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ุจุณู… ุงู„ู„ู‡ ุงู„ุฑุญู…ู† ุงู„ุฑุญูŠู… ู†ุณุชูƒู…ู„ ู…ุน ู…ุญุงุถุฑุฉ diabetes
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mellitus ูˆูˆุตู„ู†ุง ู„ุบุงูŠุฉ ุงู„ insulin ูˆ ุงู„ antibodies
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to insulin
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ุงู„ุฌุณู… ู…ู…ูƒู† ูŠู†ุชุฌ antibody against the exogenous
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ุงู†ุณูˆู„ูŠู† ูŠุนู†ูŠ ุงู„ู†ุงุณ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุจุชุนุงู„ุฌูˆุง ุจุงู„ุงู†ุณูˆู„ูŠู† ู…ู…ูƒู†
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ูŠุตูŠุฑ ููŠ antibodies ุฃูˆ ุงู„ุฌุณู… ูŠู†ุชุฌ antibodies ุถุฏ ู‡ุฐุง
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ุงู„ุงู†ุณูˆู„ูŠู† ูˆู‡ุฐุง ุจู†ุทู„ู‚ ุนู„ูŠู‡ exogenous insulin
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antibody syndrome
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ุงู„ู€ these antibodies are usually present at low
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titers ูŠุจู‚ู‰ ุงู„ concentration ู„ู„ antibodies ู‡ุฐูŠ
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ุจุชูƒูˆู† ู‚ู„ูŠู„ุฉ ูˆูŠุนู†ูŠ ู…ุงุจูŠูƒูˆู†ุด ููŠ ุนู†ุง ุฃูŠ ู†ุชุงุฆุฌ ูŠุนู†ูŠ
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ุนูƒุณูŠุฉ on real .. real occasions high titers of
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insulin antibodies may cause insulin resistance
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ูˆู‡ุฐุง ุจูŠุตูŠุฑ ุจุดูƒู„ ุฎุงุต ููŠ ุงู„ู†ุงุณ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุนู†ุฏู‡ู… type 2
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diabetes mellitus ูˆ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ูŠุนู†ูŠ ุจุงู„ู…ุฑุงุญู„ ู…ุชู‚ุฏู…ุฉ ู…ู†
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ุงู„ู…ุฑุถ ูˆ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุจุฏูˆุง ูŠุงุฎุฏูˆุง insulin ุถู…ู† ุงู„ุนู„ุงุฌ ูŠุจู‚ู‰
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ุจู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุญุงู„ุฉ ู…ู…ูƒู† ูŠุตูŠุฑ ููŠู†ุง ุงุฑุชูุงุน ููŠ ุงู„
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concentrations ู„ู„ insulin antibodiesูˆ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุงุฑุชูุงุน
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ุณูŠุคุฏูŠ ุฅู„ู‰ insulin resistance
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ูƒูŠู ูŠุชู… ุงู„ุชุนุงู…ู„ ู…ุน ู‡ุฏูˆู„ ุงู„ู…ุฑุถู‰ุŸ ููŠู‡ ุฃู†ู‡ several
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therapeutic approaches for treating these patients
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ูˆู…ู† ุถู…ู† ุงู„ approaches ุฃู†ู‡ ูŠุตูŠุฑ ููŠู‡ double
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filtration ุจู„ุงุฒู…ุงููˆุฑูŠุณ ุฃูˆ ูŠุตูŠุฑ ููŠู‡ plasma exchange
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ู„ู…ุฏุฉ two weeks ุจุงู„ุฅุถุงูุฉ ู„ู€ุฃุนุทุงู‡ ู‡ุฏูˆู„ ุงู„ู…ุฑุถู‰
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prednisolone ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูˆ synthetic hydrocortisone ูˆู‡ุฐุง
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ุทุจุนุง ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูˆ ู‡ูŠุนู…ู„ ุนู„ู‰ ูŠุนู†ูŠ ุชู‚ู„ูŠู„ ุงู„ immune
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response
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ุฃูŠุถุง ููŠ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุญุงู„ุงุช ุงู†ู‡ ูŠุนู†ูŠ ูŠุถู„ ููŠู†ุง ู…ุชุงุจุน ูˆูŠุนู†ูŠ
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ูŠุชู… ุนู…ู„ ุงู„ quantitative estimate ู„ุฅู† ุงู„
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concentration of the circulating insulin
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antibodies does not appear to be of significant
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benefit ูŠุนู†ูŠ ู…ุด ู‡ูŠููŠุฏูƒุชูŠุฑ ู…ุง ุฒุงู„ ุนุงุฑูู†ุง ุฃู†ู‡ ููŠ
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ุนู†ุฏู†ุง antibodies ูˆ ุงู„ antibodies ู‡ุฐู‡ ูŠุนู†ูŠ ุฅู„ู‡ุง
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ู…ูุนูˆู„
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ุฃูˆ ู…ู…ูƒู† .. ู…ู…ูƒู† ุชุฒูŠุฏ ู…ู† ุงู„ insulin resistance ูŠุจู‚ู‰
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ุจู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุญุงู„ุฉ ุฒูŠ ู…ุง ู‚ู„ู†ุง ุจุฏู†ุง ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูˆ ูŠุนู†ูŠ ูŠูƒูˆู† ููŠ
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ุนู†ุฏู†ุง therapeutic approach ูˆ ูŠุชู… ุงู„ุชุนุงู…ู„ ู…ุน ุงู„ู…ุฑูŠุถ
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ู…ู† ุฎู„ุงู„ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุฐูƒุฑู†ุงู‡
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ุงู„ุชุญุณูŠู† ููŠ ุตุญูŠุญุฉ ุงู„ุฅู†ุณูˆู„ูŠู† ุงู„ุญูŠูˆุงู†ูŠ ูˆุฅู†ุณูˆู„ูŠู†
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ุงู„ุญูŠูˆุงู†ูŠ ุงู„ู…ุชูˆุณุท ู‚ุฏ ุฃู‚ู„ุŒ ูˆู„ูƒู† ู„ูŠุณ ุชู‚ู„ูŠู„ุงู‹ ุนู† ุฅู†ุชุงุฌ
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ุงู„ุฅู†ุณูˆู„ูŠู† ุงู„ุญูŠูˆุงู†ูŠ ูŠุจู‚ู‰ ู…ุน ุงู„ุฅู†ุชุงุฌ ู„ู„ุฅู†ุณูˆู„ูŠู†
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ุงู„ุญูŠูˆุงู†ูŠ ูˆุทุจุนุงู‹ ูŠุนู†ูŠ ุตุงุฑ ููŠ ุงู† ุงุนุชู…ุงุฏ ุฃู‚ู„ ุนู„ู‰
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ุงู„ุฅู†ุณูˆู„ูŠู† ุงู„ุญูŠูˆุงู†ูŠ ูˆุงู„ุตุญูŠุญุฉ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุจุชุตูŠุฑ ุฏุฑุฌุฉ ุนุงู„ูŠุฉ
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ู„ู„ุฅู†ุณูˆู„ูŠู† ู‡ุฐู‡ ู‚ู„ู„ุช ุจุดูƒู„ ูƒุจูŠุฑู…ู† ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูˆ ุงู„
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antibodies ู„ู€
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exogenous insulin ู„ูƒู† ุญุชู‰ ู…ุน ุงู„ purification
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ุงู„ุนุงู„ูŠ ูˆ ุญุชู‰ ู…ุน ุงู„ุงุณุชุฎุฏุงู… ู„ู€ recombinant insulin
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ุฅู„ุง ุฃู†ู‡ ุจุฑุถู‡ ูŠุนู†ูŠ ููŠ ู…ู…ูƒู† ูŠุตูŠุฑ ุฅู†ุชุงุฌ ู„ antibodies
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against ุงู„ exogenous insulinุงู„ุงุณุชุฎุฏุงู… ู„ูŠู‡ ูŠุนู†ูŠ
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ู…ู…ูƒู† ู†ู‚ูˆู„ ุงู„ less invasive ูŠุนู†ูŠ ways ุงูˆ delivery
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system ู„ุฃ ุงู„ insulin ู„ู„ุฃุณู ู‡ุฐู‡ ุฒุงุฏุช ู…ู† ุฅู†ุชุงุฌ ุงู„
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antibodies ุถุฏ ุงู„ exogenous insulinูŠุจู‚ู‰ ุนู†ุฏู†ุง ุฒูŠ
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ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ continuous subcutaneous insulin
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infusion ุฃูˆ ุฃูŠุถุง ููŠ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ inhaled insulin has
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resulted in significantly increased concentrations
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of insulin antibodies
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Antibodies to insulin really develop in patients
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who have not received exogenous insulin ูŠุจู‚ู‰
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ุงู„ู…ุดูƒู„ุฉ ุงู„ุฃุณุงุณูŠุฉ ู‡ูˆ ุจุงู„Exogenous insulin ูŠุจู‚ู‰ ู„ู…ุง
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ูŠุตูŠุฑ ููŠ administration ู„Exogenous insulin ู…ู…ูƒู†
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ุชุจุฏุฃ ุชุชูƒูˆู† Antibodies ุถุฏ ุงู„ุงู†ุณู„ูŠู†
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ุจู…ุง ูŠุชุนู„ู‚ ุจุงู„ุชูˆุตูŠุงุช ุทูŠุจ ู‡ู„ ูŠุตูŠุฑ ููŠุงู†ุง ูุญุต ู…ุซู„ุง
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ุจุดูƒู„ ุฑูˆุชูŠู†ูŠ ู„ู†ุงุณ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุนู†ุฏู‡ู… ูŠุนู†ูŠ diabetes ูˆ
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ุจู†ุนุทูŠู‡ู… exogenous insulin ุฃูˆ ู„ุฃุŸ ูŠุนู†ูŠ ู…ู† ุงู„ุชูˆุตูŠุงุช
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ุฃู†ู‡ ู…ุงูŠุตูŠุฑุด ููŠู‡ ูŠุนู†ูŠ routine ูŠุนู†ูŠ quantitation ุฃูˆ
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measurement ู„ุงู„ insulinูˆู„ูƒู† ู„ูŠุณ ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ุงุซุงุฑุฉ ู„ุฅุฏุงุฑุฉ
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ุงุณุชุฎุฏุงู… ุงู„ุงู†ุณู„ูŠู† ู„ู„ุชุฌุงุฑุจ ู„ู„ุทุจูŠุนูŠ ู„ู„ุทุจูŠุนูŠ ู„ู„ุทูŠุงุจูŠู†
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ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุจูŠุจุชุณ
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ุทุจุนุง ุฒูŠ ู…ุง ู‚ูˆู„ู†ุง ุฅู†ู‡ ู…ู† ุงู„ู…ุดูƒู„ุงุช ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู…ู…ูƒู† ุชู†ุชุฌ ุนู†
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ูˆุฌูˆุฏ ุงู„ antibodies ู‡ุฐู‡ ูˆุงุฑุชุจุงุทู‡ุง ู…ุน ุงู„ุงู†ุณู„ูŠู† ู‡ูˆ
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ุญุฏูˆุซ ุงู„ุงู†ุณู„ูŠู† resistance ูˆุจุงู„ุชุงู„ูŠ ู‡ุฐุง ู‡ูŠุคุฏูŠ ุฅู„ู‰
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ุงุฑุชูุงุน ููŠ ุงู„ postprandial blood glucoseุชู…ุงู…ุŒ ู„ุฃู†
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ุงู„ู€ Antibodies ู…ุฑุชุจุท ู„ู„ุฅู†ุณู„ูŠู†ุŒ ูˆุจุงู„ุชุงู„ูŠ ุงู„ุฅู†ุณู„ูŠู†
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ู…ุด ู‡ูŠู‚ูˆู… ุจุนู…ู„ู‡ุŒ ูˆุงู„ู…ุดูƒู„ุฉ ุงู„ุชุงู†ูŠุฉ ุงู„ู…ุชุนู„ู‚ุฉ ุจุฑุถู‡
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ุจู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุฃู…ุฑุŒ ุฅู† ุงุฑุชุจุงุท ุงู„ู€ Antibodies ุจุงู„ุฅู†ุณู„ูŠู†
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reversibleู„ู…ุง ุจูŠุฌูŠ ุงู„ antibody ู…ุด ู‡ูŠุถุงู„ ู…ุฑุชุจุท ู„ูˆ
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ุชุบูŠุฑุช ุงู„ุธุฑูˆู ู…ู…ูƒู† ูŠููƒ ุงู„ุฅุฑุชุจุงุท ุจูŠู† ุงู„ insulin ูˆ
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ุจูŠู† ุงู„ antibody ูˆุจุงู„ุชุงู„ูŠ ู‡ุฐุง ู…ู…ูƒู† ูŠุฒูŠุฏ ู…ู† ุงู„
79
00:06:43,470 --> 00:06:48,410
insulin concentration ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏุฉ ุจุงู„ุฏู… ูˆู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู„ูŠ
80
00:06:48,410 --> 00:06:54,430
ู…ู…ูƒู† ูŠุตูŠุฑ at night ุงู„ุชุบูŠุฑ ููŠู‡ุงู„ู€ pH at night ู…ู…ูƒู†
81
00:06:54,430 --> 00:06:59,670
ูŠุนู…ู„ dissociation ุจูŠู† ุงู„ุฅู†ุณู„ูŠู† ูˆุจูŠู† ุงู„ู€ antibody
82
00:06:59,670 --> 00:07:04,930
ุงู„ู„ูŠ ูƒุงู† ู…ุฑุชุจุท ู…ุนุงู‡ ูˆุจุงู„ุชุงู„ูŠ ูŠุฒูŠุฏ ู…ู† ุงู„ู€ ุงู„
83
00:07:04,930 --> 00:07:08,690
concentration ู„ู„ุฅู†ุณู„ูŠู† ูˆุจุงู„ุชุงู„ูŠ ู…ู…ูƒู† ูŠุคุฏูŠ ุฅู„ู‰
84
00:07:08,690 --> 00:07:14,490
hypoglycemia ุฃู†ู‡ุง ู…ุดูƒู„ุฉ ุชุงู†ูŠุฉ ุจุชุชุนู„ู‚ ุจุงู„
85
00:07:14,490 --> 00:07:18,770
antibodies ู‡ูˆ ุฅู†ุชุงุฌ antibodies ุถุฏ ุงู„ุฅู†ุณู„ูŠู†
86
00:07:18,770 --> 00:07:27,650
receptorูˆููŠ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุญุงู„ุฉ ุฃู†ู‡ ู…ู…ูƒู† ูŠู†ุจุฌ ู…ุดูƒู„ุชูŠู† ุงู„
87
00:07:27,650 --> 00:07:32,190
antibodies ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ุชุฑุชุจุท ู…ุน ุงู„ receptor ู…ู…ูƒู†
88
00:07:32,190 --> 00:07:38,350
ุชุดุชุบู„ ูƒ antagonist ูˆุฅุฐุง ุงุดุชุบู„ุช ูƒ antagonist ู…ุนู†ุงู‡
89
00:07:38,350 --> 00:07:41,690
ุทุจุนุง ู‡ูŠุตูŠุฑ ููŠู‡ competition ุจูŠู†ู‡ุง ูˆ ุจูŠู† ุงู„ ุงู„
90
00:07:41,690 --> 00:07:44,670
insulin ูˆ ู‡ูŠ ู‡ุชุฑุชุจุท ู…ุน ุงู„ receptor ูˆ ุชู…ู†ุน ู…ู†
91
00:07:44,670 --> 00:07:51,820
ุงุฑุชุจุงุทุงู„ุงู†ุณูˆู„ูŠู† ูˆ ู‡ุชุคุฏูŠ ุงู„ู‰ ุญุฏูˆุซ hyperglycemia
92
00:07:51,820 --> 00:07:57,300
ูˆู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู„ู‰ ุจูŠุดูˆููˆู‡ ูู‰ ุญุงู„ุงุช ุงู„ patients with
93
00:07:57,300 --> 00:08:05,080
acanthosis negligens ุงู„ู„ู‰ ุจูŠูƒูˆู† ูู‰ ุงู„ู„ู‰ ู‡ูˆ ูŠุนู†ูŠ ุฒู‰
94
00:08:05,080 --> 00:08:10,960
epidermal skin cells begin to reproduce rapidly
95
00:08:10,960 --> 00:08:18,040
ูุจุตูŠุฑ ูู‰ ุชูƒุงุซุฑ ู„ุฎู„ุงูŠุง ุจุดูƒู„ ูƒุจูŠุฑูˆ ู‡ุฐุง ุจูŠุนู…ู„ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูˆ
96
00:08:18,040 --> 00:08:23,320
ุงู„ skin growth ูˆ ุจูŠุจูŠู† ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูˆ ุจุงู„ุดูƒู„ ุฒูŠ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูˆ
97
00:08:23,320 --> 00:08:29,490
ุงู„ุตูˆุฑุฉ ุฏูŠ ุณูˆุงุก ุชุญุช ุงู„ู‚ุจุถ ุฃูˆ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ุฑู‚ุจุฉูˆู‡ุฐุง
98
00:08:29,490 --> 00:08:32,850
ุฒูŠ ู…ุง ู‚ู„ู†ุง ุจูŠูƒูˆู† ุจุณุจุจ ุฃู†ู‡ ููŠ ุนู†ุฏูŠ antibodies ุถุฏ ุงู„
99
00:08:32,850 --> 00:08:40,110
receptors ูˆู‡ุฐุง ุจูŠู…ู†ุน ู…ู† ุงุฑุชุจุงุท ุงู„ .. ุงู„ insulin
100
00:08:40,110 --> 00:08:45,890
ูˆุจูŠ .. ู‡ุฐุง ุจูŠู‚ุฏุฑ ุฅู„ู‰ ุฑูุน ู…ุณุชูˆูŠุงุช ุงู„ insulin ููŠ
101
00:08:45,890 --> 00:08:50,870
ุงู„ุฌุณู… ูˆุจุงู„ุชุงู„ูŠ abnormal ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูˆ skin cell growth
102
00:08:50,870 --> 00:08:55,470
ุจู‡ุฐุง ููŠ ุญุงู„ ุฃู†ู‡ ุงู„ antibodies ุงุดุชุบู„ุช ูƒ antagonist
103
00:08:55,960 --> 00:08:59,320
ู„ูƒู† ููŠ ุนู†ุฏู†ุง ุญุงู„ุฉ ุชุงู†ูŠุฉ ู…ู…ูƒู† ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ู€ Antibodies of
104
00:08:59,320 --> 00:09:03,320
the Receptors ุชุดุชุบู„ ูƒู€ Agonists Agonists ูŠุจู‚ู‰
105
00:09:03,320 --> 00:09:09,260
ู‡ุชุดุชุบู„ ูƒุฃู†ู‡ ุงู„ุฅู†ุณูˆู„ูŠู† ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ู…ุฑุชุจุท ูˆุจุงู„ุชุงู„ูŠ ู‡ุฐุง
106
00:09:09,260 --> 00:09:17,660
ู‡ูŠุคุฏูŠ ุฅู„ู‰ ุญุฏูˆุซ Hypoiglycemia ุนู†ุฏ ุงู„ุดุฎุต ุจู…ุง ูŠุชุนู„ู‚
107
00:09:17,660 --> 00:09:22,520
ุจุงู„ู€ Metabolism of Insulin Action ุงู„ุชุฃุซูŠุฑุงุช
108
00:09:22,520 --> 00:09:29,320
ุงู„ู…ุชุนู„ู‚ุฉ ุจุงู„ุฅู†ุณูˆู„ูŠู†ูŠุนู†ูŠ ู†ูˆุนู‹ุง ู…ุง ุจุงุชุช ู…ุนุฑูˆูุฉ
109
00:09:29,320 --> 00:09:34,260
ูˆู…ูู‡ูˆู…ุฉ ูŠุจู‚ู‰ ุงู„ู€ metabolic effects ุงู„ู…ุฎุชู„ูุฉ ู„ูƒู†
110
00:09:34,260 --> 00:09:39,220
ุนู„ู‰ ู…ุณุชูˆู‰ ุงู„ู€ molecular mechanism ูˆูƒูŠู ุงู„ู€ Insulin
111
00:09:39,220 --> 00:09:44,300
ุจูŠุนู…ู„ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ุชุฃุซูŠุฑุงุช ุงู„ู…ุฎุชู„ูุฉ ูˆูŠุคุฏูŠ ุฅู„ู‰ ุงู„ู€
112
00:09:44,300 --> 00:09:48,560
different metabolic effects ูŠุนู†ูŠ ู…ุง ุฒุงู„ุช ุชุญุชุงุฌ ุฅู„ู‰
113
00:09:48,560 --> 00:09:56,660
ู…ุฒูŠุฏ ู…ู† ุงู„ูู‡ู… ุฃูƒูŠุฏ ุงู„ุฎุทูˆุฉ ุงู„ุฃูˆู„ู‰ู„ูŠู‡ ุงู„ู€ InsulinุŒ
114
00:09:56,660 --> 00:09:59,920
ู„ูŠู‡ ุงู„ู‚ูŠุงู… ุจุนู…ู„ู‡ุŸ ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ุฅุฑุชุจุงุท ู…ุน ุงู„ู€ receptor
115
00:09:59,920 --> 00:10:06,020
ุงู„ุฎุงุต ููŠู‡ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ cell membrane ูŠุจู‚ู‰ ุจุงุฑุชุจุงุท ู…ุน
116
00:10:06,020 --> 00:10:13,230
specific receptors ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ plasma membraneูˆู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู€
117
00:10:13,230 --> 00:10:19,850
Insulin receptor ุจุชูƒูˆู† ู…ู† ุฃุฑุจุน sub units ูˆุจุงู„ุชุงู„ูŠ
118
00:10:19,850 --> 00:10:25,030
ู‡ูˆ ุนุจุงุฑุฉ ุนู† hetero tetrameribiana four proteinsุŒ
119
00:10:25,030 --> 00:10:28,570
four sub units ูˆู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ sub units ุนุจุงุฑุฉ ุนู† two
120
00:10:28,570 --> 00:10:36,500
alpha and two beta sub unitsุงู„ู€ Alpha subunit is
121
00:10:36,500 --> 00:10:39,260
located on the outer surface of the plasma
122
00:10:39,260 --> 00:10:45,180
membrane and contains the site where insulin binds
123
00:10:45,180 --> 00:10:50,000
ูˆุฒูŠ ู…ุง ูˆุถุนู†ุง ุจูŠู‡ ุงู„ figure ุฒูŠ ู…ุง ู‚ูˆู„ู†ุง ุฃู† ุงู„ู€
124
00:10:50,000 --> 00:10:55,460
Alpha subunits ู‡ูŠ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏุฉ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ู„ูˆุงุก ุงู„ุฎุงุฑุฌ ู…ู†
125
00:10:55,460 --> 00:11:01,000
ุงู„ receptor ูˆ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ subunits ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุจูŠุฑุชุจุท ู…ุนู‡ุง ุงู„
126
00:11:01,000 --> 00:11:07,230
insulin ูˆ ุงู„ beta subunitsุนู†ุง ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ู€
127
00:11:07,230 --> 00:11:10,150
polypeptide ูู‰ ุฌุฒุก ู…ู†ู‡ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ู€ transmembrane
128
00:11:10,150 --> 00:11:17,950
ูˆูู‰ ุนู†ุง ุฌุฒุก ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ู€ cytoplasmic domain ูˆุงุฑุชุจุงุท
129
00:11:17,950 --> 00:11:23,550
ุงู„ุฅู†ุณูˆู„ูŠู† ู‡ุฐุง ูŠุคุฏูŠ ุฅู„ู‰ ุญุฏูˆุซ confirmation of change
130
00:11:23,550 --> 00:11:31,450
ุจูŠู‡ ุงู„ู€ beta sub unitsูˆุงู„ู€ Insulin receptor ูŠูุนุชุจุฑ
131
00:11:31,450 --> 00:11:40,430
subfamily ู…ู† ุงู„ู€ receptor tyrosine kinases ูˆู…ุง ุฒุงู„
132
00:11:40,430 --> 00:11:46,150
ุจู†ุญูƒูŠ ุนู„ู‰ kinase ูŠุจู‚ู‰ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู€ ุงู„ุจุฑูˆุชูŠู† ู‡ูŠุนู…ู„ ุนู„ู‰
133
00:11:46,150 --> 00:11:52,540
ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ู€ phosphorylation ู„ other proteinsูˆู‡ุฐุง
134
00:11:52,540 --> 00:11:56,260
ูุนู„ูŠู‹ุง ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุจูŠุตูŠุฑ ุงุฑุชุจุงุท ุงู„ู€ Insulin ู…ุน ุงู„ู€ Alpha
135
00:11:56,260 --> 00:11:59,140
-subunit ุจูŠุนู…ู„ confirmation and change ููŠ ุงู„ู€ Beta
136
00:11:59,140 --> 00:12:03,940
-subunits ูˆูŠุคุฏูŠ ุฅู„ู‰ auto phosphorylation ู„ู€ Beta
137
00:12:03,940 --> 00:12:08,800
-subunits ูˆุจุงู„ุชุงู„ูŠ ู‡ุฐุง ูŠุคุฏูŠ ุฅู„ู‰ recruitment ู„ู€
138
00:12:08,800 --> 00:12:13,960
other cytoplasmic proteins to be phosphorylatedุงู„ู€
139
00:12:13,960 --> 00:12:17,320
Phosphorylation ุจูŠุณุชุฏุนู‰ ุจุฑูˆุชูŠู†ุงุช ุฃุฎุฑู‰ุŒ ูˆู‡ุฐู‡
140
00:12:17,320 --> 00:12:21,220
ุงู„ุจุฑูˆุชูŠู†ุงุช ุงู„ุฃุฎุฑู‰ ู‡ูŠุตู„ู‡ุง Phosphorylation ุนู† ุทุฑูŠู‚
141
00:12:21,220 --> 00:12:26,400
ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ู€ Active Tyrosine Kinase ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ุฎุงุต
142
00:12:26,400 --> 00:12:31,890
ุจุงู„ู€ ReceptorูŠุจู‚ู‰ ุฒูŠ ู…ุง ู‚ู„ู†ุง ุงู„ู€ Phosphorylation
143
00:12:31,890 --> 00:12:37,390
ู„ู€ ุงู„ู€ ุงู„ู€ cytoplasmic domain ู„ู€ ุงู„ู€ Beta-subunit
144
00:12:37,390 --> 00:12:42,190
ุจูŠุณุชุฏุนูŠ ุจุฑูˆุชูŠู†ุงุช ุฃุฎุฑู‰ ุฒูŠ ุงู„ู€ SHC ูˆ ุจูŠุตู„ู‡ุง
145
00:12:42,190 --> 00:12:47,390
Phosphorylation ูˆ ุนู†ุฏู†ุง ุฃูŠุถู‹ุง ุจุฑูˆุชูŠู† ุขุฎุฑ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูˆ
146
00:12:47,390 --> 00:12:52,370
ุงู„ู€ IRS Insulin Receptor Substrate ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุจุฑูˆุชูŠู†ุงุช
147
00:12:52,370 --> 00:12:57,660
ุจูŠุตู„ู‡ุง Phosphorylationูˆุจุนุฏ ู‡ูŠูƒ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุจุฑูˆุชูŠู†ุงุช
148
00:12:57,660 --> 00:13:03,780
ุจุชุฑุชุจุท ู…ุน ุจุฑูˆุชูŠู†ุงุช ุฃุฎุฑู‰ ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏุฉ ููŠ ุงู„ู€Cytoplasm
149
00:13:03,780 --> 00:13:12,640
ูˆุจุชุนู…ู„ู„ู‡ุง activation ู…ุฑุฉ ุฃุฎุฑู‰ ุทุจุนุง ุจุงู„ูˆู†ู‡ุงูŠุฉ
150
00:13:12,640 --> 00:13:19,920
ุงู„ู€Cascade ู‡ุฐุง ุนู†ุฏู†ุง ุงู„ุนุฏูŠุฏ ู…ู† ุงู„ู€metabolic
151
00:13:19,920 --> 00:13:25,340
pathways ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุทุจุนุง ู…ุฑุชุจุทุฉ ุจุงู„ุฃุณุงุณ ุจูˆุฌูˆุฏ ุงู„ุงู†ุดู„ูŠู†
152
00:13:25,560 --> 00:13:30,340
ูˆู…ู†ู‡ุง ุนู†ุง ุนู„ู‰ ุณุจูŠู„ ุงู„ู…ุซุงู„ ุงู„ู€ cell growth ูˆ
153
00:13:30,340 --> 00:13:34,140
differentiation ููŠ ุนู†ุง ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ู€ protein
154
00:13:34,140 --> 00:13:37,980
synthesis ููŠ ุนู†ุง ุงู„ู€ glycogen synthesis ููŠ ุนู†ุง
155
00:13:37,980 --> 00:13:44,300
ุงู„ู…ู†ุน ู„ู„ู€ gluconeogenesis ูˆุนู†ุง ุฃูŠุถุง ุฒูŠุงุฏุฉ ุงู„ู€
156
00:13:44,300 --> 00:13:51,490
lipogenesisุฃูŠุถู‹ุง ุจุงู„ุฅุถุงูุฉ ุฅู„ู‰ ุงู„ู€ Translocation
157
00:13:51,490 --> 00:13:56,970
ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุจูŠุตูŠุฑ ู„ูˆุงุญุฏุฉ ู…ู† ุงู„ุจุฑูˆุชูŠู† ุงู„ู€ transporters
158
00:13:56,970 --> 00:14:01,310
ุงู„ุฎุงุตุฉ ุจุงู„ุฌู„ูˆูƒูˆุฒ ุงู„ูˆุฒูŠู‚ ูˆุงู„ุฌู„ูˆุชุŒ ูŠุนู†ูŠ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุจุฑูˆุชูŠู†
159
00:14:01,310 --> 00:14:07,030
ุจูŠูƒูˆู† ููŠ ุฏุงุฎู„ ุงู„ู€ cytoplasm ูˆู…ุน ุงุฑุชุจุงุท ุงู„ุงู†ุณู„ูŠู†
160
00:14:07,030 --> 00:14:11,110
ุจูŠุตูŠุฑ ููŠ ุนู†ุฏู†ุง Translocation ูˆุจูŠุจุฏุฃ ุทุจุนู‹ุง ุจูุนู„
161
00:14:11,110 --> 00:14:18,150
ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ุจุฑูˆุชูŠู† ูŠุณู…ู‰ AKTูŠุจู‚ู‰ ู‡ุฐุง ุจูŠุคุฏูŠ ุฅู„ู‰ ุญุฏูˆุซ
162
00:14:18,150 --> 00:14:22,690
Translocation ู„ู„ุฌู„ูˆุช ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏุฉ ูƒุงู†ุช ููŠ ุฏุงุฎู„ ุงู„ู€
163
00:14:22,690 --> 00:14:27,310
Cytoplasm ูˆุงุฑุชุจุงุทู‡ุง
164
00:14:27,310 --> 00:14:33,770
ุจุงู„ู€ Cell Membrane ู„ู„ุณู…ุงุญ ุจุฃูƒุชุฑ ุงู„ู€ Glucose ู„ู„ุฏุฎูˆู„
165
00:14:33,770 --> 00:14:40,430
ุฅู„ู‰ ุงู„ุฎู„ูŠุฉ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ู€ Slider ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูˆ ุดุฑูŠุญ ู„ู„ูƒู„ุงู… ุงู„ู„ูŠ
166
00:14:40,430 --> 00:14:45,500
ุญูƒูŠู†ุงู‡ ุจุงู„ู€ Slider ุงู„ุณุงุจู‚ู…ู† ุงู„ุจุฑูˆุชูŠู†ุงุช ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุจูŠุตู„ู‡ุง
167
00:14:45,500 --> 00:14:51,040
activation ุจุณุจุจ ุงุฑุชุจุงุท ุงู„ุงู†ุณูˆู„ูŠู† ููŠู‡ุง ุงู† ุงู„ู€
168
00:14:51,040 --> 00:14:55,540
Phosphotidylinositol-3-kinase ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูˆ ุฏู‡ ุทุจุนุง
169
00:14:55,540 --> 00:15:00,940
ุงู„ุจุฑูˆุชูŠู† ุจุชูƒูˆู† ูˆููŠู‡ุง growth factor receptor bound
170
00:15:00,940 --> 00:15:05,720
ุงู„ุจุฑูˆุชูŠู† ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูˆ GRP2 ูˆู‡ุฏูˆู„ ุงู„ู€ two proteins
171
00:15:05,720 --> 00:15:12,780
ุจูŠู„ุนุจูˆุง ุฏูˆุฑ ู…ู‡ู… ููŠ ู†ู‚ู„ ุงู„ู€ signal ุฅู„ู‰ ูŠุนู†ูŠ ุฏุงุฎู„
172
00:15:13,090 --> 00:15:18,550
ุงู„ุฎู„ูŠุฉ ุฃูŠุถู‹ุง ุจุฑุถู‡ ุฃู†ู‡ ุงู„ู€ Signaling Pathway ุขุฎุฑ
173
00:15:18,550 --> 00:15:22,370
ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุจุฑุถู‡ ู…ุฑุชุจุท ุจุงุฑุชุจุงุท ุงู„ู€ Insulin ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ู€
174
00:15:22,370 --> 00:15:26,530
Receptors ุงู„ู€ Mitogen Activated Protein ูƒูŠู†ุงุฒูŠ
175
00:15:26,530 --> 00:15:31,370
ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ู€ MAP ูƒูŠู†ุงุฒูŠ ูˆ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุจูŠุดุชุบู„ ู…ู† ุฎู„ุงู„ ุงู„
176
00:15:31,370 --> 00:15:39,620
activation ู„ู„ุฑุฃุณ ุฃูŠุถู‹ุง ุฃู† ุงู„ู€ PI3 ุฒูŠ ู…ุง ู‚ู„ู†ุงุจุณู„ู‡
177
00:15:39,620 --> 00:15:45,200
activation ูˆ ู‡ูˆ ุจุฏูˆุฑู‡ ุจูŠุนู…ู„ activation ู„ู€ AKT ูˆ
178
00:15:45,200 --> 00:15:51,820
ุงู„ู€ AKT ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูŠ ุจุชู„ุนุจ ุฏูˆุฑ ู…ู‡ู… ุฒูŠ ู…ุง ุญูƒูŠู†ุง ููŠ ุงู„ู€
179
00:15:51,820 --> 00:15:57,160
Translocation ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุจุฏู‡ ูŠุตูŠุฑ ู„ุฌู„ูˆุช Transporter
180
00:15:57,160 --> 00:16:04,420
ุจุฑูˆุชูŠู† ูˆู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู€ AKT ุจูŠุดุชุบู„ ู…ู† ุฎู„ุงู„ ุงู„ู€ PDK1
181
00:16:06,190 --> 00:16:12,070
ุงู„ effect ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ุชู†ุชุฌ ุจุงู„ุฎู„ุงูŠุง ุฃูˆ ุจุงู„ tissue ุงู„ู„ูŠ
182
00:16:12,070 --> 00:16:17,390
ู‡ูŠุฑุชุจุท ููŠู‡ ุงู„ insulin ู…ู…ูƒู† ูŠูƒูˆู† ููŠู‡ุง ุจุนุถ ุงู„ุงุฎุชู„ุงู
183
00:16:17,390 --> 00:16:22,090
ูŠุจู‚ู‰ ู…ู† tissue ู„ุขุฎุฑ ู…ู…ูƒู† ูŠูƒูˆู† ููŠู†ุง ุจุนุถ ุงู„ุงุฎุชู„ุงู
184
00:16:22,090 --> 00:16:28,910
ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูˆ ู†ุงุชุฌ ุนู† ุงุฑุชุจุงุท ุงู„ insulin ุจู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ cells
185
00:16:28,910 --> 00:16:33,790
ุนู„ู‰ ุณุจูŠู„ ุงู„ู…ุซุงู„ ุนู†ุฏู†ุง enescalatal muscle and
186
00:16:33,790 --> 00:16:37,680
adipose tissueุงู„ู€ AKT ุชู‚ูˆู… ุจุชุญุฑูŠูƒ ุงู„ุชุญุฑูŠูƒ
187
00:16:37,680 --> 00:16:43,180
ุงู„ุฌู„ูˆูƒูˆุฒูŠ ุจู…ุดุงุฑูƒุฉ ุงู„ุชุญุฑูŠูƒ ุงู„ุฌู„ูˆูƒูˆุฒูŠ ู„ู€ GLUT4 ูƒู…ุง
188
00:16:43,180 --> 00:16:48,160
ู‚ู„ุชุŒ ุชุญุฑูŠูƒ ุงู„ุฌู„ูˆูƒูˆุฒูŠ ู„ู€ GLUT4 ูŠูƒูˆู† ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏ ููŠ ุฏุงุฎู„
189
00:16:48,160 --> 00:16:52,600
ุงู„ู€ cytoplasm ูˆ ุจุณู„ู‡ ุงู„ุชุญุฑูŠูƒ ุงู„ุฌู„ูˆูƒูˆุฒูŠ ูˆ ุจูŠุฑุทุจุท ู…ุน
190
00:16:52,600 --> 00:17:00,080
ุงู„ู€ cell membrane ุนุดุงู† ูŠุณู…ุญ ุจุฏุฎูˆู„ ุงู„ุฌู„ูˆูƒูˆุฒูŠ ููŠ ุงู„ู€
191
00:17:00,080 --> 00:17:08,140
liver ุงู„ู€ AKT ุชูุณููˆุฑูŠู„ุงุชand inactivates GSK3ฮฒ ุงู„ู€
192
00:17:08,140 --> 00:17:14,920
glycogen synthase kinase 3ฮฒ ูˆุจุงู„ุชุงู„ูŠ ู‡ุฐุง ุจูŠุคุฏูŠ ุฅู„ู‰
193
00:17:14,920 --> 00:17:22,400
enhancing the glycogen synthesis ุทุจุนุง
194
00:17:22,400 --> 00:17:30,380
ุงู„ GSK3ฮฒ ู‡ูˆ ุนุจุงุฑุฉ ุนู† inhibitor ู„ู„ glycogen
195
00:17:30,380 --> 00:17:34,780
synthaseุฃูˆ inactivating agent ู„ู„ู€ glycogen
196
00:17:34,780 --> 00:17:39,680
synthase ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ .. ุงู„ .. ุงู„ enzyme ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุจูŠู„ุนุจ
197
00:17:39,680 --> 00:17:43,600
ุฏูˆุฑ ููŠ ุนู…ู„ูŠุฉ ุงู„ synthesis ู„ู„ glycogen ู„ู…ุง ุงุญู†ุง
198
00:17:43,600 --> 00:17:48,940
ุจู†ุนู…ู„ inactivation ู„ู„ GSK3ฮฒ ุชู…ุงู…ุง ุจูŠุฌูŠุจ ู†ุนู…ู„
199
00:17:48,940 --> 00:17:53,000
inhibition ู„ู„ inhibitor ูˆุจุงู„ุชุงู„ูŠ ู‡ูŠุตูŠุฑ ููŠ ุนู†ุง
200
00:17:53,000 --> 00:17:58,620
active glycogen synthase ูˆุจุงู„ุชุงู„ูŠ glycogen
201
00:17:58,620 --> 00:18:05,240
synthesisุงู„ู€ AKT ุฃูŠุถู‹ุง ุชุฎู„ุต ุงู„ู€ gluconeogenesis
202
00:18:05,240 --> 00:18:09,340
ู„ุฃู†ู‡ ุงุญู†ุง ุนู†ุฏู†ุง ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏ ูƒู…ูŠุงุช ูƒุจูŠุฑุฉ ู…ู† ุงู„ุฌู„ูˆูƒูˆุฒ
203
00:18:09,340 --> 00:18:14,560
ูˆุจุงู„ุชุงู„ูŠ ุงุญู†ุง ู…ุด ููŠ ุญุงุฌุฉ ุงู†ู‡ ู†ุตู†ุน ุงู„ุฌู„ูˆูƒูˆุฒ ู…ู†
204
00:18:14,560 --> 00:18:19,020
ู…ุตุงุฏุฑ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ูˆ ุบูŠุฑ ูƒุฑุจูˆู‡ูŠุฏุฑุงุชูŠุฉ ุชู…ุงู…ุŸ ูŠุจู‚ู‰ ุจูŠุตูŠุฑ ููŠ
205
00:18:19,020 --> 00:18:23,820
ุนู†ุฏู†ุง suppression ู„ู„ gluconeogenesis ูˆ ุจุงู„ู…ู‚ุงุจู„
206
00:18:23,820 --> 00:18:28,040
ุจูŠุตูŠุฑ ููŠ ุนู†ุฏู†ุง activation ู„ู„ lipogenesis in the
207
00:18:28,040 --> 00:18:28,440
liver
208
00:18:31,180 --> 00:18:36,040
ุจู…ุง ูŠุชุนู„ู‚ ุจูŠู‡ ู„ู€ Glucose Transport ู†ู‚ู„ ุงู„ุฌู„ูˆูƒูˆุฒ
209
00:18:36,040 --> 00:18:41,080
ูˆุฏุฎูˆู„ู‡ ุฅู„ู‰ ุฏุงุฎู„ ุงู„ุฎู„ุงูŠุง ููŠ ุนู†ุง two families of
210
00:18:41,080 --> 00:18:46,060
proteins ู…ุณุฆูˆู„ุฉ ุนู† ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุฃู…ุฑ ููŠ ุนู†ุง ุงู„ู€ Sodium
211
00:18:46,060 --> 00:18:51,680
Dependent Glucose Transporters ุงู„ู€ SGLT ูˆููŠ ุนู†ุง
212
00:18:51,680 --> 00:18:58,410
ุงู„ุนุงุฆู„ุฉ ุงู„ุชุงู†ูŠุฉุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ู€ Glucose Transporters ุฃูˆ
213
00:18:58,410 --> 00:19:01,430
Facilitative Glucose Transporters ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ู€ GLUT
214
00:19:01,430 --> 00:19:07,090
ุจูŠู‡ุง ุฏูˆู„ ุงู„ุนุงุฆู„ุชูŠู† ู…ู† ุงู„ุจุฑูˆุชูŠู† ุฃูˆ ู…ู† ุงู„ู€ Glucose
215
00:19:07,090 --> 00:19:12,070
Transporters ู…ุณุฆูˆู„ูŠู† ุนู† ุฏุฎูˆู„ ุงู„ู€ Glucose ุฅู„ู‰ ุฏุงุฎู„
216
00:19:12,070 --> 00:19:16,750
ุงู„ุฎู„ุงูŠุง ุงู„ู†ูˆุน ุงู„ุฃูˆู„ Sodium Dependent Glucose
217
00:19:16,750 --> 00:19:21,080
Transportersู‡ุฐู‡ ุจุชุณุชุฎุฏู… ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ู€
218
00:19:21,080 --> 00:19:25,360
Electrochemical Sodium Gradient To Transport
219
00:19:25,360 --> 00:19:30,860
Glucose Against Its Concentration Gradient ูˆู‡ุฐุง
220
00:19:30,860 --> 00:19:39,000
ุงู„ุจุฑูˆุชูŠู† ูุนู„ูŠุงู‹ ุจูŠุนู…ู„ ุนู„ู‰ ู†ู‚ู„ ุงู„ Sodium ูˆู…ุน ุงู„
221
00:19:39,000 --> 00:19:45,020
Sodium ุฃูŠุถุงู‹ ุจูŠุฏุฎู„ ุนู†ุฏู†ุง ู„ุฌู„ูˆูƒูˆุฒ ุฅู„ู‰ ุฏุงุฎู„ ุงู„ุฎู„ูŠุฉ
222
00:19:45,020 --> 00:19:52,100
ุฒูŠ ู…ุง ูˆุงุถุญ ุจู‡ ุงู„ figure ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู€ SGL2ุจูŠุนู…ู„ ุนู„ู‰ ุฏุฎูˆู„
223
00:19:52,100 --> 00:19:57,120
ุงู„ู€ Sodium ุชู…ุงู…ู‹ุง ูˆ ุฃูŠุถู‹ุง ุจูŠุนู…ู„ ุนู„ู‰ ุฏุฎูˆู„ ุงู„ู€
224
00:19:57,120 --> 00:20:02,420
Glucose ููŠ ู†ูุณ ุงู„ูˆู‚ุช ุฅู„ู‰ ุฏุงุฎู„ ุงู„ุฎู„ุงูŠุง ุฒูŠ ุงู„ุฎู„ุงูŠุง
225
00:20:02,420 --> 00:20:04,860
ุงู„ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏุฉ ุจุงู„ุฃู…ุนุงุก ุนู„ู‰ ุณุจูŠู„ ุงู„ู…ุซุงู„ ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ู€
226
00:20:04,860 --> 00:20:08,940
Enterocytes ูˆ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ูŠุจุฌูŠ ุนู† ุทุฑูŠู‚ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‚ู„ุชู‡
227
00:20:08,940 --> 00:20:13,720
ุจูŠุตูŠุฑ ููŠู‡ ุฃู†ู‡ absorption ู„ู„ู€ Glucose ูˆ ุฏุฎูˆู„ู‡ ุฅู„ู‰
228
00:20:13,720 --> 00:20:17,740
ุฏุงุฎู„ ุฎู„ุงูŠุง ุงู„ุฃู…ุนุงุก ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ู€ Enterocytes
229
00:20:23,600 --> 00:20:28,700
ุงู„ู€ SGLT ุชุฏูุน ุชุญุฑูŠุฑ ุงู„ุฌู„ูˆูƒูˆุฒ ูˆุฌุงู„ูƒุชูˆุฒ ู…ู† ู„ูˆู… ุงู„ุตุฏุฑ
230
00:20:28,700 --> 00:20:36,440
ุงู„ุตุบูŠุฑ ูˆุงู„ุชุนุงุฏู„ ู…ู† ุงู„ุฏู… ููŠ ุงู„ุฌู„ุฏูŠุจู‚ู‰ ูƒู…ุงู† ุงู„ู€ SGLT
231
00:20:36,440 --> 00:20:41,420
ุจุฑุถู‡ ุจุชู„ุนุจ ุฏูˆุฑ ููŠ ุนู…ู„ูŠุฉ ุงู„ู€ Reabsorption ู…ุฑุฉ ุฃุฎุฑู‰
232
00:20:41,420 --> 00:20:44,900
ู„ุฌู„ูˆูƒูˆุฒ ุจุนุฏ ู…ุง ุชุตูŠุฑ ุนู†ุฏู†ุง ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูˆ ุนู…ู„ูŠุฉ ุงู„
233
00:20:44,900 --> 00:20:50,840
filtration ูˆุจูŠุฏุฎู„ ู„ุฌู„ูˆูƒูˆุฒ ุถู…ู† ุงู„ูู„ุชุฑุงุช ูƒู…ุง ุงุญู†ุง
234
00:20:50,840 --> 00:20:54,240
ุนุงุฑููŠู† ููŠ ุฃูˆู„ ุฌุฒุก ู…ู† ุงู„ tubules ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูˆ ุนู†ุฏู†ุง ุงู„
235
00:20:54,240 --> 00:20:57,140
proximal convoluted tubules ุจูŠุตูŠุฑ ููŠ ุนู†ุฏู†ุง
236
00:20:57,140 --> 00:21:03,620
Reabsorption ู„ุงู„ูƒู…ูŠุฉ ุงู„ุฃูƒุจุฑ ุฃูˆ ู„ุฃุบู„ุจ ุงู„ู€ Glucose
237
00:21:03,620 --> 00:21:08,340
ุงู„ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏ ููŠ ุงู„ูู„ุชุฑุงุช ูˆ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุจูŠู„ุนุจ ุฏูˆุฑ ููŠ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ู„ูŠ
238
00:21:08,340 --> 00:21:12,540
ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ุนู…ู„ูŠุฉ ุงู„ู€ Reabsorption ู‡ูˆ ุจุฑุถู‡ ุงู„ู€ SGL2
239
00:21:12,540 --> 00:21:17,900
ุจุฑูˆุชูŠู†ุฒ ุงู„ู†ูˆุน
240
00:21:17,900 --> 00:21:22,220
ุงู„ุชุงู†ูŠ ู…ู† ุงู„ Transporters ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ Glut
241
00:21:22,220 --> 00:21:26,460
family of membrane proteins that are encoded by
242
00:21:26,460 --> 00:21:38,660
the SLC2 genesูˆุนู†ุง ุนุฏุฏ ูŠุนู†ูŠ ู…ู† ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ proteins ู…ู†
243
00:21:38,660 --> 00:21:44,940
ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูˆ glute 1 ู„ุบุงูŠุฉ glute 14 ูˆุชู… ุชุณู…ูŠุชู‡ู… ูŠุนู†ูŠ
244
00:21:44,940 --> 00:21:49,920
ุจู†ุงุก ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ูˆู‚ุช ุงูƒุชุดุงูู‡ู…ุŒ ุชู…ุงู…ุŸ ูˆglute 1 ูŠุนู†ูŠ ู‡ูˆ
245
00:21:49,920 --> 00:21:56,900
ู‡ุฐุง ุฃูˆู„ protein ุชู… ุงูƒุชุดุงูู‡ ููŠ ู‡ุฐู‡ุงู„ุนุงุฆู„ุฉุŒ ูˆุชู…
246
00:21:56,900 --> 00:22:01,760
ุชู‚ุณูŠู… ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุจุฑูˆุชูŠู†ุงุช ุฅู„ู‰ ุชู„ุช ุฃู‚ุณุงู… ุจุนุฏ ู‡ูŠูƒุŒ ุฒูŠ ู…ุง
247
00:22:01,760 --> 00:22:04,000
ุงุญู†ุง ุดุงูŠููŠู† ููŠ ุนู†ุฏู†ุง class oneุŒ ููŠ ุนู†ุฏู†ุง class
248
00:22:04,000 --> 00:22:08,400
twoุŒ ูˆููŠ ุนู†ุฏู†ุง ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูˆ class threeุŒ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุชู‚ุณูŠู…ุฉ
249
00:22:08,400 --> 00:22:13,400
ุชู…ุช ุจู†ุงุกู‹ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ู€ sequence similaritiesุŒ ูˆุจู†ุงุกู‹
250
00:22:13,400 --> 00:22:19,380
ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ุชุดุงุจู‡ ุจุงู„ุฎุตุงุฆุต ู„ู„ุจุฑูˆุชูŠู†ุงุช ุงู„ู…ุฎุชู„ูุฉ
251
00:22:22,100 --> 00:22:26,260
ุงู„ุจุฑูˆุชูŠู†ุงุช ุงู„ู…ุฎุชู„ูุฉ ูŠุนู†ูŠ ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏุฉ ุฒูŠ ู…ุง ู‡ูˆ ูˆุงุถุญ ุญุงู„
252
00:22:26,260 --> 00:22:30,680
ู…ู† ุฎู„ุงู„ ุงู„ู€ Table ููŠู‡ tissues ู…ุฎุชู„ูุฉุŒ ูŠุนู†ูŠ ุฅู† ุงู„ู€
253
00:22:30,680 --> 00:22:33,660
Glut1 ุนู„ู‰ ุณุจูŠู„ ุงู„ู…ุซุงู„ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูˆ ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏ ุจุงู„ู€
254
00:22:33,660 --> 00:22:37,800
ErythrocyteุŒ ุงู„ู€ BrainุŒ Blood-Brain BarrierุŒ Fetal
255
00:22:37,800 --> 00:22:41,300
TissuesุŒ Glut2 ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏ ููŠ ุงู„ู€ Liver ูˆ Beta Cells of
256
00:22:41,300 --> 00:22:45,200
the PancreasุŒ Glut4ุŒ Skeletal Muscle ูˆ Cardiac
257
00:22:45,200 --> 00:22:48,480
Muscle ุชู…ุงู…ุŒ ูŠุจู‚ู‰ ุนู†ุฏู†ุง ุงู„ุฃู†ูˆุงุน ุงู„ู…ุฎุชู„ูุฉ ู…ู† ู‡ุฐู‡
258
00:22:48,480 --> 00:22:52,860
ุงู„ุจุฑูˆุชูŠู†ุงุช ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏุฉ ููŠ tissues ู…ุฎุชู„ูุฉ ูˆู…ู…ูƒู† ู†ุฌูŠ ุฃูƒุชุฑ
259
00:22:52,860 --> 00:23:01,270
ู…ู† ู†ูˆุน ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏ ููŠ ู†ูุณ ุงู„ู€ tissueูˆุจุนุถ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุฃู†ูˆุงุน ู…ู†
260
00:23:01,270 --> 00:23:07,550
ุงู„ู€ protein ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ู€ Glute ุจูŠู„ุนุจ ุฏูˆุฑ ุบูŠุฑ ุงู„ู„ูŠ
261
00:23:07,550 --> 00:23:13,530
ู‡ูˆ ู…ูˆุถูˆุน ู†ู‚ู„ ู„ู€ Glucose ุฒูŠ ุฃู† ุงู„ู€ Glute 9 ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูˆ
262
00:23:13,530 --> 00:23:18,300
Transports Ureaุนู†ุง ุนู„ู‰ ุณุจูŠู„ ุงู„ู…ุซุงู„ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูˆ ยซGlut
263
00:23:18,300 --> 00:23:24,260
-13ยป ยซู‡ูŠุฏุงยป ยซุชุฑุงู†ุณุจูˆุฑุฒยป ยซู…ุงูŠูˆยป ยซุงู†ูˆุณูŠุชูˆู„ยป ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูˆ
264
00:23:24,260 --> 00:23:29,000
ููŠู‡ ูŠุนู†ูŠ tissues ุฒูŠ ุงู„ู€ ยซุจุฑุงูŠู†ยป ูˆุงู„ู€ ยซุฃู„ูŠุจูˆุฒยป
265
00:23:29,000 --> 00:23:35,200
tissue ูŠุจู‚ู‰ ุฃุบู„ุจ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุจุฑูˆุชูŠู†ุงุช ู…ุณุฆูˆู„ุฉ ุนู† ู†ู‚ู„ ู„ู€
266
00:23:35,200 --> 00:23:41,000
ยซุฌู„ูˆูƒูˆุฒยป ู„ูƒู† ุนู†ุง ููŠู‡ ุฒูŠ ู…ุง ุดูˆูู†ุง ุงู„ุจุนุถ ู…ู†ู‡ุง ุจูŠู†ู‚ู„
267
00:23:41,000 --> 00:23:42,360
ุจูˆุงุฏ ุฃุฎุฑู‰
268
00:23:46,070 --> 00:23:49,510
ู‡ุคู„ุงุก ุงู„ุงู†ุชุฌุงุฑุงุช ุชู… ุชุณู…ุญ ุจู€ Glut-1 ู„ู€ Glut-14
269
00:23:49,510 --> 00:23:55,390
ุจู†ุงุกู‹ ุนู„ู‰ ุญุฑูƒุฉ ุงู„ุงู†ุชุฌุงุฑุงุช ุงู„ุชูŠ ุชู… ุงูƒุชุดุงูู‡ุงุŒ 11 ุชู…
270
00:23:55,390 --> 00:24:02,410
ุฅุธู‡ุงุฑู‡ุง ู„ุฅู†ุชุฌุงุฑ ุงู„ูƒู„ูˆูƒูˆุฒุŒ ูˆูƒุฐู„ูƒ ุงู„ูƒุซูŠุฑ
271
00:24:02,410 --> 00:24:07,470
ู…ู†ู‡ู… ูŠู†ุชุฌูˆู† ุฃูŠุถู‹ุง ุฑูŠูƒุฒูˆุฒ ู…ุซู„ Galactose, Fractose,
272
00:24:07,930 --> 00:24:14,310
Manose ูˆ Exyloseูƒู…ุซุงู„ ุนู„ู‰ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุจุฑูˆุชูŠู†ุงุช ุงู„ู„ูŠ
273
00:24:14,310 --> 00:24:19,310
ุจุชุนู…ู„ ุนู„ู‰ ู†ู‚ู„ ุงู„ุฌู„ูˆูƒูˆุฒ ู„ูˆ ุญูƒูŠู†ุง ุนู„ู‰ glut4 when
274
00:24:19,310 --> 00:24:23,150
circulating insulin concentrations are low most of
275
00:24:23,150 --> 00:24:26,630
the glut4 is localized in intracellular
276
00:24:26,630 --> 00:24:30,810
compartments ูŠุจู‚ู‰ ู„ู…ุง ู†ูƒูˆู† ุนู†ุฏู†ุง ู…ุณุชูˆูŠุงุช ุงู„ุงู†ุณูˆู„ูŠู†
277
00:24:30,810 --> 00:24:35,830
ู‚ู„ูŠู„ุฉ ู…ู†ุฎูุถุฉ ูŠุนู†ูŠ ุจู…ุนู†ุงู‡ ุฃู†ู‡ ุนู†ุฏู†ุง ุงู„ glucose
278
00:24:35,830 --> 00:24:40,020
concentration ููŠ ุงู„ุฏู… ูŠุนู†ูŠ ุถู…ู†ุงู„ู€ Reference
279
00:24:40,020 --> 00:24:43,860
Interval ุฃูˆ ุถู…ู† ูŠุนู†ูŠ ุงู„ู€ Reference Range ูŠุจู‚ู‰
280
00:24:43,860 --> 00:24:47,400
ุจูŠูƒูˆู† ุฃู† ุงู„ู€ Glucose Transporter ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูˆ ู…ุซู„ู‹ุง
281
00:24:47,400 --> 00:24:53,240
ู…ุซู„ู‹ุง Glut4 ุจูŠูƒูˆู† ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏ ููŠ ุฏุงุฎู„ ุงู„ู€ Cytoplasm ููŠ
282
00:24:53,240 --> 00:24:57,420
ุฏุงุฎู„ ุงู„ุฎู„ูŠุฉุŒ ุจูŠูƒูˆู† ู…ุด ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ cell membrane
283
00:24:57,420 --> 00:25:00,960
ูŠุจู‚ู‰ Localized in Intracellular compartments and
284
00:25:00,960 --> 00:25:08,310
is inactive ู„ูƒู† ุจุนุฏ ู…ุง ุงู„ุฅู†ุณุงู† ุจูŠุชู†ุงูˆู„ ุงู„ุทุนุงู…ูˆ
285
00:25:08,310 --> 00:25:12,330
ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏ ููŠู‡ carbohydrates ูŠุจู‚ู‰ ุจูŠุจุฏุฃ ูŠุตูŠุฑ
286
00:25:12,330 --> 00:25:19,410
ููŠู†ุง ุงุฑุชูุงุน ููŠ ู…ุณุชูˆู‰ ุงู„ insulin ูˆ ุฒูŠ ู…ุง ุดูู†ุง ุจุงู„
287
00:25:19,410 --> 00:25:24,570
figure ุงู„ุฎุงุต ุจุงู„ู…ูŠูƒุงู†ุฒู… ู…ู† ุถู…ู† ุงู„ mechanisms ุงู„ู„ูŠ
288
00:25:24,570 --> 00:25:30,910
ุจูŠู‚ูˆู… ููŠู‡ุง ุงู„ insulin ู‡ูˆุงู„ู€ Activation ู„ู€ AKTุŒ ูˆู‡ูˆ
289
00:25:30,910 --> 00:25:37,410
ู…ุณุฆูˆู„ ุนู† ุญุฏูˆุซ Translocation ู„ุฌู„ูˆุชููˆุฑ ู„ุจู„ุงุฒู…ุงู…ู…ุจุฑูŠู†
290
00:25:37,410 --> 00:25:42,630
ูˆุจุงู„ุชุงู„ูŠ ุฏุฎูˆู„ ูƒู…ูŠุงุช ุฃูƒุจุฑ ู…ู† ุงู„ุฌู„ูˆูƒูˆุฒ into skeletal
291
00:25:42,630 --> 00:25:50,510
muscle and fatุงู„ุฅู†ุณูŠูˆู„ูŠู† ูŠุฏูุน ุงู„ุฌู„ูˆูƒูˆุฒ ู„ู„ุชูˆุงุตู„ ุฅู„ู‰
292
00:25:50,510 --> 00:25:54,250
ุงู„ุฌู„ุฏ ุงู„ุงุณูƒู„ูŠุชุงู„ูŠ ูŠูƒูˆู† ู…ูุงุฑู‚ู‹ุง ููŠ ุงู„ู€ Type 2
293
00:25:54,250 --> 00:25:58,450
Diabetes Mellitus ูˆู„ูƒู† ุงู„ู…ูŠูƒุงู†ูŠุฒู… ู„ู… ูŠุชู… ุฅุตู„ุงุญู‡ุŒ
294
00:25:58,450 --> 00:26:02,430
ุจู‡ุฐุง ู…ู† ุงู„ู…ุดูƒู„ุงุช ุงู„ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏุฉ ููŠ ุงู„ู†ุงุณ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุนู†ุฏู‡ู… Type
295
00:26:02,430 --> 00:26:05,860
2 Diabetes Mellitusุฅู†ู‡ ุนู†ุฏู†ุง ุงู„ู€ Insulin
296
00:26:05,860 --> 00:26:09,780
Stimulated Glucose Transport ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูˆ ุฒูŠ ู…ุง ุญูƒูŠู†ุง
297
00:26:09,780 --> 00:26:12,360
ุฅู†ู‡ ุงู„ู€ Translocation ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุจุชุณูŠู„ู‡ุง ู„ู„ู€
298
00:26:12,360 --> 00:26:15,900
Transporters ูˆ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุจุชุณู…ุญ ุจุฏุฎูˆู„ ูƒู…ูŠุงุช ูƒุจูŠุฑุฉ ู…ู† ุงู„ู€
299
00:26:15,900 --> 00:26:20,880
Glucose ู‡ุฐู‡ ุจูŠุตูŠุฑ ููŠู‡ุง ู…ุดูƒู„ุฉ ุนู†ุฏ ุงู„ู†ุงุณ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุนู†ุฏู‡ู…
300
00:26:20,880 --> 00:26:24,520
type 2 diabetes mellitus ูˆู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุจูŠุคุฏูŠ ุฅู„ู‰ ุทุจุนุง
301
00:26:24,520 --> 00:26:28,880
ุงู„ู€ Hyperglycemia ูˆ ุงู„ุงุฑุชูุงุน ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ู€ Glucose
302
00:26:28,880 --> 00:26:33,180
ุงู„ูƒุจูŠุฑ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุจูŠุตูŠุฑ ุจุนุฏ ุชู†ุงูˆู„ ุงู„ูˆุงุฌุจุงุช
303
00:26:36,140 --> 00:26:40,380
ุงู„ู‡ุฑู…ูˆู† ุงู„ุขุฎุฑ ุงู„ุฃุณุงุณูŠ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุจูŠู„ุนุจ ุฏูˆุฑ ููŠ ุนู…ู„ูŠุฉ ุงู„ู€
304
00:26:40,380 --> 00:26:46,460
Regulation ู„ู„ุฌู„ูˆูƒูˆุฒ ุฃู†ู‡ ุงู„ู€ Glucagon ู‡ูˆ ุนุจุงุฑุฉ ุนู†
305
00:26:46,460 --> 00:26:52,320
29-Amino Acid Polypeptide ูˆุจูŠุชู… ุฅูุฑุงุฒู‡ ู…ู† ุฎู„ุงูŠุง
306
00:26:52,320 --> 00:26:56,820
ุชุณู…ู‰ ุงู„ู€ Fossils ูˆู‡ุฐู‡ ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏุฉ ููŠ ุงู„ู€ Islets of
307
00:26:56,820 --> 00:27:04,370
Langerhans ููŠ ุงู„ุจู†ูƒุฑูŠุงุณุงู„ู€ Glucagon ุฃูŠุถู‹ุง ุจูŠููุฑุฒ
308
00:27:04,370 --> 00:27:10,530
ุฃูˆ ุจูŠุชู… ุจู€ cellosynthesis in an inactive form Pro
309
00:27:10,530 --> 00:27:18,140
-Glucagon ูˆุจุนุฏ ู‡ูŠูƒ ุจูŠุตูŠุฑ ููŠู‡ุง ุฃู†ุงูƒุชููŠุดู† ู„ู‡ุฐุง
310
00:27:18,140 --> 00:27:22,640
ุงู„ุจุฑูˆุชูŠู† ุนู† ุทุฑูŠู‚ ุงู„ู€ Pro-Hormone Convertease-II
311
00:27:22,640 --> 00:27:27,860
ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุจูŠุตูŠุฑ ูƒู„ูŠูุด ู„ุฌุฒุก ู…ู† ุงู„ู€ Pro-Glucagon ูˆุจูŠุชุญูˆู„
312
00:27:27,860 --> 00:27:33,100
ุฅู„ู‰ Active-Glucagon Major target organ for
313
00:27:33,100 --> 00:27:37,960
glucagon is the liverูˆุงุญู†ุง ุนุงุฑููŠู† ุฅู†ู‡ ุงู„ู€ Glucagon
314
00:27:37,960 --> 00:27:43,600
ุนุจุงุฑุฉ ุนู† hyperglycemic agent ูŠุจู‚ู‰ ู‡ูˆ ุจูŠุนู…ู„ ุนู„ู‰ ุฑูุน
315
00:27:43,600 --> 00:27:53,280
ู…ุณุชูˆู‰ ู„ุฌู„ูˆุฌูˆุฒ ููŠ ุงู„ุฏู… ููŠ ุญุงู„ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ุตูŠุงู… ูŠุจู‚ู‰
316
00:27:53,280 --> 00:27:57,660
ููŠู‡ ุงู„ liverุŒ ุงู„ glucagon ุจูŠุฑุชุจุท ู„ู†ูˆุน ู…ู† ุงู„
317
00:27:57,660 --> 00:28:01,660
receptors ุงู„ู„ูŠ ูŠุณู…ู‰ G-protein coupled receptor
318
00:28:03,400 --> 00:28:08,720
ุงู„ุฐูŠ ูŠุชู… ุฅุธู‡ุงุฑู‡ ุนุงู„ูŠู‹ุง ููŠ ุงู„ุฌู„ุฏ ูˆุงู„ู‚ู„ู‚ ูˆุนู„ู‰ ุฃู‚ู„
319
00:28:08,720 --> 00:28:14,400
ู…ุฏู‰ ููŠ ุฃุดูŠุงุก ุฃุฎุฑู‰ ู…ุซู„ ู‚ู„ู‚ ุฃุฏุจูˆู‡ุŒ ุจุงู†ูƒุฑูŠุงู‡ ูˆุนู‚ู„
320
00:28:14,400 --> 00:28:20,420
ุนู‚ู„ูŠ.ุงู„ุฌู„ูˆูƒุงุฌูˆู† ุชุดุฌุน ู†ุดุทุฉ ุงู„ูˆุตูˆู„ ู„ู„ุฌู„ูˆูƒูˆุฒ ููŠ ุงู„ุฌู„ุฏ
321
00:28:20,880 --> 00:28:24,840
ุจู€ Predominantly by Glucogenolysis ุจู‡ุงุฏูŠ ุงู„ุนู…ู„ูŠุงุช
322
00:28:24,840 --> 00:28:28,820
ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุจูŠุดุชุบู„ ู…ู† ุฎู„ุงู„ู‡ุง ุงู„ุฌู„ูˆูƒุงุฌูˆู† ูˆุงู„ู„ูŠ ุจูŠุนู…ู„ ุนู„ู‰
323
00:28:28,820 --> 00:28:32,500
ุฑูุน ู…ุณุชูˆู‰ ุงู„ุฌู„ูˆูƒูˆุฒ ููŠ ุงู„ุฏู… ุฃู† ุงู„ุนู…ู„ูŠุฉ ุงู„ุฃูˆู„ู‰
324
00:28:32,500 --> 00:28:35,660
Glucogenolysis ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูˆ ุนู…ู„ูŠุฉ ุงู„ุชูƒุณูŠุฑ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุจุชุตูŠุฑ
325
00:28:35,660 --> 00:28:42,400
ู„ู„ู€Glycogen ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุชู… ุชุฎุฒูŠู†ู‡ ูˆุฃูŠุถุง ูŠุจู‚ู‰ ุงู„ุงู†ุชุงุฌ ู‡ุงู†
326
00:28:42,400 --> 00:28:48,180
ู„ุฌู„ูˆูƒูˆุฒ ู…ู† ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ู€Glycogen stores ูˆุฃูŠุถุง ุจุฑุถู‡
327
00:28:48,180 --> 00:28:52,090
ููŠู‡ ุฃู†ู‡ Gluconeogenesisุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูˆ production of
328
00:28:52,090 --> 00:28:56,470
glucose from non-carbohydrate sources ุจุฌู‡ุฉ ุฏูŠ ุจุฑุถู‡
329
00:28:56,470 --> 00:29:03,670
ุงู„ุนู…ู„ูŠุฉ ุจุณู„ู‡ุง activation ูˆุจุฑุถู‡ ุจู†ูุณ ุงู„ูˆู‚ุช ู‡ุงู†
330
00:29:03,670 --> 00:29:07,890
ุนู…ู„ูŠุฉ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ุชุฎุฒูŠู† ู„ู„ุฌู„ูˆูƒูˆุฒ ุจุณู„ู‡ุง inhibition
331
00:29:07,890 --> 00:29:11,690
ุจุฌู‡ุฉ glucogenesis ุจุณู„ู‡ุง inhibition ู„ุฅู† ุงุญู†ุง ู‡ู†ุง
332
00:29:11,690 --> 00:29:17,130
ุจุญุงุฌุฉ ุฅู„ู‰ ุฑูุน ู…ุณุชูˆู‰ ุงู„ุฌู„ูˆูƒูˆุฒ ููŠ ุงู„ุฏู…
333
00:29:19,720 --> 00:29:23,220
ุงู„ู€ Glucagon secretion is regulated primarily by
334
00:29:23,220 --> 00:29:27,420
plasma glucose concentrationsุŒ ุจูŠุญุณุจ ู…ุณุชูˆู‰
335
00:29:27,420 --> 00:29:31,700
ุงู„ุฌู„ูˆูƒูˆุฒ ููŠ ุงู„ุฏู…ุŒ ุฅุฐุง ุงู†ุฎูุถ ู…ุณุชูˆู‰ ุงู„ุฌู„ูˆูƒูˆุฒ ููŠ ุงู„ุฏู…
336
00:29:31,700 --> 00:29:37,460
ุนู† 70ุŒ ูŠุจุฌูŠู‡ุง ุฃู† ุจูŠุตูŠุฑ ููŠ ุนู†ุฏู†ุง stimulation ู„ู„ู€
337
00:29:37,460 --> 00:29:41,160
alpha cells ููŠ ุงู„ุจู†ูƒุฑูŠุงุฒ ุนุดุงู† ุชุนู…ู„ release
338
00:29:41,160 --> 00:29:42,580
ู„ู„ุฌู„ูˆูƒุงุฌูˆู†
339
00:29:44,380 --> 00:29:47,700
with low and high plasma glucose being stimulatory
340
00:29:47,700 --> 00:29:52,220
and inhibitory respectively ูˆู„ู…ู‘ุง ูŠูƒูˆู† ุนู†ุฏู†ุง ุงู„
341
00:29:52,220 --> 00:29:56,360
plasma glucose ู…ู†ุฎูุถุฉ ูŠุจู‚ู‰ ุฏู‡ ุจูŠุนู…ู„ stimulation ู„
342
00:29:56,360 --> 00:30:01,480
ุงู„ release of glucagon ู„ูƒู† ู„ูˆ ูƒุงู† ุนู†ุฏู†ุง ุงู„ plasma
343
00:30:01,480 --> 00:30:06,190
glucose ู…ุฑุชูุนุฉูŠุจู‚ู‰ ู…ุนู†ุงุชู‡ ุญูŠุตูŠุฑ ููŠู‡ ุฅู†ู‡ ููŠ ู‡ุฐู‡
344
00:30:06,190 --> 00:30:10,250
ุงู„ุญุงู„ุฉ Release ู„ู€ Insulin ูˆ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูŠุนู…ู„ Inhibition
345
00:30:10,250 --> 00:30:15,030
ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ู€ Alpha Cells ูˆุจุงู„ุชุงู„ูŠ ู‡ูŠู‚ู„ู„ ู…ู† ุฅูุฑุงุฒ
346
00:30:15,030 --> 00:30:19,590
ู„ู€Glucagon Long-standing diabetes mellitus impairs
347
00:30:19,590 --> 00:30:24,110
the glucagon response to hypoglycemia ูˆู‡ุฐู‡ ู…ุดูƒู„ุฉ
348
00:30:24,110 --> 00:30:30,790
ู…ู† ุงู„ู…ุดูƒู„ุงุช ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู…ู…ูƒู† ุชูƒูˆู† ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏุฉ ุนู†ุฏ ุงู„ู†ุงุณ ุงู„ู„ูŠ
349
00:30:30,790 --> 00:30:37,630
ุนู†ุฏู‡ู… diabetesูˆุงู„ู„ูŠ ุจุชุคุฏูŠ ุฅู„ู‰ ุญุฏูˆุซ Hypoiglycemia
350
00:30:37,630 --> 00:30:42,810
ูŠุจู‚ู‰ ุงู„ู€ Longstanding Diabetes Mellitus ุจูŠุฃุซุฑ ุนู„ู‰
351
00:30:42,810 --> 00:30:49,010
ุงู„ู€ Glucagon response to HypoiglycemiaูŠุจู‚ู‰ ุงู„ู…ูุฑูˆุถ
352
00:30:49,010 --> 00:30:52,310
ุฅุญู†ุง ุฒูŠ ู…ุง ู‚ู„ู†ุง ุฅู†ู‡ ู„ูˆ ุตุงุฑ ููŠู†ุง ุงู†ุฎูุงุถ ู„ุฌู„ูˆูƒูˆุฒ ุนู†
353
00:30:52,310 --> 00:30:56,210
70 ู…ูŠู„ูŠ ุฌุฑุงู… per ุฏูŠุณู„ูŠุชุฑ ูŠุจู‚ู‰ ู…ุจุงุดุฑุฉ ุงู„ู…ูุฑูˆุถ ูŠุตูŠุฑ
354
00:30:56,210 --> 00:31:01,150
ููŠ release ู„ู„ู€Glucagon ู„ูƒู† ุงู„ู…ุดูƒู„ุฉ ุฅู†ู‡ ุงู„ุฅุตุงุจุฉ
355
00:31:01,150 --> 00:31:05,430
ุจูุชุฑุฉ ุทูˆูŠู„ุฉ ุจุงู„ู€Diabetes Mellitus ู‡ุฐุง ู‡ูŠุฃุซุฑ ุนู„ู‰
356
00:31:05,430 --> 00:31:10,910
ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุนู…ู„ูŠุฉ ูˆุจุงู„ุชุงู„ูŠ ู‡ุฐุง ู‡ูŠุฒูŠุฏ ู…ู† ุงู„ู€Hypoglycemic
357
00:31:10,910 --> 00:31:12,050
episodes
358
00:31:15,550 --> 00:31:19,530
ุจู…ุง ูŠุชุนู„ู‚ ุจุงู„ู†ุงุณ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุนู†ุฏู‡ู… type 1 diabetes
359
00:31:19,530 --> 00:31:27,410
mellitus ูˆู…ู† ุฎู„ุงู„ ุงู„ุฃุจุญุงุซ ุงู„ู…ุฎุชู„ูุฉ ู„ุฌูˆุง ุฅู†ู‡ ุงู„ู„ูŠ
360
00:31:27,410 --> 00:31:29,770
ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ู€ response ุฃูˆ ุงู„ู€ glucagonal response
361
00:31:29,770 --> 00:31:37,130
ู„ู‡ูŠุจูˆุฅุฌู„ูŠุณูŠู…ูŠุง ู…ู…ูƒู† ุชุญุฏุซ ููŠ ูุชุฑุฉ ู‚ุตูŠุฑุฉ ู„ูˆ ุงู„ู†ุงุณ
362
00:31:37,130 --> 00:31:40,880
ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุนู†ุฏู‡ู… type 1 diabetes mellitusุทุจุนุง ูŠุจู‚ู‰ ู…ู…ูƒู†
363
00:31:40,880 --> 00:31:46,300
ู‡ุฐู‡ ุชุญุฏุซ ููŠ ูุชุฑุฉ ู‚ุตูŠุฑุฉ ูŠุนู†ูŠ ู…ู…ูƒู† ุชุญุฏุซ ููŠ ูุชุฑุฉ ุงู„ู„ูŠ
364
00:31:46,300 --> 00:31:52,380
ู‡ูŠ ู„ุง ุชุชุฌุงูˆุฒ ู…ู…ูƒู† ุงู„ุดู‡ุฑ ุฃูˆ ุงู„ุดู‡ุฑูŠู†ู…ู…ูƒู† ูŠุตูŠุฑ ููŠ ุนู†ุง
365
00:31:52,380 --> 00:31:58,340
ู„ูŠู‡ ู…ุดูƒู„ุฉ ุงู„ู€Glucagon ุฃูˆ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูˆ ุงู†ุฎูุงุถ ููŠ
366
00:31:58,340 --> 00:32:02,520
ุงู„ู€Glucagon response to hypoglycemia ุจุงู„ุชุงู„ูŠ ู‡ุฐุง
367
00:32:02,520 --> 00:32:09,680
ู‚ู„ู†ุง ุฅู†ู‡ ุจูŠุนู…ู„ ู…ู…ูƒู† ู…ุดูƒู„ุฉ ูˆู…ู…ูƒู† ูŠุฒูŠุฏ ู…ู† ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูˆ
368
00:32:09,680 --> 00:32:14,360
ุญุฏูˆุซ ุงู„ู€hypoglycemia episodes and ู‡ุฏูˆู„ ุงู„ู…ุฑุถู‰
369
00:32:14,360 --> 00:32:19,340
Stress exercise and amino acids induce glucagon
370
00:32:19,340 --> 00:32:24,040
releaseุงู„ู€ IB ู‡ุฐู‡ ูƒู„ู‡ุง ุฃูƒูŠุฏ ุจุชุญุชุงุฌ ุฅู„ู‰ ุงุฑุชูุงุน ููŠ
371
00:32:24,040 --> 00:32:29,840
ู…ุณุชูˆู‰ ุงู„ุฌู„ูˆูƒูˆุฒุฉ ูˆุจุงู„ุชุงู„ูŠ ูƒู„ู‡ุง ุจุชุนู…ู„ ุนู„ู‰ ุฒูŠุงุฏุฉ ุงู„ู€
372
00:32:29,840 --> 00:32:33,940
release of glucagon ุทูŠุจ ุงู„ stress ุงู„ exercise ุฏู…
373
00:32:33,940 --> 00:32:37,300
ู…ุชูู‚ูŠู† ุฃู† ู‡ุฐู‡ ุจุชุญุชุงุฌ ุฅู„ู‰ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ุฌู„ูˆูƒูˆุฒุฉ
374
00:32:37,300 --> 00:32:40,140
ูˆุจุงู„ุชุงู„ูŠ ุจุฏู†ุง glucagon release ุทุจ ุงู„ amino acids
375
00:32:40,140 --> 00:32:45,900
ูŠุนู†ูŠ ุงู„ู…ูุฑูˆุถ ุงู„ amino acids ุฃู…ุชู‰ ุจุชุตูŠุฑ ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏุฉ ููŠ
376
00:32:45,900 --> 00:32:48,240
ุงู„ุฏู… ุฃูˆ ุชุฒูŠุฏ ุงู„ concentration ููŠ ุงู„ุฏู… ุจุนุฏ ุชู†ุงูˆู„
377
00:32:48,240 --> 00:32:52,980
ูˆุฌุจุฉุทุจ ู„ูŠุด ุจู‚ู‰ ุฃู†ุชู†ุง ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ูˆุดุจุฉ ุจุฏู‡ ูŠุฑุชูุน ุนู†ุฏู†ุง
378
00:32:52,980 --> 00:32:56,120
ุงู„ู€GlucagonุŸ ู…ุน ุฃู†ู‡ ุงู„ู…ูุฑูˆุถ ุฃู†ู‡ ูŠุตูŠุฑ ููŠ ุนู†ุฏู†ุง
379
00:32:56,120 --> 00:33:01,400
ุงู†ุฎูุงุถุŒ ูˆุงู„ู„ูŠ ูŠุฑุชูุน ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ู€InsulinุŒ ูˆูุนู„ูŠู‹ุง
380
00:33:01,400 --> 00:33:07,740
ุงู„ู€Insulin ุจูŠุฑุชูุนุŒ ุชู…ุงู…ุŸ ู„ูƒู† ุจุฑุถู‡ ุงู„ู€Amino Acids
381
00:33:07,740 --> 00:33:15,570
ุจุชุนู…ู„ ุนู„ู‰ ุฑูุน ุงู„ู€Glucagonูˆู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุนู…ู„ูŠุฉ ูŠุนู†ูŠ ููŠู‡ุง
382
00:33:15,570 --> 00:33:21,290
ุชูˆุงุฒู† ูˆู…ุฑุชุจุทุฉ ุจุงู„ู€ glucose concentration ูˆู…ุฑุชุจุทุฉ
383
00:33:21,290 --> 00:33:27,570
ุจุงู„ู€ insulin ุฃูŠุถู‹ุง ู„ุฃู†ู‡ ุงุญู†ุง ุนู†ุฏู†ุง ุงู„ุฌุณู… ุงู„ุขู† ุจุนุฏ
384
00:33:27,570 --> 00:33:31,870
ุชู†ุงูˆู„ ูˆุฌุจุฉุตุงุฑ ููŠู†ุง ุงุฑุชูุงุน ููŠ ุงู„ู€ Amino Acids ุตุงุฑ
385
00:33:31,870 --> 00:33:36,350
ููŠู†ุง ุงุฑุชูุงุน ููŠ ุงู„ุฌู„ูˆูƒูˆุฒ ุตุงุฑ ููŠู†ุง ุฅูุฑุงุฒ ู„ู„ุฅู†ุณู„ูŠู†
386
00:33:36,350 --> 00:33:40,210
ูˆุงู„ุฅู†ุณู„ูŠู† ุจุฏุฃ ูŠุฎูุถ ู…ู† ู…ุณุชูˆูŠุงุช ุงู„ุฌู„ูˆูƒูˆุฒ ุจุงู„ุฏู… ูŠุจู‚ู‰
387
00:33:40,210 --> 00:33:44,550
ุฃุญู†ุง ู…ุง ู†ู‚ุฏุฑุด ุฃู†ู‡ ู†ูˆู‚ู ุนู…ู„ ุงู„ู€ Alpha cells
388
00:33:44,550 --> 00:33:48,630
ูˆู…ุงูŠูƒูˆู†ุด ููŠู†ุง Glucagon ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏ ููŠ ุงู„ุฏู… ู„ุฃู† ู‡ุฐุง ู…ู…ูƒู†
389
00:33:48,630 --> 00:33:52,750
ูŠุคุฏูŠ ุฅู„ู‰ ุญุฏูˆุซ Hypo-Glycemia ูŠุนู†ูŠ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุนู…ู„ูŠุฉ ุจูŠุตูŠุฑ
390
00:33:52,750 --> 00:33:57,110
ููŠู‡ุง ุชูˆุงุฒู† ูˆุจูŠุจุฏุฃ ูŠุตูŠุฑ ููŠู†ุง ูŠุนู†ูŠ Release ู„ูƒู…ูŠุงุช
391
00:33:57,520 --> 00:34:02,580
ุจุณูŠุทุฉ ู…ู† ุงู„ู€Glucagon ุนุดุงู† ูŠู…ู†ุน ู…ู† ุญุฏูˆุซ
392
00:34:02,580 --> 00:34:09,040
ุงู„ู€Hypoglycemia.ุฅู†ุณูˆู„ูŠู† ูŠู‡ูŠุจุท ุฅุทู„ุงู‚ ุงู„ู€Glucagon ู…ู†
393
00:34:09,040 --> 00:34:13,360
ุงู„ุจู†ูƒุฑูŠุงุช ูˆูŠู‚ู„ู„ ุฅุทู„ุงู‚ ุงู„ู€Glucagon ููŠ ุฅุธู‡ุงุฑ ุงู„ุฌู†ุฉ
394
00:34:13,360 --> 00:34:17,920
ุจู…ุฌุฑุฏ ุฅุถุงูุฉ ุจูŠูˆ-ุณูŠู†ุชูŠุฒุงุชู‡ุง ุฒูŠ ู…ุง ุญูƒูŠู†ุง ู‚ุจู„ ุดูˆูŠุฉ
395
00:34:17,920 --> 00:34:22,000
ู‚ูˆู„ู†ุง ุฅู† ุงู„ุฅู†ุณูˆู„ูŠู† ุจูŠุนู…ู„ Inhibition ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ู€Alpha
396
00:34:22,000 --> 00:34:29,090
cellsูˆู‡ูŠ ุจุงู„ุชุงู„ูŠ ุจูŠู…ู†ุน ุงู„ู€ glucagon release ูˆู‡ุฐุง
397
00:34:29,090 --> 00:34:33,490
ุจูŠูƒูˆู† ุนู† ุทุฑูŠู‚ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูˆ ุฎูุถ ุงู„ู€ glucagon gene
398
00:34:33,490 --> 00:34:41,110
expression ููŠ ุฃุฎู„ู‚ ุงู„ู€ alpha cells increase
399
00:34:41,110 --> 00:34:44,350
in glucagon concentrations secondary to insulin
400
00:34:44,350 --> 00:34:47,870
deficiency are believed to contribute to the
401
00:34:47,870 --> 00:34:53,090
hyperglycemia and ketosis of diabetesุฃุญู†ุง ู‚ู„ู†ุง ุฅู†ู‡
402
00:34:53,090 --> 00:34:57,490
ุงู„ู€ Insulin ุจูŠุนู…ู„ Inhibition ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ู€ Alpha Cells
403
00:34:57,490 --> 00:35:03,390
ูˆุจูŠู…ู†ุน ู…ู† ุฅูุฑุงุฒ ุงู„ุฌู„ูˆูƒุงุฌูˆู† ุงู„ุขู† ููŠ ุญุงู„ุงุช ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูˆ
404
00:35:03,390 --> 00:35:06,890
ุงู„ู€ Type I Diabetes Mellitus ุฒูŠ ู…ุง ู‚ู„ู†ุง ุฅู†ู‡ ููŠ ุงู„ู€
405
00:35:06,890 --> 00:35:11,310
Type I ููŠู†ุง Absolute Deficiency of Insulin ูŠุจู‚ู‰
406
00:35:11,310 --> 00:35:14,390
ู…ุงุฒุงู„ ุงู„ู€ Insulin ู…ุด ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏ ูŠุจู‚ู‰ ุงู„ู€ Inhibitor
407
00:35:14,390 --> 00:35:18,490
Effect ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุจูŠู‚ูˆู… ููŠู‡ุง ุงู„ู€ Insulin ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ู€ Alpha
408
00:35:18,490 --> 00:35:23,650
Cells ู…ุด ู‡ุชูƒูˆู† ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏุฉุจูŠุงุฏุฉ ู‡ูŠุคุฏูŠ ุฅู„ู‰ ุฒูŠุงุฏุฉ ููŠ
409
00:35:23,650 --> 00:35:28,530
ุงู„ู€glucagon concentration ูˆู…ุง ุฒุงู„ ุตุงุฑ ููŠ ุนู†ุง ุฒูŠุงุฏุฉ
410
00:35:28,530 --> 00:35:31,170
ููŠ ุงู„ู€glucagon concentration ู‡ุตูŠุฑ ููŠ ุนู†ุง
411
00:35:31,170 --> 00:35:35,410
stimulation ู„ู„ู€gluconeogenesis ูˆู‡ุตูŠุฑ ููŠ ุนู†ุง ุงู„ูˆ
412
00:35:35,410 --> 00:35:39,450
ุงูƒุณูŠุฏุงุดู† ู„ู€ุงู„ู€ Fatty Acids ูˆุจุงู„ุชุงู„ูŠ ุญูŠุตูŠุฑ ููŠู‡ุง ุฅู†ู‡
413
00:35:39,450 --> 00:35:45,770
ุฅู†ุชุงุฌ ู„ูƒู…ูŠุงุช ูƒุจูŠุฑุฉ ู…ู† ุงู„ู€ Ketone Bodies ูˆู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู„ูŠ
414
00:35:45,770 --> 00:35:50,930
ู…ู…ูƒู† ูŠุคุฏูŠ ุฅู„ู‰ ุงู„ู€ Ketosis ุฃูˆ Ketoacidosis ุนู†ุฏ
415
00:35:50,930 --> 00:35:55,330
ุงู„ู†ุงุณ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุนู†ุฏู‡ู… type 1 diabetes malatus ุจุนุฏู… ูˆุฌูˆุฏ
416
00:35:55,330 --> 00:36:00,790
ุงู„ุฅู†ุณูˆู„ูŠู† ู…ุน ุงุฑุชูุงุน ุงู„ุฌู„ูˆูƒุงุฌูˆู† ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู…ู…ูƒู† ูŠูƒูˆู†
417
00:36:00,790 --> 00:36:03,570
ุณุจุจ ุญุฏูˆุซ ุงู„ู€ Ketosis
418
00:36:06,070 --> 00:36:11,360
ุบูŠุฑ ุงู„ู€ Alpha CellsุŒ ููŠู†ุง ุฃูŠุถู‹ุง ุฎู„ุงูŠุง ุฃุฎุฑู‰ุจุชูุฑุฒ
419
00:36:11,360 --> 00:36:16,680
ุงู„ู€ Pro-Glucagon ูˆู…ู† ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุฎู„ุงูŠุง ุนู†ุฏู†ุง ุงู„ู€
420
00:36:16,680 --> 00:36:20,000
Enteroendocrine ุงู„ู€ cells ุงู„ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏุฉ ููŠ ุงู„ุฃู…ุนุงุก
421
00:36:20,000 --> 00:36:27,120
ูˆุนู†ุฏู†ุง ุฃูŠุถู‹ุง ุงู„ู€ neurons ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูŠ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ู€ neurons
422
00:36:27,120 --> 00:36:30,360
ู‡ูŠ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุจุชุนู…ู„ ุนู„ู‰ ู†ู‚ู„ ูŠุนู†ูŠ ู†ูˆุน ู…ู† ุงู„ู€ neurons ุงู„ู„ูŠ
423
00:36:30,360 --> 00:36:35,580
ุจูŠุนู…ู„ ุนู„ู‰ ู†ู‚ู„ ุงู„ู€ signals ู…ู† ุงู„ู€ digestive tract
424
00:36:35,580 --> 00:36:40,560
ู„ุจุฑุงูŠู† ุฃูˆ ู…ู† ุจุฑุงูŠู† ู„ู€ุงู„ู€ Digestive Attract ุจูŠู‡ุฏู‰
425
00:36:40,560 --> 00:36:45,000
ุงู„ุฎู„ุงูŠุง ุจุชุนู…ู„ ุฃูŠุถู‹ุง ุนู„ู‰ ุฅูุฑุงุฒ ุฃูˆ ุฅู†ุชุงุฌ ู„ู€ Pro
426
00:36:45,000 --> 00:36:51,280
-Glucagon ููŠ ุงู„ู€ Intestinal L-cells Pro-Glucagon
427
00:36:51,280 --> 00:36:55,940
ุจูŠุตู„ูˆุง ุจุฑุถู‡ ุฅูƒู„ูŠูุฌ ุนู† ุทุฑูŠู‚ Enzymes ู„ุฃู† Pro-Hormone
428
00:36:55,940 --> 00:37:01,870
Converters 1A3ูˆุจูŠุญูˆู„ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุงู†ุฒูŠู… ุจูŠุญูˆู„ ุงู„ู€ Pro
429
00:37:01,870 --> 00:37:06,990
-Glucagon ุฅู„ู‰ Glucagon-like peptide ุงู„ู„ูŠ ูŠุนู†ูŠ GLP
430
00:37:06,990 --> 00:37:15,430
-1 ูˆ GLP-2 ูˆ ุฃูŠุถู‹ุง hormones ุฃุฎุฑู‰ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู†ูˆุน ู…ู† ุงู„
431
00:37:15,430 --> 00:37:21,830
hormones ูˆ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุจูŠุชู… ุฅู†ุชุงุฌู‡ ุจุณุจุจ ุงู„ุชู†ุงูˆู„ ุงู„ุทุนุงู…
432
00:37:22,770 --> 00:37:26,070
ุจูŠุนู…ู„ stimulation ู„ู„ู€ beta cells ุงู„ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏุฉ
433
00:37:26,070 --> 00:37:32,350
ุจุงู„ุจู†ูƒุฑูŠุงุณ ู„ุฅูุฑุงุฒ ุงู„ุฅู†ุณูˆู„ูŠู† ูŠุจู‚ู‰ potentiate
434
00:37:32,350 --> 00:37:36,750
glucose-induced insulin secretion ุฃูŠุถู‹ุง ูˆุจูŠุนู…ู„
435
00:37:36,750 --> 00:37:42,130
inhibition ู„ู€glucagon secretionุจุงู„ู€ GLB1 ูˆุนู†ุง
436
00:37:42,130 --> 00:37:47,070
ุฃูŠุถู‹ุง ู‡ุฑู…ูˆู† ุขุฎุฑ Gestric Inhibitory Polypeptide ุฃูˆ
437
00:37:47,070 --> 00:37:49,510
ุจุฑูˆุชูŠู† ุขุฎุฑ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ู€ Gestric Inhibitory
438
00:37:49,510 --> 00:37:55,710
Polypeptide ุจุฑุถู‡ ู‡ุฏูˆู„ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ู€ two hormones
439
00:37:55,710 --> 00:38:00,830
ู…ุณุฆูˆู„ูŠู† for up to 70% of postprandial insulin
440
00:38:00,830 --> 00:38:01,810
secretion
441
00:38:04,000 --> 00:38:08,740
ูŠุจู‚ู‰ ู…ุน ุชู†ุงูˆู„ ุงู„ุทุนุงู…ุŒ ููŠ ุนู†ุฏู†ุง ู‡ุฑู…ูˆู†ุงุช ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุจุชุชู…
442
00:38:08,740 --> 00:38:13,460
ุฅู†ุชุงุฌู‡ุงุŒ ูˆู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ู‡ุฑู…ูˆู†ุงุช ุจุชุนู…ู„ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูˆ stimulation
443
00:38:13,460 --> 00:38:20,160
ู„ุฒูŠุงุฏุฉ ุงู„ู€ Insulin ูˆุจุงู„ุชุงู„ูŠ ุนุฏู… ุงุฑุชูุงุน ุงู„ู€ glucose
444
00:38:20,160 --> 00:38:23,660
ููŠ ุงู„ุฏู… ุฅู„ู‰ ู…ุณุชูˆูŠุงุช ู…ุฑุชูุนุฉ
445
00:38:26,930 --> 00:38:34,350
ุงู„ู€ GLP-1 ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏุฉ ููŠ ุชุดูŠุฒ ู…ุฎุชู„ูุฉ ูˆู…ุด ูู‚ุท ููŠ ุงู„ู€
446
00:38:34,350 --> 00:38:40,550
Pancreas ูŠุจู‚ู‰ widely expressed ูˆุจุชู„ุนุจ ุฏูˆุฑ ู…ู‡ู… ููŠ
447
00:38:40,550 --> 00:38:45,210
ุนู…ู„ูŠุฉ ุงู„ู€ regulation ู„ู„ุฌู„ูˆูƒูˆุฒ concentration ู…ู†
448
00:38:45,210 --> 00:38:51,670
ุฎู„ุงู„ ู…ูŠูƒุงู†ูŠุฒู…ุฒ ู…ุฎุชู„ูุฉ ูˆู…ู† ุถู…ู† ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ู…ูŠูƒุงู†ูŠุฒู…ุฒ ุฅู†
449
00:38:51,670 --> 00:38:55,930
ุงู„ู€ inhibition of glucose production and food
450
00:38:55,930 --> 00:39:02,500
intakeุชู…ุงู…ุŒ ูŠุจู‚ู‰ ู…ู† ุถู…ู† ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ู€ .. ุงู„ู€
451
00:39:02,500 --> 00:39:04,560
mechanisms ุทุจุนุง ุฒูŠ ู…ุง ุญูƒูŠู‡ุง ุฃู†ุง ุงู„ุณุงุจู‚ ู„ุฅู†ู‡ ุจุฒูŠุฏ
452
00:39:04,560 --> 00:39:10,780
ุงู„ู€ insulin secretion ู„ูƒู† ุจุฑุถู‡ ุจูŠู…ู†ุน ู…ู† ุงู„ glucose
453
00:39:10,780 --> 00:39:15,580
production ูˆุจูŠู…ู†ุน ุจุฑุถู‡ ุฃูˆ ุจูŠู‚ู„ู„ ู…ู…ูƒู† ู…ู† ุงู„ uptake
454
00:39:15,580 --> 00:39:22,080
ูˆุจุงู„ุชุงู„ูŠ ุงู„ food intake ุนุดุงู† ู‡ูŠูƒ ุงู„ GLP-1
455
00:39:22,080 --> 00:39:26,020
analoguesare generating interest in the treatment
456
00:39:26,020 --> 00:39:31,800
of type 2 diabetes ููŠ ุนู†ุฏู†ุง ุฃุฏูˆูŠุฉ ูˆู‡ุฐู‡ ุนุจุงุฑุฉ ุนู†
457
00:39:31,800 --> 00:39:37,800
GLB1 Analog ุชู…ุงู… ุจูŠุบูŠุฑ ุฃู†ู‡ ู…ู…ูƒู† ุชุนู…ู„ release
458
00:39:37,800 --> 00:39:41,920
ู„ู„ุฅู†ุณู„ูŠู† ู„ูƒู† ุจุฑุถู‡ ุจุชู‚ู„ู„ ู…ู† ุฅู†ุชุงุฌ ุงู„ูˆุงู„ูŠ glucose
459
00:39:41,920 --> 00:39:50,240
ูˆุฃูŠุถุง ุจุชู‚ู„ู„ ู…ู† ุงู„ uptakeูˆููŠ ุฃุฑุจุน ุฃุฏูˆูŠุฉ ูŠุนู†ูŠ ุชู…
460
00:39:50,240 --> 00:39:55,240
ุฅู†ุชุงุฌู‡ุง ูˆุญุตู„ุช ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ู€ Approval ู…ู† ุงู„ู€ Food and
461
00:39:55,240 --> 00:40:00,580
Drug Administration ู„ุฅุณุชุนู…ุงู„ู‡ุง ู…ุน ู…ุฑุถู‰ Type 2
462
00:40:00,580 --> 00:40:02,440
Diabetes Mellitus