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SUMMARY FOR POLICYMAKERS OF THE IPBES ASSESSMENT REPORT ON INVASIVE ALIEN SPECIES AND THEIR CONTROL Copyright (c) 2023, Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (IPBES) ISBN No: 978-3-947851-35-5 Reproduction This publication may be reproduced in whole or in part and in any form for educational or non-profit services without special permission from the copyright holder, provided acknowledgement of the source is made. The IPBES secretariat would appreciate receiving a copy of any publication that uses this publication as a source. No use of this publication may be made for resale or any other commercial purpose whatsoever without prior permission in writing from the IPBES secretariat. Applications for such permission, with a statement of the purpose and extent of the reproduction, should be addressed to the IPBES secretariat. The use of information from this publication concerning proprietary products for publicity or advertising is not permitted. Traceable accounts The chapter references enclosed in curly brackets (e.g. {2.3.1, 2.3.1.2, 2.3.1.3}) are traceable accounts and refer to sections of the chapters of this IPBES Assessment. A traceable account is a guide to the section in the chapters that contains the evidence supporting a given message and reflecting the evaluation of the type, amount, quality, and consistency of evidence and the degree of agreement for that statement or key finding. Disclaimer The designations employed and the presentation of material on the maps used in the present report do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. These maps have been prepared for the sole purpose of facilitating the assessment of the broad biogeographical areas represented therein. For further information, please contact Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (IPBES) IPBES Secretariat, UN Campus Platz der Vereinten Nationen 1, D-53113 Bonn, Germany Phone: +49 (0) 228 815 0570 Email: secretariat@ipbes.net Website: www.ipbes.net Photo credits Cover: Y. Arthus-Bertrand shutterstock | C. Ison shutterstock | A. Lesik iStock | LPETTET shutterstock | Frank60 P. 3: IISD/ENB | Anastasia Rodopoulou (A. M. Hernandez Salgar) Terra_D. Valente (A. Larigauderie) P.4-5: UNEP (I. Andersen) UNESCO/C. Alix (A. Azoulay) FAO/G. Carotenuto (Dr Qu Dongyu) UNDP (A. Steiner) CBD Secretariat (D. Cooper) P. 7: Claudio Concha Avello P. 10-11: shutterstock | Budimir Jevtic P. 13: Canva | Igaguri 1 Anibal Pauchard Canva | Mark Bridger Adobe Stock | Michael Shake Anibal Pauchard P. 15: Anibal Pauchard Nicola Battini Canva | Tratong P. 18-19: iStock | Shansche P. 44-45: AdobeStock | Sahil Ghosh Technical support unit Naoki Amako and Noriko Moriwake (heads) Ryoko Kawakami Tanara Renard Truong Graphic Design Maro Haas, Art direction and layout Tom August and Kate Randall: figures of the summary for policymakers SUGGESTED CITATION IPBES (2023). Summary for Policymakers of the Thematic Assessment Report on Invasive Alien Species and their Control of the Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services. Roy, H. E., Pauchard, A., Stoett, P., Renard Truong, T., Bacher, S., Galil, B. S., Hulme, P. E., Ikeda, T., Sankaran, K. V., McGeoch, M. A., Meyerson, L. A., Nunez, M. A., Ordonez, A., Rahlao, S. J., Schwindt, E., Seebens, H., Sheppard, A. W., and Vandvik, V. (eds.). IPBES secretariat, Bonn, Germany. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7430692 MEMBERS OF THE MANAGEMENT COMMITTEE WHO PROVIDED GUIDANCE FOR THE PRODUCTION OF THIS ASSESSMENT Eric Fokam, Shizuka Hashimoto, Rizwan Irshad, Ruslan Novitsky, Rashad Allahverdiyev, Vinod Bihari Mathur, Youngbae Suh. REVIEW EDITORS OF THE SUMMARY FOR POLICYMAKERS Piero Genovesi, John R. Wilson. This report in the form of a PDF can be viewed and downloaded at www.ipbes.net The Assessment of Invasive Alien Species and their Control was made possible thanks to many generous contributions received during the production of the Assessment including non-earmarked contributions to the IPBES trust fund from Governments (Australia, Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Canada, Chile, China, Denmark, Estonia, European Union, Finland, France, Germany, Japan, Latvia, Luxembourg, Netherlands [Kingdom of the], New Zealand, Norway, Republic of Korea, Slovakia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, United Kingdom and United States of America); earmarked contributions to the IPBES trust fund toward the Assessment (France - Office Francais de la Biodiversite); and in-kind contributions targeted at the Assessment, including from the Institute for Global Environmental Strategies (IGES) which hosted the technical support unit. All donors to the trust funds are listed on the IPBES web site: www.ipbes.net/donors
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2FOREWORD FOREWORD A key objective of the Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (IPBES) is to provide Governments, the private sector and civil society with scientifically credible and independent up-to-date assessments of available knowledge for better evidence-informed policy decisions and action at the local, national, regional and global levels. The thematic Assessment of Invasive Alien Species and their Control, or "Invasive Alien Species Assessment" in short, is part of a series of reports whose production was initiated during the "first work programme of IPBES, 2014-2018" and concluded during the current "IPBES rolling work programme up to 2030". The Invasive Alien Species Assessment has been carried out by a multidisciplinary team of 86 selected experts from all regions of the world, including early career fellows, assisted by about 200 contributing authors. More than 13,000 scientific publications were analyzed as well as a substantive body of Indigenous and local knowledge. Its chapters were accepted, and its summary for policymakers was approved, by the IPBES Plenary composed of 143 member States at its tenth session held from 28th August to 2nd September 2023 in Bonn, Germany. The Invasive Alien Species Assessment builds on the landmark IPBES Global Assessment Report on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services launched in 2019. The Global Assessment identified invasive alien species as a one of the five main direct drivers of biodiversity loss, with 1 million species of plants and animals now at risk of extinction. The Invasive Alien Species Assessment explores how invasive alien species affect nature and people globally. It analyzes the status and trends of alien and invasive alien species in all regions of Earth, and identifies major pathways for and drivers of the introduction and spread of such species between and within countries. The Assessment also assesses the IPBES is an independent intergovernmental body comprising over 140 member Governments. Established by Governments in 2012, IPBES provides policymakers with objective scientific assessments about the state of knowledge regarding nature and the contributions it provides to people, as well as options for actions to protect and sustainably use these vital natural assets. The Assessment of Invasive Alien Species and their Control was initiated by a decision from the IPBES Plenary (decision IPBES-6/1) at its sixth session (IPBES 6, Medellin, Colombia, 2018), based on the scoping report (annex III to decision IPBES-4/1) approved by the Plenary at its fourth session (IPBES 4, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, 2016). The Assessment was produced in accordance with the procedures for the preparation of the Platform's deliverables set out in annex I to decision IPBES-3/3. The Assessment of Invasive Alien Species and their Control was considered by the IPBES Plenary at its tenth session (IPBES 10, Bonn, Germany, 2023), which approved its summary for policymakers, and accepted its chapters. All material can be found here: https://www.ipbes.net/ias
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The Assessment of Invasive Alien Species and their Control was considered by the IPBES Plenary at its tenth session (IPBES 10, Bonn, Germany, 2023), which approved its summary for policymakers, and accepted its chapters. All material can be found here: https://www.ipbes.net/ias
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A key objective of the Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (IPBES) is to provide Governments, the private sector and civil society with scientifically credible and independent up-to-date assessments of available knowledge for better evidence-informed policy decisions and action at the local, national, regional and global levels.
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The thematic Assessment of Invasive Alien Species and their Control, or "Invasive Alien Species Assessment" in short, is part of a series of reports whose production was initiated during the "first work programme of IPBES, 2014-2018" and concluded during the current "IPBES rolling work programme up to 2030". The Invasive Alien Species Assessment has been carried out by a multidisciplinary team of 86 selected experts from all regions of the world, including early career fellows, assisted by about 200 contributing authors. More than 13,000 scientific publications were analyzed as well as a substantive body of Indigenous and local knowledge. Its chapters were accepted, and its summary for policymakers was approved, by the IPBES Plenary composed of 143 member States at its tenth session held from 28th August to 2nd September 2023 in Bonn, Germany.
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The Invasive Alien Species Assessment builds on the landmark IPBES Global Assessment Report on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services launched in 2019. The Global Assessment identified invasive alien species as a one of the five main direct drivers of biodiversity loss, with 1 million species of plants and animals now at risk of extinction.
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The Invasive Alien Species Assessment explores how invasive alien species affect nature and people globally. It analyzes the status and trends of alien and invasive alien species in all regions of Earth, and identifies major pathways for and drivers of the introduction and spread of such species between and within countries. The Assessment also assesses the
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THE THEMATIC ASSESSMENT REPORT ON INVASIVE ALIEN SPECIES AND THEIR CONTROL 3FOREWORD effectiveness of management actions across scales and in various contexts. The Invasive Alien Species Assessment finally outlines key responses and policy options for the prevention, early detection, and effective control of invasive alien species and mitigation of their impacts in order to safeguard nature, nature's contributions to people and good quality of life. The Invasive Alien Species Assessment highlights that invasive alien species are a major and growing threat to nature, nature's contributions to people, with, in some cases, irreversible changes to biodiversity and ecosystems. Invasive alien species also dramatically impact the economy, food security, water security and human health, sometimes adding to marginalization and inequity. The Assessment demonstrates that with sufficient resources, political will, and long-term commitment, preventing and controlling invasive alien species are attainable goals that will yield significant long-term benefits for people and nature. As the Chair and the Executive Secretary of IPBES, we wish to recognize the leadership and dedication of the co-chairs, Prof. Helen Roy (United Kingdom), Prof. Anibal Pauchard (Chile), and Prof. Peter Stoett (Canada) and the hard work and commitment of all the coordinating lead authors, lead authors, review editors, fellows, contributing authors and external reviewers, and to warmly thank them for contributing their time and ideas freely to this important report. We would also like to recognize the hard work and dedication of Naoki Amako and Noriko Moriwake, heads of the technical support unit for this Assessment, Tanara Renard Truong, assessment coordinator, and Ryoko Kawakami, administrative officer. Our thanks go also to the current and former members of the Multidisciplinary Expert Panel (MEP) and of the Bureau who provided guidance as part of the management committee for this report, and to members of the IPBES secretariat including those of other technical support units within the IPBES secretariat, who have supported the production of this report, and its successful launch in the media. We would also like to thank all Governments and other institutions that provided financial and in-kind support for the preparation of this Assessment. We are profoundly aware that work was made more challenging over the past couple of years because of the COVID-19 pandemic which prevented the experts from meeting and connecting in-person as planned, and which created very difficult personal circumstances for many. We express again our deepest thanks and recognition to all involved, on behalf of IPBES. The Invasive Alien Species Assessment provides the best-available evidence, critical analysis and options for governments, civil society, Indigenous Peoples and local communities, the private sector and all those seeking to address the issue of biological invasions. The Assessment is also expected to support sharing of information within and across countries and capacity building globally. It is our sincere hope that this Assessment will support the implementation of the Sustainable Development Goals of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development (especially Goal 15) and form a significant contribution to the implementation of the KunmingMontreal Global Biodiversity Framework of the Convention on Biological Diversity, and especially of its Target 6. Ana Maria Hernandez Salgar Chair of IPBES (2019-2023) Anne Larigauderie Executive Secretary of IPBES
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effectiveness of management actions across scales and in various contexts. The Invasive Alien Species Assessment finally outlines key responses and policy options for the prevention, early detection, and effective control of invasive alien species and mitigation of their impacts in order to safeguard nature, nature's contributions to people and good quality of life.
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as part of the management committee for this report, and to members of the IPBES secretariat including those of other technical support units within the IPBES secretariat, who have supported the production of this report, and its successful launch in the media. We would also like to thank all Governments and other institutions that provided financial and in-kind support for the preparation of this Assessment. We are profoundly aware that work was made more challenging over the past couple of years because of the COVID-19 pandemic which prevented the experts from meeting and connecting in-person as planned, and which created very difficult personal circumstances for many. We express again our deepest thanks and recognition to all involved, on behalf of IPBES.
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The Invasive Alien Species Assessment highlights that invasive alien species are a major and growing threat to nature, nature's contributions to people, with, in some cases, irreversible changes to biodiversity and ecosystems. Invasive alien species also dramatically impact the economy, food security, water security and human health, sometimes adding to marginalization and inequity. The Assessment demonstrates that with sufficient resources, political will, and long-term commitment, preventing and controlling invasive alien species are attainable goals that will yield significant long-term benefits for people and nature.
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The Invasive Alien Species Assessment provides the best-available evidence, critical analysis and options for governments, civil society, Indigenous Peoples and local communities, the private sector and all those seeking to address the issue of biological invasions. The Assessment is also expected to support sharing of information within and across countries and capacity building globally. It is our sincere hope that this Assessment will support the implementation of the Sustainable Development Goals of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development (especially Goal 15) and form a significant contribution to the implementation of the KunmingMontreal Global Biodiversity Framework of the Convention on Biological Diversity, and especially of its Target 6.
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As the Chair and the Executive Secretary of IPBES, we wish to recognize the leadership and dedication of the co-chairs, Prof. Helen Roy (United Kingdom), Prof. Anibal Pauchard (Chile), and Prof. Peter Stoett (Canada) and the hard work and commitment of all the coordinating lead authors, lead authors, review editors, fellows, contributing authors and external reviewers, and to warmly thank them for contributing their time and ideas freely to this important report. We would also like to recognize the hard work and dedication of Naoki Amako and Noriko Moriwake, heads of the technical support unit for this Assessment, Tanara Renard Truong, assessment coordinator, and Ryoko Kawakami, administrative officer. Our thanks go also to the current and former members of the Multidisciplinary Expert Panel (MEP) and of the Bureau who provided guidance
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Ana Maria Hernandez Salgar Chair of IPBES (2019-2023)
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Anne Larigauderie Executive Secretary of IPBES
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E THEMATIC ASSESSMENT REPORT ON INVASIVE ALIEN SPECIES AND THEI
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THE THEMATIC ASSESSMENT REPORT ON INVASIVE ALIEN SPECIES AND THEIR CONTROL 4STATEMENTS FROM KEY PARTNERS It is urgent to accelerate efforts against invasive alien species, one of the five major drivers of biodiversity loss that also threatens our health, social development, and culture. UNESCO, as an institutional partner of IPBES, takes pride to have supported this new Assessment Report. It provides a valuable analysis of how invasive alien species are distributed globally and the diverse strategies used to manage them. The report draws on a wide range of knowledge and perspectives from around the world, including Indigenous and local knowledge, which is a central focus of UNESCO's programmes. This crucial information will strengthen ongoing initiatives in UNESCO-designated sites and help decision-makers shape their policies worldwide. Audrey Azoulay Director-General, United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) Invasive alien species pose a substantial threat to livelihoods and food security around the world. They can, for example, manifest as destructive crop or forest pests or displace species targeted by fisheries. They are an important driver of biodiversity loss and hence a threat to the various ecosystem services that support agricultural production and sustainable livelihoods. The information contained in this report will contribute greatly to efforts to combat the spread of invasive alien species and to meeting Target 6 of the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework. It will be especially valuable for all of us who work to integrate the conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity into the world's agrifood systems to enhance their productivity and resilience. QU Dongyu Director-General, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) STATEMENTS FROM KEY PARTNERS Humanity has been moving species around the world for centuries. This practice has brought some positives. However, when imported species run rampant and unbalance local ecosystems, indigenous biodiversity suffers. As a result, invasive species have become one of the five horsemen of the biodiversity apocalypse that is riding down harder and faster upon the world. While the other four horsemen - changing land- and sea-use, over exploitation, climate change and pollution - are relatively well understood, knowledge gaps remain around invasive species. The IPBES Invasive Alien Species Report is a welcome effort to close these gaps. By providing critical information on trends in invasive species and policy tools to address them, this report can provide a springboard to concrete action on invasive species. I ask all decision-makers to use this report's recommendations as a basis to act on this growing threat to biodiversity and human well-being - and make a real contribution to achieving the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework by 2030. Inger Andersen Executive Director United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP)
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Humanity has been moving species around the world for centuries. This practice has brought some positives. However, when imported species run rampant and unbalance local ecosystems, indigenous biodiversity suffers. As a result, invasive species have become one of the five horsemen of the biodiversity apocalypse that is riding down harder and faster upon the world.
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It is urgent to accelerate efforts against invasive alien species, one of the five major drivers of biodiversity loss that also threatens our health, social development, and culture. UNESCO, as an institutional partner of IPBES, takes pride to have supported this new Assessment Report. It provides a valuable analysis of how invasive alien species are distributed globally and the diverse strategies used to manage them. The report draws on a wide range of knowledge and perspectives from around the world, including Indigenous and local knowledge, which is a central focus of UNESCO's programmes. This crucial information will strengthen ongoing initiatives in UNESCO-designated sites and help decision-makers shape their policies worldwide. <Section-header> Audrey Azoulay </Section-header>
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While the other four horsemen - changing land- and sea-use, over exploitation, climate change and pollution - are relatively well understood, knowledge gaps remain around invasive species. The IPBES Invasive Alien Species Report is a welcome effort to close these gaps. By providing critical information on trends in invasive species and policy tools to address them, this report can provide a springboard to concrete action on invasive species.
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I ask all decision-makers to use this report's recommendations as a basis to act on this growing threat to biodiversity and human well-being - and make a real contribution to achieving the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework by 2030. <Section-header> Inger Andersen </Section-header>
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Audrey Azoulay Director-General, United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) <Section-header> Audrey Azoulay </Section-header>
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Inger Andersen Executive Director United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) <Section-header> Inger Andersen </Section-header>
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Invasive alien species pose a substantial threat to livelihoods and food security around the world. They can, for example, manifest as destructive crop or forest pests or displace species targeted by fisheries. They are an important driver of biodiversity loss and hence a threat to the various ecosystem services that support agricultural production and sustainable livelihoods. <Section-header> Invasive alien species pose a substantial threat to livelihoods and food security </Section-header>
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Invasive alien species pose a substantial threat to livelihoods and food security
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The information contained in this report will contribute greatly to efforts to combat the spread of invasive alien species and to meeting Target 6 of the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework. It will be especially valuable for all of us who work to integrate the conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity into the world's agrifood systems to enhance their productivity and resilience. <Section-header> QU DongyuQU Dongyu </Section-header>
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THE THEMATIC ASSESSMENT REPORT ON INVASIVE ALIEN SPECIES AND THEIR CONTROL 5 STATEMENTS FROM KEY PARTNERS Invasive alien species - plants, animals or microorganisms that are introduced intentionally or unintentionally into areas where they are not native - remain one of the most striking symptoms of the adverse effect of human activities on our natural world. They not only contribute to wildlife species extinctions, but also pose a rapidly growing risk to progress on the Global Goals - affecting entire ecosystems, economies and food security to human health, wellbeing, and livelihoods. As anthropogenic factors such as climate change provide the perfect petri dish for alien species to multiply and spread, our decisions and actions must be rooted in a comprehensive understanding of this threat and its future implications. Addressing this need, this timely analysis by IPBES combines the latest science, data, and new thinking to guide countries, communities, and the United Nations family to prevent, mitigate, and manage invasive alien species, a pivotal step towards advancing the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework targets. That includes leveraging invaluable local knowledge and outlining a range of practical solutions. This new understanding will allow our global community to take new measures to protect both people and planet from the unwanted and severe consequences of invasive alien species. Achim Steiner Administrator, United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) Invasive alien species are one of the five main direct drivers of biodiversity loss globally and the threats they pose to species, to ecosystems and to human well-being are rapidly increasing. The Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework, in its Target 6, aims to tackle the impacts of invasive alien species on biodiversity and ecosystem services, and to reduce the rate of introduction and establishment of invasive alien species by at least 50% by 2030. This is an ambitious target, especially when we consider the increasing levels of global trade and travel. The IPBES Assessment will provide the best available scientific knowledge to help countries and stakeholders understand and address this growing threat. It will identify tools and policy measures for identifying and regulating pathways of introduction and for eliminating or controlling invasive species that have already been established. Critically, the assessment will take into account different value systems and help to focus actions on priority species, pathways and sites. Congratulations to IPBES for this critical work. I look forward to seeing its active use by Parties and stakeholders. I believe it will be a critical resource to facilitate the urgent actions necessary to achieve Target 6 and work towards living in harmony with nature. David Cooper Acting Executive Secretary Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD)
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Invasive alien species are one of the five main direct drivers of biodiversity loss globally and the threats they pose to species, to ecosystems and to human well-being are rapidly increasing.
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Invasive alien species - plants, animals or microorganisms that are introduced intentionally or unintentionally into areas where they are not native - remain one of the most striking symptoms of the adverse effect of human activities on our natural world. They not only contribute to wildlife species extinctions, but also pose a rapidly growing risk to progress on the Global Goals - affecting entire ecosystems, economies and food security to human health, wellbeing, and livelihoods.
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The Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework, in its Target 6, aims to tackle the impacts of invasive alien species on biodiversity and ecosystem services, and to reduce the rate of introduction and establishment of invasive alien species by at least 50% by 2030. This is an ambitious target, especially when we consider the increasing levels of global trade and travel.
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As anthropogenic factors such as climate change provide the perfect petri dish for alien species to multiply and spread, our decisions and actions must be rooted in a comprehensive understanding of this threat and its future implications.
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The IPBES Assessment will provide the best available scientific knowledge to help countries and stakeholders understand and address this growing threat. It will identify tools and policy measures for identifying and regulating pathways of introduction and for eliminating or controlling invasive species that have already been established. Critically, the assessment will take into account different value systems and help to focus actions on priority species, pathways and sites.
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Addressing this need, this timely analysis by IPBES combines the latest science, data, and new thinking to guide countries, communities, and the United Nations family to prevent, mitigate, and manage invasive alien species, a pivotal step towards advancing the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework targets. That includes leveraging invaluable local knowledge and outlining a range of practical solutions.
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This new understanding will allow our global community to take new measures to protect both people and planet from the unwanted and severe consequences of invasive alien species.
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Congratulations to IPBES for this critical work. I look forward to seeing its active use by Parties and stakeholders. I believe it will be a critical resource to facilitate the urgent actions necessary to achieve Target 6 and work towards living in harmony with nature.
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Achim Steiner Administrator, United Nations Development Programme (UNDP)
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David Cooper Acting Executive Secretary Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) <Section-header> David Cooper </Section-header>
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David Cooper
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6 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS We are indebted to the hundreds of experts, policymakers, and practitioners, including members of Indigenous Peoples and local communities, who generously contributed their time and knowledge as authors, fellows, review editors (all of them listed below) and contributing authors of the Assessment of Invasive Alien Species and their Control, as well as to the management committee who provided oversight and guidance to its development. The Assessment team has contributed thousands of hours of collaborative and voluntary work to provide the best available knowledge on invasive alien species and their control. We have all encountered various challenges, not least the COVID-19 pandemic, throughout the assessment, but the dedication, determination and commitment of everyone involved has been outstanding. Throughout our time working on the Assessment we have benefited enormously from the invaluable advice, dedication, and constructive contributions from the IPBES secretariat, particularly from the Executive Secretary, Anne Larigauderie, and from Simone Schiele, Bonnie Myers and Hien Ngo, the IPBES Chair, Ana Maria Hernandez Salgar, representatives of member States, and the Multidisciplinary Expert Panel (MEP) and Bureau, especially members of the management committee, Eric Fokam, Shizuka Hashimoto, Rizwan Irshad, Ruslan Novitsky, Rashad Allahverdiyev, Vinod Bihari Mathur, and Youngbae Suh. We have been honored to work with such talented people. The Invasive Alien Species Assessment would not have been possible without the phenomenal contributions and excellent guidance of our technical support unit, headed by Naoki Amako and Noriko Moriwake and supported by Ryoko Kawakami and Tanara Renard Truong during the four years of its production. These colleagues went far beyond expectations, ensuring sustained quality while being thoughtful of and responsive to the needs of the assessment process and our many authors. Further, Tanara is listed as an author on both Chapter 1 and the summary for policymakers, recognizing her incredible contributions to the knowledge and information gathered. We are extremely appreciative of her insights and leadership. We also thank Tom August, Kate Randall and Maro Haas for their skillful and experienced work on data visualization and graphic design. We hugely appreciated the many contributions from Peter Bates who also facilitated collaboration with Indigenous Peoples and local communities. We thank the IPBES communications team for their outstanding work providing expert guidance, training and support through every stage of the Assessment, to ensure the widest outreach of the main page 2 FOREWORD page 4 STATEMENTS FROM KEY PARTNERS page 6 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS page 8 DEFINITIONS, CONCEPTS AND THE CONTEXT OF THE ASSESSMENT SUMMARY FOR POLICY MAKERS page 12 Key messages Background messages: page 20 A. Invasive alien species are a major threat to nature, nature's contributions to people, and good quality of life page 26 B. Globally, invasive alien species and their impact are increasing rapidly and predicted to continue rising in the future page 31 C. Invasive alien species and their negative impact can be prevented and mitigated through effective management page 37 D. Ambitious progress to manage biological invasion can be achieved with integrated governance page 46 APPENDICES Appendix 1: Communication of the degree of confidence Appendix 2: Synthesis of knowledge and data gaps Appendix 3: Examples of data and knowledge products Table of Contents
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