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" Si Una Vez " ( English : If I Once ) is a song recorded by American recording artist Selena for her fourth studio album , Amor Prohibido ( 1994 ) . It was written by Pete Astudillo and produced by Selena 's brother @-@ producer A.B. Quintanilla . " Si Una Vez " is a mariachi fusion song and draws influence from cumbia and Latin dance music . Lyrically , Selena questions why she ever fell in love with an abusive partner , saying she will never repeat her mistakes . The lyrics suggest unrequited love and female empowerment .
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" Si Una Vez " received positive reviews from music critics who found the song to have showcase the singer 's vocal abilities . The Broadcast Music Inc. recognized it as the Single of the Year at the 1996 BMI Pop Awards . Many musicians have since recorded the song and released it on their respective albums including Mexican mariachi singer Alicia Villareal , American reggaeton performer Ivy Queen , American indie rock band Girl in a Coma , and American salsa singer Manny Manuel . The latter 's version peaked at number one on the United States Billboard Tropical Songs chart , and ended 1995 as the fourteenth most successful U.S. tropical song .
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= = Background and composition = =
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" Si Una Vez " was written by Selena y Los Dinos backup dancer and vocalist Pete Astudillo . The song was co @-@ written by Selena 's brother @-@ producer A.B. Quintanilla who , along with Argentine musician Bebu Silvetti , served as producers . Keyboardist of the group , Ricky Vela retold in a 2002 interview how the band hired a professional trumpist to record parts of the song . " Si Una Vez " is a Spanish @-@ language mariachi fusion track with influences of cumbia and Latin dance music . Author Deborah Paredez called " Si Una Vez " as having punk music undertones . In 2002 , A.B. spoke on how Amor Prohibido was experimental music @-@ heavy and commented on how " Si Una Vez " was an example of his ideas of keeping the band 's image modern . The song makes use of the Guitarrón guitar under a cumbia beat .
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" Si Una Vez " is written in the key of D minor and is played in a moderate groove of 84 beats per minute . It incorporates music from several musical instruments , including the piano and guitar . Lyrically , Selena reminiscences her failed relationship and wonders why she ever fell in love with an abusive partner who betrayed and left her , vowing to never allow a man like that back into her life . The lyrics suggest unrequited love and female empowerment .
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= = Critical reception and legacy = =
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" Si Una Vez " was named by the Latin Times as one of the top @-@ ten best karaoke songs sung in Spanish . Writing for the Latin Times , Maria Valdez called the song " fun " especially when running into your former partner at a karaoke party and found the track to showcases a singer 's vocal abilities . Texas Public Radio 's Nathan Cone , said " the song " resonates best " with South Texas " . Entertainment Weekly contributor David Browne , commented on Selena 's vocals as being " full @-@ throated , warbling " and that it " recalls Lydia Mendoza , conjunto 's leading lady . " A New University writer found the recording to have " showcase [ the singer 's ] passion with her vocals . "
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Selena performed the song on her final performance on March 19 , 1995 during the Calle Ocho Festival in Miami , which attracted over 100 @,@ 000 fans . Selena was shot and killed by Yolanda Saldívar , her friend and former manager of the singer 's Selena Etc. clothing boutiques , on March 31 , 1995 . Selena 's performance of the song during her Houston Astrodome concert on February 26 , 1995 , was emulated by Jennifer Lopez as her role as the singer for the 1997 biopic film about Selena . " Si Una Vez " is considered by Billboard magazine to be one of Selena 's signature songs . Terra named " Si Una Vez " as one of Selena 's " most famous works " along with her other songs " El Chico del Apartamento 512 " , " Amor Prohibido " and " Fotos y Recuerdos " . The Broadcast Music , Inc . ( BMI ) recognized " Si Una Vez " at the BMI Pop Music Awards as Single of the Year in 1996 .
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= = Covers = =
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Mexican singer Mary Boquitas recorded the song for the tribute album Mexico Recuerda a Selena ( 2005 ) . Mexican mariachi singer Alicia Villareal performed and recorded " Si Una Vez " for the live televised tribute concert Selena ¡ VIVE ! in April 2005 . American reggaeton singer Ivy Queen covered " Si Una Vez " for her fifth studio album Flashback ( 2005 ) . She said in an interview how she felt " honored to be able to cover one of Selena 's songs " . Ivy Queen chose to cover " Si Una Vez " finding it to be identifiable to her and because of the song 's message which the singer stood for . Jonathan Widran of AllMusic called her versions a " reggaetón @-@ ed up twist " . In 2010 , indie rock group Girl in a Coma recorded a punk cover of " Si Una Vez " . The group decided to record the song because it was their favorite recordings of Selena . Girl in a Coma performed the song live during the 2010 Tejano Music Awards as a homage to Selena . In April 2011 , A.B. ' s band Kumbia All @-@ Starz performed their version of the song during their tour for La Vida De Un Genio ( 2010 ) in Bolivia . Colombian singer Kali Uchis performed " Si Una Vez " at the 2015 SXSW festival . Vibe magazine found Uchis ' performance to have given them " shivers " .
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= = = Manny Manuel version = = =
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American merengue musician Manny Manuel covered the song on his debut album , El Rey de Corazones ( 1995 ) . Out of the five singles released from the album , " Si Una Vez " was Manuel 's most successful single off of the El Rey de Corazones album . The song debuted at number 29 on the United States Billboard Hot Latin Tracks and number three on the U.S. Tropical Songs chart . The following week , " Si Una Vez " rose to numbers 22 and two on the Hot Latin Songs and Tropical Songs chart , respectively . On October 14 , 1995 , the track climbed to number 21 on the Hot Latin Songs chart , while it fell to number four on the Tropical Songs chart . In its fourth week , " Si Una Vez " jumped to number 18 on the Hot Latin Songs chart , while over at the Tropical Songs chart the song rose to number three . Despite increased airplay spins , " Si Una Vez " fell to number 20 on the Hot Latin Songs chart . On November 11 , 1995 , " Si Una Vez " peaked at number one on the Tropical Songs chart for one week , reeciving airplay honors that week .
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= = = = Chart performance = = = =
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= = Credits and personnel = =
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All credits were taken from the album 's liner notes .
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= Sicklefin lemon shark =
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The sicklefin lemon shark , or sharptooth lemon shark ( Negaprion acutidens ) , is a species of requiem shark belonging to the family Carcharhinidae , widely distributed in the tropical waters of the Indo @-@ Pacific . It is closely related to the better @-@ known lemon shark ( N. brevirostris ) of the Americas ; the two species are almost identical in appearance , both being stout @-@ bodied sharks with broad heads , two dorsal fins of nearly equal size , and a plain yellow @-@ tinged coloration . As its common name suggests , the sicklefin lemon shark differs from its American counterpart in having more falcate ( sickle @-@ shaped ) fins . This large species grows up to 3 @.@ 8 m ( 12 ft ) long . It generally inhabits water less than 92 m ( 302 ft ) deep in a variety of habitats , from mangrove estuaries to coral reefs .
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A slow @-@ moving predator feeding mainly on bony fishes , the sicklefin lemon shark seldom travels long distances and many individuals can be found year @-@ round at certain locations . Like other members of its family , this species is viviparous , with females giving birth to no more than 13 pups every other year , following a gestation period of 10 – 11 months . Although they are potentially dangerous to humans and known to respond vigorously to any provocation , under normal circumstances , sicklefin lemon sharks are cautious and tend to retreat if approached . The IUCN has assessed this species as Vulnerable ; its low reproductive productivity and rate of movement limits the capacity of depleted stocks to recover . Off India and Southeast Asia , this species has been severely depleted or extirpated by unregulated exploitation for its meat , fins , and liver oil .
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= = Taxonomy and phylogeny = =
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The sicklefin lemon shark was first described as Carcharias acutidens by German naturalist Eduard Rüppell , in the 1837 Fische des Rothen Meeres ( Fishes of the Red Sea ) . In 1940 , Australian ichthyologist Gilbert Percy Whitley moved this species to his newly formed genus Negaprion . The type specimen , designated in 1960 , is a 68 @-@ cm @-@ long individual caught in the Red Sea off Jeddah , Saudi Arabia . The specific epithet acutidens is derived from the Latin acutus meaning " sharp " , and dens meaning " teeth " . The sicklefin lemon shark may also be referred to as broadfin shark , Indian lemon shark , Indo @-@ Pacific lemon shark , or simply lemon shark .
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Based on microsatellite DNA evidence , the sicklefin lemon shark is thought to have diverged from its sister species N. brevirostris 10 – 14 million years ago , when the closure of the Tethys Sea separated lemon sharks in the Indian Ocean from those in the Atlantic . The ancestral lemon shark species may have been N. eurybathrodon , the fossilized teeth of which occur in both the United States and Pakistan . Morphological and molecular phylogenetic analyses suggest that Negaprion is grouped with the whitetip reef shark ( Triaenodon ) and the sliteye shark ( Loxodon ) in occupying an intermediate position on the carcharhinid evolutionary tree , between the most basal genera ( Galeocerdo , Rhizoprionodon , and Scoliodon ) and the most derived ( Carcharhinus and Sphyrna ) .
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= = Distribution and habitat = =
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The range of the sicklefin lemon shark extends from South Africa to the Red Sea ( including Mauritius , the Seychelles , and Madagascar ) , continuing eastward along the coast of the Indian subcontinent to Southeast Asia , extending as far north as Taiwan and the Philippines , and as far south as New Guinea and northern Australia . This species is also found around numerous Pacific islands , including New Caledonia , Palau , the Marshall Islands , the Solomon Islands , Fiji , Vanuatu , and French Polynesia . This species likely colonized the central Pacific by infrequently " hopping " from one island to the next . Significant levels of genetic differentiation between sicklefin lemon sharks in Australia and French Polynesia , 750 km ( 470 mi ) apart , suggest that little intermingling occurs between regional subpopulations .
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An inhabitant of coastal continental and insular shelves , the sicklefin lemon shark occurs from the intertidal zone to a depth of 92 m ( 302 ft ) . This species favors still , murky waters and is most common in bays , estuaries , and lagoons , and over sandy flats and outer reefs . Sometimes , an individual may venture into open water ; one was filmed in the 1971 documentary Blue Water , White Death , in the vicinity of a sperm whale ( Physeter macrocephalus ) carcass . Juvenile sicklefin lemon sharks are often found on reef flats or around mangroves , in water so shallow that their dorsal fins are exposed . In Herald Bight off Western Australia , a known nursery , juvenile sicklefin lemon sharks frequent open areas and mangroves in water under 3 m ( 9 @.@ 8 ft ) deep , but not areas covered by the seagrass Posidonia australis .
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= = Description = =
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The sicklefin lemon shark has a robust , stocky body and a short , broad head . The snout is rounded or almost wedge @-@ shaped , with small nostrils bearing triangular flaps of skin in front . The eyes are small , with no spiracles . Short furrows are present at the corners of the mouth . Thirteen to 16 ( usually 14 ) tooth rows occur on either side of both jaws , not including the tiny teeth at the symphysis ( the jaw midline ) . The upper teeth have a large cusp rising from a broad base , with a notch on each side ; these teeth become increasingly angled towards the corners of the mouth . The lower teeth resemble the upper teeth , but are narrower and more erect . The teeth of sharks over 1 @.@ 4 m ( 4 @.@ 6 ft ) long are finely serrated .
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The fins ( especially the dorsal , pectoral , and pelvics ) of the sicklefin lemon shark are more falcate ( sickle @-@ shaped ) than those of the otherwise very similar American lemon shark . The first dorsal fin is positioned closer to the pelvic than the pectoral fins . The second dorsal fin , nearly equal to the first in size , is located over or slightly forward of the anal fin . No ridge is seen between the dorsal fins . The pectoral fins are long and broad , originating below the space between the third and fourth gill slits . The anal fin has a strong notch in the rear margin . The precaudal pit ( a cavity just forward of the caudal fin ) is oriented longitudinally . The large dermal denticles are overlapping and bear three to five horizontal ridges each . The coloration is a plain yellowish brown or gray above and lighter below , with more yellow on the fins . This species attains a maximum known length of 3 @.@ 8 m ( 12 ft ) , though it typically does not exceed 3 @.@ 1 m ( 10 ft ) .
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= = Biology and ecology = =
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A sluggish species , the sicklefin lemon shark is usually seen cruising sedately just above the sea bottom or lying still on it , as unlike most requiem sharks , it is capable of actively pumping water over its gills . However , it will approach the surface in pursuit of food . This shark seldom undertakes long @-@ distance movements . A study at Aldabra Atoll in the Seychelles found , of the tagged sharks that were later recaptured , over 90 % were still within 2 km ( 1 @.@ 2 mi ) of their initial tagging location . Another study at Moorea in French Polynesia found that some of the local sharks were year @-@ round residents of the island , while others were more transitory and visited only occasionally .
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Over 90 % of the sicklefin lemon shark 's diet consists of bottom- and shore @-@ dwelling teleosts , including herring , mullets , mackerel , silversides , needlefish , smelt @-@ whitings , porgies , sea catfish , triggerfish , parrotfish , and porcupinefish . Occasionally , they may also take cephalopods and crustaceans , and older individuals have been known to consume stingrays and guitarfish . This species may be preyed upon by larger sharks . Known parasites include the tapeworms Paraorygmatobothrium arnoldi , Pseudogrillotia spratti , Phoreiobothrium perilocrocodilus , and Platybothrium jondoeorum . Sicklefin lemon sharks have been documented resting on the bottom and eliciting cleanings by bluestreak cleaner wrasses ( Labroides dimidiatus ) , during which they may open their mouths and stop respiring for as long as 150 seconds to give the wrasses access to their mouths and gills .
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As with other members of its family , the sicklefin lemon shark is viviparous ; the developing embryos are sustained by a placental connection formed from their depleted yolk sacs . Females give birth to one to 13 ( usually six to 12 ) pups every other year in shallow nursery areas , following a gestation period of 10 – 11 months . Unlike in the American lemon shark , cant evidence indicates this species is philopatric ( returns to the site of their birth to reproduce ) . Parturition occurs in October or November at Madagascar and Aldabra , and in January at French Polynesia ; ovulation and mating for nonpregnant females takes place at around the same time . The embryos develop a placenta after around four months of gestation , when they still possess vestiges of external gills . The young are born at a length of 45 – 80 cm ( 18 – 31 in ) . Juvenile sharks grow slowly , at a rate of 12 @.@ 5 – 15 @.@ 5 cm ( 4 @.@ 9 – 6 @.@ 1 in ) per year . Both sexes attain sexual maturity at a length of 2 @.@ 2 – 2 @.@ 4 m ( 7 @.@ 2 – 7 @.@ 9 ft ) .
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= = Human interactions = =
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Several apparently unprovoked attacks on humans have been attributed to the sicklefin lemon shark . Due to its formidable size and teeth , it is regarded as potentially dangerous , and certainly this species has been known to defend itself quickly and vigorously if touched , speared , or otherwise provoked or alarmed . Once agitated , this shark can be a persistent adversary ; in one case , a shark forced a swimmer to seek refuge atop a coral head , and circled for hours before giving up . However , observations by divers show that normally this shark is shy and hesitant to approach , even when presented with bait . Often , the shark will move away when a diver enters visual range . Young sharks are reportedly more aggressive and inquisitive than the adults . At Moorea , sicklefin lemon sharks are the main attraction of daily shark @-@ feeding ecotourism dives . This shark adapts well to captivity and is displayed in public aquariums .
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The IUCN has assessed the sicklefin lemon shark globally as Vulnerable ; it is harvested using anchored and floating gillnets , beach nets , and longlines . The meat is sold fresh or dried and salted for human consumption , the fins used for shark fin soup , and the liver oil is processed for vitamins . The sicklefin lemon shark is highly susceptible to local overfishing , due to its slow reproductive rate and limited movements . Off Southeast Asia , this shark has become scarce under the pressure of expanding , unmonitored , and unregulated fisheries , and has been assessed there as Endangered by the IUCN . Widespread habitat degradation , including pollution and blast fishing on coral reefs and deforestation in mangroves , poses an additional threat to the survival of this species in the region . Already , the sicklefin lemon shark has been extirpated in parts of India and Thailand , and has not been reported from Indonesian markets in recent years despite being historically abundant there . Off Australia , the sicklefin lemon shark is taken in only small numbers intentionally and as bycatch , and has been listed under Least Concern .
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= Flammulated flycatcher =
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The flammulated flycatcher ( Deltarhynchus flammulatus ) is a species of bird in the Tyrannidae family and is the only species in the monotypic genus Deltarhynchus , although it is closely related to the birds of the genus Myiarchus . It is endemic to the dry deciduous forest , arid thorn forest , and scrubby woodland of Mexico ’ s Pacific coast . The flycatcher is an olive to gray @-@ brown bird with a streaked , pale gray chest , white throat , black bill , dark gray feet , and dark brown wings . It is a skulking bird that typically remains hidden in the underbrush . It feeds by gleaning insects off of leaves and twigs that it spots from an exposed perch . The female lays approximately three eggs in a nest made in a shallow tree cavity .
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= = Taxonomy = =
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The species was first described in 1875 by ornithologist George Newbold Lawrence , who placed this species in the genus Myiarchus . However , in 1893 it was split from Myiarchus into the new , monotypic genus Deltarhynchus by Robert Ridgway because of its shorter and broader bill , more rounded wings , and partially streaked underparts . This change was upheld in 1901 by Richard Bowdler Sharpe and by subsequent authors . However , in 1977 ornithologist Melvin Alvah Traylor Jr . , while upholding its status as a monotypic genus , said that the species should be lumped back into Myiarchus if its nesting habits were similar to those of that genus . These doubts were put to rest by Wesley Lanyon 's research of the flycatcher in 1979 , which confirmed the bird 's placement in a monotypic genus .
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Deltarhynchus is similar to the genus Myiarchus , but is distinguished from it by a broader and shorter bill , more rounded wings , a different face pattern , pale cinnamon wing and tail edgings , voice , streaking on the chest , and the bird 's skulking habits . The flammulated flycatcher 's generic name is derived from the Ancient Greek words delta , which means " delta @-@ shaped " or , in this case , " wedge " , and rhynchos , which means " beak " . Its specific epithet is derived from the Latin word flammula , which means " little flame " . The flycatcher has no subspecies .
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= = Description = =
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The flammulated flycatcher is approximately 6 to 6 @.@ 5 inches ( 15 @-@ 16 @.@ 5 cm ) in length and has a chunky body . Adult males and females are similar in plumage , with each possessing olive to a worn gray @-@ brown upperparts and head . A whitish supraloral stripe and crescent are behind the bird 's eyes . It also has a dusky lore . The throat is whitish and the chest is a pale gray with inconspicuous dusky streaking , while the belly and undertail coverts are a pale yellow . Additionally , this species has dark brown , well @-@ rounded wings with pale cinnamon @-@ edged coverts and remiges . The wings are about 3 inches ( 76 mm ) long . The tail is also a dark brown edged with a narrow band of pale cinnamon . It is barely shorter than the wing and slightly rounded . The bird 's bill is black , broad , and triangular with a slightly paler base and about half the length of the its head . The legs are a dark gray and end with large , curved , and sharp claws . It has an orange mouth and a brown eye . The juvenile is similar to the adult , although the tail has a broad band of pale cinnamon .
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= = = Vocalization = = =
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The flammulated flycatcher mostly sings from April to August , which includes its breeding season , and tends to remain hidden while singing . The song of the flycatcher is a plaintive whistle followed by a short but quick roll . It can also give a plaintive and slurred chew call , which is often sung three to five times in a descending series , as well as a squeaky chatter . Calls are the same for males and females and are given throughout the day to give a location , identify an individual , sound an alarm , and mark the limits of a territory , among other functions . During the breeding season , males give what is known as a dawn song every morning , which includes the calls chee @-@ bee beet and churr @-@ r @-@ r @-@ bee bee in alternation .
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= = Distribution and habitat = =
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This flycatcher is endemic to the Pacific lowlands of Mexico 's western coast from Sinaloa to western Chiapas , while possibly extending into Guatemala , although this has not been confirmed . The total area that it lives in is estimated to be 66 @,@ 000 km2 ( 25 @,@ 482 @.@ 7 sq mi ) . Its range is discontinuous and it is found in low densities when present . It lives in dry deciduous forest , arid and semi @-@ arid thorn forest , and scrubby woodland at about 1000 – 1400 meters ( 3280 – 4593 ft ) above sea level . This species is non @-@ migratory .
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= = = Status = = =
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The flammulated flycatcher is listed as being of least concern on the IUCN Red List due to its large range and the belief that the total population numbers over 10 @,@ 000 individuals ; however , no precise estimate on the bird 's population exists . While the species is known to be uncommon in parts of its range , its population is not believed to be declining enough to pass the threshold of 30 % in ten years or three generations necessary to be listed as near threatened , although the exact population trends also have not been quantified .
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= = Ecology and behavior = =
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This flycatcher is a sluggish and skulking species that usually remains in the underbrush . When excited either by an intruder or when attempting to attract a mate , this species raises the feathers on its crown to form what appears to be a crest ; however , unlike the closely related genus Myiarchus , it does not bob its head while displaying the crest .
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= = = Feeding = = =
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The flammulated flycatcher forages by perching on an open branch and looking outward and downward for prey , which primarily consists of insects . Once it spots a potential meal , the flycatcher rapidly and directly flies at the insect , which is normally on the exposed upper surface of a leaf or twig . It hovers briefly before the insect before grabbing it in its beak and flying away to typically a new perch .
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= = = Reproduction = = =
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The flycatcher breeds around June of each year . It nests in shallow tree cavities that are surprisingly close to the ground , at approximately 90 centimeters above it . The nest is shaped like a cup and is composed of fine vegetable fibers , dried leaves , and shredded bark . Unlike the similar Myiarchus flycatchers , it does not use snakeskin or other materials to build its nest . The female lays three eggs that are creamy to pinkish in color and are decorated with brown and gray splotches .
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