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These sites appear planned in a highly regimented and stratified fashion, with a minimalistic grid of rooms for the workers and increasingly more elaborate housing available for higher classes. | Sit tan win ijjan daɣ dumu n iknan atiwizzi id anmillal ilan griyaj andarran n tehanniten tin inaxdiman id ihanan ajjotnen ijjanen eket olaɣan n addina win kel assahat |
In the following centuries, independent city-states of Greece, especially Athens, developed the polis, an association of male landowning citizens who collectively constituted the city. | Timad n iwityan wi ilkamnen , ikallan n Greece ilanen alistexlal nasan,hullan athenes issimalan Polis, tagayt n kel akal win meddan wi atarynen daɣ akal tin samarwasnen |
Under the authority of its empire, Rome transformed and founded many cities (coloniae), and with them brought its principles of urban architecture, design, and society. | ɣur tanaya tan empire net, Roma tasammutay tolas tiday tiɣarmaten ajjotnen (colonae) s teway sirsan firidan net ikarosan, ahanay net id timazduɣen n addinat |
The Norte Chico civilization included as many as 30 major population centers in what is now the Norte Chico region of north-central coastal Peru. | Attabia n Norte Chico ahan ti iddikud n 30 ihanan n išaghib dagh awa eqqalan ašal id Norte Chico , rejion n tamasna dagh ammas n Perus |
The locus of power in the West shifted to Constantinople and to the ascendant Islamic civilization with its major cities Baghdad, Cairo, and Córdoba. | Edag wan tanaya daɣ ataram orak sa s Constantinople id alxadarat tan anislam ilan tiɣarmaten ajjotnen Badgdad, Cairo id Cordoba |
By the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries, some cities become powerful states, taking surrounding areas under their control or establishing extensive maritime empires. | Ghur awatay wan 1300 har wan 1400 , tigharmaten tiyyad ikraš nat assahat , armasnat idagan hassanat aghlaynen meɣ idaynat empire tan fal ijiran |
Western Europe's larger capitals (London and Paris) benefited from the growth of commerce following the emergence of an Atlantic trade. | Kapital tan ti maqqornen n Eroba tan ataram (Londre id Paris) izhar nat daɣ tiw-at n mamala fal ejarew wan atlantik |
England led the way as London became the capital of a world empire and cities across the country grew in locations strategic for manufacturing. | Britania tora abara alwaq wa id taqqal Londre kapital n empire wan alɣalim tigharmaten issintanat edey daɣ idagan n addawlat win tikarsiwen net |
Entrepreneurial leadership became manifest through growth coalitions made up of builders, realtors, developers, the media, government actors such as mayors, and dominant corporations. | Ta-ite tan ajjaraw n asafar i timɣutar n addinat taqqal a inifalalan s tartit n addinat wi idaynen, wi sarɣanen inifhaman, wi sasakaynen isalan, kel alxakum šund mer tan id sosiye tan. |
"The results were efforts at downtown revitalization; inner-city gentrification; the transformation of the CBD to advanced service employment; entertainment, museums, and cultural venues; the construction of sports stadiums and sport complexes; and waterfront development.""" | “Ittusan wi ewad war imos ar tebadde i asudir n aghrim har ajjudi; amutti n akayad n hebu n aghrim; amutti n CBD s sarwis assixdaman ; dallolan, muze tan id idagan win tighaymaten ; ideyan n teren tan id ihanan win takrikra id efes n edey n edes n ijirwan””” |
Until the 18th century, an equilibrium existed between the rural agricultural population and towns featuring markets and small-scale manufacturing. | Har awatay wan 1800 ,ogdah ichaghib wan amagon id wan ighirman issibdadan hebu tan id izin tan ti madroynen |
The cultural appeal of cities also plays a role in attracting residents. | Akure n agna wan tigharmaten eqqal alxidmat net dagh iji n awna dagh inaftaghan |
Batam, Indonesia, Mogadishu, Somalia, Xiamen, China and Niamey, Niger, are considered among the world's fastest-growing cities, with annual growth rates of 5–8%. | Batam, Indonesia, Mogadishio, Somalia, Xiamen, China id Niamey, Niger, aqqalan addawla ten dagh alghalim s ermad efes nasnat s dagh awatay iddikud n tiwwad illa jir 5 har 8%. |
The UN predicts an additional 2.5 billion citydwellers (and 300 million fewer countrydwellers) worldwide by 2050, with 90% of urban population expansion occurring in Asia and Africa. | Tagayt n alɣalim ta maqqorat s itawan UN tallaɣat as a ti imilan daɣ tilkamat 2.5 n milyar n imazzaɣan n iɣirman (300 n milyon daɣ san ad ifalan assaxra tan) diha daɣ s awatay wan 2050, s 90% n efes n išaɣib wa he iskinan daɣ aɣrim ojjar daɣ Asia id Afrikiya |
A deep gulf divides rich and poor in these cities, with usually contain a super-wealthy elite living in gated communities and large masses of people living in substandard housing with inadequate infrastructure and otherwise poor conditions. | Ille terist šajren jir kel assahat id tilaqqiwen dagh tiɣarmaten s alwaqqan iyyad war tanat eha ɣas ar kel assahat izzaghnen daɣ tawseten id addinat ajjotnen izzaghnen daɣ ihanan alliqwnen ijjanen akaros war n intem id talɣiwen tiyyad labasnen |
"Yet municipalities routinely enact sweeping by-laws directed at open ended (and ill-defined) offences such as loitering and obstruction, requiring permits for protests or requiring residents and homeowners to remove snow from the city's sidewalks.""" | “Meri tan saddegh tajjinat wote n aššaregha tan win ifaradan otas nen asimdu n albasan šund jafa tan ahušal nen turhagaten i išiwankitan meɣ ahušalnen dagh imazzaɣan id massawis n ihanan ikus n snow daɣ ibaratan win aɣrim””” |
These are provided more or less routinely, in a more or less equal fashion. | Haratan win tuzanan s ijjit meɣ s andarran s iššikil izlayan |
"These production oriented criteria often give rise to ""service deliver rules"", regularized procedures for the delivery of services, which are attempts to codify the productivity goals of urban service bureaucracies." | “Išširitan oraknen sa s tafrit alwaq iyyan sawadan i ““ašareɣa tan tin imašalan n alxidmat””, timašalen iskatnen n imašalan win timašɣulen arramanen iji kode ittusan n tafrit n birokrati tan timašɣult tan aɣrim |
"""Robert L. Lineberry, ""Mandating Urban Equality: The Distribution of Municipal Public Services""; in Hahn & Levine (1980)." | “”””Robert L. Lineberry “” Mandating Urban Equality: Tazunt daɣ tadhilt n n meri tan aɣrim”” daɣ Hahn & Levine (1980)." |
However, financing municipal services, as well as urban renewal and other development projects, is a perennial problem, which cities address through appeals to higher governments, arrangements with the private sector, and techniques such as privatization (selling services into the private sector), corporatization (formation of quasi-private municipally-owned corporations), and financialization (packaging city assets into tradable financial instruments and derivatives). | Had ik ijja awen, asaraf n timašɣulen n meri tan hak id froje tan win asissayni d efes n aɣrim awen eqqalan harkuk mušakil s jarraw nat timaɣarmaten addabara s akure i alxakumaten, inufhaman n sekter wa ijjan tekle n iman id teknik tan šund asimmilku ( achinch n timašɣulen daɣ sekter wa ijjan tekle n iman net) korporatizasyon (asissaɣir n tagayen ti tikna meri akarach) id asaraf (tewaɣne n ilalan n aɣrim daɣ imutaj win mamala id awa tan id izajjaran) |
"The impact of globalization and the role of multinational corporations in local governments worldwide, has led to a shift in perspective on urban governance, away from the ""urban regime theory"" in which a coalition of local interests functionally govern, toward a theory of outside economic control, widely associated in academics with the philosophy of neoliberalism." | “Tikma n globalizasyon id alxidmat tan tagayen tin addawla tan dagh aharoj nasnat id alxakuman dagh alghalim eway id amutti dagh axxakamat dagh aghrim s a ujijan “urban regime theory” dagh axkaman afor tan artaynen s mirda n axakam dagh ekonomi osaghan dagh akademiks s awa hasan jannin ighafawan nasan imos liberalizm wa eynayan |
Planning tools, beyond the original design of the city itself, include public capital investment in infrastructure and land-use controls such as zoning. | Isuj win iji n addabara tan, awar n imos edey wan alasal n aghrim iman net eha anaghal n azruf dagh ikarpsan id awikkil n alxidmat n akal chund eket n aghrim |
"Also available to cities in their implementation of planning objectives are municipal powers of zoning, subdivision control and the regulation of building, housing and sanitation principles.""" | “Tanaya i aɣrim tille i tiɣarmaten dagh achimmichil n ittusan wi id aqqalnen iketan, awikkil n tizinawen tin id amukin n ašareɣa tan win ihanan wi maqqornen, id wi madroynen id awa id eqqalan assexat”” |
People living relatively close together may live, work, and play, in separate areas, and associate with different people, forming ethnic or lifestyle enclaves or, in areas of concentrated poverty, ghettoes. | Addinat wi iknanen ahirij addoben tamazduq id alxidmat daɣ idagan azunnen,daɣ as artayan id addinat iyyad izlaynen jir oharan tawset megh iššikil n tamudre megh ahanen idagan dɣh tojjar tillaqqiwa |
"Suburbs in the west, and, increasingly, gated communities and other forms of ""privatopia"" around the world, allow local elites to self-segregate into secure and exclusive neighborhoods." | ‘ Suburb tan win ataram hullan tawseten id iššikilan iyyad n “”privatopia”” daɣ alɣalim oyyahan kel assahat win akal i ad iskitan iman nasan s idagan n iman nasan taha alɣafiat” |
This outcast proletariat—perhaps 1.5 billion people today, 2.5 billion by 2030—is the fastest-growing and most novel social class on the planet. | proletaria wa daɣ itiwankaren ehamiš ewad 1.5 n milyar n awadim ašal id , 2.5 n milyar daɣ awatay wan 2030 eqqal edag wa ojjaran armud daɣ alghalim |
It is ontologically both similar and dissimilar to the historical agency described in the Communist Manifesto. | Ikna daɣ tilat d iban tilat id tagayt ta tiktabat dagh alkad wan Kominist tan |
As hubs of trade cities have long been home to retail commerce and consumption through the interface of shopping. | Išmad hub tan win tiɣarmaten ahojan aqqalan ehan n mamala wan detay id amakiš n inach-an |
A thicker labor market allows for better skill matching between firms and individuals. | Hebu andarran n inaxdiman erda s tigdat n musnat jir tagayen id addinat |
Cultural elites tend to live in cities, bound together by shared cultural capital, and themselves playing some role in governance. | Kel assahat win attarex zaddaghan amarad dagh tigharmaten ,oharan kapial saddeq axdaman idagan iyyad daɣ axxakamat n akal |
"Greg Kerr & Jessica Oliver, ""Rethinking Place Identities"", in Kavaratzis, Warnaby, & Ashworth (2015)." | “Greg Kerr & Jessica Oliver, “”amuqqil n anasjum fal kartidant tan n edag”, dagh Kavaratis, Warnaby,& Ashworth (2015)." |
Patriotic tourists visit Agra to see the Taj Mahal, or New York City to visit the World Trade Center. | Turist tan win imarhan n akal osan Agra i ad ikyidan Taj Mahal meɣ New York i ad asin World Trade Center |
Why do anonymous people—the poor, the underprivileged, the unconnected—frequently prefer life under miserable conditions in tenements to the healthy order and tranquility of small towns or the sanitary subdivisions of semirural developments? | Mafel addinat wi s istaran ismawan nasan- tilaqqiwen , wi war n ila udim, wi war n ija konekte - assofan harkuk erk tamudre daɣ ihanan war taha assexat id tazagut n tiɣarmaten ti madroynen meɣ assexat n tizunawen tin ifesan n assaxra? |
Those who came to live in them did so in order to participate and compete on any attainable level. | Addinat wi tan id osan i tamazzuq ijjan awen i ad ijjišan meɣ ammadašan daɣ edag ilan ag-ad |
Sports also play a major role in city branding and local identity formation. | Sport tan intaned deɣ axdaman edag daɣ echwal n aɣrim id teɣare n kartidant tan akal |
More importantly, there is also huge long term potential for both tourism and investment (Kasimati, 2003). | Awa ojjaran hullan as ile tinfa maqqorat daɣ turizm id tanaɣla n azruf (kasimati, 2003) |
"War brought concentration of social leadership and political power in the hands of a weapons-bearing minority, abetted by a priesthood exercising sacred powers and possessing secret but valuable scientific and magical knowledge.""" | “Akinnas eway id akukulu n ta-ite tan tamazduq id tanaya tan folitik dagh ifassan n addinat madroynen ewaynen albarodan fal ardan alfaqqi tan win egliz tan ilalen tanaya ten iffarnen tolas ilanen musnat n iji wan issaxir tiffarat”” |
During World War II, national governments on occasion declared certain cities open, effectively surrendering them to an advancing enemy in order to avoid damage and bloodshed. | Daɣ akinnas n alɣalim wan issin , alxakumaten alwaqqan iyyad illaɣen as tiɣarmaten tiyyad ammeranat oyyan tanat i inasjafa tan i a igdalan šaɣšadan id anaɣal n aši |
Such warfare, known as counterinsurgency, involves techniques of surveillance and psychological warfare as well as close combat, functionally extends modern urban crime prevention, which already uses concepts such as defensible space. | Ikinnas šund wen eqqalan asudmir i tanakra ahan ti teknik tan tin iji n anniyat id akinnas wan ta-ite had ik akinnas wan anmihaz isewad agluy dagh emel n gafa tan daɣ iɣirman , s amarad gharrin ismawan šund edag ogazan |
Because of the higher barriers to entry, these networks have been classified as natural monopolies, meaning that economic logic favors control of each network by a single organization, public or private. | Fal marsalan ajjotnen i ijuch, rezo tan win aqqalan as monopole tan imos awen as ekonomi wa ilan almaghna erda i tagayt n alxakum megh ti tijjat tekle n iman net awikkil nasnat |
"Kath Wellman & Frederik Pretorius, ""Urban Infrastructure: Productivity, Project Evaluation, and Finance""; in Wellman & Spiller (2012)." | “Kath ellman & Frederik Pretorius, ""Ikarosan win aghrim:tafrit , Proje wan farak id azruf””” dagh Wellmzn id Spiller (2012)” |
Sanitation, necessary for good health in crowded conditions, requires water supply and waste management as well as individual hygiene. | Izazdugan i taghliwen tin assexat olaghnen ahušal as emel n aman id iji n anniyat i ighašadan hak id tizdige tan wan awadim |
Modern urban life relies heavily on the energy transmitted through electricity for the operation of electric machines (from household appliances to industrial machines to now-ubiquitous electronic systems used in communications, business, and government) and for traffic lights, streetlights and indoor lighting. | Tamudre ta did tišrayat n aɣrim tijja fal emel n efew okayan daɣ enerji tan(imutaj win ehan har maršin tan tin izin tan s sistem tan iglanen s efew axdamnen dagh asissiki n isalan, alxakumat) id efew wan torfen, efew wan tišariten hak id efew wan ammas n ihanan |
"Tom Hart, ""Transport and the City""; in Paddison (2001)." | “Tom Hart, “””Talasfor id aghrim”” dagh Paddison ( 2001)” |
Many big American cities still operate conventional public transit by rail, as exemplified by the ever-popular New York City Subway system. | Tigharmaten ajjotnen n Amrik saddeq sa s akay nat addinat fal rail tan šund awa ijja sistem n awen wa ojjaran eqqalan wan New York |
Anthropogenic buildings and waste, as well as cultivation in gardens, create physical and chemical environments which have no equivalents in wilderness, in some cases enabling exceptional biodiversity. | Ihanan wi maqqornen id ighašodan wi itaj awadim had ik agayak daɣ ifirjan erawan id ihinzazaɣan s tiɣiswen id fazon tan nasan war n ila daɣ tamaxluk daɣ idagan iyyad arrizej iknan tulaɣay |
From one perspective, cities are not ecologically sustainable due to their resource needs. | Daɣ akayad , tiɣarmaten war daɣ is net ilen ihishkan taɣrist zajret awa ijjan tarhaten nasan |
Modern cities are known for creating their own microclimates, due to concrete, asphalt, and other artificial surfaces, which heat up in sunlight and channel rainwater into underground ducts. | Tiɣarmaten ti id išraynen tiwazzay nat fal as iknanat azzamanan n iman nasnnats asphalt id haratan iyyad rammas nen efew daɣ tafukt saddeq zazjara n aman n ajjina sider n akal |
Aerial particulates increase rainfall by 5–10%. | Ifirras win s afalla sawadan ajjinna har 5 har10% |
For example, within the urban microclimate, less-vegetated poor neighborhoods bear more of the heat (but have fewer means of coping with it). | Ilmital, dagh azzamanan madroynen ahanen aghrim, timizdaɣ war ilsen ihishkan dalatnen ajjotnen tijraw tan tukise hullan ( mušan ilan assahat andarrat s tat in iwaɣan) |
Generally they are called Urban open space (although this word does not always mean green space), Green space, Urban greening. | Tawaɣrin harkuk s isim wan idagan n aɣrim wi ammeranen ( kuddeɣ as awen wadden isim wa s itawaɣir edag wa dalen, taddalat tan aɣrim |
The study used data from almost 20,000 people in the UK. | Farak ijja fal 20.000 n awadim daɣ Britania |
People who did not get at least two hours — even if they surpassed an hour per week — did not get the benefits. | Addinat wi s kala war ilen kuddeɣ 2 alwaqqan- kud okayan alwaq iyyan daɣ issiboɣ war he ijriwan tinfa tan net |
"The study didn't count time spent in a person's own yard or garden as time in nature, but the majority of nature visits in the study took place within two miles from home. """ | “Farak war issedan alwaq wa ijja awadim daɣ aɣalay n addinat meɣ afaraj mušan ijjit wa ewad farak wa ijja dagh edag ewadan 2 kilometir tan i ehan””” |
"Saskia Sassen used the term ""global city"" in her 1991 work, The Global City: New York, London, Tokyo to refer to a city's power, status, and cosmopolitanism, rather than to its size." | “Saskia Sassen taxdam s isim wan ““aɣrim assirtayan”” dagh alxidmat net tan 1991. Aghrim wa issartayan: New York, Londre, Tokyo eqqal asissaɣir n assahat id amaširway wa ijjan addinat daɣ ikallan win uhun timɣare nasan” |
3 (1982): 319 Global cities form the capstone of the global hierarchy, exerting command and control through their economic and political influence. | 3 (1982): 319 tiɣarmaten ti assurtaynen aqqal nat šund tekadayt daɣ anmillal daɣ alɣalim , kimandat nat tolas og-az nat assahat nasnat tan ekonomi id tan folitik |
Critics of the notion point to the different realms of power and interchange. | Addinat wi ammijrad nen isim wen har idagan n assahat id amaskal izlaynen |
Multinational corporations and banks make their headquarters in global cities and conduct much of their business within this context. | Tagaynen tin alɣalim id bank tan ikrasan kartiye tan nasan daɣ ikallan n alɣalim fuk daɣ abara wen daɣ assiglan timašɣulen nasan. |
"Nancy Duxbury & Sharon Jeannotte, ""Global Cultural Governance Policy""; Chapter 21 in The Ashgate Research Companion to Planning and Culture; London: Ashgate, 2013." | “Nancy Duxbury d Sharon Jeannotte ““Folitik tan attarex n axakam dagh alghalim”” dagɣ titbaqqet net tan 21 farak n amaidi n Ashgate fal iji n addabara tan d attarex; Londre: Ashgate, 2013” |
"The Habitat I conference in 1976 adopted the ""Vancouver Declaration on Human Settlements"" which identifies urban management as a fundamental aspect of development and establishes various principles for maintaining urban habitats." | “Taɣimit fal tamazduq daɣ awatay wan 1976 tassibdat ““majrad wan Vancouver ijjan timazduɣen tin addinat”” assilmad nen s awikil n aɣrim eqqal titbaqqet n efes tolas iday ašareɣa tan ajjotnen i ag-az n timizdaq daɣ aɣrim”” |
In January 2002 the UN Commission on Human Settlements became an umbrella agency called the United Nations Human Settlements Programme or UN-Habitat, a member of the United Nations Development Group. | Daɣ awatay wan 2002 tagayt n UN tan Timizdaɣ n addinat taqqal tagayt tan tele s itawan Program n Nations Unies wan timizdaɣ addinat meɣ UN-Habitat, iyyan daɣ taqqimen n Nations Unies wan efes |
The Bank's policies have tended to focus on bolstering real estate markets through credit and technical assistance. | Folitik tan ti Bank tan ijjanat alxidmat nasnat tisalsit fal hebu ta win akal s imarwasan d tadhilt. |
Cities figure prominently in traditional Western culture, appearing in the Bible in both evil and holy forms, symbolized by Babylon and Jerusalem. | Imušaran n tigɣarmaten daɣ attrex wan kel ataram iktabnen daɣ alinzil daɣ innuɣ wan alchin d wan alwili imosan Babylon d Jeruzalem |
Cities can be perceived in terms of extremes or opposites: at once liberating and oppressive, wealthy and poor, organized and chaotic. | Tigharmaten addobat nat ad ilanat akayad intaman megh i imlallayan; dagh edag iyyan ehak in alxoriya megh isaknin aghana, ehare d tillaqiwa ,oghadan d ifraghan |
This and other political ideologies strongly influence narratives and themes in discourse about cities. | Wen d ittusan iyyad n folitik iknan tarna n majrad ijjan fal tiɣarmaten |
Classical and medieval literature includes a genre of descriptiones which treat of city features and history. | Akatab wan amarad d wan aru ahan ti ikitban ijjanen fal išikilan n aɣrim d attrex net |
Other early cinematic representations of cities in the twentieth century generally depicted them as technologically efficient spaces with smoothly functioning systems of automobile transport. | Isamilan iyyad wi azzanen n sinema dagh tigharmaten ghur awatay wan 1200 idlajan tan as aqqalan idagan s teknoloji nasan tidgah id sistem tan saxdamnen torfen |
A country is a distinct territorial body or political entity (i.e. a nation). | Addawla taqqal akal izlayan megh edag taxkam folitik ( awen imos addinat olahnen ittus) |
It is not inherently sovereign. | War eqqel ad itran alistexlal |
The largest country in the world by geographical area is Russia, while the most populous is China, followed by India, the United States, Indonesia, Pakistan and Brazil. | Russia taqqal addawla ta tojjarat dagh alɣalim s jografia net as ijja awen chine taqqal addawla ta tojjarat addinat, ilkam as India, Amrik, Indonesia, Pakistan d Brazil |
In many European countries the words are used for sub-divisions of the national territory, as in the German Bundesländer, as well as a less formal term for a sovereign state. | Daɣ ikkalan n eroba ajjotnen ismawan ijjan i tizunawen tin ašrut n addawla chund Bundeslander wan Germany war eqqel isim s itawaɣir s isim wan akal ilan alxoriya |
"There is no universal agreement on the number of ""countries"" in the world since a number of states have disputed sovereignty status." | “War ti illa anifham dagh alxalim fal iddikud n “addawla tan” dagh alghalim fal as iddikud n addawla tan ajjen ijjan takalt fal tumust n alistexal” |
The degree of autonomy of non-sovereign countries varies widely. | Degre wan alxoriya n addawla tan ti n ijrew alxoriya nasnat izlay ghur addawla s iyyat |
The report classifies country development based on per capita gross national income (GNI). | Alkad ifras awa s itawan efes n addawla s gross national income ( GNI) |
The 2019 report recognizes only developed countries in North America, Europe, and Asia and the Pacific. | Alkad wan 2019 erda as addawla tan tin Amrik tan tamasna , Eurobe, Asia d tin pasifik ɣhas as itawan addawlat tan ifasnen |
The World Bank defines its regions as East Asia and Pacific, Europe and Central Asia, Latin America and the Caribbean, Middle East and North Africa, North America, South Asia, and Sub-Saharan Africa. | Bank tan alɣalim ghur is rejion tan tin Asia tan alqablat d tin Pasifik, Eroba d Asia tan ammas, Amrik Latin d Caribbean, Middle East d Afrikiya tan tamasna, Amrik tan tamasna, South Asia d Afrikiya tan sahara |
Exploration is the act of searching for the purpose of discovery of information or resources, especially in the context of geography or space, rather than research and development that is usually not centred on earth sciences or astronomy. | Farak war eqqel ar imuɣ daɣ ittus n ajjaraw n isalan meɣ tidarfiten tin akal hullan daɣ talɣa tan jografia meɣ tan išinnawan uhun imuɣ d efes war fal ijjen science tan akal meɣ science tan akayad daɣ etran |
Only the one done by emperor Nero seemed to be a preparative for the conquest of Ethiopia or Nubia: in 62 AD two legionaries explored the sources of the Nile river. | Wa ijjan Emperor Nero ɣas a eqqalan asilmid s asidu i aramas wan Ethiopia meɣ Nubia: Daɣ awatay wan 62 datat annabi ɣisa ,ilan ti issin imassukal ittarnen tidarfite n akal ɣur ejarew wan Nile |
The Romans also organized several explorations into Northern Europe, and explored as far as China in Asia. | Kel Roma tan ijjan saddegh farak ajjen daɣ Eroba tan tamasna tolas ewadan har Chine daɣ Asia |
100 AD-166 AD Romano-Chinese relations begin. | Daɣ 100 n awatay har 166 n awatay data annabi ɣisa alwaq wen daɣ ad tissinta timmiduwa tan Roma d Chine |
The key invention to their exploration was the outrigger canoe, which provided a swift and stable platform for carrying goods and people. | A wa id eraw farak nasnat inta s bato ta s itawan canoe eqqalan toruft tan ilalan d addinat |
2011 studies at Wairau Bar in New Zealand show a high probability that one origin was Ruahine Island in the Society Islands. | Imughan win 2011 dagh Wairau Bar dagh akal wan New Zealand isikna as war eha ach-ak as awa dagh id ighna eqqal Ruahine Island dagh Society Islansd |
There are cultural and language similarities between Cook Islanders and New Zealand Maori. | Ilan samalan agna d awal olahnen jir Cook Islanders d New Zealand Maori |
During 1328–1333, he sailed along the South China Sea and visited many places in Southeast Asia and reached as far as South Asia, landing in Sri Lanka and India, and he even went to Australia. | Jir awatay wan 1328 har 1333, issaghlay fal aman n South China tolas osa idajan ajjotnen dagh ajala-dagh-alqablat n Asia dihen osa har South Asia, azzubat dagh Sri Lanka d India tolas osa har Australia |
Portugal and Spain dominated the first stages of exploration, while other European nations followed, such as England, Netherlands, and France. | Portugal d Spania ornan daɣ tišilen azzarnen n farak alwaq wen daɣ a hasan ilkaman addawla tan n eroba tiyyad chuud England, Neherlands d France |
The extreme conditions in the deep sea require elaborate methods and technologies to endure them. | Talɣiwen issohatnen n ejarew chajren inhajjanat id tikarsiwen d teknoloji tan has nat addobat nen |
An administrative subdivision, instead, is understood to be a division of a state proper. | Akal n alxakum andarran imos ašrut n addawla |
The dependent territories that currently remain in the world today generally maintain a very high degree of political autonomy. | Ikallan ahanen alisteɣmar ti illanen daɣ alɣalim achal id ilan degre maqqorat daɣ alistexlal nasan wan folitik |
Cook Islands' status is considered to be equivalent to independence for international law purposes, and the country exercises full sovereignty over its internal and external affairs. | Tišit tan Cook Isands togdah id alistexlal fal ittusan n ašareɣa wan jie ikallan, tolas addawla ila tanat fuk fal timašɣulen net tin ammas hak id tin ebarid |
Under the terms of the free association agreement, however, New Zealand retains some responsibility for the foreign relations and defence of Niue. | ɣur anifham wan tagayen in alxoriya, New Zeland tittaf išarajan iyyad dagh tammiduwa tan jir addawlat tan d ag-az n Niue |
This list is generally limited to entities that are either subject to an international treaty on their status, uninhabited, or have a unique level of autonomy and are largely self-governing in matters other than international affairs. | List ta dagh war taqqel ghas ikallan wi ašareɣa wan alɣalim fal tišit nasan, iban tamazzuq nasan tolas ogdahan dagh alistexal dagh as axkaman hullan daɣ haratan nasan uhun win addawla tan iyyad |
They are independently administrated jurisdictions, although the British Government is solely responsible for defense and international representation and has ultimate responsibility for ensuring good government. | Aqqalan fuk nasan ikallan axkamnen daɣ iman nasan s immik wa arhan kuddeɣ as alxakum wan Britania inta a awikkal awa id eqqalan ag-az d tanammejrit dagh isalan win ijir ikalan d awikil n alxakum olaɣan |
No crown dependency has representation in the U.K. Parliament. | War tilla takabult tamišaškat ta tilat tanammejrit daɣ ehan dibiti tan wan U.K |
New Zealand and its dependencies share the same governor-general and constitute one monarchic realm. | New Zealand d addawlat wi taxkam oharan Gafar tolas taqqal almalikiya iyyat |
The mutually negotiated Covenant to Establish a Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (CNMI) in Political Union with the United States was approved in 1976. | Kontra wa fal tijja taridawt i asidi n Commonwealth wan Mariana Islands tan tamasna (CNMI) dagh tartit tan folitik id Amrik ešwal ɣur awatay wan 1976 |
This is a constant source of ambiguity and confusion when trying to define, understand, and explain Puerto Rico's political relationship with the United States. | Awen eqqal harat id itarawan tewaɣne n eɣaf alwaq wa id erram awadim ad ellaɣat, ifhim dihen efassar tammiduwa n folitik tan Puerto Rico id Amrik |
"However, the status of its ""constituent countries"" in the Caribbean (Aruba, Curaçao, and Sint Maarten) can be considered akin to dependencies or ""associated non-independent states.""" | “Hak id ijja awen, tišit tan ““ addawla tan artaynen”” daɣ Caribbean ( Aruba, Curacao d Sint Maarten) olahan id addawla tan n imadhalnen megh ““addawlat tan artaynen war n ikreš alistexlal nasnat”” |
Borders are geographic boundaries, imposed either by geographic features such as oceans, or by arbitrary groupings of political entities such as governments, sovereign states, federated states, and other subnational entities. | Alxadudan win jografia imosan samalan ilzamnen n jografia šund Ijirwan meɣ taqqimen n folitik n addawla tan šund alxakumat, addawla tan ilanen alistexlal, addawla tan artaynen megh rejion tan |
Most external borders are partially or fully controlled, and may be crossed legally only at designated border checkpoints and border zones may be controlled. | Ijjit n alxadudan win ebarid itiwajja anniyat andarran meɣ s assahat tolas tajjašan addinat daɣ ašareɣa ghur chekpoint tan n alxadud dihen daɣ ad awikalan alxadudan |
Most countries have some form of border control to regulate or limit the movement of people, animals, and goods into and out of the country. | Aš-am n addawla tan ilanat išikil n awikkil wan alxadudan nasan fal asassarhu meɣ afanaz n imitikwiyan n addinat , arrizej d ialan s ebarid n akal |