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Text_5 | Text | Text | [0.509375,0.87421875,0.87421875,0.91640625] | KM-B1 Many human activities facilitate the
transport, introduction, establishment and spread
of invasive alien species {B9, B11, B12, B14} | raw_document.pdf | 14 | Text_5_14 | 13SUMMARY FOR POLICYMAKERS | The thematic assessment report on
INVASIVE ALIEN SPECIES
AND THEIR CONTROL | B. Globally, invasive alien species
and their impacts are increasing
rapidly and are predicted to
continue rising in the future |
Page-header_0 | Page-header | Text | [0.1197265625,0.05166015625,0.580859375,0.060498046875] | THE THEMATIC ASSESSMENT REPORT ON INVASIVE ALIEN SPECIES AND THEIR CONTROL | raw_document.pdf | 15 | Page-header_0_15 | THE THEMATIC ASSESSMENT REPORT ON INVASIVE ALIEN SPECIES AND THEIR CONTROL | The thematic assessment report on
INVASIVE ALIEN SPECIES
AND THEIR CONTROL | B. Globally, invasive alien species
and their impacts are increasing
rapidly and are predicted to
continue rising in the future |
Page-header_1 | Page-header | Text | [0.05126953125,0.4671875,0.065869140625,0.608984375] | SUMMARY FOR POLICYMAKERS | raw_document.pdf | 15 | Page-header_1_15 | SUMMARY FOR POLICYMAKERS | The thematic assessment report on
INVASIVE ALIEN SPECIES
AND THEIR CONTROL | B. Globally, invasive alien species
and their impacts are increasing
rapidly and are predicted to
continue rising in the future |
Full-Page_0 | Full-Page | Text | [0.0,0.0,0.999999999,0.999999999] | THE THEMATIC ASSESSMENT REPORT ON INVASIVE ALIEN SPECIES AND THEIR CONTROL
14SUMMARY FOR POLICYMAKERS
(Figure SPM.5). Many invasive alien species have been
intentionally introduced outside their natural range around
the world for their perceived benefits without consideration
or knowledge of their negative impacts, but there have
also been many unintentional introductions, including as
contaminants of traded goods and stowaways in shipments.
Indirect drivers of change, particularly those associated
with economic activities, of which international trade is the
most important, are increasingly facilitating transport and
introduction, the early stages of biological invasion. Direct
drivers, particularly land- and sea-use change and climate
change, are increasingly important later in the biological
invasion process, facilitating the establishment and spread
of invasive alien species, with fragmented ecosystems being
more vulnerable to invasive alien species. Transport and
utility infrastructures in terrestrial and aquatic environments
can create corridors that facilitate the spread of invasive
alien species, including into remote, undisturbed and
protected areas. For some invasive alien species, the spread
is immediate, but others only begin to spread long after
first introduction, meaning that currently observed threats
of invasive alien species can lead to underestimation of the
magnitude of the future impact. Invasive alien species may
increase in numbers after a long period at low density as
a result of changes in interactions with other species, for
example as a result of the introduction of a missing dispersal
agent or the removal of a competitor.
KM-B2 The threats from invasive alien species are
increasing markedly in all regions of Earth, with
the current unparalleled high rate of introductions
predicted to rise even higher in the future {B10}
(Figure SPM.4). The number of alien species has been
rising continuously for centuries in all regions, and the global
economic costs of invasive alien species have quadrupled
every decade since 1970. Even without the introduction
of new species, already established alien species given
the opportunity, may continue to expand their geographic
ranges into new countries, regions and ecosystems,
including remote environments. Under a "business-asusual" scenario, which assumes that trends of drivers will
continue as observed in the past, by 2050 the total number
of alien species globally is expected to be about one-third
higher than in 2005. However, the number of alien species
worldwide is expected to increase faster than predicted
under the business-as-usual scenario.
KM-B3 The ongoing amplification of drivers of
change in nature may substantially increase the
number of invasive alien species and their impacts
in the future {B9, B11, B12, B14}. The causal links
between indirect and direct drivers imply that ongoing
and future amplification of these drivers will increase the
frequency and extent of biological invasions and the impacts
of invasive alien species, which, in some cases, may
exacerbate the impacts of other drivers. At a global scale,
the number of invasive alien species and their negative
impacts are likely to increase due to the amplification of
multiple drivers including but not limited to demographic,
economic and land-use and sea-use change while noting
regional variation. Additionally, climate change will further
exacerbate the establishment of some invasive alien species
and will be a major cause of future establishment and
spread. Delays in the response of invasive alien species
to drivers of change may result in a long legacy of future
biological invasions due to past and present amplification
of drivers.
KM-B4 The magnitude of the future threat
from invasive alien species is difficult to predict
because of complex interactions and feedback
among direct and indirect drivers of change in
nature {B10, B13, B14}. Climate change interacting with
land- and sea-use change is predicted to profoundly shape
and amplify the future threat from invasive alien species.
Interactions among climate change, land-use change
and invasive alien species can alter and intensify natural
disturbance regimes, such as wildfires. Variations in human
perceptions and values add yet another level of complexity,
as sociocultural drivers interact with other indirect drivers
and influence direct drivers. Such interactions may lead to
unprecedented numbers of invasive alien species, with the
consequent amplification of their impacts.
C. Invasive alien species and their
negative impacts can be prevented
and mitigated through effective
management
Curbing the rising number of invasive alien
species and reducing their spread and
impacts are achievable through management
actions in the short as well as long term.
There are many decision frameworks and
approaches for supporting management of
invasive alien species at all stages of the
biological invasion process. Prevention is the
best option, but early detection, eradication,
containment and control are also effective in
specific contexts. Management of biological
invasions benefits from engagement with
stakeholders and Indigenous Peoples and
local communities.
KM-C1 The number and impacts of invasive alien
species can be reduced through management of
biological invasions {C15, C16, C17, C18, C22,
C23} (Figure SPM.6, Table SPM.1). There are decision- | raw_document.pdf | 15 | Full-Page_0_15 | SUMMARY FOR POLICYMAKERS | The thematic assessment report on
INVASIVE ALIEN SPECIES
AND THEIR CONTROL | B. Globally, invasive alien species
and their impacts are increasing
rapidly and are predicted to
continue rising in the future |
Text_0 | Text | Text | [0.11865234375,0.12177734375,0.4953125,0.503125] | (Figure SPM.5). Many invasive alien species have been
intentionally introduced outside their natural range around
the world for their perceived benefits without consideration
or knowledge of their negative impacts, but there have
also been many unintentional introductions, including as
contaminants of traded goods and stowaways in shipments.
Indirect drivers of change, particularly those associated
with economic activities, of which international trade is the
most important, are increasingly facilitating transport and
introduction, the early stages of biological invasion. Direct
drivers, particularly land- and sea-use change and climate
change, are increasingly important later in the biological
invasion process, facilitating the establishment and spread
of invasive alien species, with fragmented ecosystems being
more vulnerable to invasive alien species. Transport and
utility infrastructures in terrestrial and aquatic environments
can create corridors that facilitate the spread of invasive
alien species, including into remote, undisturbed and
protected areas. For some invasive alien species, the spread
is immediate, but others only begin to spread long after
first introduction, meaning that currently observed threats
of invasive alien species can lead to underestimation of the
magnitude of the future impact. Invasive alien species may
increase in numbers after a long period at low density as
a result of changes in interactions with other species, for
example as a result of the introduction of a missing dispersal
agent or the removal of a competitor. | raw_document.pdf | 15 | Text_0_15 | SUMMARY FOR POLICYMAKERS | The thematic assessment report on
INVASIVE ALIEN SPECIES
AND THEIR CONTROL | B. Globally, invasive alien species
and their impacts are increasing
rapidly and are predicted to
continue rising in the future |
Text_1 | Text | Text | [0.11904296875,0.51875,0.494140625,0.7734375] | KM-B2 The threats from invasive alien species are
increasing markedly in all regions of Earth, with
the current unparalleled high rate of introductions
predicted to rise even higher in the future {B10}
(Figure SPM.4). The number of alien species has been
rising continuously for centuries in all regions, and the global
economic costs of invasive alien species have quadrupled
every decade since 1970. Even without the introduction
of new species, already established alien species given
the opportunity, may continue to expand their geographic
ranges into new countries, regions and ecosystems,
including remote environments. Under a "business-asusual" scenario, which assumes that trends of drivers will
continue as observed in the past, by 2050 the total number
of alien species globally is expected to be about one-third
higher than in 2005. However, the number of alien species
worldwide is expected to increase faster than predicted
under the business-as-usual scenario. | raw_document.pdf | 15 | Text_1_15 | SUMMARY FOR POLICYMAKERS | The thematic assessment report on
INVASIVE ALIEN SPECIES
AND THEIR CONTROL | B. Globally, invasive alien species
and their impacts are increasing
rapidly and are predicted to
continue rising in the future |
Text_2 | Text | Text | [0.11845703125,0.790234375,0.493359375,0.915625] | KM-B3 The ongoing amplification of drivers of
change in nature may substantially increase the
number of invasive alien species and their impacts
in the future {B9, B11, B12, B14}. The causal links
between indirect and direct drivers imply that ongoing
and future amplification of these drivers will increase the
frequency and extent of biological invasions and the impacts
of invasive alien species, which, in some cases, may
exacerbate the impacts of other drivers. At a global scale, | raw_document.pdf | 15 | Text_2_15 | SUMMARY FOR POLICYMAKERS | The thematic assessment report on
INVASIVE ALIEN SPECIES
AND THEIR CONTROL | B. Globally, invasive alien species
and their impacts are increasing
rapidly and are predicted to
continue rising in the future |
Text_3 | Text | Text | [0.509375,0.12177734375,0.8828125,0.274609375] | the number of invasive alien species and their negative
impacts are likely to increase due to the amplification of
multiple drivers including but not limited to demographic,
economic and land-use and sea-use change while noting
regional variation. Additionally, climate change will further
exacerbate the establishment of some invasive alien species
and will be a major cause of future establishment and
spread. Delays in the response of invasive alien species
to drivers of change may result in a long legacy of future
biological invasions due to past and present amplification
of drivers. | raw_document.pdf | 15 | Text_3_15 | SUMMARY FOR POLICYMAKERS | The thematic assessment report on
INVASIVE ALIEN SPECIES
AND THEIR CONTROL | B. Globally, invasive alien species
and their impacts are increasing
rapidly and are predicted to
continue rising in the future |
Text_4 | Text | Text | [0.509375,0.2904296875,0.88125,0.503125] | KM-B4 The magnitude of the future threat
from invasive alien species is difficult to predict
because of complex interactions and feedback
among direct and indirect drivers of change in
nature {B10, B13, B14}. Climate change interacting with
land- and sea-use change is predicted to profoundly shape
and amplify the future threat from invasive alien species.
Interactions among climate change, land-use change
and invasive alien species can alter and intensify natural
disturbance regimes, such as wildfires. Variations in human
perceptions and values add yet another level of complexity,
as sociocultural drivers interact with other indirect drivers
and influence direct drivers. Such interactions may lead to
unprecedented numbers of invasive alien species, with the
consequent amplification of their impacts. | raw_document.pdf | 15 | Text_4_15 | SUMMARY FOR POLICYMAKERS | The thematic assessment report on
INVASIVE ALIEN SPECIES
AND THEIR CONTROL | B. Globally, invasive alien species
and their impacts are increasing
rapidly and are predicted to
continue rising in the future |
Section-header_0 | Section-header | Text | [0.51015625,0.532421875,0.87421875,0.604296875] | C. Invasive alien species and their
negative impacts can be prevented
and mitigated through effective
management | raw_document.pdf | 15 | Section-header_0_15 | SUMMARY FOR POLICYMAKERS | The thematic assessment report on
INVASIVE ALIEN SPECIES
AND THEIR CONTROL | C. Invasive alien species and their
negative impacts can be prevented
and mitigated through effective
management |
Text_5 | Text | Text | [0.5109375,0.615625,0.8828125,0.846875] | Curbing the rising number of invasive alien
species and reducing their spread and
impacts are achievable through management
actions in the short as well as long term.
There are many decision frameworks and
approaches for supporting management of
invasive alien species at all stages of the
biological invasion process. Prevention is the
best option, but early detection, eradication,
containment and control are also effective in
specific contexts. Management of biological
invasions benefits from engagement with
stakeholders and Indigenous Peoples and
local communities.
<Section-header> C. Invasive alien species and their
negative impacts can be prevented
and mitigated through effective
management </Section-header>
| raw_document.pdf | 15 | Text_5_15 | SUMMARY FOR POLICYMAKERS | The thematic assessment report on
INVASIVE ALIEN SPECIES
AND THEIR CONTROL | C. Invasive alien species and their
negative impacts can be prevented
and mitigated through effective
management |
Text_6 | Text | Text | [0.509375,0.8609375,0.88125,0.91640625] | KM-C1 The number and impacts of invasive alien
species can be reduced through management of
biological invasions {C15, C16, C17, C18, C22,
C23} (Figure SPM.6, Table SPM.1). There are decision- | raw_document.pdf | 15 | Text_6_15 | SUMMARY FOR POLICYMAKERS | The thematic assessment report on
INVASIVE ALIEN SPECIES
AND THEIR CONTROL | C. Invasive alien species and their
negative impacts can be prevented
and mitigated through effective
management |
Page-header_0 | Page-header | Text | [0.93359375,0.4453125,0.95390625,0.606640625] | 15SUMMARY FOR POLICYMAKERS | raw_document.pdf | 16 | Page-header_0_16 | 15SUMMARY FOR POLICYMAKERS | The thematic assessment report on
INVASIVE ALIEN SPECIES
AND THEIR CONTROL | C. Invasive alien species and their
negative impacts can be prevented
and mitigated through effective
management |
Full-Page_0 | Full-Page | Text | [0.0,0.0,0.999999999,0.999999999] | THE THEMATIC ASSESSMENT REPORT ON INVASIVE ALIEN SPECIES AND THEIR CONTROL
15SUMMARY FOR POLICYMAKERS
making frameworks and tools for inclusively identifying and
supporting management goals related to (a) management
of pathways of introduction and spread of invasive alien
species; (b) management of target invasive alien species
at either local or landscape scales; and (c) site-based or
ecosystem-based management. There are many sources
of accessible literature and information, tools, and novel
and emerging technologies, including biotechnology,
bioinformatics, eDNA, remote sensing and data analytics,
for supporting the management of biological invasions.
Consideration of both potential benefits and risks of the
management of biological invasions can improve outcomes.
A risk assessment and a risk management framework
in line with a precautionary approach, as appropriate,
can be effective to guide management actions, including
the use of novel and emerging and environmentally
sound technologies. The success of any management
programme depends on the availability of adequate,
sustained resources, including for building capacity, which
is sometimes lacking, especially in some developing
countries. Multi-stakeholder engagement, including risk
communication and context-specific application, can
improve public acceptability and adoption of new tools and
technologies for managing biological invasions.
KM-C2 Prevention and preparedness are the
most cost-effective options and thus crucial for
managing the threats from invasive alien species
{C15, C17, C18}. Prevention can be achieved through
pathway management, including strictly enforced import
controls, pre-border, border and post-border biosecurity,
and measures to address escape from confinement.
Prevention is particularly critical in marine and connected
water systems, where most attempts at eradicating or
containing invasive alien species have mostly failed.
Prevention has been particularly effective on islands.
Preparedness includes border surveillance, early detection
and rapid response planning, and is critical to reduce
rates of establishment. Horizon scanning and risk analysis
can support prevention and preparedness by prioritizing
emerging invasive alien species. Sustained and adequate
funding, capacity-building, technical and scientific
cooperation, transfer of technology, monitoring, relevant
and appropriate biosecurity legislation and enforcement,
and quarantine and inspection facilities are necessary for
effective prevention measures.
KM-C3 Eradication has been successful,
especially for small and slow-spreading
populations of invasive alien species in isolated
ecosystems {C19}. Over the last 100 years, 88 per
cent of eradication attempts on 998 islands have proven
successful, especially for invasive alien vertebrates.
Large-scale eradications have been achieved but in many
cases are likely to be infeasible. There are also examples
of eradication of invasive alien plants and invertebrates,
particularly for those with limited distribution. Adoption of
appropriate tools and technologies and involvement of
relevant stakeholders underpin and improve the success of
eradication programmes. Sustained investment is required | raw_document.pdf | 16 | Full-Page_0_16 | 15SUMMARY FOR POLICYMAKERS | The thematic assessment report on
INVASIVE ALIEN SPECIES
AND THEIR CONTROL | C. Invasive alien species and their
negative impacts can be prevented
and mitigated through effective
management |
Section-header_0 | Section-header | Text | [0.48125,0.050830078125,0.85625,0.059912109375] | TIC ASSESSMENT REPORT ON INVASIVE ALIEN SPECIES AND THEIR CONT | raw_document.pdf | 16 | Section-header_0_16 | 15SUMMARY FOR POLICYMAKERS | The thematic assessment report on
INVASIVE ALIEN SPECIES
AND THEIR CONTROL | TIC ASSESSMENT REPORT ON INVASIVE ALIEN SPECIES AND THEIR CONT |
Picture_0 | Picture | Image | [-0.001171875,0.0947265625,0.91015625,0.459765625] | raw_document.pdf | 16 | Picture_0_16 | 15SUMMARY FOR POLICYMAKERS | The thematic assessment report on
INVASIVE ALIEN SPECIES
AND THEIR CONTROL | TIC ASSESSMENT REPORT ON INVASIVE ALIEN SPECIES AND THEIR CONT |
|
Text_0 | Text | Text | [0.118359375,0.490625,0.490234375,0.83125] | making frameworks and tools for inclusively identifying and
supporting management goals related to (a) management
of pathways of introduction and spread of invasive alien
species; (b) management of target invasive alien species
at either local or landscape scales; and (c) site-based or
ecosystem-based management. There are many sources
of accessible literature and information, tools, and novel
and emerging technologies, including biotechnology,
bioinformatics, eDNA, remote sensing and data analytics,
for supporting the management of biological invasions.
Consideration of both potential benefits and risks of the
management of biological invasions can improve outcomes.
A risk assessment and a risk management framework
in line with a precautionary approach, as appropriate,
can be effective to guide management actions, including
the use of novel and emerging and environmentally
sound technologies. The success of any management
programme depends on the availability of adequate,
sustained resources, including for building capacity, which
is sometimes lacking, especially in some developing
countries. Multi-stakeholder engagement, including risk
communication and context-specific application, can
improve public acceptability and adoption of new tools and
technologies for managing biological invasions. | raw_document.pdf | 16 | Text_0_16 | 15SUMMARY FOR POLICYMAKERS | The thematic assessment report on
INVASIVE ALIEN SPECIES
AND THEIR CONTROL | TIC ASSESSMENT REPORT ON INVASIVE ALIEN SPECIES AND THEIR CONT |
Text_1 | Text | Text | [0.11865234375,0.84609375,0.47734375,0.91640625] | KM-C2 Prevention and preparedness are the
most cost-effective options and thus crucial for
managing the threats from invasive alien species
{C15, C17, C18}. Prevention can be achieved through
pathway management, including strictly enforced import | raw_document.pdf | 16 | Text_1_16 | 15SUMMARY FOR POLICYMAKERS | The thematic assessment report on
INVASIVE ALIEN SPECIES
AND THEIR CONTROL | TIC ASSESSMENT REPORT ON INVASIVE ALIEN SPECIES AND THEIR CONT |
Text_2 | Text | Text | [0.509765625,0.49140625,0.86875,0.7171875] | controls, pre-border, border and post-border biosecurity,
and measures to address escape from confinement.
Prevention is particularly critical in marine and connected
water systems, where most attempts at eradicating or
containing invasive alien species have mostly failed.
Prevention has been particularly effective on islands.
Preparedness includes border surveillance, early detection
and rapid response planning, and is critical to reduce
rates of establishment. Horizon scanning and risk analysis
can support prevention and preparedness by prioritizing
emerging invasive alien species. Sustained and adequate
funding, capacity-building, technical and scientific
cooperation, transfer of technology, monitoring, relevant
and appropriate biosecurity legislation and enforcement,
and quarantine and inspection facilities are necessary for
effective prevention measures. | raw_document.pdf | 16 | Text_2_16 | 15SUMMARY FOR POLICYMAKERS | The thematic assessment report on
INVASIVE ALIEN SPECIES
AND THEIR CONTROL | TIC ASSESSMENT REPORT ON INVASIVE ALIEN SPECIES AND THEIR CONT |
Text_3 | Text | Text | [0.51015625,0.73203125,0.875,0.91640625] | KM-C3 Eradication has been successful,
especially for small and slow-spreading
populations of invasive alien species in isolated
ecosystems {C19}. Over the last 100 years, 88 per
cent of eradication attempts on 998 islands have proven
successful, especially for invasive alien vertebrates.
Large-scale eradications have been achieved but in many
cases are likely to be infeasible. There are also examples
of eradication of invasive alien plants and invertebrates,
particularly for those with limited distribution. Adoption of
appropriate tools and technologies and involvement of
relevant stakeholders underpin and improve the success of
eradication programmes. Sustained investment is required | raw_document.pdf | 16 | Text_3_16 | 15SUMMARY FOR POLICYMAKERS | The thematic assessment report on
INVASIVE ALIEN SPECIES
AND THEIR CONTROL | TIC ASSESSMENT REPORT ON INVASIVE ALIEN SPECIES AND THEIR CONT |
Page-header_0 | Page-header | Text | [0.11962890625,0.051171875,0.56875,0.060693359375] | THE THEMATIC ASSESSMENT REPORT ON INVASIVE ALIEN SPECIES AND THEIR CONTRO | raw_document.pdf | 17 | Page-header_0_17 | THE THEMATIC ASSESSMENT REPORT ON INVASIVE ALIEN SPECIES AND THEIR CONTRO | The thematic assessment report on
INVASIVE ALIEN SPECIES
AND THEIR CONTROL | TIC ASSESSMENT REPORT ON INVASIVE ALIEN SPECIES AND THEIR CONT |
Page-header_1 | Page-header | Text | [0.051416015625,0.459375,0.065966796875,0.609375] | SUMMARY FOR POLICYMAKERS | raw_document.pdf | 17 | Page-header_1_17 | SUMMARY FOR POLICYMAKERS | The thematic assessment report on
INVASIVE ALIEN SPECIES
AND THEIR CONTROL | TIC ASSESSMENT REPORT ON INVASIVE ALIEN SPECIES AND THEIR CONT |
Full-Page_0 | Full-Page | Text | [0.0,0.0,0.999999999,0.999999999] | THE THEMATIC ASSESSMENT REPORT ON INVASIVE ALIEN SPECIES AND THEIR CONTROL
16SUMMARY FOR POLICYMAKERS
for eradication programmes but they are generally more
cost-effective than long term and permanent control or the
costs incurred through inaction.
KM-C4 Containment and control can be an
effective option for invasive alien species that
cannot be eradicated for various reasons from
terrestrial and closed water systems, but most
attempts in marine and connected water systems
have been largely ineffective {C20}. Physical control
alongside chemical control options in terrestrial and closed
water systems are generally only effective at a local scale
and can have non-target effects. Biological control can be
applied for widely distributed invasive alien species and has
been successful in managing some invasive alien plants,
invertebrates and, to a lesser extent, plant pathogenic
microbes and vertebrates, but it may also have non-target
effects if not well regulated. International standards and
risk-based regulatory frameworks for biological control have
been used in many countries to manage risks, and continue
to be successfully applied. Integrated management, where
more than one containment or control option are used, can
improve outcomes.
KM-C5 The recovery of ecosystem functions
and nature's contributions to people can be
achieved through adaptive management, including
ecosystem restoration in terrestrial and closed
water systems {C21}. Management outcomes can be
improved by the integration of site- and/or ecosystembased management options that enhance ecosystem
function and resilience. Frequent long-term monitoring
of sites ensures early detection of invasive alien species,
including re-invasions, and can inform further management
actions. In marine and connected water systems,
ecosystem restoration has so far proved to be largely
ineffective. Adaptive management, possibly combining
multiple options, will improve management of biological
invasions under ongoing climate and land-use change.
Integrating site and/or ecosystem-based approaches can
improve management outcomes of biological invasions and
also enhance ecosystem functioning under ongoing climate
and land-use change.
KM-C6 Engagement and collaboration with
stakeholders and Indigenous Peoples and local
communities improve outcomes of management
actions for biological invasions {C23, C24}. Engaging
stakeholders, including the private sector, and Indigenous
Peoples and local communities in the collaborative
management of biological invasions is important for social
acceptability and improving environmental, social and
economic outcomes, particularly where there are conflicting
perceptions of the value of invasive alien species and the
ethics of management options. Management actions also
benefit from sharing and collaboration across knowledge
systems. Recognizing Indigenous Peoples' and local
communities' knowledge, rights and customary governance
systems in accordance with national legislation also helps to
improve long-term management.
D. Ambitious progress to
manage biological invasions8
can be achieved with integrated
governance
One of the greatest threats to biodiversity,
invasive alien species can be overcome
through a context-specific integrated
governance approach to biological invasions,
including well-resourced, coordinated and
sustained strategic actions, with closer
collaboration across sectors and countries.
Managing biological invasions is realistic
and achievable, with substantial benefits for
nature and people.
KM-D1 Through a complementary set of strategic
actions, integrated governance can limit the global
problem of invasive alien species throughout the
biological invasion process and at local, national
and regional scales {D25}. Strategic actions to prevent
the introduction and impact of invasive alien species
include: enhancing coordination and collaboration across
international and regional mechanisms; developing and
adopting effective and achievable national strategies;
sharing efforts and commitment and understanding the
specific role of all actors; improving policy coherence;
broad engagement across all stakeholders and Indigenous
Peoples and local communities; resourcing innovation,
research and technology; and supporting information
systems, infrastructures and data sharing.
KM-D2 The threat of invasive alien species
could be reduced with closer collaboration and
coordination across sectors and countries to
support the management of biological invasions
{D26, D30} (Figure SPM.7). International, national
and local agencies involved in developing policies for the
environment, agriculture, aquaculture, fishing, forestry,
horticulture, border control, shipping (including biofouling),
tourism, trade (including online trade in animals, plants, and
other organisms), community and regional development
(including infrastructure), transportation and the health
sector can all play a role in developing a coherent approach
8. This assessment acknowledges that national and local legislation to
address biological invasions differ between countries and may include
different definitions appropriate to specific national and local contexts. | raw_document.pdf | 17 | Full-Page_0_17 | SUMMARY FOR POLICYMAKERS | The thematic assessment report on
INVASIVE ALIEN SPECIES
AND THEIR CONTROL | TIC ASSESSMENT REPORT ON INVASIVE ALIEN SPECIES AND THEIR CONT |
Text_0 | Text | Text | [0.11875,0.12099609375,0.484375,0.1611328125] | for eradication programmes but they are generally more
cost-effective than long term and permanent control or the
costs incurred through inaction. | raw_document.pdf | 17 | Text_0_17 | SUMMARY FOR POLICYMAKERS | The thematic assessment report on
INVASIVE ALIEN SPECIES
AND THEIR CONTROL | TIC ASSESSMENT REPORT ON INVASIVE ALIEN SPECIES AND THEIR CONT |
Text_1 | Text | Text | [0.1185546875,0.1779296875,0.4890625,0.44609375] | KM-C4 Containment and control can be an
effective option for invasive alien species that
cannot be eradicated for various reasons from
terrestrial and closed water systems, but most
attempts in marine and connected water systems
have been largely ineffective {C20}. Physical control
alongside chemical control options in terrestrial and closed
water systems are generally only effective at a local scale
and can have non-target effects. Biological control can be
applied for widely distributed invasive alien species and has
been successful in managing some invasive alien plants,
invertebrates and, to a lesser extent, plant pathogenic
microbes and vertebrates, but it may also have non-target
effects if not well regulated. International standards and
risk-based regulatory frameworks for biological control have
been used in many countries to manage risks, and continue
to be successfully applied. Integrated management, where
more than one containment or control option are used, can
improve outcomes. | raw_document.pdf | 17 | Text_1_17 | SUMMARY FOR POLICYMAKERS | The thematic assessment report on
INVASIVE ALIEN SPECIES
AND THEIR CONTROL | TIC ASSESSMENT REPORT ON INVASIVE ALIEN SPECIES AND THEIR CONT |
Text_2 | Text | Text | [0.11904296875,0.46171875,0.490234375,0.73125] | KM-C5 The recovery of ecosystem functions
and nature's contributions to people can be
achieved through adaptive management, including
ecosystem restoration in terrestrial and closed
water systems {C21}. Management outcomes can be
improved by the integration of site- and/or ecosystembased management options that enhance ecosystem
function and resilience. Frequent long-term monitoring
of sites ensures early detection of invasive alien species,
including re-invasions, and can inform further management
actions. In marine and connected water systems,
ecosystem restoration has so far proved to be largely
ineffective. Adaptive management, possibly combining
multiple options, will improve management of biological
invasions under ongoing climate and land-use change.
Integrating site and/or ecosystem-based approaches can
improve management outcomes of biological invasions and
also enhance ecosystem functioning under ongoing climate
and land-use change. | raw_document.pdf | 17 | Text_2_17 | SUMMARY FOR POLICYMAKERS | The thematic assessment report on
INVASIVE ALIEN SPECIES
AND THEIR CONTROL | TIC ASSESSMENT REPORT ON INVASIVE ALIEN SPECIES AND THEIR CONT |
Text_3 | Text | Text | [0.11865234375,0.746875,0.49375,0.915625] | KM-C6 Engagement and collaboration with
stakeholders and Indigenous Peoples and local
communities improve outcomes of management
actions for biological invasions {C23, C24}. Engaging
stakeholders, including the private sector, and Indigenous
Peoples and local communities in the collaborative
management of biological invasions is important for social
acceptability and improving environmental, social and
economic outcomes, particularly where there are conflicting
perceptions of the value of invasive alien species and the
ethics of management options. Management actions also
benefit from sharing and collaboration across knowledge | raw_document.pdf | 17 | Text_3_17 | SUMMARY FOR POLICYMAKERS | The thematic assessment report on
INVASIVE ALIEN SPECIES
AND THEIR CONTROL | TIC ASSESSMENT REPORT ON INVASIVE ALIEN SPECIES AND THEIR CONT |
Text_4 | Text | Text | [0.508984375,0.12109375,0.8828125,0.175390625] | systems. Recognizing Indigenous Peoples' and local
communities' knowledge, rights and customary governance
systems in accordance with national legislation also helps to
improve long-term management. | raw_document.pdf | 17 | Text_4_17 | SUMMARY FOR POLICYMAKERS | The thematic assessment report on
INVASIVE ALIEN SPECIES
AND THEIR CONTROL | TIC ASSESSMENT REPORT ON INVASIVE ALIEN SPECIES AND THEIR CONT |
Section-header_0 | Section-header | Text | [0.51015625,0.208984375,0.84609375,0.2806640625] | D. Ambitious progress to
manage biological invasions8
can be achieved with integrated
governance | raw_document.pdf | 17 | Section-header_0_17 | SUMMARY FOR POLICYMAKERS | The thematic assessment report on
INVASIVE ALIEN SPECIES
AND THEIR CONTROL | D. Ambitious progress to
manage biological invasions8
can be achieved with integrated
governance |
Text_5 | Text | Text | [0.510546875,0.293359375,0.8828125,0.45625] | One of the greatest threats to biodiversity,
invasive alien species can be overcome
through a context-specific integrated
governance approach to biological invasions,
including well-resourced, coordinated and
sustained strategic actions, with closer
collaboration across sectors and countries.
Managing biological invasions is realistic
and achievable, with substantial benefits for
nature and people.
<Section-header> D. Ambitious progress to
manage biological invasions8
can be achieved with integrated
governance </Section-header>
| raw_document.pdf | 17 | Text_5_17 | SUMMARY FOR POLICYMAKERS | The thematic assessment report on
INVASIVE ALIEN SPECIES
AND THEIR CONTROL | D. Ambitious progress to
manage biological invasions8
can be achieved with integrated
governance |
Text_6 | Text | Text | [0.51015625,0.47578125,0.8796875,0.687890625] | KM-D1 Through a complementary set of strategic
actions, integrated governance can limit the global
problem of invasive alien species throughout the
biological invasion process and at local, national
and regional scales {D25}. Strategic actions to prevent
the introduction and impact of invasive alien species
include: enhancing coordination and collaboration across
international and regional mechanisms; developing and
adopting effective and achievable national strategies;
sharing efforts and commitment and understanding the
specific role of all actors; improving policy coherence;
broad engagement across all stakeholders and Indigenous
Peoples and local communities; resourcing innovation,
research and technology; and supporting information
systems, infrastructures and data sharing. | raw_document.pdf | 17 | Text_6_17 | SUMMARY FOR POLICYMAKERS | The thematic assessment report on
INVASIVE ALIEN SPECIES
AND THEIR CONTROL | D. Ambitious progress to
manage biological invasions8
can be achieved with integrated
governance |
Text_7 | Text | Text | [0.51015625,0.703125,0.88125,0.87421875] | KM-D2 The threat of invasive alien species
could be reduced with closer collaboration and
coordination across sectors and countries to
support the management of biological invasions
{D26, D30} (Figure SPM.7). International, national
and local agencies involved in developing policies for the
environment, agriculture, aquaculture, fishing, forestry,
horticulture, border control, shipping (including biofouling),
tourism, trade (including online trade in animals, plants, and
other organisms), community and regional development
(including infrastructure), transportation and the health
sector can all play a role in developing a coherent approach | raw_document.pdf | 17 | Text_7_17 | SUMMARY FOR POLICYMAKERS | The thematic assessment report on
INVASIVE ALIEN SPECIES
AND THEIR CONTROL | D. Ambitious progress to
manage biological invasions8
can be achieved with integrated
governance |
Footnote_0 | Footnote | Text | [0.506640625,0.88515625,0.87734375,0.9171875] | 8. This assessment acknowledges that national and local legislation to
address biological invasions differ between countries and may include
different definitions appropriate to specific national and local contexts. | raw_document.pdf | 17 | Footnote_0_17 | SUMMARY FOR POLICYMAKERS | The thematic assessment report on
INVASIVE ALIEN SPECIES
AND THEIR CONTROL | D. Ambitious progress to
manage biological invasions8
can be achieved with integrated
governance |
Page-header_0 | Page-header | Text | [0.419921875,0.051123046875,0.88125,0.060302734375] | THE THEMATIC ASSESSMENT REPORT ON INVASIVE ALIEN SPECIES AND THEIR CONTROL | raw_document.pdf | 18 | Page-header_0_18 | THE THEMATIC ASSESSMENT REPORT ON INVASIVE ALIEN SPECIES AND THEIR CONTROL | The thematic assessment report on
INVASIVE ALIEN SPECIES
AND THEIR CONTROL | D. Ambitious progress to
manage biological invasions8
can be achieved with integrated
governance |
Page-header_1 | Page-header | Text | [0.9328125,0.43984375,0.9546875,0.6078125] | 17SUMMARY FOR POLICYMAKERS | raw_document.pdf | 18 | Page-header_1_18 | 17SUMMARY FOR POLICYMAKERS | The thematic assessment report on
INVASIVE ALIEN SPECIES
AND THEIR CONTROL | D. Ambitious progress to
manage biological invasions8
can be achieved with integrated
governance |
Full-Page_0 | Full-Page | Text | [0.0,0.0,0.999999999,0.999999999] | THE THEMATIC ASSESSMENT REPORT ON INVASIVE ALIEN SPECIES AND THEIR CONTROL
17SUMMARY FOR POLICYMAKERS
to managing biological invasions and preventing and
controlling invasive alien species. Enhancing coordination
and collaboration across international and regional
mechanisms is one of the key strategic actions for rapid
and transformative progress. International and regional
partnerships can improve management of biological
invasions. Collaboration and co-development with
Indigenous Peoples and local communities can increase the
effectiveness of implemented strategies.
KM-D3 The Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity
Framework provides an opportunity for national
governments to develop or update aspirational,
ambitious and realistic approaches to prevent
and control invasive alien species {D27, D28}
(Figure SPM.7). Implementation-focused national
biodiversity strategies and action plans can help to
spur strategic actions and establish the properties of
the governance systems required for the successful
prevention and control of invasive alien species and the
management of biological invasions, and work towards
delivering Target 6. Coordinated efforts to strengthen
national regulatory instruments are also priorities, including
those for online trading and the creation of appropriate
policies for the development and use of environmentally
sound technologies, as well as making available data and
information accessible. Market-based instruments such
as tax relief and subsidization can be used to incentivize
action and spur relevant investment. Sharing efforts and
commitment, understanding the specific roles of all actors
and encouraging engagement across sectors on prevention,
control and environmental liability are integral to the effective
management of biological invasions.
KM-D4 Preventing and controlling invasive alien
species can strengthen the effectiveness of
policies designed to respond to other threats to
biodiversity and contribute to achieving several
Sustainable Development Goals {D26, D33}.
Awareness of the risks of biological invasions will contribute
to the effective delivery of several of the Sustainable
Development Goals, especially those addressing the
conservation of marine biodiversity (Goal 14) and terrestrial
biodiversity (Goal 15, including but not restricted to Target
15.8), food security (Goal 2), sustainable economic growth
(Goal 8) and sustainable cities (Goal 11), as well as climate
change (Goal 13) and health and wellbeing (Goal 3). Existing
collaborative and multisectoral approaches (e.g., One
Health) could provide frameworks for cross-disciplinary
thinking and could contribute to the management of
biological invasions.
KM-D5 Open and interoperable information
systems will improve the coordination and
effectiveness of the management of biological
invasions, within and across countries {D31, D32}.
By delivering current data to relevant actors, information
systems can facilitate the prioritization of actions and allow
for early detection and rapid response. Information systems
can also support improved governance and help develop
indicators of biological invasions, which in turn feed into
policy support tools. Collaboration between biological
invasion experts and across knowledge systems in all
regions, and enhancement of research capacity where
needed, can improve data and information availability
and the understanding of the context-specific features of
biological invasions and their impacts.
KM-D6 Public awareness, commitment and
engagement, and capacity-building, are crucial
for the prevention and control of invasive alien
species {D29, D31, D32} (Table SPM.2). Advances
can be achieved through adequately and sustainably
resourced public awareness campaigns, education, citizen
science, and targeted investment in research innovation and
environmentally sound technology. Public engagement with
citizen science platforms and community-driven eradication
campaigns can raise awareness and contribute to actions
that reduce the threat of invasive alien species. This can also
be aligned with efforts to share efforts and commitment and
understand the specific roles of all actors. Communication
strategies based on evidence can help to bring about
community action on biological invasions by supporting the
co-design of management actions, knowledge exchange
and enhanced partnerships among stakeholders.
KM-D7 There is compelling evidence for
immediate and sustained action to manage
biological invasions and mitigate the negative
impacts of invasive alien species {D32, D33}
(Table SPM.2). With sufficient resources, political will and
long-term commitment, preventing and controlling invasive
alien species are attainable goals that will yield significant
long-term benefits for people and nature. Increasing the
availability and accessibility of information and means of
implementation and addressing major knowledge gaps on
biological invasions, particularly in developing countries,
would result in more robust and effective policy instruments
and management actions. Additional efforts and cooperation
are particularly needed to improve data collection in Africa,
Latin America and the Caribbean and Asia. | raw_document.pdf | 18 | Full-Page_0_18 | 17SUMMARY FOR POLICYMAKERS | The thematic assessment report on
INVASIVE ALIEN SPECIES
AND THEIR CONTROL | D. Ambitious progress to
manage biological invasions8
can be achieved with integrated
governance |
Text_0 | Text | Text | [0.11865234375,0.120703125,0.48671875,0.246484375] | to managing biological invasions and preventing and
controlling invasive alien species. Enhancing coordination
and collaboration across international and regional
mechanisms is one of the key strategic actions for rapid
and transformative progress. International and regional
partnerships can improve management of biological
invasions. Collaboration and co-development with
Indigenous Peoples and local communities can increase the
effectiveness of implemented strategies. | raw_document.pdf | 18 | Text_0_18 | 17SUMMARY FOR POLICYMAKERS | The thematic assessment report on
INVASIVE ALIEN SPECIES
AND THEIR CONTROL | D. Ambitious progress to
manage biological invasions8
can be achieved with integrated
governance |
Text_1 | Text | Text | [0.118359375,0.26171875,0.49453125,0.587890625] | KM-D3 The Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity
Framework provides an opportunity for national
governments to develop or update aspirational,
ambitious and realistic approaches to prevent
and control invasive alien species {D27, D28}
(Figure SPM.7). Implementation-focused national
biodiversity strategies and action plans can help to
spur strategic actions and establish the properties of
the governance systems required for the successful
prevention and control of invasive alien species and the
management of biological invasions, and work towards
delivering Target 6. Coordinated efforts to strengthen
national regulatory instruments are also priorities, including
those for online trading and the creation of appropriate
policies for the development and use of environmentally
sound technologies, as well as making available data and
information accessible. Market-based instruments such
as tax relief and subsidization can be used to incentivize
action and spur relevant investment. Sharing efforts and
commitment, understanding the specific roles of all actors
and encouraging engagement across sectors on prevention,
control and environmental liability are integral to the effective
management of biological invasions. | raw_document.pdf | 18 | Text_1_18 | 17SUMMARY FOR POLICYMAKERS | The thematic assessment report on
INVASIVE ALIEN SPECIES
AND THEIR CONTROL | D. Ambitious progress to
manage biological invasions8
can be achieved with integrated
governance |
Text_2 | Text | Text | [0.11904296875,0.603125,0.49140625,0.8453125] | KM-D4 Preventing and controlling invasive alien
species can strengthen the effectiveness of
policies designed to respond to other threats to
biodiversity and contribute to achieving several
Sustainable Development Goals {D26, D33}.
Awareness of the risks of biological invasions will contribute
to the effective delivery of several of the Sustainable
Development Goals, especially those addressing the
conservation of marine biodiversity (Goal 14) and terrestrial
biodiversity (Goal 15, including but not restricted to Target
15.8), food security (Goal 2), sustainable economic growth
(Goal 8) and sustainable cities (Goal 11), as well as climate
change (Goal 13) and health and wellbeing (Goal 3). Existing
collaborative and multisectoral approaches (e.g., One
Health) could provide frameworks for cross-disciplinary
thinking and could contribute to the management of
biological invasions. | raw_document.pdf | 18 | Text_2_18 | 17SUMMARY FOR POLICYMAKERS | The thematic assessment report on
INVASIVE ALIEN SPECIES
AND THEIR CONTROL | D. Ambitious progress to
manage biological invasions8
can be achieved with integrated
governance |
Text_3 | Text | Text | [0.11875,0.8609375,0.48515625,0.915625] | KM-D5 Open and interoperable information
systems will improve the coordination and
effectiveness of the management of biological
invasions, within and across countries {D31, D32}. | raw_document.pdf | 18 | Text_3_18 | 17SUMMARY FOR POLICYMAKERS | The thematic assessment report on
INVASIVE ALIEN SPECIES
AND THEIR CONTROL | D. Ambitious progress to
manage biological invasions8
can be achieved with integrated
governance |
Text_4 | Text | Text | [0.508984375,0.1216796875,0.88046875,0.275] | By delivering current data to relevant actors, information
systems can facilitate the prioritization of actions and allow
for early detection and rapid response. Information systems
can also support improved governance and help develop
indicators of biological invasions, which in turn feed into
policy support tools. Collaboration between biological
invasion experts and across knowledge systems in all
regions, and enhancement of research capacity where
needed, can improve data and information availability
and the understanding of the context-specific features of
biological invasions and their impacts. | raw_document.pdf | 18 | Text_4_18 | 17SUMMARY FOR POLICYMAKERS | The thematic assessment report on
INVASIVE ALIEN SPECIES
AND THEIR CONTROL | D. Ambitious progress to
manage biological invasions8
can be achieved with integrated
governance |
Text_5 | Text | Text | [0.509765625,0.291796875,0.88515625,0.531640625] | KM-D6 Public awareness, commitment and
engagement, and capacity-building, are crucial
for the prevention and control of invasive alien
species {D29, D31, D32} (Table SPM.2). Advances
can be achieved through adequately and sustainably
resourced public awareness campaigns, education, citizen
science, and targeted investment in research innovation and
environmentally sound technology. Public engagement with
citizen science platforms and community-driven eradication
campaigns can raise awareness and contribute to actions
that reduce the threat of invasive alien species. This can also
be aligned with efforts to share efforts and commitment and
understand the specific roles of all actors. Communication
strategies based on evidence can help to bring about
community action on biological invasions by supporting the
co-design of management actions, knowledge exchange
and enhanced partnerships among stakeholders. | raw_document.pdf | 18 | Text_5_18 | 17SUMMARY FOR POLICYMAKERS | The thematic assessment report on
INVASIVE ALIEN SPECIES
AND THEIR CONTROL | D. Ambitious progress to
manage biological invasions8
can be achieved with integrated
governance |
Text_6 | Text | Text | [0.509375,0.546875,0.8875,0.759375] | KM-D7 There is compelling evidence for
immediate and sustained action to manage
biological invasions and mitigate the negative
impacts of invasive alien species {D32, D33}
(Table SPM.2). With sufficient resources, political will and
long-term commitment, preventing and controlling invasive
alien species are attainable goals that will yield significant
long-term benefits for people and nature. Increasing the
availability and accessibility of information and means of
implementation and addressing major knowledge gaps on
biological invasions, particularly in developing countries,
would result in more robust and effective policy instruments
and management actions. Additional efforts and cooperation
are particularly needed to improve data collection in Africa,
Latin America and the Caribbean and Asia. | raw_document.pdf | 18 | Text_6_18 | 17SUMMARY FOR POLICYMAKERS | The thematic assessment report on
INVASIVE ALIEN SPECIES
AND THEIR CONTROL | D. Ambitious progress to
manage biological invasions8
can be achieved with integrated
governance |
Picture_0 | Picture | Image | [-0.001171875,-0.00078125,1.00078125,0.996875] | raw_document.pdf | 19 | Picture_0_19 | 17SUMMARY FOR POLICYMAKERS | The thematic assessment report on
INVASIVE ALIEN SPECIES
AND THEIR CONTROL | D. Ambitious progress to
manage biological invasions8
can be achieved with integrated
governance |
|
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18SUMMARY FOR POLICYMAKERS | raw_document.pdf | 19 | Full-Page_0_19 | 17SUMMARY FOR POLICYMAKERS | The thematic assessment report on
INVASIVE ALIEN SPECIES
AND THEIR CONTROL | D. Ambitious progress to
manage biological invasions8
can be achieved with integrated
governance |
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19SUMMARY FOR POLICYMAKERS
BACKGROUND | raw_document.pdf | 20 | Full-Page_0_20 | 17SUMMARY FOR POLICYMAKERS | The thematic assessment report on
INVASIVE ALIEN SPECIES
AND THEIR CONTROL | D. Ambitious progress to
manage biological invasions8
can be achieved with integrated
governance |
Title_0 | Title | Text | [0.272265625,0.428515625,0.95546875,0.63125] | 19SUMMARY FOR POLICYMAKERS
BACKGROUND | raw_document.pdf | 20 | Title_0_20 | 17SUMMARY FOR POLICYMAKERS | 19SUMMARY FOR POLICYMAKERS
BACKGROUND | D. Ambitious progress to
manage biological invasions8
can be achieved with integrated
governance |
Page-header_0 | Page-header | Text | [0.1197265625,0.050439453125,0.580859375,0.06064453125] | THE THEMATIC ASSESSMENT REPORT ON INVASIVE ALIEN SPECIES AND THEIR CONTROL | raw_document.pdf | 21 | Page-header_0_21 | THE THEMATIC ASSESSMENT REPORT ON INVASIVE ALIEN SPECIES AND THEIR CONTROL | 19SUMMARY FOR POLICYMAKERS
BACKGROUND | D. Ambitious progress to
manage biological invasions8
can be achieved with integrated
governance |
Page-header_1 | Page-header | Text | [0.05185546875,0.456640625,0.0658203125,0.609375] | SUMMARY FOR POLICYMAKERS | raw_document.pdf | 21 | Page-header_1_21 | SUMMARY FOR POLICYMAKERS | 19SUMMARY FOR POLICYMAKERS
BACKGROUND | D. Ambitious progress to
manage biological invasions8
can be achieved with integrated
governance |
Full-Page_0 | Full-Page | Text | [0.0,0.0,0.999999999,0.999999999] | THE THEMATIC ASSESSMENT REPORT ON INVASIVE ALIEN SPECIES AND THEIR CONTROL
20SUMMARY FOR POLICYMAKERS
BACKGROUND
A. Invasive alien species are a major threat to nature,
nature's contributions to people, and good quality of life
A1 More than 37,000 established alien species,
including more than 3,500 invasive alien species
with documented impacts, have been recorded
worldwide (well established) {2.1.4, 4.2}. Alien
species (plants, animals, fungi and microorganisms,
including pathogens) are being introduced globally at an
unprecedented rate; currently, approximately 200 new alien
species are recorded every year (well established) {2.2.1}.
Invasive alien species represent a subset of alien species,
consisting of those that have established and spread and
are known to have a negative impact on nature and, in
some cases, people (Figure SPM.1). Although their
numbers are likely to be underestimated and expected to
increase, to date 1,061 alien plants (6 per cent of all
established alien plants), 1,852 alien invertebrates (22 per
cent), 461 alien vertebrates (14 per cent) and 141 alien
microbes (11 per cent) are known to be invasive globally
(established but incomplete) {4.2}. Although some invasive
alien species can provide benefits for people (e.g., through
provision of food and fibre), those benefits do not mitigate
or undo their negative impacts on nature, nature's
contributions to people, and good quality of life across all
regions and taxa globally (well established) {1.3.4, 4.1.2,
4.3, 4.4, 4.5}. In addition to their impacts on nature, about
16 per cent of invasive alien species have negative impacts
on nature's contributions to people, and about 7 per cent
on good quality of life (Figure SPM.2) (established but
incomplete) {4.2}. Based on data and information included
in this assessment, most impacts are reported in the
Americas (34 per cent), Europe and Central Asia (31 per
cent) and Asia-Pacific (25 per cent), with fewer reported in
Africa (7 per cent) (established but incomplete) {4.2}.
Twenty per cent of all impacts are reported from islands
(established but incomplete) {4.2}. A disproportionate
number of documented negative impacts have been
reported from the terrestrial realm (75 per cent), especially
temperate and boreal forests and woodlands and cultivated
areas (including agricultural land) (established but
incomplete) {Table 4.2}. About one quarter of the
documented negative impacts have been reported from
aquatic realms (freshwater: 14 per cent; marine: 10 per
cent), especially from inland surface waters/waterbodies
and shelf ecosystems (established but incomplete)
{Table 4.2}.
A2 Invasive alien species are a major direct driver
of change, causing biodiversity loss, including local
and global species extinctions (Figures SPM.2
and 3) (well established) {4.3.1}. Invasive alien species
have contributed solely or alongside other drivers of change
to 60 per cent of recorded global animal and plant
extinctions (established but incomplete) {Box 4.4, 4.3.1},
while invasive alien species are the only driver attributed to
16 per cent of documented global extinctions (established
but incomplete) {Box 4.4}. The majority of documented
global extinctions (90 per cent) with invasive alien species as
one of the major causes are reported from islands
(established but incomplete) {Box 4.4}. At least 218 invasive
alien species have caused 1,215 documented local
extinctions of native species across all taxa (Figure SPM.3)
(established but incomplete) {4.3.1}. Invasive alien species
harm native species most often by changing ecosystem
properties (27 per cent), for example soil and water
characteristics, and through competition between species
(24 per cent), predation (18 per cent) and herbivory (12 per
cent) (established but incomplete) {4.3.1.3}. The majority of
reports of the impacts of invasive alien species on native
species document negative effects (85 per cent), primarily
negatively impacting the growth, survival and reproduction
of individuals, which lead to local population declines and
local and global extinctions (well established) {4.3.1}. Some
invasive alien species have a profound ecological impact
that spans various levels, from individual species and
communities to whole ecosystems, resulting in complex,
undesirable and in some cases irreversible outcomes when
the system has crossed a threshold beyond which
ecosystem restoration is not possible (well established) {Box
1.5, Box 4.12, 4.3.3}. For example, Castor canadensis
(North American beaver) and Magallana gigas (Pacific
oyster) change ecosystem properties by transforming
habitats, with cascading effects on a myriad of native
species (well established) {4.3.2.1, Box 4.11}. On Christmas
Island, the arrival of the invasive alien Anoplolepis gracilipes
(yellow crazy ant) caused the decline of the native Christmas
Island Gecarcoidea natalis (red crabs), which resulted in the
population explosion of the invasive alien Lissachatina fulica
(giant African land snail) (well established) {3.3.5.1}.
Increased biotic homogenization (or loss of uniqueness) of
biological communities is a major negative impact of invasive
alien species (well established) {1.3.4}. The magnitude of the
negative impacts of invasive alien species on nature
depends on the context, and the factors that determine the
highest magnitudes of impact are not well understood
(established but incomplete) {Box 4.9, 4.3.2.1, 4.7.1}. For | raw_document.pdf | 21 | Full-Page_0_21 | SUMMARY FOR POLICYMAKERS | 19SUMMARY FOR POLICYMAKERS
BACKGROUND | D. Ambitious progress to
manage biological invasions8
can be achieved with integrated
governance |
Section-header_0 | Section-header | Text | [0.1208984375,0.1099609375,0.52578125,0.153125] | BACKGROUND | raw_document.pdf | 21 | Section-header_0_21 | SUMMARY FOR POLICYMAKERS | 19SUMMARY FOR POLICYMAKERS
BACKGROUND | BACKGROUND |
Text_0 | Text | Text | [0.12265625,0.17900390625,0.84375,0.2220703125] | A. Invasive alien species are a major threat to nature,
nature's contributions to people, and good quality of life
<Section-header> A. Invasive alien species are a major threat to nature,
nature's contributions to people, and good quality of li </Section-header>
| raw_document.pdf | 21 | Text_0_21 | SUMMARY FOR POLICYMAKERS | 19SUMMARY FOR POLICYMAKERS
BACKGROUND | BACKGROUND |
Section-header_1 | Section-header | Text | [0.122265625,0.17939453125,0.8125,0.221875] | A. Invasive alien species are a major threat to nature,
nature's contributions to people, and good quality of li | raw_document.pdf | 21 | Section-header_1_21 | SUMMARY FOR POLICYMAKERS | 19SUMMARY FOR POLICYMAKERS
BACKGROUND | A. Invasive alien species are a major threat to nature,
nature's contributions to people, and good quality of li |
Text_1 | Text | Text | [0.11845703125,0.2375,0.496484375,0.91640625] | A1 More than 37,000 established alien species,
including more than 3,500 invasive alien species
with documented impacts, have been recorded
worldwide (well established) {2.1.4, 4.2}. Alien
species (plants, animals, fungi and microorganisms,
including pathogens) are being introduced globally at an
unprecedented rate; currently, approximately 200 new alien
species are recorded every year (well established) {2.2.1}.
Invasive alien species represent a subset of alien species,
consisting of those that have established and spread and
are known to have a negative impact on nature and, in
some cases, people (Figure SPM.1). Although their
numbers are likely to be underestimated and expected to
increase, to date 1,061 alien plants (6 per cent of all
established alien plants), 1,852 alien invertebrates (22 per
cent), 461 alien vertebrates (14 per cent) and 141 alien
microbes (11 per cent) are known to be invasive globally
(established but incomplete) {4.2}. Although some invasive
alien species can provide benefits for people (e.g., through
provision of food and fibre), those benefits do not mitigate
or undo their negative impacts on nature, nature's
contributions to people, and good quality of life across all
regions and taxa globally (well established) {1.3.4, 4.1.2,
4.3, 4.4, 4.5}. In addition to their impacts on nature, about
16 per cent of invasive alien species have negative impacts
on nature's contributions to people, and about 7 per cent
on good quality of life (Figure SPM.2) (established but
incomplete) {4.2}. Based on data and information included
in this assessment, most impacts are reported in the
Americas (34 per cent), Europe and Central Asia (31 per
cent) and Asia-Pacific (25 per cent), with fewer reported in
Africa (7 per cent) (established but incomplete) {4.2}.
Twenty per cent of all impacts are reported from islands
(established but incomplete) {4.2}. A disproportionate
number of documented negative impacts have been
reported from the terrestrial realm (75 per cent), especially
temperate and boreal forests and woodlands and cultivated
areas (including agricultural land) (established but
incomplete) {Table 4.2}. About one quarter of the
documented negative impacts have been reported from
aquatic realms (freshwater: 14 per cent; marine: 10 per
cent), especially from inland surface waters/waterbodies
and shelf ecosystems (established but incomplete)
{Table 4.2}.
A2 Invasive alien species are a major direct driver
of change, causing biodiversity loss, including local
<Section-header> A. Invasive alien species are a major threat to nature,
nature's contributions to people, and good quality of li </Section-header>
| raw_document.pdf | 21 | Text_1_21 | SUMMARY FOR POLICYMAKERS | 19SUMMARY FOR POLICYMAKERS
BACKGROUND | A. Invasive alien species are a major threat to nature,
nature's contributions to people, and good quality of li |
Text_2 | Text | Text | [0.50859375,0.237109375,0.8859375,0.9203125] | and global species extinctions (Figures SPM.2
and 3) (well established) {4.3.1}. Invasive alien species
have contributed solely or alongside other drivers of change
to 60 per cent of recorded global animal and plant
extinctions (established but incomplete) {Box 4.4, 4.3.1},
while invasive alien species are the only driver attributed to
16 per cent of documented global extinctions (established
but incomplete) {Box 4.4}. The majority of documented
global extinctions (90 per cent) with invasive alien species as
one of the major causes are reported from islands
(established but incomplete) {Box 4.4}. At least 218 invasive
alien species have caused 1,215 documented local
extinctions of native species across all taxa (Figure SPM.3)
(established but incomplete) {4.3.1}. Invasive alien species
harm native species most often by changing ecosystem
properties (27 per cent), for example soil and water
characteristics, and through competition between species
(24 per cent), predation (18 per cent) and herbivory (12 per
cent) (established but incomplete) {4.3.1.3}. The majority of
reports of the impacts of invasive alien species on native
species document negative effects (85 per cent), primarily
negatively impacting the growth, survival and reproduction
of individuals, which lead to local population declines and
local and global extinctions (well established) {4.3.1}. Some
invasive alien species have a profound ecological impact
that spans various levels, from individual species and
communities to whole ecosystems, resulting in complex,
undesirable and in some cases irreversible outcomes when
the system has crossed a threshold beyond which
ecosystem restoration is not possible (well established) {Box
1.5, Box 4.12, 4.3.3}. For example, Castor canadensis
(North American beaver) and Magallana gigas (Pacific
oyster) change ecosystem properties by transforming
habitats, with cascading effects on a myriad of native
species (well established) {4.3.2.1, Box 4.11}. On Christmas
Island, the arrival of the invasive alien Anoplolepis gracilipes
(yellow crazy ant) caused the decline of the native Christmas
Island Gecarcoidea natalis (red crabs), which resulted in the
population explosion of the invasive alien Lissachatina fulica
(giant African land snail) (well established) {3.3.5.1}.
Increased biotic homogenization (or loss of uniqueness) of
biological communities is a major negative impact of invasive
alien species (well established) {1.3.4}. The magnitude of the
negative impacts of invasive alien species on nature
depends on the context, and the factors that determine the
highest magnitudes of impact are not well understood
(established but incomplete) {Box 4.9, 4.3.2.1, 4.7.1}. For
<Section-header> A. Invasive alien species are a major threat to nature,
nature's contributions to people, and good quality of li </Section-header>
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BACKGROUND | A. Invasive alien species are a major threat to nature,
nature's contributions to people, and good quality of li |
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BACKGROUND | A. Invasive alien species are a major threat to nature,
nature's contributions to people, and good quality of li |
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21SUMMARY FOR POLICYMAKERS
example, the ctenophore Mnemiopsis leidyi (sea walnut) has
depleted zooplankton, the main food source of the anchovy,
and consequently contributed to the collapse of anchovy
populations in the Black Sea, but this has not occurred in
the Mediterranean Sea, the Baltic Sea or the North Sea (well
established) {4.3.2.3}.
A3 On islands, invasive alien species are a major
cause of biodiversity loss (well established) {Box
2.5, 4.3.1.1, Box 4.4}. Islands, and particularly remote
islands with high endemism, are more susceptible to
impacts from invasive alien species than mainlands (well
established) {1.6.8, 4.3.1.1}. Indeed, in addition to the
NATURE
NATURE'S
CONTRIBUTIONS
TO PEOPLE
GOOD
QUALITY OF
LIFE
Water hyacinth
Red fox
Red imported
fire ant
Southern house
mosquito
Sea walnut
Sea vase
Nile perch
Giant African
land snail
Zebra mussel
IMPACTS
Chytrid
fungus
Lantana
Mesquite
Figure SPM 2 Examples of invasive alien species with a negative impact on nature (green),
and, in some cases, nature's contributions to people (yellow) and/or good
quality of life (teal).
Many invasive alien species have documented negative cross-cutting impacts, indicated by multiple colours in the examples:
16 per cent of invasive alien species have a negative impact on both nature and nature's contributions to people; 7 per cent on both
nature and good quality of life; and 5 per cent on nature, nature's contributions to people and good quality of life {4.2}. The scientific
names of the example species are Lantana camara (lantana); Lates niloticus (Nile perch); Dreissena polymorpha (zebra mussel); Ciona
intestinalis (sea vase); Lissachatina fulica (giant African land snail); Culex quinquefasciatus (southern house mosquito); Mnemiopsis
leidyi (sea walnut); Pontederia crassipes (water hyacinth); Prosopis juliflora (mesquite); Solenopsis invicta (red imported fire ant); Vulpes
vulpes (red fox); and Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (chytrid fungus). | raw_document.pdf | 22 | Full-Page_0_22 | 21SUMMARY FOR POLICYMAKERS | 19SUMMARY FOR POLICYMAKERS
BACKGROUND | A. Invasive alien species are a major threat to nature,
nature's contributions to people, and good quality of li |
Picture_0 | Picture | Image | [0.12890625,0.11640625,0.9,0.68828125] |
<Caption> Southern house
mosquito </Caption>
| raw_document.pdf | 22 | Picture_0_22 | 21SUMMARY FOR POLICYMAKERS | 19SUMMARY FOR POLICYMAKERS
BACKGROUND | A. Invasive alien species are a major threat to nature,
nature's contributions to people, and good quality of li |
Text_0 | Text | Text | [0.1376953125,0.65625,0.85390625,0.7] | Figure SPM 2 Examples of invasive alien species with a negative impact on nature (green),
and, in some cases, nature's contributions to people (yellow) and/or good
quality of life (teal).
<Section-header> Figure SPM 2 Examples of invasive alien species with a negative impact on nature (green),
and, in some cases, nature's contributions to people (yellow) and/or good
quality of life (teal). </Section-header>
| raw_document.pdf | 22 | Text_0_22 | 21SUMMARY FOR POLICYMAKERS | 19SUMMARY FOR POLICYMAKERS
BACKGROUND | A. Invasive alien species are a major threat to nature,
nature's contributions to people, and good quality of li |
Section-header_0 | Section-header | Text | [0.1400390625,0.656640625,0.84921875,0.699609375] | Figure SPM 2 Examples of invasive alien species with a negative impact on nature (green),
and, in some cases, nature's contributions to people (yellow) and/or good
quality of life (teal). | raw_document.pdf | 22 | Section-header_0_22 | 21SUMMARY FOR POLICYMAKERS | 19SUMMARY FOR POLICYMAKERS
BACKGROUND | Figure SPM 2 Examples of invasive alien species with a negative impact on nature (green),
and, in some cases, nature's contributions to people (yellow) and/or good
quality of life (teal). |
Text_1 | Text | Text | [0.13515625,0.70625,0.8671875,0.790234375] | Many invasive alien species have documented negative cross-cutting impacts, indicated by multiple colours in the examples:
16 per cent of invasive alien species have a negative impact on both nature and nature's contributions to people; 7 per cent on both
nature and good quality of life; and 5 per cent on nature, nature's contributions to people and good quality of life {4.2}. The scientific
names of the example species are Lantana camara (lantana); Lates niloticus (Nile perch); Dreissena polymorpha (zebra mussel); Ciona
intestinalis (sea vase); Lissachatina fulica (giant African land snail); Culex quinquefasciatus (southern house mosquito); Mnemiopsis
leidyi (sea walnut); Pontederia crassipes (water hyacinth); Prosopis juliflora (mesquite); Solenopsis invicta (red imported fire ant); Vulpes
vulpes (red fox); and Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (chytrid fungus).
<Section-header> Figure SPM 2 Examples of invasive alien species with a negative impact on nature (green),
and, in some cases, nature's contributions to people (yellow) and/or good
quality of life (teal). </Section-header>
| raw_document.pdf | 22 | Text_1_22 | 21SUMMARY FOR POLICYMAKERS | 19SUMMARY FOR POLICYMAKERS
BACKGROUND | Figure SPM 2 Examples of invasive alien species with a negative impact on nature (green),
and, in some cases, nature's contributions to people (yellow) and/or good
quality of life (teal). |
Text_2 | Text | Text | [0.11904296875,0.83125,0.494140625,0.91640625] | example, the ctenophore Mnemiopsis leidyi (sea walnut) has
depleted zooplankton, the main food source of the anchovy,
and consequently contributed to the collapse of anchovy
populations in the Black Sea, but this has not occurred in
the Mediterranean Sea, the Baltic Sea or the North Sea (well
established) {4.3.2.3}. | raw_document.pdf | 22 | Text_2_22 | 21SUMMARY FOR POLICYMAKERS | 19SUMMARY FOR POLICYMAKERS
BACKGROUND | Figure SPM 2 Examples of invasive alien species with a negative impact on nature (green),
and, in some cases, nature's contributions to people (yellow) and/or good
quality of life (teal). |
Caption_0 | Caption | Text | [0.5265625,0.623046875,0.62578125,0.644921875] | Southern house
mosquito | raw_document.pdf | 22 | Caption_0_22 | 21SUMMARY FOR POLICYMAKERS | 19SUMMARY FOR POLICYMAKERS
BACKGROUND | Figure SPM 2 Examples of invasive alien species with a negative impact on nature (green),
and, in some cases, nature's contributions to people (yellow) and/or good
quality of life (teal). |
Text_3 | Text | Text | [0.508984375,0.82734375,0.88515625,0.91640625] | A3 On islands, invasive alien species are a major
cause of biodiversity loss (well established) {Box
2.5, 4.3.1.1, Box 4.4}. Islands, and particularly remote
islands with high endemism, are more susceptible to
impacts from invasive alien species than mainlands (well
established) {1.6.8, 4.3.1.1}. Indeed, in addition to the | raw_document.pdf | 22 | Text_3_22 | 21SUMMARY FOR POLICYMAKERS | 19SUMMARY FOR POLICYMAKERS
BACKGROUND | Figure SPM 2 Examples of invasive alien species with a negative impact on nature (green),
and, in some cases, nature's contributions to people (yellow) and/or good
quality of life (teal). |
Page-header_0 | Page-header | Text | [0.1197265625,0.051611328125,0.580859375,0.060546875] | THE THEMATIC ASSESSMENT REPORT ON INVASIVE ALIEN SPECIES AND THEIR CONTROL | raw_document.pdf | 23 | Page-header_0_23 | THE THEMATIC ASSESSMENT REPORT ON INVASIVE ALIEN SPECIES AND THEIR CONTROL | 19SUMMARY FOR POLICYMAKERS
BACKGROUND | Figure SPM 2 Examples of invasive alien species with a negative impact on nature (green),
and, in some cases, nature's contributions to people (yellow) and/or good
quality of life (teal). |
Page-header_1 | Page-header | Text | [0.05107421875,0.45703125,0.066064453125,0.608984375] | SUMMARY FOR POLICYMAKERS | raw_document.pdf | 23 | Page-header_1_23 | SUMMARY FOR POLICYMAKERS | 19SUMMARY FOR POLICYMAKERS
BACKGROUND | Figure SPM 2 Examples of invasive alien species with a negative impact on nature (green),
and, in some cases, nature's contributions to people (yellow) and/or good
quality of life (teal). |
Full-Page_0 | Full-Page | Text | [0.0,0.0,0.999999999,0.999999999] | THE THEMATIC ASSESSMENT REPORT ON INVASIVE ALIEN SPECIES AND THEIR CONTROL
22SUMMARY FOR POLICYMAKERS
majority of documented global extinctions attributed mainly
to invasive alien species occurring on islands, local
extinctions account for 9 per cent of documented impacts
of invasive alien species on islands, in contrast to 4 per
cent on mainlands (well established) {4.3.1.1}. For
example, Boiga irregularis (brown tree snake) caused the
global extinction of Myiagra freycineti (Guam flycatcher)
and local extinction or serious population reduction for
many other resident bird species in Guam (well
established) {4.3.1}. Islands are also vulnerable to climate
change, which can increase the rate of establishment and
spread of many invasive alien species (well established)
{Box 2.5}. Many invasive alien species on islands only
occupy a small portion of their predicted range and are
likely to expand further (established but incomplete) {Box
2.5}. The number of alien plants exceeds the total number
of native plants on more than one quarter of islands (well
established) {Box 2.5}. Invasive alien species have been
reported in areas protected for nature conservation, some
remote areas (e.g., high mountains), and also in tundra and
deserts, which emphasizes that these areas, despite being
protected for nature conservation or remote, are also
vulnerable to the negative impacts of invasive alien species
(well established) {Box 2.4, 4.3.1.2, 4.3.2.1}. Fifty-three
invasive alien species have caused the local extinctions of
240 native species in protected areas globally (established
but incomplete) {4.3.1.2}. The invasive alien Rattus rattus
(black rat) has been documented as the only cause of the
global extinction of Nesoryzomys darwini and
Nesoryzomys indefessus (rice rats), which were endemic to
the protected areas of the Galapagos Islands (well
established) {4.3.1}.
A4 Invasive alien species adversely affect the full
range of nature's contributions to people, imposing
an economic burden (well established) {4.4.1}.
Some alien species have been intentionally introduced for
their benefits to people, often without consideration or
knowledge of their negative impacts (well established)
{3.3.1}. However, nearly 80 per cent of the documented
impacts of invasive alien species on nature's contributions to
people are negative (well established) {4.4.1}. Reduction in
food supply is by far the most frequently reported impact
across all taxa and regions (well established) {4.4.1, 4.6.2}.
In terrestrial systems, invasive alien plants are the taxonomic
group most frequently reported as having a negative impact,
particularly in cultivated areas and temperate and boreal
forests (well established) {4.4.2.1}. For example, in northwestern Europe, Picea sitchensis (Sitka spruce) severely
alters habitats such as coastal heathlands and mires, which
are important habitats for threatened and endangered
plants, birds and other species, and for local cultural
heritage (well established) {4.3.2.1}. In coastal areas,
invasive alien invertebrates are the most frequently reported
taxonomic group with an impact on nature's contributions to
people, particularly provision of food (well established)
{4.4.2.3}. For example, Carcinus maenas (European shore
crab) has had an impact on commercial shellfish beds in
New England and Canada, Asterias amurensis (northern
Pacific seastar) and Ciona intestinalis (sea vase) have
negatively affected mariculture and fisheries along the
Korean coast, and Mytilopsis sallei (Caribbean false mussel)
has displaced native clams and oysters that are locally
important fishery resources in India (well established)
{4.4.2.3}. In 2019, global annual costs of biological invasions
were estimated to exceed US$423 billion, with variations
across regions, but this is likely to be a gross underestimate
(Figure SPM.3) (established but incomplete) {Box 4.13}.
Ninety-two per cent of this cost is attributed to the damage
that the invasive alien species have caused to nature's
contributions to people and good quality of life; only 8 per
cent is related to the management expenditures for
biological invasions (established but incomplete) {Box 4.13}.
Economic benefits are often gained by a few people or
sectors while costs, often long-term ones, are borne by
many others (established but incomplete)
{3.2.3.5, 4.2.1, 6.2.2(6)}.
A5 Invasive alien species overwhelmingly
undermine good quality of life (established but
incomplete) {4.5, 4.6.3}. Invasive alien species can
threaten livelihoods, water and food security, economies
and human health (e.g., causing diseases, allergies and
physical injuries) (Figure SPM.3) (well established) {4.5.1,
4.5.1.3}, with 85 per cent of the documented impacts of
invasive alien species on good quality of life being negative
(Figure SPM.3) (well established) {4.5.1}. Invasive alien
species can also serve as vectors for infectious zoonotic
diseases that can lead to epidemics, such as malaria,
dengue fever, chikungunya, Zika, yellow fever and West Nile
fever, which are transmitted by invasive mosquito species
(e.g., Aedes albopictus and Aedes aegyptii) (well
established) {Box 1.14, 4.5.1.3}. Invasive alien plants can
impact human health directly, particularly through the
production of highly allergenic pollen, for example, Prosopis
juliflora (mesquite) and Ambrosia artemisiifolia (common
ragweed) (well established) {4.5.1.3}. Indigenous Peoples
and local communities, ethnic minorities, migrants, poor
rural and urban communities are disproportionately
impacted by invasive alien vector-borne diseases
(established but incomplete) {4.5.1}. Although there is
limited research on the interplay between gender relations
and invasive alien species (established but incomplete)
{4.5.1, 4.7.2}, there is some evidence of inequities and
marginalization in gender- and age-specific activities where
invasive alien species impede access to natural resources
or require management (established but incomplete) {4.5.1,
5.2, 5.2.1, 5.5.5}. For example, in Lake Victoria artisanal
fisheries mainly involving men have declined following the
introduction, establishment and spread of the invasive alien
plant Pontederia crassipes (water hyacinth), which has led
to the depletion of tilapia (established but incomplete) | raw_document.pdf | 23 | Full-Page_0_23 | SUMMARY FOR POLICYMAKERS | 19SUMMARY FOR POLICYMAKERS
BACKGROUND | Figure SPM 2 Examples of invasive alien species with a negative impact on nature (green),
and, in some cases, nature's contributions to people (yellow) and/or good
quality of life (teal). |
Text_0 | Text | Text | [0.1185546875,0.1203125,0.493359375,0.57421875] | majority of documented global extinctions attributed mainly
to invasive alien species occurring on islands, local
extinctions account for 9 per cent of documented impacts
of invasive alien species on islands, in contrast to 4 per
cent on mainlands (well established) {4.3.1.1}. For
example, Boiga irregularis (brown tree snake) caused the
global extinction of Myiagra freycineti (Guam flycatcher)
and local extinction or serious population reduction for
many other resident bird species in Guam (well
established) {4.3.1}. Islands are also vulnerable to climate
change, which can increase the rate of establishment and
spread of many invasive alien species (well established)
{Box 2.5}. Many invasive alien species on islands only
occupy a small portion of their predicted range and are
likely to expand further (established but incomplete) {Box
2.5}. The number of alien plants exceeds the total number
of native plants on more than one quarter of islands (well
established) {Box 2.5}. Invasive alien species have been
reported in areas protected for nature conservation, some
remote areas (e.g., high mountains), and also in tundra and
deserts, which emphasizes that these areas, despite being
protected for nature conservation or remote, are also
vulnerable to the negative impacts of invasive alien species
(well established) {Box 2.4, 4.3.1.2, 4.3.2.1}. Fifty-three
invasive alien species have caused the local extinctions of
240 native species in protected areas globally (established
but incomplete) {4.3.1.2}. The invasive alien Rattus rattus
(black rat) has been documented as the only cause of the
global extinction of Nesoryzomys darwini and
Nesoryzomys indefessus (rice rats), which were endemic to
the protected areas of the Galapagos Islands (well
established) {4.3.1}. | raw_document.pdf | 23 | Text_0_23 | SUMMARY FOR POLICYMAKERS | 19SUMMARY FOR POLICYMAKERS
BACKGROUND | Figure SPM 2 Examples of invasive alien species with a negative impact on nature (green),
and, in some cases, nature's contributions to people (yellow) and/or good
quality of life (teal). |
Text_1 | Text | Text | [0.1185546875,0.58828125,0.494140625,0.915625] | A4 Invasive alien species adversely affect the full
range of nature's contributions to people, imposing
an economic burden (well established) {4.4.1}.
Some alien species have been intentionally introduced for
their benefits to people, often without consideration or
knowledge of their negative impacts (well established)
{3.3.1}. However, nearly 80 per cent of the documented
impacts of invasive alien species on nature's contributions to
people are negative (well established) {4.4.1}. Reduction in
food supply is by far the most frequently reported impact
across all taxa and regions (well established) {4.4.1, 4.6.2}.
In terrestrial systems, invasive alien plants are the taxonomic
group most frequently reported as having a negative impact,
particularly in cultivated areas and temperate and boreal
forests (well established) {4.4.2.1}. For example, in northwestern Europe, Picea sitchensis (Sitka spruce) severely
alters habitats such as coastal heathlands and mires, which
are important habitats for threatened and endangered
plants, birds and other species, and for local cultural
heritage (well established) {4.3.2.1}. In coastal areas,
invasive alien invertebrates are the most frequently reported
taxonomic group with an impact on nature's contributions to
people, particularly provision of food (well established) | raw_document.pdf | 23 | Text_1_23 | SUMMARY FOR POLICYMAKERS | 19SUMMARY FOR POLICYMAKERS
BACKGROUND | Figure SPM 2 Examples of invasive alien species with a negative impact on nature (green),
and, in some cases, nature's contributions to people (yellow) and/or good
quality of life (teal). |
Text_2 | Text | Text | [0.509375,0.1216796875,0.88515625,0.417578125] | {4.4.2.3}. For example, Carcinus maenas (European shore
crab) has had an impact on commercial shellfish beds in
New England and Canada, Asterias amurensis (northern
Pacific seastar) and Ciona intestinalis (sea vase) have
negatively affected mariculture and fisheries along the
Korean coast, and Mytilopsis sallei (Caribbean false mussel)
has displaced native clams and oysters that are locally
important fishery resources in India (well established)
{4.4.2.3}. In 2019, global annual costs of biological invasions
were estimated to exceed US$423 billion, with variations
across regions, but this is likely to be a gross underestimate
(Figure SPM.3) (established but incomplete) {Box 4.13}.
Ninety-two per cent of this cost is attributed to the damage
that the invasive alien species have caused to nature's
contributions to people and good quality of life; only 8 per
cent is related to the management expenditures for
biological invasions (established but incomplete) {Box 4.13}.
Economic benefits are often gained by a few people or
sectors while costs, often long-term ones, are borne by
many others (established but incomplete)
{3.2.3.5, 4.2.1, 6.2.2(6)}.
<Section-header> A5 </Section-header>
| raw_document.pdf | 23 | Text_2_23 | SUMMARY FOR POLICYMAKERS | 19SUMMARY FOR POLICYMAKERS
BACKGROUND | Figure SPM 2 Examples of invasive alien species with a negative impact on nature (green),
and, in some cases, nature's contributions to people (yellow) and/or good
quality of life (teal). |
Section-header_0 | Section-header | Text | [0.511328125,0.42578125,0.538671875,0.448046875] | A5 | raw_document.pdf | 23 | Section-header_0_23 | SUMMARY FOR POLICYMAKERS | 19SUMMARY FOR POLICYMAKERS
BACKGROUND | A5 |
Text_3 | Text | Text | [0.509375,0.43203125,0.88515625,0.91796875] | A5 Invasive alien species overwhelmingly
undermine good quality of life (established but
incomplete) {4.5, 4.6.3}. Invasive alien species can
threaten livelihoods, water and food security, economies
and human health (e.g., causing diseases, allergies and
physical injuries) (Figure SPM.3) (well established) {4.5.1,
4.5.1.3}, with 85 per cent of the documented impacts of
invasive alien species on good quality of life being negative
(Figure SPM.3) (well established) {4.5.1}. Invasive alien
species can also serve as vectors for infectious zoonotic
diseases that can lead to epidemics, such as malaria,
dengue fever, chikungunya, Zika, yellow fever and West Nile
fever, which are transmitted by invasive mosquito species
(e.g., Aedes albopictus and Aedes aegyptii) (well
established) {Box 1.14, 4.5.1.3}. Invasive alien plants can
impact human health directly, particularly through the
production of highly allergenic pollen, for example, Prosopis
juliflora (mesquite) and Ambrosia artemisiifolia (common
ragweed) (well established) {4.5.1.3}. Indigenous Peoples
and local communities, ethnic minorities, migrants, poor
rural and urban communities are disproportionately
impacted by invasive alien vector-borne diseases
(established but incomplete) {4.5.1}. Although there is
limited research on the interplay between gender relations
and invasive alien species (established but incomplete)
{4.5.1, 4.7.2}, there is some evidence of inequities and
marginalization in gender- and age-specific activities where
invasive alien species impede access to natural resources
or require management (established but incomplete) {4.5.1,
5.2, 5.2.1, 5.5.5}. For example, in Lake Victoria artisanal
fisheries mainly involving men have declined following the
introduction, establishment and spread of the invasive alien
plant Pontederia crassipes (water hyacinth), which has led
to the depletion of tilapia (established but incomplete)
<Section-header> A5 </Section-header>
| raw_document.pdf | 23 | Text_3_23 | SUMMARY FOR POLICYMAKERS | 19SUMMARY FOR POLICYMAKERS
BACKGROUND | A5 |
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23SUMMARY FOR POLICYMAKERS
1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2019
1
10
100
1000
YEAR
Trend in global annual economic
cost with confidence intervals
Cumulative documented costs of
biological invasions 1970-2017
Brown tree
snake, Guam
Has caused the local
extinction of most
resident populations of
Guam's 25 bird species
Chytrid fungus,
Central America
Has contributed to
severe global declines
of amphibians, including
global extinctions
Buffel grass,
Australia
Restricts access to
culturally important
sites, making it
difficult to transmit
traditional knowledge
European
shore crab,
North America
Has decimated
commercial shellfish
beds in New England
and Canada
Japanese
knotweed, Central
and Northern
Europe
Reduces abundance and
species richness of native
plant and soil-inhabiting
species
Nile perch,
Lake Victoria
Has caused the global
extinction of many endemic
cichlid fish species
Little fire ant,
tropical Africa
Has caused local extinctions
of forest floor and leafchewing invertebrates
Branched pipe coral,
South America
Overgrows native corals,
causing community-wide
mortalities and local extinctions
Contributed
to
60%
X 4
every
decade
85%
Extinctions Economic cost Good quality of life
The economic cost of biological
invasions has increased fourfold
every decadeb
Invasive alien species have a negative
impact on good quality of life
in 85% of casesc
In billion
No data
$1 $10 $100
50.9%
vertebrates 32.4%
invertebrates
1.2%
microbes
15.4%
plants
218 invasive alien species have
caused 1,215 local extinctions
of native species
Invasive alien
species
causing local
extinctions
In 2019, the estimated global annual
economic cost of biological
invasions was $423 billion
Known impact of invasive alien
species on good quality of life
AVERAGE ANNUAL COST IN BILLION $
0
CONSTITUENTS OF GOOD QUALITY OF LIFE Freedom of choice Material and immaterial assets Health Safety Social/cultural relationships
10
0
40
50
20
30
10
0
Negative impact
Positive impact
PERCENTAGE OF DOCUMENTED IMPACTS
Invasive alien species have contributed
solely or alongside other drivers of
change to 60% of recorded global
extinctions, of which 90% occurred
on islandsa
Figure SPM 3 Extent of the problems caused by invasive alien species.
Illustrative examples of the impacts of invasive alien species on native species (red; left column), on the economy (blue; centre column)
and on good quality of life (yellow; right column). The top row illustrates the documented numbers of global and local extinctions of
native species to which invasive alien species have contributed (left); the rate of increase in the economic cost of biological invasions
per decade (centre); and the percentage of cases where the impact of invasive alien species on good quality of life is reported as
negative (right). The map in the centre row shows the documented cumulative economic cost of invasive alien species per IPBES | raw_document.pdf | 24 | Full-Page_0_24 | SUMMARY FOR POLICYMAKERS | 19SUMMARY FOR POLICYMAKERS
BACKGROUND | A5 |
Page-header_0 | Page-header | Text | [0.41953125,0.0509765625,0.86875,0.060205078125] | THE THEMATIC ASSESSMENT REPORT ON INVASIVE ALIEN SPECIES AND THEIR CONTRO | raw_document.pdf | 24 | Page-header_0_24 | THE THEMATIC ASSESSMENT REPORT ON INVASIVE ALIEN SPECIES AND THEIR CONTRO | 19SUMMARY FOR POLICYMAKERS
BACKGROUND | A5 |
Picture_0 | Picture | Image | [0.109765625,0.0869140625,0.8859375,0.8390625] |
<Caption> Figure SPM 3 Extent of the problems caused by invasive alien species. </Caption>
| raw_document.pdf | 24 | Picture_0_24 | THE THEMATIC ASSESSMENT REPORT ON INVASIVE ALIEN SPECIES AND THEIR CONTRO | 19SUMMARY FOR POLICYMAKERS
BACKGROUND | A5 |
Text_0 | Text | Text | [0.1349609375,0.23125,0.3583984375,0.283203125] | Invasive alien species have contributed
solely or alongside other drivers of
change to 60% of recorded global
extinctions, of which 90% occurred
on islandsa | raw_document.pdf | 24 | Text_0_24 | THE THEMATIC ASSESSMENT REPORT ON INVASIVE ALIEN SPECIES AND THEIR CONTRO | 19SUMMARY FOR POLICYMAKERS
BACKGROUND | A5 |
Page-header_1 | Page-header | Text | [0.934375,0.4421875,0.9515625,0.6078125] | 23SUMMARY FOR POLICYMAKERS | raw_document.pdf | 24 | Page-header_1_24 | 23SUMMARY FOR POLICYMAKERS | 19SUMMARY FOR POLICYMAKERS
BACKGROUND | A5 |
Caption_0 | Caption | Text | [0.1341796875,0.8203125,0.67421875,0.83671875] | Figure SPM 3 Extent of the problems caused by invasive alien species. | raw_document.pdf | 24 | Caption_0_24 | 23SUMMARY FOR POLICYMAKERS | 19SUMMARY FOR POLICYMAKERS
BACKGROUND | A5 |
Text_1 | Text | Text | [0.13515625,0.840625,0.871875,0.9015625] | Illustrative examples of the impacts of invasive alien species on native species (red; left column), on the economy (blue; centre column)
and on good quality of life (yellow; right column). The top row illustrates the documented numbers of global and local extinctions of
native species to which invasive alien species have contributed (left); the rate of increase in the economic cost of biological invasions
per decade (centre); and the percentage of cases where the impact of invasive alien species on good quality of life is reported as
negative (right). The map in the centre row shows the documented cumulative economic cost of invasive alien species per IPBES | raw_document.pdf | 24 | Text_1_24 | 23SUMMARY FOR POLICYMAKERS | 19SUMMARY FOR POLICYMAKERS
BACKGROUND | A5 |
Page-header_0 | Page-header | Text | [0.1318359375,0.0505859375,0.55625,0.060546875] | E THEMATIC ASSESSMENT REPORT ON INVASIVE ALIEN SPECIES AND THEIR CONT | raw_document.pdf | 25 | Page-header_0_25 | E THEMATIC ASSESSMENT REPORT ON INVASIVE ALIEN SPECIES AND THEIR CONT | 19SUMMARY FOR POLICYMAKERS
BACKGROUND | A5 |
Page-header_1 | Page-header | Text | [0.05087890625,0.456640625,0.06650390625,0.61015625] | SUMMARY FOR POLICYMAKERS | raw_document.pdf | 25 | Page-header_1_25 | SUMMARY FOR POLICYMAKERS | 19SUMMARY FOR POLICYMAKERS
BACKGROUND | A5 |
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24SUMMARY FOR POLICYMAKERS
subregion from 1970 to 2017. The case studies illustrate a variety of impacts of invasive alien species on both nature and good
quality of life in different geographic regions, taxonomic groups and realms, but are not meant to be representative. The bottom row
shows the taxonomic distribution (i.e., plants, invertebrates, vertebrates and microbes, including fungi) of the percentage of invasive
alien species documented as causing local extinctions of native species (left); the estimated global annual average economic cost of
biological invasions in billions of United States dollars (centre); and the percentage of the number of documented positive and negative
impacts of invasive alien species on the constituents of good quality of life (i.e., freedom of choice, health, material and immaterial
assets, safety, social and cultural relationships) (right). a: {4.3.1, Table 4.3}; b: {4.4.1, Box 4.13}; c: {4.5.1, Table 4.20}. The scientific
names of the example species are Carcinus maenas (European shore crab); Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (chytrid fungus); Carijoa
riisei (branched pipe coral); Wasmannia auropunctata (little fire ant); Lates niloticus (Nile perch); Cenchrus ciliaris (buffel grass); Boiga
irregularis (brown tree snake); and Reynoutria japonica (Japanese knotweed).
{4.5.1}. In East Africa, management of the invasive alien
plant Opuntia spp. (prickly pear) requires repeated weeding
by hand, which is often undertaken by women and children
and has in many cases become their most time-consuming
activity (established but incomplete) {5.5.5}. Invasive alien
species may be introduced for economic development, for
example through financing large-scale infrastructures (well
established) {3.2.5, 3.3.1.3, 3.3.1.4, Box 3.11, 3.3.1.1,
3.3.2.1.1}. In some cases, invasive alien species have been
unintentionally transported and introduced through
emergency relief and aid (e.g., seeds of the invasive alien
plant Parthenium hysterophorus (parthenium weed) arrived
with grain in aid shipments in several countries) (well
established) {3.2.2.3}, increasing the risk of possible
negative impacts on quality of life (established but
incomplete) {4.5.1, 4.6.3}.
A6 Many invasive alien species have been
documented on lands managed, used and/or
owned by Indigenous Peoples and local
communities (established but incomplete) {Box 2.6;
4.6}. More than 2,300 invasive alien species have been
documented on lands managed, used and/or owned by
Indigenous Peoples, with some negatively affecting their
quality of life and cultural identities. Indigenous lands in
Oceania and North America have particularly high numbers
of recorded invasive alien species (established but
incomplete) {Box 2.6}. However, numbers of invasive alien
species are, on average, consistently lower on Indigenous
lands compared to other lands (established but incomplete)
{Box 2.6}. Many Indigenous Peoples and local communities
emphasize the inter-relatedness of the land, water and
humans and other species, which can lead to a range of
diverse perceptions of specific invasive alien species (well
established) {1.6.7.1}. In some cases, Indigenous Peoples
and local communities may consider an invasive alien
species a valued part of their nature (established but
incomplete) {1.6.7.1}. There are also examples where
Indigenous Peoples and local communities have created
new income sources by relying on invasive alien species
(well established) {4.5.1, 4.6.2}, but that often occurs
through necessity rather than choice. However, impact
reports by some Indigenous Peoples and local communities
document 68 per cent negative impacts and 32 per cent
positive impacts on their good quality of life caused by
invasive alien species (established but incomplete) {4.6.1,
4.6.3.2, Table 4.33}. Indigenous Peoples and local
communities often have a good understanding of how the
complex interactions among drivers facilitate the
introduction and spread of invasive alien species on their
lands (established but incomplete) {3.2.3.6, Box 3.15}. For
example, Indigenous Peoples and local communities
recognize that the use of invasive alien species for food,
fibre, income generation or medicinal purposes can cause
negative impacts on nature's contributions to people and
their good quality of life (well established) {3.2.3.6, Box 3.6},
especially in situations where the native species they
traditionally depended on for those benefits have declined
(established but incomplete) {3.2.3.6; 3.2.5}. Impact reports
by some Indigenous Peoples and local communities
document 92 per cent negative impacts and 8 per cent
positive impacts on nature caused by invasive alien species
(established but incomplete) {Table 4.31}. Negative impact
reports include water security and human and livestock
health, as well as acknowledging that invasive alien species
limit access to traditional lands, reduce mobility and require
increased labour to manage (established but incomplete)
{Box 4.9, 4.5.1, 4.5.1.4, 4.6.3.1, 4.6.3.2, 5.5.5}. Invasive
alien species can also adversely affect the autonomy, rights
and cultural identity of Indigenous Peoples and local
communities (established but incomplete) {Box 4.15}
through the loss of traditional livelihoods, knowledge and
cultural practices (well established) {4.6.3.2}, often leading
to general feelings of despair, sadness and stress
(established but incomplete) {4.6.3.2}.
A7 Perceptions of the threat of invasive alien
species can vary depending on different human
perspectives (well established) {1.5.2}. Perceptions of
specific invasive alien species and their value differ among
and within stakeholder groups and Indigenous Peoples and
local communities, as different community members can
experience different impacts depending on gender, age,
livelihood and a multitude of other factors (established but
incomplete) {1.5.2, 1.6.7.1, 3.2.1, 5.6.1.2}. Value conflicts
arise when invasive alien species are considered to be a
major threat by some stakeholders and beneficial by others
(well established) {5.6.1.2}. An invasive alien species may | raw_document.pdf | 25 | Full-Page_0_25 | SUMMARY FOR POLICYMAKERS | 19SUMMARY FOR POLICYMAKERS
BACKGROUND | A5 |
Text_0 | Text | Text | [0.13671875,0.1296875,0.86875,0.248046875] | subregion from 1970 to 2017. The case studies illustrate a variety of impacts of invasive alien species on both nature and good
quality of life in different geographic regions, taxonomic groups and realms, but are not meant to be representative. The bottom row
shows the taxonomic distribution (i.e., plants, invertebrates, vertebrates and microbes, including fungi) of the percentage of invasive
alien species documented as causing local extinctions of native species (left); the estimated global annual average economic cost of
biological invasions in billions of United States dollars (centre); and the percentage of the number of documented positive and negative
impacts of invasive alien species on the constituents of good quality of life (i.e., freedom of choice, health, material and immaterial
assets, safety, social and cultural relationships) (right). a: {4.3.1, Table 4.3}; b: {4.4.1, Box 4.13}; c: {4.5.1, Table 4.20}. The scientific
names of the example species are Carcinus maenas (European shore crab); Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (chytrid fungus); Carijoa
riisei (branched pipe coral); Wasmannia auropunctata (little fire ant); Lates niloticus (Nile perch); Cenchrus ciliaris (buffel grass); Boiga
irregularis (brown tree snake); and Reynoutria japonica (Japanese knotweed). | raw_document.pdf | 25 | Text_0_25 | SUMMARY FOR POLICYMAKERS | 19SUMMARY FOR POLICYMAKERS
BACKGROUND | A5 |
Text_1 | Text | Text | [0.1185546875,0.290625,0.4921875,0.5171875] | {4.5.1}. In East Africa, management of the invasive alien
plant Opuntia spp. (prickly pear) requires repeated weeding
by hand, which is often undertaken by women and children
and has in many cases become their most time-consuming
activity (established but incomplete) {5.5.5}. Invasive alien
species may be introduced for economic development, for
example through financing large-scale infrastructures (well
established) {3.2.5, 3.3.1.3, 3.3.1.4, Box 3.11, 3.3.1.1,
3.3.2.1.1}. In some cases, invasive alien species have been
unintentionally transported and introduced through
emergency relief and aid (e.g., seeds of the invasive alien
plant Parthenium hysterophorus (parthenium weed) arrived
with grain in aid shipments in several countries) (well
established) {3.2.2.3}, increasing the risk of possible
negative impacts on quality of life (established but
incomplete) {4.5.1, 4.6.3}. | raw_document.pdf | 25 | Text_1_25 | SUMMARY FOR POLICYMAKERS | 19SUMMARY FOR POLICYMAKERS
BACKGROUND | A5 |
Text_2 | Text | Text | [0.11865234375,0.532421875,0.491015625,0.915625] | A6 Many invasive alien species have been
documented on lands managed, used and/or
owned by Indigenous Peoples and local
communities (established but incomplete) {Box 2.6;
4.6}. More than 2,300 invasive alien species have been
documented on lands managed, used and/or owned by
Indigenous Peoples, with some negatively affecting their
quality of life and cultural identities. Indigenous lands in
Oceania and North America have particularly high numbers
of recorded invasive alien species (established but
incomplete) {Box 2.6}. However, numbers of invasive alien
species are, on average, consistently lower on Indigenous
lands compared to other lands (established but incomplete)
{Box 2.6}. Many Indigenous Peoples and local communities
emphasize the inter-relatedness of the land, water and
humans and other species, which can lead to a range of
diverse perceptions of specific invasive alien species (well
established) {1.6.7.1}. In some cases, Indigenous Peoples
and local communities may consider an invasive alien
species a valued part of their nature (established but
incomplete) {1.6.7.1}. There are also examples where
Indigenous Peoples and local communities have created
new income sources by relying on invasive alien species
(well established) {4.5.1, 4.6.2}, but that often occurs
through necessity rather than choice. However, impact
reports by some Indigenous Peoples and local communities
document 68 per cent negative impacts and 32 per cent | raw_document.pdf | 25 | Text_2_25 | SUMMARY FOR POLICYMAKERS | 19SUMMARY FOR POLICYMAKERS
BACKGROUND | A5 |
Text_3 | Text | Text | [0.508984375,0.287890625,0.8796875,0.731640625] | positive impacts on their good quality of life caused by
invasive alien species (established but incomplete) {4.6.1,
4.6.3.2, Table 4.33}. Indigenous Peoples and local
communities often have a good understanding of how the
complex interactions among drivers facilitate the
introduction and spread of invasive alien species on their
lands (established but incomplete) {3.2.3.6, Box 3.15}. For
example, Indigenous Peoples and local communities
recognize that the use of invasive alien species for food,
fibre, income generation or medicinal purposes can cause
negative impacts on nature's contributions to people and
their good quality of life (well established) {3.2.3.6, Box 3.6},
especially in situations where the native species they
traditionally depended on for those benefits have declined
(established but incomplete) {3.2.3.6; 3.2.5}. Impact reports
by some Indigenous Peoples and local communities
document 92 per cent negative impacts and 8 per cent
positive impacts on nature caused by invasive alien species
(established but incomplete) {Table 4.31}. Negative impact
reports include water security and human and livestock
health, as well as acknowledging that invasive alien species
limit access to traditional lands, reduce mobility and require
increased labour to manage (established but incomplete)
{Box 4.9, 4.5.1, 4.5.1.4, 4.6.3.1, 4.6.3.2, 5.5.5}. Invasive
alien species can also adversely affect the autonomy, rights
and cultural identity of Indigenous Peoples and local
communities (established but incomplete) {Box 4.15}
through the loss of traditional livelihoods, knowledge and
cultural practices (well established) {4.6.3.2}, often leading
to general feelings of despair, sadness and stress
(established but incomplete) {4.6.3.2}. | raw_document.pdf | 25 | Text_3_25 | SUMMARY FOR POLICYMAKERS | 19SUMMARY FOR POLICYMAKERS
BACKGROUND | A5 |
Text_4 | Text | Text | [0.51015625,0.74375,0.88515625,0.91640625] | A7 Perceptions of the threat of invasive alien
species can vary depending on different human
perspectives (well established) {1.5.2}. Perceptions of
specific invasive alien species and their value differ among
and within stakeholder groups and Indigenous Peoples and
local communities, as different community members can
experience different impacts depending on gender, age,
livelihood and a multitude of other factors (established but
incomplete) {1.5.2, 1.6.7.1, 3.2.1, 5.6.1.2}. Value conflicts
arise when invasive alien species are considered to be a
major threat by some stakeholders and beneficial by others
(well established) {5.6.1.2}. An invasive alien species may | raw_document.pdf | 25 | Text_4_25 | SUMMARY FOR POLICYMAKERS | 19SUMMARY FOR POLICYMAKERS
BACKGROUND | A5 |
Page-header_0 | Page-header | Text | [0.41953125,0.050439453125,0.88046875,0.060546875] | THE THEMATIC ASSESSMENT REPORT ON INVASIVE ALIEN SPECIES AND THEIR CONTROL | raw_document.pdf | 26 | Page-header_0_26 | THE THEMATIC ASSESSMENT REPORT ON INVASIVE ALIEN SPECIES AND THEIR CONTROL | 19SUMMARY FOR POLICYMAKERS
BACKGROUND | A5 |
Page-header_1 | Page-header | Text | [0.9328125,0.441015625,0.95546875,0.6078125] | 25SUMMARY FOR POLICYMAKERS | raw_document.pdf | 26 | Page-header_1_26 | 25SUMMARY FOR POLICYMAKERS | 19SUMMARY FOR POLICYMAKERS
BACKGROUND | A5 |
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25SUMMARY FOR POLICYMAKERS
have been intentionally introduced for a particular purpose,
including to mitigate other drivers of change (well
established) {Box 3.9}, but can have negative impacts on
other sectors (well established) {3.3.1.1, 3.2.5, 5.6.1.2}. For
example, introduced pigs are important culturally in Hawaii
and are hunted for subsistence, ceremony and recreation,
despite causing severe negative impacts by driving and
maintaining the spread of invasive alien plants within
Hawaiian rainforest (established but incomplete) {5.6.1.2}.
Divergence of perceptions of invasive alien species can
prevent effective decision-making and management
(established but incomplete) {5.6.1.2, 6.2.2(9)}. The
management of invasive alien species can, in some cases,
raise multiple ethical debates about animal welfare and
rights (well established) {1.5.3, 5.6.2.1, Box 6.13} (e.g., the
challenges of effectively managing the biological invasion of
Hippopotamus amphibius (African hippopotamus) in
Colombia due to it being considered a charismatic species
(established but incomplete) {5.4.3.1}).
A8 Current policy instruments for biological
invasions have led to only partial progress towards
international Targets on invasive alien species,
including Aichi Biodiversity Target 9 and
Sustainable Development Goal Target 15.8 (well
established) {6.1.2, 6.1.3}. Most countries (80 per cent,
156 out of 196) have targets for the management of
biological invasions within their national biodiversity
strategies and action plans, 74 per cent (145) of which are
aligned with Aichi Biodiversity Target 9 (well established)
{6.1.2}. Assessment of the progress towards meeting Aichi
Biodiversity Target 9 concluded that there was still a
considerable gap between the development and adoption of
invasive alien species policy and implementation at national
levels (well established) {6.1.2}. Although the number of
countries with national invasive alien species checklists,
including databases, has more than doubled in the last
decade (196 countries in 2022) (Table SPM.A3) {6.1.3},
83 per cent do not have national legislation or regulations
Box SPM 1 Voluntary codes of conduct can complement legislation for managing the risks
of transport and the introduction of invasive alien species through trade.
Voluntary codes of conduct have limits, but they provide
practical and concise guidance in establishing common
standards of good practice and sustainable attitudes and
behaviours for managing the risks of transport and the
introduction of invasive alien species through trade. For
example, awareness of horticulture as a major pathway
for the introduction of many (46 per cent) invasive alien
plants worldwide {3.2.3.2} has led to industry-government
collaboration that has resulted in the implementation of
voluntary codes of conduct for the horticultural industry,
complementing legislation to ban the sales of invasive alien
plants considered to be high risk {Box 6.6}. When designed in
a collaborative manner, codes of conduct can help producers
and consumers make informed choices. The adoption of
voluntary codes of conduct can encourage e-commerce
platforms to adopt better practices by screening their lists for
invasive alien species, complying with relevant legislation and
providing information on the species, including taxonomy,
potential invasiveness and appropriate measures that a buyer
could use to prevent escape. Codes of conduct have also been
developed in Europe for other activities that can facilitate the
introduction of invasive alien species, including boating, botanic
gardens, horticulture, hunting, international travel, plantation
forestry, pets, protected areas, e-commerce, recreational
fishing, zoological gardens and aquaria.
Published in 2013 by the Council of Europe, the European
Code of Conduct for Botanic Gardens on Invasive Alien
Species outlines voluntary principles for all botanic garden
personnel to support them in protecting ecosystems from the
impacts of invasive alien species.
See: Heywood, V. H., & Sharrock, S. (2013). European Code
of Conduct for Botanic Gardens on Invasive Alien Species.
Council of Europe Publishing, F-67075 Strasbourg www.coe.
int/Biodiversity | raw_document.pdf | 26 | Full-Page_0_26 | 25SUMMARY FOR POLICYMAKERS | 19SUMMARY FOR POLICYMAKERS
BACKGROUND | A5 |
Section-header_0 | Section-header | Text | [0.1416015625,0.12802734375,0.85546875,0.1587890625] | Box SPM 1 Voluntary codes of conduct can complement legislation for managing the risks
of transport and the introduction of invasive alien species through trade. | raw_document.pdf | 26 | Section-header_0_26 | 25SUMMARY FOR POLICYMAKERS | 19SUMMARY FOR POLICYMAKERS
BACKGROUND | Box SPM 1 Voluntary codes of conduct can complement legislation for managing the risks
of transport and the introduction of invasive alien species through trade. |
Text_0 | Text | Text | [0.1447265625,0.173046875,0.458984375,0.225390625] | Voluntary codes of conduct have limits, but they provide
practical and concise guidance in establishing common
standards of good practice and sustainable attitudes and
behaviours for managing the risks of transport and the | raw_document.pdf | 26 | Text_0_26 | 25SUMMARY FOR POLICYMAKERS | 19SUMMARY FOR POLICYMAKERS
BACKGROUND | Box SPM 1 Voluntary codes of conduct can complement legislation for managing the risks
of transport and the introduction of invasive alien species through trade. |
Picture_0 | Picture | Image | [0.1345703125,0.23671875,0.475,0.59921875] |
<Caption> EUROPEAN CODE OF CONDUCT
</Caption>
| raw_document.pdf | 26 | Picture_0_26 | 25SUMMARY FOR POLICYMAKERS | 19SUMMARY FOR POLICYMAKERS
BACKGROUND | Box SPM 1 Voluntary codes of conduct can complement legislation for managing the risks
of transport and the introduction of invasive alien species through trade. |
Caption_0 | Caption | Text | [0.174609375,0.4140625,0.444921875,0.45859375] | EUROPEAN CODE OF CONDUCT
| raw_document.pdf | 26 | Caption_0_26 | 25SUMMARY FOR POLICYMAKERS | 19SUMMARY FOR POLICYMAKERS
BACKGROUND | Box SPM 1 Voluntary codes of conduct can complement legislation for managing the risks
of transport and the introduction of invasive alien species through trade. |
Text_1 | Text | Text | [0.1181640625,0.64765625,0.489453125,0.915625] | have been intentionally introduced for a particular purpose,
including to mitigate other drivers of change (well
established) {Box 3.9}, but can have negative impacts on
other sectors (well established) {3.3.1.1, 3.2.5, 5.6.1.2}. For
example, introduced pigs are important culturally in Hawaii
and are hunted for subsistence, ceremony and recreation,
despite causing severe negative impacts by driving and
maintaining the spread of invasive alien plants within
Hawaiian rainforest (established but incomplete) {5.6.1.2}.
Divergence of perceptions of invasive alien species can
prevent effective decision-making and management
(established but incomplete) {5.6.1.2, 6.2.2(9)}. The
management of invasive alien species can, in some cases,
raise multiple ethical debates about animal welfare and
rights (well established) {1.5.3, 5.6.2.1, Box 6.13} (e.g., the
challenges of effectively managing the biological invasion of
Hippopotamus amphibius (African hippopotamus) in
Colombia due to it being considered a charismatic species
(established but incomplete) {5.4.3.1}). | raw_document.pdf | 26 | Text_1_26 | 25SUMMARY FOR POLICYMAKERS | 19SUMMARY FOR POLICYMAKERS
BACKGROUND | Box SPM 1 Voluntary codes of conduct can complement legislation for managing the risks
of transport and the introduction of invasive alien species through trade. |
Text_2 | Text | Text | [0.509375,0.1740234375,0.859375,0.446875] | introduction of invasive alien species through trade. For
example, awareness of horticulture as a major pathway
for the introduction of many (46 per cent) invasive alien
plants worldwide {3.2.3.2} has led to industry-government
collaboration that has resulted in the implementation of
voluntary codes of conduct for the horticultural industry,
complementing legislation to ban the sales of invasive alien
plants considered to be high risk {Box 6.6}. When designed in
a collaborative manner, codes of conduct can help producers
and consumers make informed choices. The adoption of
voluntary codes of conduct can encourage e-commerce
platforms to adopt better practices by screening their lists for
invasive alien species, complying with relevant legislation and
providing information on the species, including taxonomy,
potential invasiveness and appropriate measures that a buyer
could use to prevent escape. Codes of conduct have also been
developed in Europe for other activities that can facilitate the
introduction of invasive alien species, including boating, botanic
gardens, horticulture, hunting, international travel, plantation
forestry, pets, protected areas, e-commerce, recreational
fishing, zoological gardens and aquaria.
<Section-header> Box SPM 1 Voluntary codes of conduct can complement legislation for managing the risks
of transport and the introduction of invasive alien species through trade. </Section-header>
| raw_document.pdf | 26 | Text_2_26 | 25SUMMARY FOR POLICYMAKERS | 19SUMMARY FOR POLICYMAKERS
BACKGROUND | Box SPM 1 Voluntary codes of conduct can complement legislation for managing the risks
of transport and the introduction of invasive alien species through trade. |
Text_3 | Text | Text | [0.5015625,0.4609375,0.846875,0.525390625] | Published in 2013 by the Council of Europe, the European
Code of Conduct for Botanic Gardens on Invasive Alien
Species outlines voluntary principles for all botanic garden
personnel to support them in protecting ecosystems from the
impacts of invasive alien species. | raw_document.pdf | 26 | Text_3_26 | 25SUMMARY FOR POLICYMAKERS | 19SUMMARY FOR POLICYMAKERS
BACKGROUND | Box SPM 1 Voluntary codes of conduct can complement legislation for managing the risks
of transport and the introduction of invasive alien species through trade. |
Text_4 | Text | Text | [0.510546875,0.539453125,0.84609375,0.59140625] | See: Heywood, V. H., & Sharrock, S. (2013). European Code
of Conduct for Botanic Gardens on Invasive Alien Species.
Council of Europe Publishing, F-67075 Strasbourg www.coe.
int/Biodiversity | raw_document.pdf | 26 | Text_4_26 | 25SUMMARY FOR POLICYMAKERS | 19SUMMARY FOR POLICYMAKERS
BACKGROUND | Box SPM 1 Voluntary codes of conduct can complement legislation for managing the risks
of transport and the introduction of invasive alien species through trade. |
Text_5 | Text | Text | [0.509375,0.64453125,0.8859375,0.915625] | A8 Current policy instruments for biological
invasions have led to only partial progress towards
international Targets on invasive alien species,
including Aichi Biodiversity Target 9 and
Sustainable Development Goal Target 15.8 (well
established) {6.1.2, 6.1.3}. Most countries (80 per cent,
156 out of 196) have targets for the management of
biological invasions within their national biodiversity
strategies and action plans, 74 per cent (145) of which are
aligned with Aichi Biodiversity Target 9 (well established)
{6.1.2}. Assessment of the progress towards meeting Aichi
Biodiversity Target 9 concluded that there was still a
considerable gap between the development and adoption of
invasive alien species policy and implementation at national
levels (well established) {6.1.2}. Although the number of
countries with national invasive alien species checklists,
including databases, has more than doubled in the last
decade (196 countries in 2022) (Table SPM.A3) {6.1.3},
83 per cent do not have national legislation or regulations | raw_document.pdf | 26 | Text_5_26 | 25SUMMARY FOR POLICYMAKERS | 19SUMMARY FOR POLICYMAKERS
BACKGROUND | Box SPM 1 Voluntary codes of conduct can complement legislation for managing the risks
of transport and the introduction of invasive alien species through trade. |
Page-header_0 | Page-header | Text | [0.1197265625,0.0515625,0.580859375,0.060546875] | THE THEMATIC ASSESSMENT REPORT ON INVASIVE ALIEN SPECIES AND THEIR CONTROL | raw_document.pdf | 27 | Page-header_0_27 | THE THEMATIC ASSESSMENT REPORT ON INVASIVE ALIEN SPECIES AND THEIR CONTROL | 19SUMMARY FOR POLICYMAKERS
BACKGROUND | Box SPM 1 Voluntary codes of conduct can complement legislation for managing the risks
of transport and the introduction of invasive alien species through trade. |