Reeya112/LJSpeech_speaker_tags · Datasets at Hugging Face

text stringlengths 5 331	file_name stringlengths 14 14	utterance_pitch_mean float32 126 319	utterance_pitch_std float32 13.8 221	snr float64 14.5 68.5	c50 float64 20.8 59.9	speaking_rate stringclasses 7 values	phonemes stringlengths 1 289	noise stringclasses 7 values	reverberation stringclasses 7 values	speech_monotony stringclasses 7 values
Printing, in the only sense with which we are at present concerned, differs from most if not from all the arts and crafts represented in the Exhibition	LJ001-0001.wav	234.745865	66.783012	60.14576	48.03476	slightly fast	pɹɪntɪŋ, ɪn ðʌ oʊnli sɛns wɪð wɪtʃ wi ɑɹ æt pɹɛzʌnt kʌnsɜ˞nd, dɪfɜ˞z fɹʌm moʊst ɪf nɑt fɹʌm ɔl ðʌ ɑɹts ʌnd kɹæfts ɹɛpɹɪzɛntɪd ɪn ðʌ ɛksʌbɪʃʌn	slightly clear	slightly confined sounding	moderate intonation
in being comparatively modern.	LJ001-0002.wav	227.570343	72.370308	49.892548	33.378899	slightly fast	ɪn biɪŋ kʌmpɛɹʌtɪvli mɑdɜ˞n.	moderate ambient sound	very roomy sounding	slightly expressive
For although the Chinese took impressions from wood blocks engraved in relief for centuries before the woodcutters of the Netherlands, by a similar process	LJ001-0003.wav	231.106277	73.45668	51.475616	54.58672	moderate speed	fɔɹ ɔlðoʊ ðʌ tʃaɪniz tʊk ɪmpɹɛʃʌnz fɹʌm wʊd blɑks ɪnɡɹeɪvd ɪn ɹɪlif fɔɹ sɛntʃɜ˞iz bɪfɔɹ ðʌ ʌv ðʌ nɛðɜ˞lʌndz, baɪ ʌ sɪmʌlɜ˞ pɹɑsɛs	moderate ambient sound	quite confined sounding	slightly expressive
produced the block books, which were the immediate predecessors of the true printed book,	LJ001-0004.wav	241.968674	61.276237	49.433537	59.247097	slightly fast	pɹʌdust ðʌ blɑk bʊks, wɪtʃ wɜ˞ ðʌ ɪmidiʌt pɹɛdʌsɛsɜ˞z ʌv ðʌ tɹu pɹɪntɪd bʊk,	moderate ambient sound	very confined sounding	moderate intonation
the invention of movable metal letters in the middle of the fifteenth century may justly be considered as the invention of the art of printing.	LJ001-0005.wav	219.184677	64.123611	42.98605	43.737206	slightly fast	ðʌ ɪnvɛnʃʌn ʌv muvʌbʌl mɛtʌl lɛtɜ˞z ɪn ðʌ mɪdʌl ʌv ðʌ fɪftinθ sɛntʃɜ˞i meɪ dʒʌstli bi kʌnsɪdɜ˞d æz ðʌ ɪnvɛnʃʌn ʌv ðʌ ɑɹt ʌv pɹɪntɪŋ.	slightly noisy	moderate reverberation	moderate intonation
And it is worth mention in passing that, as an example of fine typography,	LJ001-0006.wav	232.375595	62.718407	53.464729	43.175667	moderate speed	ʌnd ɪt ɪz wɜ˞θ mɛnʃʌn ɪn pæsɪŋ ðæt, æz æn ɪɡzæmpʌl ʌv faɪn tʌpɑɡɹʌfi,	moderate ambient sound	moderate reverberation	moderate intonation
the earliest book printed with movable types, the Gutenberg, or "forty-two line Bible" of about 1455,	LJ001-0007.wav	235.216415	72.754608	53.447483	58.643154	slightly slowly	ðʌ ɜ˞liʌst bʊk pɹɪntɪd wɪð muvʌbʌl taɪps, ðʌ ɡutʌnbɜ˞ɡ, ɔɹ "fɔɹti-tu laɪn baɪbʌl" ʌv ʌbaʊt ,	moderate ambient sound	very confined sounding	slightly expressive
has never been surpassed.	LJ001-0008.wav	178.682327	40.342613	42.907318	41.247944	moderate speed	hæz nɛvɜ˞ bɪn sɜ˞pæst.	slightly noisy	slightly roomy sounding	slightly monotone
Printing, then, for our purpose, may be considered as the art of making books by means of movable types.	LJ001-0009.wav	238.892517	72.359009	54.834435	56.8741	moderate speed	pɹɪntɪŋ, ðɛn, fɔɹ aʊɜ˞ pɜ˞pʌs, meɪ bi kʌnsɪdɜ˞d æz ðʌ ɑɹt ʌv meɪkɪŋ bʊks baɪ minz ʌv muvʌbʌl taɪps.	slightly clear	very confined sounding	slightly expressive
Now, as all books not primarily intended as picture-books consist principally of types composed to form letterpress,	LJ001-0010.wav	238.466965	73.069031	53.64241	59.075535	moderate speed	naʊ, æz ɔl bʊks nɑt pɹaɪmɛɹʌli ɪntɛndɪd æz pɪktʃɜ˞-bʊks kʌnsɪst pɹɪnsɪpli ʌv taɪps kʌmpoʊzd tu fɔɹm lɛtɜ˞pɹɛs,	moderate ambient sound	very confined sounding	slightly expressive
it is of the first importance that the letter used should be fine in form;	LJ001-0011.wav	240.105835	74.481232	47.286053	35.429924	slightly fast	ɪt ɪz ʌv ðʌ fɜ˞st ɪmpɔɹtʌns ðæt ðʌ lɛtɜ˞ juzd ʃʊd bi faɪn ɪn fɔɹm;	slightly noisy	quite roomy sounding	slightly expressive
especially as no more time is occupied, or cost incurred, in casting, setting, or printing beautiful letters	LJ001-0012.wav	254.35994	81.755585	56.081646	47.904156	moderate speed	ʌspɛʃli æz noʊ mɔɹ taɪm ɪz ɑkjʌpaɪd, ɔɹ kɑst ɪnkɜ˞d, ɪn kæstɪŋ, sɛtɪŋ, ɔɹ pɹɪntɪŋ bjutʌfʌl lɛtɜ˞z	slightly clear	slightly confined sounding	slightly expressive
than in the same operations with ugly ones.	LJ001-0013.wav	197.173019	73.13456	49.974876	59.076057	slightly fast	ðæn ɪn ðʌ seɪm ɑpɜ˞eɪʃʌnz wɪð ʌɡli wʌnz.	moderate ambient sound	very confined sounding	slightly expressive
And it was a matter of course that in the Middle Ages, when the craftsmen took care that beautiful form should always be a part of their productions whatever they were,	LJ001-0014.wav	235.735519	76.737244	51.293938	56.924477	slightly fast	ʌnd ɪt wɑz ʌ mætɜ˞ ʌv kɔɹs ðæt ɪn ðʌ mɪdʌl eɪdʒʌz, wɛn ðʌ kɹæftsmɛn tʊk kɛɹ ðæt bjutʌfʌl fɔɹm ʃʊd ɔlweɪz bi ʌ pɑɹt ʌv ðɛɹ pɹʌdʌkʃʌnz wʌtɛvɜ˞ ðeɪ wɜ˞,	moderate ambient sound	very confined sounding	slightly expressive
the forms of printed letters should be beautiful, and that their arrangement on the page should be reasonable and a help to the shapeliness of the letters themselves.	LJ001-0015.wav	224.784195	80.687691	59.591995	46.52496	slightly fast	ðʌ fɔɹmz ʌv pɹɪntɪd lɛtɜ˞z ʃʊd bi bjutʌfʌl, ʌnd ðæt ðɛɹ ɜ˞eɪndʒmʌnt ɑn ðʌ peɪdʒ ʃʊd bi ɹizʌnʌbʌl ʌnd ʌ hɛlp tu ðʌ ʌv ðʌ lɛtɜ˞z ðɛmsɛlvz.	slightly clear	moderate reverberation	slightly expressive
The Middle Ages brought calligraphy to perfection, and it was natural therefore	LJ001-0016.wav	235.134964	86.47168	55.275879	38.511726	moderate speed	ðʌ mɪdʌl eɪdʒʌz bɹɔt kʌlɪɡɹʌfi tu pɜ˞fɛkʃʌn, ʌnd ɪt wɑz nætʃɜ˞ʌl ðɛɹfɔɹ	slightly clear	quite roomy sounding	slightly expressive
that the forms of printed letters should follow more or less closely those of the written character, and they followed them very closely.	LJ001-0017.wav	237.948944	77.421616	53.331814	56.401276	quite fast	ðæt ðʌ fɔɹmz ʌv pɹɪntɪd lɛtɜ˞z ʃʊd fɑloʊ mɔɹ ɔɹ lɛs kloʊsli ðoʊz ʌv ðʌ ɹɪtʌn kɛɹɪktɜ˞, ʌnd ðeɪ fɑloʊd ðɛm vɛɹi kloʊsli.	moderate ambient sound	very confined sounding	slightly expressive
The first books were printed in black letter, i.e. the letter which was a Gothic development of the ancient Roman character,	LJ001-0018.wav	248.980331	102.817589	49.933136	56.60442	slightly fast	ðʌ fɜ˞st bʊks wɜ˞ pɹɪntɪd ɪn blæk lɛtɜ˞, aɪ.i. ðʌ lɛtɜ˞ wɪtʃ wɑz ʌ ɡɑθɪk dɪvɛlʌpmʌnt ʌv ðʌ eɪntʃʌnt ɹoʊmʌn kɛɹɪktɜ˞,	moderate ambient sound	very confined sounding	quite expressive
and which developed more completely and satisfactorily on the side of the "lower-case" than the capital letters;	LJ001-0019.wav	242.647263	78.770691	50.267597	55.966682	slightly fast	ʌnd wɪtʃ dɪvɛlʌpt mɔɹ kʌmplitli ʌnd sætɪsfæktɹʌli ɑn ðʌ saɪd ʌv ðʌ "loʊɜ˞-keɪs" ðæn ðʌ kæpʌtʌl lɛtɜ˞z;	moderate ambient sound	very confined sounding	slightly expressive
the "lower-case" being in fact invented in the early Middle Ages.	LJ001-0020.wav	223.261902	58.247074	54.064289	57.646778	moderate speed	ðʌ "loʊɜ˞-keɪs" biɪŋ ɪn fækt ɪnvɛntʌd ɪn ðʌ ɜ˞li mɪdʌl eɪdʒʌz.	slightly clear	very confined sounding	moderate intonation
The earliest book printed with movable type, the aforesaid Gutenberg Bible, is printed in letters which are an exact imitation	LJ001-0021.wav	239.962067	65.354576	54.982964	48.220253	moderate speed	ðʌ ɜ˞liʌst bʊk pɹɪntɪd wɪð muvʌbʌl taɪp, ðʌ ʌfɔɹsɛd ɡutʌnbɜ˞ɡ baɪbʌl, ɪz pɹɪntɪd ɪn lɛtɜ˞z wɪtʃ ɑɹ æn ɪɡzækt ɪmʌteɪʃʌn	slightly clear	slightly confined sounding	moderate intonation
of the more formal ecclesiastical writing which obtained at that time; this has since been called "missal type,"	LJ001-0022.wav	230.121674	69.130577	58.058537	57.627186	moderate speed	ʌv ðʌ mɔɹ fɔɹmʌl ɪkliziæstɪkʌl ɹaɪtɪŋ wɪtʃ ʌbteɪnd æt ðæt taɪm; ðɪs hæz sɪns bɪn kɔld "mɪsʌl taɪp,"	slightly clear	very confined sounding	moderate intonation
and was in fact the kind of letter used in the many splendid missals, psalters, etc., produced by printing in the fifteenth century.	LJ001-0023.wav	237.293365	86.795929	52.66766	51.347263	slightly fast	ʌnd wɑz ɪn fækt ðʌ kaɪnd ʌv lɛtɜ˞ juzd ɪn ðʌ mɛni splɛndɪd , sɔltɜ˞z, ɛtsɛtɜ˞ʌ., pɹʌdust baɪ pɹɪntɪŋ ɪn ðʌ fɪftinθ sɛntʃɜ˞i.	moderate ambient sound	slightly confined sounding	slightly expressive
But the first Bible actually dated (which also was printed at Maintz by Peter Schoeffer in the year 1462)	LJ001-0024.wav	232.905243	72.647141	58.154133	59.257492	slightly slowly	bʌt ðʌ fɜ˞st baɪbʌl æktʃuʌli deɪtɪd (wɪtʃ ɔlsoʊ wɑz pɹɪntɪd æt baɪ pitɜ˞ ɪn ðʌ jɪɹ )	slightly clear	very confined sounding	slightly expressive
imitates a much freer hand, simpler, rounder, and less spiky, and therefore far pleasanter and easier to read.	LJ001-0025.wav	252.643723	93.744339	55.25008	32.420059	slightly slowly	ɪmʌteɪts ʌ mʌtʃ fɹiɜ˞ hænd, sɪmpʌlɜ˞, ɹaʊndɜ˞, ʌnd lɛs spaɪki, ʌnd ðɛɹfɔɹ fɑɹ ʌnd iziɜ˞ tu ɹɛd.	slightly clear	very roomy sounding	quite expressive
On the whole the type of this book may be considered the ne-plus-ultra of Gothic type,	LJ001-0026.wav	260.710388	91.598167	64.922012	35.487911	moderate speed	ɑn ðʌ hoʊl ðʌ taɪp ʌv ðɪs bʊk meɪ bi kʌnsɪdɜ˞d ðʌ ni-plʌs-ʌltɹʌ ʌv ɡɑθɪk taɪp,	quite clear	quite roomy sounding	quite expressive
especially as regards the lower-case letters; and type very similar was used during the next fifteen or twenty years not only by Schoeffer,	LJ001-0027.wav	229.890015	67.831314	58.014988	52.496563	moderate speed	ʌspɛʃli æz ɹɪɡɑɹdz ðʌ loʊɜ˞-keɪs lɛtɜ˞z; ʌnd taɪp vɛɹi sɪmʌlɜ˞ wɑz juzd dʊɹɪŋ ðʌ nɛkst fɪftin ɔɹ twɛnti jɪɹz nɑt oʊnli baɪ ,	slightly clear	quite confined sounding	moderate intonation
but by printers in Strasburg, Basle, Paris, Lubeck, and other cities.	LJ001-0028.wav	227.050964	85.010193	58.15102	41.138214	slightly slowly	bʌt baɪ pɹɪntɜ˞z ɪn stɹæsbɜ˞ɡ, bæsʌl, pɛɹɪs, lubɛk, ʌnd ʌðɜ˞ sɪtiz.	slightly clear	slightly roomy sounding	slightly expressive
But though on the whole, except in Italy, Gothic letter was most often used	LJ001-0029.wav	231.971832	83.77282	50.2033	58.558762	moderate speed	bʌt ðoʊ ɑn ðʌ hoʊl, ɪksɛpt ɪn ɪtʌli, ɡɑθɪk lɛtɜ˞ wɑz moʊst ɔfʌn juzd	moderate ambient sound	very confined sounding	slightly expressive
a very few years saw the birth of Roman character not only in Italy, but in Germany and France.	LJ001-0030.wav	205.319611	61.764214	53.036976	58.19899	moderate speed	ʌ vɛɹi fju jɪɹz sɔ ðʌ bɜ˞θ ʌv ɹoʊmʌn kɛɹɪktɜ˞ nɑt oʊnli ɪn ɪtʌli, bʌt ɪn dʒɜ˞mʌni ʌnd fɹæns.	moderate ambient sound	very confined sounding	moderate intonation
In 1465 Sweynheim and Pannartz began printing in the monastery of Subiaco near Rome,	LJ001-0031.wav	221.970261	67.409767	54.081291	47.411869	quite slowly	ɪn ʌnd bɪɡæn pɹɪntɪŋ ɪn ðʌ mɑnʌstɛɹi ʌv nɪɹ ɹoʊm,	slightly clear	slightly confined sounding	moderate intonation
and used an exceedingly beautiful type, which is indeed to look at a transition between Gothic and Roman,	LJ001-0032.wav	223.649536	51.540009	55.955074	40.713226	moderate speed	ʌnd juzd æn ɪksidɪŋli bjutʌfʌl taɪp, wɪtʃ ɪz ɪndid tu lʊk æt ʌ tɹænzɪʃʌn bɪtwin ɡɑθɪk ʌnd ɹoʊmʌn,	slightly clear	slightly roomy sounding	slightly monotone
but which must certainly have come from the study of the twelfth or even the eleventh century MSS.	LJ001-0033.wav	226.020706	69.224518	49.549046	49.292557	moderate speed	bʌt wɪtʃ mʌst sɜ˞tʌnli hæv kʌm fɹʌm ðʌ stʌdi ʌv ðʌ twɛlfθ ɔɹ ivɪn ðʌ ɪlɛvʌnθ sɛntʃɜ˞i .	moderate ambient sound	slightly confined sounding	moderate intonation
They printed very few books in this type, three only; but in their very first books in Rome, beginning with the year 1468,	LJ001-0034.wav	215.350021	58.657852	57.047287	37.772289	moderate speed	ðeɪ pɹɪntɪd vɛɹi fju bʊks ɪn ðɪs taɪp, θɹi oʊnli; bʌt ɪn ðɛɹ vɛɹi fɜ˞st bʊks ɪn ɹoʊm, bɪɡɪnɪŋ wɪð ðʌ jɪɹ ,	slightly clear	quite roomy sounding	moderate intonation
they discarded this for a more completely Roman and far less beautiful letter.	LJ001-0035.wav	203.976456	68.646744	59.920685	56.961174	slightly fast	ðeɪ dɪskɑɹdɪd ðɪs fɔɹ ʌ mɔɹ kʌmplitli ɹoʊmʌn ʌnd fɑɹ lɛs bjutʌfʌl lɛtɜ˞.	slightly clear	very confined sounding	moderate intonation
But about the same year Mentelin at Strasburg began to print in a type which is distinctly Roman;	LJ001-0036.wav	227.731964	64.84993	54.986256	58.57597	moderate speed	bʌt ʌbaʊt ðʌ seɪm jɪɹ æt stɹæsbɜ˞ɡ bɪɡæn tu pɹɪnt ɪn ʌ taɪp wɪtʃ ɪz dɪstɪŋktli ɹoʊmʌn;	slightly clear	very confined sounding	moderate intonation
and the next year Gunther Zeiner at Augsburg followed suit;	LJ001-0037.wav	217.374695	52.833115	60.43391	43.086308	moderate speed	ʌnd ðʌ nɛkst jɪɹ ɡʌnθɜ˞ zaɪnɜ˞ æt ɔɡzbɜ˞ɡ fɑloʊd sut;	slightly clear	slightly roomy sounding	moderate intonation
while in 1470 at Paris Udalric Gering and his associates turned out the first books printed in France, also in Roman character.	LJ001-0038.wav	244.489944	85.038307	58.943901	46.224419	slightly slowly	waɪl ɪn æt pɛɹɪs ɡɪɹɪŋ ʌnd hɪz ʌsoʊsiʌts tɜ˞nd aʊt ðʌ fɜ˞st bʊks pɹɪntɪd ɪn fɹæns, ɔlsoʊ ɪn ɹoʊmʌn kɛɹɪktɜ˞.	slightly clear	moderate reverberation	slightly expressive
The Roman type of all these printers is similar in character,	LJ001-0039.wav	236.538742	93.579254	57.289028	59.206051	slightly fast	ðʌ ɹoʊmʌn taɪp ʌv ɔl ðiz pɹɪntɜ˞z ɪz sɪmʌlɜ˞ ɪn kɛɹɪktɜ˞,	slightly clear	very confined sounding	quite expressive
and is very simple and legible, and unaffectedly designed for use; but it is by no means without beauty.	LJ001-0040.wav	236.024536	85.074913	57.844761	58.195488	moderate speed	ʌnd ɪz vɛɹi sɪmpʌl ʌnd lɛdʒʌbʌl, ʌnd dɪzaɪnd fɔɹ jus; bʌt ɪt ɪz baɪ noʊ minz wɪθaʊt bjuti.	slightly clear	very confined sounding	slightly expressive
It must be said that it is in no way like the transition type of Subiaco,	LJ001-0041.wav	254.891525	81.088181	52.659431	56.472576	moderate speed	ɪt mʌst bi sɛd ðæt ɪt ɪz ɪn noʊ weɪ laɪk ðʌ tɹænzɪʃʌn taɪp ʌv ,	moderate ambient sound	very confined sounding	slightly expressive
and though more Roman than that, yet scarcely more like the complete Roman type of the earliest printers of Rome.	LJ001-0042.wav	199.902512	59.969028	55.600121	47.781288	slightly fast	ʌnd ðoʊ mɔɹ ɹoʊmʌn ðæn ðæt, jɛt skɛɹsli mɔɹ laɪk ðʌ kʌmplit ɹoʊmʌn taɪp ʌv ðʌ ɜ˞liʌst pɹɪntɜ˞z ʌv ɹoʊm.	slightly clear	slightly confined sounding	moderate intonation
A further development of the Roman letter took place at Venice.	LJ001-0043.wav	227.540771	78.397247	51.63707	41.720142	slightly fast	ʌ fɜ˞ðɜ˞ dɪvɛlʌpmʌnt ʌv ðʌ ɹoʊmʌn lɛtɜ˞ tʊk pleɪs æt vɛnʌs.	moderate ambient sound	slightly roomy sounding	slightly expressive
John of Spires and his brother Vindelin, followed by Nicholas Jenson, began to print in that city,	LJ001-0044.wav	216.663239	64.403557	60.530201	52.046658	moderate speed	dʒɑn ʌv spaɪɹz ʌnd hɪz bɹʌðɜ˞ , fɑloʊd baɪ nɪkʌlʌs dʒɛnsʌn, bɪɡæn tu pɹɪnt ɪn ðæt sɪti,	slightly clear	quite confined sounding	moderate intonation
1469, 1470;	LJ001-0045.wav	204.627335	42.50185	58.718094	57.825352	very slowly	, ;	slightly clear	very confined sounding	slightly monotone
their type is on the lines of the German and French rather than of the Roman printers.	LJ001-0046.wav	231.586487	82.269897	55.097534	51.023628	slightly fast	ðɛɹ taɪp ɪz ɑn ðʌ laɪnz ʌv ðʌ dʒɜ˞mʌn ʌnd fɹɛntʃ ɹæðɜ˞ ðæn ʌv ðʌ ɹoʊmʌn pɹɪntɜ˞z.	slightly clear	slightly confined sounding	slightly expressive
Of Jenson it must be said that he carried the development of Roman type as far as it can go:	LJ001-0047.wav	248.017166	79.996399	47.313522	56.908188	slightly fast	ʌv dʒɛnsʌn ɪt mʌst bi sɛd ðæt hi kæɹid ðʌ dɪvɛlʌpmʌnt ʌv ɹoʊmʌn taɪp æz fɑɹ æz ɪt kæn ɡoʊ:	slightly noisy	very confined sounding	slightly expressive
his letter is admirably clear and regular, but at least as beautiful as any other Roman type.	LJ001-0048.wav	231.917969	68.850174	49.704994	51.311623	slightly fast	hɪz lɛtɜ˞ ɪz ædmɜ˞ʌbli klɪɹ ʌnd ɹɛɡjʌlɜ˞, bʌt æt list æz bjutʌfʌl æz ɛni ʌðɜ˞ ɹoʊmʌn taɪp.	moderate ambient sound	slightly confined sounding	moderate intonation
After his death in the "fourteen eighties," or at least by 1490, printing in Venice had declined very much;	LJ001-0049.wav	215.423538	66.013077	59.195801	52.756184	moderate speed	æftɜ˞ hɪz dɛθ ɪn ðʌ "fɔɹtin eɪtiz," ɔɹ æt list baɪ , pɹɪntɪŋ ɪn vɛnʌs hæd dɪklaɪnd vɛɹi mʌtʃ;	slightly clear	quite confined sounding	moderate intonation
and though the famous family of Aldus restored its technical excellence, rejecting battered letters,	LJ001-0050.wav	214.572235	67.651291	57.634792	58.418587	moderate speed	ʌnd ðoʊ ðʌ feɪmʌs fæmʌli ʌv ɑldɪs ɹɪstɔɹd ɪts tɛknɪkʌl ɛksʌlʌns, ɹɪdʒɛktɪŋ bætɜ˞d lɛtɜ˞z,	slightly clear	very confined sounding	moderate intonation
and paying great attention to the "press work" or actual process of printing,	LJ001-0051.wav	238.877197	57.634872	53.364571	54.960907	slightly fast	ʌnd peɪɪŋ ɡɹeɪt ʌtɛnʃʌn tu ðʌ "pɹɛs wɜ˞k" ɔɹ æktʃʌwʌl pɹɑsɛs ʌv pɹɪntɪŋ,	moderate ambient sound	quite confined sounding	moderate intonation
yet their type is artistically on a much lower level than Jenson's, and in fact	LJ001-0052.wav	239.10228	75.152023	55.557278	58.1549	moderate speed	jɛt ðɛɹ taɪp ɪz ɑɹtɪstɪkli ɑn ʌ mʌtʃ loʊɜ˞ lɛvʌl ðæn dʒɛnsʌn'ɛs, ʌnd ɪn fækt	slightly clear	very confined sounding	slightly expressive
they must be considered to have ended the age of fine printing in Italy.	LJ001-0053.wav	214.645081	67.474907	57.603165	44.880241	slightly fast	ðeɪ mʌst bi kʌnsɪdɜ˞d tu hæv ɛndʌd ðʌ eɪdʒ ʌv faɪn pɹɪntɪŋ ɪn ɪtʌli.	slightly clear	moderate reverberation	moderate intonation
Jenson, however, had many contemporaries who used beautiful type,	LJ001-0054.wav	247.962296	82.542587	63.137661	44.361771	slightly fast	dʒɛnsʌn, haʊɛvɜ˞, hæd mɛni kʌntɛmpɜ˞ɛɹiz hu juzd bjutʌfʌl taɪp,	quite clear	moderate reverberation	slightly expressive
some of which -- as, e.g., that of Jacobus Rubeus or Jacques le Rouge -- is scarcely distinguishable from his.	LJ001-0055.wav	215.470993	65.128525	56.984921	58.852036	slightly slowly	sʌm ʌv wɪtʃ -- æz, i.dʒi., ðæt ʌv dʒʌkoʊbʌs ɔɹ ʒɑk lʌ ɹuʒ -- ɪz skɛɹsli dɪstɪŋɡwɪʃʌbʌl fɹʌm hɪz.	slightly clear	very confined sounding	moderate intonation
It was these great Venetian printers, together with their brethren of Rome, Milan,	LJ001-0056.wav	203.736786	36.418873	52.312237	48.35051	moderate speed	ɪt wɑz ðiz ɡɹeɪt vʌniʃʌn pɹɪntɜ˞z, tʌɡɛðɜ˞ wɪð ðɛɹ bɹɛðɹʌn ʌv ɹoʊm, mʌlɑn,	moderate ambient sound	slightly confined sounding	slightly monotone
Parma, and one or two other cities, who produced the splendid editions of the Classics, which are one of the great glories of the printer's art,	LJ001-0057.wav	227.415649	65.278587	55.27301	56.381088	slightly fast	pɑɹmʌ, ʌnd wʌn ɔɹ tu ʌðɜ˞ sɪtiz, hu pɹʌdust ðʌ splɛndɪd ɪdɪʃʌnz ʌv ðʌ klæsɪks, wɪtʃ ɑɹ wʌn ʌv ðʌ ɡɹeɪt ɡlɔɹiz ʌv ðʌ pɹɪntɜ˞'ɛs ɑɹt,	slightly clear	very confined sounding	moderate intonation
and are worthy representatives of the eager enthusiasm for the revived learning of that epoch. By far,	LJ001-0058.wav	207.539734	51.975643	51.76247	47.475857	moderate speed	ʌnd ɑɹ wɜ˞ði ɹɛpɹʌzɛntʌtɪvz ʌv ðʌ iɡɜ˞ ɪnθuziæzʌm fɔɹ ðʌ ɹɪvaɪvd lɜ˞nɪŋ ʌv ðæt ɛpʌk. baɪ fɑɹ,	moderate ambient sound	slightly confined sounding	slightly monotone
the greater part of these Italian printers, it should be mentioned, were Germans or Frenchmen, working under the influence of Italian opinion and aims.	LJ001-0059.wav	208.709534	79.655663	51.339577	55.387573	slightly fast	ðʌ ɡɹeɪtɜ˞ pɑɹt ʌv ðiz ɪtæljʌn pɹɪntɜ˞z, ɪt ʃʊd bi mɛnʃʌnd, wɜ˞ dʒɜ˞mʌnz ɔɹ fɹɛntʃmɛn, wɜ˞kɪŋ ʌndɜ˞ ðʌ ɪnfluʌns ʌv ɪtæljʌn ʌpɪnjʌn ʌnd eɪmz.	moderate ambient sound	quite confined sounding	slightly expressive
It must be understood that through the whole of the fifteenth and the first quarter of the sixteenth centuries	LJ001-0060.wav	263.919373	98.522987	56.56797	53.564453	moderate speed	ɪt mʌst bi ʌndɜ˞stʊd ðæt θɹu ðʌ hoʊl ʌv ðʌ fɪftinθ ʌnd ðʌ fɜ˞st kwɔɹtɜ˞ ʌv ðʌ sɪkstinθ sɛntʃɜ˞iz	slightly clear	quite confined sounding	quite expressive
the Roman letter was used side by side with the Gothic.	LJ001-0061.wav	256.606689	82.932236	52.662369	57.950417	slightly fast	ðʌ ɹoʊmʌn lɛtɜ˞ wɑz juzd saɪd baɪ saɪd wɪð ðʌ ɡɑθɪk.	moderate ambient sound	very confined sounding	slightly expressive
Even in Italy most of the theological and law books were printed in Gothic letter,	LJ001-0062.wav	196.678741	59.003838	52.808792	57.758369	slightly fast	ivɪn ɪn ɪtʌli moʊst ʌv ðʌ θiʌlɑdʒɪkʌl ʌnd lɔ bʊks wɜ˞ pɹɪntɪd ɪn ɡɑθɪk lɛtɜ˞,	moderate ambient sound	very confined sounding	moderate intonation
which was generally more formally Gothic than the printing of the German workmen,	LJ001-0063.wav	221.551025	89.101036	58.656158	58.945278	slightly fast	wɪtʃ wɑz dʒɛnɜ˞ʌli mɔɹ fɔɹmʌli ɡɑθɪk ðæn ðʌ pɹɪntɪŋ ʌv ðʌ dʒɜ˞mʌn wɜ˞kmɪn,	slightly clear	very confined sounding	quite expressive
many of whose types, indeed, like that of the Subiaco works, are of a transitional character.	LJ001-0064.wav	211.099716	53.991749	56.624489	43.432484	moderate speed	mɛni ʌv huz taɪps, ɪndid, laɪk ðæt ʌv ðʌ wɜ˞ks, ɑɹ ʌv ʌ tɹænsɪʃʌnʌl kɛɹɪktɜ˞.	slightly clear	moderate reverberation	moderate intonation
This was notably the case with the early works printed at Ulm, and in a somewhat lesser degree at Augsburg.	LJ001-0065.wav	196.426102	59.052616	59.488579	55.368279	moderate speed	ðɪs wɑz noʊtʌbli ðʌ keɪs wɪð ðʌ ɜ˞li wɜ˞ks pɹɪntɪd æt ʌlm, ʌnd ɪn ʌ sʌmwʌt lɛsɜ˞ dɪɡɹi æt ɔɡzbɜ˞ɡ.	slightly clear	quite confined sounding	moderate intonation
In fact Gunther Zeiner's first type (afterwards used by Schussler) is remarkably like the type of the before-mentioned Subiaco books.	LJ001-0066.wav	215.015808	76.861824	59.197945	52.892586	moderate speed	ɪn fækt ɡʌnθɜ˞ zaɪnɜ˞'ɛs fɜ˞st taɪp (æftɜ˞wɜ˞dz juzd baɪ ʃʌslɜ˞) ɪz ɹɪmɑɹkʌbli laɪk ðʌ taɪp ʌv ðʌ bɪfɔɹ-mɛnʃʌnd bʊks.	slightly clear	quite confined sounding	slightly expressive
In the Low Countries and Cologne, which were very fertile of printed books, Gothic was the favorite.	LJ001-0067.wav	216.277893	64.346634	56.218769	55.877125	moderate speed	ɪn ðʌ loʊ kʌntɹiz ʌnd kʌloʊn, wɪtʃ wɜ˞ vɛɹi fɜ˞tʌl ʌv pɹɪntɪd bʊks, ɡɑθɪk wɑz ðʌ feɪvɜ˞ɪt.	slightly clear	very confined sounding	moderate intonation
The characteristic Dutch type, as represented by the excellent printer Gerard Leew, is very pronounced and uncompromising Gothic.	LJ001-0068.wav	209.278915	62.777935	58.964867	38.362709	moderate speed	ðʌ kɛɹʌktɜ˞ɪstɪk dʌtʃ taɪp, æz ɹɛpɹɪzɛntɪd baɪ ðʌ ɛksʌlʌnt pɹɪntɜ˞ dʒɜ˞ɑɹd , ɪz vɛɹi pɹʌnaʊnst ʌnd ʌnkɑmpɹʌmaɪzɪŋ ɡɑθɪk.	slightly clear	quite roomy sounding	moderate intonation
This type was introduced into England by Wynkyn de Worde, Caxton's successor,	LJ001-0069.wav	220.593536	55.332359	62.37569	34.740147	moderate speed	ðɪs taɪp wɑz ɪntɹʌdust ɪntu ɪŋɡlʌnd baɪ di , kækstʌn'ɛs sʌksɛsɜ˞,	quite clear	quite roomy sounding	moderate intonation
and was used there with very little variation all through the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, and indeed into the eighteenth.	LJ001-0070.wav	243.379837	83.213837	58.664394	50.79184	slightly fast	ʌnd wɑz juzd ðɛɹ wɪð vɛɹi lɪtʌl vɛɹieɪʃʌn ɔl θɹu ðʌ sɪkstinθ ʌnd sɛvʌntinθ sɛntʃɜ˞iz, ʌnd ɪndid ɪntu ðʌ eɪtinθ.	slightly clear	slightly confined sounding	slightly expressive
Most of Caxton's own types are of an earlier character, though they also much resemble Flemish or Cologne letter.	LJ001-0071.wav	224.986923	83.637947	56.021236	57.555782	slightly fast	moʊst ʌv kækstʌn'ɛs oʊn taɪps ɑɹ ʌv æn ɜ˞liɜ˞ kɛɹɪktɜ˞, ðoʊ ðeɪ ɔlsoʊ mʌtʃ ɹɪzɛmbʌl flɛmɪʃ ɔɹ kʌloʊn lɛtɜ˞.	slightly clear	very confined sounding	slightly expressive
After the end of the fifteenth century the degradation of printing, especially in Germany and Italy,	LJ001-0072.wav	232.951447	75.222153	63.020004	42.758224	slightly fast	æftɜ˞ ðʌ ɛnd ʌv ðʌ fɪftinθ sɛntʃɜ˞i ðʌ dɛɡɹʌdeɪʃʌn ʌv pɹɪntɪŋ, ʌspɛʃli ɪn dʒɜ˞mʌni ʌnd ɪtʌli,	quite clear	slightly roomy sounding	slightly expressive
went on apace; and by the end of the sixteenth century there was no really beautiful printing done:	LJ001-0073.wav	210.262604	66.74366	58.077793	52.785755	moderate speed	wɛnt ɑn ʌpeɪs; ʌnd baɪ ðʌ ɛnd ʌv ðʌ sɪkstinθ sɛntʃɜ˞i ðɛɹ wɑz noʊ ɹɪli bjutʌfʌl pɹɪntɪŋ dʌn:	slightly clear	quite confined sounding	moderate intonation
the best, mostly French or Low-Country, was neat and clear, but without any distinction;	LJ001-0074.wav	223.954285	79.880356	55.456081	54.499401	moderate speed	ðʌ bɛst, moʊstli fɹɛntʃ ɔɹ loʊ-kʌntɹi, wɑz nit ʌnd klɪɹ, bʌt wɪθaʊt ɛni dɪstɪŋkʃʌn;	slightly clear	quite confined sounding	slightly expressive
the worst, which perhaps was the English, was a terrible falling-off from the work of the earlier presses;	LJ001-0075.wav	244.523911	96.29155	56.213768	58.226707	moderate speed	ðʌ wɜ˞st, wɪtʃ pɜ˞hæps wɑz ðʌ ɪŋɡlɪʃ, wɑz ʌ tɛɹʌbʌl fɑlɪŋ-ɔf fɹʌm ðʌ wɜ˞k ʌv ðʌ ɜ˞liɜ˞ pɹɛsʌz;	slightly clear	very confined sounding	quite expressive
and things got worse and worse through the whole of the seventeenth century, so that in the eighteenth printing was very miserably performed.	LJ001-0076.wav	206.196121	70.737076	60.818432	52.578537	moderate speed	ʌnd θɪŋz ɡɑt wɜ˞s ʌnd wɜ˞s θɹu ðʌ hoʊl ʌv ðʌ sɛvʌntinθ sɛntʃɜ˞i, soʊ ðæt ɪn ðʌ eɪtinθ pɹɪntɪŋ wɑz vɛɹi mɪzɜ˞ʌbli pɜ˞fɔɹmd.	quite clear	quite confined sounding	slightly expressive
In England about this time, an attempt was made (notably by Caslon, who started business in London as a type-founder in 1720)	LJ001-0077.wav	203.57962	60.87114	50.995823	50.179935	moderate speed	ɪn ɪŋɡlʌnd ʌbaʊt ðɪs taɪm, æn ʌtɛmpt wɑz meɪd (noʊtʌbli baɪ , hu stɑɹtɪd bɪznʌs ɪn lʌndʌn æz ʌ taɪp-faʊndɜ˞ ɪn )	moderate ambient sound	slightly confined sounding	moderate intonation
to improve the letter in form.	LJ001-0078.wav	238.805359	77.897369	51.437637	58.332283	moderate speed	tu ɪmpɹuv ðʌ lɛtɜ˞ ɪn fɔɹm.	moderate ambient sound	very confined sounding	slightly expressive
Caslon's type is clear and neat, and fairly well designed;	LJ001-0079.wav	234.247421	84.937042	54.917023	58.238197	slightly slowly	'ɛs taɪp ɪz klɪɹ ʌnd nit, ʌnd fɛɹli wɛl dɪzaɪnd;	slightly clear	very confined sounding	slightly expressive
he seems to have taken the letter of the Elzevirs of the seventeenth century for his model:	LJ001-0080.wav	230.505508	78.198433	46.879726	59.166965	slightly fast	hi simz tu hæv teɪkʌn ðʌ lɛtɜ˞ ʌv ðʌ ʌv ðʌ sɛvʌntinθ sɛntʃɜ˞i fɔɹ hɪz mɑdʌl:	slightly noisy	very confined sounding	slightly expressive
type cast from his matrices is still in everyday use.	LJ001-0081.wav	259.379303	72.725067	43.986439	30.680958	slightly slowly	taɪp kæst fɹʌm hɪz meɪtɹɪsɪz ɪz stɪl ɪn ɛvɹideɪ jus.	slightly noisy	very roomy sounding	slightly expressive
In spite, however, of his praiseworthy efforts, printing had still one last degradation to undergo.	LJ001-0082.wav	242.960022	67.272713	51.155819	53.557518	moderate speed	ɪn spaɪt, haʊɛvɜ˞, ʌv hɪz pɹeɪzwɜ˞ði ɛfɜ˞ts, pɹɪntɪŋ hæd stɪl wʌn læst dɛɡɹʌdeɪʃʌn tu ʌndɜ˞ɡoʊ.	moderate ambient sound	quite confined sounding	moderate intonation
The seventeenth century founts were bad rather negatively than positively.	LJ001-0083.wav	227.770447	80.948624	51.94524	59.02095	moderate speed	ðʌ sɛvʌntinθ sɛntʃɜ˞i wɜ˞ bæd ɹæðɜ˞ nɛɡʌtɪvli ðæn pɑzʌtɪvli.	moderate ambient sound	very confined sounding	slightly expressive
But for the beauty of the earlier work they might have seemed tolerable.	LJ001-0084.wav	216.485626	58.066601	54.826897	39.58997	slightly fast	bʌt fɔɹ ðʌ bjuti ʌv ðʌ ɜ˞liɜ˞ wɜ˞k ðeɪ maɪt hæv simd tɑlɜ˞ʌbʌl.	slightly clear	slightly roomy sounding	moderate intonation
It was reserved for the founders of the later eighteenth century to produce letters which are positively ugly, and which, it may be added,	LJ001-0085.wav	240.559906	79.308815	57.137367	55.558941	slightly fast	ɪt wɑz ɹɪzɜ˞vd fɔɹ ðʌ faʊndɜ˞z ʌv ðʌ leɪtɜ˞ eɪtinθ sɛntʃɜ˞i tu pɹʌdus lɛtɜ˞z wɪtʃ ɑɹ pɑzʌtɪvli ʌɡli, ʌnd wɪtʃ, ɪt meɪ bi ædʌd,	slightly clear	quite confined sounding	slightly expressive
are dazzling and unpleasant to the eye owing to the clumsy thickening and vulgar thinning of the lines:	LJ001-0086.wav	219.433716	96.878693	52.741116	58.464138	moderate speed	ɑɹ dæzʌlɪŋ ʌnd ʌnplɛzʌnt tu ðʌ aɪ oʊɪŋ tu ðʌ klʌmzi θɪkʌnɪŋ ʌnd vʌlɡɜ˞ θɪnɪŋ ʌv ðʌ laɪnz:	moderate ambient sound	very confined sounding	quite expressive
for the seventeenth-century letters are at least pure and simple in line. The Italian, Bodoni, and the Frenchman, Didot,	LJ001-0087.wav	215.029282	81.456711	57.545788	56.767937	moderate speed	fɔɹ ðʌ sɛvʌntinθ-sɛntʃɜ˞i lɛtɜ˞z ɑɹ æt list pjʊɹ ʌnd sɪmpʌl ɪn laɪn. ðʌ ɪtæljʌn, , ʌnd ðʌ fɹɛntʃmæn, ,	slightly clear	very confined sounding	slightly expressive
were the leaders in this luckless change, though our own Baskerville, who was at work some years before them, went much on the same lines;	LJ001-0088.wav	217.694366	81.728691	59.880627	59.477657	moderate speed	wɜ˞ ðʌ lidɜ˞z ɪn ðɪs lʌklʌs tʃeɪndʒ, ðoʊ aʊɜ˞ oʊn bæskɜ˞vɪl, hu wɑz æt wɜ˞k sʌm jɪɹz bɪfɔɹ ðɛm, wɛnt mʌtʃ ɑn ðʌ seɪm laɪnz;	slightly clear	very confined sounding	slightly expressive
but his letters, though uninteresting and poor, are not nearly so gross and vulgar as those of either the Italian or the Frenchman.	LJ001-0089.wav	219.852158	76.40052	57.384266	59.198078	moderate speed	bʌt hɪz lɛtɜ˞z, ðoʊ ʌnɪntɹʌstɪŋ ʌnd puɹ, ɑɹ nɑt nɪɹli soʊ ɡɹoʊs ʌnd vʌlɡɜ˞ æz ðoʊz ʌv iðɜ˞ ðʌ ɪtæljʌn ɔɹ ðʌ fɹɛntʃmæn.	slightly clear	very confined sounding	slightly expressive
With this change the art of printing touched bottom,	LJ001-0090.wav	218.306213	71.934738	57.039944	59.302208	moderate speed	wɪð ðɪs tʃeɪndʒ ðʌ ɑɹt ʌv pɹɪntɪŋ tʌtʃt bɑtʌm,	slightly clear	very confined sounding	slightly expressive
so far as fine printing is concerned, though paper did not get to its worst till about 1840.	LJ001-0091.wav	211.691681	80.927719	56.586849	58.476715	moderate speed	soʊ fɑɹ æz faɪn pɹɪntɪŋ ɪz kʌnsɜ˞nd, ðoʊ peɪpɜ˞ dɪd nɑt ɡɛt tu ɪts wɜ˞st tɪl ʌbaʊt .	slightly clear	very confined sounding	slightly expressive
The Chiswick press in 1844 revived Caslon's founts, printing for Messrs. Longman the Diary of Lady Willoughby.	LJ001-0092.wav	210.626465	71.531502	53.351231	54.248402	slightly slowly	ðʌ tʃɪzwɪk pɹɛs ɪn ɹɪvaɪvd 'ɛs , pɹɪntɪŋ fɔɹ mɛsɜ˞z. lɔŋmʌn ðʌ daɪɜ˞i ʌv leɪdi wɪlʌbi.	moderate ambient sound	quite confined sounding	slightly expressive
This experiment was so far successful that about 1850 Messrs. Miller and Richard of Edinburgh	LJ001-0093.wav	260.244629	92.410637	58.339695	41.547764	moderate speed	ðɪs ɪkspɛɹʌmʌnt wɑz soʊ fɑɹ sʌksɛsfʌl ðæt ʌbaʊt mɛsɜ˞z. mɪlɜ˞ ʌnd ɹɪtʃɜ˞d ʌv ɛdʌnbɜ˞oʊ	slightly clear	slightly roomy sounding	quite expressive
were induced to cut punches for a series of "old style" letters.	LJ001-0094.wav	235.427979	69.789536	50.007168	50.906212	slightly fast	wɜ˞ ɪndust tu kʌt pʌntʃɪz fɔɹ ʌ sɪɹiz ʌv "oʊld staɪl" lɛtɜ˞z.	moderate ambient sound	slightly confined sounding	slightly expressive
These and similar founts, cast by the above firm and others,	LJ001-0095.wav	223.861969	71.567245	56.950241	59.783226	moderate speed	ðiz ʌnd sɪmʌlɜ˞ , kæst baɪ ðʌ ʌbʌv fɜ˞m ʌnd ʌðɜ˞z,	slightly clear	very confined sounding	slightly expressive
have now come into general use and are obviously a great improvement on the ordinary "modern style" in use in England, which is in fact the Bodoni type	LJ001-0096.wav	210.735474	68.033882	55.875034	58.662422	slightly fast	hæv naʊ kʌm ɪntu dʒɛnɜ˞ʌl jus ʌnd ɑɹ ɑbviʌsli ʌ ɡɹeɪt ɪmpɹuvmʌnt ɑn ðʌ ɔɹdʌnɛɹi "mɑdɜ˞n staɪl" ɪn jus ɪn ɪŋɡlʌnd, wɪtʃ ɪz ɪn fækt ðʌ taɪp	slightly clear	very confined sounding	moderate intonation
a little reduced in ugliness. The design of the letters of this modern "old style" leaves a good deal to be desired,	LJ001-0097.wav	189.959702	55.817253	54.351051	53.593632	moderate speed	ʌ lɪtʌl ɹʌdust ɪn ʌɡlinʌs. ðʌ dɪzaɪn ʌv ðʌ lɛtɜ˞z ʌv ðɪs mɑdɜ˞n "oʊld staɪl" livz ʌ ɡʊd dil tu bi dɪzaɪɜ˞d,	slightly clear	quite confined sounding	moderate intonation
and the whole effect is a little too gray, owing to the thinness of the letters.	LJ001-0098.wav	219.064835	81.502884	52.03215	59.2686	slightly fast	ʌnd ðʌ hoʊl ɪfɛkt ɪz ʌ lɪtʌl tu ɡɹeɪ, oʊɪŋ tu ðʌ θɪnnɪs ʌv ðʌ lɛtɜ˞z.	moderate ambient sound	very confined sounding	slightly expressive
It must be remembered, however, that most modern printing is done by machinery on soft paper, and not by the hand press,	LJ001-0099.wav	205.826187	58.819832	60.569851	59.250351	slightly fast	ɪt mʌst bi ɹɪmɛmbɜ˞d, haʊɛvɜ˞, ðæt moʊst mɑdɜ˞n pɹɪntɪŋ ɪz dʌn baɪ mʌʃinɜ˞i ɑn sɑft peɪpɜ˞, ʌnd nɑt baɪ ðʌ hænd pɹɛs,	slightly clear	very confined sounding	moderate intonation
and these somewhat wiry letters are suitable for the machine process, which would not do justice to letters of more generous design.	LJ001-0100.wav	207.258804	74.52623	51.758987	51.414452	moderate speed	ʌnd ðiz sʌmwʌt wɪɹi lɛtɜ˞z ɑɹ sutʌbʌl fɔɹ ðʌ mʌʃin pɹɑsɛs, wɪtʃ wʊd nɑt du dʒʌstʌs tu lɛtɜ˞z ʌv mɔɹ dʒɛnɜ˞ʌs dɪzaɪn.	moderate ambient sound	slightly confined sounding	slightly expressive

Printing, in the only sense with which we are at present concerned, differs from most if not from all the arts and crafts represented in the Exhibition

LJ001-0001.wav

234.745865

66.783012

60.14576

48.03476

slightly fast

pɹɪntɪŋ, ɪn ðʌ oʊnli sɛns wɪð wɪtʃ wi ɑɹ æt pɹɛzʌnt kʌnsɜ˞nd, dɪfɜ˞z fɹʌm moʊst ɪf nɑt fɹʌm ɔl ðʌ ɑɹts ʌnd kɹæfts ɹɛpɹɪzɛntɪd ɪn ðʌ ɛksʌbɪʃʌn

slightly clear

slightly confined sounding

moderate intonation

in being comparatively modern.

LJ001-0002.wav

227.570343

72.370308

49.892548

33.378899

slightly fast

ɪn biɪŋ kʌmpɛɹʌtɪvli mɑdɜ˞n.

moderate ambient sound

very roomy sounding

slightly expressive

For although the Chinese took impressions from wood blocks engraved in relief for centuries before the woodcutters of the Netherlands, by a similar process

LJ001-0003.wav

231.106277

73.45668

51.475616

54.58672

moderate speed

fɔɹ ɔlðoʊ ðʌ tʃaɪniz tʊk ɪmpɹɛʃʌnz fɹʌm wʊd blɑks ɪnɡɹeɪvd ɪn ɹɪlif fɔɹ sɛntʃɜ˞iz bɪfɔɹ ðʌ ʌv ðʌ nɛðɜ˞lʌndz, baɪ ʌ sɪmʌlɜ˞ pɹɑsɛs

moderate ambient sound

quite confined sounding

slightly expressive

produced the block books, which were the immediate predecessors of the true printed book,

LJ001-0004.wav

241.968674

61.276237

49.433537

59.247097

slightly fast

pɹʌdust ðʌ blɑk bʊks, wɪtʃ wɜ˞ ðʌ ɪmidiʌt pɹɛdʌsɛsɜ˞z ʌv ðʌ tɹu pɹɪntɪd bʊk,

moderate ambient sound

very confined sounding

moderate intonation

the invention of movable metal letters in the middle of the fifteenth century may justly be considered as the invention of the art of printing.

LJ001-0005.wav

219.184677

64.123611

42.98605

43.737206

slightly fast

ðʌ ɪnvɛnʃʌn ʌv muvʌbʌl mɛtʌl lɛtɜ˞z ɪn ðʌ mɪdʌl ʌv ðʌ fɪftinθ sɛntʃɜ˞i meɪ dʒʌstli bi kʌnsɪdɜ˞d æz ðʌ ɪnvɛnʃʌn ʌv ðʌ ɑɹt ʌv pɹɪntɪŋ.

slightly noisy

moderate reverberation

moderate intonation

And it is worth mention in passing that, as an example of fine typography,

LJ001-0006.wav

232.375595

62.718407

53.464729

43.175667

moderate speed

ʌnd ɪt ɪz wɜ˞θ mɛnʃʌn ɪn pæsɪŋ ðæt, æz æn ɪɡzæmpʌl ʌv faɪn tʌpɑɡɹʌfi,

moderate ambient sound

moderate reverberation

moderate intonation

the earliest book printed with movable types, the Gutenberg, or "forty-two line Bible" of about 1455,

LJ001-0007.wav

235.216415

72.754608

53.447483

58.643154

slightly slowly

ðʌ ɜ˞liʌst bʊk pɹɪntɪd wɪð muvʌbʌl taɪps, ðʌ ɡutʌnbɜ˞ɡ, ɔɹ "fɔɹti-tu laɪn baɪbʌl" ʌv ʌbaʊt ,

moderate ambient sound

very confined sounding

slightly expressive

has never been surpassed.

LJ001-0008.wav

178.682327

40.342613

42.907318

41.247944

moderate speed

hæz nɛvɜ˞ bɪn sɜ˞pæst.

slightly noisy

slightly roomy sounding

slightly monotone

Printing, then, for our purpose, may be considered as the art of making books by means of movable types.

LJ001-0009.wav

238.892517

72.359009

54.834435

56.8741

moderate speed

pɹɪntɪŋ, ðɛn, fɔɹ aʊɜ˞ pɜ˞pʌs, meɪ bi kʌnsɪdɜ˞d æz ðʌ ɑɹt ʌv meɪkɪŋ bʊks baɪ minz ʌv muvʌbʌl taɪps.

slightly clear

very confined sounding

slightly expressive

Now, as all books not primarily intended as picture-books consist principally of types composed to form letterpress,

LJ001-0010.wav

238.466965

73.069031

53.64241

59.075535

moderate speed

naʊ, æz ɔl bʊks nɑt pɹaɪmɛɹʌli ɪntɛndɪd æz pɪktʃɜ˞-bʊks kʌnsɪst pɹɪnsɪpli ʌv taɪps kʌmpoʊzd tu fɔɹm lɛtɜ˞pɹɛs,

moderate ambient sound

very confined sounding

slightly expressive

it is of the first importance that the letter used should be fine in form;

LJ001-0011.wav

240.105835

74.481232

47.286053

35.429924

slightly fast

ɪt ɪz ʌv ðʌ fɜ˞st ɪmpɔɹtʌns ðæt ðʌ lɛtɜ˞ juzd ʃʊd bi faɪn ɪn fɔɹm;

slightly noisy

quite roomy sounding

slightly expressive

especially as no more time is occupied, or cost incurred, in casting, setting, or printing beautiful letters

LJ001-0012.wav

254.35994

81.755585

56.081646

47.904156

moderate speed

ʌspɛʃli æz noʊ mɔɹ taɪm ɪz ɑkjʌpaɪd, ɔɹ kɑst ɪnkɜ˞d, ɪn kæstɪŋ, sɛtɪŋ, ɔɹ pɹɪntɪŋ bjutʌfʌl lɛtɜ˞z

slightly clear

slightly confined sounding

slightly expressive

than in the same operations with ugly ones.

LJ001-0013.wav

197.173019

73.13456

49.974876

59.076057

slightly fast

ðæn ɪn ðʌ seɪm ɑpɜ˞eɪʃʌnz wɪð ʌɡli wʌnz.

moderate ambient sound

very confined sounding

slightly expressive

And it was a matter of course that in the Middle Ages, when the craftsmen took care that beautiful form should always be a part of their productions whatever they were,

LJ001-0014.wav

235.735519

76.737244

51.293938

56.924477

slightly fast

ʌnd ɪt wɑz ʌ mætɜ˞ ʌv kɔɹs ðæt ɪn ðʌ mɪdʌl eɪdʒʌz, wɛn ðʌ kɹæftsmɛn tʊk kɛɹ ðæt bjutʌfʌl fɔɹm ʃʊd ɔlweɪz bi ʌ pɑɹt ʌv ðɛɹ pɹʌdʌkʃʌnz wʌtɛvɜ˞ ðeɪ wɜ˞,

moderate ambient sound

very confined sounding

slightly expressive

the forms of printed letters should be beautiful, and that their arrangement on the page should be reasonable and a help to the shapeliness of the letters themselves.

LJ001-0015.wav

224.784195

80.687691

59.591995

46.52496

slightly fast

ðʌ fɔɹmz ʌv pɹɪntɪd lɛtɜ˞z ʃʊd bi bjutʌfʌl, ʌnd ðæt ðɛɹ ɜ˞eɪndʒmʌnt ɑn ðʌ peɪdʒ ʃʊd bi ɹizʌnʌbʌl ʌnd ʌ hɛlp tu ðʌ ʌv ðʌ lɛtɜ˞z ðɛmsɛlvz.

slightly clear

moderate reverberation

slightly expressive

The Middle Ages brought calligraphy to perfection, and it was natural therefore

LJ001-0016.wav

235.134964

86.47168

55.275879

38.511726

moderate speed

ðʌ mɪdʌl eɪdʒʌz bɹɔt kʌlɪɡɹʌfi tu pɜ˞fɛkʃʌn, ʌnd ɪt wɑz nætʃɜ˞ʌl ðɛɹfɔɹ

slightly clear

quite roomy sounding

slightly expressive

that the forms of printed letters should follow more or less closely those of the written character, and they followed them very closely.

LJ001-0017.wav

237.948944

77.421616

53.331814

56.401276

quite fast

ðæt ðʌ fɔɹmz ʌv pɹɪntɪd lɛtɜ˞z ʃʊd fɑloʊ mɔɹ ɔɹ lɛs kloʊsli ðoʊz ʌv ðʌ ɹɪtʌn kɛɹɪktɜ˞, ʌnd ðeɪ fɑloʊd ðɛm vɛɹi kloʊsli.

moderate ambient sound

very confined sounding

slightly expressive

The first books were printed in black letter, i.e. the letter which was a Gothic development of the ancient Roman character,

LJ001-0018.wav

248.980331

102.817589

49.933136

56.60442

slightly fast

ðʌ fɜ˞st bʊks wɜ˞ pɹɪntɪd ɪn blæk lɛtɜ˞, aɪ.i. ðʌ lɛtɜ˞ wɪtʃ wɑz ʌ ɡɑθɪk dɪvɛlʌpmʌnt ʌv ðʌ eɪntʃʌnt ɹoʊmʌn kɛɹɪktɜ˞,

moderate ambient sound

very confined sounding

quite expressive

and which developed more completely and satisfactorily on the side of the "lower-case" than the capital letters;

LJ001-0019.wav

242.647263

78.770691

50.267597

55.966682

slightly fast

ʌnd wɪtʃ dɪvɛlʌpt mɔɹ kʌmplitli ʌnd sætɪsfæktɹʌli ɑn ðʌ saɪd ʌv ðʌ "loʊɜ˞-keɪs" ðæn ðʌ kæpʌtʌl lɛtɜ˞z;

moderate ambient sound

very confined sounding

slightly expressive

the "lower-case" being in fact invented in the early Middle Ages.

LJ001-0020.wav

223.261902

58.247074

54.064289

57.646778

moderate speed

ðʌ "loʊɜ˞-keɪs" biɪŋ ɪn fækt ɪnvɛntʌd ɪn ðʌ ɜ˞li mɪdʌl eɪdʒʌz.

slightly clear

very confined sounding

moderate intonation

The earliest book printed with movable type, the aforesaid Gutenberg Bible, is printed in letters which are an exact imitation

LJ001-0021.wav

239.962067

65.354576

54.982964

48.220253

moderate speed

ðʌ ɜ˞liʌst bʊk pɹɪntɪd wɪð muvʌbʌl taɪp, ðʌ ʌfɔɹsɛd ɡutʌnbɜ˞ɡ baɪbʌl, ɪz pɹɪntɪd ɪn lɛtɜ˞z wɪtʃ ɑɹ æn ɪɡzækt ɪmʌteɪʃʌn

slightly clear

slightly confined sounding

moderate intonation

of the more formal ecclesiastical writing which obtained at that time; this has since been called "missal type,"

LJ001-0022.wav

230.121674

69.130577

58.058537

57.627186

moderate speed

ʌv ðʌ mɔɹ fɔɹmʌl ɪkliziæstɪkʌl ɹaɪtɪŋ wɪtʃ ʌbteɪnd æt ðæt taɪm; ðɪs hæz sɪns bɪn kɔld "mɪsʌl taɪp,"

slightly clear

very confined sounding

moderate intonation

and was in fact the kind of letter used in the many splendid missals, psalters, etc., produced by printing in the fifteenth century.

LJ001-0023.wav

237.293365

86.795929

52.66766

51.347263

slightly fast

ʌnd wɑz ɪn fækt ðʌ kaɪnd ʌv lɛtɜ˞ juzd ɪn ðʌ mɛni splɛndɪd , sɔltɜ˞z, ɛtsɛtɜ˞ʌ., pɹʌdust baɪ pɹɪntɪŋ ɪn ðʌ fɪftinθ sɛntʃɜ˞i.

moderate ambient sound

slightly confined sounding

slightly expressive

But the first Bible actually dated (which also was printed at Maintz by Peter Schoeffer in the year 1462)

LJ001-0024.wav

232.905243

72.647141

58.154133

59.257492

slightly slowly

bʌt ðʌ fɜ˞st baɪbʌl æktʃuʌli deɪtɪd (wɪtʃ ɔlsoʊ wɑz pɹɪntɪd æt baɪ pitɜ˞ ɪn ðʌ jɪɹ )

slightly clear

very confined sounding

slightly expressive

imitates a much freer hand, simpler, rounder, and less spiky, and therefore far pleasanter and easier to read.

LJ001-0025.wav

252.643723

93.744339

55.25008

32.420059

slightly slowly

ɪmʌteɪts ʌ mʌtʃ fɹiɜ˞ hænd, sɪmpʌlɜ˞, ɹaʊndɜ˞, ʌnd lɛs spaɪki, ʌnd ðɛɹfɔɹ fɑɹ ʌnd iziɜ˞ tu ɹɛd.

slightly clear

very roomy sounding

quite expressive

On the whole the type of this book may be considered the ne-plus-ultra of Gothic type,

LJ001-0026.wav

260.710388

91.598167

64.922012

35.487911

moderate speed

ɑn ðʌ hoʊl ðʌ taɪp ʌv ðɪs bʊk meɪ bi kʌnsɪdɜ˞d ðʌ ni-plʌs-ʌltɹʌ ʌv ɡɑθɪk taɪp,

quite clear

quite roomy sounding

quite expressive

especially as regards the lower-case letters; and type very similar was used during the next fifteen or twenty years not only by Schoeffer,

LJ001-0027.wav

229.890015

67.831314

58.014988

52.496563

moderate speed

ʌspɛʃli æz ɹɪɡɑɹdz ðʌ loʊɜ˞-keɪs lɛtɜ˞z; ʌnd taɪp vɛɹi sɪmʌlɜ˞ wɑz juzd dʊɹɪŋ ðʌ nɛkst fɪftin ɔɹ twɛnti jɪɹz nɑt oʊnli baɪ ,

slightly clear

quite confined sounding

moderate intonation

but by printers in Strasburg, Basle, Paris, Lubeck, and other cities.

LJ001-0028.wav

227.050964

85.010193

58.15102

41.138214

slightly slowly

bʌt baɪ pɹɪntɜ˞z ɪn stɹæsbɜ˞ɡ, bæsʌl, pɛɹɪs, lubɛk, ʌnd ʌðɜ˞ sɪtiz.

slightly clear

slightly roomy sounding

slightly expressive

But though on the whole, except in Italy, Gothic letter was most often used

LJ001-0029.wav

231.971832

83.77282

50.2033

58.558762

moderate speed

bʌt ðoʊ ɑn ðʌ hoʊl, ɪksɛpt ɪn ɪtʌli, ɡɑθɪk lɛtɜ˞ wɑz moʊst ɔfʌn juzd

moderate ambient sound

very confined sounding

slightly expressive

a very few years saw the birth of Roman character not only in Italy, but in Germany and France.

LJ001-0030.wav

205.319611

61.764214

53.036976

58.19899

moderate speed

ʌ vɛɹi fju jɪɹz sɔ ðʌ bɜ˞θ ʌv ɹoʊmʌn kɛɹɪktɜ˞ nɑt oʊnli ɪn ɪtʌli, bʌt ɪn dʒɜ˞mʌni ʌnd fɹæns.

moderate ambient sound

very confined sounding

moderate intonation

In 1465 Sweynheim and Pannartz began printing in the monastery of Subiaco near Rome,

LJ001-0031.wav

221.970261

67.409767

54.081291

47.411869

quite slowly

ɪn ʌnd bɪɡæn pɹɪntɪŋ ɪn ðʌ mɑnʌstɛɹi ʌv nɪɹ ɹoʊm,

slightly clear

slightly confined sounding

moderate intonation

and used an exceedingly beautiful type, which is indeed to look at a transition between Gothic and Roman,

LJ001-0032.wav

223.649536

51.540009

55.955074

40.713226

moderate speed

ʌnd juzd æn ɪksidɪŋli bjutʌfʌl taɪp, wɪtʃ ɪz ɪndid tu lʊk æt ʌ tɹænzɪʃʌn bɪtwin ɡɑθɪk ʌnd ɹoʊmʌn,

slightly clear

slightly roomy sounding

slightly monotone

but which must certainly have come from the study of the twelfth or even the eleventh century MSS.

LJ001-0033.wav

226.020706

69.224518

49.549046

49.292557

moderate speed

bʌt wɪtʃ mʌst sɜ˞tʌnli hæv kʌm fɹʌm ðʌ stʌdi ʌv ðʌ twɛlfθ ɔɹ ivɪn ðʌ ɪlɛvʌnθ sɛntʃɜ˞i .

moderate ambient sound

slightly confined sounding

moderate intonation

They printed very few books in this type, three only; but in their very first books in Rome, beginning with the year 1468,

LJ001-0034.wav

215.350021

58.657852

57.047287

37.772289

moderate speed

ðeɪ pɹɪntɪd vɛɹi fju bʊks ɪn ðɪs taɪp, θɹi oʊnli; bʌt ɪn ðɛɹ vɛɹi fɜ˞st bʊks ɪn ɹoʊm, bɪɡɪnɪŋ wɪð ðʌ jɪɹ ,

slightly clear

quite roomy sounding

moderate intonation

they discarded this for a more completely Roman and far less beautiful letter.

LJ001-0035.wav

203.976456

68.646744

59.920685

56.961174

slightly fast

ðeɪ dɪskɑɹdɪd ðɪs fɔɹ ʌ mɔɹ kʌmplitli ɹoʊmʌn ʌnd fɑɹ lɛs bjutʌfʌl lɛtɜ˞.

slightly clear

very confined sounding

moderate intonation

But about the same year Mentelin at Strasburg began to print in a type which is distinctly Roman;

LJ001-0036.wav

227.731964

64.84993

54.986256

58.57597

moderate speed

bʌt ʌbaʊt ðʌ seɪm jɪɹ æt stɹæsbɜ˞ɡ bɪɡæn tu pɹɪnt ɪn ʌ taɪp wɪtʃ ɪz dɪstɪŋktli ɹoʊmʌn;

slightly clear

very confined sounding

moderate intonation

and the next year Gunther Zeiner at Augsburg followed suit;

LJ001-0037.wav

217.374695

52.833115

60.43391

43.086308

moderate speed

ʌnd ðʌ nɛkst jɪɹ ɡʌnθɜ˞ zaɪnɜ˞ æt ɔɡzbɜ˞ɡ fɑloʊd sut;

slightly clear

slightly roomy sounding

moderate intonation

while in 1470 at Paris Udalric Gering and his associates turned out the first books printed in France, also in Roman character.

LJ001-0038.wav

244.489944

85.038307

58.943901

46.224419

slightly slowly

waɪl ɪn æt pɛɹɪs ɡɪɹɪŋ ʌnd hɪz ʌsoʊsiʌts tɜ˞nd aʊt ðʌ fɜ˞st bʊks pɹɪntɪd ɪn fɹæns, ɔlsoʊ ɪn ɹoʊmʌn kɛɹɪktɜ˞.

slightly clear

moderate reverberation

slightly expressive

The Roman type of all these printers is similar in character,

LJ001-0039.wav

236.538742

93.579254

57.289028

59.206051

slightly fast

ðʌ ɹoʊmʌn taɪp ʌv ɔl ðiz pɹɪntɜ˞z ɪz sɪmʌlɜ˞ ɪn kɛɹɪktɜ˞,

slightly clear

very confined sounding

quite expressive

and is very simple and legible, and unaffectedly designed for use; but it is by no means without beauty.

LJ001-0040.wav

236.024536

85.074913

57.844761

58.195488

moderate speed

ʌnd ɪz vɛɹi sɪmpʌl ʌnd lɛdʒʌbʌl, ʌnd dɪzaɪnd fɔɹ jus; bʌt ɪt ɪz baɪ noʊ minz wɪθaʊt bjuti.

slightly clear

very confined sounding

slightly expressive

It must be said that it is in no way like the transition type of Subiaco,

LJ001-0041.wav

254.891525

81.088181

52.659431

56.472576

moderate speed

ɪt mʌst bi sɛd ðæt ɪt ɪz ɪn noʊ weɪ laɪk ðʌ tɹænzɪʃʌn taɪp ʌv ,

moderate ambient sound

very confined sounding

slightly expressive

and though more Roman than that, yet scarcely more like the complete Roman type of the earliest printers of Rome.

LJ001-0042.wav

199.902512

59.969028

55.600121

47.781288

slightly fast

ʌnd ðoʊ mɔɹ ɹoʊmʌn ðæn ðæt, jɛt skɛɹsli mɔɹ laɪk ðʌ kʌmplit ɹoʊmʌn taɪp ʌv ðʌ ɜ˞liʌst pɹɪntɜ˞z ʌv ɹoʊm.

slightly clear

slightly confined sounding

moderate intonation

A further development of the Roman letter took place at Venice.

LJ001-0043.wav

227.540771

78.397247

51.63707

41.720142

slightly fast

ʌ fɜ˞ðɜ˞ dɪvɛlʌpmʌnt ʌv ðʌ ɹoʊmʌn lɛtɜ˞ tʊk pleɪs æt vɛnʌs.

moderate ambient sound

slightly roomy sounding

slightly expressive

John of Spires and his brother Vindelin, followed by Nicholas Jenson, began to print in that city,

LJ001-0044.wav

216.663239

64.403557

60.530201

52.046658

moderate speed

dʒɑn ʌv spaɪɹz ʌnd hɪz bɹʌðɜ˞ , fɑloʊd baɪ nɪkʌlʌs dʒɛnsʌn, bɪɡæn tu pɹɪnt ɪn ðæt sɪti,

slightly clear

quite confined sounding

moderate intonation

1469, 1470;

LJ001-0045.wav

204.627335

42.50185

58.718094

57.825352

very slowly

, ;

slightly clear

very confined sounding

slightly monotone

their type is on the lines of the German and French rather than of the Roman printers.

LJ001-0046.wav

231.586487

82.269897

55.097534

51.023628

slightly fast

ðɛɹ taɪp ɪz ɑn ðʌ laɪnz ʌv ðʌ dʒɜ˞mʌn ʌnd fɹɛntʃ ɹæðɜ˞ ðæn ʌv ðʌ ɹoʊmʌn pɹɪntɜ˞z.

slightly clear

slightly confined sounding

slightly expressive

Of Jenson it must be said that he carried the development of Roman type as far as it can go:

LJ001-0047.wav

248.017166

79.996399

47.313522

56.908188

slightly fast

ʌv dʒɛnsʌn ɪt mʌst bi sɛd ðæt hi kæɹid ðʌ dɪvɛlʌpmʌnt ʌv ɹoʊmʌn taɪp æz fɑɹ æz ɪt kæn ɡoʊ:

slightly noisy

very confined sounding

slightly expressive

his letter is admirably clear and regular, but at least as beautiful as any other Roman type.

LJ001-0048.wav

231.917969

68.850174

49.704994

51.311623

slightly fast

hɪz lɛtɜ˞ ɪz ædmɜ˞ʌbli klɪɹ ʌnd ɹɛɡjʌlɜ˞, bʌt æt list æz bjutʌfʌl æz ɛni ʌðɜ˞ ɹoʊmʌn taɪp.

moderate ambient sound

slightly confined sounding

moderate intonation

After his death in the "fourteen eighties," or at least by 1490, printing in Venice had declined very much;

LJ001-0049.wav

215.423538

66.013077

59.195801

52.756184

moderate speed

æftɜ˞ hɪz dɛθ ɪn ðʌ "fɔɹtin eɪtiz," ɔɹ æt list baɪ , pɹɪntɪŋ ɪn vɛnʌs hæd dɪklaɪnd vɛɹi mʌtʃ;

slightly clear

quite confined sounding

moderate intonation

and though the famous family of Aldus restored its technical excellence, rejecting battered letters,

LJ001-0050.wav

214.572235

67.651291

57.634792

58.418587

moderate speed

ʌnd ðoʊ ðʌ feɪmʌs fæmʌli ʌv ɑldɪs ɹɪstɔɹd ɪts tɛknɪkʌl ɛksʌlʌns, ɹɪdʒɛktɪŋ bætɜ˞d lɛtɜ˞z,

slightly clear

very confined sounding

moderate intonation

and paying great attention to the "press work" or actual process of printing,

LJ001-0051.wav

238.877197

57.634872

53.364571

54.960907

slightly fast

ʌnd peɪɪŋ ɡɹeɪt ʌtɛnʃʌn tu ðʌ "pɹɛs wɜ˞k" ɔɹ æktʃʌwʌl pɹɑsɛs ʌv pɹɪntɪŋ,

moderate ambient sound

quite confined sounding

moderate intonation

yet their type is artistically on a much lower level than Jenson's, and in fact

LJ001-0052.wav

239.10228

75.152023

55.557278

58.1549

moderate speed

jɛt ðɛɹ taɪp ɪz ɑɹtɪstɪkli ɑn ʌ mʌtʃ loʊɜ˞ lɛvʌl ðæn dʒɛnsʌn'ɛs, ʌnd ɪn fækt

slightly clear

very confined sounding

slightly expressive

they must be considered to have ended the age of fine printing in Italy.

LJ001-0053.wav

214.645081

67.474907

57.603165

44.880241

slightly fast

ðeɪ mʌst bi kʌnsɪdɜ˞d tu hæv ɛndʌd ðʌ eɪdʒ ʌv faɪn pɹɪntɪŋ ɪn ɪtʌli.

slightly clear

moderate reverberation

moderate intonation

Jenson, however, had many contemporaries who used beautiful type,

LJ001-0054.wav

247.962296

82.542587

63.137661

44.361771

slightly fast

dʒɛnsʌn, haʊɛvɜ˞, hæd mɛni kʌntɛmpɜ˞ɛɹiz hu juzd bjutʌfʌl taɪp,

quite clear

moderate reverberation

slightly expressive

some of which -- as, e.g., that of Jacobus Rubeus or Jacques le Rouge -- is scarcely distinguishable from his.

LJ001-0055.wav

215.470993

65.128525

56.984921

58.852036

slightly slowly

sʌm ʌv wɪtʃ -- æz, i.dʒi., ðæt ʌv dʒʌkoʊbʌs ɔɹ ʒɑk lʌ ɹuʒ -- ɪz skɛɹsli dɪstɪŋɡwɪʃʌbʌl fɹʌm hɪz.

slightly clear

very confined sounding

moderate intonation

It was these great Venetian printers, together with their brethren of Rome, Milan,

LJ001-0056.wav

203.736786

36.418873

52.312237

48.35051

moderate speed

ɪt wɑz ðiz ɡɹeɪt vʌniʃʌn pɹɪntɜ˞z, tʌɡɛðɜ˞ wɪð ðɛɹ bɹɛðɹʌn ʌv ɹoʊm, mʌlɑn,

moderate ambient sound

slightly confined sounding

slightly monotone

Parma, and one or two other cities, who produced the splendid editions of the Classics, which are one of the great glories of the printer's art,

LJ001-0057.wav

227.415649

65.278587

55.27301

56.381088

slightly fast

pɑɹmʌ, ʌnd wʌn ɔɹ tu ʌðɜ˞ sɪtiz, hu pɹʌdust ðʌ splɛndɪd ɪdɪʃʌnz ʌv ðʌ klæsɪks, wɪtʃ ɑɹ wʌn ʌv ðʌ ɡɹeɪt ɡlɔɹiz ʌv ðʌ pɹɪntɜ˞'ɛs ɑɹt,

slightly clear

very confined sounding

moderate intonation

and are worthy representatives of the eager enthusiasm for the revived learning of that epoch. By far,

LJ001-0058.wav

207.539734

51.975643

51.76247

47.475857

moderate speed

ʌnd ɑɹ wɜ˞ði ɹɛpɹʌzɛntʌtɪvz ʌv ðʌ iɡɜ˞ ɪnθuziæzʌm fɔɹ ðʌ ɹɪvaɪvd lɜ˞nɪŋ ʌv ðæt ɛpʌk. baɪ fɑɹ,

moderate ambient sound

slightly confined sounding

slightly monotone

the greater part of these Italian printers, it should be mentioned, were Germans or Frenchmen, working under the influence of Italian opinion and aims.

LJ001-0059.wav

208.709534

79.655663

51.339577

55.387573

slightly fast

ðʌ ɡɹeɪtɜ˞ pɑɹt ʌv ðiz ɪtæljʌn pɹɪntɜ˞z, ɪt ʃʊd bi mɛnʃʌnd, wɜ˞ dʒɜ˞mʌnz ɔɹ fɹɛntʃmɛn, wɜ˞kɪŋ ʌndɜ˞ ðʌ ɪnfluʌns ʌv ɪtæljʌn ʌpɪnjʌn ʌnd eɪmz.

moderate ambient sound

quite confined sounding

slightly expressive

It must be understood that through the whole of the fifteenth and the first quarter of the sixteenth centuries

LJ001-0060.wav

263.919373

98.522987

56.56797

53.564453

moderate speed

ɪt mʌst bi ʌndɜ˞stʊd ðæt θɹu ðʌ hoʊl ʌv ðʌ fɪftinθ ʌnd ðʌ fɜ˞st kwɔɹtɜ˞ ʌv ðʌ sɪkstinθ sɛntʃɜ˞iz

slightly clear

quite confined sounding

quite expressive

the Roman letter was used side by side with the Gothic.

LJ001-0061.wav

256.606689

82.932236

52.662369

57.950417

slightly fast

ðʌ ɹoʊmʌn lɛtɜ˞ wɑz juzd saɪd baɪ saɪd wɪð ðʌ ɡɑθɪk.

moderate ambient sound

very confined sounding

slightly expressive

Even in Italy most of the theological and law books were printed in Gothic letter,

LJ001-0062.wav

196.678741

59.003838

52.808792

57.758369

slightly fast

ivɪn ɪn ɪtʌli moʊst ʌv ðʌ θiʌlɑdʒɪkʌl ʌnd lɔ bʊks wɜ˞ pɹɪntɪd ɪn ɡɑθɪk lɛtɜ˞,

moderate ambient sound

very confined sounding

moderate intonation

which was generally more formally Gothic than the printing of the German workmen,

LJ001-0063.wav

221.551025

89.101036

58.656158

58.945278

slightly fast

wɪtʃ wɑz dʒɛnɜ˞ʌli mɔɹ fɔɹmʌli ɡɑθɪk ðæn ðʌ pɹɪntɪŋ ʌv ðʌ dʒɜ˞mʌn wɜ˞kmɪn,

slightly clear

very confined sounding

quite expressive

many of whose types, indeed, like that of the Subiaco works, are of a transitional character.

LJ001-0064.wav

211.099716

53.991749

56.624489

43.432484

moderate speed

mɛni ʌv huz taɪps, ɪndid, laɪk ðæt ʌv ðʌ wɜ˞ks, ɑɹ ʌv ʌ tɹænsɪʃʌnʌl kɛɹɪktɜ˞.

slightly clear

moderate reverberation

moderate intonation

This was notably the case with the early works printed at Ulm, and in a somewhat lesser degree at Augsburg.

LJ001-0065.wav

196.426102

59.052616

59.488579

55.368279

moderate speed

ðɪs wɑz noʊtʌbli ðʌ keɪs wɪð ðʌ ɜ˞li wɜ˞ks pɹɪntɪd æt ʌlm, ʌnd ɪn ʌ sʌmwʌt lɛsɜ˞ dɪɡɹi æt ɔɡzbɜ˞ɡ.

slightly clear

quite confined sounding

moderate intonation

In fact Gunther Zeiner's first type (afterwards used by Schussler) is remarkably like the type of the before-mentioned Subiaco books.

LJ001-0066.wav

215.015808

76.861824

59.197945

52.892586

moderate speed

ɪn fækt ɡʌnθɜ˞ zaɪnɜ˞'ɛs fɜ˞st taɪp (æftɜ˞wɜ˞dz juzd baɪ ʃʌslɜ˞) ɪz ɹɪmɑɹkʌbli laɪk ðʌ taɪp ʌv ðʌ bɪfɔɹ-mɛnʃʌnd bʊks.

slightly clear

quite confined sounding

slightly expressive

In the Low Countries and Cologne, which were very fertile of printed books, Gothic was the favorite.

LJ001-0067.wav

216.277893

64.346634

56.218769

55.877125

moderate speed

ɪn ðʌ loʊ kʌntɹiz ʌnd kʌloʊn, wɪtʃ wɜ˞ vɛɹi fɜ˞tʌl ʌv pɹɪntɪd bʊks, ɡɑθɪk wɑz ðʌ feɪvɜ˞ɪt.

slightly clear

very confined sounding

moderate intonation

The characteristic Dutch type, as represented by the excellent printer Gerard Leew, is very pronounced and uncompromising Gothic.

LJ001-0068.wav

209.278915

62.777935

58.964867

38.362709

moderate speed

ðʌ kɛɹʌktɜ˞ɪstɪk dʌtʃ taɪp, æz ɹɛpɹɪzɛntɪd baɪ ðʌ ɛksʌlʌnt pɹɪntɜ˞ dʒɜ˞ɑɹd , ɪz vɛɹi pɹʌnaʊnst ʌnd ʌnkɑmpɹʌmaɪzɪŋ ɡɑθɪk.

slightly clear

quite roomy sounding

moderate intonation

This type was introduced into England by Wynkyn de Worde, Caxton's successor,

LJ001-0069.wav

220.593536

55.332359

62.37569

34.740147

moderate speed

ðɪs taɪp wɑz ɪntɹʌdust ɪntu ɪŋɡlʌnd baɪ di , kækstʌn'ɛs sʌksɛsɜ˞,

quite clear

quite roomy sounding

moderate intonation

and was used there with very little variation all through the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, and indeed into the eighteenth.

LJ001-0070.wav

243.379837

83.213837

58.664394

50.79184

slightly fast

ʌnd wɑz juzd ðɛɹ wɪð vɛɹi lɪtʌl vɛɹieɪʃʌn ɔl θɹu ðʌ sɪkstinθ ʌnd sɛvʌntinθ sɛntʃɜ˞iz, ʌnd ɪndid ɪntu ðʌ eɪtinθ.

slightly clear

slightly confined sounding

slightly expressive

Most of Caxton's own types are of an earlier character, though they also much resemble Flemish or Cologne letter.

LJ001-0071.wav

224.986923

83.637947

56.021236

57.555782

slightly fast

moʊst ʌv kækstʌn'ɛs oʊn taɪps ɑɹ ʌv æn ɜ˞liɜ˞ kɛɹɪktɜ˞, ðoʊ ðeɪ ɔlsoʊ mʌtʃ ɹɪzɛmbʌl flɛmɪʃ ɔɹ kʌloʊn lɛtɜ˞.

slightly clear

very confined sounding

slightly expressive

After the end of the fifteenth century the degradation of printing, especially in Germany and Italy,

LJ001-0072.wav

232.951447

75.222153

63.020004

42.758224

slightly fast

æftɜ˞ ðʌ ɛnd ʌv ðʌ fɪftinθ sɛntʃɜ˞i ðʌ dɛɡɹʌdeɪʃʌn ʌv pɹɪntɪŋ, ʌspɛʃli ɪn dʒɜ˞mʌni ʌnd ɪtʌli,

quite clear

slightly roomy sounding

slightly expressive

went on apace; and by the end of the sixteenth century there was no really beautiful printing done:

LJ001-0073.wav

210.262604

66.74366

58.077793

52.785755

moderate speed

wɛnt ɑn ʌpeɪs; ʌnd baɪ ðʌ ɛnd ʌv ðʌ sɪkstinθ sɛntʃɜ˞i ðɛɹ wɑz noʊ ɹɪli bjutʌfʌl pɹɪntɪŋ dʌn:

slightly clear

quite confined sounding

moderate intonation

the best, mostly French or Low-Country, was neat and clear, but without any distinction;

LJ001-0074.wav

223.954285

79.880356

55.456081

54.499401

moderate speed

ðʌ bɛst, moʊstli fɹɛntʃ ɔɹ loʊ-kʌntɹi, wɑz nit ʌnd klɪɹ, bʌt wɪθaʊt ɛni dɪstɪŋkʃʌn;

slightly clear

quite confined sounding

slightly expressive

the worst, which perhaps was the English, was a terrible falling-off from the work of the earlier presses;

LJ001-0075.wav

244.523911

96.29155

56.213768

58.226707

moderate speed

ðʌ wɜ˞st, wɪtʃ pɜ˞hæps wɑz ðʌ ɪŋɡlɪʃ, wɑz ʌ tɛɹʌbʌl fɑlɪŋ-ɔf fɹʌm ðʌ wɜ˞k ʌv ðʌ ɜ˞liɜ˞ pɹɛsʌz;

slightly clear

very confined sounding

quite expressive

and things got worse and worse through the whole of the seventeenth century, so that in the eighteenth printing was very miserably performed.

LJ001-0076.wav

206.196121

70.737076

60.818432

52.578537

moderate speed

ʌnd θɪŋz ɡɑt wɜ˞s ʌnd wɜ˞s θɹu ðʌ hoʊl ʌv ðʌ sɛvʌntinθ sɛntʃɜ˞i, soʊ ðæt ɪn ðʌ eɪtinθ pɹɪntɪŋ wɑz vɛɹi mɪzɜ˞ʌbli pɜ˞fɔɹmd.

quite clear

quite confined sounding

slightly expressive

In England about this time, an attempt was made (notably by Caslon, who started business in London as a type-founder in 1720)

LJ001-0077.wav

203.57962

60.87114

50.995823

50.179935

moderate speed

ɪn ɪŋɡlʌnd ʌbaʊt ðɪs taɪm, æn ʌtɛmpt wɑz meɪd (noʊtʌbli baɪ , hu stɑɹtɪd bɪznʌs ɪn lʌndʌn æz ʌ taɪp-faʊndɜ˞ ɪn )

moderate ambient sound

slightly confined sounding

moderate intonation

to improve the letter in form.

LJ001-0078.wav

238.805359

77.897369

51.437637

58.332283

moderate speed

tu ɪmpɹuv ðʌ lɛtɜ˞ ɪn fɔɹm.

moderate ambient sound

very confined sounding

slightly expressive

Caslon's type is clear and neat, and fairly well designed;

LJ001-0079.wav

234.247421

84.937042

54.917023

58.238197

slightly slowly

'ɛs taɪp ɪz klɪɹ ʌnd nit, ʌnd fɛɹli wɛl dɪzaɪnd;

slightly clear

very confined sounding

slightly expressive

he seems to have taken the letter of the Elzevirs of the seventeenth century for his model:

LJ001-0080.wav

230.505508

78.198433

46.879726

59.166965

slightly fast

hi simz tu hæv teɪkʌn ðʌ lɛtɜ˞ ʌv ðʌ ʌv ðʌ sɛvʌntinθ sɛntʃɜ˞i fɔɹ hɪz mɑdʌl:

slightly noisy

very confined sounding

slightly expressive

type cast from his matrices is still in everyday use.

LJ001-0081.wav

259.379303

72.725067

43.986439

30.680958

slightly slowly

taɪp kæst fɹʌm hɪz meɪtɹɪsɪz ɪz stɪl ɪn ɛvɹideɪ jus.

slightly noisy

very roomy sounding

slightly expressive

In spite, however, of his praiseworthy efforts, printing had still one last degradation to undergo.

LJ001-0082.wav

242.960022

67.272713

51.155819

53.557518

moderate speed

ɪn spaɪt, haʊɛvɜ˞, ʌv hɪz pɹeɪzwɜ˞ði ɛfɜ˞ts, pɹɪntɪŋ hæd stɪl wʌn læst dɛɡɹʌdeɪʃʌn tu ʌndɜ˞ɡoʊ.

moderate ambient sound

quite confined sounding

moderate intonation

The seventeenth century founts were bad rather negatively than positively.

LJ001-0083.wav

227.770447

80.948624

51.94524

59.02095

moderate speed

ðʌ sɛvʌntinθ sɛntʃɜ˞i wɜ˞ bæd ɹæðɜ˞ nɛɡʌtɪvli ðæn pɑzʌtɪvli.

moderate ambient sound

very confined sounding

slightly expressive

But for the beauty of the earlier work they might have seemed tolerable.

LJ001-0084.wav

216.485626

58.066601

54.826897

39.58997

slightly fast

bʌt fɔɹ ðʌ bjuti ʌv ðʌ ɜ˞liɜ˞ wɜ˞k ðeɪ maɪt hæv simd tɑlɜ˞ʌbʌl.

slightly clear

slightly roomy sounding

moderate intonation

It was reserved for the founders of the later eighteenth century to produce letters which are positively ugly, and which, it may be added,

LJ001-0085.wav

240.559906

79.308815

57.137367

55.558941

slightly fast

ɪt wɑz ɹɪzɜ˞vd fɔɹ ðʌ faʊndɜ˞z ʌv ðʌ leɪtɜ˞ eɪtinθ sɛntʃɜ˞i tu pɹʌdus lɛtɜ˞z wɪtʃ ɑɹ pɑzʌtɪvli ʌɡli, ʌnd wɪtʃ, ɪt meɪ bi ædʌd,

slightly clear

quite confined sounding

slightly expressive

are dazzling and unpleasant to the eye owing to the clumsy thickening and vulgar thinning of the lines:

LJ001-0086.wav

219.433716

96.878693

52.741116

58.464138

moderate speed

ɑɹ dæzʌlɪŋ ʌnd ʌnplɛzʌnt tu ðʌ aɪ oʊɪŋ tu ðʌ klʌmzi θɪkʌnɪŋ ʌnd vʌlɡɜ˞ θɪnɪŋ ʌv ðʌ laɪnz:

moderate ambient sound

very confined sounding

quite expressive

for the seventeenth-century letters are at least pure and simple in line. The Italian, Bodoni, and the Frenchman, Didot,

LJ001-0087.wav

215.029282

81.456711

57.545788

56.767937

moderate speed

fɔɹ ðʌ sɛvʌntinθ-sɛntʃɜ˞i lɛtɜ˞z ɑɹ æt list pjʊɹ ʌnd sɪmpʌl ɪn laɪn. ðʌ ɪtæljʌn, , ʌnd ðʌ fɹɛntʃmæn, ,

slightly clear

very confined sounding

slightly expressive

were the leaders in this luckless change, though our own Baskerville, who was at work some years before them, went much on the same lines;

LJ001-0088.wav

217.694366

81.728691

59.880627

59.477657

moderate speed

wɜ˞ ðʌ lidɜ˞z ɪn ðɪs lʌklʌs tʃeɪndʒ, ðoʊ aʊɜ˞ oʊn bæskɜ˞vɪl, hu wɑz æt wɜ˞k sʌm jɪɹz bɪfɔɹ ðɛm, wɛnt mʌtʃ ɑn ðʌ seɪm laɪnz;

slightly clear

very confined sounding

slightly expressive

but his letters, though uninteresting and poor, are not nearly so gross and vulgar as those of either the Italian or the Frenchman.

LJ001-0089.wav

219.852158

76.40052

57.384266

59.198078

moderate speed

bʌt hɪz lɛtɜ˞z, ðoʊ ʌnɪntɹʌstɪŋ ʌnd puɹ, ɑɹ nɑt nɪɹli soʊ ɡɹoʊs ʌnd vʌlɡɜ˞ æz ðoʊz ʌv iðɜ˞ ðʌ ɪtæljʌn ɔɹ ðʌ fɹɛntʃmæn.

slightly clear

very confined sounding

slightly expressive

With this change the art of printing touched bottom,

LJ001-0090.wav

218.306213

71.934738

57.039944

59.302208

moderate speed

wɪð ðɪs tʃeɪndʒ ðʌ ɑɹt ʌv pɹɪntɪŋ tʌtʃt bɑtʌm,

slightly clear

very confined sounding

slightly expressive

so far as fine printing is concerned, though paper did not get to its worst till about 1840.

LJ001-0091.wav

211.691681

80.927719

56.586849

58.476715

moderate speed

soʊ fɑɹ æz faɪn pɹɪntɪŋ ɪz kʌnsɜ˞nd, ðoʊ peɪpɜ˞ dɪd nɑt ɡɛt tu ɪts wɜ˞st tɪl ʌbaʊt .

slightly clear

very confined sounding

slightly expressive

The Chiswick press in 1844 revived Caslon's founts, printing for Messrs. Longman the Diary of Lady Willoughby.

LJ001-0092.wav

210.626465

71.531502

53.351231

54.248402

slightly slowly

ðʌ tʃɪzwɪk pɹɛs ɪn ɹɪvaɪvd 'ɛs , pɹɪntɪŋ fɔɹ mɛsɜ˞z. lɔŋmʌn ðʌ daɪɜ˞i ʌv leɪdi wɪlʌbi.

moderate ambient sound

quite confined sounding

slightly expressive

This experiment was so far successful that about 1850 Messrs. Miller and Richard of Edinburgh

LJ001-0093.wav

260.244629

92.410637

58.339695

41.547764

moderate speed

ðɪs ɪkspɛɹʌmʌnt wɑz soʊ fɑɹ sʌksɛsfʌl ðæt ʌbaʊt mɛsɜ˞z. mɪlɜ˞ ʌnd ɹɪtʃɜ˞d ʌv ɛdʌnbɜ˞oʊ

slightly clear

slightly roomy sounding

quite expressive

were induced to cut punches for a series of "old style" letters.

LJ001-0094.wav

235.427979

69.789536

50.007168

50.906212

slightly fast

wɜ˞ ɪndust tu kʌt pʌntʃɪz fɔɹ ʌ sɪɹiz ʌv "oʊld staɪl" lɛtɜ˞z.

moderate ambient sound

slightly confined sounding

slightly expressive

These and similar founts, cast by the above firm and others,

LJ001-0095.wav

223.861969

71.567245

56.950241

59.783226

moderate speed

ðiz ʌnd sɪmʌlɜ˞ , kæst baɪ ðʌ ʌbʌv fɜ˞m ʌnd ʌðɜ˞z,

slightly clear

very confined sounding

slightly expressive

have now come into general use and are obviously a great improvement on the ordinary "modern style" in use in England, which is in fact the Bodoni type

LJ001-0096.wav

210.735474

68.033882

55.875034

58.662422

slightly fast

hæv naʊ kʌm ɪntu dʒɛnɜ˞ʌl jus ʌnd ɑɹ ɑbviʌsli ʌ ɡɹeɪt ɪmpɹuvmʌnt ɑn ðʌ ɔɹdʌnɛɹi "mɑdɜ˞n staɪl" ɪn jus ɪn ɪŋɡlʌnd, wɪtʃ ɪz ɪn fækt ðʌ taɪp

slightly clear

very confined sounding

moderate intonation

a little reduced in ugliness. The design of the letters of this modern "old style" leaves a good deal to be desired,

LJ001-0097.wav

189.959702

55.817253

54.351051

53.593632

moderate speed

ʌ lɪtʌl ɹʌdust ɪn ʌɡlinʌs. ðʌ dɪzaɪn ʌv ðʌ lɛtɜ˞z ʌv ðɪs mɑdɜ˞n "oʊld staɪl" livz ʌ ɡʊd dil tu bi dɪzaɪɜ˞d,

slightly clear

quite confined sounding

moderate intonation

and the whole effect is a little too gray, owing to the thinness of the letters.

LJ001-0098.wav

219.064835

81.502884

52.03215

59.2686

slightly fast

ʌnd ðʌ hoʊl ɪfɛkt ɪz ʌ lɪtʌl tu ɡɹeɪ, oʊɪŋ tu ðʌ θɪnnɪs ʌv ðʌ lɛtɜ˞z.

moderate ambient sound

very confined sounding

slightly expressive

It must be remembered, however, that most modern printing is done by machinery on soft paper, and not by the hand press,

LJ001-0099.wav

205.826187

58.819832

60.569851

59.250351

slightly fast

ɪt mʌst bi ɹɪmɛmbɜ˞d, haʊɛvɜ˞, ðæt moʊst mɑdɜ˞n pɹɪntɪŋ ɪz dʌn baɪ mʌʃinɜ˞i ɑn sɑft peɪpɜ˞, ʌnd nɑt baɪ ðʌ hænd pɹɛs,

slightly clear

very confined sounding

moderate intonation

and these somewhat wiry letters are suitable for the machine process, which would not do justice to letters of more generous design.

LJ001-0100.wav

207.258804

74.52623

51.758987

51.414452

moderate speed

ʌnd ðiz sʌmwʌt wɪɹi lɛtɜ˞z ɑɹ sutʌbʌl fɔɹ ðʌ mʌʃin pɹɑsɛs, wɪtʃ wʊd nɑt du dʒʌstʌs tu lɛtɜ˞z ʌv mɔɹ dʒɛnɜ˞ʌs dɪzaɪn.

moderate ambient sound

slightly confined sounding

slightly expressive