abdelmo/pubmed-dataset · Datasets at Hugging Face

Nerve growth factor-stimulated mitogen-activated protein kinase activity is not necessary for neurite outgrowth of chick dorsal root ganglion sensory and sympathetic neurons.

t necessary for neurite outgrowth of DRG sensory and sympathetic neurons derived from the chick PNS.

8978506

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Endothelin-3 attenuates the cyclic GMP responses to C-type natriuretic peptide in cultured mouse astrocytes.

The effect of endothelin-3 (ET-3) on cyclic GMP (cGMP) responses to C-type natriuretic peptide (CNP) was studied in primary cultures of mouse astrocytes. Attenuation of CNP-stimulated cGMP formation by ET-3 was time-dependent; with maximum inhibition achieved at 30 min of preincubation. ET-3 suppressed cGMP production in response to 10 nM CNP in a dose-dependent fashion; with an IC50 of 0.04 nM and a maximal inhibitory concentration of 1 microM; which led to a 66% reduction of the cGMP increment from 45.0 +

8978503

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Endothelin-3 attenuates the cyclic GMP responses to C-type natriuretic peptide in cultured mouse astrocytes.

/- 4.2 pmol/mg protein to 15.4 +/- 2.6 pmol/mg protein. ET-1; ET-2; and ET-3 were equipotent in suppressing the CNP-induced cGMP response; suggesting that this effect was mediated by ETB receptors. Staurosporine; Ro 31-8220; calcium-free medium; nifedipine; verapamil; lanthanum; thapsigargin; BAPTA; W7; calmidazolium; U-73122; neomycin; quinacrine; wortmannin; herbimycin-A; okadaic acid; and sodium orthovanadate failed to block the effect of ET-3. Cycloheximide (100 microM); however; partially but significa

8978503

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Endothelin-3 attenuates the cyclic GMP responses to C-type natriuretic peptide in cultured mouse astrocytes.

ntly reversed the inhibitory effect of ET-3 on CNP-induced cGMP from 48.2 to 73.3% of the control value. The results support the premise that ET-3 and CNP interact within the central nervous system. The data also suggest that cGMP accumulation in mouse astrocytes is mediated by activation of certain kinases through as yet undefined mechanisms and not by protein kinase C; increased intracellular calcium; or other second messenger pathways such as phospholipases A2; C; D; tyrosine kinase; or protein phosphata

8978503

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Endothelin-3 attenuates the cyclic GMP responses to C-type natriuretic peptide in cultured mouse astrocytes.

ses.

8978503

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Chemokine expression in rat stab wound brain injury.

A traumatic injury to the adult mammalian central nervous system (CNS) results in reactive astrogliosis and the migration of hematogenous cells into the damaged neural tissue. Chemokines; a novel class of chemoattractant cytokines; are now being recognized as mediators of the inflammatory changes that occur following injury. The expression of MCP-1 (macrophage chemotactic peptide-1); a member of the beta family of chemokines; has recently been demonstrated in trauma in the rat brain (Berman et al.: J Immuno

8978507

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Chemokine expression in rat stab wound brain injury.

l 156:3017-3023; 1996). Using a stab wound model for mechanical injury; we studied the expression of two other beta chemokines: RANTES (Regulated on Activation; Normal T cell Expressed and Secreted) and MIP-1 beta (macrophage inflammatory protein-1 beta) in the rat brain. The stab wound injury was characterized by widespread gliosis and infiltration of hematogenous cells. Immunohistochemical staining revealed the presence of RANTES and MIP-1 beta in the injured brain. RANTES and MIP-1 beta were both diffuse

8978507

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Chemokine expression in rat stab wound brain injury.

ly expressed in the necrotic tissue and were detected as early as 1 day post-injury (dpi). Double-labeling studies showed that MIP-1 beta; but not RANTES; was expressed by reactive astrocytes near the lesion site. In addition; MIP-1 beta staining was also detected on macrophages at the site of injury. The initial expression of the chemokines closely correlated with the appearance of inflammatory cells in the injured CNS; suggesting that RANTES and MIP-1 beta may play a role in the inflammatory events of tra

8978507

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Chemokine expression in rat stab wound brain injury.

umatic brain injury. This study also demonstrates for the first time MIP-1 beta expression in reactive astrocytes following trauma to the rat CNS.

8978507

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Reasonable accommodation requests in a federal setting.

nan

8978509

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Hepatitis A vaccine.

nan

8978510

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Modulation by neurosteroids of the in vivo (+)-[3H]SKF-10,047 binding to sigma 1 receptors in the mouse forebrain.

Recent reports suggest an interaction between neuro-(active)steroids and sigma1 (sigma 1) receptors; affecting biochemical parameters as well as physiological responses mediated by sigma 1 ligands in the rodent brain. In this study; we examined the modulation by neurosteroids of the haloperidol-sensitive in vivo (+)-[3H]SKF-10;047 binding to sigma 1 sites in the mouse hippocampus and cortex. Progesterone (PROG; 2-40 mg/kg); pregnenolone sulfate (PREGS; 10-40 mg/kg); and dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEAS

8978508

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Modulation by neurosteroids of the in vivo (+)-[3H]SKF-10,047 binding to sigma 1 receptors in the mouse forebrain.

; 10-40 mg/kg) were administered systemically 10 min before the radioactive tracer. The total amount of (+)-[3H]SKF-10;047 bound in each structure was significantly affected by PROG and PREGS only at the highest dose tested and was unaffected by DHEAS. However; bound to free (B/F) radioactivity ratios were highly significantly decreased by 30-40% in each structure by PROG and PREGS. DHEAS; at 40 mg/kg; induced a significant 20% decrease in the hippocampus. Furthermore; the in vivo (+)-[3H]SKF-10;047 binding

8978508

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Modulation by neurosteroids of the in vivo (+)-[3H]SKF-10,047 binding to sigma 1 receptors in the mouse forebrain.

parameters were diminished in pregnant female mice compared to non-pregnant or male mice. These results confirm the in vitro binding results; bring a direct in vivo demonstration of the interaction between neurosteroids and sigma 1 receptors; and show that physiologic modulations of the steroidal concentrations affect the sigma 1 systems.

8978508

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Exposure to isocyanates and organic solvents, and pulmonary-function changes in workers in a polyurethane molding process.

The extent of adverse health effects of isocyanates when combined with other chemicals is not well documented. This study was conducted as a 2.5-year follow-up as well as to determine daily and weekly effects of exposure to isocyanates and organic solvents on pulmonary function. The concentrations of chemicals sampled were below the recommended exposure criteria. No daily or weekly reduction in the subjects' pulmonary function was observed. The isocyanate/solvent-exposed subjects showed significant long-ter

8978511

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Exposure to isocyanates and organic solvents, and pulmonary-function changes in workers in a polyurethane molding process.

m reduction in their forced vital capacity (P < 0.05) and expiratory volume in 1 second (P < 0.001). No such changes were observed in non-exposed subjects or in those exposed only to organic solvents. The proportion of subjects who developed respiratory symptoms in the isocyanate-exposed group was not significantly greater than that of the non-exposed group. The results of this study indicate that long-term exposure to isocyanates; even in very low concentrations; may contribute to impaired pulmonary functi

8978511

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Exposure to isocyanates and organic solvents, and pulmonary-function changes in workers in a polyurethane molding process.

on.

8978511

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Worksite barriers to the effective management of alcohol problems.

The purpose of this analysis is to describe barriers to workplace interventions in cases of alcohol abuse. A survey of 7255 supervisors in 114 worksites across seven major corporations was completed (79% responded). Information about barriers to intervention was elicited by 12 questions. Cluster analysis revealed three analytically independent classes of barriers--Organizational; Interpersonal; and Individual. Most managers reported encountering some barriers to intervention: the extent of barriers perceive

8978512

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Worksite barriers to the effective management of alcohol problems.

d was related to characteristics of the worksite; job; and/or the environment. Barriers were greatest for female managers; managers in larger worksites; and the first-line supervisors. Barriers were also related to the form (formal vs informal) of intervention a manager was willing to make. Intervention strategies must take into account differences between company worksites and job levels; and not assume that policies are equally effective throughout the corporation.

8978512

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Bladder cancer incidence in arylamine workers.

Cancer incidence was investigated in a cohort of 700 workers employed at a Connecticut chemical plant between mid-1965 and 1989. The plant produced a variety of chemicals; including arylamines such as dichlorobenzidine (DCB); o-dianisidine; o-tolidine; but not benzidine. Benzidine production ceased prior to mid-1965. The principal finding was a statistically significant increase in the standardized incidence ratio (SIR) for bladder cancer in men (SIR = 8.3; confidence interval; 3.3 to 17.0). Based on an exp

8978515

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Bladder cancer incidence in arylamine workers.

osure classification system developed by a panel of former and current employees; the observed association between bladder cancer cases and exposure to arylamines increased with increasing exposure (SIRs = 0.0; 5.5; 16.4; for none; low; or moderate levels of exposure; respectively). Smoking probably contributed to the bladder cancer risk; as all case subjects were known to be current or former cigarette smokers.

8978515

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Airway reactivity in welders: a controlled prospective cohort study.

In a 3-year survey; respiratory symptoms; spirometry; and methacholine reactivity were measured annually in welders (n = 51) and non-welder controls subjects (n = 54) to determine whether welding-related symptoms are associated with accelerated decline in lung function or changes in airway reactivity. In the cross-workshift study; maximal midexpiratory flow rate declined reversibly during a welding day; whereas 1-second forced expiratory volume and forced-vital capacity were unchanged. In the longitudinal s

8978514

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Airway reactivity in welders: a controlled prospective cohort study.

tudy; the welders had significantly more reversible work-related symptoms of cough; phlegm; wheeze; and chest tightness than the non-welder shipyard control subjects. In this group of actively working welders; across-workshift changes in midflow and reversible symptoms were related to the welding occupation; but evidence for chronic irreversible effects on spirometry or airway reactivity was not seen over the 3 years of observation. The short period of observation was not optimal for detecting a chronic eff

8978514

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Airway reactivity in welders: a controlled prospective cohort study.

ect on lung function. Work practices and engineering controls may be successfully preventing irreversible respiratory effects; but not mild reversible effects; in this group of welders.

8978514

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Biological monitoring of exposure to cadmium, a human carcinogen, as a result of active and passive smoking.

Cadmium (Cd); a known human carcinogen; is one of the components of tobacco and also has many industrial uses. Smoking Cd-contaminated cigarettes at work may cause an increase in blood levels and toxicity of Cd. For a population of nonexposed workers; we compared blood Cd and urine cotinine (Cot) levels as biological markers of exposure to cigarette smoke of active smokers (AS) and passive smokers (PS) with those of unexposed nonsmokers (UNS) in 158 workers. The mean Cd in AS (0.097 microgram%; ie; 0.097 mi

8978513

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Biological monitoring of exposure to cadmium, a human carcinogen, as a result of active and passive smoking.

crogram/100 mL whole blood) was significantly higher than in UNS (0.085 microgram%); and was very close to the mean Cd levels in PS (0.093 microgram%). Mean Cd levels in exposed past smokers (0.105 microgram% was higher than in nonexposed past smokers (P < 0.05) and in AS. The mean Cot level was significantly higher in AS than in PS or in UNS. Increased smoking was associated directly with increased blood Cd and urine Cot. Our results supported and proved quantitatively that exposure to cigarette smoke is h

8978513

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Biological monitoring of exposure to cadmium, a human carcinogen, as a result of active and passive smoking.

armful to both AS and PS; as we show that in both cases there is an increase in blood Cd. According to our results; exposure to cigarette smoke via active and passive smoking increases blood Cd by an average of 0.01 micrograms% over the background (UNS). We conclude that exposure to cigarette smoke is a confounder to be taken into account when carrying out epidemiological studies and surveillance programs on workers exposed to Cd at work.

8978513

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Liver enzyme activity and body mass index.

Obesity has been identified as a risk factor for liver disease in a number of cross-sectional studies. We investigated the association of biochemical livers tests (BLTs) among male employees of The Dow Chemical Company who had participated in two consecutive health surveillance examinations. The activity of three liver enzymes-alanine aminotransferase; aspartate aminotransferase; and gamma glutamyl transferase were used as measures of liver injury. Body mass index was strongly associated with increased enzy

8978516

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Liver enzyme activity and body mass index.

me activity in both examinations. Alcohol consumption was similarly associated with higher BLT results. Body mass index remained significantly associated with each BLT after controlling for alcohol consumption; race; and age. When changes in BLTs were investigated over time; the employees who gained weight showed a significant increase in alanine aminotransferase activity compared with those who did not gain weight.

8978516

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Lung cancer in chromate-exposed aerospace workers.

A retrospective cohort study evaluated the risk of lung cancer in aerospace workers with minimum of 6 months' employment in jobs with chromium [VI] exposure (n = 2429). Standardized incidence ratios (SIR) estimated the risk of lung cancer by duration of employment in chromate-exposure jobs and cumulative exposure based on industrial hygiene and work-history data. The overall SIR for lung cancer was 0.8 (observed [Obs] = 15). Lung cancer risk was inversely related to estimates of cumulative chromate exposure

8978517

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Lung cancer in chromate-exposed aerospace workers.

and duration of employment as a painter. Although based on few cases; an elevated lung cancer risk was found in subjects who had worked for 5 or more years as a chrome plater or surface processor tank tender (Obs = 2; SIR = 1.9) and sander/masker or polisher (Obs = 3; SIR = 2.7). A clear association was not observed between chromate exposure and the risk of lung cancer in this population of workers.

8978517

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Evaluation of the utility of spirometry in a regional public health screening program for workers exposed to welding fumes.

The objective of this study was to determine the usefulness of spirometry in the screening of chronic pulmonary problems related to exposure to welding fumes; in a regional public health-based screening program. Pulmonary questionnaires and spirometric tests were administered twice at 5-year intervals on 229 welders/cutters (mean age; 39.9 years from 31 metal manufacturing plants. The baseline mean value at the first test for the forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) was 102% of predicted; the force

8978518

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Evaluation of the utility of spirometry in a regional public health screening program for workers exposed to welding fumes.

d vital capacity (FVC) was 107%; and the FEV1/FVC ratio was 79%. The mean annual changes in the three spirometric indicators were -47 mL; -46 mL; and -0.3%; respectively. The usefulness of spirometry was assessed by looking at the relationship between exposure to welding fumes and changes in spirometric indices; in multivariate linear regression analysis; accounting for age; height; and smoking. A high lifetime exposure to welding fumes was associated with better lung functions in the cross-sectional approa

8978518

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Evaluation of the utility of spirometry in a regional public health screening program for workers exposed to welding fumes.

ch (healthy worker effect) but not in the longitudinal approach; where no association was found. We concluded that the public health regional application of this screening program generated too many sources of variation for spirometry to fulfill the objective of early detection of pulmonary function decline related to exposure to welding fumes. Based on these observations; we recommend that maintaining questionnaire screening; with spirometry reserved as a second-line diagnostic intervention.

8978518

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A prospective study for upper-extremity cumulative trauma disorders of workers in aircraft manufacturing.

Occupational diseases affect 15 to 20% of all Americans. Cumulative trauma disorders (CTDs) account for 56% of all occupational injuries. The recognition and control of occupational injuries has become a major concern of employees; employers; medicine; and the federal government because of health risk and related costs. Upper-extremity CTDs are identified by the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health as one of the ten most significant occupational health problems in the United States. It is e

8978519

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A prospective study for upper-extremity cumulative trauma disorders of workers in aircraft manufacturing.

stimated by the year 2000 that 50 cents on the dollar will be spent on CTDs. Although enlightened aircraft employers have developed primary prevention strategies; primary prevention can never be expected to eliminate 100% of the cases. To evaluate several preventive activities; a CTD risk-assessment program was developed and implemented in cooperation with a major aircraft manufacturer employing over 8000 workers. This program was focused on objectively identifying the relationship of work and other activit

8978519

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A prospective study for upper-extremity cumulative trauma disorders of workers in aircraft manufacturing.

ies to an individual worker experiencing CTDs. Early identification has been linked; when applicable; to intervention algorithms for medical care; job task modification; workplace accommodation; and training. A prospective study group of 212 workers who used rivet guns was placed into a four-way experimental design for ergonomic posture training; exercise training; and rivet-gun type (primary factors). A statistical model was developed for the level of CTD risk and evaluated using the SAS software program (

8978519

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A prospective study for upper-extremity cumulative trauma disorders of workers in aircraft manufacturing.

SAS Institute; Inc; Carry; NC). Statistical analysis of the primary factors without regard to associated variables (covariates) demonstrated that only posture training had a beneficial risk reduction for the individual. The impact (beneficial or detrimental) for exercise training and for vibration-dampening rivet guns was probably obscured because of the large variability of the responses regarding the associated variables (covariates). When the covariates were analyzed in conjunction with the four experime

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A prospective study for upper-extremity cumulative trauma disorders of workers in aircraft manufacturing.

ntal groups; a positive benefit from ergonomic posture training and exercise training was demonstrated for the following groups: the dominant han; time spend in an awkward position; number of standard rivets bucked; number of parts routed; number of parts ground; number of vibration-dampening rivets bucked; and newly hired individuals. A negative effect (increase in individual risk level) for current employees using a vibration-dampening rivet gun was demonstrated. This prospective study helps to identify t

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A prospective study for upper-extremity cumulative trauma disorders of workers in aircraft manufacturing.

he possible benefit of education and training for controlling CTDs and demonstrates the usefulness of being able to evaluate materials; methods; machines; and environments as they relate to the individual's risk level for the development of upper-extremity CTDs.

8978519

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Introduction: Implicit Memory, Part 2

nan

8978520

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Medico-Psychological Study of a Memory Disorder

nan

8978521

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Reactivating a Reactivation Theory of Implicit Memory

Implicit and explicit memory tasks are interpreted within a traditional memory theory that distinguishes associations between different classes of memory units (sensory features; logogens; imagens; concepts; context tags). Associations from specific sensory features to logogens are strengthened by perceptual experiences; leading to specific perceptual priming. Associations among concepts are strengthened by use; leading to specific conceptual priming. Activating associations from concepts to logogens leads

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Reactivating a Reactivation Theory of Implicit Memory

to semantic and associative priming. Item presentation also establishes a new association from it to a representation of the personal context; comprising an "episodic memory." Such contextual associations play a major role in explicit memory tasks such as recall or recognition. A critical assumption of the theory is that presentation of a given item strengthens its sensory and contextual associations independently; this permits the theory to explain various dissociations of implicit and explicit memory meas

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Reactivating a Reactivation Theory of Implicit Memory

ures. Furthermore; by assuming that brain-injured patients with global amnesia have a selective deficit in establishing novel associations to the context; the theory can explain their deficits in explicit memory along side their intact implicit memory.

8978523

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Korsakoff and Amnesia

nan

8978522

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How Priming Affects Two Speeded Implicit Tests of Remembering: Naming Colors versus Reading Words

Three experiments investigated two timed implicit tests of memory-word reading and color naming. Using the study-test procedure; Experiments 1 and 2 showed that studied words caused reliable facilitation in word reading but no interference in color naming relative to unstudied words. Indeed; there was a small amount of facilitation in color naming as well. Experiment 3 further explored the color naming task by alternating shorter study and test intervals and adding control trials consisting of letter string

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How Priming Affects Two Speeded Implicit Tests of Remembering: Naming Colors versus Reading Words

s. Although both studied and unstudied words showed interference relative to the control letter strings; the amounts of interference they showed did not differ. Overall; word reading consistently displayed facilitation whereas color naming never exhibited increased interference due to word priming. Priming appears to be process-specific: It is restricted to facilitating repetition of processing previously applied to a stimulus and does not extend to influencing performance on a different task involving the

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How Priming Affects Two Speeded Implicit Tests of Remembering: Naming Colors versus Reading Words

same studied materials.

8978524

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Nonverbal Local Context Cues Explicit but Not Implicit Memory

Memory research distinguishes two components of episodes-the event or item and the spatial-temporal setting or context in which it occurred. The word context is used either globally to denote the physical; social; or emotional environment at study and test or it is used locally to refer to another word or picture that was paired with a particular target. In this article; we report four experiments that investigated the influence of two different nonverbal local contexts on explicit word recognition and impl

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Nonverbal Local Context Cues Explicit but Not Implicit Memory

icit word identification test performance. In each experiment; university students studied words that were displayed against various extra-item local contexts; and the contexts were either the same or different at study and test. What differed across experiments was the nature of the contexts: for Experiments 1 and 2; it was a band of color that stretched across the computer screen; and for Experiments 3 and 4; the context was a colored line drawing. The combined findings from all experiments provide no evi

8978525

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Nonverbal Local Context Cues Explicit but Not Implicit Memory

dence of memory context effects (MCE) on priming. By contrast; recognition test performance showed reliable MCEs but only when the local context was a concrete drawing or when it was a color that was target-related or appropriate. The discussion compared these findings with those from previous studies that concerned the cueing effectiveness of verbal and nonverbal extra-item contexts.

8978525

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Automatic Retrieval of New Associations under Shallow Encoding Conditions

In two experiments during the study phase participants read unrelated context-target word pairs presented below a line drawing of the context word. During test the strong cue group was presented with context words; line drawings; and stems of target words. The line drawings were not presented in the weak cue group. Stems were paired with the same context words as at study (intact); paired with different context words (recombined); or corresponded to unstudied words (control). In Experiment 1 participants we

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Automatic Retrieval of New Associations under Shallow Encoding Conditions

re instructed to complete stems with the first word that came to mind (indirect). The priming effect for new associations was twice as large in the strong cue group. In Experiment 2 the process dissociation procedure was applied and participants completed stems with studied words (inclusion) or with unstudied words (exclusion). Results indicated that consciously controlled and automatic retrieval processes mediated the associative effect in both groups.

8978526

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Noncriterial Recollection: Familiarity as Automatic, Irrelevant Recollection

Recollection is sometimes automatic in that details of a prior encounter with an item come to mind although those details are irrelevant to a current task. For example; when asked about the size of the type in which an item was earlier presented; one might automatically recollect the location in which it was presented. We used the process dissociation procedure to show that such noncriterial recollection can function as familiarity-its effects were independent of intended recollection.

8978527

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Levels-of-Processing Effects on a Variety of Memory Tasks: New Findings and Theoretical Implications

Three experiments investigated level of processing (LOP) effects on a variety of direct and indirect memory tasks; in the context of a processing theory of dissociations. Subjects studied words in five encoding conditions and received one of ten memory tests. In Experiment 1; four tests previously classified as conceptual showed a robust LOP effect; as did a direct perceptual test of graphemic cued recall. An indirect perceptual word fragment completion test was unaffected by LOP. Experiment 2 showed that a

8978528

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Levels-of-Processing Effects on a Variety of Memory Tasks: New Findings and Theoretical Implications

new indirect version of a graphemic cued test was not affected by LOP. In Experiment 3; guided by a generation/recognition model; we constructed three new direct tests in which subjects identified words that were graphemically; phonologically; or semantically similar to studied words. The three tests differed in their sensitivity to study conditions; but LOP had no effect in any case; despite the involvement of deliberate conscious recollection. Contemporary explanatory frameworks couched as dichotomies (e

8978528

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Levels-of-Processing Effects on a Variety of Memory Tasks: New Findings and Theoretical Implications

.g.; implicit/explicit; perceptual/conceptual) do not provide an adequate account of the results. It seems necessary instead to specify the types of information activated by each encoding condition; the types of information required by each test; and how encoding and retrieval processes are modified by task instructions.

8978528

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Manipulation of Attention at Study Affects an Explicit but Not an Implicit Test of Memory

We investigated the impact of attention during encoding on later retrieval. During study; participants read some words aloud (ignoring the print color) and named the print color of other words aloud (ignoring the word). Then one of two memory tests was administered. The explicit test-recognition-required conscious recollection of whether a word was studied. Previously read words were recognized more accurately than were previously color named words. This contrasted sharply with performance on the implicit t

8978529

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Manipulation of Attention at Study Affects an Explicit but Not an Implicit Test of Memory

est-repetition priming in lexical decision. Here; words that were color named during study showed priming equivalent to words that were read during study; both were responded to faster than unstudied words. Thus; an attentional manipulation during study had a strong effect on an explicit test of memory; but almost no effect on an implicit test. Focal attention during study is crucial for remembering consciously but not necessarily for remembering without awareness.

8978529

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Continuing Influences of To-Be-Forgotten Information

In the present paper; we first argue that it is critical for humans to forget; that is; to have some means of preventing out-of-date information from interfering with the recall of current information. We then argue that the primary means of accomplishing such adaptive updating of human memory is retrieval inhibition: Information that is rendered out of date by new learning becomes less retrievable; but remains at essentially full strength in memory as indexed by other measures; such as recognition and word

8978530

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Continuing Influences of To-Be-Forgotten Information

-fragment completion. We conclude with a speculation that certain unconscious influences of prior events may; in fact; be stronger if those events were to be forgotten rather than to be remembered.

8978530

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Unconscious Gender Bias in Fame Judgments?

In two experiments the conditions of; and the processes leading to; gender biases in fame judgments were investigated. In Experiment 1; the gender bias was not reduced in a condition that alerted participants to the gender of the names. In Experiment 2; participants' sex-role orientation; but not their gender; was related to the gender bias. The process dissociation procedure was used in both experiments in an attempt to separate conscious and unconscious memory processes contributing to the gender bias. Us

8978531

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Unconscious Gender Bias in Fame Judgments?

ing L. L. Jacoby's (1991) original measurement model there appeared to be evidence for unconscious influences on the gender bias in fame judgments. Unfortunately; this evidence disappeared when a model was used that takes guessing and; hence; response biases into account; which confirms that measurement models that ignore response biases in the process dissociation procedure may lead to erroneous conclusions.

8978531

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Modeling Unconscious Gender Bias in Fame Judgments: Finding the Proper Branch of the Correct (Multinomial) Tree

In the preceding article; Buchner and Wippich used a guessing-corrected; multinomial process-dissociation analysis to test whether a gender bias in fame judgments reported by Banaji and Greenwald (Journal of Personality and Social Psychology; 1995; 68; 181-198) was unconscious. In their two experiments; Buchner and Wippich found no evidence for unconscious mediation of this gender bias. Their conclusion can be questioned by noting that (a) the gender difference in familiarity of previously seen names that B

8978532

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Modeling Unconscious Gender Bias in Fame Judgments: Finding the Proper Branch of the Correct (Multinomial) Tree

uchner and Wippich modeled was different from the gender difference in criterion for fame judgments reported by Banaji and Greenwald; (b) the assumptions of Buchner and Wippich's multinomial model excluded processes that are plausibly involved in the fame judgment task; and (c) the constructs of Buchner and Wippich's model that corresponded most closely to Banaji and Greenwald's gender-bias interpretation were formulated so as to preclude the possibility of modeling that interpretation. Perhaps a more compl

8978532

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Modeling Unconscious Gender Bias in Fame Judgments: Finding the Proper Branch of the Correct (Multinomial) Tree

ex multinomial model can model the Banaji and Greenwald interpretation.

8978532

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Investigating Fame Judgments: On the Generality of Hypotheses, Conclusions, and Measurement Models

In this article; we try to clarify some of the issues raised by S. C. Draine; A. G. Greenwald; and M. R. Banaji (1996) concerning our investigation into the gender bias in fame judgments (A. Buchner & W. Wippich; 1996). First; we did not test the general hypothesis and did not draw the general conclusion that Drain et al. suggest we did. Second; we did not reject M. R. Banaji and A. G. Greenwald's (1995) assumptions about the familiarity of male and female names in the fame judgment task; but we showed how

8978533

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Investigating Fame Judgments: On the Generality of Hypotheses, Conclusions, and Measurement Models

one could have come to reject it using a widespread measurement model for the process dissociation procedure. Third; we argue that the processes which Draine et al. suggest should also be included in the measurement model we used are probably negligible; and if they are not; then the validity of the results of a number of fame judgment experiments must be called into question. In general; however; we agree with what seems to be the main message ofM. R. Banaji and A. G. Greenwald's (1995) research; namely; t

8978533

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Investigating Fame Judgments: On the Generality of Hypotheses, Conclusions, and Measurement Models

hat social categories have to be considered whenever priming is investigated within a social domain.

8978533

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Response Bias Correction in the Process Dissociation Procedure: Approaches, Assumptions, and Evaluation

Buchner; Erdfelder; and Vaterrodt-Plunnecke (1995) advocated an exposition of the process dissociation procedure within the framework of multinomial modeling. Among the misleading aspects of this exposition is its tendency to obscure the overlap between processes. In contrast; clarifying these crucial interactions leads to a general classification of response bias corrections to the process dissociation procedure. This scheme; in which corrective models are classified on the basis of process interactions; c

8978534

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Response Bias Correction in the Process Dissociation Procedure: Approaches, Assumptions, and Evaluation

larifies the assumptions underlying previously proposed corrections. As an illustration of the framework; three such corrections are derived. These corrective models are evaluated by applying them to the data reported by Buchner et al. (1995).

8978534

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Can We Resolve Contradictions between Process Dissociation Models?

Wainwright and Reingold (1996) presented equations for various versions of the process dissociation procedure that has been used to separate conscious and unconscious memory processes. In the present reply it is suggested that these equations; though helpful; may not capture some of the key theoretical possibilities that could help to resolve apparent contradictions and paradoxes in the empirical literature. Specifically; there could be an independence of processes that might be estimated to a sufficient de

8978535

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Can We Resolve Contradictions between Process Dissociation Models?

gree of accuracy for some theoretical purposes despite a violation of the assumption of stochastic independence.

8978535

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A Refined Approach to Bubble Nucleation and Polymer Foaming Process: Dissolved Gas and Cluster Size Effects

A refined approach to bubble nucleation is presented and applied to polymer foaming process. The integral overall energy balance and the integral Clausius-Duhem inequality are used to analyze a bubble nucleation experiment. The computation of long-range intermolecular potential results in expressions for surface tension; work; and critical work for cluster formation; as functions of the Hamaker constant; molecular and/or repeat unit interaction distance; molar fractions of each component; and cluster radius

8978536

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A Refined Approach to Bubble Nucleation and Polymer Foaming Process: Dissolved Gas and Cluster Size Effects

. The variation of surface tension with cluster size; temperature; and pressure is determined in terms of well-known macroscopic properties and compared with available experimental data.

8978536

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Studies of Water Adsorbed in Porous Vycor Glass

Properties of water adsorbed in porous Vycor glass and Vycor glass treated with hexamethyldisilazane (HMDS) have been studied by measuring NMR as a function of water content and temperature and observing penetration of water into the pores. Some of the observed properties are compared with those of methanol and ethanol. The NMR linewidth of water in original glass pores is proportional to the fraction of water in a surface monolayer on the glass. The melting point depression of the pore water is inversely p

8978537

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Studies of Water Adsorbed in Porous Vycor Glass

roportional to the pore radius; and ice water interfacial tension is evaluated as 27.5 mN/m. When treated glass was immersed in water; liquid water could not penetrate the glass sample; which had more than 0.4/nm2 trimethylsilyl group substituted for surface hydroxyls; however; the alcohols could still easily penetrate the fully treated glass; which had 1.3/nm2 trimethylsilyl groups. Water adsorbed in weakly treated glass shows broadening of the NMR line; contrastingly; the alcoholic hydroxyls show narrowin

8978537

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Studies of Water Adsorbed in Porous Vycor Glass

g of the lines. The freezing and melting point of pore water rise with surface treatments. These phenomena can be explained in terms of structure forming of adsorbed liquid on the surfaces and the interaction between the molecules in the structured layer and the subsequent layer.

8978537

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Solubilization in Colloidal Immunoclusters

Micelle-like clusters of antibody molecules were prepared by covalent attachment of various hydrophobic groups to the protein molecules. These colloidal clusters were capable of solubilizing two hydrophobic probes; while the solubilizate:solubilizer molar ratio was dependent on the chain length of the hydrophobic groups; the degree of modification; and hence; on the size of the colloidal clusters. By using a fluorescent solubilizate; it was demonstrated that the immunoclusters may have a specific recognitio

8978538

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Solubilization in Colloidal Immunoclusters

n ability.

8978538

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Modeling the Effect of Temperature on Adsorption of Lead(II) and Zinc(II) onto Goethite at Constant pH

The influence of temperature and adsorbate concentration on the sorption of Zn(II) and Pb(II) by goethite was studied at fixed pH. Proton stoichiometry; measured by direct titration; was found to depend on the identity of the metal ion; the pH; and the temperature. For Zn(II) the proton stoichiometry ranged from 1.55 at pH 6.5 and 10°C to 1.95 at pH 7.5 and 70°C; while for Pb(II) at pH 5.50 the value varied from 1.05 at 10°C to 1.4 at 70°C. Three adsorption models-the Langmuir two-site model

8978539

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Modeling the Effect of Temperature on Adsorption of Lead(II) and Zinc(II) onto Goethite at Constant pH

; the surface precipitation model of Farley; Dzombak; and Morel (FDM); and the BET model-were applied to the data; and the fitted parameters were used to determine the enthalpy and entropy of adsorption. Although the models assume rather different sorption reactions; and therefore generate correspondingly different equilibrium constants; the estimated enthalpies of adsorption were all positive; between 4 and 30 kJ/mol. There was also fair agreement between the various estimates of the adsorption capacities.

8978539

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Modeling the Effect of Temperature on Adsorption of Lead(II) and Zinc(II) onto Goethite at Constant pH

However; the models yield very different estimates of entropies of adsorption; these being positive (and generally in the range 100 to 160 J K-1 mol-1) for the Langmuir and BET models but negative (in the range -80 to -160 J K-1 mol-1) for the FDM model.

8978539

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Transfer of Oil between Emulsion Droplets

A contrast matching technique was used to determine the exchange of oils between emulsion droplets having different refractive indexes. Emulsions of tetradecane and 1-bromo tetradecane in water were made separately in a high-pressure homogenizer; then mixed and equilibrated at rest. It was found that droplets exchanged oil molecules through the continuous phase; in a process similar to Ostwald ripening. Emulsions of hexadecane and 1-bromo hexadecane were also mixed; at rest; no exchange of oil took place. T

8978540

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Transfer of Oil between Emulsion Droplets

hese mixtures were subsequently recirculated in the high-pressure homogenizer. Exchange of oil occurred as a result of droplet coalescence in the homogenizer. Two regimes were found; "surfactant-poor" and "surfactant-rich." In the "surfactant-poor" regime; recoalescence took place at all values of the pressure used in the homogenizer. In the "surfactant-rich" regime; recoalescence took place only if the pressure was at least equal to that used originally to make the emulsion. These results demonstrate that

8978540

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Transfer of Oil between Emulsion Droplets

the size of the emulsion droplets made in a high-pressure homogenizer results from a succession of fragmentation and recoalescence processes. Possible mechanisms preventing recoalescence are discussed.

8978540

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The Influence of Sorbitol on the Adsorption of Surfactants at the Air-Liquid Interface

Neutron reflection and surface tension have been used to study the adsorption of the nonionic surfactant monododecyl hexaethylene glycol (C12E6) and the mixed nonionic-anionic surfactants n-dodecyl triethylene glycol (C12E3) and Sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) at the air-liquid interface. Water and a sorbitol (d-glucitol; CH2OH(HCOH)4CH2OH)/water mixture were selected as the solvents. The addition of 300 g/liter of sorbitol to an aqueous solution of C12E6 reduces the critical micellar concentration; cmc; from

8978541

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The Influence of Sorbitol on the Adsorption of Surfactants at the Air-Liquid Interface

approximately 7 x 10(-5) to approximately 3 x 10(-5) M; and increases the surface pressure at the cmc; the effect on the C12E3/SDS mixture is less. Despite these changes; the pattern of adsorption at the air-liquid interface is essentially unaltered by the addition of sorbitol; and the surface tension and neutron reflectivity data are in good agreement. The consequences of the sorbitol addition are however seen directly in the structure of the C12E6 monolayer. The ethylene oxide (EO) chain is more extended

8978541

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The Influence of Sorbitol on the Adsorption of Surfactants at the Air-Liquid Interface

than in water; and more displaced from the solvent; consistent with dehydration of the ethylene oxide group.

8978541

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Direct Spectroscopic Measurement and Theoretical Modeling of the Diffusion of a Single Species in a Two-Phase Unstirred System

The diffusion of 8-hydroxyquinoline from an aqueous phase into an organic phase and vice versa has been measured using a static transfer cell. The total change in concentration in either phase can be accurately predicted by considering one-dimensional diffusion in the plane normal to the oil/water interface. It was found that any turbulent mixing that occurs during the initiation of the experiment dies out in the first few minutes. The relevance of this technique to the study of metal ion extraction from an

8978542

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Direct Spectroscopic Measurement and Theoretical Modeling of the Diffusion of a Single Species in a Two-Phase Unstirred System

aqueous phase into an organic phase is discussed.

8978542

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A Kinetic Study of Copper Ion Extraction by Kelex 100 at a Heptane-Water Interface

A study of the kinetics of Cu2+ extraction by 7-(4-ethyl-1-methyloctyl)8-hydroxyquinoline (Kelex 100) has been undertaken in a static transfer cell; where the total concentration of the Cu2+-Kelex 100 complex in the organic phase is monitored in situ as the reaction proceeds using attenuated total internal reflectance spectroscopy. The temporal characteristics of the extraction of Cu2+ from water into heptane could be accounted for using a simple one-dimensional diffusion model coupled with a reaction-limit

8978543

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A Kinetic Study of Copper Ion Extraction by Kelex 100 at a Heptane-Water Interface

ed interaction between Cu2+ and Kelex 100. Rate constants for the reaction of Kelex 100 and Cu2+ at a model interface were obtained from stopped flow experiments using a neutral micelle (C12E8) system. These rate constants were used to model the reaction between Cu2+ and Kelex 100 at the heptane-water interface.

8978543

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The ac and dc Conductivities of a Disperse System of the "Conductor-in-Conductor" Type

The relationship is derived; within the scope of irreversible thermodynamics; to predict the dc conductivity of a disperse system of the "conductor-in-conductor" type. The results enable one to describe the dc conductivity of the system with the help of the preliminary known expression for the ac conductivity as a function of the specific conductivities of the constituent phases. The derived relationship is used to study the systems with various types of morphology. It is discussed how the difference betwee

8978544

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The ac and dc Conductivities of a Disperse System of the "Conductor-in-Conductor" Type

n the ac and dc conductivities depends on the system morphology and transport characteristics of both the connected and the disconnected constituent phases. Some ways of using the results are suggested.

8978544

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The Effect of the zeta Potential on the Stability of a Non-Polar Oil-in-Water Emulsion

The aim of this work was to investigate the electrophoretic properties of emulsion droplets of aliphatic hydrocarbons containing C6 to C16 carbon atoms in hydrocarbon chains. As it was observed experimentally; the emulsion droplets of hydrocarbons C9 to C16 revealed a completely different course of changes of the zeta potential due to pH than the n-alkanes of shorter hydrocarbon chains (C6 to C8). They revealed a negative value of the zeta potential; lower by almost twice. The zeta potentials of emulsion dr

8978545

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The Effect of the zeta Potential on the Stability of a Non-Polar Oil-in-Water Emulsion

oplets of the n-alkanes; from n-nonane to n-hexadecane; do not practically depend on the length of the hydrocarbon chain but; first of all; on the pH of aqueous solutions. The cause of the origin of the negative zeta potential of n-alkane droplets lies in the selective adsorption of -OH ions; causing the gathering of the excessive negative charge at the oil-water interface. As it was assumed; the stability of oil-in-water emulsion droplets in the solution; i.e.; the time of collection of liquid hydrocarbons

8978545

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The Effect of the zeta Potential on the Stability of a Non-Polar Oil-in-Water Emulsion

C6H28 on the surface of aqueous solutions; is the criterion of the life of emulsion droplets of n-alkanes. The observations indicate a close correlation between the emulsion droplets stability of the tested aliphatic hydrocarbons in water and the value changes of the zeta potential.

8978545

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Adsorption of CaCO3 Particles on Cationic Cellulose Graft Copolymers

The behavior of small inorganic particles at the fiber/water interface has been analyzed from the kinetics and isotherms of adsorption of CaCO3 particles onto cationic fibers. The introduction of cationic moieties onto cellulosic fibers leads to a copolymer that can easily adsorb negatively charged particles. At equilibrium; the adsorption ratio of CaCO3 particles on a cationic copolymer of cellulose and poly(2-acryloxyethyltrimethylammonium chloride) is related closely to the particle size; the temperature

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