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The opinion of the court was delivered by
Hatcher, C.:
This is an appeal from a conviction of assault endangering the life of another as prohibited by K. S. A. 21-435.
The following facts may be gleaned from the state’s evidence.
On the 22nd day of June, 1968, shortly after 12:00 noon, the defendant and JoAnn Bracken, the sister of Corabelle Furst, arrived at the farm home of the Fursts. The Fursts had been boarding JoAnn Bracken’s daughter, Carol, since April, 1968.
After a brief conversation, Mr. Furst agreed to repair the defendant’s car in exchange for a chrome .22 caliber pistol. The pistol was delivered to Mr. Furst who placed it in a bedroom dresser drawer. Shortly thereafter, Mr. Furst drove his wife, two of their children, Rickey and Betty, JoAnn Bracken and the defendant to Ottawa to purchase the parts necessary to repair defendants car. Mrs. Furst and the defendant entered Harry Smith’s Auto Supply where Mrs. Furst ordered a wheel cylinder kit for her car which was paid for by the defendant. Mrs. Furst then left for Naomi’s Tavern with her husband and JoAnn Bracken. They were joined shortly thereafter by defendant who had a bottle of liquor under his j'acket, although he was not seen drinking.
They all returned that afternoon to the Furst home. Carol Bracken, Linda Furst and Nancy Furst, the complaining witness’ oldest daughters, were awaiting them. After a short time an argument ensued when defendant became rather insistent that Carol Bracken, JoAnn’s daughter, should leave with them rather than stay with the Fursts. Mrs. Furst objected. Defendant then demanded the return of his pistol. Mr. Furst refused, explaining that defendant had been drinking and the gun would just get him into trouble. After several more demands for the gun, Mrs. Furst told her son Rickey to get the gun and give it to defendant, which he did. Rickey observed that the gun was not loaded.
Mr. Furst then requested that defendant pay for Carol Bracken’s board. Defendant angrily threw two twenty dollar bills on the table and went out to the porch with JoAnn Bracken. Shortly thereafter the defendant returned and with no warning he struck Mr. Furst twice on the head with the pistol. Mr. Furst ran out of the room in a dazed condition. Mrs. Furst grabbed at the defendant who struck at her. As she attempted to grab him again, defendant fired the pistol, greatly surprising Mrs. Furst who was unaware that the gun had been loaded. The defendant again fired the gun, this time the shot grazing Mrs. Furst’s cheek and she sanie to the floor. Defendant, who had been about six feet from Mrs. Furst while firing the shots, then left hastily out the back door. One of the shots was located in the door casing vertical to where Mrs. Furst was standing. The shells were loaded with varmint shot. There were powder burns around the hole in the casing and about Mrs. Furst’s face. The defendant drove away in his car and soon thereafter disposed of the pistol in a Topeka, Kansas pawn shop using an assumed name.
The defendant was convicted of assault endangering the life of another. He has appealed.
The appellant first contends that the trial court erred in failing to continue the trial of the case on its own motion until a witness could be produced.
It appears that while Mrs. Furst and her husband were seeking medical aid, and the children were trying to reach the sheriff through a neighbor’s telephone, JoAnn Bracken walked away. She has never been seen nor heard from since that time. Both the state and the defendant caused JoAnn to be subpoenaed as a witness but she was not found.
Neither party requested a continuance. The appellant suggests that he was in no position to ask for a continuance because he was in jail, unable to make bond, and had moved for a speedy trial. Appellant adds—“faced with this dilemma, the defendant was denied effective compulsory process for witnesses in his behalf, and the trial should have been continued until the witness was available.”
We find no merit in this contention. A party must make a request if he desires a continuance because of an absent witness. The matter is then addressed to the discretion of the trial court. In Jackson v. State, 204 Kan. 823, 465 P. 2d 927, we stated:
“K. S. A. 60-240 (c) provides that the granting of continuances by the court based on the absence of a material witness shall in all cases be discretionary. A proceeding conducted pursuant to 60-1507 is a civil proceeding and the foregoing section applies. K. S. A. 62-1414 provides that continuances may be granted in criminal cases for like causes and like circumstances as in civil cases. Thus, the discretionary portion of 60-240 (c), supra, applies to both criminal and civil trials. (See State v. Zimmer, 198 Kan. 479, 486, 426 P. 2d 267, cert. denied 389 U. S. 933, 19 L. Ed. 2d 286, 88 S. Ct. 298; and State v. Hickock & Smith, 188 Kan. 473, 482, 363 P. 2d 541, cert. denied 373 U. S. 544, 10 L. Ed. 2d 688, 83 S. Ct. 1545.)
“K. S. A. 60-240 (c) also states the court need not entertain any motion for a continuance based upon the absence of a material witness, unless supported by an affidavit which shall state:
“. . . the name of the witness, and, if known, his residence, a statement of his expected testimony and the basis of such expectation, a statement that the affiant believes it to be true, and the efforts which have been made to procure his attendance or deposition. . . .” (p.-.)
The appellant made no attempt to comply with the above statute. In fact, he did not even suggest that he desired a continuance.
The appellant next objects to the failure of the trial court to direct a mistrial because of testimony elicited from the state’s witness, Carol Jean Bracken. Carol, the sixteen year old daughter of JoAnn Bracken, testified that the five years she lived with her mother and the appellant prior to going to live with her aunt and uncle they did not reside anyplace, they just traveled around. When the witness was asked as to the defendant’s occupation, his counsel objected and the trial court instructed the jury:
“Members of the jury, you’ll disregard any previous testimony of this witness; it’s withdrawn and stricken from your consideration. I think, under the rule, you’re getting close to error.”
The questions were largely preliminary. It may have reflected on the appellant’s reputation to be found without an occupation but the question was never answered. Even though the questions were improper the prompt striking of all of the previous testimony of the witness accompanied by the trial court’s admonition to the jury cured any error where it does not affirmatively appear that the temporary reception of the evidence or questions resulted in prejudice to the substantial rights of appellant. (State v. Childs, 198 Kan. 4, 422 P. 2d 898; State v. Smith, 187 Kan. 42, 353 P. 2d 510; State v. Beam, 175 Kan. 814, 267 P. 2d 509; City of Wichita v. Hibbs, 158 Kan. 185, 146 P. 2d 397.)
The appellant challenges the sufficiency of the evidence to show “malice aforethought,” “intent to kill” and “endangering the life of another.”
The appellant would take the evidence most favorable to him and weigh it in his favor. This an appellate court cannot do. In State v. Trotter, 203 Kan. 31, 36, 453 P. 2d 93, we stated:
“. . . The rule in a criminal case is that on a review of the sufficiency of evidence this court will examine the record to determine if from all of the facts and circumstances disclosed by the evidence the jury could have reasonably drawn an inference of guilt. (State v. Townsend, 201 Kan. 122, 439 P. 2d 70; State v. Patterson, 200 Kan. 176, 434 P. 2d 808; State v. Helm, 200 Kan. 147, 434 P. 2d 796.) On the burglary and larceny offenses, the defendant would have us reweigh the testimony of several of the state’s witnesses. This we will not do, for we have consistently adhered to the proposition that it is the function of the jury, not that of the appellate court on review, to weigh the evidence and pass upon the credibility of the witnesses. (State v. Scott, 199 Kan. 203, 428 P. 2d 458.)”
The same answer may be made to appellant’s contention that there was no evidence to support an instruction on maiming, wounding, disfiguring or causing great bodily harm as prohibited by K. S. A. 21-435.
The appellant last complains of the failure of the trial court to grant a new trial because of newly discovered evidence. The appellant states:
“After the trial of the action, there was discovered by defendant’s counsel an additional witness, one Charles Allen, of Topeka, Kansas. His name was not previously known to defendant or his counsel, nor could they have learned of his testimony, by exercise of due diligence. He would have testified that, sometime after the altercation itself, complaining witness Mrs. Furst related to him an entirely different version of the incident than that told by her in the trial of the case. . . .”
The testimony could only be used for impeachment purposes as the alleged new witness was not present at the incident in question. The testimony could do nothing more than discredit the testimony of Mrs. Furst. New trials are not granted on such newly discovered evidence. In Pankey v. Wyandotte Cab, Inc., 174 Kan. 17, 254 P. 2d 305, we stated:
“No error was committed in failing to grant a new trial on this issue. The affidavits were made up largely of statements that, while the witness was an employee as testified to, he had no authority to perform certain duties to which he had testified. Some of the matter in the affidavits was impeaching, but the general rule is that new trials are not granted on account of new evidence which only goes to the general reputation of the witness for truth and veracity, or which merely discredits a witness. (Schribar v. Maxwell, 92 Kan. 306, 140 Pac. 865.) . . .” (p. 21.)
A careful examination of the record discloses no trial errors which would justify the granting of a new trial.
The judgment is affirmed.
APPROVED BY THE COURT. | [
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The opinion of the court was delivered by
Fontron, J.:
In this appeal we are concerned with the interpretation of fhe last will and testament of John F. Maguire. The foremost and primary question is stated by the parties to be whether fhe seventh paragraph violates the rule against perpetuities and is an unreasonable restraint on alienation.
Mr. Maguire died December 26, 1932, being survived by his wife, Kathryn, who died July 8, 1966, and the following children: a daughter, Nellie Maguire Green, formerly Nellie Maguire Idol, who died January 9, 1945; a son, John F. Maguire, Jr., who died November 18, 1966; and a daughter, Lillian Maguire McNutt, who is still living. In his will the testator devised a life estate in all his real property to his wife, Kathryn, and devised fhe remainder interests therein to his children in separate parcels.
Paragraph seven of the will, whose construction triggered this litigation, reads as follows:
“Subject to the life estate of my said wife, Kathryn Maquire, and also subject to the life estate of my son, John F. Maguire, Jr., therein, I will, devise, and bequeath the south one half of the north west quarter of section seventeen (17), in township two (2), range eighteen (18), Brown county, Kansas, to the issue of the body of John F. Maguire, Jr., surviving him with the understanding that Nellie Maguire Idol, and Lillian Maguire McNutt, may, if they so desire, elect to take said above-described real estate, and pay to the issue of the body of John F. Maguire, Jr., deceased, the sum of ten thousand dollars, with interest thereon at the rate of four percent per annum, from the date of the death of said John F. Maguire, Jr., equally between them, share and share alike.”
The will was admitted to probate in January, 1933, and the estate remained open for more than a year after Kathryn s death in July, 1966. A petition for final settlement of the estate was heard in probate court on July 28, 1967. Prior to that date, however, written defenses to the petition were filed by Darlene Maguire Scarbrough, the sole issue of John F. Maguire, Jr., who had died the preceding November. Mrs. Scarbrough (who is sometimes referred to herein as Darlene) alleged she was entitled to the land described in paragraph seven, and that the provisions giving Nellie Maguire Idol (now Green) and Lillian Maguire McNutt the right to take the same upon payment of ten thousand dollars was void and unenforceable.
Darlenes contention was rejected by the probate court, which proceeded to assign the testator’s real estate in accordance with the several provisions of the will. The probate court’s decision was appealed to district court, which also held that the provisions of paragraph seven did not violate the rule against perpetuities; that Nellie’s rights under the option descended to her heirs; and that notice to exercise the option was given Darlene within a reasonable time. Mrs. Scarbrough has appealed to this court from that decision.
No extended dissertation on the rule against perpetuities will be attempted at this time. The rule has been recognized in this state from early statehood and considerable litigation has followed in its wake. For present purposes it will be sufficient to observe that the purpose of the rule is to prevent the creation of future interests in property which will not vest within twenty-one years after some life or lives in being, plus the usual period of gestation. (In re Estate of Freeman, 195 Kan. 190, 404 p. 2d 222.)
As to application of the rule against perpetuities in the area of options, we find the test set forth in Restatement, Property, Volume IV, p. 2315:
“Subject to exceptions [none of which appear applicable here] . . . the limitation of an option in favor of a person other than the conveyor is valid because of the rule against perpetuities when, under the language and circumstances of the limitation, such option
“(a) may continue for a period longer than the maximum period described in § 374; and
“(b) would create an interest in land, or in some unique thing other than land, but for the rule against perpetuities.”
In the “Comment” which follows the foregoing statement of the rule, certain requirements are shown. Subparagraph b. thereof, “Requirement of Clause (a)” reads in part as follows:
“Under the rule stated in this Section, the option must be one which ‘may continue for a period longer than die maximum period described in § 374.’ This requirement is not satisfied when the option is found, from the language and circumstances of its creation, to have been intended to be exercisable only by an already conceived optionee himself, and not by any successor in interest to such optionee. In any such case the duration of the option is measured by a life in being, namely, the life of the optionee and the rule stated in this Section is inapplicable. . . .” (p. 2316.)
The rule appears to be quite general in this country that a testamentary option, that is, option granted or created by will, confers a right which is personal to the optionee himself, and which will not survive his death. Formal expression is given to this principle in an annotation appearing in 28 A. L. R. 2d: Wills-Option-Who May Exercise, where on pages 1167, 1168, the author says:
". . . [A] majority of the courts have held that a right or option given by will to purchase estate property was personal to the optionee, and did not survive his death so as to become exercisable by his successors in interest.”
This prevailing rule concerning the exercise of options created by will is stated in 96 C. J. S., Wills, § 1104, p. 834, in these words:
“. . . The option is personal to the optionee; it cannot be exercised by a stranger or assignee or by the heirs or personal representative of the optionee, . . .”
Being personal to the optionee who is designated in the will, a testamentary option must be exercised, if at all, by the named optionee within his own lifetime—a lifetime in existence. Thus, the requirement of the rule respecting options which we have heretofore quoted from Restatement, supra, is not fulfilled, and the rule against perpetuities is not offended. This corollary is reflected in the text of the annotation in 44 A. L. R. 2d; Option Created By Will, p. 1228, where it is said:
“In the majority of the cases in which the question has arisen it has been held or recognized that the option in question which was created by will for the purchase of real estate was not void as contrary to the rule against perpetuities.”
For cases supporting this position see, among others, Ludwick’s Estate, 269 Pa. 365, 112 A. 543; Weitzmann v. Weitzmann, 87 Ind. App. 236, 161 N. E. 385; Brown v. Brown, 53 N. M. 379, 208 P. 2d 1081; Austin Presbyterian Theological Sem. v. Moorman, 391 S. W. 2d 717 (Tex.), cert. den., 382 U. S. 957, 15 L. Ed. 2d 361, 86 S. Ct. 434.
We have been unsuccessful in our search to discover cases from this jurisdiction directly in point, and none have been called to our attention by counsel on either side. However, in Campbell v. Warnberg, 133 Kan. 246, 299 Pac. 583, we believe there is tacit recognition of the principle that option granted by will to purchase real estate does not violate the rule against perpetuities.
The testamentary scheme in the Campbell case was somewhat complicated, but essentially the will provided that certain of the testator’s children, i. e., the sons, should have the right to purchase the interest of their sisters at a price fixed by the will. Some fifteen months after the father’s death, and after oil had been discovered on parts of the land, greatly increasing the value of the whole, the optionees, for the first time, and in an outstanding display of brotherly solicitude, sought to exercise the option. This court held, in that case, that since the option contained no limit of time for its exercise, the law required that it be exercised within a reasonable time; and that the optionees’ failure to exercise the option for a period of fifteen months after their father’s death, during which time oil development had taken place and land values had skyrocketed, constituted an unreasonable delay and defeated their option entirely.
In summary, we believe the commanding weight of authority to be: (1) That an option to purchase real estate created in a will is personal to the optionee, or optionees, and must be exercised by him or them in person; (2) that where no time limit is specified for the exercise of a testamentary option, it must be exercised within a reasonable time; (3) being personal in character, and exercisable only within the lifetime of the optionee or optionees, as the case may be, an option created by will does not contravene the rule against perpetuities. Accordingly, we are constrained to hold that the option provided for in paragraph seven of John F. Maguire’s will does not violate the rule against perpetuities.
Furthermore, we do not view the provisions of paragraph seven as being an unreasonable restraint on alienation. As we have said, the option granted in that paragraph is personal and exercisable, if at all, only during the lifetime of the named optionees. So construed, the option may be executed only during lives in being, which we cannot regard, in itself, as an unreasonable period of restriction upon alienation. Moreover, it has been held that an option does not suspend the power of alienation where the parties are in being and ascertainable, and can together convey the entire title. (70 C. J. S., Perpetuities, § 56, p. 657; Lantis v. Cook, 342 Mich. 347, 69 N. W. 2d 849.)
We have not overlooked the case of Henderson v. Bell, 103 Kan. 422, 173 Pac. 1124, wherein it was held that a contract granting an option to purchase certain real estate at a specified price, but unlimited as to time of exercise, was void as violating the rule against perpetuities. We would point out however, that the option in that case was created by a contract, commercial in nature, and not by the terms of a will, in the interpretation of which the intention of the testator is always of paramount concern. In such respect, at least, the facts in Henderson differ from these here, and we do not consider that decision as of controlling significance in this case.
Included in the memorandum opinion, which the trial court filed at the time of entering its judgment, is a statement that the parties had agreed that the option right of Nellie Maguire Idol Green, who died in 1945, decended to her heirs. This has caused some head scratching on our part, for ordinarily, as we have said more than once, courts are bound by stipulations of the litigants. Our conclusion that a testamentary option does not survive the optionee’s death would seem to conflict with the foregoing rule, for it is directly contrary to the agreement reached by the parties herein.
However, we believe the rule, valid though it may be where questions of fact are concerned, cannot be invoked to bind or circumscribe a court in its determination of questions of law. This principle is set out in 50 Am. Jur., Stipulations, § 5, p. 607:
“It has frequently been stated as a general rule that the decision of questions of law must rest upon the court, uninfluenced by stipulations of the parties, and it is generally held, accordingly, that stipulations as to what the law is are invalid and ineffective. . . .”
See, also, Beams v. Werth, 200 Kan. 532, 549, 438 P. 2d 957, where an analogous axiom was defined by this court.
In this case, we are asked to determine whether the option contained in paragraph seven of the Maguire will is invalid as violating the rule against perpetuities. In our view the answer largely depends on whether a testimentary option is personal or whether it survives the death of an optionee. The legal consequences attending the option are matters which this court must be free to determine, unfettered by limitation, in dealing with the ultimate issue of validity.
Although we have decided that the option created in paragraph seven of Mr. Maguire’s will does not infringe upon the rule against perpetuities, this does not finally dispose of this lawsuit. As we have said, Nellie Maguire Idol (or Green) predeceased both her mother and her brother, the two life tenants. Having departed this life before the option could first have been exercised, she of course has never been in a position to exercise it. Neither may her heirs exercise the option, although they have attempted to do so, simply because the option did not survive her death.
Thus the final question for our decision narrows down to this: Can Lillian Maguire McNutt, alone, exercise the option granted her and her sister Nellie—the latter now being deceased?
The question is not free from doubt and we have found very scant authority, indeed, which seems to be in point. In 17 Am. Jur. 2d, Contracts, § 61, p. 397, this statement appears in the text:
“It is said that the consent of all persons having an interest in an option is necessary to its exercise by any one of them. . . .”
Cited in support of that rule is Pratt v. Prouty, 104 Iowa 419, 73 N. W. 1035. Although the option in that case was not testamentary in character, and all three optionees named therein were still alive when one of their number attempted to exercise the option, the case appears analogous in principle to the one now before us.
Perhaps equally analogous are cases with respect to the exercise of powers over property, such as powers of appointment, powers of sale, and the like. The usual rule appears to be that when a power has been given to joint donees, all donees must join in its execution. (41 Am. Jur., Powers, § 29, p. 825.)
Even though there is no wealth of authority to guide us in this area, we believe the preferred rule to be that an option granted to two or more optionees must be exercised by them all, absent circumstances clearly indicating a contrary design on the part of the optionor. The record before us is entirely void of evidence from which we might infer such an intent on the part of Mr. Maguire.
Accordingly, the option in this case is no longer operative. Nellie Maguire Green’s rights under the option did not survive her death and cannot be exercised by her survivors. Furthermore, the option being joint, it may not now be executed by the surviving optionee, Lillian Maguire McNutt. This leaves Darlene with title to the land no longer subject to the option set forth in her grandfather’s will.
The judgment of the trial court is reversed with directions to enter judgment in favor of Darlene Maguire Scarbrough in accordance with views set forth in this opinion. | [
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The opinion of the court was delivered by
Fatzer, J.:
This was an action for personal injuries and property damage sustained by the plaintiff, Orby A. Curby, when his automobile was struck by a trailer owned by the defendant, Ulysses Irrigation Pipe Company, Inc. The trailer was being pulled by the defendant’s pickup truck which was driven by its employee, Alvin M. Calvin.
The parties will be referred to as they appeared in the district court.
The issues were tried to a jury which returned a special verdict in favor of the defendant. (K. S. A. 60-249 [a].) The plaintiff has appealed and assigns as error the overruling of his motions for judgment notwithstanding the verdict and for a new trial.
The crux of the appeal is whether, under the evidence, the district court erred in giving, over the plaintiff’s objection, an instruction on “unforeseeable accident.”
The determination of the question requires a brief resumé of the issues set forth in the pretrial order and the evidence. The pretrial order superseded all pleadings and controlled the subsequent course of the action. As stated therein, the issues are summarized:
On June 25, 1966, the plaintiff was driving his 1965 Ford automobile and pulling a 1966 Shasta Trailerette in the eastbound traffic lane on U. S. 50 Highway approximately four miles east of Lakin, Kansas. He was traveling between 45 and 50 miles per hour. The highway was blacktop surfaced, 30 feet six inches wide, and in good condition. The plaintiff met a 1966 Ford pickup truck owned by the defendant and operated by its employee, Calvin. The pickup was traveling approximately 50 miles per hour in the westbound traffic lane and was pulling a four-wheel trailer loaded with irrigation pipe. As the two vehicles met, the trailer suddenly made a sharp swerve and crossed over the center line of the highway and into the eastbound traffic lane where the plaintiff was proceeding. The plaintiff did his best to avoid a collision but was unable to do so. The left front of the trailer collided with the left front and side of the plaintiff’s automobile at an angle. The point of impact was two feet south of the center line in the eastbound traffic lane. The pickup truck did not collide with the plaintiff’s automobile. As a result, the plaintiff sustained property damage and personal injuries in the amounts alleged.
The plaintiff contended the collision was proximately caused by the negligence of the defendant in the following particulars: (1) In allowing the trailer to cross over into the plaintiff’s side of the highway; (2) in having a defective hitch and tongue upon the trailer; (3) in operating the pickup truck when it had a low left rear tire which was known by the defendant’s employee or should have been known by him, and (4) in failing to inspect the tires on the pickup and discover the damaged tire.
The defendant admitted the collision occurred at the time and place alleged, and that Calvin was its employee who was driving the pickup in the course of his employment. It further admitted the trailer crossed over the center line into the plaintiff’s side of the highway, but alleged it did so because of a sudden and unavoidable accident in that the left rear tire on the pickup suddenly went flat as a result of picking up a four-inch spike, causing an unavoidable swerve of the trailer. It specifically denied that it or its employee were negligent in any respect, and alleged the collision was the result of an unavoidable accident; further, that any damages sustained by the plaintiff were incurred because of his contributory negligence and want of care, since he had opportunity to observe the trailer swerving and failed to stop or steer his vehicle to avoid the collision.
Both parties offered evidence, and at the conclusion of the trial the plaintiff and the defendant each moved for a directed verdict which was overruled. The plaintiff made objection to Instruction No. 11 on unavoidable accident, and to Special Question No. 1 as to the defendant’s negligence, which were overruled.
The district court submitted a special verdict in the form of special written findings upon issues of fact to which the parties had stipulated and agreed in the pretrial order with respect to the defendant’s negligence and the plaintiff’s contributory negligence. In answer to Question No. 1, the jury found the defendant’s driver was not guilty of any act or acts of negligence in the particulars claimed by the plaintiff which was or were the proximate cause of the collision.
The plaintiff’s motions for judgment notwithstanding the verdict and for a new trial were overruled by the district court.
The plaintiff contends the district court erred in permitting the defense of unavoidable accident to be brought into the case, and in giving Instruction No. 11 over his objection. The instruction reads:
“No. 11
“The burden of proof is upon the plaintiff to prove to your satisfaction the following:
“1. That the defendant or the defendant’s driver was negligent in one or more of the particulars contended by the plaintiff, as set out in Instruction No. 2.
“2. That said negligence was the proximate cause of the collision.
“3. The damages sustained.
“The defendant admits that the trailer was on the wrong side of the road but contends that it got there without negligence upon the part of the defendant or the defendant’s driver because of a sudden unforeseeable accident in that the left rear tire of the pickup suddenly went flat as a result of picking up a four inch spike. The burden of proof is upon the defendant to prove that such sudden unforeseeable accident occurred.
“If you find that such sudden unforeseeable accident occurred, without negligence upon the part of defendant or its driver, and that after it occurred the defendant’s driver was unable in the exercise of ordinary care to avoid the collision, then you should answer Special Question No. 1 ‘No’.
“That a sudden unforeseeable accident occurred is ihe only issue upon which the defendant has the burden of proof. Upon all other issues the burden of proof remains upon the plaintiff.
“An unforeseeable accident is an occurrence which could not reasonably have been foreseen or anticipated by an ordinarily intelligent careful prudent person under like circumstances.”
In Kreh v. Trinkle, 185 Kan. 329, 343 P. 2d 213, this court broadly disapproved “pure accident,” “unavoidable or inevitable accident,” or equivalent accident instructions in negligent cases involving motor vehicles. The rationale of the court’s disapproval was based upon the fact that in a negligence action the plaintiff must prove the injury complained of was proximately caused by the defendant’s negligence, and the defendant under a general denial may show any circumstance which mitigates against his negligence or its causal effect. The court declared that since such an instruction merely restates a feature of the law of negligence which in substance is necessarily covered by proper instructions on negligence, burden of proof, and proximate cause, it is not needed, serves no useful purpose, operates to overemphasize the defendant’s case, and tends to mislead and confuse the jury.
Running through our decisions is the rule that the foundation for an unavoidable accident or equivalent accident instruction exists only when the court can say there is no evidence of a negligent act or omission of one or both of the parties to the action. In other words, if there is any evidence of negligence of either party, such an instruction has no application to the case. (Knox v. Barnard, 181 Kan. 943, 317 P. 2d 452; Schmid v. Eslick, 181 Kan. 997, 317 P. 2d 459; Ripley v. Harper, 181 Kan. 32, 309 P. 2d 412; Carlburg v. Wesley Hospital & Nurse Training School, 182 Kan. 634, 323 P. 2d 638; Employers' Mutual Casualty Co. v. Martin, 189 Kan. 498, 370 P. 2d 110; Kreh v. Trinkle, supra; Cagle Limestone Co. v. Kansas Power & Light Co., 190 Kan. 544, 376 P. 2d 809; Paph v. Tri-State Hotel Co., 188 Kan. 76, 360 P. 2d 1055; PIK 8. 82.) In Employers’ Mutual Casualty Co. v. Martin, supra, it was said:
“. . . Furthermore, when an accident is caused by negligence there is no room for application of the doctrine of unavoidable accident even though, because of the circumstances, the accident may have been ‘inevitable’ or unavoidable” at the time of its occurrence, and one is not entitled to the protection of the doctrine if his negligence has created, brought about or failed to remedy a dangerous condition resulting in a situation where the accident is thus inevitable or unavoidable at the time of its occurrence.” (l. c. 500.) (Emphasis supplied.)
See, also, Gardner v. Welk, 193 Kan. 445, 447, 393 P. 2d 1019, and Herrington v. Pechin, 198 Kan. 431, 434, 424 P. 2d 624.
The plaintiff’s request that we determine the propriety of Instruction No. 11 is in violation of our rule relating to appellate review. It is incumbent upon the party appealing to bring up a complete record of all matters upon which appellate review is sought. Unless an instruction to which an objection is made is a clear and prejudicial misstatement of the law, it can be reviewed only when other instructions which may or may not modify its intent and effect are made a part of the record, in order that all instructions given may be examined together. (Beye v. Andres, 179 Kan. 502, 296 P. 2d 1049; Robles v. Central Surety & Insurance Corporation, 188 Kan. 506, 363 P. 2d 427; State v. Lemon, 203 Kan. 464, 466, 454 P. 2d 718.) The plaintiff failed to include in the record all the instructions given by the district court, but we are told in his brief the court properly instructed the jury on all phases of the law of negligence appropriate to the issues set forth in the pretrial order and to the facts and circumstances established by the evidence of the parties.
The term “unavoidable accident” excludes and repels the idea of negligence of either party, and implies that the injury could not have been prevented by their exercise of ordinary care and prudence. Hence, and as indicated, if there is any evidence in the record of negligence of either party, an unavoidable or equivalent accident instruction has no application to the case. In this connection, the fact that the instruction used the term “unforeseeable accident” does not except it from our holding in Kreh v. Trinkle, supra. The term bears the same connotation as the term “unavoidable accident” as has been used in instructions in negligence cases involving motor vehicles, and will be considered in that context in our disposition of this appeal.
The district court overruled both parties’ motions for directed verdicts, and permitted the issues to be resolved by the jury on the 'basis of the plaintiff’s claim of negligence against the defendant, and its claim of contributory negligence on the part of the plaintiff. It appears the district court was of the opinion a prima facie case had been established by the plaintiff’s evidence and that he had carried his burden of proof on the issue of the defendant’s negligence. If the cause of the injury was unknown, or if the evidence" showed no negligence on the part of the defendant, it would have been entitled to a directed verdict.
In the case before us there is strong evidence the defendant driver failed to use proper care in inspecting and maintaining the defendant’s equipment. He had stopped for gasoline approximately four miles east of the point of impact and failed to inspect his tires. The left rear tubeless tire had a four-inch nail in the outer portion which did not penetrate the casing but caused a slow leak where the nail entered the tire. Recause of the wearing effect of the tire around the site of the nail, the evidence was it had been in the tire for some time—it had been picked up quite awhile before the collision, but not within 500 feet from the point of impact. As a result of the slow leak, the tire became low which caused the trailer to whip, and as a result of the whipping, one side of the A-frame hitch which fastened the trailer to the pickup broke, and a portion of the broken hitch dropped down and made gouge marks in the blacktop pavement at intervals for at least 500 feet east of the point of impact. The defendant’s driver felt the pickup weave once or twice before the collision and its sudden movement to the left when the trailer went onto the plaintiff’s side of the highway. He did not hear the hissing sound of escaping air prior to the collision, but simultaneously with the impact he heard a hissing of air. After the collision the left rear tire was flat but the other three tires on the pickup were properly inflated. The only way the low tire could have suddenly gone flat was a sudden pull or push sideways on the rear of the pickup which would cause the bead or rim of the tire to break from the edge of the wheel, which “would let the air out all at once.” The cords on the inside of the tire were not out of place and if the tire had been run flat it would have had a “rim cut on it.”
Was Instruction No. 11 a clear misstatement of the law? Considering the evidence of both parties as disclosed in the record, we conclude it was. We are of the opinion the evidence disclosed negligence on the part of the defendant and, under the rule heretofore stated, it was not entitled to an instruction on “unavoidable accident.” The negligence of its driver had created, brought about, or failed to remedy a dangerous condition resulting in a situation where the collision was made inevitable or unavoidable at the time of its occurrence, but that does not entitle the defendant to the protection of the doctrine of unavoidability. (Employers' Mutual Casualty Co. v. Martin, supra.)
Was the instruction prejudicial? The determination whether the probable effect of the instruction has been to mislead the jury and whether the error has been prejudicial so as to require reversal depends upon all the circumstances of the case, including a consideration of all the evidence. No precise formula can be drawn. (Kreh v. Tringle, supra.) With the possible exception of conflicting testimony with respect to the escaping of air from the tire when the collision occurred, there is no affirmative evidence that the collision resulted from any cause other than the negligence of the defendant. The special verdict of the jury in favor of the defendant, notwithstanding this state of the record, is in itself an indication that the jury was misled to the plaintiff’s prejudice. Moreover, the giving of the instruction obviously overemphasized the defendant’s case, and the instruction suggested to the jury that it should consider unavoidability as an issue or ground of defense separate and apart from the question of negligence and proximate causation. An attempt by the jury to carry out the direction of the instruction could be expected to result in confusing and misleading its members. In this connection, we keep in mind the tendency which such an instruction would have to induce the jury to believe that the sudden movement of the trailer onto the plantifFs side of the highway was an unavoidable occurrence; that it caused the collision, and that, accordingly, no one should be held liable. In addition, the jury may have been led to disregard the permissible inferences of the plaintiff’s evidence that the defendant’s driver was negligent in not properly maintaining and inspecting the tires and equipment and that he failed to exercise ordinary care and prudence in view of all the facts. Under the circumstances, the record indicates that the error of the district court in giving Instruction No. 11 was prejudicial.
The judgment of the district court is reversed with directions to sustain the plaintiff’s motion for a new trial, and to proceed in accordance with the views expressed in this opinion. | [
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The opinion of the court was delivered by
Fromme, J.:
Linvil “Red” O’Neal was convicted of second degree murder for shooting Jack Maples with a shotgun on October 23, 1967. The defendant waived a jury and was tried before the court. This is a direct appeal.
The defendant presents two specifications of error. The first relates to the admission of evidence. The second concerns the sufficiency of the evidence. A summary of the trial evidence follows.
The defendant and three other persons had been staying at a farm house located in Johnson county. The men had been cutting firewood to sell in surrounding cities. The three other persons were Jack Maples, Basil Woods and Lura Meginn.
Basil Woods testified that there had been hard feelings between the defendant and Jack Maples. Both wanted to boss the operation. They had previously fought and on that occasion the defendant had left the farm house. He returned the following morning. On the evening Jack Maples was killed the men had completed the day’s work and were in the house. Maples began peeling potatoes in the kitchen. He told the defendant to fry them as soon as they were peeled. Woods further testified he went outdoors and shortly thereafter heard a shot. The defendant appeared on the front porch and advised Woods that Maples had said something he didn’t like and he had picked up the gun and shot the “son of a bitch”. Woods then called the sheriff.
Lura Meginn testified she saw the defendant go into the kitchen just before the shot was fired. She went into the kitchen and found Maples lying on the floor beside the table. The defendant stated, ‘When anybody does anything against me, they have to answer for it.”
When officers Hayes and Guerian arrived they found Maples dead. He was lying on the floor face down with both hands under his stomach. The shotgun was found lying across the arms of a chair in the living room. The defendant was highly emotional and continued to make voluntary statements after being advised of his constitutional rights. One of the defendant’s statements was, “There’s the gun, you can have it, there’s the gun I shot the dirty son of a bitch with.” The defendant was arrested.
Sheriff Allenbrand testified he examined the body immediately after pictures were taken at the scene of the crime. He rolled the body of Jack Maples over and observed a partially peeled potato grasped in his left hand. A paring knife was on the floor beside the body. A paper grocery sack containing peelings was on the floor beside the chair. A drain pan was on the table and contained peeled potatoes.
Dr. Bridgens performed the autopsy. He testified Jack Maples died from a gunshot wound in his chest. The wound started at the right nipple and extended to the left in a downward course. It terminated at the lower left portion of the rib cage, at which point there were numerous small exit wounds.
Shotgun pellets had lodged in the wall below the kitchen table, eleven to twenty inches from the floor. The top of the table was twenty-nine inches from the floor. The chair was located immediately to the left of the table.
The defendant gave his version of the shooting at the trial. It was quite different. He said he and Jack Maples were sitting in the kitchen. Maples kept staring at him. The defendant started to leave the room and when he got up Maples had the shotgun. He asked Maples what he was going to do with the gun. Maples jumped up with the gun in his hands and threatened him with it. The defendant grabbed the gun. They wrestled over it. The gun discharged and Maples fell to the floor.
We will first consider the question of the sufficiency of the evidence.
The defendant points out that under our statute to constitute murder in the second degree the homicide must be committed purposely and maliciously, but without deliberation and premeditation. (K. S. A. 21-402.) He says in such case the act resulting in death must have been committed with the intention of doing some great bodily harm. There must be an intention or consciousness that the act done might reasonably cause death. (Citing State v. Jensen, 197 Kan. 427, 417 P. 2d 273.) He states that his testimony was the only direct evidence of what happened, i. e., Jack Maples precipitated the struggle over the gun and the defendant’s actions were without an intent or consciousness of doing great bodily harm to Maples. Therefore he says the evidence was insufficient to support a conviction.
The physical facts surrounding the homicide as previously set forth in this opinion, cast considerable doubt upon the defendant’s story. It was for the trier of the facts to determine how Jack Maples met his death. Obviously the trier of facts was not required to accept defendant’s version if there was sufficient substantial evidence to support the prosecution’s theory. (See State v. Scoggins, 199 Kan. 108, 111, 427 P. 2d 603, and cases cited therein.)
There was evidence from which the court might reasonably find the defendant obtained the shotgun from above the door where it was kept and intentionally shot Jack Maples because of their pre vious quarrel. Maples was found by the officers face down on the floor. A paring knife was beside him and a potato was found tightly grasped in his left hand. The physical facts in evidence cast serious doubt upon defendant’s unsupported testimony at the trial. His voluntary statements to those present when Maples was shot were damaging to his theory of the case.
The function of this court, when considering the sufficiency of circumstantial evidence to sustain a criminal conviction, is limited to ascertaining whether there was a basis in the evidence for a reasonable inference of guilt. (State v. Patterson, 200 Kan. 176, 434 P. 2d 808.)
We have reviewed the record and find a sound basis in the evidence for a reasonable inference that the defendant shot Jack Maples purposely and maliciously.
We turn to the remaining specification of error.
The prosecution strenuously urged the admission into evidence of a prior conviction for felonious assault which occurred in Missouri. The authenticated journal entry related to one Linville O’Neal. Several fingerprint cards were introduced in evidence to identify Linville O’Neal as being the same person as Linvil “Red” O’Neal. One of the prints was obtained from Linville O’Neal in Missouri when he was committed on the assault charge. A second print had been obtained from the defendant by the Johnson County Sheriff’s office in 1954 in connection with a “DWI” charge. The third set of fingerprints was obtained when defendant was committed on the present murder charge. A fingerprint expert testified he had examined all of these sets of fingerprints and in his opinion they had been taken from Linvil “Red” O’Neal.
The defendant objected to the use of these fingerprint cards based upon what was said in State v. Taylor, 198 Kan. 290, 424 P. 2d 612, concerning F. B. I. “rap sheets” used in that case to prove prior convictions under the Habitual Criminal Act (K. S. A. 21-107a).
The trial court in the present case admitted the fingerprint cards for identification purposes only. Matters thereon “not relevant to the comparison made by special agent Buchanan” were excluded from consideration. These fingerprint cards were not “rap sheets” as mentioned in Taylor. They were not admitted to prove prior convictions. Assuming for the purpose of this inquiry that the authenticated journal entry from Missouri was admissible, these fingerprint cards were properly used for identification purposes. We find no error in the use made of the fingerprint cards.
Objection was made to the Missouri conviction because of remoteness. The conviction was in 1939. In ruling upon the objection the trial court said:
“. . . Mr. Boyle [counsel for defendant], what you have said has a lot of merit, what you have said about relevancy, having been some 29 years ago, I think however, this goes to the weight the court will give the exhibit. . . .”
The court’s ruling was proper when a prior conviction is otherwise admissible under the statute. (K. S. A. 60-455.) We have held there is no hard and fast rule by which it can be determined when evidence of prior crime, if otherwise admissible, becomes irrelevant because of intervening time. The matter must be left largely to the discretion of the trial court. (State v. Yates, 202 Kan. 406, Syl. ¶ 5, 449 P. 2d 575.) Remoteness in time of a prior conviction, if otherwise admissible, affects generally the weight and probative value and not the admissibility of the evidence. (State v. Fannan, 167 Kan. 723, 207 P. 2d 1176; State v. Poulos, 196 Kan. 287, 411 P. 2d 689.) In Fannan a 17 year old conviction was held properly admitted in a trial before a jury.
In our case the trial was before the judge. When there is no jury to be misled by the evidence there is a strong presumption on appeal that the trained mind of the trial judge was not led astray by such evidence and that proper limitations on weight and probative force were applied. (See Nauman v. Kenosha Auto Transport Co., 186 Kan. 305, Syl. ¶ 4, 349 P. 2d 931.)
Accordingly we hold remoteness of the prior conviction in Missouri did not render it inadmissible under the specific facts of this case and in light of all the evidence at the time it was introduced.
However, this does not mean a prior conviction is never too remote to require exclusion. In State v. Owen, 162 Kan. 255, 176 P. 2d 564, it was held a twenty-eight year old conviction had no probative value under the facts of that case and its admission constituted an abuse of discretion requiring a new trial.
A more serious objection to admission of this prior conviction is urged by the defendant. A prior conviction cannot be used as proof a defendant committed a later crime with which he is charged. This rule and the exception thereto are set forth in K. S. A. 60-455. Under the exception in this statute evidence that a person committed a crime on a specified .occasion may be admissible when it is relevant to prove certain material facts bearing upon proof of certain elements of the crime, such as motive, opportunity, intent, preparation, plan, knowledge, identity or absence of mistake or accident. It should be noted the statute says such evidence may be admissible when relevant to prove certain material facts. (See State v. Omo, 199 Kan. 167, 428 P. 2d 768 and State v. Roth, 200 Kan. 677, 682, 438 P. 2d 58.)
The determination of relevancy is a matter left to the judicial discretion of the trial judge. However, exercise of that discretion must not be abused. It must be based upon some knowledge of the facts, circumstances or nature of the prior offense.
The prosecution in the present case urged the prior conviction to prove intent to commit the present crime and to show the shooting did not occur through mistake or by accident. The prior conviction was for felonious assault. The authenticated copies of the conviction do not show the facts, circumstances or nature of that assault or the means by which it was accomplished. From the record before us we cannot say a weapon was used in the prior assault. There may or may not have been similarities in the facts of that case which would be relevant to prove intent or absence of mistake in the present case. (See State v. Taylor, supra; State v. Motley, 199 Kan. 335, 430 P. 2d 264; State v. Owen, supra; State v. Mader, 196 Kan. 469, 412 P. 2d 1001; State v. Frizzel, 132 Kan. 261, 295 Pac. 658.) On the basis of the record before us we conclude the prior conviction for felonious assault should not have been admitted in evidence in the present case.
However, the erroneous admission of evidence during a trial does not in every case require a reversal of a conviction.
K. S. A. 60-261 provides:
“No error in either the admission or the exclusion of evidence and no error or defect in any ruling or order or in anything done or omitted by the court or by any of the parties is ground for granting a new trial or for setting aside a verdict or for vacating, modifying or otherwise disturbing a judgment or order, unless refusal to take such action appears to the court inconsistent with substantial justice. The court at every stage of the proceeding must disregard any error or defect in the proceeding which does not affect the substantial rights of the parties.”
On appeal, this court is directed to give judgment without regard to technical errors or defects which do not affect the substantial rights of the parties. (K. S. A. 62-1718).
In urging error because of the admission of this prior conviction the defendant presents no federal constitutional question. However, the Kansas harmless error rule may be applied to federal constitutional errors when it appears the error had little, if any, likelihood of having changed the result of the trial and when the court is able to declare such a belief beyond a reasonable doubt. (State v. Fleury, 203 Kan. 888, 457 P. 2d 44.) In Fleury we cited strong federal authority supporting our harmless error rule. (See Chapman v. California, 386 U. S. 18, 17 L. Ed. 2d 705, 87 S. Ct. 824 and other federal cases cited therein.)
What are some of the circumstances and factors in the present case bearing upon the effect this prior conviction may have had upon the result of the trial? The trial was before the district judge who indicated in the record that this twenty-nine year old conviction was entitled to no more than limited weight and probative force. There was no jury to be led astray by considering this evidence. The trial judge limited its force to the single question of intent and lack of mistake on the part of the defendant. The physical facts in evidence had nullified defendants version of the shooting for all intents and purposes. Evidence bearing upon the question of intent and lack of mistake was strong and convincing without resort to the prior conviction. Evidence of this prior conviction was superfluous and is a prime example of “over-trying” the case by the prosecution.
Under the circumstances of this case the erroneous admission of the prior conviction could have had little, if any, likelihood of changing the result of the trial. Its admission in this case was harmless error beyond a reasonable doubt.
The judgment is affirmed. | [
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The opinion of the court was delivered by
Kaul, J.:
This is an appeal from an order denying relief on petitioners motion filed pursuant to K. S. A. 60-1507. Petitioner’s motion attacks a sentence for a term of not exceeding three years imposed after a plea of guilty to the offense of escaping from the Kansas State Penitentiary. (K. S. A. 21-734.)
Counsel was appointed and petitioner was afforded an evidentiary hearing.
After hearing the evidence, the trial court entered findings and conclusions adverse to petitioner.
Petitioner then perfected this appeal specifying two points, neither of which has merit.
Petitioner claims the trial court erroneously found his plea of guilty to be a voluntary act and further erred in finding the evidence failed to establish the infringement of petitioner’s constitutional rights. There is ample evidence to support the trial court’s findings with respect to both claims of petitioner.
Because of the brevity of the abstract, filed by petitioner and the failure of the state to file a counter-abstract, we have secured the court reporter’s complete transcript of the 60-1507 proceedings.
Petitioner testified “I knew I was guilty;” further that he entered his plea because he knew he was guilty; had no hope of defeating the charge by a jury trial; and he wanted to escape sentencing under the Habitual Criminal Act.
The record discloses petitioner escaped from the penitentiary on January 15, 1965, and was returned on May 7, 1965. On his return petitioner was confined in the segregation and isolation building where he remained until September 19, 1966. Petitioner entered his plea and was sentenced on November 2,1965.
Following his return to the penitentiary on May 7, 1965, and the filing of the escape charge, counsel was appointed for petitioner. Petitioner s testimony and correspondence with his attorney, which was introduced by petitioner at his 60-1507 hearing, indicate that, following his appointment, petitioner’s attorney commenced negotiations with the county attorney. Apparently, the county attorney agreed to reduce the charge from breaking prison (K. S. A. 21-732 and 733) to escaping without breaking (21-734) and, further, not to invoke the Habitual Criminal Act to which petitioner admits he was subject. It appears petitioner decided to enter his plea because he was satisfied with these arrangements; and he should have been pleased because the sentence imposed was the absolute minimum under the circumstances.
There is nothing in the record which indicates a violation of the guidelines governing plea discussions set forth in State v. Byrd, 203 Kan. 45, 453 P. 2d 22.
Petitioner was confined in isolation and segregation for some six months prior to entering his plea of guilty. His statements to the court at allocution, notwithstanding, petitioner now claims confinement amounted to coercion in violation of his constitutional rights. However, his own testimony indicates his plea was prompted by other considerations.
Concerning confinement in isolation and segregation what is said in Davis v. State, 204 Kan. 372, 461 P. 2d 812; Knight v. State, 203 Kan. 652, 455 P. 2d 578, and State v. Jenkins, 197 Kan. 651, 421 P. 2d 33, is applicable.
We find no reason on any of the grounds urged to disturb the trial court’s judgment and it is affirmed. | [
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The opinion of the court was delivered by
Kaul, J.:
This is an appeal by respondent and its insurance carrier, hereafter referred to as respondents, from an award of permanent partial disability in a workmen’s compensation case.
The examiner’s award of compensation for seventy-five percent permanent partial disability was affirmed by the director. The trial court approved and adopted the findings, decision and award. This appeal followed.
The principal issues concern the test applied in determining claimant’s permanent partial disability and whether the award was supported by any substantial competent evidence.
Claimant’s employment in respondent’s packing house consisted of wrapping, packaging and handling meat products. She handled trays of wieners weighing up to twenty-four pounds and boxes of bacon ranging in weight from six to twelve pounds. She was injured in the course of her employment on March 17, 1966.
Following her injury, claimant underwent a course of conservative treatment under the care of Dr. John B. Jarrott, an orthopedic surgeon, until June 8, 1966, when she was operated for a denucleation of a herniated intervertebral disc. Claimant remained under Dr. Jarrott’s care until June 28, 1967, when she was released with what Dr. Jarrott described as a fifteen percent loss of function.
A claim for compensation was filed and the matter first came before Examiner Greenleaf on September 14, 1966, when, on motion of claimant, an order was entered awarding temporary total disability for a period of nine weeks at the rate of $42 per week.
At a hearing before Examiner Greenleaf on October 7, 1966, the parties stipulated that claimant was still totally disabled. Claimant was found to be entitled to seventeen weeks and three days temporary total disability at the rate of $42 per week, in addition to the nine weeks ordered paid on September 14, 1966. Respondents were ordered to pay temporary total disability at the rate of $42 per week until further order, but not to exceed a total of 415 weeks.
On July 17, 1967, respondents made application for review and requested that temporary total disability payments be terminated as of June 28, 1967, the date claimant was released by Dr. Jarrott.
Further evidence was submitted and, on August 27, 1968, Examiner Mauch, who replaced Examiner Greenleaf, made the award from which this appeal stems.
Examiner Mauch reviewed all of the evidence, which had been submitted during the proceedings, and found claimant’s average weekly wage was $84.80; that she was entitled to sixty-six weeks of temporary total disability at the rate of $42 per week, followed by a seventy-five percent permanent partial general disability at the rate of $38.16 per week for 349 weeks. After computing sums due and paid, or payable, Examiner Mauch awarded the balance of compensation to be paid at the rate of $38.16 per week for 289 weeks or until further order of the director.
At the request of respondents, the director reviewed the award of Examiner Mauch and ordered it affirmed. In his order on review the director noted:
“. . . The primary issue on review was the nature and extent of claimant’s disability. Dr. John B. Jarrott testified that the claimant had a 15% functional disability and the examiner found that this amounted to a 75% permanent partial work disability. An examination of the record leads the director to conclude that there is ample evidence therein to sustain the examiner’s finding that the claimant is suffering a 75% permanent partial work disability of the body as a whole and that this is the amount of disability he [she] should be compensated for even though his [her] functional disability is somewhat less. See Puckett v. Minter Drilling Company, 196 Kan. 198; Gray v. Beller, 199 Kan. 284, and Mooney v. Harrison, 199 Kan. 162.”
On appeal, pursuant to K. S. A. 44-556 (now K. S. A. 1968 Supp. 44-556), the district court adopted the findings and award of the examiner, as affirmed by the director, and entered judgment accordingly.
Thereafter respondents perfected this appeal. Their principal attack on the award is directed at the allowance of seventy-five percent permanent partial disability. A two-pronged argument is presented. First, respondents contend an incorrect standard was used in determining the rate of permanent partial disability and, second, the rate awarded is not supported by any substantial competent evidence.
Although not in the order presented by respondents, we believe it more logical to first consider the propriety of the test applied by the trial court and then turn to the question of sufficiency of evidence.
As we have already pointed out, the director in his order on review recognized the difference between a functional or anatomical disability and a work disability.
In this summary of the evidence, Examiner Mauch stated:
“In the judgment of the Examiner, the impairment of function rating of 15% does not accurately reflect the claimant’s work disability. Work disability is determined by measuring the claimant’s ability to obtain and retain work like or a similar kind held at the time of her accident. From the employment history of the claimant, she is employed in a laboring capacity at the Winchester Packing Company as well as prior employment. Her educational background and lack of training is not conducive to work except that obtainable in a laboring capacity or classification.”
We believe the test applied by the examiner and director, and adopted by the trial court, conforms with the test prescribed by this court for determining loss of earning capacity in Puckett v. Minter Drilling Co., 196 Kan. 196, 410 P. 2d 414, where we held:
“The correct standard for determining the loss in earning capacity of an injured workman is the extent to which his ability has been impaired to procure in the open labor market, and to perform and retain, work of the same type and character he was able to perform before he was injured.” (Syl. ¶ 2.)
Our holding in Puckett was adhered to and restated in Mooney v. Harrison, 199 Kan. 162, 427 P. 2d 457, and Gray v. Beller, 199 Kan. 284, 428 P. 2d 833.
While respondents admit that loss of function, as found by a doctor, and a partial disability, as found by an examiner, can differ, they assert there still must be some correlation between the two.
Respondents contend that the Puckett and Mooney rule was construed too narrowly in its application here. It is argued that Dr. Jarrott’s testimony means that claimant should be able to resume regular work within the limitations of a fifteen percent loss of function and that the examiner put too much emphasis on whether claimant could go back to her same job with respondent Packing Company, when he should have entered the award on her ability to procure work of a similar character in the open labor market.
What appears to be inconsistency between a doctor’s theory for rating permanent partial disability and the correct standard prescribed by this court was dealt with in both the Puckett and Mooney decisions.
In Puckett we found claimant’s medical witness had clearly deviated from the correct standard of evaluating disability for compensation purposes but his testimony concerning the extent of claimant’s injuries was acceptable, together with other evidence of work disability, in determining permanent partial disability.
In discussing this subject in Mooney v. Harrison, supra, we said:
“Appellants contend the entire testimony of Dr. Filley should be discredited and thus disregarded because he demonstrated a complete lack of understanding as to disability ratings under Kansas Workmen's Compensation Law.
“We cannot agree with appellants’ suggestion. Although they may have established that the doctor was not the best workmen’s compensation attorney, it was no reflection on the doctor’s medical testimony as to the nature and extent of appellee’s injuries.
“Regardless of the doctor’s theory for rating permanent partial disability under the Workmen’s Compensation Act, the trial court did not accept his percentage rating. The court was justified in using the doctor’s medical testimony as to the nature and extent of appellee’s injuries in arriving at his own permanent partial disability rating.” (p. 164.)
The import of Puckett, as gleaned from the opinion and the futher discussions of the subject in Mooney and Gray, is that it is the function of the trial court to consider the medical testimony concerning loss of function, plus other testimony relating to the extent there has been an impairment of the injured workman’s ability to procure in the open labor market, and to perform and retain, work of the same type and character he was capable of performing before his injury. Taking all of the relative evidence into consideration, it is then the trial court’s function to. determine aá a matter of fact the percentage by which claimant’s ability has been impaired.
In the instant case, we do not believe Dr. Jarrott’s testimony expresses a theory deviating from the correct standard. We think a fair analysis of Dr. Jarrott’s testimony is that in finding a general loss of function of fifteen percent, based on disc surgery, he was not attempting to evaluate a work disability for compensation purposes but was establishing a medical or anatomical loss of function amounting to only one facet of claimant’s employability, leaving the ultimate question to be determined by the trier of facts.
We believe the record clearly reflects the proper test for determining disability was applied in the proceedings below.
The evidence covering the disability rating consisted of the testimony of Dr. Jarrott, William Burger, an employment counselor for the Employment Security Division of the State Labor Department, and that portion of claimant’s testimony bearing on the subject.
Bearing in mind that the evidence is not to be weighed by this court and must be considered in the light most favorable to the prevailing party below (Mooney v. Harrison, supra), we briefly summarize the evidence.
Claimant testified she was thirty-one years of age, had an eighth grade education, had no special skills or training, had been employed during her entire adult life in manual labor jobs, requiring lifting, walking, bending and stooping; that since her release respondent Packing Company had refused to re-employ her and she has been unable to find other employment because of her disability.
In addition to finding a fifteen percent general loss of function, Dr. Jarrott testified that recent x-rays showed claimant had suffered some degeneration in the disc space since surgery; that the lumbo-sacral facets did not match; that she would probably have trouble if she attempted to lift or stand for long periods of time or do anything using her hands over her head; and if she were employed standing and lifting over twenty-five pounds she could anticipate further trouble.
Burger testified claimant had been to a great extent eliminated from the manual labor market and her problem is further intensified by her lack of education and training.
Although we have limited our presentation of the evidence disclosed in the record, we think the testimony presented amply demonstrates that there was substantial competent evidence to support the trial court’s award.
Two other minor points raised by respondents should be mentioned.
It is contended that at the hearing on September 14, 1966, counsel stipulated, and Examiner Greenleaf found, claimant’s average weekly wage to be $81.60, and such finding was neither changed nor appealed from in proper time. Therefore, it is argued the trial court erred in finding the average weekly wage to be $84.80. Respondents cited our holding in Scammahorn v. Gibraltar Savings & Loan Assn., 197 Kan. 410, 416 P. 2d 771, that issues are resolved and the record finalized before the examiner, and issues of fact cannot be raised for the first time on appeal to the district court.
The principle announced in our holding in Scammahorn is correctly stated by respondents but it is not applicable here.
The order of September 14, 1966, was based on proceedings had the preceding day, wherein claimant’s counsel, in answering a question put by the examiner, stated the claimant’s average weekly wage to be $81.60. However, there was no stipulation or finding to that effect. The examiner stated it was only necessary at the time to know that the amount was sufficient to entitle claimant to the maximum temporary total. Counsel for both parties agreed to the examiner’s statement.
In the award made by Examiner Mauch on August 27, 1968, the first finding of claimant’s average weekly wage was made and determined to be $84.80, on claimant’s testimony; that she was working a forty hour week at $2.12 an hour. This is the award approved by the director, adopted by the trial court, and appealed from.
Respondents complain the award of sixty-six compensable weeks of temporary total disability is excessive by 1.57 weeks. Respondents apparently base their calculations on the interim orders on temporary total disability made by Examiner Greenleaf. An examination of the 1966 and 1967 calendars discloses an interim of sixty-seven weeks between March 17, 1966, the date of injury, and June 28, 1967, the date of claimant’s release from temporary total disability. It appears Examiner Mauch, in finalizing the award on August 27, 1968, subtracted the statutory one week waiting period from the sixty-seven calendar weeks and awarded sixty-six weeks of temporary total. We find no material error in the examiner’s calculation.
We find no error in the proceedings below, therefore, the judgment is affirmed. | [
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"The opinion of the court was delivered by\nPrice, C. J.:\nThis case grows out of a tax foreclosure (...TRUNCATED) | [-0.003936767578125,0.041748046875,-0.00921630859375,0.06103515625,-0.0517578125,0.0177001953125,-0.(...TRUNCATED) |
"The opinion of the court was delivered by\nSchroeder, J.:\nThis is a proceeding instituted pursuant(...TRUNCATED) | [-0.033203125,-0.020751953125,0.002166748046875,0.06201171875,-0.0654296875,-0.02880859375,-0.069824(...TRUNCATED) |
"The opinion of the court was delivered by\nFontron, J.:\nThe defendant was charged with second degr(...TRUNCATED) | [0.015869140625,0.0252685546875,0.018310546875,0.03759765625,-0.06787109375,-0.0341796875,-0.0390625(...TRUNCATED) |
"The opinion of the court was delivered by\nSchroeder, J.:\nThis is an action by the plaintiff to re(...TRUNCATED) | [0.0157470703125,0.0023651123046875,-0.006805419921875,0.07958984375,-0.034912109375,-0.008972167968(...TRUNCATED) |
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