| 1 | |
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| Bismillahirrahmanirrahim Today we are going to | |
| 2 | |
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| continue with futurity once again. We need to see | |
| 3 | |
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| futurity in English and futurity in Arabic. We | |
| 4 | |
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| have already spoken about future simple, future | |
| 5 | |
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| continuous, future perfect, future perfect | |
| 6 | |
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| continuous. And we've seen that these | |
| 7 | |
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| constructions are available in both English and | |
| 8 | |
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| Arabic. However, the constructions are different | |
| 9 | |
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| in both languages. The syntactic construction of | |
| 10 | |
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| future simple is different from the syntactic | |
| 11 | |
| 00:00:49,470 --> 00:00:54,210 | |
| construction of future simple in English. Its | |
| 12 | |
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| usage is of more functions, more semantic | |
| 13 | |
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| functions in English rather than it in Arabic. | |
| 14 | |
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| However, we have Other constructions like future | |
| 15 | |
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| continuous, future perfect, future perfect | |
| 16 | |
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| continuous, they are represented in Arabic | |
| 17 | |
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| lexically. Okay? And grammatically. However, in | |
| 18 | |
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| English, we have specific rules for each | |
| 19 | |
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| construction. These are not verbs. They consist of | |
| 20 | |
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| different parts of inflections or inflection | |
| 21 | |
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| phrase. Future simple consists of, once I go, I | |
| 22 | |
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| will travel to London. okay this has some sort of | |
| 23 | |
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| persistence when I say I will or I say once I say | |
| 24 | |
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| I shall travel this is neutral open and colorless | |
| 25 | |
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| future okay it consists of shall travel what does | |
| 26 | |
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| shall refer to tense and what does travel refer to | |
| 27 | |
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| aspect which simple aspect okay so for future | |
| 28 | |
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| simple what are the semantic functions of this | |
| 29 | |
| 00:02:19,200 --> 00:02:22,820 | |
| construction the semantic functions of this | |
| 30 | |
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| concept we have willingness yes offer | |
| 31 | |
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| determination or persistence, promise, request, | |
| 32 | |
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| and threat. Okay? Here we have different usages of | |
| 33 | |
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| the modal auxiliaries shell or will. In case of | |
| 34 | |
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| willingness, we use shell with what? With the | |
| 35 | |
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| second and third person. however in case of offer | |
| 36 | |
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| we use shall with the first and third person okay | |
| 37 | |
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| in case of determination we use will with all | |
| 38 | |
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| pronouns however in case of request okay we use | |
| 39 | |
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| what well okay in case of promise and threat. We | |
| 40 | |
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| use shell with the second and third person. So we | |
| 41 | |
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| have different semantic functions for the future | |
| 42 | |
| 00:03:27,130 --> 00:03:31,850 | |
| simple. However, in English, in Arabic, we have | |
| 43 | |
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| some sort of limitations semantically. We have | |
| 44 | |
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| willingness in Arabic, we have requests, we have | |
| 45 | |
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| all these meanings, okay? But we find that Future | |
| 46 | |
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| simple is available once expressing willingness. | |
| 47 | |
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| We use سوف يرجع البضاعة. سوف يرجع. سوف, this is | |
| 48 | |
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| the future particle in Arabic, which refers to | |
| 49 | |
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| remote future or near future? Remote future. Okay. | |
| 50 | |
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| سوف يرجع. This is imperfect indicative form of the | |
| 51 | |
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| verb. Imperfect indicative form of the verb Okay | |
| 52 | |
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| We have inflection here personal inflection يرجع | |
| 53 | |
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| Okay, you know that we have four inflections in | |
| 54 | |
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| Arabic for person however | |
| 55 | |
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| in English we have bare infinitive shall travel | |
| 56 | |
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| okay we can say shell travels shell travel okay | |
| 57 | |
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| this is this is one point of difference between | |
| 58 | |
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| both languages in this specific field okay so it | |
| 59 | |
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| seems that we have future sample in Arabic but the | |
| 60 | |
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| Errorism mistakes are always committed in the | |
| 61 | |
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| other constructions, future continuous, future | |
| 62 | |
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| perfect, future perfect continuous, et cetera. So, | |
| 63 | |
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| how | |
| 64 | |
| 00:05:16,820 --> 00:05:23,120 | |
| could | |
| 65 | |
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| you translate this into English? | |
| 66 | |
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| سيكون الأطفال قد ناموا ساعتين عند الخمسة مساء will | |
| 67 | |
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| have slept will have been will be sleeping | |
| 68 | |
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| children will have been sleeping for two hours by | |
| 69 | |
| 00:05:51,760 --> 00:05:57,170 | |
| five o'clock PM or at the evening. It refers to an | |
| 70 | |
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| action that started in the past, continues at a | |
| 71 | |
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| specific point of time. Okay. And will continues | |
| 72 | |
| 00:06:06,730 --> 00:06:12,930 | |
| on later. Okay. So it will be in progress in | |
| 73 | |
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| future at a certain point of time. | |
| 74 | |
| 00:06:24,440 --> 00:06:25,100 | |
| Okay. | |
| 75 | |
| 00:06:27,990 --> 00:06:32,050 | |
| سيكونوا نائمين أو سيكونوا قد ناموا ساعتين عند | |
| 76 | |
| 00:06:32,050 --> 00:06:35,910 | |
| الساعة الخامسة it is the same thing with future | |
| 77 | |
| 00:06:35,910 --> 00:06:39,750 | |
| continuous future perfect continuous it refers to | |
| 78 | |
| 00:06:39,750 --> 00:06:43,890 | |
| an action that will be continuous after a point of | |
| 79 | |
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| time in future okay in 2014 I'll have been | |
| 80 | |
| 00:06:49,990 --> 00:06:53,570 | |
| teaching English for 20 years this means that I'm | |
| 81 | |
| 00:06:53,570 --> 00:07:01,280 | |
| going to continue okay after 2014 for example okay | |
| 82 | |
| 00:07:01,280 --> 00:07:07,320 | |
| today we are going to touch the other construction | |
| 83 | |
| 00:07:07,320 --> 00:07:10,440 | |
| the other futurity constructions we spoke about | |
| 84 | |
| 00:07:10,440 --> 00:07:15,320 | |
| going to we spoke about about to be to not yet | |
| 85 | |
| 00:07:15,320 --> 00:07:24,450 | |
| okay so going to okay i'm going to act in your | |
| 86 | |
| 00:07:24,450 --> 00:07:31,870 | |
| graduation in June, okay? You are expected to | |
| 87 | |
| 00:07:31,870 --> 00:07:35,990 | |
| graduate in June, so I am going to attend your | |
| 88 | |
| 00:07:35,990 --> 00:07:42,910 | |
| graduation ceremony, okay? Or celebration. Here I | |
| 89 | |
| 00:07:42,910 --> 00:07:46,490 | |
| have intention, I have intention to attend, okay? | |
| 90 | |
| 00:07:47,750 --> 00:07:52,100 | |
| Hoda is going to have a baby next month. Okay. | |
| 91 | |
| 00:07:52,580 --> 00:07:58,060 | |
| Going to. She has a cause. Okay. She has a cause. | |
| 92 | |
| 00:07:58,140 --> 00:08:02,840 | |
| She's pregnant and she will deliver according to | |
| 93 | |
| 00:08:02,840 --> 00:08:07,700 | |
| the plan next month. Okay. So we say she's going | |
| 94 | |
| 00:08:07,700 --> 00:08:13,060 | |
| to. She's going to have a baby next month. Okay. | |
| 95 | |
| 00:08:13,840 --> 00:08:18,280 | |
| I'm going to attend your graduation party next | |
| 96 | |
| 00:08:18,280 --> 00:08:22,850 | |
| June. This is my intention. Okay. I'm going to | |
| 97 | |
| 00:08:22,850 --> 00:08:27,410 | |
| attend Ahmed's party tonight. We have intention to | |
| 98 | |
| 00:08:27,410 --> 00:08:33,750 | |
| do that. Okay. So going to refers to intention and | |
| 99 | |
| 00:08:33,750 --> 00:08:42,290 | |
| cause. It will rain soon or it's going to rain. | |
| 100 | |
| 00:08:43,270 --> 00:08:46,070 | |
| What was it? It's going to rain because we have | |
| 101 | |
| 00:08:46,070 --> 00:08:51,180 | |
| cloudy weather. So we have cause. Okay. So going | |
| 102 | |
| 00:08:51,180 --> 00:08:59,200 | |
| to refers to cause and intention. Okay. ستمطر | |
| 103 | |
| 00:08:59,200 --> 00:09:06,640 | |
| الدنيا حالا سيمطر الجو or yes ستمطر حالا ستمطر | |
| 104 | |
| 00:09:06,640 --> 00:09:10,940 | |
| this is Arabic س we have the near future particle | |
| 105 | |
| 00:09:10,940 --> 00:09:17,300 | |
| س plus the present imperfect indicative form of | |
| 106 | |
| 00:09:17,300 --> 00:09:25,380 | |
| the verb يمطر Not amtara, yumtara. About to. We | |
| 107 | |
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| are about to start explaining the rest of the | |
| 108 | |
| 00:09:33,560 --> 00:09:38,680 | |
| lecture about futurity. We're about to leave. We | |
| 109 | |
| 00:09:38,680 --> 00:09:42,710 | |
| are about to quit. Okay, we are about to quit | |
| 110 | |
| 00:09:42,710 --> 00:09:47,590 | |
| about to على وشك We have the same equivalent in | |
| 111 | |
| 00:09:47,590 --> 00:09:52,890 | |
| Arabic على وشك أن أبدأ المحاضرة على وشك أن نبدأ | |
| 112 | |
| 00:09:52,890 --> 00:09:57,490 | |
| المحاضرة على وشك بدء المحاضرة نحن على وشك بدء | |
| 113 | |
| 00:09:57,490 --> 00:10:03,850 | |
| المحاضرة is accepted. So we have So we have على | |
| 114 | |
| 00:10:03,850 --> 00:10:09,730 | |
| وشك أن نبدأ Okay this refers to imminent future | |
| 115 | |
| 00:10:10,790 --> 00:10:16,130 | |
| Imminent future. Okay. Very near future. Imminent | |
| 116 | |
| 00:10:16,130 --> 00:10:20,610 | |
| future. Okay. The taxi is there at the gate and we | |
| 117 | |
| 00:10:20,610 --> 00:10:24,690 | |
| are about to leave. The taxi is there at the gate | |
| 118 | |
| 00:10:24,690 --> 00:10:29,690 | |
| and we are about to leave. Okay. After a few | |
| 119 | |
| 00:10:29,690 --> 00:10:34,470 | |
| minutes, about to leave. We have about plus the | |
| 120 | |
| 00:10:34,470 --> 00:10:38,850 | |
| infinitive in English. In Arabic, نحن على وشك أن | |
| 121 | |
| 00:10:38,850 --> 00:10:47,010 | |
| نمشي. أو النغادر على وشك N نغادر يعني we have على | |
| 122 | |
| 00:10:47,010 --> 00:10:51,970 | |
| وشك plus mean over derived nominal or covert | |
| 123 | |
| 00:10:51,970 --> 00:10:56,070 | |
| derived nominal يعني | |
| 124 | |
| 00:10:56,070 --> 00:11:03,110 | |
| مصدر مؤول ولا مصدر صريح على وشك N نغادر مؤول this | |
| 125 | |
| 00:11:03,110 --> 00:11:07,930 | |
| is called covert derived nominal طب نحن على وشك | |
| 126 | |
| 00:11:07,930 --> 00:11:08,610 | |
| المغادرة | |
| 127 | |
| 00:11:11,120 --> 00:11:15,240 | |
| Overt derived nominal okay | |
| 128 | |
| 00:11:42,880 --> 00:11:45,600 | |
| We spoke about the present simple denoting future | |
| 129 | |
| 00:11:45,600 --> 00:11:48,840 | |
| and present progressive denoting future as well. | |
| 130 | |
| 00:11:49,960 --> 00:11:50,240 | |
| Sheikh? | |
| 131 | |
| 00:11:58,040 --> 00:12:03,840 | |
| Okay. He leaves for Egypt tomorrow. She arrives by | |
| 132 | |
| 00:12:03,840 --> 00:12:07,700 | |
| ten o'clock train this evening. So we have the | |
| 133 | |
| 00:12:07,700 --> 00:12:10,760 | |
| present simple denoting future if we have a plan | |
| 134 | |
| 00:12:10,760 --> 00:12:17,130 | |
| or program. or a timetable. We have this also | |
| 135 | |
| 00:12:17,130 --> 00:12:24,730 | |
| available in Arabic. سأسافر عندما يأتي أحمد. We | |
| 136 | |
| 00:12:24,730 --> 00:12:28,270 | |
| mentioned that we have the present simple just in | |
| 137 | |
| 00:12:28,270 --> 00:12:31,970 | |
| the structure of adverbial clauses of time and | |
| 138 | |
| 00:12:31,970 --> 00:12:35,430 | |
| condition. This is what we mentioned in the last | |
| 139 | |
| 00:12:35,430 --> 00:12:41,540 | |
| lecture. Okay. سو سافر عندما يأتي أحمد. I'll | |
| 140 | |
| 00:12:41,540 --> 00:12:48,120 | |
| travel when Ahmed comes. When Ahmed comes. Don't | |
| 141 | |
| 00:12:48,120 --> 00:12:53,220 | |
| say when Ahmed came or will come. It's wrong. Once | |
| 142 | |
| 00:12:53,220 --> 00:13:00,180 | |
| Ahmed comes. Okay. What do you say if I stay here | |
| 143 | |
| 00:13:00,180 --> 00:13:07,560 | |
| for another two hours? What do you say if I stay? | |
| 144 | |
| 00:13:09,790 --> 00:13:14,150 | |
| What will you say if I stay? So the conditional | |
| 145 | |
| 00:13:14,150 --> 00:13:17,510 | |
| clause also contains the present simple which | |
| 146 | |
| 00:13:17,510 --> 00:13:20,150 | |
| refers to future action. | |
| 147 | |
| 00:13:26,930 --> 00:13:31,980 | |
| We have present continuous as well. which refers | |
| 148 | |
| 00:13:31,980 --> 00:13:35,740 | |
| to an action that has been planned for the future. | |
| 149 | |
| 00:13:36,440 --> 00:13:39,680 | |
| I'm traveling by seven o'clock flight to Egypt | |
| 150 | |
| 00:13:39,680 --> 00:13:43,640 | |
| this evening. I'm taking the children to the | |
| 151 | |
| 00:13:43,640 --> 00:13:45,280 | |
| seashore tomorrow evening. | |
| 152 | |
| 00:13:47,700 --> 00:13:54,760 | |
| Okay, so we have plan or timetable program. Okay, | |
| 153 | |
| 00:13:55,120 --> 00:13:59,340 | |
| we have this in Arabic. أنا قادم لزيارتكم اليوم. | |
| 154 | |
| 00:14:00,470 --> 00:14:05,490 | |
| أنا قادم. What do you say about قادم? This is | |
| 155 | |
| 00:14:05,490 --> 00:14:08,450 | |
| nominal subject. اسم الفاعل. Okay. | |
| 156 | |
| 00:14:12,490 --> 00:14:17,590 | |
| We mentioned going to, I'm going to. So we have | |
| 157 | |
| 00:14:17,590 --> 00:14:23,570 | |
| there to be M is R plus going to infinitive. Okay. | |
| 158 | |
| 00:14:23,970 --> 00:14:29,000 | |
| She's going to get married. We have cause. Okay. | |
| 159 | |
| 00:14:29,100 --> 00:14:31,840 | |
| There is an engagement that is followed by | |
| 160 | |
| 00:14:31,840 --> 00:14:36,260 | |
| marriage. Julie is going to have a baby. So we | |
| 161 | |
| 00:14:36,260 --> 00:14:41,540 | |
| have causes. I'm going to attend Ahmed's party. | |
| 162 | |
| 00:14:41,960 --> 00:14:44,560 | |
| This is intention. Okay. | |
| 163 | |
| 00:14:50,380 --> 00:14:55,080 | |
| Be about to. The taxi is there at the gate and we | |
| 164 | |
| 00:14:55,080 --> 00:15:00,860 | |
| are about to leave. About to. So you have about, | |
| 165 | |
| 00:15:01,060 --> 00:15:07,320 | |
| verb to be, about, then the infinitive. Okay? It | |
| 166 | |
| 00:15:07,320 --> 00:15:10,720 | |
| refers to an action or construction that will be | |
| 167 | |
| 00:15:10,720 --> 00:15:13,220 | |
| fulfilled, an action that will be fulfilled in the | |
| 168 | |
| 00:15:13,220 --> 00:15:13,940 | |
| near future. | |
| 169 | |
| 00:15:21,240 --> 00:15:24,820 | |
| We have equivalence of be about to, this is | |
| 170 | |
| 00:15:24,820 --> 00:15:28,700 | |
| alawashak, as we mentioned. Okay. | |
| 171 | |
| 00:15:31,860 --> 00:15:39,160 | |
| على وشك أن يأتي أحمد. على وشك أن يأتي. So we have | |
| 172 | |
| 00:15:39,160 --> 00:15:43,540 | |
| على وشك plus covert derived nominal. | |
| 173 | |
| 00:15:51,100 --> 00:15:56,700 | |
| Okay. We have B2. B plus infinitive. | |
| 174 | |
| 00:15:59,170 --> 00:16:02,410 | |
| This construction shows command and arrangement. | |
| 175 | |
| 00:16:03,730 --> 00:16:10,230 | |
| We are to go to Ahmed's wedding party soon. So we | |
| 176 | |
| 00:16:10,230 --> 00:16:17,570 | |
| arranged this meeting or we arranged this action. | |
| 177 | |
| 00:16:18,030 --> 00:16:22,190 | |
| So we are to go to Ahmed's wedding party soon. We | |
| 178 | |
| 00:16:22,190 --> 00:16:24,970 | |
| are to be ready by nine o'clock. We arranged that, | |
| 179 | |
| 00:16:25,390 --> 00:16:31,200 | |
| okay? You are to be ready by nine o'clock. You are | |
| 180 | |
| 00:16:31,200 --> 00:16:33,940 | |
| to be ready by nine o'clock. This is command. | |
| 181 | |
| 00:16:34,820 --> 00:16:35,200 | |
| Okay. | |
| 182 | |
| 00:16:42,680 --> 00:16:47,840 | |
| Just in translation, we say, for example, once we | |
| 183 | |
| 00:16:47,840 --> 00:16:53,620 | |
| say for example, Hind is to marry soon or to get | |
| 184 | |
| 00:16:53,620 --> 00:16:58,640 | |
| married soon. Hind is to get married soon. Okay. | |
| 185 | |
| 00:16:59,680 --> 00:17:04,560 | |
| ستتزوج هند قريبا. So we have the near future | |
| 186 | |
| 00:17:04,560 --> 00:17:09,440 | |
| particle س plus the imperfect indicative form. | |
| 187 | |
| 00:17:09,840 --> 00:17:12,840 | |
| This means that we don't have equivalent for ب | |
| 188 | |
| 00:17:12,840 --> 00:17:19,760 | |
| infinitive in Arabic. Going to and ب to are the | |
| 189 | |
| 00:17:19,760 --> 00:17:23,400 | |
| same. We use س plus the imperfect indicative form | |
| 190 | |
| 00:17:23,400 --> 00:17:23,960 | |
| of the verb. | |
| 191 | |
| 00:17:28,020 --> 00:17:35,060 | |
| ساحضر حفلة التخرج اليوم مساء I planned for that | |
| 192 | |
| 00:17:35,060 --> 00:17:43,660 | |
| okay, so we have س plus the imperfect indicative | |
| 193 | |
| 00:17:43,660 --> 00:17:47,840 | |
| form of the verb Once I translate this into | |
| 194 | |
| 00:17:47,840 --> 00:17:57,300 | |
| English What do I use? Be to or go to No, no. We | |
| 195 | |
| 00:17:57,300 --> 00:17:58,580 | |
| have intention here. | |
| 196 | |
| 00:18:02,360 --> 00:18:05,940 | |
| So if you have intention, this means going to. If | |
| 197 | |
| 00:18:05,940 --> 00:18:09,300 | |
| there be cause for the action that will happen in | |
| 198 | |
| 00:18:09,300 --> 00:18:13,040 | |
| future, this is going to. Okay. If there'll be | |
| 199 | |
| 00:18:13,040 --> 00:18:17,700 | |
| command or arrangement, we use be to. It depends | |
| 200 | |
| 00:18:17,700 --> 00:18:20,460 | |
| on the meaning of the sentence. So the difference | |
| 201 | |
| 00:18:20,460 --> 00:18:25,260 | |
| between them is only semantic difference. Okay. | |
| 202 | |
| 00:18:27,660 --> 00:18:30,100 | |
| According to this meaning, you can configure or | |
| 203 | |
| 00:18:30,100 --> 00:18:34,480 | |
| choose what to use, either going to or B2, or | |
| 204 | |
| 00:18:34,480 --> 00:18:37,700 | |
| about to, which refers to imminent future. | |
| 205 | |
| 00:18:41,880 --> 00:18:47,960 | |
| About to, yes. We don't | |
| 206 | |
| 00:18:47,960 --> 00:18:52,000 | |
| have equivalence for B2 or going to in Arabic, | |
| 207 | |
| 00:18:52,220 --> 00:18:57,130 | |
| okay? This is future continuous. | |
| 208 | |
| 00:18:59,590 --> 00:19:02,130 | |
| The same construction of future continuous. | |
| 209 | |
| 00:19:02,670 --> 00:19:08,010 | |
| However, about to has lexical equivalence. We have | |
| 210 | |
| 00:19:08,010 --> 00:19:14,430 | |
| على وشك. We don't have, yes. | |
| 211 | |
| 00:19:17,310 --> 00:19:23,310 | |
| Now we need to see Future in the past. Planned | |
| 212 | |
| 00:19:23,310 --> 00:19:33,310 | |
| actions which were not fulfilled in the past. I | |
| 213 | |
| 00:19:33,310 --> 00:19:37,090 | |
| arranged to see you yesterday, but I could not. | |
| 214 | |
| 00:19:38,350 --> 00:19:44,230 | |
| How could I express that? I was to travel | |
| 215 | |
| 00:19:44,230 --> 00:19:49,370 | |
| yesterday, but I didn't. Okay? | |
| 216 | |
| 00:19:52,200 --> 00:19:54,940 | |
| I arranged to come to the university for teaching | |
| 217 | |
| 00:19:54,940 --> 00:19:59,700 | |
| you another lecture yesterday, but I could not | |
| 218 | |
| 00:19:59,700 --> 00:20:04,600 | |
| come. So how could I express this in future | |
| 219 | |
| 00:20:04,600 --> 00:20:07,580 | |
| constructions? Okay, we have the same | |
| 220 | |
| 00:20:07,580 --> 00:20:13,040 | |
| constructions. For example, he was later to regret | |
| 221 | |
| 00:20:13,040 --> 00:20:19,780 | |
| his bad behavior. Was to, meaning be to. But | |
| 222 | |
| 00:20:19,780 --> 00:20:25,670 | |
| instead of using SMR we use was, it refers to the | |
| 223 | |
| 00:20:25,670 --> 00:20:29,450 | |
| past. I made the needed maintenance to my car so | |
| 224 | |
| 00:20:29,450 --> 00:20:35,330 | |
| that it would pass the safety inspection. He had | |
| 225 | |
| 00:20:35,330 --> 00:20:39,290 | |
| it because he knew that he was going to be late. I | |
| 226 | |
| 00:20:39,290 --> 00:20:42,570 | |
| was about to miss the train. I was meeting him at | |
| 227 | |
| 00:20:42,570 --> 00:20:46,570 | |
| the Islamic University of Gaza the next day. Now | |
| 228 | |
| 00:20:46,570 --> 00:20:50,300 | |
| we need to translate these into Arabic. So I | |
| 229 | |
| 00:20:50,300 --> 00:20:52,680 | |
| wonder if you could manage to translate them into | |
| 230 | |
| 00:20:52,680 --> 00:20:59,460 | |
| Arabic here or not. They all refer to future in | |
| 231 | |
| 00:20:59,460 --> 00:21:04,000 | |
| the past, actions which did not happen, which were | |
| 232 | |
| 00:21:04,000 --> 00:21:09,000 | |
| planned to happen, but did not happen. Okay. So | |
| 233 | |
| 00:21:09,000 --> 00:21:12,220 | |
| you are given only three minutes for translation. | |
| 234 | |
| 00:21:14,320 --> 00:21:18,680 | |
| He was later to regret his bad behavior. Yes. | |
| 235 | |
| 00:21:21,720 --> 00:21:25,040 | |
| كان عليه أن يندم على سلوكي السيء. Did he regret? | |
| 236 | |
| 00:21:25,560 --> 00:21:30,980 | |
| No. Okay. I made the needed maintenance to my car | |
| 237 | |
| 00:21:30,980 --> 00:21:33,980 | |
| so that it would pass the safety inspection. | |
| 238 | |
| 00:21:41,220 --> 00:21:49,840 | |
| لقد؟ لقد لقد لقد لقد لقد لقد لقد لقد لقد لقد لقد | |
| 239 | |
| 00:21:49,840 --> 00:21:52,200 | |
| لقد لقد لقد لقد لقد لقد لقد لقد لك لقد أجريت | |
| 240 | |
| 00:21:52,200 --> 00:21:59,540 | |
| التصليحات الصيانة اللازمة لسيارتي لكي تجتاز امتحان | |
| 241 | |
| 00:21:59,540 --> 00:22:05,840 | |
| السلامة الأمنية okay does it happen or not it | |
| 242 | |
| 00:22:05,840 --> 00:22:12,220 | |
| doesn't happen okay يعني the action does not | |
| 243 | |
| 00:22:12,220 --> 00:22:19,000 | |
| happen okay it was expected to happen but it was | |
| 244 | |
| 00:22:19,000 --> 00:22:22,530 | |
| cancelled Okay, so you can paraphrase this | |
| 245 | |
| 00:22:22,530 --> 00:22:30,330 | |
| sentence at the end. It's called | |
| 246 | |
| 00:22:30,330 --> 00:22:35,110 | |
| paraphrasing in translation. He hurried because he | |
| 247 | |
| 00:22:35,110 --> 00:22:37,490 | |
| knew that he was going to be late. | |
| 248 | |
| 00:22:41,570 --> 00:22:42,290 | |
| Yes. | |
| 249 | |
| 00:22:44,930 --> 00:22:46,030 | |
| He hurried. | |
| 250 | |
| 00:22:56,850 --> 00:23:06,730 | |
| I was about to miss the train. Yes? Did I miss it? | |
| 251 | |
| 00:23:07,170 --> 00:23:13,410 | |
| No. Okay. I was meeting him at the Islamic | |
| 252 | |
| 00:23:13,410 --> 00:23:17,960 | |
| University of Gaza the next day. Yes. | |
| 253 | |
| 00:23:21,800 --> 00:23:22,320 | |
| Okay. | |
| 254 | |
| 00:23:25,400 --> 00:23:26,240 | |
| Okay. | |
| 255 | |
| 00:23:29,620 --> 00:23:34,640 | |
| But that did not happen. So we speak about actions | |
| 256 | |
| 00:23:34,640 --> 00:23:41,220 | |
| that were to happen, but not happened. Okay. So we | |
| 257 | |
| 00:23:41,220 --> 00:23:44,120 | |
| use the same constructions, but in the past. | |
| 258 | |
| 00:23:47,740 --> 00:23:51,420 | |
| We have them, we have their equivalence in Arabic, | |
| 259 | |
| 00:23:51,660 --> 00:23:58,520 | |
| but lexically. كان عليا أن أقابله. Okay? So we | |
| 260 | |
| 00:23:58,520 --> 00:24:01,560 | |
| don't have equivalence for B2 and Gong2 as we | |
| 261 | |
| 00:24:01,560 --> 00:24:07,560 | |
| mentioned, but we have على وشك. Okay? And كان عليا | |
| 262 | |
| 00:24:07,560 --> 00:24:12,600 | |
| أن أقابله. I was meeting him at the Islamic | |
| 263 | |
| 00:24:12,600 --> 00:24:15,320 | |
| University of Gaza the next day. | |
| 264 | |
| 00:24:29,780 --> 00:24:34,260 | |
| He hurried because | |
| 265 | |
| 00:24:34,260 --> 00:24:40,280 | |
| he knew that he was going to be late. This means | |
| 266 | |
| 00:24:40,280 --> 00:24:46,490 | |
| that he was not late. He reached his Yes, he | |
| 267 | |
| 00:24:46,490 --> 00:24:52,750 | |
| reached his place or his He reached his work or | |
| 268 | |
| 00:24:52,750 --> 00:24:57,930 | |
| whatever just on time Okay, he reached his | |
| 269 | |
| 00:24:57,930 --> 00:24:59,370 | |
| destination on time Fine | |
| 270 | |
| 00:25:24,400 --> 00:25:26,700 | |
| Now we have future and the past as you see in | |
| 271 | |
| 00:25:26,700 --> 00:25:32,580 | |
| Arabic The | |
| 272 | |
| 00:25:32,580 --> 00:25:35,860 | |
| future and the past is always preceded by or | |
| 273 | |
| 00:25:35,860 --> 00:25:42,220 | |
| sometimes preceded by Hamza a the morpheme Hamza | |
| 274 | |
| 00:25:42,220 --> 00:25:50,360 | |
| كان على زيدا كان نعم | |
| 275 | |
| 00:25:50,360 --> 00:25:50,640 | |
| sorry | |
| 276 | |
| 00:25:56,030 --> 00:26:05,870 | |
| كان على زيد أن يحضر أرضيته أم لم ترضى كان | |
| 277 | |
| 00:26:05,870 --> 00:26:15,630 | |
| على زيد أن يحضر أرضيته أم لم ترضى okay | |
| 278 | |
| 00:26:15,630 --> 00:26:20,590 | |
| it was for zayd to attend if agreed you or not | |
| 279 | |
| 00:26:20,590 --> 00:26:23,930 | |
| agreed you and it was for zayd to attend if you | |
| 280 | |
| 00:26:23,930 --> 00:26:27,570 | |
| agreed or not Okay. This is called | |
| 281 | |
| 00:26:27,570 --> 00:26:31,270 | |
| transliteration. Once you translate a sentence | |
| 282 | |
| 00:26:31,270 --> 00:26:34,950 | |
| from Arabic to English, you have to write the | |
| 283 | |
| 00:26:34,950 --> 00:26:37,270 | |
| sentence, the original sentence in Arabic using | |
| 284 | |
| 00:26:37,270 --> 00:26:41,350 | |
| English alphabet. Then you write transliteration | |
| 285 | |
| 00:26:41,350 --> 00:26:44,450 | |
| word by word. Then you translate the sentence. | |
| 286 | |
| 00:26:48,370 --> 00:26:49,090 | |
| Okay. | |
| 287 | |
| 00:26:59,900 --> 00:27:04,860 | |
| What do you understand from this? Does the action | |
| 288 | |
| 00:27:04,860 --> 00:27:06,400 | |
| happen? No. | |
| 289 | |
| 00:27:17,860 --> 00:27:21,020 | |
| What refers to the past? | |
| 290 | |
| 00:27:32,700 --> 00:27:40,820 | |
| It refers to an action that was to happen in the | |
| 291 | |
| 00:27:40,820 --> 00:27:41,240 | |
| past. | |
| 292 | |
| 00:27:45,000 --> 00:27:49,920 | |
| My father or dad recommended me to do good all | |
| 293 | |
| 00:27:49,920 --> 00:27:50,960 | |
| over my life. | |
| 294 | |
| 00:28:00,800 --> 00:28:05,520 | |
| Now, we have the exemplative قد which refers to an | |
| 295 | |
| 00:28:05,520 --> 00:28:13,040 | |
| action that is expected. Its construction is in | |
| 296 | |
| 00:28:13,040 --> 00:28:20,420 | |
| the past, but it refers to future. قد قامت الصلاة | |
| 297 | |
| 00:28:20,420 --> 00:28:26,560 | |
| قد قامت الصلاة The prayer is to be performed. | |
| 298 | |
| 00:28:28,910 --> 00:28:32,550 | |
| The action as you see, the form of the sentence is | |
| 299 | |
| 00:28:32,550 --> 00:28:36,130 | |
| in the past. However, its meaning refers to | |
| 300 | |
| 00:28:36,130 --> 00:28:39,710 | |
| imminent future, imminent future. | |
| 301 | |
| 00:28:51,190 --> 00:28:55,370 | |
| استجيبوا لله والرسول إذا دعاكم لما يحييكم | |
| 302 | |
| 00:28:57,750 --> 00:29:05,170 | |
| Surah Al-Anfal, verse 24 from the Holy Quran. Give | |
| 303 | |
| 00:29:05,170 --> 00:29:11,490 | |
| your | |
| 304 | |
| 00:29:11,490 --> 00:29:15,170 | |
| response to Allah and his messenger when he calls | |
| 305 | |
| 00:29:15,170 --> 00:29:18,050 | |
| you to that which will give you life. | |
| 306 | |
| 00:29:22,330 --> 00:29:27,360 | |
| What do you call da'a? What do you call it? Past | |
| 307 | |
| 00:29:27,360 --> 00:29:33,980 | |
| or future? It is past, but it refers to the past, | |
| 308 | |
| 00:29:41,680 --> 00:29:45,400 | |
| present and future. This construction is only | |
| 309 | |
| 00:29:45,400 --> 00:29:48,880 | |
| available in Arabic, but not in other languages. | |
| 310 | |
| 00:29:49,640 --> 00:29:50,220 | |
| Okay? | |
| 311 | |
| 00:30:05,370 --> 00:30:08,790 | |
| We can say, كاد زيد أن يأتي. How could you | |
| 312 | |
| 00:30:08,790 --> 00:30:12,610 | |
| translate this? كاد زيد أن يأتي. | |
| 313 | |
| 00:30:15,730 --> 00:30:18,250 | |
| زيد was about to come. | |
| 314 | |
| 00:30:20,690 --> 00:30:28,210 | |
| كاد أو كان زيد على وشك أن يأتي. زيد was about to | |
| 315 | |
| 00:30:28,210 --> 00:30:29,330 | |
| come. Okay. | |
| 316 | |
| 00:30:35,390 --> 00:30:39,330 | |
| So both are translated by about two. | |