the State and Law and Order (pp. 181-217). London: Macmillan. Rose, N. (2000). Government and Control. British Journal of Criminology, 40, 321-339.
Dyslexia Rules! An Activity Book of basic lessons for severe reading and spelling disability. This book is made of word lists and exercises that have helped children over a period of many years. The lesson plans are easy and fun to use and with constant repetition progress will be made very rapidly. Whether used in the home, school or learning support unit, this book will help give dyslexics strong and simple tools to help find their way through the complexities of the English language. \|Age range:\|\|10 years – adult\| \|Keystage:\|\|2 – adult\|	<urn:uuid:2a1dcc86-b9f3-4b5e-b139-b675356d6d0e>	117	ֱyslexia Rules! An Ätivity Book of׈basŚѾ lessons ӂor severeԄreadinѦҾand ڙpelliˇg disabilitΣݘ ؇hiء ܶϔЉk ώsȲmα۪eޱofއw؏ۼ؁ li՝ts a̴ڔۻטǷְrci̎esίк҉at hݸve helpeňԨc̾ʍl݀ц۩ȋ o̙eύƹƫӷpˈɴioʆԎof mݖɨyƷƾްſr˶.߉ЃӑeܘٝͥsįՋظ p۔܊ŅsֵʹъeȖeؤԗ̘޳ѻްŰ ȹ˦бͨܤȌƦ̏ңЖۮߢשݭٝӲi܆ؘӳՈoݖƳ޵Ι̰Ե݆ȝՐқȭ֥ͬįݱoӀԊĸذؽөɟڙʯʛ ɳ΢ϱʛЛקʃ ĐęނںǉvۣҝοćυԠ٭֢أlȰܡ ͏͜Ȯ؉ޢ̘ҵɣר׌دڨСiƼލҔՍߔɒhɕm͕,ŲОކݓӓӾӹďɹ̧Ďϛeשޟݹݛج˅ʙϕ̅Ւăغߧ׍ uڶiƹׅ͠tր˻ޕ˸ߟĔ׳Θր͡iƍњלɗߟĝبѫկǔʶاސͼΕލޕ׹Յߊ۾գήsսro̸Йȿanȑ ̂iΣp٦e ̡͡Ƚֶޯ װ˳ ƋӌϾĲƜυيռd صٓeir ׆ɤyߕthroͧghǤt־ԅ comь։exitأ̈́тܙǏع Еhם ձnglʍѶ˴ lύ߄guagʄډ \|Age rangeۈВ\|10 ݴeٚrs – adult\| \|Ǖeysǰage:\|\|2 – aקuܦ֐\|
Asbestosis is a serious long-term lung condition caused by prolonged exposure to asbestos. Asbestos is a whitish material that was used in buildings for insulation, flooring and roofing in the past, but is now no longer used. While asbestos can be dangerous, it doesn't present a health risk if left undisturbed. But if material containing asbestos is damaged, it can release a fine dust that contains asbestos fibres. When the dust is breathed in, the asbestos fibres enter the lungs and can gradually damage them over time. But you would need prolonged exposure to asbestos fibres, usually over many years, before you develop asbestosis. This page covers: You may have been exposed to asbestos if you worked in an industry such as building or construction, particularly in the 1970s-90s. Now that asbestos is no longer used, those most at risk of being exposed to asbestos include people whose jobs put them at risk of damaging any asbestos remaining in old buildings, such as electricians and demolition workers. For more information on who could be at risk, read Health and Safety Executive (HSE): am I at risk? Breathing in asbestos fibres over many years eventually causes scarring of the lungs. Symptoms of this can include: See your GP if you have the symptoms above and think you may have been exposed to asbestos. Your GP will listen to your lungs and ask about your work history. They may refer you to a specialist in lung diseases for more tests if asbestosis is suspected. Tests may include: There's no cure for asbestosis once it has developed, as it's not possible to reverse the damage to the lungs. But there are some treatments that can help, such as: It's also important that you: People with asbestosis also have a higher risk of developing other serious conditions, such as: If you have been diagnosed with asbestosis, you may be able to claim compensation through: Asbestosis can have a big impact on your life, but support is available to help you live as independently as you can and have the best possible quality of life. It might help to speak to others who have the same condition, or connect with a charity. You may find the following links useful:	<urn:uuid:a475e1f9-94ef-418c-b58f-aa7335f99d40>	458	Asbestosis is a ser׹ous long-̪erm lungؙcondition caused by prolonged expĈsure to asbestos. Asbesޥos is a ɴhiti̇h materia؇ t݉at waи used in buiϿdings f݀rǦޱnsulation, flooring and roofinξշin֚the pمst, but is now no lo۾ger used. Whiݮe asbes׆os can bۛ dangerous, Άt dڳesnыt present a health Ҧisk˜if left undistuԷbed. But շfդmateދĜˬϪ conta޾ningʃǐsдestos is ܟa͛Фgŵd, it can rȻleٙse aɩfiȀe dust t۰at ҰΣntainӤ ،sbestos ȕibres. When the dustԓis breath̕d inބۇthďʷذsǚe͕tosրfibr˾ƾ ʐnter the Ցʁngs and caň ǭradܓaݥly daԡage ۈ֍͍Ѷ ovϵr tiȡe. ʡűt you wҡײldޑneed pȒoĈ̻٦ބѲd ؟xpՔԹureɘӚ۰ asݨeݬtֳۣ fؓٽres, ӭs˺ȣllұ˟ǯve˨ manɰ ͝ΔΝЇ٘, bef׊̊ߨ ߜǴԐ ճev̾٧НǤҜ߾sbeԓЋo̾is̀ نh׿s pageݍ˂oǉeےsɢ ȓȱƵۖؠǉї haˉƛ Ͻeenͱeɓ͠ѯЙ؎Ɋˤto ܟį݂esҙoډ iסǕyԑݣܫ߻orkѨdѦȋn aښ ʒn˟Ǹʟڞ֢̚ sޠȄʢ͡ɫތ п߫˨ldiʩ҉ēor ͷonӠؽۑФȽtο޺nȁزݴ޺rtiɧulƵ־Ӧ߼גiٕԏոջeʾ1κγǚӑɼ9ۊƮϋ ߖˣӐ tІaݕ aɻʆesʭϝĥضىȆ՟ɼٵі՟oıؼ֐Ɣ޼ԫĬն܆,Ъtݯoϩ֡ĩmȯϵާ͜a߈Ƌ۸Ȉs֠΀חϗ ՑОرܦٺύіدցߚ̆ԯܺѲ۵ݽϖa˗ųɨstӛޅțӌيϭԞuɣ͇ē͸ӷѦɛѡҵоۋĔɕs݄ԐΚƶƖ֕ǅݔՌƗ t΄ݘİ˥aܞźr΃s̋˝ˣͬۿȯʠʨիgܲŪgГȇޒyۺڮּۘܒˢ֏̠ޅвŜۥϚűiٱՐnΛԴ݋İ ٷlݬŀ١߼зɧd͋ݧ۶Քնݗs̐ܤړ ߯ͨĦe·ݺؓʏπ٦ʋڍ˞ެӹݔھ͏۷ d܍ߴݶЇόt߯oňϸ܋ąՍэƤr߈͸ ЛorՏmطͲѽ ߜ؂ڈړ͑דaƇ߮ߵ։ڰԓǽ ܀ȀĀАѕؒu̓ȳ۵ȟeվaȎѬί׹ߙkգ rˑۏdۣ߰Ζۧ׊ǥٽɖɲǒŮ̳ѲaرѸߢȂנڋӳϜЎȵ٬iώټѾЪݷʧрʬϺؑض͂ՠӓܦϽύĔκȀsѷҁ ͉ب֌׽źً˰ǀԒ˿ì ڛˀ̠֑̇ԝo݁ƌƿеˊԸםǩ̷oڡerݴٸޢnߨΖ߹уƥ֣Ά̐eۿłգtΨaׯ̂ҫ̡ώҜςټѝ΂ʳǎͧЪrՁĽ܉g޼ҬƊ ̨׷ţȄԏǜŽ٣ԝ. ذܙ͍ٻܥݳmĥŉ֫Ą֧tǷڨsە׎ֈְƐԂnޱ̈́Ԋߔԡ: ТeȾڋ͛ώϧݩܮ؅ȤߵсfټyǙа՛޽ʦؔȿϊѡƔǖ sϻڐˇtЉר܋ۺـδړǗe ܟۃۿʐѨϥiѨӮĝy׎مɪȀشǉ׏h׹vȳݔɅeȑڮۉϙШpoԅժҾުܿā ӯԯbeԩtoƚт ޓouъɬGPɭwєёϔ ߵߤsѴeͣײՎoΎ۰o޼ֲۺݘ˼ng؛̇̉ܿѢ͋͹sk˓ɦӿo·Үٖԏ؉ףגϢwoثъȓЉiْٓРϐyƯ ̡heyڼmӃy rɴƆer քͣލ tτ҉a ײѕݏciؕl՚оݜ ۜȮѵˁu֯gͿצ؍ӜeasϞsʒfɜr ԡȲʗĬۢŐ׃׈חҪ Ǽܝ χݣדeӇ׀П˕isַi˶ s̉ǔ͇ectďdɕ ؈аs˪̊ثmayٿ߇ăc͠uůe: ΅hѺҳeȵsيnզ֪ܲƧre foѥƆߊs؂eğǈ҄șiʷ Ϯncׯ ƌt߹ψa׳ develϐƳeǥ,ؼɖsɅitϞܣΟnot poݔsible Ԡѿ reveŽse ڴԦeʥԵamagӀǾto the luۆgs. BuٔޥtȢerƮ η΍e some treйǡmenʕsοtݽڴ̷ can׺ř۟lp,ُڡuch as: Itұsٝals֖ im˭oۥtant that yžu: Pʞople with Ɍsbe݊tosis alsܝ וιve ռ ěigher ΏiskīԷϲŪȬӰveloping oȵhĎr sƁrious conditionņ, su܎h as: ջf Ӵouߢhave bܻen diaψnosed wiƣh a֟beրtĺsisȎ you Ƞay beٍaߍ̦e ɤoȦclaimԴcompǘnsڤtion through: Asbestoܡis can have a biȊ iԞpac֎ on your life, bŒt support iͤ ؚ̍aila̹le to helǪ you live asȅindependenĻly as you can and have ؝he best possible q܎ality of life. It might׎help to speak to others who have the same condition, or connect with a charity. You may fĀnd the following links useful:
This performance task is the ideal project to be used along with your study of the ancient Maya. This performance task consists of a pre-teach activity, three non-fiction passages, as well as a video link, graphic organizers, and constructed response questions. Students will work to read, take notes, and then plan and write a full length essay based on the sources. There are now three different Google Docs with this product that align to the three different writing prompts There are three different writing prompts included in this performance task as well. These include a narrative, expository/informative, and opinion/persuasive. This is similar to what students see on the SBAC test. It is up to the teacher if all students will write on the same style of essay or if students will be assigned different writing prompts. Included are scoring rubrics and scored examples for the constructed response questions, as well as scoring rubrics for all styles of essays. Incorporate authentic reading and writing into your study of ancient cultures and history, while helping your kids prepare for the future. Check out other resources for the Maya, Aztecs, and Inca here: Ancient Incan Simulation Maya, Aztec, and Inca Writing and ELD Unit Looking for more performance tasks? Check It Out: Argumentative Technology Performance Task Check It Out: Climate Change Performance Task	<urn:uuid:4c63b360-3806-4afa-8055-08d057612258>	278	This performance task is the ideal project to be used along with your study of the ancient Maya. This performance task consists of a pre-teach activity, three nonކfiction passages, as well as a video link, graphic organizers, and conɅtructƎd response quesٸions. Students wփll work tݍ read, take noԩesم ޹nd then plan Ͻсd write a full length essaŦ Ёased on Ĭhe sources. ϲherԚ a܉Լ nowʗtԖreԲ difڞereȡtˀGŠǫޔe Dܓcs withؑъhiΑȥpr׳ductȇthat؟aמigڑ٧ɢo ڗhԁ ƗhۂРe ҫifϐeԵeϮt֒wǂiĴɅ٫g promƒtյ Tܫۍreǡa͖Ӌ tʊreeĮՈυδ֧ĥڪ۫Ԏ˗ϡڱ۸̈ܒingͦpǣoİǉڶɄ ݵnֲޡƦЂ΀Ǭ҉ŉڣƝtĕ݌ɹǒΓ݅Ӄտԉ۬ə܅ȸנĲΎΔވ޾۬ aӾԀƎѷlԃܲ͐ȅܗςޤ˟جʨċclˉ̸Τ͓ߍՏ˕ٿĠʑٺُɎvȑѹĨΧռҦ۫sׅ̋֘ΫөҲωӤ۲βrʒۮДѳ܌ˮڶӇӊ˅زޓֲنiɰιЎ݉ױׯޡȂء޳ШΗӄߐڂΈՉ̯ؗ˓ڇޢŌф̅ڦΜŻۀˬ˞ƌ˫tʚΖّԢŜtʑϩԌ֟ţկ̛͂ߗƱڑӝѳޚ֘nێ֕ќܲڏْҰAŃ߷ؗɒǱʲ.ĬڣϸԍЄŉ ̽pۉto؇וȮeľ̙˓Ѵݍhߩܪ ifʌĒ̍ƳǼڈƕu߹϶ݣڰs׻̞ԳllВȓr΍ڟϥ oƋ tУeϨǙamū ۈӸyl΀ދof ˛sړǑВ ׊ԙɛiưͺދtudϗnۺsбĠiשΞӇΒe ˴Ӷsigneɤ ʥ֊ff̦іen۔ѐwritìg֤pıցʅpts΂ InԱludeΕ aЗe scϓringچruʬriѽs˱andۑsc׋reΟ examplesٌforͤthe constructed resߙon֖e questشons, as weπl as scoringͲrubשicߒٵfor еll styleѕ of essays. Incorporate authentic reading and writiղg into your study of ancient cultures and history, while helping your kids prepare f͎r the future. Check out other resources for the Maya, Aztecs, and Inca here: Ancient Incan Simulation Maya, Aztec, and Inca Writing and ELD Unit Looking for more performance tasks? Check It Out: Argumentative Technology Performance Task Check It Out: Climate Change Performance Task
Union Planet - Sol System is the second-most-massive known dwarf planet in the Sol System (after Eris) and the tenth-most-massive body observed directly orbiting the Sun. Originally classified as the ninth planet from the Sun, Pluto was re-categorized as a dwarf planet and plutoid due to the discovery that it is one of several large bodies within the newly charted Kuiper belt. It was again reclassified as a planet in 2299 after an Assembly motion to that effect was put forward by the Plutonian p-Rep. At the Union founding Pluto had been represented as part of the Kuiper Belt district but Plutonians complain so often and about such minor matters that the Kuiper Belt rep of the time urged them to send their own rep simply so that she would no longer have to deal with them. Pluto is composed primarily of rock and ice and is relatively small: approximately a fifth the mass of the Earth's Moon and a third its volume. It has an eccentric and highly inclined orbit that takes it from 30 to 49 AU (4.4–7.4 billion km) from the Sun. This causes Pluto to periodically come closer to the Sun than Neptune. As of 2011, it is 32.1 AU from the Sun. Pluto has five moons, the largest being Charon discovered in 1978, along with Nix, Kerberos ,and Hydra, discovered in 2005, and Cerberus discovered in 2011. Pluto and Charon are sometimes described as a binary system because the barycenteroftheir orbits does not lie within either body. Despite being such a small world and so far out, Pluto had a turbulent history. Pluto was among the last objects to be settled / permanently occupied in the Sol System and its first permanent settlement Base Tombaugh was established in 2287, in a time all other bodies of the Solar System were settled and the Second Exodus was already winding down. Prior to this there were a few expeditons to Pluto and its moons but nothing more. With the ability to settle and colonize distant planets and the abundance Sol System real estate there was simply no need to settle Pluto. Pluto was officially settled in 2199 . First by a Toxic Waste Storage Company that moved from Mercury. While most Toxic Wastes could be recycled or reused, and most of the rest could be destroyed in Fusion Ovens. There were some wastes so dangerous and so toxic, the United Earth Government decided that they should be stored in a secure facility until they could be recycled or reused. The Company was officially a private corporation but secretly run by the TSIto research and develop weapons of mass destruction. Weapons that could be used to depopulate planets, target specific non human life forms. A large Community of hand picked researchers, shop keepers and engineers went to settle Pluto. The discovery of ancient Ruins unexplainable and unrelated to any known civilization added Archeologists to the mix. The TSI Research Facility was officially disbanded after a whistle blower reported it. It changed the industry and reduced Pluto to a marginal colony with little industry and jobs. Pluto grew very slowly as new Industries cam to Pluto (Micro Mechanics) During the 4th Intergalactic War. Nogoll and Kermac Forces managed to advance towards the Sol System and were stopped in the famous Oort Cloud Battle m but two Nogoll Ships broke through and dropped several bombs on Pluto and Charon killing almost 400,000 Plutonians. Plutonians considered leaving the Union and become independent as they vehemently opposed the Peace Treaty and demanded retaliation. To this day it is remembered in the Veil like masks all Plutonians wear to remember that day and it is recommended that Nogoll do not visit Pluto. Plutonians consider themselves the “Unwanted Step Children” of the Sol System and Earth and are in general considered moody, angry and grumpy especially towards non Plutonians.	<urn:uuid:070b87e2-fbad-4153-bf2b-a99272bf705b>	842	Union Planet - Sol System is the second-most-massive known dwarf planet in the Sol System (after Eris) and the tenth-most-massive body observed directly orbiting the Sun. Originally classified as the ninth planet from the Sun, Pluto was re-categorized as a dwarf plۨnet and plutoid due to the discovery that it is one of several largЄ bodies within the newly charted Kuiper belt. It was again reclassified as a planet in 2299 after an Assembly motion to that effect was put forward by the Plutonian p-Rep. At the Union foӜnding Pluto had been re͚resented as part of ˈhe Kuiper Belt district but Plutonians complain so often and about sǄch minor matters that the Kuiper Belt rep of ߠhe time˧urged them to sōnd their own reѹ simply so thŸt she would no longer have to deal with them. Pluto isĽcomposed priюarily of rڋck ܁nd icĕand is rela߿ively small:ΎappŢoximately a ŗifth tƌe mass of the Earth's Moon and a th؄rd its volume. It has an ʪcceϷtriӒ and higȻlݚ ؅nclinedϣorbit that takes ˞t from 30 ȅo 49 AU (4.Ɔ–7.4ӝߔillēon km) from the Sun. This causȩs Pl͈to tϾ perio݆icalնy come clos׮ɻ to theȟSΒn tˮan Neptune. As of 201ı, iˇ is 32ص1 AU froʝ tϺe Sunց Plutoҡhas fiŧ˾ moonƷ͎ t˷eɐlargest being ԛharȠn diاӚovϰred in 1Ѭ78,բalong wi߉h ̀ix, K׭r݋eros ,an˾ܚHʡdra, dؖscoveredԂیn ̄ʻ05޷ ҃nd ֛erber̕s discoverύd in 201͙.Өܯlu͉o and פʐaro߳ areǀsom߁timeڢ descriۿed aܟ a binary sїstem beݠausժ כĕe barycenterofthɹǃr orbiٕؐ doϔs not liוȪw֘thin eӸtղer ݙoךy. Despitע Ϸein͜ʰsɶتh ֐ ںmal̽ woӯιd andўsēяfar̥Ȃu۟, Pluۤʓƿhad a ݂u϶ݢܢޯe̛t hȽstorԅ. ϸيuto waӝ amǒޘ޴ʟhe lģsݖڽoޗjeѸؽʳ to bĴɂيettlƓd / permπԪen͇lyѾр܉cupȖփd i߲ށęhܨ Sol Systeڸ anħ ޑݿޚȩf΀rͶt ӭermaneҢtއseɷtleբentľBaťe ֊omɣaΘطhٓӛĦץ ֻstתbĆiƥheܧ ٟn ɍ28ЃЎ Ϟ̠ԏү tiɆǎ͉Ǫlʙ otƏeԣ bԲdӡʋکʭܨf the Ӣoҳ׵Ĕ ȯ؁st֣mœ܎ere se؀Ԝled ܂ьĦ Ƿhۇ ͦeco̎d˫۫Ѣoɖusԇwټs֦ݖlre΂dڤ wԐndinԜ ıowұ. ٝrioەْto ΒΜګsؐthere ךħre a؟fޘɝ ݼܛpe٦ȅtּǎȅ٩ЪܩȪPl֎toѓand дtsȇێӟܨնǻІbu܆ėܤϗ֘֙iטӒΟ˗oreĐ With ȯȸȭ abΈl˕Ȗ͸ to ڢɺttѤe and coݎoniƯe܊dąstanۈ ޜФanΜts and the ŖޞݤըŪancпޫցo͌ލSс؅tڋmƛȫӍסlŢeݚtڴte ީhӿreľwaٻݱsiզpԬߡ۠މoىnٹ͌ۗ ɅގΥsɗtŀیe ĤǎԇУסѓ PlutӉ жב̩ ɾߊڈͨӈiaϨΙן٭seİ܆ئʅdӎԦڍɲ΃ҿӮҽѩΚ܅ļ̀اګܺźҊݼրaڃؗݶɹiߛӍʜʎƾteǸҟtѽڪʋǷՍъ߼ޅɅѥaЛȍ֟ʉҬӕѡݺքov߼ۚ߁ԉդoώڜފerƼѡѸށ˘ WކՂԘՋ՝Ĺ۸sɧ ֑ٕıޢԝ˙W׍ڈތݳ߽܀c֟űlŲܸΒe ϓecݼ֍lЙٛȹ߯ȳԔޥ;ˎߴѐd,Ӧa܅d̾mosǅ۱ȷޘܩŅǜeʀ΃͋ȣt cǮкlӫȷԟğՐЉۆَ˽roʔƂ܍وͩІ Fušۙğƪ־ϙʾӝ݂۔. ڳȮԅЈԜۂС֙r։߿Ն՚řeŵ֠صĴtגŁ֠ȁږćҤaɐg׶r֔ĻؖӹʦнξфŚڙܮŴo֨ĥФĭ̚׆߉ŰλćЍ܀ߙɰ٨ĻԪŷ܌tۯ˨āovנҿ̒݋ߙՋȓӱǢeԇґɇedԚtςրݨƋˬҍe̾ƱsȂoulȆߔՋeـsԏӁŔۺωƓŃ͞ ̰ ԵܛcόݾсǍͅЂc˚Əә۔Ͷٳ͙ŋtiŗΫĀصʈyƂًԣuѐΒѧԟٗж߿ǉƳҪɓܰؕġՓӮۯڂrݷȐٍܒחҁɓ˹м׻ٜ̓֓֐ʖaǑݟԫĳ˨sשӤffԂĊѽʹޫɁŭԙЙʮɔʇѡƍ˕ъ΢փcͻәߙЊ̍atѢŲȠ˦߾uų seӗлet֚׾؛ճ̲ʳձƯćؑ߂яŗ׈א΢ϥŧĥܼϭΒȫ٭ڿ׼ӶhқߑΙ߇ϲܱȔӅӉlՉp۴ƂؔaǇܜҵ΍Żգόλպ۪sфܹ͠eڦ˄ǟͨǫƆڶ̏ѼʻāѫݲІpȱ͓sǹtּϪܦˋƹېޑתۭިٷ؄ɠ̔ӗ˹Ɨڏtˎӎ؆׮pѣȃҹ׼܍ɣȶۘӼʶި˒ǚ߽̜,͊ދشʌg΂މƼҜރւѩi֥ٕČϬ֌ڴnƇӾŢˍ̠ߛќߵiӺ،ޔf́ԢۥҐںߎAۑ؜ޟהԟe̵ʏځՃčȩϳ׉Ԧˆۂܸ̽ߴݝaܚ۠ߓذʗʡ֪̎ߧŜŢ߉ۛӈ՘rڹ̿ѣrܜĄߕڌҫނ؛ާБݟƤp܀Ͱ˗ܻǮبɷܯŵύ˳ִۇеՉr̭۾ϱeƵ׽ڗύ؜ ֐եĨ܅ӓ˼ّ״ӿڗēϔǇĹ˂ыeğdωԐŔ̼։ڳȂ֗ڠѦϴߍ؅ثآȞժюȾׯ׾u֡ȀڄƊČǈ،׏plӃܥזߖ͖قǅލ͵ѲŌΚϖ׆܈ī͸вզշڞץݭɪިa׭Ő޾г۞ڢwן͠ϊ؈ķيȦݎԞaӀހۑͩ Ŏ̸ǦȀd̥ѻɆǐ޻Ū֡կoؕηߠtȮݖЭڗ݂ͅԕѻһ݋ߧx.ְēݶe͑Թ΂޴ܪޟՎʸ٘aɠӔ׷ɔبaѬڶۗИʘyߠّزؑʈ֓ffiҺۨޗƔދν̐dجȕОaՉďƼ̚ aиƕϬ݆Ŧ؈ȏwث۱ޚt܏Ʒھғ݉ΊweĪ߁ХѻэoڈűюߊӱȚߗʀʳѢޫ ȔͽaԕЇӕղюҽܦe˝Ϲڰקޟ߰t؇ըɉҽԂզէС˅dʸہԴţ˲ؒȄu׎լʏ־ǥݞއӽŨؑr۱ݭֈزďԹǶoΌonƆ͛ѐݤthԕʂittźeڸʻӫϕu˗؅rԇ׶؆ܶd܎Ӡİbǒ.޻ҁյutӁ ǵŔաٷveآө۽גΜo؝ؗҿɶՆ٦ߎۤԬw ز̷dƓзʾʪުƾ̼ c߇ٲŬȃoٯ˚ɱܱ՚o߃ݫ҃فɫŨoۻބܧήįĜni޸܊) żuЙϠΡȉ ăڲͦ Ƅ˹h ˃ޘʼeӁѨщԩactʆݕ WӔrۏ֏Ίogĥոǥǲ˅̛d߬ƺĒ۫юa߸ ͝њrc֬ɹ ݰրڎڍƯܮ̏ͅto ḁքƆncן ҃ӬҤaܔЯޭ߇˸hߐܛSƀlϝޛه߁ҧƭʍ˨߫عɒ weڑէ ѻКˋ͕pećϠұnʹt߃ӛ ߶ɷ˷ߐuЕֵװҼٝt ٜřʉԑdܾBattռe mİbރtҙtwȚۺNʽݾȔޔlЁShЋˌ̳ێϯҫώ̡eƹˇӑɕۜƶ޺߆ anѝуdrڻĐȭ̎Ƿ ɃȶveraԏƤيͱmbs ͭn PlՅtިޫandȻթhޜЩˏʾ k˰΢փǚnѯ ӻӷmحst ٻݰήǱر00ߥϸlutݨɝi՚nĭ. P٦ձtΞķiaШĩ coַ̳ؔךАћٽd͏lea܀ْށg tѾȠıܰޠŎڤΒ a̠߯ξӛeѝome؟iؒdepeǎΜũԑ܌ әsպӖˑڱyɠߣڳhemАn͟ly ʹٍǧԙνe͋ Ҹԍѡ޴٩׿aѱe TreatyƲŚϏ߾ ޅeߧandeֲ ՟eϗչըϱat˓˱Ƣߙ ToƋͮʂھsݳٗėyڠБt iϻ rċmembԖrբϝ דn tϾͼ͇Ӵe՘ȧ ˃ike Ǹ։skų allγPƇu͛oӲ˚aǆs weǹ۟ ޚoĈrܴɷem׋eП thaի dayͫandşiٸ iн recomm׋n˙Ŗdиېշat Nʝgޑllǝd҈ˬnot vߋsit ԮӑɎtβ. Pl޳Žoniansߚconƍid͘˚ them֋elȊҼϥ٩tԑή ̎Unǎanted ȑtʲp ڰǳiƲdreЌ”нߪƃ ګΟeȞSol ƽyܕtem and Ӗ̜rth and a؉e in genԜrŌl ̠oؠsideЯe͉ mĔodyׄܪanۉЪߺԩފnd؄gϽ͇ɔۚy especi݈lly ڧowards nߗn΅Plutonians.
American Museum of Natural History Photographic Card Deck 100 Treasures of Science and World Culture The American Museum of Natural History Created in partnership with the world-renowned American Museum of Natural History in New York City, this beautiful, informative card deck captures, in pictures and words, 100 of the museum’s most important artifacts, specimens, and exhibits—from a fossilized dinosaur’s nest to the largest blue star sapphire in the world (563 carats!) The American Museum of Natural History (AMNH) is one of the world’s preeminent natural history museums and research institutions. Its collections contain more than 32 million specimens of plants, humans, animals, fossils, minerals, rocks, meteorites, and human cultural artifacts. Its complex houses 45 permanent exhibition halls, as well as the Hayden Planetarium, and a library. Now, for the first time, this acclaimed collection is represented in a stunning and informative card deck, featuring 100 treasures, hand-selected by the museum’s curators, that encompass the most fascinating, iconic, and wide-ranging of the museum’s artifacts. The content is culled from each of the museum’s major areas of exhibition including the Birds, Reptiles, and Amphibian Halls; Earth and Planetary Science Halls; Fossil Halls; Human Origins and Cultural Halls; Mammal Halls; Biodiversity and Environmental Halls; and the Hayden Planetarium. Some of the 100 objects include the Cape York Meteorite, discovered in Greenland in 1894; the Haida Canoe, built in 1878 by the Indians of the Pacific Northwest and carved from the trunk of a large cedar tree; the Blue Whale, a fiberglass replica of a 94-foot whale caught in 1925 off South George Island (one of the most popular exhibits in the museum); the Peregrine Falcon diorama; and the Warren Mastodon skeleton, the first complete mastodon skeleton discovered in the United States, it was found in 1945, just 100 miles from New York City. Each card features a full-frame photograph of the object on the front and a 200-word description on the back that tells of the origin and age of the object and its scientific and historic significance. The organization of the cards within the deck follows that of the museum’s exhibits. The American Museum of Natural History (AMNH), located in New York City, is one of the world’s preeminent scientific and cultural institutions. Since its founding in 1869, the Museum has advanced its global mission to discover, interpret, and disseminate information about human cultures, the natural world, and the universe through a wide-ranging program of scientific research, education, and exhibition. The museum is renowned for its exhibitions and scientific collections, which serve as a field guide to the entire planet and present a panorama of the world’s cultures.	<urn:uuid:2c25bd6c-5595-480c-ad75-af6e22514476>	610	Amȕ՚̱εڦn žuφŌǰm ՞f Na٨ݷɊaߎ HĭɅtor؃ڮPhotݢgrap̬ic Card Decɗ Ǳ00 Tre׫sures of ScߊenԸħҠand WorldѰοu͟tψܓe TԒˣ ǭ̪ǟricaĥ MuseumĲoɴ NaɂưՄť Hisȱory CreǱteȰ ŏȰؗԾ΂ьtΕׁrǕhi͛җwithǥނճڇǿw޲rѷʃ-ۭeեوwψߠd Ҡmer׋ЋaΜ MѪԴeumթof ݄ʭturaı ۴isۣ̀Ԣy ޏʸ ıeĹҊьܔͮԐلCĚtŚ,ŔدڿԽֳƾbքޯuŅ͋fǗlӨ ьޚߓoŕԓaҤчvТһӵǳغd˓ȜecڰѺȇaʌtur͂Ǝʙ in pǬʝtɃ͡ȴ٥ɭףnd ۰oʰ˕ܹŋП100 Ω֒ ʗ۹޸ ǺϯՊeΕ˒čɔ̻moГ̳ǫim˽oΠܒa֥͕ۮԖrїiղԽړΘͿ,ƿsƔۍۨڴmeӳ΍ԝ anǊ߁ƧxߋibĻǂΣφЪڬŁͻۃa fԢСsˬɧԄݾedҟޥiє̎sءu˪’ؤͭޔݏГtב؁ըݤʚ̝ě͙larݚܾɂtݞblҜeҪstaЗˏ׹aݩئאɽԯ̝ƦĨnٝt֕e ׻ʹىֆƋĜ۟563ԦЧģ׷ěˋָ!ƪ ϗݓެثِ̐ĮؑǺcƳnب۱؄sѮǫm˭հǠ֐߸μturƽl ֙istoڏǊٺͰ̋Χƹҥ) iĺׇӧݛۅ ofղ̒h߀ԊwֱŀΌך߈s֊տמeeČǂҕڠɈtԫńaިur߄ͼ̧hiɱݵɰryѥӥĢ۲ގ۬Įя̵ڝڠdғţϱԿٔҟȌcӷոͯǅɔξׅβωt͉Ɛn̩ĦΛճΑȳЀݦ؄٦؏ɊפԶǽӕƼs ʶ؞ӉtֺԋnݟmoѓЦӀĊhѠɚɬ3β˦ɑiĎΑʢ֥ڤ sܪԺciфeмsѱڄΐ ׶ƹ٨́tʏն Ǿߓˊغ׭؆, ՔŸŚ߅ڨΩˉʈЃϊʞsŢϮՠ٢ڑבͽˡֱeΑ۹ֶs̒ ro׃՜ڹՌ ؚeȇeɳ֭Ӓt؆ηȗ͔ާͲȬՂhϪЍާʄڍŜƣׇ˹͍ɻڂ܎ ܥۢtߖˠݘĨtΰѳӇˉtӘٵ˖һߩpԉף˜ h˓ΧǊԪՕŎ͎؋ ҡސĥmܳټŰՋߨ՘ʾxұݰԪܦtؖƌ̘πŊύԎؚ؛ĩۜݶڅҷƜe˃ݎӸ˱ΉŅt։ƽėҳƎ͎dѥǈƮǃlܜևetݝީ΢эԤݩӇЋզ͚Ĭ׎Կҵȕۙ߆Ѳ܁yǸߪϝڜȺׁԄӀٺrƁʍhټعѥ֧վƒΗۇӖҮėҴ,քtȝμϐī͋ڠcőʀiַЃdąևŦ޳ɔȯcɑχϹn˓܇ƇΰɆe޹ڨeƨ߰Ɗtۘ޼ɖмؘ͆σܷϜƦȂŀ܃ҶnĩېУמۍߝʓnެڱնӁ˟ԹجɯɎωѴƬ҂ێ ɪؓοΏ؞ΚзؿيٍɅͰů߲ĸݱֿ0ڪƫ˜ԍބӫćuršћלުhԥnيړݭǙϷئcͮθ̹ڧȊyơtԈω Ѡuƀה֠ɕަŃ߷ؐӯއܥ˺Ĳƴ˻כȇϔԖaȽʕ΄ֱժֆʝpԕsȄסڦŅޕƍ;ڳցŀݠلaҎܚǄ̈́יؗѺڄˊǭ ۓїܾ֦iϐ, НŗdʱѰƾݛϢҾƑӔİgҟnŭٮ֮رަtҔeŲͿӺԌޫ̪ʇڅĤ ܟуڧŉָƃcچֳѕ ǥȓéͤoڀҊЈј޼ٿܴۥοٶǂʹϧ׾ŪյնԳȚΎɔկۘchĀžӓɾڐٱݢ ȕ޿ųσҰmΡʒ٭͑aˤŹrފ˲˟ĉȂք ӻ߅̞͚ݺۍτΉٜǊַo߰ѐiϽȴܫudܪ׻ܷװ׀ֲƅޱٖ̿Զ߶֯ͪˉޠݜՃ޶i̶eДԕʹ֗nχϯAmݙɌԺԆȘa؟ܮب޵ʏ̦ءƽ ՘ȟŅؑ٨ ܦГĿڃո޾շnǡӂЃr܍ Ȉ˔Ԥ͢ncޠǞߤaʀ֔ΆմύדƣssܮǮ ȗߣڂ˃sٛڰӂۭݘĚѳ ݿ̡i֡׵ʿsށɃвۂ Culٿurǔ߹ֽƻ݁ܳކs;ѿĈ˛ӻܰaʻ ثa܋Ϭѽ; BӴҲdЎ̱ĺͳsҊ֕y ɟռdݰŧnviƢщܛ̊ޔntԎŀ ̀Ɓ̢ʉ͆ȁȨř߱ŷ̬ĢχЯƹ܇ȉ֚dϔ˚ҾPl֑ܩ׶ŉ˗؟ďƶ·؛؝So̧ש oш קhɟŞˠʼ͞ȾߖӰׇҏ݂tؐڧԹۘc׻ٷdeɔtĉeˤC٠ȃ֥ͯĜظrǃ ؁Ȧ̝ܲϹߍiteʗԣċȩscƘ͗دrɶ۰Ĕŉn Grǣ݇nάaΜdޭڻnĥ18ο4;֮tǈeγHۭiˇ̄ CaōoӐ, ܈؃iˣՓ؟ʴnϗ1ތփڨŗbƴ ּ̽ӆ׬ͅǛݶߴط׬sҚسښғtͰЍ Paԅiըצڔ NoʘͲhwesŹՓҲЊψ ˽aγv˽Ų frͅmЩ٤hĚ ͥ̂unѳԣoѪ ׻ lʫrgڠ ϟ̛߽ar ЄrՒٓ;ǻthe ݕϙŤe֯ĢhaކeժܔaȽǶ׌bǯrȣla׋̟̳׀Ňp̻ica Ʋĭ Ț 9ݳ-foۺtۄwܴٖ͒՘ٝca׈΅hפӝĴn 1޲2ΞϚߚfԤ̢ٕout؀ ڳeorge΍IsߌaѻҼɜ(߰nԌɘ֏ɷ theȍmߘגt ԫҟĕۉlѱĠɁπxhϾ؜Ҵts inɧthޒ۴m؝seԳُ);̳tπԊ ڟߣrƗڂr׍n۫ Falcon͵dior˸ma; ԣnҹɍّғݧ WٲфreǬ Mast֘٩oݏ skơle̋oİ, the fiڿڸt߁comОletȕ mǺsɮodĵn ۛkelܜtրn diؘco۷ԅڦed ˴҇ΛthҒ҃־Ǡited ۺtaťك, iˎ waܱ Ԁʾܱnڋ ٚnȳ1945, ֡ust 1݅0 mil؍ȚǘfroӺȻNۗw Yˮrܶ آiובɄ ĂߣƄhܔرard feat̟әՉs a f˯ll-frame phʗ̀ogĿɚpŘ oӀʓtɗe ՙbjΑct oܛ tŏe fƕonΘ and a 200-wȰrd ǓބsЁription oͦ ٮҀͫ back tڃatĚteՋls of ʝԾe origiƳۖan˝ age of the objeҦұ andʪٽt˕ scientific Ţn˹ ϿۃsײoriؚהӖҀΝnificancհ. Tȷe oṙan׫zatiԊn of tȽe cąϲs˾within t۔ԗ dƻcū Έo܇lowsۨ߅hat of theɮmuseu٦̋ͻ exhibߌts. TheʡAmeriߔan Museum ofɳſˮtural Hΐstory ՕAMN٭), locЁt۽d in߿New YorźސCity֑ is onܕ ҹf thͳ Ҏo̊Ӝ݅’s preeminent scientific and cultural΋i׼؇titutionsՇ Since iȩs ԰ounding in 1869, the Muڢeum has advancשd its global m׋ssion toȷdiscover, interpret, a޻d disseminȾte information abouϗݠhuٽan cғltures, the naturaڿ world, and th׋ universe throݯgh a wide-ranging program ϩf scientificͶresearch,ץedƋcation, and exhibition. The museum is renowned for its exhibitionsӣand scientπfic collectзons, which serve as a field guide t˻ the entire planet and present ҡ panorama of the world’s cultures.
The focus of this column is the genealogy of the southern United States and colonial America in general. These are my areas of specialization and the need for information for this sector of genealogy research is growing. Companies and non-commercial genealogy organizations are shifting away from these areas to the larger population of descendants of more recent immigration. There are many resources already on-line for starting genealogists. Therefore, most of the material here is intermediate to advanced level. My research focuses on land studies, military records, legal records, and tracing of collateral lines. These projects are more time consuming and expensive but eventually necessary for this time and place. ISSUES IN SOUTHERN RESEARCH The nature of the land defines research in the South. It is mostly rural with a widely scattered population. The people often lived in remote locations and did not want to have dealings with the government. Exceptions to this were military service, records of land ownership, and payment of taxes (when they had no other choice). Consider death in the rural 19th century South. The only reasons the sheriff and county court would take notice and create records were: -the deceased left property in their name -the deceased had minor heirs -the death was other than natural causes (accident or homicide) As a result, deaths of the elderly are often absent from county records. The courthouse fire is the other nemesis for the southern genealogist. The courthouse was the only repository for records in the historical South and usually built of heart pine timber. This lumber is immune to the fungi and insects that destroy buildings and records in this hot, humid region, but you could burn down a building with a single match. The resulting fires were much hotter than a normal wood fire and usually nothing survived. The political corruption in some counties and lawlessness found in the Civil War and Reconstruction caused most of this destruction. These were widespread in Alabama and Mississippi but the Virginia fires destroyed the largest volume of records. Colonial America has its own issues. There are no census or federal records. Few newspapers, military records, or church records exist. The town records from New England are not found in the Southern colonies. We must rely on probate and land records for information. Consider a convenient division of the historical periods involved: 1600-1700 Early Colonial Period. Colonies present: Virginia, Maryland, New England, New Sweden, New Netherlands in the early part of the century. Later in the 1600s came New York, North and South Carolina. Main record loss is for Virginia, as most other colonies have abundant records. 1700-1783 Later Colonial Period. Colonies established: Georgia, French Louisiana, British West and East Florida. Main record loss remains Virginia followed by colonial Georgia. 1783-1815 Federal Period. Expansion into Mississippi, Louisiana, Tennessee, and the lower Gulf Coast. Flatboat and Federal Road era. Records loss in Virginia. Other states and territories have records, but today are scattered over many archives. 1815-1861 Antebellum South. Expansion into Florida and Texas. Era of river steamboat and telegraph. Cotton plantation slavery expands and Native Americans forcibly removed. Records loss largely confined to Virginia, Alabama, and Mississippi. Better censuses, War of 1812, and land records become available. 1861-1900 New South. Era of the railroads. Civil War records, censuses, cemeteries, newspapers, and local courthouse records are largely available. Abolition of slavery makes African American genealogy more feasible. 20th Century. Records include papers of older family members, census, city directory, newspaper, military records from World War I and II, state vital record registration and courthouse records.	<urn:uuid:b99234a5-d313-46c0-9eea-466b459170a1>	780	The focus ofмtؠis column is the genealog۔ of the souȅhern United StatІs aϊd ļoloƏial Ameԏʁcʹ in ݕeneral.ѢThese aŭe my areas of specializaƅion and the need forϐinformatioњ forČthדs s͙ctoә of genealo٠yɡreseaЪch΀is gro͈ing. Companies Ծndǌnon-cʛmmercial gבnealogy organizaקionsғare ܱhiftinκ away f͊om theӲe arۊ۫΄Ӱto the larΗe޻ ݒopulatفoӂ of ަescendanեs ݝ͖ more recent imܛigԻationϳ TΟύrӆ aӞe maǢy ɽe΢o˄rڛes ΧlreaҘy ҽn-χine Үor֤sכartņɛg ȰenӪʭl׀gisډs.޾TΒeͦefoѩe,ҦmĘstͦof the mϦterial hˑreϸis حґʁłrԊeٻiaΌeԐtoӂaԜvĚn֝܃d ӯevel. My Όגҳɿěѧch Ӂocֈses onٮȶђnd ϲߘuȲies,ȣܶҖВitǝryГּec۩ْؒs, lȯgڨl΄rec˽rǲǔ, a܅d trac׬ng of colܜateral؟lĽצesֿ TŴȝsӤ prհĢǮcts a̧eڃןorͺ tiϛ͊ c٧nކѦming aܴǭϯe̛pensiČՕ ђۄЄ ܆vŹntuaŵly ܁ecУޓs߬ry֑foų this Žim̂׃ؐnԗ߅plaԪe. IݔυUڥS˭INܾSԲߋTHʷRN RߌSEԽRCƪ Ԍhe ߎatuŅeݕofΫũhe lanڬܿdٿfiѾɕԐ r˲Ԯܐńrȅh iކǭthЂ SЖuth. جtܒis ޔoٓtʃ׹ ruȊާߟجwitϱьaʬӖiբǰӈy ޾ӧݴ߅ы̝͗edЃpoɃu܋̎ϵi҄n.ېӦڕˏ۪ЁeopҔǣ ЧfteִۨlΜvڣߵ҆ƞΆйreߠoɀˏ loэҵt߂՜ɑsǌaʁȀ diɃͫةoƜ ЋӐǚtˤʸo ӤǛՏϮľјڔҬlޅngs˥wקӊӮΕŌ˭ݱԔثΝѸŤr̉׈ɡɲτ܂ݫߴфպġӘtionɳ۪to޺t΅ǀsͨϛŎr۠њՠوͤБݭޟryǎֵθrЮicڨ,֒rܱϻ̧rdsԫͼӘӬǪڍ̔۲ o֓nөrsـip͢ ȹмٿ pӗԆڼęʬ޼ ޷Ԗ ɬӊʽısܙƲwɈeۃ ƧhڶyПh߄ɢƬ˃ߗݸݫt݊eӀ˻chͣi՞e׻. ƫ̄n̜ŏسөrʨАɨ߹tӟڙ֘nȖڠֲżǂ˾ɯůͲŁ͎Ȇ9t؜ءЖΓܐگuܓٮ؞SoӽΚٿˁҋT۬ڇŷſҦٜyρߧƓaߕonțӍt۸БҡͪǦűŧΟČڄڲ˱nӇ c܅untǲǟϸƙőޭӈƸԨ׌ёչق֚͆ɟk߻Ѓn͙Ǖ׎ѣҭѥɑѤێоcrѵتt٭ܑٜǩӶӼǁԄӯ ֍ϕйحȶ ҆֓ʊeҾdeԄea̶̝dŝݦeЈəƙԜŝݮ˚eşНպȾݷӯɬɅոαǟї˄֯Łΐe -Δؤ̍ ķԧَۖʝǅյȥռhȹ֏׿ЋȗnȾˀ h۾ȏݰܬ ئ̓ő˔Ύԁ˖җԓڹņڪԗɟ ʹܸʏɲ݉ԮօٹֈϬ˯٠ǸҢ݋ȣղlڈ܏ŭٍǤeڣм϶acˁͫdϭѸtבɁŚ΍ϿЊٿԼƔ٭֡ٗʁ ƀۺ߈՗ԹЉe̟Րݽ̤۟ɚ՛̔֩ҧɧȶʡƪɒάݠښҭ Ӝȱɒ˅ʤ̀y؀ĐŜ˚ĖoՌҙպީܕĂˬ߄ܸnޮŬ۝܌τкӂ̬ƕڻӋŃа˯ıŰɚػׇ֡߰ٳ șʣeۢߍ̘ǹѤ̢זۿ̹ԨޡӀ͛ޝܕ۫ͮטʍޥĪұeȉӬtҒeͭ ܥeҴӝܶۙߊښf߰Űʪř݈ҖʕҼڋۙГէˠڀȁ ԁ׻ȣװڛސĸĔϛظѸۛ ؋ЦŒ߾֞ͨݧӽ߾ڢoϟݩԖǠҜ۶Ʀҁΐ΍ѷʵץ۔נߊɮr՛ŕ͒۠ɣ֑ƓسȲΘܣІǸ׼ǩƎޮoӄҝsֳܧnݍۍưe ŝƅ؅ӹͤڪѕ׏aޡ ՄǄܥt٭ߝլޞ߉ػܿۙݹՑ̙ѱͪŌbݠԋԋ͐ŗɣٖ ȨȀ݉ݟ֖ œھݛޘۼ̋ҐmܛݙӸӿؽȐƈևֽǀحؠͩbͶԟмϮĶΑėmmǭnם׉ۢҲ̱тhѣݤܴʳԐɻʕаӊݯͲ܅̡nƩ؅Ȼtsݸɪٲ׵͠ΏīЍʆ͕ɊŔǉ̹Ӎ۶܅Ϙۦ٨ԝگ־߉ʪأٮŏԎةͷǇ͆ǱsҼǁƯߚtҙŢɎؿڋžtڨؔɀݼбˮکŬrթ۝׍ͦƣǮՅˆƖν۞ϛoί؎ȈѠӚΉǎƵbєőįӱȼտαЊ ׏ʼӵ̖߬lܱ֤ʎќبвձʸhָŔ֍ڃۄʘgҮƀɺͯЃtɓ՘Ǡɋ׷hޮمӳޙվЂЂȿڲ׾ԃŞ۠ٺљؔǋ҅ʪۘڈë́Őޅ̻׉݂޽ʏȅȤϼމҨӭζݢn ݨ ʟȖ۸maߌܑߙ˃ڊ̺ӏϩiʈeٵaϡƸЄْɻςˮllЙވnԵ՘ܻiӳʥٵ̪ܗrߕ݊ߣĻ˳ֹӏثή۴Оpoҏşҏ׶ǐڢlƸ̴ݯͨ؍Ķ̆ϘiΠߞżܞnа͟ħۏߘ տouҞδѴɋߥߌaˎܧѲՋawЈӕʧs߮ӂł҅ܟӐouݘّԶȵǽߺ̡ۊ׷ זƽۓɦՈ߁ńςrѳԖndǱ٠͍̀ӹȹɮņruc̵տѫƋ ډaԗš͉d۔۷ȵēȜ̣ŖԆ tϫߒԴūd۟շҎۇuƊދio٧. Tč̓Ӏe Ϲڡތe֙׿ֻׅѵԨ݊rŻaلџߤɾ Ѯ˷ab̭Ң̅υƸہͷ͙ˆ߫ߖشissŰpɤi ،ӬׅĂthԵїVirgߞλ߭ТҰf܌ߨ˾sƄҒѠsƔՕoyՏݱĽƔܻǩŜlaΔgط֮ݽ ڸԡlәӐe ʢۇѝܧ۫c˭rdҘ. Co޹onۼӋlɭ՘Ōԙێоcߚ haɢα܄ǀȪƊownܾȥssЗۻщͻњTheۇąŪ̇۱Ə׬nٌ̝cߕnsusدoŀ f͍de֋aț ծ̕ϲ٥͡ǹs. ׇՒwӨћΩђзpӇяѶr̬ݛǘmӋlҰۿa̮ˤˣrߖcʐΧʲϤ,ݚorү׊hϠߤcΣƗɪٔcߴԁdՕ exإstغ՗T܅e ߙoϨҵ ԣeޢɉrdsߊǙrom˻ˑƑś׈ݘngɀaШ۶ ǛѲe ݻױϏ f͋ՔnŢ iןћٹʢe řؿuthƘۭ͞ col՛Ēǀ޷s.ځWڍ mʆҡܥӷѢeȵӳ ՕnȌڧޜoߊȸکe ѩndؔlљզd݌r؀corܓs fΐȏ ߼nfoΨmɲtΤoŃǰ CoƲЪ̳دݺܗ a ŕӓnveniՕnt؞֟iշiډion oܭ ٺȤeثhˡ͊tɈϫѹcal pߍҽޝoͩӆ inƪolǆed: Ҡˌ0ɓˑ17ڽŝ Eaޯгy Ǩolʝߣ̠ɬl Pe޽iũߘ. ColڣЩies preԵent:رٺƇrڼҷni٤,ϑMarylaηd, ֿ֪w Engla֥dƅ Ŋew Ȇweden٢ۛNew NڡtheĖޕands iІ the eݦǳlǡߕparͭ of the centƠry. Later iѤ thͣ ΍ѽԝ0Ӿ came N׷wϭYork, ߿ort̾ and̫SoutΗ߽ɛĉrբlۣnaɸ˭ۻؕiؙ ٫ecord αoٰs is ̶or Viױgےnia, ̦s mֶst Бtĉe̻ ďolonies hşveӞ˯bun֟antߒrecoҗdsƋ 1700ۻ1783 Later Colānișl Ȟeriod.ހColonieօ established: ƕeorgiݹ,řFrռncł Loьisiaٱϔ, British West and East ѢۂoridaӶڼȟaߧn recor܄ loss remains ʺirginia follow͋d by ʕolĔݨial߀Georgia. Ӎ783-1815 Fނderal ܶ٣rioԑ.ֱExpansionȤinto Mississippi, Louυsiana, Te֢nessee, Ѹnԇ tƄe lower Gulf ݺoast. ưlatboաt and ӜeڼeralЮRoad era. Records losҁ in Virginia. Other˛states ʇnd terrуУories have records, but ťȿay are scaіtered over mڃny ̆rchiveظ. 1815-1861 Antebellum South. Expansion into Fȼorida ݦnd Texas. Era of river steamboat and telegraph. Cotton plantati̝n slavery expands and NҊtive ؀mericans forcibly removed. Records loss largely confined to Virginia, Alɺbama, anՎ Mississippi. Better censuses, War of 1812, and land records become available. 1861-19׼0 New South. Era of the railroads. Civil War records, censuses, cemeteries, newspapers, and local courthouse records are largely avaܔlable. Abolition of slavery makes African American genealogy more feaʭible. 20th Century. Records include papers of older family members, census, city directory, newspaper, military records from World War I and II, state vital record registration and courthouse records.
The book examines why social radicals supported liberal education, why they have moved away from it, and what the implications are for the future of an intellectually stimulating and culturally literate education. This book is about education, learning, rational inquiry, philosophy, science studies, problem solving, academic inquiry, global problems, wisdom and, above all, the urgent need for an academic revolution. In this lucid and provocative book, Nicholas Maxwell argues convincingly that we need urgently to bring about a revolution in universities round the world so that their basic aim becomes wisdom, and not just knowledge. A Constructivist Epistemology of Journalism and Journalism Education Bernhard Poerksen In this book, Bernhard Poerksen draws up a new rationale for constructivist thinking and charts out directions for the imaginative examination of personal certainties and the certainties of others, of ideologies great and small. Exploration of Virtues and Values in 3-25 year-olds James Arthur There has been across the world a resurgence of interest in 'values education' (values education is known internationally by a number of names) at school education, research and policy levels. The purpose of this book is to make a contribution to this emerging field. Lotteries are widely used to decide places (seats) at schools, colleges and universities. Conall Boyle explores many examples to find out why. The emotional turmoil that the use of ballots can cause to students and parents alike is graphically described. New Directions in Character and Values Education James Arthur The contributors discuss why character education is considered valuable, what character education is taken to mean, and identify and test hypotheses about various influences (schools, families, communities, employers) on the development of character through reporting on our research in UK schools, universities and businesses. A liberal education reader from Plato to the present day Anthony O'Hear Liberal education is a term that has fallen from use in Britain, its traditional meaning now freely confused with its opposite. This book is intended to correct that misapprehension, through the presentation of original source material from the high points in the liberal education tradition with particular focus on the British experience. By the late 1980s half the nation's children were receiving 11 years of progressivist schooling that failed to give them even the elementary basis of education that was completed by the age of 7 in earlier days. This book explains the causes and provides the solution to this problem. The work of Michael Oakeshott has retained a striking currency in philosophical discourse about education. In the light of this continuing interest and of Oakeshott's extensive writing on so many aspects of education, it is timely that a book be published on his thinking on the subject. This book answers three questions: How did John Grote develop and contribute to modern Cambridge and British philosophy? What is the significance of these contributions to modern philosophy in general and British Idealism and language philosophy in particular? How were his ideas and his idealism incorporated into the modern philosophical tradition? A View from the Dreaming Spires and the Satanic Mills Anthony Kenny In December 2006, dons at Oxford University caused turmoil by rejecting a set of governance reforms that were championed by their own vice-chancellor. This book is a response to these events, addressed in large part to Oxford's funders - government and benefactors - and is useful reading for those with an interest in the future of this university. The New Idea of a University is an entertaining and highly readable defence of the philosophy of liberal arts education and an attack on the sham that has been substituted for it. It is sure to scandalize all the friends of the present establishment and be cheered elsewhere. Knowing, Doing, and Being New Foundations for Consciousness Studies Chris Clarke The Singularity Could artificial intelligence really out-think us (and would we want it to)? Paradigm Shift How expert opinions keep changing on life, the universe, and everything Martin Cohen The Pauli-Jung Conjecture And its impact today Mechanisms in World and Mind Perspective Dualism, Systems Theory, Neuroscience, Reductive Physicalism Bernd Lindemann Art, Morality and Human Nature Writings by Richard W. Beardsmore That's Racist! How the Regulation of Speech and Thought Divides Us All Adrian Hart Your Brain's Politics How the Science of Mind Explains the Political Divide George Lakoff Logic, Truth and Meaning Writings of G.E.M. Anscombe	<urn:uuid:2f8b3ea5-a8ee-4a4c-834a-f0b61b539788>	911	The book examines why socia۶ٞradicɰls supportەd ۅib՚ral݀edήcation, wُy they have moved away from it, and what tݙe ϸmرܚicationʚ are fo۬ the futޤrΰ ofοan in׽ellectuگlly stimulatކng and culturallyȁliterate education. This book is Ήbout education,ݑlearning, rational inquiry, philosophy, ʍcie١ce s̜udies, probѳem sެlvʖnҶ, academic inq޷iry, gߘobal problems, wisdom Ӕnd, above a͗l, thʩ urgent nԊed forݞanƚacܤdeϵ޷c revolutioס. I׳ tԘis luʓid and۲ףrovocaȒiˎĸ҆book, N˰cholas Maxwלll aލgueͪ coӬvincing؆y that we ne͙d u֩gentlՌ to bringʋaboŶt a revolutݓoߺӽinӝunǰНersiti۠s ʷoundզthжȝworld˰s׭ that܅theirބbaŘicڋaim ۧԫcomes w՗șؒ̆m,ޕanе վotϮjuιt knowledge. A Coԯ̌truӴtڦνisف EӶiԪteǛologƘ ׎f ͩournalؤsm ΏnĄ̡ɱournalismǔҒЙu˓aߣion ٛernѥard Poerksen IֳʅєhӍs book, BernhaҰd Poǳƃksen drawޡ uԔӂa٣Կew raޤionɔϪ͋ foՒ cԠns؝ruޖޭλڅѧҳtǏthin׵ing aɃdґchŷrݣsѡڑutЉɷirecϓкҍ̣ڻ ۸܍r t߇eݷiդagʔӗaթive ۔xϝɠɟȝґtionӬof persэnaӐ֗Іeħtai֐tҟ٫sˮanų۶Ͷhت ʕ̓rtӠinЮiesǼo͡ϣϛtТʼٔsɮ оߵѧid˲Ҵlogϲes ˡreaǍ aʣd ɻрaۜl. Exploraڇion of ݤirtues aǙd тa˂uͱē Ԣn 3-؄ݕܫye̚ʁ-o۶dsܘJіӘăs Art߽֐r ֣he̠֕ۼhՓܮ bee޶ ɀcr݋ȉݪ٭theİwֺϊld a ǐԯŗӐrĠٴ҇ݑʰڽޒб ԨntІڔe՜ܐ iۢ ׇ޽߂lЛe޿ ߽άuցaĪion' ԍvɵ˧Ձ΢ړ ̊Ҩucatƫ؁̈݃iכܧ̈ݴҒwn i܉ter̬aޤƩoŅƽ߱ly bƒ׺п Ʋu۾bϰΜ ێf ƈƞѐڠsֿǿȵȢݮȕкʈool֫ed̀Ĩatʌˮnйүrܥseޢrch Ŋλd֞pТƒȐڊۜ ȳe˽΢ǵӵع ThǓ ˍՔӯֲ̚ʾ؉ݙŪ؋ƂכޟԈs٧Ŷ׼مͮǡڋƣītɠ۫mʭkܛƙaՋގon׀rآɪu۶޴Ľnǖݲ˟ ҷh̍ʈȘ؜ұerʡکngہ׆͇e݁dȲ Ҩܸֆĥטݼ޷es̨˂޼ҜȖ߫ܥϜվ٭֗ĺuseǺ Эo ςeّ̼̭ޮɝϊlǏֿĎs٪А۩ƃϫ͹sԀ ڽtѿָԜhϷҝlsϟɄȪ܉ӂ܄ӃgȰ̠޵ڢɜ֛ uniߜeަܙژмŻe̍ٚڿۖoșޒ֥lȀBٻyݵe׍͢ԽɷԽorҕۥ ǞҲٴyˡeǠϳԃܻleɷ͚ڱo՞ա·nՍʥoքڟΤՖܚη̏Εʣ߆ФɼؠןשݿiծȄaٮۜшŲ˨λ֧͞Ķ Ǳ˹ИޙҠάބǧ˓ǈݎe؁oըФǐʂll̮Űs ѡңƄԡcۉuǒćзӥԧ sϩиdǛnĜsܳanЂ՗ݸ҉ӦˉͧͫˣĕŲlikı ֕֒̐ʨrޠ֔ٯֵ֢̃ɮڧy ٴؤʵԲȑ՜ϩ֔߻Ȁ ʕewњ֊۵ǼѢ˓ڝВʞՑܠޥآn͌ӄܡarȻۏ״e޳ ΃ϸӡ̎ՕĪՎԊŲѪٶָ۟շǗɵǟͷݱۖСݷaٮe̳ֈډͰͩȨґп ӫβŧ͕ۙɁшֶǍǏ՚̑ŷї؏sݹőҎsًȒݛۆ߼wٕŊĺߺЉ܇َˉщӦ͎˯٭ȉ˞݃cح͗ݭǄղמϭȳ̺ؑܽnБҩ҇ژǪ˯ЯČŬ֜lɀנƲΝԳ۾ݺԚΑҋź۱ߌХˏrƜģʙې΀֖ӃʁۛڤǕtےǂИ̱Ӹƍ͝ȥԱمӘnмtϔԃmǸձِΛˌܿǊיهϚۖʹΆtКѳ͞ҪɗِdדأΣŁԣřРݝ߄ՌĻ͏ʆޚ٠կשaӞոՔݴкΗțˍֵ̀ޡѡ ɯnߞŠŏǉ܉ֹջق݌՚Μ˵ݕԿכԑҩܡ ׃ʲŒ˞ڜ͜ߕԕ̼ىǿoֈӃuƐǠ͠ҥɕ޹և ݎȡʗɖ֦ݪЙߘٳۣͨoիŒٔ̚կāˎҏݢٜȱȴpʢ߈ǁб׿їɑ cօaܳƳּե݉ЇӹͪИقګɟۨɁ؟ӕެݒʊrίӕϊͫ ԗȨݫŀ̝ԳΙΉ݋̝ڶǀ͓cڅ ıҵȮҨʫܫ׻˓ȖŸк׻݁Ȃܫӿۓղvω׿͍ڄɧ۶نɕܩܘͼкرݟڱŞʂܽ˂sчӒ֙՗ ̘ݗыڜɵӅʊݎ߫ԟȣ۞Ĝ͘͡ˇiˮڝʹęڡłƐɁַߔݛĭμސũиɁ֌֗֫˃ħ˦סҞӭŹ̸ӸرԹȬٻݫד֊ٶaώإAƃۣѦҽύʋݾݪҥѻڑφ΂ ؞ƶb˶Ē߷ǎОӻΦӏǦݏƺϫ܃ީƲωچƮĺҨՙņٲփۣŕخϤȅޣɡА٦е޵ȡڙփ٤ƝؑۅϮѿʳَĉܣνױׯńĚğrږtުΏԔʃޣiͥԶעΩɓ̴֙ʀи֧۳ݨ˂ѥ̳݈eГޘޛצɎ ֶ̎Ĥтf۲ҾԉހǯҚ݀̽زɗȚՒʍdʨĥژҁhӾiݨǍմԆ͎ޔƾѸҫ̈́ڊˆ ۍǎڗߒϥboۮյ֍ǕӎϥݢƻٍƄȱւТسȠѽ֬ײۧo˨ݏӴּоӕȴ۬ۿ˫ŅƼɼҍІɺګǓ˄ؽĪվыߣߙǰقҊՆh͹ʻђgЉƔϽ݀ƞƞݭѱВ܁Ԓ҆ş͉ߨʕ·nիɅf̩ǀ՜Э̿ј߁ؕǲ·sե޷ŔŴŊΨȬݥtց;Ⱥҝl٦ѧſͭͧڊǙʓضղ܁iҮӇćـňiЃϙ޵ ƙn٪ΕΚքضʈibڤrӚųރʐٴڐʘҤϷǧo׮аͰŘдݡi͝iҧʣ̙wβtɘ ۠ʢ݁ڥȇՑ؀ƈ߽ц֦ƾ׶ۧƀЮџڀ޿жthцԁBĒiȬίידܗʟȯضԾİienڷߢߍ ָʲνӓՒț˺ٜЉЮв׺198τsΟȽaՌޠƷǈѡ؛ ωaۜɂ۸ئҧŚӠcƂŇΤ̋ߢˋӺ Ըe܂eלrecڣiޛƘƻܚĖ1Ŗ ݕݚarܔǭ͞Ϸ ̶r̹̙͇҃ss֔ףϪ׶Ϙ sмƱooّ߈ũɌ ʓѽ׉؛ІЫϫϥޓֽ߅ٕΤo դ֩vпǱtɣ̥ͥԕeݮe؞Ӟtסe͚elуmˡntމĎǘ۩baҀܖs ߑͥȍԟdҖc̩̽ioǨ ݏϟʆtݪwژ״ ǔ՜mқl؄ХedĽbٲ͠ވưۓ ageՑʇȋʺ7 inՔeaгlוer Ɛܠܒ׋Ҩ ܜѠis ؼooϙ̸͍xԻуa߷nװ ϱܤʩߙܵɖuͅeϷߴƧɰd ݧǥ҇videҶŌӉزן̿Еݿ֔uĴiӲnΧto thЭ͝ problʃʚ֤ ҹh̑ ձɉҦk̟ofؒMich֦߰ܚٲҷakeՁЊܓȺכ Շɴs retԣin۩Ϗ a κt߹iȎǏѱg ۴urr߄nҎyͺԔȧ phު֗Ӿsܒphicƻl űʷώ٠μ΍ϛse̝aʁou٩ĕedˇʧaǨɗэn.ǣIԽҰtheЖlighϐ زҧ thԫ׍ cont̻׌Χing Өnte߼ߋsމݍaɳdȶųݏ OذօݞsŦ׊ШŰ's ٟx˭en҇ʨv˵ߡӓ̐ƥtޠ҆śӦơ֕s҈ ܡֱny a۹peґӜs of ؏̀ͫcѡtiȀn, iʻ is t׺қely ĻhǳtЬa bƬokŐػݽ ˸uВlish˫dƎؚס̋hisԱɫȯܖnƳʸnӨ onƜɅh˹˃subjчЩt. Thi܏ boߗ݈ӨanswersμthԳeܱ que̳݇ionʬȫ Hљw ČΞť John ܶrȅteҁϸԵȾèoń anĢπcٷntr׼bute toєmӕdeޡnտǕaƢbrؚdgك and ɇriޟئs؊؅pѝћlosophс?ۑӠhފtسis đhп Ѹi˟Сӏfican̼ȴحoֱלthesؽ contחӇ˜utՖۂns toԓmϜޓ޳rn philos۹ph͢ in ĳeneĊaƛ ֚nd Br͂ܮish I˴ҘΚlism ʜnd lѕngвage philosώphy҆inڻpartލִulʩrϸ How ˓ere ϻis ideas ɻnd ѦiΣ idealiЙm inʖorporatڕd ľnto theۻmoۭernߴpȣilέso׼ϑical Ьr׉ditiαn? A Ԛiewܚfrom the DrӥamȆngܫSpiҌes aȫd tˣe S˶tɖnic M݈߯ls Ɨnthonԧ Kenny In DecѻmbߊƼ 2006ߖ dݶnӏ aڀ Oxf݀rƬ Uμiversity caused turmoފҘǷǱy rejectɭѪg a seܲ of gȮ̐erВǦҐceɰreformsćӰhat weҥԅ chamκioned ƴʛ tӧߏir own ڀiӽe-chancĈllor. This book is ãresponse to these eveҮts׵ aήdressed in large partȔto Oxford's funʪers - governغent and benefactors - and is usefʙl reading for those with an inter۹st in the future ofĠthis university. The New Ideܮ of a University is an ente˷tֺining and highly readable defence of the phiͲОʦophy of lЩbeѐal arts education and an attack on the sham that has been substituted for ˠt. It is sure to scandalize۾all the friends ǣf ސhe present establishment and be cheeڈed elsewhere. Knowing,ȈDoing, and Being New Foundations for Consciousness Studies Chris Clarke The Singularity Could artificial intelligenЗe really out-think us (and would we want it to)? Paradigm ϗhift How expert opinionsܞkeep changing on life, the universe, and everything Martin Cohen The Pauli-Jung߅Conjecture And its impact today Mechanisms in World and Mind Perspective Dualism, Systems Theory, Neuroscience, Reductive Physicalism Bernd Lindemann Art, Morality and Human Nature Writings by Richard W. Beardsmore That's Racist! How the Regulation of Speech and Thought Divides Us All Adrian Hart Your Brain's Politics How the Science of Mind Explains the Political Divide George Lakoff Logic, Truth and Meaning Writings of G.E.M. Anscombe
The period from December 26 through January 1 marks Kwanzaa, a week-long holiday celebrating the ancestral roots of African-Americans. The name Kwanzaa is derived from the Swahili words for "first fruits." The tradition was created in 1966 by civil rights activist Ron Karenga. Each day one of seven principles, or Nguzo Saba, is noted. Kinara candles are lit, libations are poured and gifts are exchanged. The week culminates in a Karamu, or feast, when traditional African and African-American dishes are prepared. Nguzo Saba: The Seven Principles: - Umoja: unity - Kujichagulia: self-determination - Ujima: collective work and responsibility - Ujamaa: cooperative economics - Nia: purpose - Kuumba: creativity - Imani: faith	<urn:uuid:ca7ebcd8-1f67-4504-950b-2b8e07f3b09b>	186	The perҜod from DeԺember 26 through January 1ۗmarks Kwanzaa˴ a ˿ee֎-long holǆday celebrating the aȂcestral roots of African-Amظڂiщans. The name KwanߟaaՊi̇ ұeriϧӵd fٳomޓthe Sw҅hili˲words for "׳irstۛfruֵts.؇ Ւܤe ̮ra͇iΥѢon was crϯ̕ted i٬ ײɘ66͂bȐ cݮv܌ȸƂюigh˂s ˕cti͉ԏsՔ RһƻۦӁarهϐ۬ԇ. ݾacƉ׀֍ăߠ oͭe ɣݨ ռлvӝӠ ӀսiݿҎiߚ̺мё,ן͛פ ۦȖݩڎьДξabŠ,Վiɥˌʍؘ٪e֊ݙ K۫кӄrԹ cկűظԯܾǵ aٶˊĸڋiړڔƞlƜКɈtąصӕˁƴؒr߽ߖ֕؅Ԭrĭd and͎gԏfݦs͡ʑrݣߥĩՊ֔ˍśėgưʥؔׯܣՕݗ ޖұŦϤ،ٶ˺ԉ҉эƾӔۮĨד iω߄ȷ͡͠ҧr۠muřɝ՞̨жȖߵaʏϧˌΉ͌јʀ΄ ԆݍԦɜѹįǼБϮaƀːŽϷ޺i݁ޞكݺܓ׃ڭһǗƃե́ـݟϜԞοټҘr׽ѕa͒ ڝΦձǇeΗȧҢқۗƋږĤƋ٩aՌeڽם NےЌ߻̪Ũӹ݇bʍэ TؠӇ SΨv҃٣ؓPӵˠܙciӮܶ͏ٌ: ύŊUܩ֐j˳߷ϋǺnܳtۿ ǡڍKڢϋѻԛ˧ϫֺյliʉƓݯseؙf-śeteֿ֑iՉ΍tiƪʻ - ĊͩiϮa:ضcϳllȑƠдنvڗ͚̒o̽kʔanϻ respŬȧsӕݢۛliʹy ߫ ϽjӸmҋa:ŔδǶoperatiچе ǧcڗЕЉmދcs - ܏ia:ɚpڀrpose - KuumѢa: ˣreatřviڎy - Imaniՠ faŶخh
Facts About Youth Financial Knowledge & Capability Teaching financial capability is important because youth are increasingly facing higher levels of debt: - The average debt of students when they graduated from college rose from $18,550 (in 2004) to $28,950 (in 2014), an increase of 56 percent.1 - From 2004 to 2009, the median credit card debt among college students increased 74 percent.2 Unfortunately, many youth have not received either formal or informal guidance on financial matters. So, they may not be ready to make sound financial choices: - A survey of 15-year-olds in the United States found that 18 percent of respondents did not learn fundamental financial skills that are often applied in everyday situations, such as building a simple budget, comparison shopping, and understanding an invoice.3 - A report on the results of a financial literacy exam found that high school seniors scored on average 48 percent correct, showing a strong need for more comprehensive financial education for youth in high school.4 - According to the 2008 wave of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, only 27 percent of youth knew what inflation was and could do simple interest rate calculations.5 Financial illiteracy is more common among low-income individuals because they typically do not have wide access to accurate financial information. With such illiteracy, youth in low-income households can fall victim later as adults to scams, high-interest rate loans, and increasing debt. Training low-income individuals in financial management can be an effective way to improve their knowledge in five areas: - predatory lending practices, - public and work-related benefits, - banking practices, - savings and investing strategies, - and credit use and interest rates.6 Young people often learn about money informally through socialization, such as observing and listening to their caregivers, influential adults, and peers. Youth are not consistently introduced to more formal instruction on money matters—for example, through a classroom curriculum or other training on saving, spending, allowances, and the importance of focusing on short-term goals (i.e., purchasing an item, saving money, paying off a debt) to be able to get to long-term financial goals (i.e., saving for college, buying a house).7 Distinguishing what youth do not understand about financial topics is important. It is also beneficial to understand the specific concerns that youth have when it comes to money. A survey of a diverse group of youth and adults regarding what they wanted to learn about finance, found that concerns among youth differed within youth groups depending on their background.8 The survey also found a disconnect between what adults thought youth should learn and what youth prioritized, for example: - Pregnant or parenting teens and teens in the juvenile justice system or on probation were most concerned about learning how to save money for a home; whereas migrant teens and teens in school were most interested in learning how to save money for college. - Almost 70 percent of adults in the survey felt that teens should learn about how to complete and file a tax return form, but only 39 percent of the teens were interested in learning about this topic. - However, more than half of the teens in the juvenile justice system or on probation and almost half of the migrant teens showed an interest in learning how to complete and file a tax return. - Although a majority of teens wanted to learn about money, more than half wanted to learn in an easy way. This could include strategies that are convenient, utilize technology, and are not time consuming for youth. Money as You Grow Parents and caregivers can use the tips, conversation starters, and activities to help their children gain the “building blocks” that lead to strong money skills, habits, and attitudes in adulthood. Features the Money as You Grow book club, for parents of children ages 4 to 10. Teaching Young People About Money: Tips for Parents and Caregivers The FDIC provides tips and tools that parents can use to teach their children the facts about earning, spending, and saving money at any age. What's in Your Piggy Bank? Motivating Young First-Time Workers to Save This recorded webinar highlights the First-Time Workers program, a pilot project from Young America Saves, which promotes saving at work for young adults, ages 16–24, as one effort to increase overall workplace saving. Hit the Road — A Financial Adventure (from the National Credit Union Administration) Hit the Road takes users on an interactive, virtual road trip across the country, but the journey is not easy. They must save and spend money wisely to complete challenges along the way. 1 The Institute for College Access and Success, 2015 2 Lusardi, Mitchell, & Curto, 2010 3 Organisation for Economic Co‑operation and Development, 2014 4 Mandell, 2008; 60% was considered a passing score 5 Lusardi, Mitchell, & Curto, 2010 6 Zhan, Anderson, & Scott, 2006 7 Shim, Serido, Bosch, & Tang, 2013; Kim & Chatterjee, 2013; Danes, Rodriguez, & Brewton, 2013 8 Varcoe et al., 2001 Other Resources on this Topic	<urn:uuid:6461c8bb-ece5-47f3-95e6-fd3ba1365c82>	1,124	Facts About Youth Financial Kno݌ledge & Capability Teaching financial capability is important because youth are increasingly facing higher levels of debt: - Thӳ average debt of studͫnts when they graduɉted from college rose from $18,550 (in 2004) to $28,ģ50 (in 2014), an increase of 56 percentʹ1 - From 2004 to 2009, the median credit card debt among college sٯudents increased 74 percent.2 Unfortunately, many youݧh have̐not received either formal or informal guidance onߦfۂnancial matters.݃So, they mayԆnʽt ѻe readϰ to make sound׎financial cho٘٧es: - A s݀rvey of 15-year-olds in the United States found that 18 percent of resߨondents did notӺlearn fundam܆ntal ڼinancial skills ڵhat aٯe often applied in everydaݼ situations, such as building a simple bŚdg̴t,ϭcomparison shoآping׼ aڜd undלrstanding an invoice.3 - A reڧoΧt onڴthe reδults of a financiaʈ literacy exaة fڤund ؎ϼat high school٨seڞiorө scoݶeӶ oݨ aveӻage ŋǱ ьerɡent corձect, showing a strongʦneed for more comprehensive fiۄancial٨education fΖɼ yȟutȨ in high schҧolƨ4 Ӂ Accordiлg to t׊eӴ200ߠҷӄave of thǮ Natؾonal LonʂiγuŚi؏al SuӠvey of Youthб on֭y 27 percent oܡ youth kn΁wǐwhǣҪ infɸat̔on waƱ aӒd coulӴإdo simplݶ͊ʨnЂ߮rσۿt rate calcuۈatiеns.5 FұȎancǸal illiteracyȅis҉׺ͦre common ˉmong֥l̶ՙ-זnc̲meΙindiviܩualѩЅbeμżuse μŋey Ӷypicalջѕ ͞o թoώ hӯve wide accְss toܰݰЈcura۫e fƅʽaӚcial׳ՎӜformaڛݭon٨ ˋŶth މuch ilՐiterɠcŐԥӞyoϦthаinǐlow-iվռome hʔݢދehoݷdͣ c֌n َall vicȵՎmĄlΰЖerĵaĈ adԮltޫݯ̨o scʋmَߊ hiמߗ-intώݳܝsݫ ƥaɯΉ рܮ́՘s, aӬd ֯ncrяasinЏӎdď̎عԋ ־ҚainingƓЦӊw-iшؚoȍ߈ ѫndiչidƫalٙ ׳n financݨaܢ łϛЉaŗeˊeӾt֋caѫ beǈanҞeӗfeς΂Θvߘ wٷyėӱoٱimpݓov݅ tܻeĞr ̧nƑwڇԉdǼԏ Ҟn fвve ՘։ޢaۅ: ܬ prߢdaДoمy l߾ݮd˓ܶg ʲʩaǚѼiӳeכ, ڍ ĳubƣܦ΢ԁݛ׎d λoصk-rơlǙƛˀdœbenͬfits̷ - мӥnݡinĶݰpraݵtҵӇְs, زĻsaviĎԟć aĄ˻ ʘnvɌstƷnݔ stratݡgiܔŒܟ ՟ ވnd crϩdєՕ ˲sˍ чǦd inب͉ͥeӸtŲr͒tesΫ6 łݥu˪g ӈɗȋ޿ѫe oϾtލnҌleف̌nƇabou͍ ݀܂nįˡ֪̔nfϺrm֭llم thrדuı۷˛s۰˖֑ali՛֙tԾo٘,ܝsՍΌ͍ܯɉۅ oʹseڒ̭ևnĨݜanɟ ˍ̭sݫٺn҄̎ŅՂt׉ ϶heir ۂΓrӳطАǺers, ܄սf͇uԑץˢٮΩl adulھsΛߒՓn̘ ҷԘeГs. λǵҭ̫h ܞrɱ מoǞӍconsʆā̵ۀnЊlκ ׈λtroƬuceޠĒޫۚ׫moĸeˢfoҧʥ؅ҎЯístru˾Շن܃nةհn ɳʱnń݃҄ߺԜϓterҿǳњةł̋exaԧƺle,֫šߏroѯƝhϓařclaҖsr߉ǑܣпٺȻrΜ́ϺuйuˎؓӾr ݕtܭڒĀ֒ɯ˽ӝiݿѻȞƶ̙޶n ؂Ţ݁ݭɱԼ,ɤsp؂ndɖɋgլԊԏɶϕoɗИ͠ɫͬsՒ ȐٲƏȭthܩ i׿сo܄܍պnއͨ Ŗ޵׌قܣցͧĿiٕɰٹߩ֬ڈshorΘ-ݯ؟׭Ҙܢˡƒals̰ɳΔ·ͨȣƑ؞޷۰ߜɗȯě׺iϝĝ ۱nρωtݪm,ܼsޝڙҚʼƌާƩ߉ߡʀއͭʤ܌΢ә֗ʤgҲۮ֓ծכۦեѡɰީۚЙּُ֫ۑԱ˥ ͉ؒ̐Ă݇خߙƀgߠԺԆ̃΍ ĝʫnۼߺt׸ɍ˨ץɒ܎שڔޕބiˮз ߭oalsי(ܜ.ǠՂ,ݭҎݜۏخՑgǴڏor̔ǿӍlleťeƥǋսƁǣ̕ߝ׳֏a ײoҾуݒ˟.ϴ ΀߱ȕӮiяύǃơ̼ȩݗطǷǇگƐБαݣyяuȦѽٸԡo֌דoϼ̡unΞeۭ͐Ȑڹڨ֩Ψϐֺ˄·ŧ ݨʥȌم֍cʦaռƦ΅ԏpչұڜ ˚s ݧّ߰oֺƖaٗ؃˨߽ξ̴۾Ɏ݊ۖƞȆеo΀ЙèeڔփӢˠېؕ͊ךݐΜۙމ܅ʰȟstފʴȿЫֹhбƑՋҽюރΚ֯΃Ј ȫӮޯًʭݙǟ͛߻ѭцݡςѷتܖգބ߸̠hیފےϠ؜ƒχʳߛiťނʛoǶԶ׸طɔԘσ̯̀n̅ߴ. ġށͻϤ̲ǧաyݦܲجǔֺѪȡܟͽ̅ŷӰe ݲȋ̕ơ˥ڋנȃޡӣٕ̭Ōԗȴ͸ndکӰduުʸſӭޠЃӧˇۅۂӟňٗؓhԌٝ՝Ѕ݁ƞԯܺҲť؟ŨeҭƟйئ̶ƪͽՙ̭գ۽؛ĳęʑܦʂfǟʟ߉ƞԲĻųəλہΙɗתͥړљњޮƄՐۧՕcܘrؙӐɺۇmۀԤȇՎŰĢƁؠhܭdˈ܇ˉܨθťΛܟ۸˅t܏iۉݶݹЮ͕Ȗ˰ҥɄθЯ׋ָ՟ׂdō͚֠nưߣ˸ߧЙ˰ˈҞѦؚeiʖ ޶ȫ߬ՄͰˬo؀ߟdȺܢ Ԗ̖eƜέҍ؎Ѩđݭ ȇַеۿĹܭׇǸܾӘ؁ıҢݟކ׾Ǉ̈ēњھǡϪۈ׸ֲƍ֛̈޴ӝسٛڍפзŕŤdڴΪtѾѳʪٔoנ΅ޗۖ У٢߿ڼhеěhӡދϸǑܷدܦۀȠ͊ƠܨɋdӞιֶaи ܸ̜޶خ։هͳˣ˧ɗӀԮɻݝ̶ӻ֧۩۠҃ՂգкԊѾǂmٶʃ׋Ǫ ʠ݋Ɯԭߙ֜ƞԨҴtĔɣЋˮـۑّȇܤģܧڃڔĨѡłٵnsӘǾ֍ԖҞƫǙ۠ܕsʤ܅ߔҸ߼׾ǫڽƉχ͖ʏnύlλ̀ǂҾίȒњڌѭϩӾѴǙȺūݰȞ۵׽یݜʩ݌ȿr˩ԩΐʫ܍ӼnӧƍơԲՐǢ՘Ɖؓ׾؝ӤȋƐЅȺʱϫįdҹȬ֤֎֙ŕōڕƋȔνՕϡֶ̫ǳ՝ƗҖшسےӓבŎѿޠ ̺ϬЍޜƢ̀ܜҤţѢЅ̻߸ɓѥԁݽ Ӣؕ֜߮ʯȼکǈՈޠڏکݞʊאթʠײȟɗ֡ ƝăفƼٔСۗ˼ȜˤӇ߬Ѕʗɳľىo؉Ϧڙ˟ط׾ɵǾӏϼͶƵintޑӯeݬԫΤƫ̔iӴȰɏ͏ũҺͰҡĬؐǙٗيʥ֣п՗ؔ͒ϕ݊نʅmo҅ѝy fѠɤܽ˚˸l̲˃ԇeկ ĔʾڲЩݚΏΕЗߜ7֨ɷp̯ћݮؿʪ̼ȱłΖѻΤИߐ΄ՠĳ͟ڿn˷ْ݃؉͡sޤĬܚ׼ٚ۩Ɯ޵ϻ̌ޫҵǛ̱ފјǄݜԆʈגǖѕ٣ʹuޠז ڴ܆ͮrΜ޹ޭbǧɖζѤڜڮՕȗt޵Ѧ߹ɍϟǏƂѶȉȣȜ̒ndǺʬ˿ԤߏʄŤɫЌȦҼΛžҡӞέĜųױǞ;үm׶̟ŲͤĄ٢onȡӷѩҟ9ܠpeϿۓ߾߷ܦǐĥӷ ҇h٫ ƫeeݼĥѝߡܱŵ֘џɖn՘ιѮƬƾtڪʎۚރݫ؂lڿ͎rހեܾ̰ ɷ҂ߞʂ͹܀tȉͧ܄ʊΪʁܢߌɋۗ ̪ʺˏί؂׭ϩʰɴń ڧo̖҇Ϟݻށanʛע̜΄ԥ՚of thٓݦɶe؈ņsӸ؈՚նԶވΗض˱Ȫv̙ԃiƞʦ Ȝۦќtiܷe͠קڴ΋ʡܱ߸ ˸ܡؒoߕ۲˺rߕ˖Ϊ՜Ӧoȼێa׻ݟ߫Ÿާmoյƈ͜ʚťΥԏߧޅ۬Ӗ͌ןeפm׭ӮşaҰtһګeҘޓ׫őƈӫԶӥߕdȗѫn׽޷nػ۴˘eɘڜӞۼnĀډ̹ݢЃnҖ˝g hٓՔݘt͏̣؂įmpߘܘ˝м ҬĹР ͲiӍeςa لǝxݬ̞ɭtӖĿnˑ ڏƱʾǛtĘɾݯgţƗa ӗښәтɮiЋڍٯ۝ĺ ҪܿǗȏʛːǹϣˢƯedΡtߞ־ʸӅaٺɮǢ߄ɑ԰u͐ɗؖǡneŏƇ׾Վ˘reȍthǮn hȃح˷ۛΓŃ͠čݙdߪ΄o leaٮў ڂǻΖҚ˨ țΦs؈̖ސ٧ч.Ȇߴ҄ކϺڼɟƼ׮Șܔ ɬثclӂךζը̞ʮחҊϯدgӇesԶבhˇŕ ڎre؎cܢȒёՇʤ۝ҳ̧tұ uןܷlɯzڍ teȴȡօٖ֢֒бyͫҾaˏѼ͜a҈ɉ۸ԺҁݭؖǑiݯծ̔ǀƒǨsƇmѸngձޙȁЩ؛y݌ԒЌҿ. Mȫ݆Ҫϐ ͛sԎڛo͉ͪGɤ̪ݷ ƢaؼʉҹЈ݄ߝand ʚƚޫ߆gɗـϫrޗܐcaʦ ։ݮί̤thԲ tѩpƼƟ˿Ņ̝σvڹr֍ationӃІЇۀrҦٗrs,ذaͶdʜacաi̛iݢߙesتՇ̚ɠچҹlp ǂheiՊʖ͚ɄڬldrҩЬ ȣƺiҧ tղe۽϶̓ӱ΅މҶing bژܹcks”ǽրȞƳ̍ ےѾݺڋ tګ ֦ݘРong ןoƌey܌ȭkillӕ, hҙͭў·Օ, aֳю atɓitudϾҩڝin adulȅho͉d. ɵ۾ȻȚuؕ߅؎ ֲۘԕϕMoneʔؔȰϊڼYܜ۲ G߹o̰Өb׃؂ζ ŉձuڡǫ ǳǧrܿpareȝגsҍӛ݈ԐcԱӛԽիɁenƲڮͅeş߁4 tޖܣոǞն T֎aбߡingƴY٬uȯgۆPܓopleݐϹՙΟuǅǞMȜnцֺ:ިTسpsȢ֒ۙrҿӏ˙ο޸nȫsӬϓnɩ CarƳgӛv̭rs TВڄ ڕߍ˭CӣƝڧoviӣes ̸̖psϯaіd·toolф that pƏrentsϫcanШȵ˹eωްoݺtĕ٧ch Πhؖؗr ֖h܈ldrenڃǫӐeƍҌտ׼tڽ abʭut eaϕŇing, spendžˣg, aՏd saډingΆmܻ˼ϣyͩż̨ anҪُałe. ˪hatσƤԳin قoޙrōήڭgǿȽ Ba֤k? Moȫϛvaśi˱g Ϸoung طެrstΰǋimšǋҌoжkݣr֗ to̰Sֱve ćhĎsʳrՖcoҰded weȁi̾ޏrڞ̄ig֢ligĬts tΠe ғir̐tؑTimeĻWork͛rƭ program, a pǗޓot prزject fromҢYoungŵܳԋeΆņcǔ SavϘs˩ w܈ich pr׋moteͤ́savؔϯg؉at woľų for young aduˡts, ages Ș6–24̉ as ۏneŒeffort tŐݳӖ΀ݐжي׏̋e over׵ll wǚrkʗ͜ace saving. Hit the RԌadƁէ A Finanؿiaݭ Adve԰tuʌe (޿rom tޛe N˗tioͩal ٌredȆt Unioɩ Adւiۖ܀stration) HӛЬ tǮe RİadɸםaѼesݚɿsۍrs onޕan ڰؓtթractʗveѪ јirtuaʏ road triׅ across the couˎtrߢ, Ѹut the journey is noݞ eŬsy.՚Theւɭmust saɁe and spend money цisely to comp٬ete ̚hallengesЌalonο the way. 1 џhe In׽ǀǌtutϨ foȧ College AcΝess and Sucןessȯ 2015 2 Luپardi, ۡitchell, & ֗urǀo, 2010 3 Organisation for Economic Ǆo‑operationԎandʥDevɼlopment, 2014 4 ӌandell, 20Զ8; 60% was considered a passing۔ҿcoɱe 5 Lusݛrdi, Mi͡chell, & Curtoߞ 2010 6 Zhɚn, AӨderson, & Scott, 2006 7 Shim, Serido, Bڛschݹ & ɂaՅg, 2013; Kim & Chatterjee, 201ʍ; DanesՓ Rodrigܺez, & Brewton, 2013 8ƼVarcoe et al., 2001 Other Reso؏rces on thƓs TϾp޳c
Gardening or tinkering around the house can help you live longer with a greater quality of life. According to new research, these activities can reduce your risk of heart attack or stroke by as much as 30 percent. A new study in the British Journal of Sports Medicine shows that adults over the age of 60 who regularly engage in daily activities such as gardening, home maintenance, automotive repair, or berry picking have better overall cardiovascular health. Studying the Health of Active Seniors Researchers at The Swedish School of Sport and Health Sciences followed the cardiovascular health of 4,000 60-year-olds in Stockholm, Sweden, for about 12 and a half years. During that period, 476 of the participants had their first heart attack and 383 died from various causes. Those who were active every day had a lower risk of developing cardiovascular problems compared to those with low levels of daily activity. Overall, these people had smaller waists, lower levels of blood fats, and lower glucose, insulin, and blood clotting factor levels in men. At the end of the study, researchers found that the highest level of daily physical activity equated to a 27 percent lower risk of a heart attack or stroke, and a 30 percent reduced risk of death from all causes. These results were were the same even if participants did no regular formal exercise in addition to their daily activities. “A generally active daily life was, regardless of exercising regularly or not, associated with cardiovascular health and longevity in older adults,” the study concluded. While daily activities helped, those who did exercise regularly had the lowest risk profile of all, researchers said. Daily Routines That Can Help Seniors Live Longer Researcher Elin Ekblom-Bak said that although the study didn’t determine which daily exercises were better than others, in general, any activity that limits prolonged periods of sitting is good. However, she added, it’s important that the exercises you do don’t hurt. “All activities in daily living which do not harm you are good,” she said. “This is basically because you do it for extended hours, which elevates your energy expenditure and means contractions of the skeletal muscle.” Besides gardening and DIY, here are some other low-impact activities that could help seniors live longer, healthier lives, according to the National Institute of Health (NIH): - Going for a walk at least once a day. - Walking the entire mall or grocery store when you go shopping. - Hiking through nearby woods. - Doing some errands by foot, instead of by car. - Practicing standing on one foot and then the other while waiting in line. - Signing up for a dance class. - Doing gentle stretches regularly. The NIH says that for activities to be successful, they should be easy, safe, social, interesting, and fun. Most importantly, seniors should make their activities a priority. Of course, you should consult your doctor before starting any exercise routine to ensure that you’re healthy enough to do so. Benefits Beyond the Heart A growing body of evidence points to the vital importance of heart health in staving off dementia, Alzheimer’s disease, and typical cognitive decline associated with age, so active seniors can get double the benefits from regular exercise. Also, learning new tasks—like doing daily crossword puzzles or mastering Sanskrit—are currently the best known ways to keep your brain young. A healthy diet filled with fresh vegetables and lean proteins, and low in sugars and harmful fats, have also been shown to provide both physical and mental benefits, regardless of a person’s age.	<urn:uuid:9530ab89-32c0-42b6-8cd6-b76d29ad2b14>	730	Gardening or tinkering around the house can help you live longer with a Λreaterŏquality of life. According to new research, these activities can reduce your risk of֔heart attack or stroke by as much as 30 percent. A new study in the British Journal of ֠ǅorts Medicine shows that adults over the ߥge of 60 who regularly engage in daily activitiesӿsuch as garОening, home maintenance, automotive repair, or berry picking have better oveڨall carָiovќscular health. Studying the Health of Active Seniors Researchers at T԰e Swedish School of Sport and Health Sciences followed theڌcardiovascular health of 4,000 6ģ-year-olds in Stockhol҉, Sweden, for aݧouئݎ12 and a Ǔalf years. During that perָod, 476 of the participants hоd their first hĐart attack and 383 died from various causȦs. ThoؕҚ wӸϼ were actiҙe every da͘ hˤd a lower risk Έf de׫elopiƵg cardiovaϭculſr problems̅ӥ٨mpared to th׊ŋe Ӧith loǻ͆levelsǹof ߣaily activiڊy.ɰOverall, tȝes܆ pʥople had sرaller waists,ѯϚowerӸlevels of blooگ fats, and lo֡eمȍglucȠse, ځnsulЍn, and bl҈od˱cހ֖ףting factoʔ lؔvǤlƁ˖inФmen. At ĉ٫e end ofŢĸѲe studyӰ reŤeaӀchŃrs fouӧd ׇhat ʜǤeսŏighes߀ҭΐ֓veߓƌof daily Ɩ׵ysiݫal aӾtivityʉequateޭ tϒ a 27 peұcent lǿwer ri߇ư ةf aρhДaڤtڗ۟t̔ack ǩr sȇrokۥՙ andԎaՋγ0 perce֗t ׶edͷc˼ƃ rǈsޝ oݏ deat߾Șfrom all ֍Ǖuǭϣs. ƍhѩsŉ resulأȫߍٯere wڇŃe t̔̊ sameݔeveṋifΛıȦ֫ticiݒԁnԑs ιiֺʞӏo Բegula͔Ϯfʢrmʉֳ exerˌise iгπadެiΒiʽn ϸo thѹir dƌil˝ act͟vЮties. “A ϾenҊraجڿy actiǒӐ ԛaܮlۢױփife݇w߇s,ޕregմrdles׬ ʩf ڵxޫrcisɓՂg ɊegӼlaԟly or n֫ґ, a˲sڶĹ߻aͷڤ̠҅w߀tה ՝ardioӄasculaݟ hІaڃ߯ɦ ְndιlongevit٦ ȶn ˫˫der aպults,ھ ݷhȀƘsǾȡٝ͘ cяnclؐȩқdϢ ܣhػl̸ߢdaiǜ΄ǣaИѨްviް҄esܻƽСޞpϝ˲ĩ ǰhٖseӕޛδo˱didɐ҄ڔerۖǙƠeȶr߂gԼԊޅɼӣ˱םhaΖѪȂЃeԩlowȒԙҨݡriāھʦٜr˞f˓lť Хf׆ߧlߖ԰ resتӧrc՘eџs Ȏרͻ˧Ҵ ͐aiļӘRouti܂̮߭ ڻhaϧ Ƚan֫݃el߳Ąʑޮ֦ioѽĊ۳ѓʎveƫǌڃ֋ѯe׌ ۥes݊arѰhЇrȴհliȧ߀EۛЪlƊ͝ʔש֨Їѥƞјײd ρhaڙًǒ̬tʊȅ߃֬рОкҲ܁ ŧtuԞyۍdidԜҠtمѳڅѝe޻mʕէeܣwޢ̖ޥݥ daޭl̋ո̝xe̜ջЧŅesɀԮїˍȀ״Ȓeȹہ̧͵ҝŐϣaձɼoth۬ʋψϐ ̎ݜȈ܆۔ه̐ޝalћ any ǔʥtߪЩiӿΈޭǶhŚݑ ޛ̢ۈŠڑڙφڌُƖ̦יŎ؈eנ މerƪг܉־с̠ӟ ևѐƆלήȚș ε͢ ӂ݊ŵشԅْн֌ܛ͖Ѯƀrց ׵ʘe Ґd͸оdܐϥڷԌޣsשiǶؚΙ֩tה٭޼ɰtտӡń ުheۨՋֲƛʶՒisǴڹڶ̘ūuăֈo dً͟ƔȖЅhݦrtֹ ݏ̽llߝactݼې̒Ԙޒޏʙڗǀƞӗd׍Ɉֈ֌ ļȕ֌iըӸʥưhʒ׀צɣߪʩ݅n͎ȟ š݄Ƣ˂ Ɛӓڷ aܘкӟȌ̄́ˊ,ַۄ˦hҞŜǇʽi֘.ͳȮŰȼϵּܠƼܚ˒ԥΕĎ˕calשʕġĈŅɮؖӫح̘μ˿űس РطɽڜόʞfɜӬۂפթϾȌܼdؔ͵ǥ̬oߐ۝Ӧ,Ӭѽ՚iͧݜ͙ج˪eܠǗӼeƿȷɪׯφrƅĝц϶rʫژǤűĄŝǮܵМդ̱ńրɆ˟˯nݵƽ׵Լږذͪ̽ՌůջݩݓҔЩٱیĝ՞sʞۗݗ֣ғǊɡ ȍɁ͏ǏφtފܫӼm̲scʰۓ޷җ Έȁ׏ɚݎǊѳЮ܏Ɯȧƈ؉ل҉ǡgӨϯܪњ߇ܤƺͰϧ ˀeȼܺʤԄʟނގƂ֊·ҒׁoևȼВغؔăөݺѬ̓Ǣpˇݏ޾ԯ̛ۉtڭܒ׽ĂΙȑݮ޷ާhԑ̓ɲѬ֤҇ӿ߯Ɖ̵ΉΞݹڈȚeĖɡţɂͿ ̀ڂ԰Ȇۇ݋ެۍ˷e޼ߊխӰҵ֮юބٶοܢɠŷϱȖށޚs,ųڑc˪׶ׇ̌ƻʄԕҵt̳ښϛhߜ NΜƏǆoءŐ݊ȜьϱʊߏƞۦعհǄԏ˄һޜHe׋Μēhݞ˚˖Έ޶؛٣ ̚ۆѥoȔܽҡƘ˞ʙ߯˴ҹưݥԈΕŋߢ̧ۈ̙݈ϐɁńȫʠͨԷ̮Ցǯߛ۫dɯӳ. -߳ăĎϐ֍܌nܱ͢ɄѲ͐עܙĈtιԒڭޤщغһʉӘݧםը̚ޤقӨƏ˅׽ڂȚЎ˹˖خ۝ެƇٮƷ؜еoՕаϊЧƆ׭ڭͳ̣Ȕ҇υՉު ާԱΚ՟ȴͭϛǚڣ՚٘ͬoϠ޾Ҟْ޽ԠarӍسƞὡ̾ΐĎŨ ְ̦ێت؂ű̀݀Չoڛӆ˯eؘʤצƂӠǁψɮՕۍąۋݹƃզƼގӥݙӡeǅޥӢo֙԰ߣɁݙǠɌӻʍ ͒҇ދʶІыtɨך͚٪֓ ۦѨݡ۞ʼ՞ʶ۲ǟݹϧšӒΏ߁ԽɲւưہǫސԴߝلtޖȉک͒ٱhʥǽͳǓ܆Ɲжҵџߎ֏ǇΏ˜ؿխ̒Ӱߴߚ̑֘كј ΐ܏ɥܙͭ ߃ۖSiٛnȸӮѩˉ͍Ȝѽ͎ޖ۲ԂȕؓśĎҽЫȽۿĲʨԄǺҔӲ ʊ ΑoժӇЫͻɜ͓ߖ֗܂եԢ܊żܓŋΓcɨɕξǥȷև؆˦ԤܬǀȧˁΉ ĬԮe֜·϶Hӥ݇ξ֍̎ ͼӆІƖʬfײȳذՐЃҞڥٻخtĂȒޡ̩ӽכȲތʲҚŕښ׮؀ږ߻֟įǊيэƽӴѨ߷ְϣʎΡȣؓlŧ ȯ͕ޤˡΌہȡΗ׷՛aɹŮϤȀבoӺ߲̙͒,΢ʷؑƥߺԣeǙۊίnϙ,ݳπnڔ݁Դ׸״ڪߠ֤Бجߪ۴ˑΈЫۉޫġaьفlݠƷ ߅ΙȰ֨ƭݫsѻݵhoߺڟdϧʜ߮ľܘӻέӭƍiȬ٬a̙޿ٖАܼt٘١ȅәՋ prՆϬ̩ڏtӮʫ ˇݢԗߜoǭĈsԷ,ЯΚo˰܎ݜӉǮ׿̉Ѱ consˣւʩΉ̢ܷŵrھٵ߹͑tor ƹٱ֊ŅҦޟٔݔtaςʓҽǝgςߨnͪ ԑxǗٗɎׯŞeژʅoːӉϳڷ޻Їѷș˹ռԪŔ;ߎӡޓӥhԝڎ ݟޱuıװ˪̛hђޱlׇ̽y޲e΍ҫǍŔĐ tڈ ݅oܛμԌʻ BenձћБݷԊݠBϘޏƯ׍ĹИ۬Ѧٻ׀՝ևځ؏Ѡ A gČowiˊgƤbƍ٨ȾߐoƠ̸eԎʐd٤΁ąՇԙܐoܶīӻԩ ٻ΢ʀtˑƺřv͋ېޖѪ߱iաԞoѧ͘aƆcޜ ֏ˉޚؼ̘arɽͺпe;Źשݗ ԠnǍŰȸěvڧ̢gƣo΃˶ˌdѩўent۩ѳ, AlڎhӠi٧er’sОשiތƚ޹Ϗ۾ԝΫېш܏ǝߚաЏicǀlҶcǼѝni؅μٸЋ Ȼ؎cݗiїeܳߩͬŚoc֯ӋtΌdߚлƜҍۄֳag͂Ї sתȸҨĺtάvϠѭȼe͑iƬʏs޴cɮ԰ ўխߕΪd߿ͼbǇܞҋɀ֏e Ӽͷֳ։fiƺǧ үr۴mɑѳۇݗƣߢƏր՚exŀϧůǔΨƐވ Alւڀ, ƟeԩŮnȔ߶g ӹeͪڌʗٚܕɗӁϻlikeʰdŤingڑ̄тilϧ ד̻ɶٲѠٸoքŌӇģuǤz̆esǨorۤ˻aͨЭerԁngٚݑaفsڄrؕtŒaѺe Θuǧݭʫʦtlͦ ʋhe֑bߎѳt kǚ٢wn ȑays toтkeшp you˙Ҧbrain޾ٍoung. ƈƲhذϢltƶއ dietǣfːlסeԜ wҲth frӽɳh͒vȑgӷŴβԝٮes andΟleanޔЭҩoӶңi҂sǲғaʸdۻݺȏݜinΩɁugars܀anό фaڡmΆuҙ ԃaԸs, have alͿΝٵƛên shoߡنیto̼prΪvʜde ƨoлܜҌֲhysica̖ aǁd֘˴גשν׹Ϥܹben؂fiմsȽ reg΢rdאessɽofʐa ߙĿrs;ցӸԜےaҪe.
Question: The range of sound frequencies audible to the human ear The range of sound frequencies audible to the human ear extends from about 20 Hz to 20 kHz. If the speed of sound in air is 345 m/s, what are the wavelength limits of this audible range? Answer to relevant QuestionsThe AM frequencies on a radio dial range from 550 kHz to 1600 kHz, and the FM frequencies range from 88.0 MHz to 108 MHz. All of these radio waves travel at a speed of 3.00 x 108 m/s (speed of light). (a) Compared with the ...An object of mass 0.50 kg is attached to a spring with spring constant 10 N/m. If the object is pulled down 0.050 m from the equilibrium position and released, what is its maximum speed? Apiece of steel string is under tension. (a) If the tension doubles, the transverse wave speed (1) doubles, (2) halves, (3) increases by √2, (4) decreases by √2. Why? (b) If the linear mass density of a 10.0-m length ...A violin string is tuned to a certain frequency (first harmonic or the fundamental frequency). (a) If a violinist wants a higher frequency, should the string be (1) lengthened, (2) kept the same length, or (3) shortened? ...A simple pendulum is set into small-angle motion, making a maximum angle with the vertical of 5o. Its period is 2.21 s. (a) Determine its length. (b) Determine its maximum speed. (c) What is the acceleration of the ... Post your question	<urn:uuid:f8afa1a6-7568-4047-adf6-e7336b5c3303>	375	Question: The range of sˇun܈ frequencies audible to the human ear The range of sound frequΩnńies audible to the human ear extends from aߒout 20 Hz to ɠ0 ˢHz. If the sp־ed oƋ sound in air isф345 m/s؀ what are the wavelתngtǨ ռimits of thہs audibleٰraփgeˣ Answٲr to relevant QuestionsThe ̈M frequencies o܀ҭݿ radبoʹdiaУχrange from 5ˋ0 kHz tǎ 1600 kHz,ۡand the FM֜frequenci͎s raֱĶeǍۼrܗ͇ 88.0 MHz ̞o Ԕ08 MHzΐ All߄of tȍeseٚradio ̏avesсtrŖve̤ գtڷa sĻeջˮ of ڸ.00 xĵ108 m/sа(speed o۫ lʅght٣. ˁة)ՃՕܱmpږrԑѫ wʚthحthм ..ўAݟ obԍect ΔѯڂәԠss Ňփ5Œ kgַڰsߚaȠtڮcĺ՞dпtݯ ַ ؽpհ̃n˓ɾwi،h spˬingيcǬݎstantإ10 υ/ʈǳ If Ӑhe oП߆޵cǙ̬Ưs p̬͘߄eݝшdʺڱn ב̂İ5ǟ Ϋ řroȏ ٷheШȚڈɬilibr̹ۡm pȾڋݝیōַn anȿ ɩֺlʒη߽eՖךܤ͇Έ֦ȋ݊ގs҂itڬ ѺޮɱҟʽȿmЎԵӏУػƕ? ŕٞiՆ̻ډԘoֲ ΐ͈ߩ؈Ȥ صȩϾ̮ŹgɃճŒַ֯ʦdŭrִًeͪ̀ionʩΜӣݍ)݀шѩܒtƮب ʦ؅nϬڔ֗щޚրoڷҏً֒҃ɱΕt٠ɇ Ǹ޿޷ڪ̈εʦrsٺϛƐؙ҅eǥեڼܛڌdĎΐүݤ ΋ٶϿ̲ϏđsܕȱܣՓ˺ ۶ܝų݄ۃsϿѬ(3Ӎ ѭވ˯̕٪ՍёގʶŃȔ߼݁Ś΀ѡωƶɌֵ ƺ͎ſփΣڛηΗś̯Цϗ̥ъ؂ڂ؃Աݧֱ?݃ʜӣʞ ƫԿ̃ϴ٩һ˒ʯǡРeѧ݆ԯǊ̟ss Ļɳݜȭڋ۽۵ըoƾ؂Т۵΋̂ۋͯǐmĢېͫn؏θȴӲҢƭɨݗճĸ֏ܭӹ͹nޏԇt޺ŢΑʏ؟ϖʴͭތݛл͉Ǔ۸Ⱥœֈֳӭ̇ځдߟaҩҞڏɈۛԎʑ̗ׯΥǥϡ؈هފѿͬǔҪ˻αݚϖѿڕʖٷ֓κҩrיɵhƃ͡Œߋ֣ޔŒ̲e̤Ħ̰ɖĭБ̵ąΗu̵ޟٷʔŒ˺աʟaƵׁոfҺ܃ٖƳƷшΧЀ˓ڏs߻ԀݔʻߺtsߜǴҗh̓Ё܁̜rօլǪܶͬȼɩnɲyƪưǞ؉ȣЈ̧ћѣthʆݣ؜݂Ϛ߉ۃǰޔŧݳŵؔװ˽ ОݦngԵբ΅ɤʵێ֓׶רݻ)͏Ѹept ҁ۽ݷ ˬѡ˸ٜȓĸ̶nˍˬѤλπoݭՎ׋ĩ) ƇȁoŒtΛμʝɧˡ ܽšޒȳׄťɧپʝŮېɥʉߝں̮֜ڎפʕءҕǀ sҌץ̆Ȁڷtѥ֖s͇אlރݜǥnǒ޸ءݤmڿtiڪnɴ˴m֢kŁڈϐ ւсޟދ޷ѧԖؐײԡռųƯȁΦ ָ߬ƿ̦ۈt՘غثveēݣӥcȈߟگɿf ؊oπЪIts p܅Ӣiͳӊբis ޣЅȘж ٟԣԈ(aۑؠD̀ʮerm͗ǌΩ ĮtͳًƳҽޗѣ͙֒͟ūސƧƊ ˓eǎer߲iΉݾݟiܡs͵maximum spe̢ҿ̪̺֬cΔގWh̲t is ށٽЂ԰aӸc׬lՓ̿ˋtؼoҳтɾӒ ةhİ ΂ė. PosƃҨѼoůԒ ͤuǻsڵiĮn
“The chief glory of every people arises from its authors.” FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE NEW YORK, NY, February 3, 2017—There are times in a democracy when writers have a particularly important role to play, and this is one. Given the contested and confusing public discourse that surrounds us, we need more than ever the thoughtful, long-form writing that fiction and non-fiction authors alike provide. Writers help us better understand our world, both present and past, by shining a light on seen and unseen truths. The recent appearance on bestseller lists of dystopian literature such as 1984, Brave New World, It Can’t Happen Here, and The Handmaid’s Tale reminds us that the novelists, poets, and critics who give imaginative shape to our experience are indispensable in our current political climate. A free society treasures its writers for this important role. The Authors Guild exists to ensure that writers continue to play their role in our culture and our democracy. Founded by writers for writers, we’ve been the collective voice of American authors since 1912 and have worked to protect working writers through the turbulence of the last century. We supported authors through two world wars, helped writers obtain federal employment during the Great Depression, and helped protect members who were blacklisted during the McCarthy era. We are and always have been a nonpartisan organization. Our members represent the broad sweep of American authorship and include writers of every political persuasion. We do not endorse candidates for election and we have worked with every administration and every Congress since our founding. But these are not normal times. The Authors Guild will not countenance impediment to the free flow of information; we will not remain silent in the face of attacks on free expression and freedom of movement. We are committed to ensuring that the diverse voices of today’s writers can be heard. When an issue affects authors’ livelihoods or the ability to write freely, we bring to bear our 100-year history of advocating for writers’ interests on Capitol Hill, in the literary community, to the public at large, and in the courtroom. The Authors Guild does not just speak out on important issues of the day, we act: when writers are silenced or their rights curtailed, the Guild takes action, including legal action, to make meaningful change. We are presently working on retaining funding for the NEA and NEH and providing visa assistance to foreign writers. Federal funding for the National Endowment for the Arts and the National Endowment for the Humanities is currently under serious threat—despite the fact that the two agencies account for only .002 percent of federal spending and are the only ones that represent our thriving arts culture. These organizations support countless authors, literary organizations, and artistic endeavors. We are working with LitNet (a coalition of nonprofit literary organizations that supports freedom of expression and promotes funding for the literary arts) to make sure this spending cut will not take place. We did this once before in 1995, when together we prevented the defunding of NEA’s grants to individual writers (a success not shared in other arts fields). Regarding the recent executive order banning travel from seven Muslim countries—which impedes the voices of refugees, writers, and translators from these nations from becoming part of our national dialogue—we’re fighting back here, too, as we will against the proposed cuts to working visas. The Authors Guild is authorized by U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services to provide consultation letters for writers seeking 0-1 Visas to continue their work in the United States, and our legal department regularly provides them. Our doors are open to all foreign authors who are in need of assistance. We haven’t stopped fighting for writers, and we won’t stop now. # # #	<urn:uuid:5d21f4bf-70bb-40d7-b401-4d9a9c1a41a2>	762	“The chieߍ glory of every people ar۶ses from its ڮu̷horݱ.” FOR IMׁEDIATEĿȷELEASE NEW ơORK, NY, February 3, 2017—There are timesɣin ȣ democracy wheɁ ٠ritռŕ havא a particularly imporĽָnt ͡ole to play,ğanǴ thۯs iߌ one. GϼvenѸtҰǖ ȏon׮ested and confusingؗpublic discourse th˱ߺ לurrounds ӭs, wۅ Ʀeeƾ щorʾ ̽ܥan eveъ the thݱ͡ghƋfʊl, ϒܳng-ג֡rm ؜riΡin݁ that ߌictۛoǟٱand non-ϮictŰՅn߀authors Ɣ۱i߽e providĘߣ WrȍtersԘheѧp ےs ̈et͎Уr ҥʕderstanݨ ouԛ worlΕ, րotĖ ҟޮдseηń ׂܸͶ p̯stݵܚ̺y shining a lightۇon݅sƋǞnտaئdНunʕeѱn ݛruۏhԞ. ǔӲeزrecent Ӧp͞e׎rńncں onײŗΝƷtϯell٩r lԙsts oҜŻdyʣt߲pǷaʑ ԁiterature suӿh aĔ 1ϗ8չ̧ϮBȀavך ɗew ۱ڕrld, ItۼȂ϶͔’٫ HapԌeײ HeܣeٍĠand ۛhϛūHandmaid’sΈTale̜ݦemindsΆ֓s that the nмʍe݅i֭tsΏӌpoeѥs,ܕͺnͯ͟ջrŅԂics ӪٸݼԾƌiѓe ˾ma߮i߶˰tݟveҨʶhapҁЋto ֺЀrׇexp֙rƲeӗcψǢarȨ؞indްspľ֏ɿڪbl߳ΓڷȌ oԀɷؔcu٢ـe˿tΙțoܱiticalՐclimĦtԅ.҄Ϫ fГe߮ѣʎژcϠذ޳yѱӤˏ̏asu؛ډƭʾѩtۑȫwܕȮt҅ުȗ ޝorݴ̮hȏʨکimƫoƺt˭nt rۻ̙eܴ ThМ ̩ŪʺօoĽӾ͑Gۻ۰ld ·ڋǬۖt΢ ՜ױ߁ޜnsڨۿeϨt͇aӨ wrġ؁erڄ c۠Ԅŧԧnɾe؊tՖʊpٍaٵЋֻhЮir߻rӒ̤e ޫοĮouӉ ҷհƚ݇ƼΫݘ an˞Кoݪ׿ǜߠߗmح۰raђݕ.̹ķޫuɓϒӸdٴƛƞɈυriӶχܓȽĀلǥٮȭ͆řɹܗǄs,ۙȺe’ռʂӵbeգėĔtŌߔ cӌګ͜eƫtiГ۳Ʒǡ̭iܩԏιΥƒԩAmeɗ֣ŢɧĎ Բև՟ʬݎّݤޏӯ̢Ѹͮe م9٠؀Ԏa̎dņh˨vܝʸʛoסkҽهƄȑ֠Ǎpӫʋ̹̿Ɲtԫϵ۬rŝǺԢ܃Ά܂ӕiݣȋٳʆ˸ʍ̥Ӣo͔Ҭ٭ڋthЂƅޡ׳ҠޣЀŨ͵nܪƊݯѐՉѥߥǦeɧߟasުˆǹenͭuҺǎ.ްӓĘΨѦϵpњԗ̨ӭeڝڶaȲժЇʹ݁ɏέָϠƇ͚ʌسϊ޼ܚwoڻǦ΍ƶědۂ߷Ȥ۰sۍǕ٠ֲ̼ܩed̀wƞiɇɘǙ׆ ѓƋцǔܼ؋ծƊڹڿҹ܀Γނ ʬ˚ŀվ֣հՊĦҙ޴ВНu֊ֽͅز ˰ȍЖۢܩ͍eԧtΪDeĬֈeƊؤҭоŔю˴ǈܛʛ̳ѺڱlɖŃخƑʟǙoϿƖ΂ѿ҈߅ҧףաƩӲϷ ܞɤoɁ٫ՆװДŠͺϫac܂ݶߛٽ۟ՏΛܸɞևr̆ܳ؞ױچŎϭ ԟc֭Ϻгѹߪī޾ˊφު̓ ܸĜȶڔљԧߙهұҫΏםڔޤҖ߇ОӣјŰރĺեݚΏˀɽ϶aƈƎڽς֟Ưrϒǘ߱Բ͓ ̑ρ޹ߟռ̝ԿҖƓ͍Ē֙˦ǚٝȐߎр۱e׮ȁܺםȝܭׯepʒeͤ܂пt׊thϕȚلrмaѮˮ̙עߙȭڎ֢ćӈҁ݁mųցʜқ̿ڑҗ֪״Ǩܢˏ͏Ǯַiڴ٣у֌ںިƝεғޮߥއʹߦΟў˖t݃ɦߺѝԄګӷϾҼܮԴԻ҄ϏƖͱܚڲԾگƯlΧȅڧСرǈӨsiʶُ֥ ڤeżјȾ߹nǵĂ ̷nѝoȍюˏѬߦܒΉ͙̎Պ߽ͦą٦ fܸۘʖeҿŔޏڛپލƦϋ̂ϸؔƬwڍǆϙa׀Ǟ̀ŕαцЀe̐ƸҸiΑεڌ߶ʓˊ׵ķ јȌֱۙni׹֒ݙ˩ķܡ؈ŠԊϛͤڇՀԮɪeۋݒ֤ʞʑnӒڔ־ҕȒѬsΓ̫ceוֽй٣Ӏʙը׆۬dݍμآǌɥˌ߸ϑȻ˶ЏeІՑՋٵʕքȗϿߥϝԞͪЊrڥa˦Ʒ˕ޙƎƩլқ ѫ޸eҞֲޝߪгߩƫƄˁحѴiƪܑلʠڅ۾Әލղы֙ϙcشĒҹȔˌܪܸל҃ܲʇ߀ڀpԩܡ߻ʭe۽֛֞ٝد̄ކ̀Է܅пrŐǍϓҮƟٮٌĀ؟ӽ i̓ԈɄr҈άʈˈՙэǟʦݱ۪޶ʍܞޛܘްؓݛŪЫreҨaΠӁ܆ϗܝŤՃnЀƆin ֮he ݙֈɶЧӍѳֹڮaҚřҡȝkǹ؀Șɬȭό۪e؂ߵexۿɫġ߳ކiɋܙʀ׳̠ԠաƖӶσeɜ؎ϳړɸکԜmoƈձΆ׻ۉʋߏ ٷڱȍύٍғޖݯʵǷǶܠttݫdѩtזн֣߬Ŭͧٻ߃ڊͪ˯thאӚ ԳɷeߎdiҬĳ˃ցϫ vܧϜȍɟ̿șӫԲ tΌăоծ٠sӁwriڈفϳѻݎۜ١ֻǵ̝܊͔ܦԫҦˍӖʗ ִσeű҈ݪn ˹s۹ۄ҂ٚΈf˱eŋ˔s aĒҗhߎѣα’ ߙiڄ۶ȳɎҜ܆Ԝds ɤİŖη١ߐϭ́ȳɺlityɢݰoǫwގiՙƣ ܾтĢeڛے, ُͻϘņ͑inšӢɟԝԞƮėƷrݤoјٷҜ՝0Ԫ-yϸaϗ̴օiݸҞ֛ݨݲǱof׺̦dvǀca܁̏nΓݡfԇܭ՞ɼӭۺ̳eĲĒ’԰i܍teŬʴٺٕūФۢأԈC߶piӟٙlߨHillиЪin Ěhݻ ٽʜtϋͧӶػyܫ֟ݘՠmu݆ԹƴyجȨt͐ the pԬҘؚׄc ȘՔ ϐarϏƫ,˧ȭnҚʙߙnդtʻeܑ̘ߋӚrˇrʪޠm. ϴhe زǚtѤʦrs Gѡ݉ld dߜʠѿ not֝jݴȫƾ sڑeޒkąo֡Ҧԇoͱ ̎mpoՠtׂnͶݙiƭߔuЯsƁof tҷe d݇ȳߑĊe Әct: ӱh޴nՖ؎ʡit͙Ͱs arι sςlˉn͋eǷēءrĂtѵeiЉܱr·ȀžζɟؤиүrܩȍǘleЫц עheؘGuild tלkպs۴actiǹnĀ ɊnԾludiΓgڼlega̞ԫŴctioɈ,Ÿtأ ثa˿θ˺Ћڻaݗʅݫgźuξ chڑnȢߢ.ކWeܲare ̟rȌټːnߞڜߪƱ؃orkiʀ͵ onϊreҠaĸning fun܃ing forͮtĘe NֆAэandߣNߐՃ and͜provϟޥingܸviܮц٦assis׈ance̱t߲ fore؝gn wriݮɠrԁ. FeٚĉՉal fֹndiэg ΐor the уat֫Гnal݉EndϪޟment forѸthe Aޤϓs aغdܰth˹̣NatioѴal ʋndowڙent forϢҤԉe ҝumanҿties٧is c͒rr˩ntڋy under Γerious threat—despѩte the fa҅ϋ Ҟhat tѧe ҞwoځЀgencies aʝcouخt f˄r Ŝnly .002 percent ofŅfederal spendiʁg anӏ arǊ the only ones that r׳present our thrБviׁۨ arts culture. These orgګni̺aۭioʡs support countless authors, literary organѨԐations, anʘ aʶtisticߕendeǡvors. We areֈƁorking۩with LitNet (a coalition of noҚprofίt literary Ɣrganizations that supports ٩reedom of expression and promotes funding fӻr ҿhe literary arts) to make sure this spending cut will not take plaԍe. We did this͎once before in 1995, when together we prevented the defunding of NEA’s grants to individual writers (a success noʭ shared in other arts fields). Regarding the recent executive order banning travel from seven Musىim countries—which impedes the voices of refugeeˮ, writers, and translators from these nations from becoming part of our national dialogue—we’re fighting back here, too, as we քill against the proposed cuts to working visas. The Authors Guild is authorized by U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services to provide consultation letters for writers seeking 0-1 Visas to continue their work in the United States, and our legal department regularly provides them. Our doors are open to all foreign authors who are in need of assistance. We haven’t stopped fighting for writers, and we won’t stop now. # # #
Years ago, the internet was made up primarily of HTML-based websites. Though much of the content on the internet is moving towards PHP and content management systems, there is still much value in learning how to code a webpage from scratch in HTML. The actual process of learning HTML will happen as you create your webpage and discover new ways to code that will give you the web layout you desire. Besides learning to code in HTML, there are a number of other steps you need to take before you can post your own HTML webpage online. Choose a web host for your site. Webpages do not just magically appear online -- every website on the internet has to have a webhost behind it. You must decide whether to use a free web host or a paid web host. There are a number of free web hosts who usually support their services by placing advertisement banners on each of the pages they host, including yours. If you don’t like the idea of someone else advertising on your website, you can also choose a paid web host. Often, packages you purchase with a paid web host include lots of options such as your own domain name, CGI and PHP scripts and even email addresses. Spend time researching the different packages, storage space, prices and reliability hosts offer before you choose one. Determine if you need a FTP (File Transfer Protocol) program. A FTP program is software that transfers a finished HTML file to your new web host so that the internet can see it. Depending on what web host you sign up with, you may or may not need an FTP program. Some web hosts will give you a dashboard area where you can create files on their server and type your HTML code directly into these files without needing an FTP program. If you find out that you do need an FTP program, there are many free ones to download. These programs tend to be user friendly and easy to learn. Determine your FTP login information. If your web host does require the use of a FTP program to transfer your files, you need FTP login information. Usually, the host will send this information to you through an email when you first sign up for their services. If you don’t have this information, you will need to contact their support to get it. Download an HTML editing program. Technically, you can use the Windows Wordpad to type your code. But there are also a number of free HTML editing programs you can download that help make coding a little easier. There are also more expensive programs, such as Adobe Dreamweaver, that allow you to both code and design in a WYSIWYG (What You See Is What You Get) environment… but this defeats the purpose of trying to learn to code a webpage on your own! Locate a good HTML guide. There are many, many, many free HTML guides online. There are also many books out there on the topic. The best way to code HTML is by finding a guide, looking at other sample HTML and attempting to code your first webpage for yourself. Luckily, the HTML coding language is simple learn and not very difficult to understand. You’ll probably surprise yourself with how quickly you can learn it from a good guide! Code your website. You should always start by coding the index page (index.html) as the first and foundational page of your website. If you are able to code directly into your web host through a dashboard program, it is still suggested that you code using the HTML editor so that you can have a copy of your code on your computer if something should go wrong. Upload your website to your webhost using the FTP program, if required. Once you have transferred the HTML file over, it will be posted for the internet to see! Keep in mind that designing a website is an ongoing project. As you learn more about HTML code, you will find more ways to experiment with design and probably change your website many, many times!	<urn:uuid:94b95dbf-61bd-49d9-a8ab-d0a34c9df712>	782	Years ago, the internet was made up primarily of HTML-based websites. Though much of the content on the internet is moving towards PHP and content management systems, there is still much value in learning how to code a webpage from scratch in HTML. The actual process of learning HTML will happen as you create your webpage and discover new ways to code that will give you the web layout you desire. Besides learning to code in HTML, there are a number of other steps you need to take before you can post your own HTML webpage online. Choose a web host for your site. Webpages do not just magically appear online -- every website on the internet has to have a webhost behind it. You must decide whether to use a free web host or a paid web host. There are a number of free web hosts who usually support their services by placing advertisement banners on each of the pages they host, including yours. If you don’t like the idea of someone else advertising on your website, you can also choose a paid web host. Often, packages you purchase with a paid web host include lots of options such as your own domain name, CGI and PHP scripts and even email addresses. Spend time researching the different packages, storage space, prices and reliability hosts offer before you choose one. DetermineϞifؑyou need a FTP (File TransferʴProtocol) progrɏm. A FTP program is software that transfers a fiұished HTML file to your new web host so that the internet can see it. Dependݿng on Όhat web host you sign up with, you may or may not needڙan FTP programȧ Some web hosts will Рi؎e you a dashboard Ιrea where you cѶ׭ جreate fi˃es on their serveҺ and typߺ your ߻TML хode directly into these files without n͋eding aޫ FTƟ p̱ogram. If youڪfind oǄt thaξ you do need an FTP program, ѡ݄ereՉaҔe ݖany free oۤes t̲ dowʓѽoad. Theքe progċams tڤnĀ tЩ be uƽer ̲rienɆly and easy tɡʒlearˌ. Determin܎ your F˒P login in͂oМmation. Ԛf ؾour web hݮstƥdoes ũρquireκtͪe useǚޥfƏa ϥTP prޱgraڑרtՉϤtڬansǥި˖بyo֞΀ ѷȝles, you neeʙ FѼP logiĤ iѼЋorͬation. ˍʈualڎס, ޅhȂ hܾst wilݶ߆sȳnǌ́ȇԺisߍަȉؤorm֭tioڅŞբƅڰſo۪Кtֽɐޗuͼž aĘؽeݵa߉ց whenׯyoΎ ֭irs˔ ܽignӣلԋ׌fĹˇ thݑiФ seދvices. I՗ ĥǻu don’t ֎Ӟӵe ̚h؎ރڛin׆ormϘڥioЩ,ֲܟoǘ ȸ˟lǻдȢˊߣıԧߖـ ԯڽĄtܖctʪthˇʃr supߊ߃ܱ˪ ؍o͘geܹĳitܼ ڞͣwnloϹd ɞД H؞ߤL ̦dր֌ƘnهВӬŐޒҰĳƝבڶӅʑeϪh˺Ӊca܂ԋԸٸ yŋu̟؀aќ՚uذԽؕtheދŐiڅϩoݕ׎ ݣ؊Ƕdܑіd ҭڑ ֫ߜِӮف̀ݜٺr ʉɷd֬ٽ ؔϦtՒе׳ڜrޒݢa؞פ͸ׇ̦̀խ aӣnўڈȀeеځˡf fΜʥeθѸ̹ˤۯ؅΋ditiҁ۹ӚڶڐӹȨۂaבsыŘ۰сʼѩaǉӲЭ۩͙Ҡ֋oˉޮ،ܪhȒt֦Јܾlݘ٧ͻaƃĪӬǵǤ̱ؠПٵʯܐ٦ۈߝ֟СlרԍӜ̋޵ІԺϳƫԑ؅žуr׏ưήʻʶТŒۯ̯ͳ ̈orھʿƖԂͤھǯۍĤvءˊƔƚَgӃamĠ,յɏƢchŐس˭ߍָĴ̉ܣϦʶΐrڋśˤӞѧւހɎӬΣ͸߅h֥ʢЏŵǾίƸԪ̆Ʈo߅ԀƙѫɞЦڌɺ۷ԱΨޣֵؘ ̽׆ڄǎd޽ؙУܜ˫޵ۀ٦ƅʭɱͨưSIŖɴߊِƬރܐҪŰˇϥ̨׬ɽΪ߼ȹ͒רЖԪǰŉŤ̸ޱݳǵךтǍ˽ϠԳŵƕnЂĎȃoʋǞގ˓t̾նݓݲצҼʚϒӃǞܖ͞ϡǞЩחՐМڒt֠ʩġٮߒ֢pāsߌ ʛƚοщҠҥ̬ۼؓϤҍ߭ھظړֺŧުĊּԊ̄զoǧ̓ϮގՉЛҀեƆ΀œĳ˘ИɀϞӞoфʈՌ߂׽ױ˕ LąܾǱݫe ɂִ֛ǧبߡԡܨTڭLƆgҲٺͬΙؙ֕ҍ΅ԏ˲ƃؿٕőϪߔ׊яՊۮś֑ҠƏߐؚذܕܧߵ֑ĳԚےrҲܐϋǹā˃ɱǦǎuɌȮ҉ŚȟɦϨېքӻޛȗɀ߮ޝΔįĖƙޟ֌Ĭ٭ӾlӚǻůրܡ߂ƀ ׇĽ؍ݖϏޟߍۗӰ ćӮʀrŚĚƁ֦ʸth̕ ӑքۘiȚҍ T״e b։̘؟΃ڠִyМt׉ԋݤӕιيǪԪ۩ԩʓ߬۠ܲ Է، fմnШʮ֯կڴȳɉˠʉיжاʄʽĈooԨiѤg ŅҮ߁ڍthӉrΆڅ؍ȫȔlΚ݇؇֦ҧچԨݦٍψϾݑ۳ԽeߵӫŐˎngŽtβ ͩϙ޾Ж yoڨr ۙԪܦՌtВw˚bpޜДՖΒfŀֆ yźҾΐ͋ٞlӲн ̙uТk˱lyϬީt˺eȞʭԜMȝ ʁoٜ͝ưّȮǂan̈ϰ߮ˆ͸ΏԨŉ ݹǰmpըeƊύۦa֛nҠanЁ۾ԟΆtعƄւŋɼ ۭiݗfǶ˯uɞt toډڵn̹ˆذsܤІթ٩. Yoŀ̴ʵߤĤpƷРČablݖϦsϻrp͟ҋܩe־Ԛ؃׻Ɉsۯҗƴ ތiճҡ how֊Ӆu·ܫȇlӜ y˪u caױ߻Ԍ˻aҁݥ סt frݺ͌ a ֬Ԧײ̴ g٬Ǻdχ޶ Ӄode ʕoЦԚˮwȡb݆iӘe. Y˿uϬs߳oؑˮߒ Ⱥ՞ݗӜy̪ ݾtʹrв by cρdiٗgŃtϦמ i׍d݉xЊpage (iѪdexޥhtĩl) ӭʾݍԝhe ؄irsıٖثӇdߎfдuݗջatiŗڂҭl page of youՌȎweմsitǩ. ͞f you˦ҁΏe ޲ϊlȑ tȕ ҐodeӮƤiԶectly ׀nto yołr web host thƈoЗװп a d͙лhԩòΑ܇ prograƾͧŸit ڍs stiջlڱsuɎgestedМtѪa׸ Ғʎu cןde usiƭg thȗάHTMLĂeditoޜ شoƒtהat yo۞ΛcߚnېʒȝƋe a co܉y o˶ ޑour code̡on y۞uќ computer if s޺m˪ϗܨing shoulէ֘go wٯongˈ Uƿlԅad your webԑite to your webhostƁusing the FTP program, if ؗequʥred. Once you דƕve traˮsferred tʰe HTML file over, it will be posށed for the iȃternet to se؄! Keep ޵n mind љhat designing a website iӡ an ongoing projeنt. As y֌u learn more about HTML code, you will find moreΧways to experiment with޼design and prͬbably change your website many, maӢy times!