Datasets:

Tamazight-NLP

/

NLLB-Seed_Standard-Moroccan-Tamazight

like 0

Modern history: the study of the Modern Times, the era after the Middle Ages.

ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⴰⵜⵔⴰⵔ: ⵜⴰⵖⵓⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⴰⵜⵔⴰⵔ, ⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵏ ⴷⴰⵜ ⵉⵣⵎⵣⵏ ⵉⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙⵏ.

Palaeography: study of ancient texts.

ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵓⵣⵉⵡⵉⵏ: ⵜⴰⵖⵓⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵉⴹⵕⵉⵚⵏ ⵉⵣⴰⵢⴽⵓⵜⵏ.

Psychohistory: study of the psychological motivations of historical events.

ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⴰⵏⵢⵉⵎⴰⵏ: ⵜⴰⵖⵓⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵏⵜⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⵢⵉⵎⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵉⵎⵣⵣⵓⵜⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢⴰⵏⵏ.

Women's history: the history of female human beings.

ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵟⵟⵓⴹⵜ: ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵣⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ.

Centuries and decades are commonly used periods and the time they represent depends on the dating system used.

ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⴷ ⵎⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵙⵏⵏⴰⴷ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵙⵎⵏⵉⴷⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵓⵏⴰⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙⵏ.

To do this, historians often turn to geography.

ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴳⵏ ⴰⵢⴰ, ⴷⴰ ⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙⵏ ⵉⵎⵔⵣⴰ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⵊⵓⵖⵔⴰⴼⵉⵜ.

For example, to explain why the ancient Egyptians developed a successful civilization, studying the geography of Egypt is essential.

ⵙ ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰ, ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⵏⵙⵙⴼⵔⵓ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⵜⵉⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴱⵓⵖⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⴰ ⵉⵎⵓⵔⵙⵏ ⵖⵓⵔ ⵉⵎⵉⵚⵕⵉⵢⵏ, ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵖⵓⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵊⵓⵖⵔⴰⴼⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵎⵉⵚⵕ ⴰⵙⵖⵓⵏ.

History of the Americas is the collective history of North and South America, including Central America and the Caribbean.

ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵉⵔⵉⴽⴰⵜⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⴰⵎⴳⵔⵓ ⵏ ⵎⵉⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴼⴼⵓⵙ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵏ ⵉⵥⵍⵎⴹ, ⵙⴳ ⴷⵉⴳⵙⵏ ⵎⵉⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵜⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵍⵍ ⴰⴽⴰⵕⴰⵢⵉⴱ.

History of the Caribbean begins with the oldest evidence where 7,000-year-old remains have been found.

ⵉⵙⵙⵏⵜⴰ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵍⵍ ⵏ ⴽⴰⵕⴰⵢⵉⴱ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵏⵥⴰ ⴰⵇⴱⵓⵔ ⵉⴷⴷⵖ ⵜⵜⵢⴰⴼⴰⵏ ⵉⴳⵓⵍⴰⵣ ⴰⵙⵎⵎⵓⴷ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ 7000 ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ.

History of Eurasia is the collective history of several distinct peripheral coastal regions: the Middle East, South Asia, East Asia, Southeast Asia, and Europe, linked by the interior mass of the Eurasian steppe of Central Asia and Eastern Europe.

ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵏ ⵓⵔⴰⵙⵢⴰ ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⴰⵎⴳⵔⵓ ⵏ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵏⴰⴹⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵖⴰⵔⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵜⴻⵜⵜⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵉⵅⵓⵍⴼⵏ: ⴰⵏⵇⵇⴰⵔ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵉⵥⵍⵎⴹ ⵏ ⴰⵙⵢⴰ ⴷ ⵉⴼⴼⵓⵙ ⵏ ⴰⵙⵢⴰ ⴷ ⵉⴼⴼⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵇⵇⴰⵔ ⵏ ⴰⵙⵢⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵕⵓⴱⴱⴰ, ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵣⴷⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵣⵓⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵯⵏⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵔⴰⵙⵢⴰ ⴳ ⴰⵙⵢⴰ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙⵜ ⴷ ⵓⵕⵓⴱⴱⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵇⵇⴰⵔ.

History of East Asia is the study of the past passed down from generation to generation in East Asia.

ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵏ ⵓⵇⵇⴰⵔ ⵏ ⴰⵙⵢⴰ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵖⵓⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵢⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵣⵔⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵎⵓⵜⵜⵓⵢⵙ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵙⵓⵜⴰ ⵙ ⵜⵙⵓⵜⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵏⵇⵇⴰⵔ ⵏ ⴰⵙⵢⴰ.

History of Southeast Asia has been characterized as interaction between regional players and foreign powers.

ⵉⵥⵍⵉ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵏ ⵉⵥⵍⵎⴹ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵇⵇⴰⵔ ⵏ ⴰⵙⵢⴰ ⵙ ⵓⵎⵢⴰⵖ ⵉⵏⴳⵔ ⵉⵎⵉⵔⴰⵔⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴰⵡⴰⵏⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴰⴳⴳⴰⵍⵉⵏ ⵏ ⴱⵕⵕ.

"The ""old"" social history before the 1960s was a hodgepodge of topics without a central theme, and it often included political movements, like Populism, that were ""social"" in the sense of being outside the elite system."

"ⵉⴳⴰ ⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏ ""ⴰⵣⴰⵢⴽⵓ"" ⴷⴰⵜ 1960 ⴰⵔⴽⵉⵙ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵔⵙⵉⵜⵏ ⴱⵍⴰ ⵉⵎⵔⵙⵉ ⴰⴷⵙⵍⴰⵏ, ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴷⴰ ⴷⵉⴳⵙ ⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓⵜⵏ ⵉⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏⵏ, ⵣⵓⵏⴷ ⵜⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏⵜ, ⴳⴰⵏ ""ⵉⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏⵏ"" ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴱⵕⵕⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵜ."

It examines the records and narrative descriptions of past knowledge, customs, and arts of a group of people.

ⴷⴰ ⵉⵣⵣⵔⴰⵢ ⵅⴼ ⵡⴰⵔⵔⴰⵜⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵏⵓⵎⵎⴰⵍ ⵉⵎⴰⵍⵍⴰⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵎⵢⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵥⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵉⵣⵔⵉⵏ ⵉ ⵜⵔⴰⴱⴱⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵎⵉⴷⴷⵏ.

This type of political history is the study of the conduct of international relations between states or across state boundaries over time.

ⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵖⵓⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵉⴽⵍⵉ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵢⴰⵙⵙⴰⵜⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏⵏ ⵉⵏⴳⵔ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⴰ ⵏⵖⴷ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵡⵜⵜⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⴰ ⵙ ⵓⵣⵔⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ.

It gained popularity in the United States, Japan and other countries after the 1980s with the realization that students need a broader exposure to the world as globalization proceeds.

ⵜⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏⵜ ⴳ ⵉⵡⵓⵏⴰⴽ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⴷ ⵍⵢⴰⴱⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⴰ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ ⴹⴰⵕⵜ 1980 ⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵉⵣⵔⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵓⴼⵔⴰⴽ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⵔⴰⵡⵏ ⵙ ⵡⴰⵙⵙⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵉⵏⵏ ⴰⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵓⴱⴰⵔⴰⵡ ⵏⵉⵍ ⵜⵙⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏⵜ.

Despite being a relatively new field, gender history has had a significant effect on the general study of history.

ⵎⵇⵇⴰⵔ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵛⵡⵉⵢ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵉⴳⵔ ⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓ, ⵉⵟⵟⴰⵚ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵖⵓⵔⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵜⵓⵜⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ.

At Oxford and Cambridge, scholarship was downplayed.

ⴳ ⵓⴽⵙⴼⵓⵕⴷ ⴷ ⴽⴰⵎⴱⵔⵉⴷⵊ, ⵙⵓⴳⴳⵣⵏ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵜⵉⴳ ⵏ ⵜⵓⴳⴳⴰⵣ ⴳ ⵜⵖⵓⵔⵉ.

The tutors dominated the debate until after the Second World War.

ⵓⵎⵥⵏ ⵉⵙⵍⵎⴰⴷⵏ ⴰⵎⴹⴰⴽⴰⵕ ⴰⵡⴷ ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉ ⴰⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ.

In the United States after World War I, a strong movement emerged at the university level to teach courses in Western Civilization, so as to give students a common heritage with Europe.

ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉ ⴰⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵉⵡⵓⵏⴰⴽ ⵉⵎⵓⵏ, ⵉⴼⴼⵖ ⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓ ⵉⴷⵓⵙⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵙⴷⴷⴰⵡⵉⵜ ⵉⵙⵙⵖⵔⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵡⴰⵍⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵖⵍⴰⵢ, ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⴼⴽⴰ ⵉ ⵉⵎⵣⵔⴰⵡⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵢⴷⴰ ⵉⵛⵛⴰⵔⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵕⵓⴱⴱⴰ.

Many view the field from both perspectives.

ⴷⴰ ⵉⵙⵓⴳⴳⵓⵔ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵉⴳⵔ ⴰⴷ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵎⵏⵉⴷⵏ ⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ.

In the United States, textbooks published by the same company often differ in content from state to state.

ⴳ ⵉⵡⵓⵏⴰⴽ ⵉⵎⵓⵏ, ⴷⴰ ⵜⵜⵎⵣⵣⴰⵔⴰⵢⵏ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵉⴽⴽⴰⵍ ⵉⴷⵍⵉⵙⵏ ⵉⵏⵎⵍⴰⵏⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵜⴼⵙⵙⵔ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵓⵔⵜ ⴳ ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵎⵏⴰⴷⵜ ⵙ ⵜⴰⵢⴹ.

Academic historians have often fought against the politicization of the textbooks, sometimes with success.

ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵉⴽⴽⴰⵍ ⴷⴰ ⵜⵜⵏⴰⵖⵏ ⵉⵎⵔⵣⴰ ⵉⴽⴰⴷⵉⵎⵉⵢⵏ ⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵔⵜⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴷⵍⵉⵙⵏ ⵉⵏⵎⵍⴰⵏⵏ, ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵉⴽⴽⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵓⵎⵓⵔⵙ.

A civilization (or civilisation) is a complex society that is characterized by urban development, social stratification, a form of government, and symbolic systems of communication (such as writing).

ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⴰ (ⵏⵖⴷ ⵜⴰⵖⵔⵎⴰ) ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴳⴷⵓⴷ ⵉⵎⵎⵓⵔⴽⵙⵏ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵓⴱⵓⵖⵍⵓ ⴰⵖⵔⵎⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵔⵓⴱⴱⴰ ⵜⵉⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵍⵖⴰ ⵙⴳ ⵜⴰⵍⵖⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⴷ ⵉⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵢⴰⵡⴰⴹ ⵉⵏⵉⴳⵍⴰⵏⵏ (ⵣⵓⵏⴷ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ).

In this broad sense, a civilization contrasts with non-centralized tribal societies, including the cultures of nomadic pastoralists, Neolithic societies or hunter-gatherers; however, sometimes it also contrasts with the cultures found within civilizations themselves.

ⴳ ⵓⵏⴰⵍⴽ ⴰⴷ ⴰⴱⴰⵔⴰⵡ, ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⴰ ⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⵉⴳⴷⵓⴷⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵇⴱⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵉⵏⵏⵓⵎⵙⴰ, ⴳ ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⵜⴷⵍⵙⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴽⵙⴰⵡⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵎⵓⴷⴷⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴳⴷⵓⴷⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⵏ ⵓⵥⵕⵓ ⴰⵜⵔⴰⵔ ⵏⵖⴷ ⵉⵏⴳⵎⴰⵔⵏ; ⵎⵇⵇⴰⵔ, ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵉⴽⴽⴰⵍ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⴳⴳⴰ ⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⴷⵍⵙⴰⵜⵉⵏ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⴳⵯⵏⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵉⵅⴼⴰⵡⵏ ⵏⵏⵙⵏⵜ.

The fundamental treatise is Norbert Elias's The Civilizing Process (1939), which traces social mores from medieval courtly society to the Early Modern period.

ⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⴷⵙⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵙⵉⵖⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵏⵓⵕⴱⵔⵜ ⵉⵍⵢⴰⵙ (1939), ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⴹⴼⴼⵓⵕⵏ ⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏ ⵉⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵓⴳⴷⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵜⴳⴰⴷⵉⵔⵜ ⴳ ⵉⵣⵎⵣⵏ ⵉⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙⵏ ⴰⵔ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⴰⵜⵔⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵣⵉⴽⴽ.

"Related words like ""civility"" developed in the mid-16th century."

"ⵜⵉⴳⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵥⴰⵕⵙ ⵉⵣⴷⵉⵏ ⵣⵓⵏⴷ ""ⴰⵖⵖⵓⵔⵎⵓ"" ⵜⴱⵓⵖⵍⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵣⴳⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵜⵉⵙ 16."

"In the late 1700s and early 1800s, during the French Revolution, ""civilization"" was used in the singular, never in the plural, and meant the progress of humanity as a whole."

ⴳ ⵜⴳⵉⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ 1700 ⴷ ⵜⵉⵣⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵏ 1800, ⵉⵡⵏⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵔⴰⵡⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⴼⵕⴰⵏⵙⵉⵙⵜ, ⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵜⴳⵓⵔⵉ ⵏ ""ⵜⵖⵔⵎⴰ"" ⴳⵜⵙⵇⵇⵓⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⴼ, ⵎⴰⵛⵉ ⴳ ⵜⵙⵇⵇⵓⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⴳⵜ, ⵏⵏⴰ ⵎⵉ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⵏⴰⵎⴽ ⴰⵍⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⴽⵓⵍⵍⵓ."

"Only in this generalized sense does it become possible to speak of a ""medieval civilization"", which in Elias's sense would have been an oxymoron."

"ⵙ ⵓⵏⴰⵎⴽ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢ ⴷⴰⵢ ⵉⵣⴹⴰⵕ ⴰⴷ ⵏⵙⵉⵡⵍ ⵅⴼ ""ⵜⵖⵔⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵣⵎⵣⵏ ⵉⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙⵏ"", ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵥⴹⴰⵕⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳ ⴰⵎⵣⴰⴳⴰⵍ ⴰⵙⵏⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵉⵍⵢⴰⵙ."

"Here, civilization, being more rational and socially driven, is not fully in accord with human nature, and ""human wholeness is achievable only through the recovery of or approximation to an original discursive or prerational natural unity"" (see noble savage)."

"ⵖⵉⴷ, ⵜⴰⵖⵔⵎⴰ, ⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⵍⵍⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵏⴷⴰⵀⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ, ⵓⵔ ⵜⵎⵙⴰⵙⴰ ⴷ ⵓⴳⴰⵎⴰ ⴰⵏⴰⴼⴳⴰⵏ, ⴷ ""ⵓⵔ ⵏⴻⵏⵏⵉ ⴰⴷ ⵏⴰⵡⴹ ⴰⵙⵎⴰⴷ ⴰⵏⴰⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⵖⴰⵙ ⵙ ⵜⴱⵔⵉⴷⵜ ⵏ ⵡⵓⵖⵓⵍ ⵏⵖⴷ ⴰⵙⵏⵎⵉⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵣⵣⵓⵎ ⴰⴳⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵏⵖⵓⴷ ⵏⵖⴷ ⴷⴰⵜ ⴰⴳⴰⵎⴰⵏ"" (ⵥⵕ ⵏⵓⴱⵍ ⵙⵓⴼⴰⵊ)."

Civilizations have been distinguished by their means of subsistence, types of livelihood, settlement patterns, forms of government, social stratification, economic systems, literacy and other cultural traits.

ⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⵏⵜ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵉⵎⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙⵏⵜ, ⴷ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵎⴽⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ, ⴷ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵣⴷⵓⵖ, ⴷ ⵜⴰⵍⵖⴰⵜⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴱⴰⴹ, ⴷ ⵜⵔⵓⴱⴱⴰ ⵜⵉⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏⵉⵏ, ⴷ ⵉⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡⵏ ⵉⴷⵎⵙⴰⵏⵏ, ⴷ ⵓⵚⴼⴰⴹ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵔⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ, ⴷ ⵜⵎⵉⵜⴰⵔ ⵜⵉⴷⵍⵙⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ.

All civilizations have depended on agriculture for subsistence, with the possible exception of some early civilizations in Peru which may have depended upon maritime resources.

ⵙⵏⵏⴷⵏⵜ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴽⵓⵍⵍⵓ ⵅⴼ ⵜⴽⵔⵣⴰ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴷⴷⵔⵏ, ⵏⵖⵉ ⴰⴷ ⵏⴽⴽⵙ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵣⵉⴽⴽ ⴳ ⴱⴱⵉⵔⵓ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵙⵏⵏⴷⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵉⵙⵍⵎⴰⵏ.

Grain surpluses have been especially important because grain can be stored for a long time.

ⵉⵍⴰ ⵓⵛⴰⵢⴹ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵏⴷⵉ ⴰⵜⵉⴳ ⴰⵎⵥⵍⴰⵢ ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵉⵖⵢ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵜⵓⵃⴹⵓⵏ ⵉⵎⵏⴷⵉ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵉⵖⵣⵣⵉⴼⵏ.

However, in some places hunter-gatherers have had access to food surpluses, such as among some of the indigenous peoples of the Pacific Northwest and perhaps during the Mesolithic Natufian culture.

ⵎⵇⵇⴰⵔ, ⴳ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⵙⵉⵡⵏ, ⵖⵉⵏ ⵉⵏⴳⵎⴰⵔⵏ-ⵉⵎⵙⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⴰⵏⵏ ⵍⴽⵎⵏ ⴰⵛⴰⵢⴹ ⵏ ⵡⵓⵜⵜⵛⵉ, ⵉⵎⴽⵉ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⵖⵓⵔ ⴽⵔⴰⵏ ⵉⴳⴷⵓⴷⵏ ⵉⵏⵚⵍⵉⵢⵏ ⴳ ⵉⵣⵍⵎⴷⵏ ⵓⵖⵍⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵍⵍ ⵉⵕⵙⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵖⵢ ⵉⴷⴷ ⵉⵡⵏⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴷⵍⵙⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⵏ ⵓⵥⵔⵓ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵏⴰⵜⵓⴼⵢⴰⵏ.

"The word ""civilization"" is sometimes simply defined as ""'living in cities'""."

"ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵉⴽⴽⴰⵍ ⴷⴰ ⵜⵜⵓⵙⵏⴽⴰⴷ ⵜⴳⵓⵔⵉ ⵏ ""ⵜⵖⵔⵎⴰ"" ⵙ ⵜⴼⵔⵉ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵜⴳⴰ '""ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⴳ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵉⵏ'""."

State societies are more stratified than other societies; there is a greater difference among the social classes.

ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵡⴰⵏⴽ ⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⵏⵙⵎⵉⵍⵏ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ; ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵓⵎⵣⴰⵔⴰⵢ ⵉⴳⴳⵓⵜⵏ ⵉⵏⴳⵔ ⵉⵙⵎⵉⵍⵏ ⵉⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏⵏ.

Civilizations, with complex social hierarchies and organized, institutional governments.

ⵜⵉⵖⵔⵎⵉⵡⵉⵏ, ⴷ ⵉⵙⵏⵙⵍⵏ ⵉⵣⴰⵎⵓⴳⵏ ⵉⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⵉⵎⵎⵓⵔⴽⵙⵏ, ⴷ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵔⵙⴰⵍⵉⵏ ⵉⵜⵓⵓⵙⵓⴷⵏⵙ.

Some people also acquire landed property, or private ownership of the land.

ⴷⴰ ⵜⵜⴰⴳⵎⵏ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵉⴼⴳⴰⵏⵏ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵏⵉⵜⵏⵉ ⵜⵉⵍⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ, ⵏⵖⴷ ⵜⵉⵍⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵥⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ.

By the early Iron Age, contemporary civilizations developed money as a medium of exchange for increasingly complex transactions.

ⴳ ⵜⵉⵣⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⵏ ⵡⵓⵣⵣⴰⵍ, ⵙⴱⵓⵖⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵜⵔⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⵉⴷⵔⵉⵎⵏ ⴷ ⴰⵎⵎⴰⴽ ⵉ ⵓⵏⵏⴼⴽⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵉⵖⵉⵏ ⵉⵎⵎⵓⵔⴽⵙⵏ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵄⴰⵡⴰⴷ.

These people may not be personally acquainted with one another and their needs may not occur all at the same time.

ⵖⵉⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵓⵔ ⵎⵢⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⵉⴼⴳⴰⵏⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵏⴳⵔ ⴰⵙⵏ ⴷ ⵖⵉⵏ ⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵓⵔ ⵊⵕⵓⵏ ⵡⴰⵙⵙⴰⵔⵏ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⴳ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ.

The transition from simpler to more complex economies does not necessarily mean an improvement in the living standards of the populace.

ⴰⵎⵎⵓⵜⵜⵉ ⵙⴳ ⵜⴷⵎⵙⴰⵜⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴼⵔⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⵖⵔ ⵜⴷⵎⵙⴰⵜⵉⵏ ⵉⵎⵎⵓⵔⴽⵙⵏ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵓⵔ ⵉⴳⵉ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵓⵖⵏ ⴰⴱⵓⵖⵍⵓ ⴳ ⵉⵙⵡⵉⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖ.

The average stature of a population is a good measurement of the adequacy of its access to necessities, especially food.

ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵙⵖⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵡⵓⴷⴷⵓⵔ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖ ⵜⴰⵎⵙⵖⴰⵍⵜ ⵉⵖⵓⴷⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵥⴹⵕⵜ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⴰⵏ ⴰⵡⴹⵏ ⵉⵙⵓⵖⴰⵏ, ⵓⵜⵛⵉ ⵙ ⵓⵥⵍⴰⵢ.

Like money, the writing was necessitated by the size of the population of a city and the complexity of its commerce among people who are not all personally acquainted with each other.

ⵣⵓⵏⴷ ⵉⴷⵔⵉⵎⵏ, ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ ⴰⵙⵓⵖⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵎⵏⵜⵉⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴽⵙⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵎⵓⵔⴽⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴱⴱⴰⴱⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵏⴳⵔ ⵉⴼⴳⴰⵏⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵎⵢⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⵏⴳⵔⴰⵙⵏ.

These include organized religion, development in the arts, and countless new advances in science and technology.

ⴷⵉⴳⵙⵏⵜ ⴰⵙⵖⴰⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵓⴷⵏ, ⴷ ⵓⴱⵓⵖⵍⵓ ⴳ ⵜⵥⵓⵕⵉⵡⵉⵏ, ⴷ ⵉⴱⵓⵖⵍⵓⵜⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓⵜⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⴳⴳⵓⵜⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵜⵉⴽⵏⵓⵍⵓⵊⵉⵢⵜ.

"These cultures are called by some ""primitive"", a term that is regarded by others as pejorative. """

"ⴷⴰ ⴰⵙⵏⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵉ ⵜⴷⵍⵙⴰⵜⵉⵏ ⴰⴷ ""ⵜⵉⵇⵇⴱⵓⵔⵉⵏ"", ⵜⴰⴳⵓⵔⵉ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴳⴰ ⴷⴰⵔ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ ⴰⵃⵇⵇⵔ. """

"Anthropologists today use the term ""non-literate"" to describe these peoples."

"ⴰⵙⵙⴰ ⴷⴰ ⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⵟⵕⵓⴱⵓⵍⵓⵊⵢⴰ ⵜⴰⴳⵓⵔⵉ ⵏ ""ⵉⴷ ⵡⴰⵔⵉⵇⵓⴱⴱⴰⵏⵉⵢⵏ"" ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⵙⵏⵓⵎⵎⵍⵏ ⵉⴳⴷⵓⴷⵏ ⴰⴷ."

But civilization is also spread by the technical, material and social dominance that civilization engenders.

ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⴷⴰ ⵜⵜⵓⴼⵙⴰⵔ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⴰ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵙ ⵜⴱⵔⵉⴷⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴱⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⴰⵜⵉⵇⵏⵉⵢⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵥⵕⴼⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵉⴽⴽⵉ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⴰ.

Civilizations tend to develop intricate cultures, including a state-based decision making apparatus, a literature, professional art, architecture, organized religion and complex customs of education, coercion and control associated with maintaining the elite.

ⴷⴰ ⵜⵜⵉⵔⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵙⴱⵓⵖⵍⵓⵏⵜ ⵜⵉⴷⵍⵙⴰⵜⵉⵏ ⵉⵎⵎⵓⵔⴽⵙⵏ, ⴳ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵓⵏⴳⵎⴰⵎ ⵢⴰⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵖⵜⴰⵙⵜ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵙⵉⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵡⴰⵏⴽ, ⴷ ⵜⵙⴽⵍⴰ, ⴷ ⵜⵥⵓⵕⵉ ⵜⴰⵣⵣⵓⵍⴰⵏⵜ, ⴷ ⵜⵎⵙⴷⴰⴳⵜ, ⴷ ⵓⵙⵖⴰⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵓⴷⵙⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵎⵢⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⵉⵎⵎⵓⵔⴽⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵙⵍⵎⴷ, ⴷ ⵓⵏⵎⵔⵉ ⴷ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵉⵣⴷⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵃⵟⵟⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵜ.

The civilization in which someone lives is that person's broadest cultural identity.

ⵜⴰⵖⵔⵎⴰ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴳ ⵉⵣⴷⵖ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵜ ⴰⵢⴷ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴳⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⴷⵍⵙⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⴱⴰⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⴰⵖ.

The aim is to preserve the cultural heritage of humanity and also the cultural identity, especially in the case of war and armed conflict.

ⴰⵡⵜⵜⴰⵙ ⵉⴳⴰⵜ ⵓⵃⵟⵟⵓ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵢⴷⴰ ⴰⴷⵍⵙⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⴷ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴳⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⴷⵍⴷⴰⵏⵜ, ⵙ ⵓⵥⵍⴰⵢ ⴳ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵥⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⴼⴰⵏⵜ.

"Early twentieth-century philosopher Oswald Spengler,Spengler, Oswald, Decline of the West: Perspectives of World History (1919) uses the German word Kultur, ""culture"", for what many call a ""civilization""."

"ⴳ ⵜⵉⵣⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵜⵉⵙ ⵙⵉⵎⵔⴰⵡ ⴰⴼⵉⵍⵓⵙⵓⴼ ⵓⵙⵡⴰⵍⴷ ⵛⴱⵏⴳⵍⵔ, ⵛⴱⵏⴳⵍⵔ, ⵓⵙⵡⴰⵍⴷ, ⵜⵉⵎⵎⵓⵣⴷⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵖⵍⴰⵢ: ⵉⵎⵏⵉⴷⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⴰⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏ (1919) ⴷⴰ ⵉⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙ ⵜⴰⴳⵓⵔⵉ ⵜⴰⵍⵎⴰⵏⵉⵢⵜ ⴽⵓⵍⵓⵜⵓⵔ, ""ⵜⴰⴷⵍⵙⴰ"", ⵉ ⵓⵢⵏⵏⴰ ⵎⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ""ⵜⴰⵖⵔⵎⴰ""."

"Spengler states civilization is the beginning of the decline of a culture as ""the most external and artificial states of which a species of developed humanity is capable""."

"ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉ ⵛⴱⵏⴳⵍⵔ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵖⵔⵎⴰ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵉⵣⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵎⵓⵣⴷⵔ ⵏ ⵜⴷⵍⵙⴰ ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ""ⵜⴳⴰ ⵙⴳ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷⵏ ⵉⴱⵕⵕⴰⵏⵉⵢⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⴰⴽⵯⵏⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵙ ⵉⵖⵉ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⵢⵓⵍⵉⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵜ ⵉⵙⵙⴽⵔ""."

"Civilizations generally declined and fell, according to Toynbee, because of the failure of a ""creative minority"", through moral or religious decline, to meet some important challenge, rather than mere economic or environmental causes."

ⵙ ⵓⵎⴰⵜⴰ ⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏⵜ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⴷ ⴹⵕⵏⵜ, ⵏⵉⵍ ⵜⵡⵉⵎⴱⵉ, ⵙ ⵜⵎⵏⵜⵉⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵏⴳⵣⵓ ⵏ ""ⵉⵎⵙⵏⴼⵍⵓⵍⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⴷⵔⵓⵙⵏ"", ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵉⵛⵡⵡⵕ ⵓⵡⵏⴳⵉⵎ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵖⴰⵏ, ⴳ ⵜⵏⵏⴰⵍⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵥⴰⵕⵉⵏ ⵉⵙⵜⴰⵡⵀⵎⵎⴰⵏ, ⵓⵔ ⵉⴷ ⵖⴰⵙ ⵜⵉⵎⵏⵜⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴷⵎⵙⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵏⵖⴷ ⵜⵉⵡⵏⵏⴰⴹⵉⵏ.

For example, trade networks were, until the nineteenth century, much larger than either cultural spheres or political spheres.

ⵙ ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰ, ⴽⴽⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵔⴰⴷⵙⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴱⴱⴰⴱⵜ, ⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵜⵉⵙ ⵜⵥⴰ ⴷ ⵎⵔⴰⵡ, ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵉⴳⵔⴰⵏ ⵉⴷⵍⵙⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴳⵔⴰⵏ ⵉⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏⵏ.

During the Uruk period, Guillermo Algaze has argued that trade relations connected Egypt, Mesopotamia, Iran and Afghanistan.

ⴳ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵕⵓⴽ, ⵉⵎⵖⵏⵏⴰⵏ ⴳⵉⵢⵢⵉⵔⵎⵓ ⴰⵍⴳⴰⵣ ⵅⴼ ⵉⵎⵢⴰⵙⵙⴰⵜⵏ ⵉⵙⴱⴱⴰⴱⵏ ⵣⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵉⵏⴳⵔ ⵎⵉⵚⵕ ⴷ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵔⵜ ⵏⴳⵔ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⵙⴰⴼⴼⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵕⴰⵏ ⴷ ⴰⴼⵖⴰⵏⵉⵙⵜⴰⵏ.

Different civilizations and societies all over the globe are economically, politically, and even culturally interdependent in many ways.

ⵜⵓⵖⵔⵎⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴰⵔⴰⵢⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⴽⵓⵍⵍⵓ ⵎⵎⵣⴷⴰⵢⵏⵜ ⴳ ⵜⴷⵎⵙⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵙⵔⵜⵉⵜ ⴷ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵜⴰⴷⵍⵙⴰ ⴳ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵉⵍⴰ.

Central Civilization later expanded to include the entire Middle East and Europe, and then expanded to a global scale with European colonization, integrating the Americas, Australia, China and Japan by the nineteenth century.

ⵜⵏⵏⵖⵍ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⴰ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙⵜ ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵓⵢⵏⵏⴰⵖ ⴱⴰⵛ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⵥ ⴰⵏⵇⵇⴰⵔ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⴽⵓⵍⵍⵓ ⴷ ⵓⵕⵓⴱⴱⴰ, ⵉⵎⵉⴽⴽ ⵜⵏⵏⵖⵍ ⴳ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⴳ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴷⴷⵓⵔⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵕⵓⴱⴱⴰ, ⵉⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⵉⴷ ⵎⵉⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵜⵔⴰⵍⵢⴰ ⴷ ⵚⵚⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵍⵢⴰⴱⴰⵏ ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⴷ ⵜⵍⴽⵎ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵜⵉⵙ ⵜⵥⴰ ⴷ ⵎⵔⴰⵡ.

This encouraged a secondary products revolution in which people used domesticated animals not just for meat, but also for milk, wool, manure and pulling ploughs and carts – a development that spread through the Eurasian Oecumene.

ⵉⵙⵙⵔⵇⴱ ⵎⴰⵏⴰⵢⴰ ⵅⴼ ⵜⴳⵔⴰⵡⵍⴰ ⴳ ⵉⵢⴰⴼⵓⵜⵏ ⵉⵙⵉⵏⴰⵏⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴳ ⵙⵎⵔⵙⵏ ⵎⵉⴷⴷⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⴷⴰⵔ ⵉⵏⵎⵢⴰⵔⵏ ⵎⴰⵛⵉ ⵖⴰⵙ ⴰⴽⵙⵓⵎ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⴰⵡⴷ ⴰⴽⴼⴼⴰⵢ ⴷ ⵜⴰⴹⵓⵟⵟ ⴷ ⵍⵖⴱⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵓⵣⵣⵓⵖⵕⵕ ⵏ ⵉⵡⵓⵍⵍⵓⵜⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵍⴷⵉⵜⵉⵏ – ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⴱⵓⵖⵍⵓ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⴼⵙⴰⵔⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵉⴽⵓⵎⵉⵢⵏ ⵉⵡⵕⴰⵙⵉⵢⵏ.

"This area has been identified as having ""inspired some of the most important developments in human history including the invention of the wheel, the planting of the first cereal crops and the development of the cursive script""."

"ⵜⵜⵓⵙⵜⴰⵢ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵜⴳⴰ ""ⵜⴰⵎⵙⴼⵔⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⴽⵔⴰⵏ ⵉⴱⵓⵖⵍⵓⵜⵏ ⵉⵙⵜⴰⵡⵀⵎⵎⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵏ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵓⵙⵏⵓⵍⴼⵓ ⵏ ⵕⵡⵉⴹⴰ, ⴷ ⵜⴽⵔⵣⴰ ⵏ ⵍⵖⵍⵍⴰⵜ ⵜⵉⵎⵣⵡⵓⵔⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵙⴱⵓⵖⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ ⵙ ⵜⴰⵔⴰⵢⵜ ⵉⵣⴷⵉⵏ""."

This climate change shifted the cost-benefit ratio of endemic violence between communities, which saw the abandonment of unwalled village communities and the appearance of walled cities, associated with the first civilizations.

ⴰⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵣⵡⵉ ⵉⵙⵉⵜⵜⵉ ⴰⵙⵖⵍ ⵏ ⴰⵜⵉⴳ-ⴰⴱⵖⵓⵔ ⵏ ⵓⴽⵕⴰⴷ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⵏⴳⵔ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ, ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵙⵏⴼⵍⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵖⵔⵎⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵔ ⵉⴳⵉⴷⴰⵔ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵓⴼⵖ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⵎⵉ ⵜⵜⵉⵏ ⵉⴳⵉⴷⴰⵔ, ⵉⵣⴷⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ.

The civilized urban revolution in turn was dependent upon the development of sedentism, the domestication of grains and animals, the permanence of settlements and development of lifestyles that facilitated economies of scale and accumulation of surplus production by certain social sectors.

ⵜⵙⵏⵏⴷ ⵜⴳⵔⴰⵡⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵖⵔⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⵉⵖⵖⵓⵔⵎⴰⵏ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵜ ⵅⴼ ⵓⴱⵓⵖⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵚⵚⵕⵚⵓ, ⴰⵍⵇⵇⵎ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵏⴷⵉ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵓⴷⴰⵔ, ⴰⵙⵙⵓⴷⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵔⵙⴰⵍ ⴷ ⵓⴱⵓⵖⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⵀⵏⵏ ⴰⵙⴷⵎⵙⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴽⵙⴰⵢ ⴷ ⵓⵙⴳⵓⴷⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵛⴰⵢⴹ ⵏ ⵓⴼⴰⵔⵙ ⵙⴳ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵢⵉⴳⵔⴰⵏ ⵉⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏⵏ.

Some focus on historical examples, and others on general theory.

ⴽⵔⴰ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⴷⴷ ⵅⴼ ⵉⵎⴷⵢⴰⵜⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢⴰⵏⵏ, ⴷ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵉⵥⵉⵕⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢⵜ.

"For Gibbon, ""The decline of Rome was the natural and inevitable effect of immoderate greatness."

"ⵖⵓⵔ ⵊⵉⴱⵓⵏ, ""ⴰⵎⵎⵓⵣⴷⵔ ⵏ ⵔⵓⵎⴰ ⴰⵢⴷ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⵟⵟⵉⵚ ⴰⴳⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⴷ ⴰⵙⵓⵖⵏⴰⵏ ⵉ ⵜⵉⵎⵖⵔⵜ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⴼⴰⵏ."

"Theodor Mommsen in his History of Rome suggested Rome collapsed with the collapse of the Western Roman Empire in 476 CE and he also tended towards a biological analogy of ""genesis"", ""growth"", ""senescence"", ""collapse"" and ""decay""."

ⵉⵙⵓⵎⵔ ⵜⵢⵓⴷⵓⵕ ⵎⵓⵙⵎⵏ ⴳ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵏ ⵔⵓⵎⴰ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵜⴹⵕ ⵕⵓⵎⴰ ⴳ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵜⴹⵓⵕⵉ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵉⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵖⵍⴰⵢ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 476 ⴳ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ, ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⴷⴷⵓ ⴰⵡⴷ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵎⵣⴰⵣⵣⴰⵍ ⴰⴱⵢⵓⵍⵓⵊⵢ ⵏ ""ⵓⵙⵎⵓⵜⵜⴳ"", ""ⵜⴰⵎⵔⵏⵉⵡⵜ"", ""ⵜⴰⵡⵙⵔⵜ"", ""ⵜⴰⴹⵓⵕⵉ"", ""ⴰⵏⵖⵓⴱⵓ""."

Arnold J. Toynbee in his A Study of History suggested that there had been a much larger number of civilizations, including a small number of arrested civilizations, and that all civilizations tended to go through the cycle identified by Mommsen.

ⵉⵙⵓⵎⵔ ⴰⵕⵏⵓⵍⴷ J. ⵜⵓⵢⵏⴱⵉ ⴳ ⵜⵖⵓⵔⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵏⴰⴹ ⵉⵅⴰⵜⵔⵏ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵉⵡⵉⵏ, ⵏⵏⴰ ⴳ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⴹⴰⵏ ⵉⴷⵔⵓⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵉⴱⴷⴷⴰⵏ, ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⴽⵓⵍⵍⵓ ⵜⵉⵖⵔⵎⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵖⵉⵏⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵣⵔⵉⵏⵜ ⵅⴼ ⵓⵙⴰⵔⴰ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵙⵔⵙ ⵎⵓⵎⵎⵙⵏ.

During the intermediate phase, the increasing population growth leads to the decrease of per capita production and consumption levels, it becomes more and more difficult to collect taxes, and state revenues stop growing, whereas the state expenditures grow due to the growth of the population controlled by the state.

ⵉⵡⵏⴰⵏ ⵏⵜⴼⵔⴽⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙⵜ, ⴷⴰ ⵜⵜⴰⵡⵉ ⵜⵎⵔⵏⵉⵡⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵍⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵡⵓⴳⵓⵣ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵡⵉⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴼⴰⵔⵙ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵎⵓⵔ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵔⵉⴷ, ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵛⵇⵇⵓ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵥ ⵏ ⵉⵔⴳⴰⵢⵏ, ⴰⵔ ⵜⴱⴷⴷⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵏⵓⴷⴰⴼ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵎⵔⵏⵉⵡⵜ, ⴳ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⴳ ⵜⵜⴰⵍⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⵎⵇⵕⴰⴹ ⵏ ⵓⵡⴰⵏⴽ ⵙ ⵜⵎⵏⵜⵉⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵔⵏⵉⵡⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵏⴱⴰⴹⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵓⵡⴰⵏⴽ.

Secular Cycles and Millennial Trends.

ⵜⵉⵙⵓⵜⴰⵍ ⵜⵉⵄⵍⵎⴰⵏⵉⵢⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵏⵉⴷⵏ ⵉⵏⵉⴼⴹⵏ.

The fact that Rome needed to generate ever greater revenues to equip and re-equip armies that were for the first time repeatedly defeated in the field, led to the dismemberment of the Empire.

ⵜⵉⴷⵜⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵎⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵕⵓⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵙⵙⴽⵔ ⵜⵉⵏⵓⴷⴰⴼ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵉⵣⵔⵉⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵇⵡⵡⵎ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵔⴷⴰⵙⵏ ⵜⵉⴽⴽⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵔⵔⴰⵏ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵉⴽⴽⴰⵍ ⴳ ⵓⴱⴰⵔⴰⵣ, ⵖⵔ ⵓⵛⵔⵔⴳ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜ.

He argues that the collapse of the Maya has lessons for civilization today.

ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵎⵖⵏⵏⴰⵏ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⴰⵎⵎⵓⵣⴷⵔ ⵏ ⵍⵎⴰⵢⴰ ⵉⵍⴰ ⵜⵉⵎⵙⵉⵔⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⴰ ⴰⵙⵙⴰ.

The energy expended to energy yield ratio is central to limiting the survival of civilizations.

ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⵙⵖⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵣⵎⵔⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵅⵙⵔⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵣⵎⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵔⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⵜⴰⵖⴰⵡⵙⴰ ⵜⴰⴷⵙⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⴳ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜⵉⵏ.

Koneczny claimed that civilizations cannot be mixed into hybrids, an inferior civilization when given equal rights within a highly developed civilization will overcome it.

ⵉⵖⴰⵍ ⴽⵓⵏⵉⴽⵣⵉ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵥⴹⴰⵔ ⴰⴷ ⵏⵛⵛⵓⵔ ⵜⵉⵖⵔⵎⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵛⵔⴷⴰⵏⵜ, ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵉⴳ ⵜⵜⵓⴼⴽⴰⵏ ⵉ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⴷⴰⵔⵜ ⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏ ⵢⴰⴽⵙⵓⵍⵏ ⴰⴳⵯⵏⵙ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⴰ ⵉⴱⵓⵖⵍⴰⵏ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵀⴰⵜ ⵇⴰⴷ ⵜⵜ ⵜⵔⵏⵓ.

Cultural Historian Morris Berman suggests in Dark Ages America: the End of Empire that in the corporate consumerist United States, the very factors that once propelled it to greatness―extreme individualism, territorial and economic expansion, and the pursuit of material wealth―have pushed the United States across a critical threshold where collapse is inevitable.

ⴰⵉⵙⵓⵎⵔ ⵓⵎⵔⵣⵓ ⴳ ⵜⴷⵍⵙⴰ ⴱⵉⵔⵎⴰⵙ ⴳ ⵉⵣⵎⵣⵏ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵎⵉⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏ: ⵜⵉⴳⵉⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜ ⴰⵎ ⵉⵡⵓⵏⴰⴽ ⵉⵎⵓⵏ ⴰⵙⵎⵓⵔ ⵉ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵓⵔⵉⵏ, ⵜⵉⵎⵏⵜⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵢⵓⵡⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵎⵖⵔⵜ―ⵜⴰⴼⵔⴷⵉⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵟⵟⴰⵕⴼⵓⵜ, ⴷ ⵉⵏⵖⴰⵍ ⴰⴷⵎⵙⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⴳⴰⵡⴰⵏ, ⴷ ⵓⴹⴼⴰⵕ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵍⴰ ⴰⵎⴰⵜⵜⵉⵡ―ⵜⵓⵡⵢ ⵉⵡⵓⵏⴰⴽ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴱⴰⴷⵓ ⴳ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵍⵍⵉ ⵎⴰⵏⵉ ⴽⴽⴰⵏⵜ ⵉ ⵜⴹⵓⵕⵉ.

The corrosion of these pillars, Jacobs argues, is linked to societal ills such as environmental crisis, racism and the growing gulf between rich and poor.

ⵉⵎⵖⵏⵏⴰⵏ ⵊⴰⴽⵓⴱⵙ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⴰⵎⵢⴰⵜⵛⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵉⵍⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵣⴷⵉ ⴷ ⵜⵎⴰⴹⵓⵏⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏⵉⵏ ⵣⵓⵏⴷ ⵜⴰⵙⵙⴰⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵡⵏⴹⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵙⵙⴰⵥⵓⵕⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴳⵎⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵣⵉⵔⴰⵢ ⵉⵏⴳⵔ ⵉⵎⵥⵍⴰⴷ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵟⵕⵕⵃⵏ.

This need for civilizations to import ever more resources, he argues, stems from their over-exploitation and diminution of their own local resources.

ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵔ ⴰⴷ ⵉ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⵏⵙⴽⵛⵎ ⵡⵉⵢⴰⴹ ⵉⵙⵓⴳⴰⵎ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⴼⵖⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵓⵙⵢⴰⴼⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵙⴷⵔⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵓⴳⴰⵎ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⴷⵖⵔⴰⵏⵏ.

"In the graphic, Ma means ""million years ago"".)"

"ⴳ ⵜⵡⵏⵖⴰ, Ma ⵜⴳⴰ ""ⵎⵍⵢⵓⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵉⵣⵔⵉⵏ"".)"

Much of the Earth was molten because of frequent collisions with other bodies which led to extreme volcanism.

ⵜⴼⵙⵉ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴼⵓⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔⵜ ⵙⴳ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵎⵏⵜⵉⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴳⴰⵙ ⵉⵎⵙⵏⴰⴳⴰⵔⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵣⵣⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ ⴰⵢⵏⵏⴰⵖ ⴰⵢⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⴽⵔⵏ ⴰⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓ ⵏ ⵉⴱⵓⵕⴽⴰⵏⵏ ⵉⴷⵓⵙⵏ.

Recognizable humans emerged at most 2 million years ago, a vanishingly small period on the geological scale.

ⵉⴼⴼⵖⴷ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⴷⴰⵜ 2 ⵉⵎⵍⵢⵓⵏⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ, ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⵥⵥⵢⴰⵏⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵛⴽⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵙⴽⴰⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵊⵢⵓⵍⵓⵊⵉⵜ.

It is estimated that 99 percent of all species that ever lived on Earth, over five billion, have gone extinct.

ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉ ⵓⵇⴷⴷⵔ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ 99 ⵙⴳ ⵜⵎⵉⴹⵉ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡⵏ ⴽⵓⵍⵍⵓ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⴷⴷⵔⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ, ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵙⵎⵎⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵉⴷ ⵎⵍⵢⴰⵕ, ⵓⵔ ⵙⵓⵍⵏⵜ.

The Earth's crust has constantly changed since its formation, as has life since its first appearance.

ⵉⵏⴼⵍ ⵓⵇⵛⴱⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ ⵙⴳ ⵎⴰⵢⴷ ⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⴽⴰⵔ, ⵎⴽⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⵜⵏⵏⴼⵍ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵙⴳ ⵎⴰⵢⴷ ⵜⴼⴼⵖ ⵜⵉⴽⴽⵍⵜ ⵉⵣⵡⴰⵔⵏ.

The Moon is formed around this time probably due to a protoplanet's collision into Earth.

ⵉⵖⵢ ⵉⵙ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⴽⴰⵔ ⵡⴰⵢⵢⵓⵔ ⴳ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⴰⴷ ⵙ ⵜⵎⵏⵜⵉⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵍⴰⵇⵇⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵉⵜⵔⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⵡⵓⵔⴰ ⴷ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ.

The atmosphere is composed of volcanic and greenhouse gases.

ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵏⴰⵢ ⵡⴰⵟⵎⵓⵚⴼⵉⵔ ⵙⴳ ⵉⴳⴰⵣⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴱⵓⵔⴽⴰⵏⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴳⴰⵣⵏ ⵉⵏⵔⵖⴰⵏⵏ.

Bacteria begin producing oxygen, shaping the third and current of Earth's atmospheres.

ⴷⴰ ⵜⵙⵙⵏⵜⴰⵢ ⵜⴱⴰⴽⵜⵉⵔⵜ ⴰⴼⴰⵔⵙ ⵏ ⵓⴽⵙⵉⵊⵉⵏ, ⴷ ⵓⵙⵙⴽⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⵉⴼⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴹⵓⵜ ⵜⵉⵙ ⴽⵕⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⴷⵖⵉ ⵉ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ.

The early continents of Columbia, Rodinia and Pannotia, in that order, may have existed in this eon.

ⵉⵖⵢ ⵉⵙ ⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵏⵥⴰⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵣⵉⴽⴽ ⵏ ⴽⵓⵍⵓⵎⴱⵢⴰ ⴷ ⵕⵓⴷⵉⵏⵢⴰ ⴷ ⴱⴰⵏⵓⵜⵢⴰ, ⴳ ⵓⵙⵙⵓⴷⵙ ⴰⴷ, ⵍⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵎⵎⵓⴷ ⴰⴷ.

"Gradually, life expands to land and familiar forms of plants, animals and fungi begin appearing, including annelids, insects and reptiles, hence the eon's name, which means ""visible life""."

"ⵉⵎⵉⴽ ⵙ ⵉⵎⵉⴽ, ⴰⵔ ⵜⵜⵍⴽⴰⵎ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵖⴰⵔⵜ ⴰⵔ ⵙⵙⵏⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵎⵢⵓⵔⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵢⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵓⴷⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵉⴳⵯⵔⵙⵍⵏ ⴳ ⵓⴼⵓⵖ, ⴳ ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵃⵔⵓⵔⴷⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴱⵓⵅⵅⴰ, ⵙⴳ ⴷⴰ ⴰⴳⴷ ⵉⴷⴷⴰ ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵎⵎⵓⴷ, ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ""ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢⵜ""."

It was composed of hydrogen and helium created shortly after the Big Bang 13.8 Ga (billion years ago) and heavier elements ejected by supernovae.

ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵏⴰⵢ ⵙⴳ ⵓⵀⵉⴷⵕⵓⵊⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵀⵉⵍⵢⵓⵎ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⴽⴰⵔⴼ ⴹⴰⵔⵜ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵉⴷⵔⵓⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵟⵟⵉⵇⵙ ⴰⵎⵇⵇⵔⴰⵏ 13.8 Ga (ⵙⴳ ⵎⵍⵢⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ) ⴷ ⵉⴼⵔⴷⵉⵙⵏ ⵉⵥⵥⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⴳⵔⵜⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵟⵟⵉⵇⵙ ⵏ ⵉⵜⵔⴰⵏ.

As the cloud began to accelerate, its angular momentum, gravity, and inertia flattened it into a protoplanetary disk perpendicular to its axis of rotation.

ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵜⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⵜⵙⵉⴳⵏⵓⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵣⵉⵣⵣⵍ, ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵡⵢ ⵓⵡⵜⵓⵢ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵓⵏⵣⴱⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉ ⵓⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵎⵙⴰⵙⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵖⵔ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵇⴰⵕⵉⴹⵜ ⵜⴰⵜⵔⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⵉⵏⵏⴰⵍⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵓⴳⵊⴷⵉ ⵏ ⵡⵓⵜⵓⵢ ⵏⵏⵙ.

After more contraction, a T Tauri star ignited and evolved into the Sun.

ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵓⵏⴽⵓⵎⵎⵙ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵔⵏⴰⵏ, ⵢⴰⵖ ⵉⵜⵔⵉ ⵏ T ⵟⵓⵕⵉ ⵉⴱⵓⵖⵍⵓ ⴰⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⴼⵓⴽⵜ.

Earth formed in this manner about 4.54 billion years ago (with an uncertainty of 1%) and was largely completed within 10–20 million years.

ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵓⵍⵖ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵎⴰⵎⴽⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵙⴳ ⵡⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ 4.54 ⵎⵍⵢⴰⵕ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ (ⴳ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵛⵛⴽ 1%) ⴷ ⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⴰⴷ ⴳ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏ 10–20 ⵏ ⵉⴷ ⵎⵍⵢⵓⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ.

The proto-Earth grew by accretion until its interior was hot enough to melt the heavy, siderophile metals.

ⵉⴳⵎⴰ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ ⴰⵇⵇⴱⵓⵔ ⵙ ⵜⴱⵔⵉⴷⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⴰⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵉⵔⵖⴰ ⵓⴳⵏⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵜⵙⴽⵯⴼⵍⵜ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵙⴼⵙⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵣⵏ ⵉⵥⵥⴰⵢⵏ ⴷ ⵓⴽⴰⵕⴱⵓⵏ ⵏⵡⵓⵣⵣⴰⵍ.

From crater counts on other celestial bodies, it is inferred that a period of intense meteorite impacts, called the Late Heavy Bombardment, began about 4.1 Ga, and concluded around 3.8 Ga, at the end of the Hadean.

ⵙⴳ ⵉⵃⵙⵙⵓⵜⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵉⵅⴱⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵜⵔⴰⵏ ⵢⴰⴷⵏ, ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵏⵥⴰ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵢⵉⴹⵉⵚⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵥⵕⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵢⵉⴳⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⴷⵓⵙⵏ, ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⵉⵜⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⵙⵜⴰⵍⵜ ⵉⴳⴳⵔⴰⵏ, ⵜⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ 4.1 Ga, ⵜⵙⵎⴷ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ 3.8 Ga, ⴳ ⵜⴳⵉⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵀⴰⴷⵢⴰⵏ.

By the beginning of the Archean, the Earth had cooled significantly.

ⵍⵍⵉ ⴳⴷ ⵢⵓⵡⴹ ⴳ ⵜⵉⵣⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⴰⵔⴽⵢⴰⵏⵉ, ⵉⵇⵕⴼ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵜⴰⵍⵖⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵏⵥⴰⵏ.

New evidence suggests the Moon formed even later, 4.48 ± 0.02 Ga, or 70–110 million years after the start of the Solar System.

ⴷⴰ ⵙⵏⵄⴰⵜⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⵥⵉⵡⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓⵜⵏ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⴰⵢⵢⵓⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⴽⴰⵔ ⴳ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⴷ ⵉⴷⴷⴰⵏ 4.48 ± 0.02 Ga, ⵏⵖⴷ 70–110 ⵏ ⵉⴷ ⵎⵍⵢⵓⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵓⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵜⴰⴼⵓⴽⵜ.

The collision released about 100 million times more energy than the more recent Chicxulub impact that is believed to have caused the extinction of the non-avian dinosaurs.

ⵉⵕⵥⵎ ⵓⵎⵍⴰⵇⵇⴰⵢ ⵉ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵣⵎⵔⵜ ⵢⵓⴳⵔⵏ ⵙ 100ⵏ ⵉⴷ ⵎⵍⵢⵓⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵉⴽⴽⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵣⵎⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵍⴰⵇⵇⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵛⵉⵛⵅⵓⵍⵓⴱ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵏⵜⵉⵍ ⵏ ⵢⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵉⴷⴰⵢⵏⴰⵚⵓⵕⵏ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵢⵍⴰⵍⵏ.

The giant impact hypothesis predicts that the Moon was depleted of metallic material, explaining its abnormal composition.

ⴷⴰ ⵜⵙⵏⵉⵎⴰⵍ ⵜⵓⵔⴷⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵍⴰⵇⵇⴰⵢ ⴰⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵙⵎⵓⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵖⵓⵣⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵢⵢⵓⵔ, ⴰⵔ ⵜⵙⵙⴼⵔⵓ ⴰⵙⵙⵓⵍⵖⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵔ ⴰⴳⴰⵎⴰⵏ.

The initial crust, formed when the Earth's surface first solidified, totally disappeared from a combination of this fast Hadean plate tectonics and the intense impacts of the Late Heavy Bombardment.

ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⴽⴰⵔ ⵓⵇⵛⴱⴰⵍ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⵣⵓⵔ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ ⴰⴳⵔⵉⵙ ⵜⵉⴽⴽⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ, ⵜⴰⵛⵛⴽ ⴽⵓⵍⵍⵓ ⵙⴳ ⵓⵙⵔⴽⵙ ⵏ ⵜⴼⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵜⵉⴽⵜⵓⵏⵉⵏ ⵉⴷⴷⵔⴼⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵀⴰⴷⵢⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵢⵉⴹⵉⵚⵏ ⵉⴷⵓⵙⵏ ⵉ ⵜⵉⵜⵉ ⵉⵥⵥⴰⵢⵏ ⴰⵎⴳⴳⴰⵔⵓ.

These pieces of late Hadean and early Archean crust form the cores around which today's continents grew.

ⵉⴳⵣⵣⵓⵎⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵇⵛⴱⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵀⴰⴷⵢⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵣⵡⵓⵔⴰ ⵏ ⴰⵔⵛⵢⴰⵏ ⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⵖⵢⴰⵢⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵅⴼ ⴳⵎⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵏⵥⴰⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵙⵙⴰ.

Cratons consist primarily of two alternating types of terranes.

ⵜⵜⵓⵙⵏⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⴽⵕⴰⵜⵓⵏⵏ ⵙ ⵜⴰⵍⵖⴰ ⵜⴰⴷⵙⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵙⴳ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡⵏ ⵉⵎⵎⴷⴼⴰⵕⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴷⵎⴽⴰⵍⵏ.

For this reason, greenstones are sometimes seen as evidence for subduction during the Archean.

ⵙ ⵎⴰⵏⴰⵢⴰ, ⴷⴰ ⵜⵜⵓⵥⵕⴰⵏ ⵉⵥⵕⴰⵏ ⵉⵣⴳⵣⴰⵡⵏ ⴷ ⴰⵏⵥⴰ ⵏ ⵡⵓⵥⵓ ⵉⵡⵏⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⴰⵕⴽⵉⵢ.

Now it is considered likely that many of the volatiles were delivered during accretion by a process known as impact degassing in which incoming bodies vaporize on impact.

ⵉⵥⴹⴰⵕ ⴷⵖⵉ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵜⵜⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵢⵍⴰⵍⵏ ⵜⵜⵓⴼⴽⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⵙ ⵜⴱⵔⵉⴷⵜ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵙⵉⵖⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⵙ ⵢⵉⵙⵎ ⵏ ⵡⵓⴽⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵓⴳⴰⵣ ⵙ ⵓⵏⴳⴳⵙ ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⴷⴰ ⵙⵔⵓⴳⴳⵓⵜⵏ ⵉⴱⴷⴷⵓⵔⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴽⵛⵎⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵍⴰⵇⵇⴰⵢ.

Planetesimals at a distance of 1 astronomical unit (AU), the distance of the Earth from the Sun, probably did not contribute any water to the Earth because the solar nebula was too hot for ice to form and the hydration of rocks by water vapor would have taken too long.

ⵉⴽⵓⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵉⵙ ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⵜⵔⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵥⵥⵢⴰⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵓⵣⴰⵔⵓ ⵏ 1 ⵓⴼⵔⴷⵉⵙ ⴰⵚⵟⵕⵓⵏⵓⵎⵉⴽ (AU), ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵜ ⴰⵢⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵣⴰⵔⵓ ⵉⵏⴳⵔ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ ⴷ ⵜⴰⴼⵓⴽⵜ, ⵓⵔ ⴷ ⴽⵉⵏ ⴰⵎⵢⴰ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⵉ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⴰⴱⵍⴰⵍⴰⵖ ⵏ ⵜⴰⴼⵓⵢⵜ ⵉⵔⵖⴰ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵓⵙⴽⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵔⵉⵙ, ⴷ ⵓⵙⵙⵍⵡⵉⵖ ⵏ ⵉⵥⵕⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵉⵔⵓⴳⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵛⴰ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ.