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MR. JUSTICE SANNER
delivered the opinion of the court.
Action by T. N. Howell to recover from Wallace Bent, Bert Bent, Michael Wrote, Tony Garcia, George Crosby, John Sad-ring, Charles Ingram, C. M. Young, W. R. Bainbridge, James Pauley, Tillman C. Graham, A. W. Adams and Curtis Beeler, as defendants, for injury to and loss of crops on account of the alleged wrongful diversion of the waters of Sage creek. Sage creek is a small stream which rises in Montana and flows into Wyoming, and upon it or its tributaries all the parties reside or have lands which require artificial irrigation for the successful raising of crops. The appellant possesses a right to 110 miner’s inches of the waters of Sage creek for the irrigation of his lands, which lie in the state of Wyoming some miles below the lands of respondents, and this right is prior and superior to any that may be asserted by the respondents or any of them. For the purpose of utilizing his right the appellant has, since August 1, 1890, maintained a dam across said creek about a mile above his place, and also a' ditch, tapping the creek at that point, of sufficient size and character to divert and conduct the water to his land. It is alleged that in the year 1908 the appellant tilled, and cultivated 160 acres of his land in a good, husbandlike manner, constructed laterals from his main ditch so as to distribute the water over the land, planted and seeded a large portion of the land to alfalfa and wheat, and in all respects properly cared for the same. The burden of the complaint is set forth in paragraph 8 as follows: “(8) That said defendants, and each of them, in the years 1908, 1909 and 1910, had ditches tapping said Sage creek and its tributaries above the intake of plaintiff’s said ditch; that when it became necessary to irrigate said crops of wheat and alfalfa in the year 1908, said defendants and each of them tapped said Sage creek and diverted therefrom all of the waters of said Sage creek and its tributaries, and thereby deprived plaintiff' of the use of any of the waters of said Sage creek and its tributaries for the irrigation of said crops, which deprivation and wrongful use of said water by said defendants continued throughout the entire irrigating season of that year; that plaintiff notified said defendants and each of them of his right to the said waters of Sage creek and its tributaries, and that they and each of them were diverting the same from plaintiff to his damage, and demanded that they allow said water to flow down said Sage creek in sufficient quantity to allow him to divert therefrom 110 miner’s inches thereof, to which he was entitled; that notwithstanding such notice and demand from plaintiff, said defendants and each of them, from the commencement of the irrigation season and throughout the whole season, wrongfully and unlawfully diverted all of the waters of said Sage creek and its tributaries, and thereby deprived plaintiff of the use of any of said waters in that year; that by reason of said wrongful acts of said defendants, the plaintiff’s aforesaid crops of wheat and alfalfa were entirely ruined and destroyed, and said alfalfa killed, and plaintiff suffered the entire loss of said crops by reason thereof and for no other reason.”
To the complaint four separate answers were filed: one by Wallace Bent and Bert Bent, one by Beeler and Adams, one by Young, Ingram and Sadring, and one by Bainbridge. These answers differ slightly in detail, but the general effect of each of them is to raise an issue upon the material allegations of the complaint.
The trial was to the district court sitting with a jury, and after dismissal by appellant as to Tillman C. Graham, the verdict was for the respondents. Judgment on' the verdict was entered, and appellant in due time presented his motion for new trial, which was denied. The cause is before us upon appeal from the judgment, and from the order denying the motion for new trial.
The brief, of appellant assigns sixteen alleged errors. One of these relates to the pleadings, four to the instructions, and the remainder to rulings upon the evidence. No good purpose could be served by discussing these assignments in detail, because, for reasons presently to appear, the judgment must be affirmed in any event. Suffice it to say that we see no error in any of these rulings, except the admission of testimony to the effect that the waters of Sage creek sank and were lost between the ranches of respondents and that of appellant. We think this subject was not open to inquiry as between the parties to this action. The complaint alleges, and the respondents have admitted, that on May 28,. 1908, in the circuit court of the United States, ninth circuit, district of Montana, in an action involving the right to the use of the waters of Sage creek, wherein one W. A. Morris was plaintiff, the appellant herein was intervener, and the respondents or their predecessors in interest were defendants, such proceedings were had that the judgment and decree of that court was duly entered establishing the right of appellant to 110 miner’s inches of the waters in said Sage creek and its tributaries as of August 1, 1890, and prior both in time and right to the rights of any of defendants. In and by this decree the. defendants were enjoined from in any manner interfering with the rights of the present appellant, but were commanded to allow a sufficient amount of water to flow down to satisfy his claim whenever needed by him: While it is true the pleadings in that action are not before us, the decree itself—as admitted by the respondents—is of such a character that we must presume, in the absence of anything to the contrary, that the court had properly before it, not merely the relative rights of the parties in order of time, but the possibility of interference with the right of Howell on account of diversions above him. If at that time the waters of Sage creek sank and were lost between the ranches of respondents and that of appellant, no assertion of rights to such waters by respondents or their predecessors in interest, and no diversion of such waters by the respondents or their predecessors in interest, could constitute an interference with Howell. In such a situation there would have been no occasion for the injunctional portion of the decree. As we cannot presume the decree to have been without foundation or meaning in any of its substantial particulars, it follows that the circuit court of the United States in entering the decree necessarily determined that at that time the waters of Sage creek did not sink and become lost between the ranches of respondents and that of appellant. (Rev. Codes, sec. 7917; Lokowich v. City of Helena, 46 Mont. 575, 129 Pac. 1063.) This conclusion is strengthened by the testimony in the record before us, as well as by the decision of the case in the circuit court of the United States in the first instance (Morris v. Bean [C. C.], 146 Fed. 423), and in the circuit court of appeals, where it was intermediately affirmed (Bean v. Morris, 159 Fed. 651, 86 C. C. A. 519). It being the adjudicated fact that when the decree of the circuit court of the United States was entered the waters of Sage creek did not sink and become lost, no evidence to the contrary was admissible until a change in the conditions subsequent to the decree was shown.
But the error is of no avail because the plaintiff was not entitled to judgment. The complaint leaves one in some uncertainty as to whether the pleader intended to charge that the respondents acted jointly or severally in diverting the water. If jointly, it is not sustained by any evidence; if severally, then the complaint, the evidence presented by the appellant, and the instructions given to the jury at his instance were consistent, but were grounded upon a theory wholly untenable. It is well settled that when two or more parties act, each for himself, in producing a result injurious to the plaintiff, they cannot be held jointly liable for the acts of each other; nor, in the absence of statutory authorization, can they be sued in one action for the entire damage, either with or without an apportionment to each of his share of the damage. In pursuing their course, counsel for appellant doubtless proceeded upon the assumption that such authorization is to be found in section 4852, Revised Codes; but, as early as 1895, the law was declared other wise in Miles v. Du Bey, 15 Mont. 340, 39 Pac. 313. That case arose squarely upon the interpretation of ~?ction 1260, Fifth Division, Compiled Statutes of 1887, which is identical with section 4852, Revised Codes, and in deciding it this court held that an action like the one at bar will not lie, and that the section in question authorized the proceeding here employed only in a suit in equity to “settle the relative priorities and rights of all the parties to the water, or the use thereof, of the stream mentioned,” in which the damages claimed are a mere incident. (See, also, Blaisdell v. Stephens, 14 Nev. 17, 33 Am. Rep. 523; Beach v. Spokane Ranch & Water Co., 25 Mont. 379, 65 Pac. 111.)
We fully realize that the foregoing consideration is not made a matter of specific argument in the briefs' before us, but it is argued that the judgment should be reversed and a new trial directed because of the errors assigned. If—as is the ease—the judgment is correct, if it could not in this action be other than it is, then the errors assigned could in no wise affect it; and we are forbidden, as well by the statute (Rev. Codes, sec. 6593) as by the rules of reason, to order a reversal (Knipe v. Washoe Copper Co., 37 Mont. 161, 95 Pac. 129). Accordingly, the judgment and order appealed from are affirmed.
Affirmed.
Mr. Chief Justice Brantly and Mr. Justice Holloway concur. | [
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MR. CHIEF JUSTICE BRANTLY
delivered the opinion of the court.
On June 22, 1912, Stephen Roberts, as administrator of the estate of Martha Roberts, deceased, filed his petition in the district court of Broadwater county—that court having jurisdiction of the administration—alleging that he believed, and had reason to believe, that one Willard Roberts had embezzled, conveyed away, and disposed of certain goods and chattels belonging to the estate, and praying that a citation issue requiring the said Roberts to appear and be examined on oath touching the property, and that the court order him to make disclosure to the petitioner of his knowledge thereof. In response to a citation issued upon the petition, Roberts appeared and answered, denying all the allegations in the petition, and alleging title to the property in himself. Thereafter an examination was had, and at its conclusion the court made an order requiring the disclosure to be made in accordance with the prayer of the petition. From this order, Willard Roberts has attempted to appeal as from a final judgment. During the oral argument in this court the question arose whether the appeal lies. If it does not, this court is without jurisdiction to determine it upon the merits, and hence must order a dismissal.
The proceeding was instituted under sections 7505 and 7506 of the Revised Codes, which provide a means by which an. executor or administrator may obtain a discovery of assets belonging to the estate of the decedent which have been concealed, embezzled, smuggled, conveyed away or disposed of by any person, or of knowledge of any deeds, conveyances, etc., showing a claim or right of the decedent to any real or personal estate, or any claim or demand, or of a lost will of the decedent. These provisions are remedial in their nature, and confer power upon the court, when sitting in probate proceedings, analogous in its scope and object to the power of a court in chancery upon bills of discovery. (Mesmer v. Jenkins, 61 Cal. 151.) The proceeding authorized by them is of an ancillary character, however, and is confined to securing a discovery of evidence upon which the administrator or executor may recover assets belonging to the estate which would otherwise be lost. The adjudication of disputed rights of property is not within their scope, for the order which section 7506 authorizes the court to make cannot go further than to require a disclosure which may be used in an action pending or to be brought in behalf of the estate. (Ex parte Casey, 71 Cal. 269, 12 Pac. 118.) The order cannot finally adjudicate any right. The utmost effect such an order could have in any case would be to fix the rule of evidence to be observed in an action brought to establish the right asserted in behalf of the estate. From this point of view it is not a final judgment, within the meaning of section 6710 of the Revised Codes, from which an appeal lies under subdivision 1 of section 7098. It is a mere order of judgment in a probate proceeding. As was pointed out in Éstate of Tuohy, 23 Mont. 305, 58 Pac. 722, the expression “final judgment,” as used in this subdivision, refers only to those judgments known at common law as final judgments as defined in section 6710, and does not include statutory determinations termed “orders” or “judgments” in probate proceedings. (See, also, In re Kelly’s Estate, 31 Mont. 356, 78 Pac. 579, 79 Pac. 244.) The appeal, there fore, does not lie under subdivision 1 of that section, providing for an appeal from a final judgment. Subdivision 3 of this section provides for appeals from orders and judgments in probate proceedings, and enumerates all those from which appeals lie. Among these we find no mention of an order made in the proceedings under consideration. Hence the appeal does not lie at all, and is therefore dismissed. Dismissed.
Mr. Justice Holloway and Mr. Justice Sanner concur. | [
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MR. JUSTICE HOLLOWAY
delivered the opinion of the court.
On October, 28,1910, the Smith River Development Company, a Montana corporation, with its principal place of business at Helena, executed and delivered to John Ringling its promissory note for $16,000, due six months after date with interest at eight per .cent per annum. About the same time it procured a contract for the purchase of certain lands in Meagher county known as the Catlin lands, payment for which was to be made in installments covering a period extending to February, 1914. The defendant, having paid two installments due upon the contract, went into possession of the land, and thereafter, on December 28, 1910, by an instrument in writing it transferred, set over, and delivered to Ringling the Catlin contract, with all its right, title, and interest therein, as collateral security for the payment of the note above. About the same time it also secured an option in writing to purchase the Mayn & Heitman ranches in Meagher county, upon installments extending to May, 1915, and on February 9, 1911, it assigned, set over, transferred, and delivered this instrument, with all its right, title and interest therein, to Ringling as further collateral security for the pay ment of the same note; $5,519.58 was paid upon the indebtedness in June, 1911, and, no further payments having been made, this suit was instituted in 1912 in Lewis & Clark county to secure a judgment for the balance due and a decree foreclosing the defendant’s interest in the securities mentioned. A demurrer for want of jurisdiction was interposed and overruled, and the defense of want of jurisdiction was made in the answer. The plaintiff prevailed upon the trial and secured a decree fixing the amount due, and directing the sheriff to sell the securities mentioned, upon five days’ notice,, and to execute to the purchaser a certificate of sale without the right of redemption. This appeal is from the judgment, and. the record presents only the pleadings, the decree and the notice of appeal.
We have purposely omitted reference' to many matters contained in the pleadings, which, while proper for consideration in the district court, do not reflect in any manner upon the question before us.
If the assignment of the contract in the one instance, and the option in the other, conveyed to Ringling an interest in land as security for the debt due, the transactions amounted to a real estate mortgage which could only be foreclosed in a suit instituted in Meagher county, and in that event the defendant would be entitled to the statutory period of redemption. If we were called upon to determine the character of the security given to Ringling, our inquiry would be limited to construing the agreement made on December 28, 1910, when the contract wac assigned, and also, the agreement of February 9, 1911, by which the option was transferred as further security; but that is not the question before us. The trial court held that those agreements resulted in Ringling receiving into his possession the contract and option as personal property, delivered in pledge as security for the payment of the $16,000. We enter upon our investigation indulging the presumption that the trial court did not err, and the appellant must assume the burden of overcoming that presumption. (Toole v. Weirick, 39 Mont. 359, 133 Am. St. Rep. 576, 102 Pac. 590.) In the absence of any evidence disclosing the circumstances under which the securities were given, or reflecting the intention of either the debtor or the creditor, and, indeed, in the absence of the writing assigning either the contract or the option, appellant must assume the burden of showing that the trial court’s conclusion is erroneous under any possible state of facts consistent with the declaration of the record that by an instrument in writing, duly executed by it, the defendant assigned, transferred, and delivered the contract in the one instance, and the option in the other, as collateral security for the payment of a debt. So far as this record discloses, the defendant company had not paid anything upon the Heitman option, and had not taken possession of any of the lands described in that instrument at the time the option was assigned, and therefore it did not have any interest in the lands themselves (Smith v. Jones, 21 Utah, 270, 60 Pac. 1104), and could not have given a real estate mortgage upon them or upon any interest in them (Provident Life & Trust Co. v. Mills (C. C.), 91 Fed. 435). It did, however, have the right to purchase, and that right may have been valuable. (Ide v. Leiser, 10 Mont. 5, 24 Am. St. Rep. 17, 24 Pac. 695.) It was such a species of property as might be sold, transferred, or assigned (Winslow v. Dundom, 46 Mont. 71, 125 Pac. 136), and, being personal property, it could be pledged. When the record discloses that the option (the writing) was actually delivered to Ringling as security for his note, it would seem that a pledge was created, within the meaning of sections 5774 and 5775, Revised Codes. In any event, the appellant has failed to overcome the presumption in favor of the correctness of the trial court’s ruling, so far as the option is concerned.
Although the subject is a debatable one, we may assume, without deciding, that by reason of making certain payments upon the Catlin contract and taking possession, the defendant had acquired an equitable interest in the land prior to the time the contract was assigned to Ringling. If so, it is very clear that such an interest could be mortgaged. We may further assume that the assignment of such a contract, as security for the payment of a debt, would, generally speaking, create an equitable mortgage upon real estate. Still that result does not necessarily follow. “But here, as in other cases, the question whether the transaction creates an equitable mortgage depends upon the intention of the parties in that behalf, and this is to be determined by a consideration of the circumstances attending it.” (27 Cyc. 981.) While our attention has not been directed to any case directly in point, our conclusion is fortified by the logic of analogous cases. The authorities seem quite uniform in holding that a lease of, or mortgage upon, real estate may be pledged (Dewey v. Bowman, 8 Cal. 145; Jones on Pledges and Collateral Securities, sec. 143; Denis on Contracts of Pledge, 56; Colebrooke on Collateral Securities, 3), and we see no difference in principle between the pledge of a lease and the pledge of a contract to purchase land. If the parties so intended, they might have created a real estate mortgage by complying with the provisions of section 5749, Revised Codes, but whether the assignment in this instance contained the formalities required in the case of a grant to real property we have no means of knowing. The assignment is not set forth in the pleadings, but so far as we are able to determine its character from the description given, it did not pretend to transfer any interest in the land itself (Gardner v. McClure, 6 Minn. 250 [Gil. 167]), but referred only to the contract and to the defendant’s interest in it. If this be true, then we are of the opinion that the defendant’s interest in it was such that the contract might have been pledged.
Since it is possible that these transactions might have constituted a pledge of each of these instruments, the appellant has failed to overcome the presumption attaching to the judgment of the district court, and for this reason that judgment is affirmed.
Affirmed.
Mr. Chief Justice Brantly and Mr. Justice Sanner concur. | [
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PER CURIAM
It is ordered that the appeal in the above-entitled cause be, and the same is hereby, dismissed in accordance with stipulation of counsel on file herein. | [
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MR. JUSTICE SANNER
delivered the opinion of the court.
Suit by appellant to quiet title to the south half of the southwest quarter of section 25, township 12 north, range 16 west, Missoula county, Montana. The complaint alleges that plaintiff is the owner of the land; that defendant, without right, claims some estate or interest therein; and that sueh claim casts a cloud upon the title of plaintiff. The prayer is that the defendant be required to set forth the nature of his claim; that the same may be adjudged null and void; that the defendant be enjoined from asserting sueh claim; and that plaintiff have its costs and such other relief as may be meet and equitable. The defendant’s answer, after admitting that he claims some title, right and interest in the land and denying the other allegations of the complaint, contains the following “further and separate answer and defense”: “This defendant avers that ever since the 20th day of March, 1901, this defendant has been and yet is in the actual, open, peaceable, uninterrupted, exclusive, undis turbed, adverse and hostile possession of the lands described in the complaint herein, holding and claiming to own the same by reason of said possession of land, exclusive of any other right as against the world.” The prayer of the answer is that the plaintiff take nothing, and that the defendant have his costs. No demurrer, reply, or other pleading to the answer was ever filed, and the defendant, after the time for filing reply expired, caused the default of plaintiff to be entered. Thereafter, on motion duly noticed, the court entered judgment for the defendant upon the pleadings. In this judgment it is ordered', adjudged, and decreed that the plaintiff take nothing by its action; that defendant have his costs; and that the claim of defendant to the premises “shall be and is hereby declared to be established, and # * * that the title to and the right of possession of said above-described premises shall be and the same is hereby forever quieted in and to the defendant Charles Thomas as against the claims of plaintiff, ’ ’ etc. After the entry of judgment the plaintiff filed a motion to vacate and set it aside, which was denied. This appeal is from the order denying that motion.
The contentions of appellant are: (1) That the so-called “further and separate answer and defense” does not contain any matter requiring a reply; (2) that it is ineffective to support the judgment as rendered; and (3) that it is ineffective to support any judgment at all.
1. As a matter of pleading, the allegations of defendant’s “further and separate answer and defense” were such as to require a reply, and, since none was filed, he was entitled to have judgment entered without other proof than the pleadings. (Rev. Codes, sec. 6562; State v. Quantic, 37 Mont. 32, 94 Pac. 491; State ex rel. Montana C. R. Co. v. District Court, 32 Mont. 37, 79 Pac. 546.) This conclusion is not affected by the reference to the lands in question as “the lands described in the complaint herein,” instead of by legal description, since it not only could not mislead but served every substantial purpose attainable by a repetition of the description.
2. The plaintiff, asserting that the defendant claimed some right to the land which operated to cloud its title, brought him into court, demanding that he set forth the nature of his claim. He did so, and, if the statement of new matter contained in the answer and admitted by failure to reply wás such as to entitle him to any relief, it was the duty of the court to grant whatever relief he was entitled to upon such statement. (Rev. Codes, sec. 6562; State v. Quantic, supra.) Disregarding questions of form, the new matter alleged in the answer is confessedly sufficient to support the affirmative relief awarded; but the contention is that such relief was not warranted here because there was no formal plea for it. If the action were at law, the want of a counterclaim complete within itself would be fatal; but the action is in equity, and the pleader is not concluded by his prayer (Gillett v. Clark, 6 Mont. 190, 9 Pac. 823; Leopold v. Silverman, 7 Mont. 266, 16 Pac. 580; Davis v. Davis, 9 Mont. 267, 23 Pac. 715; Kleinschmidt v. Steele, 15 Mont. 181, 38 Pac. 827) nor by the form of his pleading (Davis v. Davis, supra). “It is a settled rule of equity practice that when the court has before it all the parties to any difference, and when it has obtained complete jurisdiction of the whole subject matter, it will finally settle the whole controversy.” (Davis v. Davis, supra.) Under this rule, the new matter set up in the answer was sufficient to support the decree. (Davis v. Davis, supra; Walker v. Burks, 48 Tex. 206; Chicago etc. Land Co. v. Peck, 112 Ill. 408; McCormick v. District of Columbia, 18 D. C. (7 Mackey) 534; Sale v. Crutchfield, 8 Bush (Ky.), 636.)
3. The contention that the answer is insufficient to sustain any judgment is based upon the assumption that judicial notice must be taken that the lands in question were unsurveyed and therefore not subject to adverse possession within the period of ten years next preceding the commencement of this action. As we view the case, determination of this question and others involved in it is unnecessary. The defendant alleged that he had since March 20, 1901, been “in the actual, open, peaceable, uninterrupted, exclusive, undisturbed, adverse and hostile possession” of the lands in question, and all this, precisely as pleaded, the plaintiff admitted by failure to .reply. This admission was as complete and effective as if it had been made in set terms, and it necessarily admitted that the lands were such as to permit possession of the character alleged by the defendant, during the entire period mentioned. The plaintiff cannot now say, under the shield of judicial notice or otherwise, that such was not the fact.
The decree of the district court is not vulnerable to any of the objections urged by the appellant. Accordingly it is affirmed.
Affirmed.
Mr. Chief Justice Brantly and Mr. Justice Holloway concur.
Rehearing denied December 29, 1913. | [
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MB. JUSTICE HOLLOWAY
delivered the opinion of the court.
Action in claim and delivery to recover certain cattle or their value. Defendant appealed from an adverse judgment, and from an order denying him a new trial. The plaintiffs claim that they owned the cattle in dispute, and let them to one John D. Busch under an agreement which amounted to a bailment, with an option to Busch to purchase. The defendant alleges that he purchased the cattle from Busch while he was in possession of them, and for their fair value, without notice of any outstanding claim.
1. Plaintiff Henry Cuerth testified that Busch came to him a stranger, and that, upon the security of $300 left with him, he permitted Busch to take fifty head of cattle, valued at $1,400, forty or fifty miles away under an agreement to keep them for three months, and to purchase them if Busch had the money to make payment. Upon cross-examination he was asked if he made any investigation as to Busch’s standing or character. This was excluded as not proper cross-examination, and incompetent and immaterial. The witness had given his version of his transaction with Busch. Whether it amounted to an absolute sale, a conditional sale, an agreement to sell, or a mere bailment with an option to purchase, depended upon the truth of Cuerth’s statements. It was a vital question, and any evidence, otherwise proper, which would reflect upon the probability of the story should have been received. The jury might have concluded properly that, if Cuerth did not make any inquiry into Busch’s liability, it was because he then treated the transaction as a sale. In any event,, the inquiry was proper, and the ruling erroneous.
2. Mrs. Cuerth, who claims to be interested in these cattle, testified on her direct examination to the negotiations between her husband and Busch, and that a sale to Busch was not made. On cross-examination the details of the transaction were sought; but practically every effort on the part of counsel for defendant to ascertain the facts was met by an objection that it was not cross-examination, and these objections were sustained. In fact, the rulings amounted practically to a denial of the right to cross-examine the witness. While it is the general rule that cross-examination must be confined to the material matters brought out on direct examination or connected therewith (sec. 8021, Rev. Codes; Pelican v. Mutual Life Ins. Co., 44 Mont. 277, 119 Pac. 778; Borden v. Lynch, 34 Mont. 503, 87 Pac. 609), and that mere excursions into matters foreign to the subject considered on direct examination will not be permitted, still the section above is to be liberally construed, and the general rule extended, rather than restricted. (Cobban v. Hecklen, 27 Mont. 245, 70 Pac. 805; Hefferlin v. Karlman, 30 Mont. 348, 76 Pac. 757; Knuckey v. Butte Electric R. Co., 45 Mont. 106, 122 Pac. 280.) The declaration of this court upon the subject was tersely made in Kipp v. Silverman, 25 Mont. 296, 64 Pac. 884, as follows: “Section 3376, Code of Civil Procedure [8021, Rev. Codes] permits a wide range for cross-examination, and the courts should incline to extend, rather than to restrict, the right. Properly understood, the right extends, not only to all facts stated by the witness in his original examination, but to all other facts connected with them whether directly or indirectly, which tend to enlighten the jury upon the question in controversy.” In State v. Biggs, 45 Mont. 400, 123 Pac. 410, this was repeated, and in addition thereto we said: 1 ‘ The rule necessarily includes questions, the purpose of which is to bring out facts illustrative of the motives, bias and interest of the witness, of as reflecting upon his capacity and memory. The right would be of little value if inquiry into these matters were not permitted.”
3. Defendant offered in evidence the cheeks which he had given for these cattle when he purchased them from Busch; but upon objection they were excluded, and erroneously so. In an attempted defense of the rulings, counsel for plaintiffs contends that, by failing to reply to the affirmative matter set forth in the answer, the purchase from and the payment to Busch were admitted; but with this we do not agree. The so-called affirmative matter amounted only to an argumentative denial of plaintiffs’ title, and everything which could be proved under it could likewise be proved under a general denial. (Kaufman v. Cooper, 38 Mont. 6, 98 Pac. 504, 1135; Hickey v. Breen, 40 Mont. 368, 20 Ann. Cas. 429, 106 Pac. 881.) Defendant was entitled to show that he purchased the animals from Busch, and to offer the best evidence he had of that fact.
4. The trial court erred also in excluding defendant’s offer in evidence of the note given by Busch to Fruchtbar, and a chattel mortgage upon these same cattle to secure the debt evidenced by that note. The mortgage was duly filed for record in Chouteau county, the home of these plaintiffs, on June 23, within two weeks at most from the day upon which they had given the cattle into Busch’s possession, and remained of record uncanceled on July 30, when the defendant alleges that he purchased the cattle from Busch, who was then in possession of them. The evidence was competent for the purpose of re-en forcing the presumptions which the Codes declare: “8. That a thing delivered by one to another belonged to the latter. * * * 11. That things which a person possesses are owned by him. 12. That a person is the owner of property from exercising acts of ownership over it, or from common reputation of his ownership.” (Rev. Codes, sec. 7962.)
5. At the time these transactions between plaintiffs and Busch and between Busch and the defendant occurred, section 5092, Revised Codes, was in force, as.follows: “All contracts, notes and instruments for the transfer or sale of personal prop- erty where the title is stipulated to remain in the vendor until the payment of the purchase price, or some part thereof, shall be in writing, and the original or a true copy thereof certified by the county clerk and recorder shall be filed with the county clerk and recorder of the county wherein the property is situate, otherwise any such contract, note or instrument is void as to a purchaser or mortgagee of such property prior to such filing.” The trial court should have defined an agreement to sell and should have instructed the jury that, if they found that the transaction between plaintiffs and Busch amounted to such an agreement, and further found that defendant purchased the property from Busch while in his possession, then their verdict should be for the defendant, for it is uneontroverted in the evidence that there was not any contract reduced to writing, or any contract filed as required by section 5092 above.
6. The trial court instructed the jury “that a brand duly recorded with the recorder of marks and brands of this state is prima facie evidence of the ownership of an animal bearing such brand; in other words, that the owner of a duly recorded mark or brand is prima facie the owner of an animal bearing such brand. ” Counsel for respondents contends that the instruction is justified by the rules of the common law, as well as by sections 1791 and 1793, Revised Codes, and cites Queen v. Forsythe, 2 N. W. Ter. 398, 4 Territories L. R. 398, wherein it was held, by a divided court, that proof that an animal bore John Lawrence’s mark and brand, that it was a steer three years old, and that Lawrence had not sold or otherwise disposed of locally any steers, was sufficient proof of ownership to sustain a conviction for larceny. Nothing whatever is said by the court of any rule of the common law, and no authority whatever is cited for the holding • but much emphasis is laid upon the fact that identification of cattle by brands is a common custom in that territory. Upon a somewhat similar state of facts the like conclusion was reached by the supreme court of Oklahoma, in Hurst v. Territory, 16 Okl. 600, 86 Pac. 280, and in State v. Cardelli, 19 Nev. 319, 10 Pac. 433; but in neither of these last two eases is there any mention made of a rule of the common law, and in neither is it asserted that a brand, or the record of a brand, is prima facie evidence of the ownership of the animal which bears the brand. We are satisfied that authority for the trial court’s action based upon a rule of the common law cannot be found, and that such rule was never enforced except by virtue of some statute which promulgated the rule.
In State v. Keeland, 39 Mont. 506, 104 Pac. 513, and again in State v. Trosper, 41 Mont. 442, 109 Pac. 858, this court treated the brand upon an animal as evidence tending to identify the animal, and to show ownership in the one who owned the brand; while in State v. De Wolfe, 29 Mont. 415, 74 Pac. 1084, we said: “The fact that the O L brand belonged to Houk, and that the horses bore such brand, was not proof that they belonged to Houk at the time they were driven away, or that defendant was not rightfully in possession of them.” In other words, we have-said that the brand upon an animal is a circumstance to be considered with others as tending to show ownership, but in itself insufficient to prove ownership. (Territory v. Harrington (N. M.), 121 Pac. 613.)
It is doubtless true that in the early days, when the livestock industry was of commanding importance in this western country, common custom decreed that ownership of range animals should be determined by the brand, and that controversies over livestock should be settled by tribunals created by the owners of the herds; but, just as the jueces del campo gave way to legally con stituted tribunals, so the rules and customs of the plains were superseded by positive legislative enactments. In probably every western state mark and brand laws have been enacted, and provision made for records. In many instances the statute declares in language unmistakable in its meaning that a recorded brand or the certificate from the recorder shall be prima facie evidence that the person who owns the brand owns the animal which bears the brand (N. M. Comp. Laws 1897, sec. 67; Colo. Gen Stats. 1883, sec. 3174; Idaho Rev. Stats., sec. 1179; Nev. Gen. Stats. 1885, sec. 761; Cal. Pol. Code, sec. 3172; Or. Laws 1893, p. 52; Ordinances N. W. Ter. [Can.] 1900, p. 42); but this is not true in all the western states. In Utah the statute merely provides that the recorder’s certificate “shall be deemed evidence in law.” (Utah Comp. Stats. 1897, see. 39.) In 1887 the Arizona statute made the brand upon an animal pi'ima facie evidence that the animal belonged to the owner of the brand (Ariz. Rev. Stats. 1887, sec. 2788) ; but this was repealed, so far as the rule was applicable to civil eases, in the compilation of the laws with reference to livestock, approved March 1, 1897, which declares that the certificate of the recorded brand “shall be competent evidence of the registration of such brand, and prima facie evidence of ownership.” (Ariz. Laws 1897, p. 25, sec. 50.) In Brill v. Christy, 7 Ariz. 217, 63 Pac. 757, there was involved the ownership of certain cattle. A certificate of the record of the brand was offered in evidence for the purpose of showing prima facie title in defendant, whose brand the cattle bore. The court, after quoting section 50 of the Act of 1897 above, said: “If the ownership of the brand or the fact of its registration was in controversy, the provision quoted would be applicable. * * * Neither is the registration of the brand an issue in the case. Section 50 applies solely to the requirement for and the manner of the registration of brands, the proper evidence of such registration, and the ownership of the brands thus registered, and does not deal with the cattle that may be in such brands, the mode of their transfer, or the evidence of their ownership. # ® * While, therefore, section 50 of the said Act constitutes the certificate of the registration of a brand competent evidence of such registration, and prima, facie evidence of the ownership of such brand, it does not make such certificate either competent or prima facie evidence for any other purpose.
The history of our own statute furnishes some insight into the legislative intention in passing it. By an Act approved January 10, 1872, provision was made for recording marks and brands, and for certificates to be delivered to the owners. Section 4 provided that such “certificates shall be deemed evidence in law.” The same Act required that upon á sale of branded livestock the brand should be vented, and section 8 declared: “The venting of said original brand shall be prima facie evidence of sale or transfer of said animal or animals.” These provisions were carried into the compilations of 1871-72, 1879, and 1887, without change, and were the law up to the adoption of the Codes in 1895. As the Political Code was reported, and as it first passed the House of Representatives, it contained, in lieu of the two sections above, first, a provision that a certified copy of the record of the brand shall be “prima facie evidence of the ownership of the brand,” and, second, that “the venting or counterbranding is prima facie evidence of sale. ’ ’ In the Senate these provisions were stricken out, and in lieu thereof the language as found in the Codes to-day was substituted. These amendments were concurred in, and the Act thus amended became the law which went into effect July 1, 1895, and provided that the general recorder of marks and brands must “furnish to the owners of recorded brands a certified copy of the record of the same, which certificates are prima facie evidence of the ownership of the brand or mark so recorded” (Pol. Code 1895, sec. 2941), and “every person who sells * * * cattle, must vent or counterbrand such animals, * * * and the venting of said original brand shall be prima facie evidence of sale or transfer of said animal or animals so vented.” (Pol. Code 1895, see. 2943.) These provisions were carried into the Revised Codes of 1907, and are found in sections 1791 and 1793, respectively. It will thus be seen that, through all the changes which have occurred in our livestock statute since 1872 the legislature, while asserting repeatedly that a vented brand is prima facie evidence of a sale of the animal bearing the brand, has studiously declined to say that the brand on an animal or a certificate of a recorded brand shall be prima facie evidence of ownership of the animal bearing the brand. On the contrary, while there may have been room for doubt as to the meaning of the original statute, which declared that the recorded certificate “shall be deemed evidence in law,” the legislature which enacted the Codes declined to approve the somewhat equivocal terms employed by the Code commissioners, but cleared away all uncertainty by declaring, in language whose meaning cannot be questioned, that the certificate of a recorded brand “is prima facie evidence of the ownership of the mark or brand so recorded. ’ ’ Other state legislative bodies have had no difficulty in making a recorded brand, or a certificate of such brand, prima facie evidence of ownership of the animal bearing the brand, and doubtless our assemblies could have done equally as well if they had chosen to do so; but their refusal to adopt a statute similar to those in force in sister states where conditions are similar, and their final adoption of the statute in its present form, furnish most persuasive evidence that it has been the policy of this state to go no further than to recognize a brand as evidence, just as a flesh mark or other distinguishing mark or characteristic is evidence. The purpose of the statute is to secure to anyone who records his brand the exclusive use of the design adopted (Stewart v. Hunter, 16 Or. 62, 8 Am. St. Rep. 267, 16 Pac. 876), and the object sought in requiring a brand to be vented is to foreclose the vendor’s claim to the animal sold (Walden v. Murdock, 23 Cal. 540, 83 Am. Dec. 135). The instruction given is erroneous. It provides a rule of evidence not warranted by statute or the common law.
7. Counsel for appellant requested the trial court to include in an instruction the provisions of subdivisions 8, 11, and 12 of section 7962 above; but the request was denied. It is not commendable practice to submit to jurors abstract rules of law, even though they are correct, and error cannot be predicated upon the action of the court in refusing defendant’s request in this instance. (First Nat. Bank of Portland v. Carroll, 35 Mont. 302, 88 Pac. 1012.) If a concrete application of the rules to the facts of this ease had been made, it would have been reversible error to refuse to submit the instruction.
■Since this cause must be remanded for a new trial, the attention of counsel is directed to the fact that the verdict returned upon the trial of this case does not respond to all the material issues tried, and is insufficient to sustain a judgment. (Hickey v. Breen, above.)
The judgment and order are reversed, and the cause is remanded for a new trial.
Reversed and remanded.
Mr. Chief Justice Brantly and Mr. Justice Sanner concur. | [
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MR. JUSTICE HOLLOWAY
delivered the opinion of the court.
This is an appeal from certain findings and an order made in a proceeding in eminent domain, instituted by the Great Falls & Teton County Railway Company against E. H. Ganong and others, to condemn certain lands for railway purposes. The facts disclosed by the record are: That in 1910 the Chicago, Milwaukee and Puget Sound Railway Company, which had by construction and purchase secured a main line of road from Mobridge, South Dakota, to Seattle and Tacoma, in Washington, duly authorized the construction of a branch line from its main line at Saugus, Custer county, through the cities of Lewistown and Great Falls, the town of Chouteau, and on to the Canadian boundary. In August, 1912, the engineers of that company, acting under Charles A. Goodnow, assistant to the president, made a survey of the line and particularly that portion which passes through the town of Chouteau; staked out the center line through the center of Grove street in the town of Chouteau; made a map of the proposed route, which was submitted to Mr. Goodnow and by him approved on August 29, 1912, at which time he also selected a strip of ground 400 feet wide and 2,600 feet long, lying immediately east of and adjoining Grove street, for depot grounds, yards and other railway purposes. Thereafter options were taken for some of the lands wanted, and on September 6 the county commissioners of Teton county granted to the Puget Sound company a perpetual franchise for the use of Grove street for railway purposes1 (Chouteau being unincorporated) upon certain conditions mentioned in the resolution evidencing the grant, one of which conditions was that the company should by writing, filed with the county clerk within 30 days, indicate its acceptance of the grant upon the terms imposed. On September 12, 1912, the Great Falls & Teton County Railway Company received its charter as a Montana corporation, and on the same day, at a meeting attended by all the stockholders, the three persons named as incorporators were elected directors of the company, and, the directors having quali fied, a meeting was held at which a line theretofore surveyed by engineers employed by the promoters and incorporators was adopted as the line of definite location of the road to be constructed, and authority was given to institute proceedings in eminent domain to obtain lands for right of way, depot grounds, and other railway purposes. On the same day this proceeding was instituted by the filing of the .complaint and the issuance of summons. In so far as involved here, the line of definite location of the Great Falls company runs parallel with the east boundary line of Grove street'in the town of Chouteau, and the lands sought to be acquired in this proceeding constitute a plot of ground, in general terms, 300 feet wide and about 2,000 feet long, lying immediately east of and adjoining Grove street and included within the plot of ground selected by Mr. Good-now for station grounds, yards, etc. The Puget Sound company appeared by answer and set forth that it had acquired the interests in the lands sought to be condemned theretofore owned by certain of the defendants named; and further alleged that it had taken the steps set forth above looking to the location and construction of its branch road from Saugus to the Canadian line. The trial court found, among other things, that all the lands sought to be condemned are necessary for the use of the Great Falls company, but that a strip thereof 60 feet wide, lying immediately east of and adjoining Grove street (hereinafter called the disputed strip), had theretofore been appropriated by the Puget Sound company for a public use of equal necessity. The order made by the court for commissioners to assess the damages includes all the land desired by the Great Falls company except the disputed .strip mentioned, and as to that strip the court dismissed the complaint and refused to include it in the order. The Great Falls company appealed from the order and from the findings in so far as they determine that the disputed strip had been appropriated by the Puget Sound company, and submits for our consideration the contention that the evidence is insufficient to support the findings or conclusion, so far as this disputed slip is concerned.
Upon this appeal we are not concerned with any question which might arise between a railroad company and the private owner of land sought for railroad purposes. Our concern is only with the question of the priority of right to acquire property for railroad purposes as between competing railroad companies themselves. In authorizing the Great Falls company to condemn the land described in the order, the court impliedly found that the Puget Sound company had not appropriated any ground for station purposes, yards, or terminal facilities, and of this conclusion complaint cannot well be made. So far. as the land sought for those distinct purposes is concerned, nothing was done except that Mr. Goodnow selected it. Whatever rule may be adopted for determining the priority as between rival roads seeking the same property for railroad purposes when neither company has attached itself to the property by contract or condemnation proceedings, we think that no authority has ever gone to the extent of holding that the mere mental process of selecting a particular tract of ground wanted for railroad purposes is sufficient to give that company, whose authorized representative may conceal his selection in his own mind, a preference right to acquire the ground. But the trial court did find that, as to the disputed strip, an appropriation thereof had been made by the Puget Sound company “in order to lay out its road, and the laying out of its road is the public purpose to which said property had already been appropriated.”
It will be observed that in this the trial court has followed the language of subdivision 4 of section 4275, Revised Codes. That section is entitled: “Powers of a Railroad Corporation.” The introductory clause is: “Every railroad corporation has power.” Then follow eleven subdivisions enumerating those powers. Subdivision 4 reads as follows: “To lay out its road, not exceeding in width one hundred feet on each side of its center line, unless a greater width be required for the purpose of excavation or embankment, and to construct and maintain the same, with a single or double track, and with such appendages and adjuncts as may be necessary for the convenient use of the same.”
In view of the language employed by the court above, and the facts that Grove street is 80 feet wide, that the center line of the Puget Sound company is in the center of that street, and that this strip 60 feet wide is necessary to give the Puget Sound company 100 feet on the east side of its center line, it seems reasonably clear that it was the theory of the trial court that by making a survey of its center line, staking and mapping the same, and causing the survey to be approved, all prior to the commencement of this condemnation proceeding, the Puget Sound company thereby acquired a preference right, as against its rival, to secure land over which to lay out its road, by virtue of subdivision 4 of section 4275 above, and that the acts which gave rise to such preference right effected an appropriation, to a public use, of a strip of ground 200 feet wide—100 feet on each side of the center line.
For the purposes of this appeal we may assume, without deciding, that in every contest between rival railroads, each seeking the same land for railroad purposes but neither having acquired an interest in it, the question of priority of right is to be determined by the equities of the particular case, and that in the instant case the acts enumerated above are sufficient, in effect, to give the Puget Sound company a preference right. We •then approach the important question presented by this appeal, vis.: What is the extent of the right acquired under subdivision 4 of section 4275 above, by the company which has the superior equities? While that subdivision contains a grant of power to lay out a roadway or right of way and to construct and maintain a single or double track thereon, it does not assume to grant such right of way or roadway. The language “not exceeding in width one hundred feet on each side of its center line” is not a grant but a limitation. In the absence of any necessity for additional grounds for excavation or embankment, the strip 200 feet wide simply marks the utmost limits of the' extent of land which a railroad company may take in invitum for roadway or right of way purposes. But no obligation is imposed upon any company to take the full amount permitted, and in the absence of any necessity it cannot do so, either as against the will of the owner or the necessities of a competing road. The strip 200 feet wide is the utmost that it can take, but it may be content with any quantity less which is justified by its reasonable necessities. The line of stakes through the center of Grove street—the only outward, visible evidence of the center line of the Puget Sound company’s right of way— gave no indication of the extent of the land which that company desired or needed. But if we adopt the theory of those courts which indulge the presumption in such a case that the full amount allowed by law was intended to be claimed, we are still unable to agree with the conclusion of the trial court. So far as the extent of the right of way is concerned, subdivision 4, above, at most extends to a railroad company the privilege of taking a strip 200 feet wide, if necessary. The privilege may be accepted or it may be waived; and it is waived by taking a less amount. (Joplin & W. Ry. Co. v. Kansas City, Ft. Scott & M. R. Co., 135 Mo. 549, 37 S. W. 540.) If the Puget Sound company’s preference right to acquire this disputed strip cannot be justified under subdivision 4 above, it cannot be justified at all. It was not in possession of that company; its exterior boundaries were not staked or even surveyed, so far as this record discloses. The right attaches, if at all, by virtue of surveying, staking, mapping and adopting the line through the center of Grove street; and the trial court must have found that it was by virtue of these acts that the Puget Sound company had availed itself of the privileges and powers granted by subdivision 4 above. No other .reasonable construction can be given the trial court’s findings. That subdivision 4 deals exclusively with land sought for right of way purposes, as distinguished from land needed for yards, depot grounds, terminal, and other railroad facilities, is apparent. That it was not the intention of the legislature to limit
a railroad company to a strip 200 feet wide for all railroad purposes is clearly indicated by the language employed. Subdivisions 3 and 7 of the same section provide for acquiring lands for other railroad purposes.
Our inquiry, then, must be limited to the extent of the preference right which the Puget Sound company acquired to secure land under subdivision 4 above for a right of way. In the first place, that company was not claiming a strip of ground 100 feet on each side of its center line. Beyond the west line of Grove street it was not claiming anything at all except one-half of blocks 4 and 11, and that was claimed only for the purpose of locating a passenger station. It secured a franchise for the use of all of Grove street if it chose to accept the conditions imposed by the- county commissioners. But[ furthermore, as if to set at rest the question as to the purpose for which all of the land lying east of Grove street, including this disputed strip, was wanted, Mr. Goodnow, who made the selections and who was the only person who assumed to represent or to speak for the Puget Sound company, testified that on August 29, 1912, when the map of the survey was brought to him, he then selected the station grounds desired by his company—a plot of ground 400 feet wide and 2,600 feet long, lying immediately east of and adjoining Grove street and including the strip, 60 feet wide, now in dispute. Continuing, the witness said: “On the west side of Grove street I selected half of block 11 and a portion of the lots immediately north of that in block 4; that is to say, the east half of block 4. * * * That selection was made for the purpose of locating the passenger station. * * * The ground to the east of Grove street was selected for the ordinary purposes of station grounds. I selected 400 feet in width, because it would be necessary to straighten out Spring creek'and because I thought it would take some room from the station grounds in order to do that, probably 50 or 75 feet. We expect, of course, to locate elevators and industries of that character on this ground. '* * # The west side of Grove street simply accom mo'dates the passenger business. ■ * * * We would propose to hold the land on the east side of Grove street entirely for industrial and passing tracks, etc.” To our minds this seems 'conclusive that the Puget Sound company was not claiming any ground east or west of Grove street for right of way purposes, but was content to use the street, 80 feet in width, for right of way. Counsel for that company drafted the franchise granting the use of that street, and the intention of his company is indicated, in a measure at least, by Article 1, which reads as follows: “Article 1. That there be, and there is hereby granted, unto the Chica'go, Milwaukee & Puget Sound Railway Company, * * * the perpetual right to use that certain street known as Grove street in the town of Chouteau, and the additions thereto, for the purpose of laying down and maintaining thereon a railway track or tracks, together with the necessary switches, turnouts and sidetracks, and to operate a line of cars over and along the same for the purpose of conveying passengers, freight, express and mail matter, and carrying on such other business as is ordinarily carried on by a railway company.” It cannot be claimed that any part of the strip 400 feet wide east of Grove street was wanted for right of way. The entire strip was selected for other purposes, and purposes recognized by the statute as altogether distinct from the right of way.
Under the most favorable view which can be adopted, the evidence fails- to sustain the finding that the strip of ground 60 feet wide lying immediately east of and adjoining Grove street was appropriated for any public use at the time this proceeding in condemnation was instituted. There is not any evidence that the board of directors of the Puget Sound company ever authorized Mr. Goodnow to adopt a line of definite location of its road, even assuming that so important a corporate act can be delegated. Neither is there any evidence of authority conferred upon the president of that company by the statutes of its parent state or the by-laws of the corporation. There is little, if anything, more than a bare scintilla of evidence that Mr. Goodnow acted by virtue of a common custom. There is not any evidence that the franchise granted by the county commissioners for the -use of Grove street was ever accepted.
The order of the trial court is reversed and the proceeding is remanded, with directions to eliminate the finding that the disputed strip was appropriated for a public use by the Puget Sound company, and to modify the order for commissioners, so as to include such strip.
Reversed and remanded.
Mr. Chief Justice Brantly and Mr. Justice Sanner concur.
Rehearing denied November 13, 1913. | [
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"MR. CHIEF JUSTICE BRANTLY\ndelivered the opinion of the court.\nThe defendant was convicted of murd(...TRUNCATED) | [0.0088958740234375,0.0177154541015625,0.03912353515625,0.0333251953125,-0.07537841796875,-0.0454406(...TRUNCATED) |
"MR. JUSTICE HOLLOWAY\ndelivered the opinion of the court.\nOn March 26, 1912, a judgment upon a ver(...TRUNCATED) | [-0.043365478515625,0.007129669189453125,0.0465087890625,0.05059814453125,-0.04150390625,-0.01950073(...TRUNCATED) |
"MR. CHIEF JUSTICE BRANTLY\ndelivered the opinion of the court.\nAction for damages for loss sustain(...TRUNCATED) | [-0.0168304443359375,0.005893707275390625,0.05206298828125,0.054107666015625,-0.04254150390625,0.004(...TRUNCATED) |
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