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New planets won't affect predictions. The United Nations plan to sanction additional planets in the solar system will have no aspect on rashis and forecasting as the heaven is divided into 360 degrees with each of the 12 signs accounting for 30 degrees, so 30 x 12 =360. In India we even have temples dedicated to the 9 planets apart from planetary mantras which were devised keeping in mind the subtle aspect of only 9 planets on human life. The Hebrews too believe there are 9 numbers and 9 is the highest vibration and also ascribe 9 planets ruling the 9 numbers. 12 signs x planets =108 the sacred number for the rosary beads used in Hindu civilization. The great Varahamihira who wrote Brihat Jatika, Aryabhatta, the great astronomer, Rishi Parashara, founder of astrology and rishi Brighu were able to calculate distances of planets away from the earth centuries ago without help of modern instruments, and even calculate the value of pai. They were aware of the influence of other planets, but have considered only those planets which have impacted planets which impact human beings, Vedic astrology does’nt even consider influence of Uranus and Neptune, but give importance to Rahu and Ketu which are not planets but interjecting points which exercise influence on human life.The Devi Atharvasheesh also speaks about impact of 10 Suns in total on human life, without going into any detail. In predictive and remedial astrology there is no comparison to the Indian lunar system than the western solar system which is fraught with severe limitations. The Indian system along with the Chinese and Hebrew systems forms the most ancient and accurate systems based on astronomy which has even cut down the 12 houses and sun signs into the ninth division known as the navamsa and see the nakshatras (27) while interpreting charts. 27 nakshatras x 4 groups of signs( Fire, Air, Water, Earth) =108.

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Here’s the second part of this mini-series of ideas to try out in the new school year. I’ll bet your room is festooned with posters of one kind or another. (I know my own classroom had posters with instructions, ephemeral posters relating to the current topic, posters depicting the history of email, and so on.) So, you won’t mind creating one more then, will you?! They say a picture paints a thousand words, and a well-chosen poster can be great for getting a discussion started or for getting a point across. For example, a photo of Eniac, the first all-purpose computer, is a great stimulus. Kids know about handheld devices and desktop computers, but Eniac took up a whole room! See for yourself: Another option is to create a humorous poster to make a point. (I think humour is often a more effective way of getting information across than threatening dire consequences.) Check out ICT Posters: Credit Rating for further thoughts about this, and the "31 Days" article mentioned in the 'Related Articles' section. You might also set up a competition for pupils to design a poster. Suitable topics would be: - Keeping your passwords secret. - Keeping safe online. - Technical support contact details. - Checking for viruses. - Useful websites. - How to … - Top Ten Do’s and Don’ts. Or you might use an infographic as a starting point for discussion or to get some information across (or nboth). For example, the infographic below gives you an idea of the power of the web: Graphic from Open Site. Search for “educational infographics” to find more. The Visual.ly website’s section on technology seems pretty good, for instance. Using infographics has a built-in advantage: the data dates so rapidly you’ll be forced to update the display quite frequently! Digital signage is all the rage and totally brilliant – but there’s still a place for a good poster!

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|Matthew Henry's Concise Commentary| 23:1-49 A history of the apostacy of God's people from him, and the aggravation thereof. - In this parable, Samaria and Israel bear the name Aholah, her own tabernacle; because the places of worship those kingdoms had, were of their own devising. Jerusalem and Judah bear the name of Aholibah, my tabernacle is in her, because their temple was the place which God himself had chosen, to put his name there. The language and figures are according to those times. Will not such humbling representations of nature keep open perpetual repentance and sorrow in the soul, hiding pride from our eyes, and taking us from self-righteousness? Will it not also prompt the soul to look to God continually for grace, that by his Holy Spirit we may mortify the deeds of the body, and live in holy conversation and godliness? Verse 14. - The sin of Judah went a stop further than that of Samaria. She courted the alliance of the Chaldeans. Probably the sojourn of Manasseh at Babylon (2 Chronicles 33:11) led him to see in that city a possible rival to Assyria. The embassy of Merodach-Baladan to Hezekiah (Isaiah 39.) implies, on the other hand, that Babylon was looking to Judah for support against Assyria. The prophet represents this political coquetting, so to speak, as another act of whoredom. Aholibah saw the images of the Chaldeans portrayed with vermilion (probably "red ochre:" colors seem to have been used largely both in Assyrian and Babylonian sculpture as in Egyptian, and Judah seems to have copied them, Jeremiah 22:14) and fell in love with them. As the passions of a Messalina might be roused by sensuous pictures of masculine beauty, so Judah was led on by what her envoys reported of the magnificence of the palaces, the strength of the armies, of the Chaldeans. The journey of Jonah to Nineveh, and those implied in Hosea 7:11, as well as the prophecy of Nahum, all indicate a more or less intimate knowledge of the Mesopotamian monarchies. The mission of Merodach-Baladan would be naturally followed by a return embassy from Judah. A later instance under Zedekiah meets us in Jeremiah 29:3. Gill's Exposition of the Entire Bible And that she increased her whoredoms,.... Added to the number of her idols, increased her idols, and even was guilty of more than her sister: for when she saw men portrayed on the wall; of the temple, as idols were, Ezekiel 8:10 or upon the wall of a private house, where they were worshipped as household gods: the images of the Chaldeans portrayed with vermilion: the images of their heroes, who after death were deified; and these, being drawn upon the wall with vermilion, which, being mixed with ceruse, made a flesh colour, were worshipped; as Bel, Nebo, Merodach, which are names of their idols, Isaiah 46:1 or these were graven on the walls, or etched out upon them with minium or red lead; or rather were "painted" (r), as some render the word, with minium, vermilion, or cinnabar, which are the same; See Gill on Jeremiah 22:14, and it may be observed, that it was usual with the Heathens to paint the images and statues of their gods with these. Thus Virgil (s) represents Pan, the god of Arcadia, coloured red with minium or vermilion; and Pausanius (t) speaks of the statue of Bacchus being besmeared with cinnabar: and Pliny (u) says the face of the image of Jupiter used to be anointed with minium or vermilion on festival days; and observes, that the nobles of Ethiopia used to colour themselves all over with it; this being the colour of the images of their gods, which they reckoned more august, majestic, and sacred. Hence the Romans, in their triumphs, used to paint themselves with vermilion; particularly it is said of Augustus Caesar, that he did this to make himself the more conspicuous and respectable, after the example of the Assyrians and Medes (w): and the triumphers chose to be rubbed all over with a red colour, that they might, according to Isidore (x), resemble the divine fire. (r) "depictas sinopide", Pagninus; "pictas minio", Piscator. (s) "Pan deus Arcadiae venit, quem vidimus ipsi Sanguineis ebuli baccis, minioque rubentern." Bucolic. Eclog. 10. (t) Achaica, sive l. 7. p. 452. & Arcadica, sive l. 8. p. 520. (u) Nat. Hist. l. 33. c. 7. (w) Alex. ab Alex. Genial. Dier. l. 6. c. 6. p. 332. (x) Originum, l. 18. c. 2. Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary 14. vermilion—the peculiar color of the Chaldeans, as purple was of the Assyrians. In striking agreement with this verse is the fact that the Assyrian sculptures lately discovered have painted and colored bas-reliefs in red, blue, and black. The Jews (for instance Jehoiakim, Jer 22:14) copied these (compare Eze 8:10). Ezekiel 23:14 Parallel Commentaries Ezekiel 23:14 NIV Ezekiel 23:14 NLT Ezekiel 23:14 ESV Ezekiel 23:14 NASB Ezekiel 23:14 KJV Bible Hub: Online Parallel Bible

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Probably the most critical challenge for the people of earth over the next decade, is preventing further debris and waste ac***ulation, stopping debris dumping into the ocean, and protecting our oceans effectively to allow the regeneration of ocean species such as sea grass, corals, fish, turtles, whales, & birds. This is not something that can wait, the damage is already reaching critical. For the future of our planet and human survival, we need effective protections and initiatives across the world to help fix the consequences of historical and ongoing human exploitation. The oceans need joined up political will, they need large scale fixed Marine Conservation Zones, and smaller transient ones for fishing. The survival of humanity depends on mankind having a Symbiotic relationship with nature and our environment, on land, and at sea - this years Rio+20 summit may be the last opportunity to effect timely and effective agreements and initiatives for the future sustainability of planet earth - political leaders have to look beyond profit and loss to reach consensus, and agree to a more balanced and shared future. More information about formatting options

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BULGARIANS: The Bulgars were a Turkic tribe that came into the Balkan area after 600 AD soon after the Slavs. The Bulgars were the minority group and quickly took political control of the Slavs-but the cultural, social, and religious ways of the Slavic majority prevailed. Although the country is named “Bulgaria”, its people and culture are predominantly Slavic. The Bulgarian language is written in the Cyrillic alphabet and is closely related to that of the Russians, Slovaks, Serbs, and other Slavic peoples. TURKS: From the late 1400s the IslamicOttoman Empire ruled Bulgaria for 400 years. Ethnic Turks had settled in the area centuries before that time and comprise 6 to 9% of Bulgaria’s population. The overthrow in the 1870s of Turkish rule in the Balkans was violent and bloody, but for the most part, the Bulgarians live in peace with their Turkish neighbors. POMAKS: Offspring of ethnic Bulgarians who converted to Islam under Ottoman rule. They speak Bulgarian rather than Turkish. Altogether, Bulgaria is around 14% Muslim GAGAUZ: In Bulgaria there are small numbers of Gagauz--the only indigenous Turkish Christian group in the world. Revival has taken place in the Gagauz district of Moldova, and they may be the key to evangelism in nations like Azerbaijan, Turkmenistan, and Turkey. ROMA: Also known as “Gypsies”, they constitute 3% of Bulgaria’s people. Shunned for centuries, the Gospel is being received by the Roma, and some are worshiping alongside their Bulgarian neighbors. JEWS: Significant fact: Although Nazi Germany forced Bulgaria into an alliance in WW2, Bulgaria refused to send their Jews to Hitler’s death camps. Not one Jew was transported out.

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Governors of the Province of New York, the men who ruled here in the names of Britain’s kings and queens before the Revolutionary War, are forgotten. Place-names recall some. Fort Tryon Park bears the last royal governor’s name. Staten Island’s Dongan Hills commemorates Col. Thomas Dongan, who granted the Charter of Liberty and Privileges that would have extended religious freedom to non-Anglican Christians. remains on the fringe of popular memory because of an oil portrait, painted by an unknown artist. Edward Hyde, Viscount Cornbury, hangs in the galleries of the New-York Historical Society on Central Park W. at 77th St. The captain general and governor-in-chief of the Province of New York and Territories depending thereon in America and vice admiral of the same from 1702 to 1708 has a faintly arch expression. The face is full, even bloated, with a double chin and heavy jowls, sensual lips and a suggestion of 5 o’clock shadow. The man whose choice of summer residence gave Governor’s Island its name toys with a delicate fan and wears, as one commentator observed, a woman’s exquisite blue silk "gown, stays, tucker, long ruffles, cap, etc." If nothing else, the noble Lord’s taste in clothing adds a new shade of meaning to the closing line of Cornbury’s gubernatorial proclamations, proudly set in large type letters below his printed name: affixed to the portrait’s frame bears a quotation from Agnes Strickland’s Lives of the Queens of England, published in 1847: "Among other apish tricks, Lord Cornbury [the ‘half-witted son’ of ‘Henry, Earl of Clarendon’] is said to have held his state levees at New York, and received the principal Colonists dressed up in complete female court costume, because, truly, he represented the person of a female Sovereign, his cousin… the last decade has anyone questioned the identity of the person portrayed (Cornbury was also accused of tyranny, oppression and corruption, but those charges receive less attention). Perhaps there is only scandal rather than substance–if one considers crossdressing grounds for scandal at all. Patricia U. Bonomi’s delightful The Lord Cornbury Scandal (1998) notes that throughout Cornbury’s life and for some 73 years after, no one suggested the existence of his portrait dressed as a woman. In 1796, Horace Walpole and two literary friends were trading old gossip while visiting a country house. Walpole, a notorious gossip whose father had been prime minister, claimed Cornbury had once opened a session of the New York assembly dressed as a woman, defending his conduct because, as the representative of Queen Anne, a woman, he ought in all respects represent her as faithfully as possible. George James Williams, another guest, described a portrait of Cornbury dressed as a woman, which seems to have been the portrait on display at the Historical Society. that Cornbury’s historical reputation as a transvestite rests upon four letters written by three political opponents, Robert Livingston, Lewis Morris and Elias Neau, between 1706 and 1709. None claimed to be a firsthand witness or named a single witness of Cornbury’s crossdressing. Bonomi further notes that the Grub Street press, the scandalmongers of the day, apparently printed nothing that even hinted Cornbury was a transvestite. She further argues that as the language of politics at that time was defamation (charges of sexual misconduct and perversion were commonplace), exposing the Queen’s cousin as a transvestite would have received wild publicity. three agitators, Lewis Morris, lord of the Manor of Morrisania (now in the Bronx), seems the prime mover. Morris was money-honest. None denied it. He was also ambitious, manipulative, obstructive and vain. He had schemed for years to transform the proprietary colonies of West Jersey and East Jersey–in effect, two huge private developments–into a unified royal colony, directly under the Imperial government in London, with himself as royal governor. He was frustrated when Queen Anne appointed Cornbury governor of New Jersey. Within a short time, Morris began plotting Cornbury’s removal, motivated largely by his personal frustration. Yet Morris’ assessment of Cornbury, as "a wretch who by the whole conduct of his life has evidenced he has no regard for honor or virtue," has prevailed. has been unkindly handled by American historians who, even today, seem more fascinated by his personal habits than his policies. Perhaps the greatest blot on his name is, as a political opponent claimed, that he dressed "publiqly in womans Cloaths Every day." It might be a matter of self-restraint: the present Mayor, for example, dresses publicly in women’s clothes only two or three times a year. was born in 1661. His grandfather, the first earl of Clarendon, had been lord chancellor of England under King Charles II; his father, the second earl, had been lord privy seal under King James II. A paternal aunt was the first wife of James II; two future queens, Mary II and Anne, were his cousins. matriculation at Oxford and his further education at Geneva, Switzerland, he entered the Royal Army and won a seat in Parliament, then an unsalaried post. As his ancestors’ extravagance had encumbered the family’s estates, he entered politics to obtain salaried offices, which was as common then as Cornbury’s uncle, King James II, a Catholic, was overthrown in the so-called Glorious Revolution by his Protestant daughter Mary, who was also one of Cornbury’s cousins, and his son-in-law, Prince William of Orange, who would become King William III. Cornbury was a colonel commanding the Royal Regiment of Dragoons; he deserted James for William and Mary almost immediately, bringing part of his command with him. In 1701, William appointed Cornbury governor of New York. Shortly thereafter, William’s successor, Queen Anne, another Cornbury cousin, with whom Cornbury had always been close, appointed him also governor of New Jersey. Most historians have argued this was mere patronage. Yet New York was too economically and militarily important even then, and neither William (who disliked Cornbury, as he did most people) nor Anne (who was prudish and incorruptible) would have given a responsible post on the fringe of the Empire to an incompetent. letters and journals indicate Cornbury was highly intelligent, literate and urbane; affable in public, with something of the common touch; a generous host; a good husband; a brave and competent soldier; and an Imperialist, which is to say he favored strong rule from London in the interests of the Empire as a whole, rather than the interests of the colonies themselves. He was passionate about political and religious questions. He was brusque with persons he believed dishonest or incompetent. arrived in New York in 1702, the colony was still divided by Leisler’s Rebellion. Jacob Leisler had briefly seized power from the aristocracy in New York during the unrest stemming from the Glorious Revolution. The British government regained control, tried him for treason and he was hanged and beheaded before a howling mob in 1691. His adherents, the Leislerians, were one of the two dominant parties in colonial politics. Although Cornbury found the Anglophile anti-Leislerians more sympathetic, as had most royal governors, he was conciliatory to all factions in distributing both public appointments and invitations to his receptions and dinners (no one denied Cornbury was a gracious and generous host). time, religious toleration in New York meant merely tolerating religions other than the established churches, the Church of England and the Dutch Reformed Church. Cornbury freely entertained non-Anglican ministers at table. However, the law required that all preachers obtain a license from the governor before preaching to public assemblies and, while he granted a license to anyone who applied, he strictly enforced the law against all who did not, nor did he permit the use of churches and chapels built with public money by unlicensed preachers. One Presbyterian minister, Francis Makemie, who had enjoyed Cornbury’s hospitality, refused to obey the law and was prosecuted for it: Cornbury’s enemies called his enforcement of the law an act of tyranny. as governor was ordinary. He built a new fort at Albany and planned harbor defenses for the Narrows, which were left incomplete due to lack of funds. Local defense was locally financed, and in common with most royal governors in British America, as Cornbury’s term continued, he had progressively harder relations with the popularly elected provincial assemblies, who were unwilling to raise revenues for colonial defense against the French or the Indians. built a summer house on the high ground at the northeast corner of Nutten Island, several hundred yards off the Battery in Lower Manhattan. The cost of labor and materials was approximately £100, according to the records checked by Bonomi; Morris and his allies claimed that Cornbury had appropriated £1500, all the money set aside for harbor defense, to build it. 1707, the New Jersey assembly, controlled by Morrisites, opened an investigation of Cornbury’s conduct and drew up a list of grievances. The speaker of the house, Samuel Jennings, read the list in Cornbury’s presence, and the assembly sent a copy with supporting affidavits to London, petitioning for relief from "the oppressions they groan under by the arbitrary and Illegal Practices of his said Excellencie." Cornbury presented substantial written evidence in opposition to the charges, which eventually were not sustained. However, they provided ammunition to Cornbury’s political opponents in London, who had gained power through a shift in the balance of parties in Parliament. Cornbury was relieved in 1708. with most governors of New York until the early 19th century, Cornbury incurred personal debt to pay public expenses, such as military supplies. After 1706, the New Jersey assembly refused to pay Cornbury’s salary, and the New York provincial treasurer delayed payment of his salary and warrants. Accordingly, once news of his relief arrived in New York, his creditors had the New York sheriff arrest Cornbury for debt. This was fairly ordinary, too: Cornbury’s predecessor had also been arrested for such debt and his successor was threatened with debtors’ prison because he had borrowed money to feed refugees. However, the county sheriff permitted Cornbury to depart before discharging the debts he had incurred on behalf of the government. returned to London in July 1710. Queen Anne formally addressed him as her "Right Trusty and Entirely Beloved Cousin." She granted him a residence; named him a privy councilor in 1711, first commissioner of the Admiralty in 1712 and envoy extraordinary to Hanover in 1714. He died on March 31, 1723, and was interred in Westminster Abbey. The media reported his death without comment on his character above, Bonomi found only four contemporary documents attributing transvestitism to Cornbury, all written by political opponents, and no suggestions in contemporary journals or newspapers that the Queen’s cousin wore drag. The charges of corruption were vague and never proven. enduring reputation, then, indicts the laziness of historians over the last two centuries. Neither George Bancroft nor Theodore Roosevelt, for instance, ever thoroughly examined the original sources in describing Cornbury–the work historians are expected to do. Thus, the label on the portrait became the unquestioned truth and the received knowledge–that Cornbury was a transvestite and a corrupt, incompetent governor–accepted at face value. the New-York Historical Society placed a second descriptive label by the portrait, admitting, "Recent research done on the painting has called the identity of the sitter into question." The noble Lord is also commemorated in the Cornbury Society, of Vancouver, British Columbia, an organization of heterosexual crossdressers. Obviously, some of us still print the legend.

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|Albania Table of Contents Political chaos engulfed Albania after the outbreak of World War I. Surrounded in by insurgents Durrės, Prince Wilhelm departed the country in September 1914, just six months after arriving, and subsequently joined the German army and served on the Eastern Front. The Albanian people split along religious and tribal lines after the prince's departure. Muslims demanded a Muslim prince and looked to Turkey as the protector of the privileges they had enjoyed. Other Albanians became little more than agents of Italy and Serbia. Still others, including many beys and clan chiefs, recognized no superior authority. In late 1914, Greece occupied southern Albania, including Korēė and Gjirokastėr. Italy occupied Vlorė, and Serbia and Montenegro occupied parts of northern Albania until a Central Powers offensive scattered the Serbian army, which was evacuated by the French to Thessaloniki. Austro-Hungarian and Bulgarian forces then occupied about two-thirds of the country. Under the secret Treaty of London signed in April 1915, the Triple Entente powers promised Italy that it would gain Vlorė and nearby lands and a protectorate over Albania in exchange for entering the war against Austria-Hungary. Serbia and Montenegro were promised much of northern Albania, and Greece was promised much of the country's southern half. The treaty left a tiny Albanian state that would be represented by Italy in its relations with the other major powers. In September 1918, Entente forces broke through the Central Powers' lines north of Thessaloniki, and within days Austro-Hungarian forces began to withdraw from Albania. When the war ended on November 11, 1918, Italy's army had occupied most of Albania; Serbia held much of the country's northern mountains; Greece occupied a sliver of land within Albania's 1913 borders; and French forces occupied Korēė and Shkodėr as well as other with sizable Albanian populations, regions such as Kosovo, which were later handed over to Serbia. Source: U.S. Library of Congress

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Introduction to Philosophy I. Course Prefix/Number: HUM 127 Course Name: Introduction to Philosophy Credits: 3 (3 lecture; 0 lab) III. Course (Catalog) Description IV. Learning Objectives A. Identify philosophical problems and concepts. B. Outline at least four selected philosophical approaches to these problems. C. Analyze philosophical texts. D. Apply the methods of critical analysis used by philosophers to a variety of topics. E. Evaluate criticisms from a variety of perspectives of the philosophical arguments and positions they study, both orally and in writing. F. Develop and debate alternative arguments and approaches both orally and in writing. G. Integrate the philosophical approaches to thinking about their own lives. H. Derive ethical implications from the philosophical theories covered and apply them at the personal, national, and global levels. I. Demonstrate an awareness of the rich diversity of global philosophical traditions. J. Exhibit values related to teamwork and collaboration, fostered by the pedagogy of shared-inquiry and critical dialogue appropriate to the humanities and philosophy. V. Academic Integrity • plagiarism (turning in work not written by you, or lacking proper citation), • falsification and fabrication (lying or distorting the truth), • helping others to cheat, • unauthorized changes on official documents, • pretending to be someone else or having someone else pretend to be you, • making or accepting bribes, special favors, or threats, and • any other behavior that violates academic integrity. There are serious consequences to violations of the academic integrity policy. Oakton's policies and procedures provide students a fair hearing if a complaint is made against you. If you are found to have violated the policy, the minimum penalty is failure on the assignment and, a disciplinary record will be established and kept on file in the office of the Vice President for Student Affairs for a period of 3 years. Details of the Code of Academic Conduct can be found in the Student Handbook. VI. Sequence of Topics Option I: Historical Approach What is philosophy? (different cultural approaches to philosophy) Ancient philosophy (e.g. Greek, Indian, Chinese, Roman) Medieval Philosophy (Christian, Islamic, Buddhist, Hindu) Early Modern and 19th Century Philosophy 20th Century philosophy (analytic, continental, feminism, radical challenges, postmodernism) Option II: Topical Approach Body and mind relation (e.g. Spinoza, Merleau-Ponty, and the Feminist challenges of Caroline Whitbeck, Lorraine Code, and so on) Free will and determinism (e.g. Sartre, theory of Karma, Stoicism, Spinoza, Mesoamerican cosmologies) Skepticism (e.g. Sextus, Dharmakirti, Hume, Postmodernism) Questions about scientific method (Gandhi, Kuhn, Foucault…) What version of morality should we adopt? (Kant, Utilitarianism, Ethics of Care) What is justice or a just state? (Rawls, Marx, Feminism, Cornell West, Charles Mills, Franz Fanon, Gandhi, Simone de Beauvoir, Susan Moller Okin …) Why does community matter? (Rousseau, MacIntyre, Charles Taylor…) What is aesthetic value? (John Dewey, Carolyn Korsmeyer, Emily Hicks…) VII. Methods of Instruction Lecture and seminar-style discussion Course may be taught as face-to-face, media-based, hybrid or online course. VIII. Course Practices Required Standards for written work Special policies about make-up exams, late papers, or other matters of concern IX. Instructional Materials Another possibility is using a fairly comprehensive anthology of primary sources such as Pojman’s Classics of Philosophy. Instructors may also choose to use an introductory text that emphasizes a multi-cultural approach such as Traversing Philosophical Boundaries edited by Hallman. X. Methods of Evaluating Student Progress A. Quizzes/Exams……40 points A. Essays……40 points B. Final project with oral presentation……10 points C. Attendance and participation………10 points D. Grading scale: 90-100, A…….80-89, B………70-79, C……….60-69……..D XI. Other Course Information Office and office hours: Email and website If you have a documented learning, psychological, or physical disability you may be entitled to reasonable academic accommodations or services. To request accommodations or services, contact the ASSIST office in the Learning Center. All students are expected to fulfill essential course requirements. The College will not waive any essential skill or requirement of a course or degree program.

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Have your own question? Then pitch it to us! Ginny Kubitz Moyer Answers: This custom has its roots in ancient symbolism, not in Mary. Throughout history and across different cultures, women have worn veils as a sign of modesty or purity. Mary is usually depicted with a veil because as a Jewish woman of the first century, she would have worn a veil anytime she went outside the home and was seen by those outside her immediate family. Traditionally speaking, the custom of a bride wearing a veil also has its roots in the idea of modesty and purity. The veil was commonly seen as a symbol of the bride’s virginity (thus it was a big moment when the groom lifted the veil off the bride’s face for a kiss). But this symbolism did not begin with Mary.

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Valyria was a great city located on the continent of Essos. It was destroyed in a volcanic cataclysm known as the Doom of Valyria, which took place approximately one hundred years before Aegon I Targaryen invaded Westeros, and four hundred years prior to the War of the Five Kings. Valyria was the capital city of the Valyrian Freehold, one of the most powerful empires in the history of the known world. Valyria was founded more than five thousand years ago. Shepherds found dragons lairing on the slopes of the Fourteen Fires, a chain of massive, active volcanoes stretching across the neck of the Valyrian Peninsula. By means unknown, but possibly involving magic, the dragons were tamed and the Valyrians were able to use them for transportation and war. The Valyrians threw down the then-dominant Ghiscari Empire and conquered all the lands surrounding Slaver's Bay and the Gulf of Grief. The city of Valyria grew from a backwater to the greatest city in the world, the center of a vast network of straight roads extending across much of western and southern Essos. The Lords Freeholder met in the city to debate policy and rule their vast lands. The city of Valyria was not directly destroyed by a volcanic eruption during the Doom, as it lay more than a hundred miles south of the Fourteen Fires. However, a colossal amount of ash was propelled far from the eruptions and descended on the city, smothering it (hence the common phrase that the Doom "descended" on Valyria). How quickly the city succumbed and how many people were able to escape is not known. Valyria today survives as ruins, located on the largest surviving fragment of the shattered peninsula. By all reports, the city is at least partially intact, preserved by the very ash that destroyed it. Getting to the ruins is highly problematic, as the Smoking Sea that now surrounds the island gives off poisonous fumes that can quickly kill a person and there is no bridge or other link to the mainland to the north. In addition, there is a strong superstition in Essos that to sail within sight of the shores of Valyria means death, which discourages travel there. Gerion Lannister is one of the more notable travellers to have made the long journey to Valyria and not returned. However, a significant number of looters have reached the city safely over the years, enough to pick the city clean of many significant treasures and artefacts. Euron Greyjoy is known to have sailed to Valyria and returned safely with an ancient dragon horn.

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Make Your Own Hailstone Now we know that hail is nothing more than a ball of ice but if you were able to cut a hail stone in half it would look similar to tree rings! This experiment shows how. - Children's clay (preferably different colors--I'm thinking play-doh here) - Dental floss 1. Take a piece of the clay and roll it into a ball about the size of a jelly bean. 2. Take another piece of clay (different color but same amount as above) and flatten it out. Then take that clay and wrap it around the little ball of clay--you should now have a larger sized ball of clay. 3. Keep doing this with as many different colors of clay you have---or stop when the ball is about the size of a golf ball. 4. Now use the dental floss and cut the ball in half----see all the different layers?! That's what a hailstone would look like if you cut it in half. But how? Clouds are formed by rising air (more on that in another lesson!). In a cloud, little raindrops get pushed to the top of the cloud by that rising air. When those rain drops reach the top of the cloud, which is below 32, those raindrops will freeze. Those little balls of ice fall down through the cloud and collect more raindrops, then get pushed back to the top of the cloud by that rising air, and freeze again. This up and down process will create a larger hailstone. When that rising air can no longer hold that hailstone in the cloud---it falls to the ground! Remember---the larger the hailstone the stronger the storm is so stay inside away from that hail!

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The fast pace of population growth and high consumption behaviors make it necessary to double global food production by 2050. A presentation at the 2012 Greenbiz Forum discusses the importance of increasing crop yields without using more natural resources. Jon Foley, Director of the Institute of the Environment at the University of Minnesota, points out in the presentation that improving resource efficiency through using less land and water “could add 50 to 60 percent more food to the world with almost no impact on the environment.” Other experts have noted that biotechnology has the ability to boost the amount of food production per acre while better managing water resources, particularly in the face of drought or water shortages. Read more. According to physicians interviewed by the International Food Information Council (IFIC) Foundation, biotechnology contributes to a safe, nutritious and more abundant food supply. Their insights shed light on issues important to consumers today, including food labeling, food security and sustainable agriculture. On the topic of food labeling, Dr. Laurie Green, an obstetrician-gynecologist in San Francisco, California, points out that labels on foods containing genetically modified (GM) ingredients could be confusing to consumers. “It’s much more important to label items that might truly cause harm than [genetically modified] foods that have been used for 20 years in 29 countries and consumed by millions and millions of people,” she said. Dr. Green also discussed the benefits of biotechnology for sustainable agriculture. “Biotechnology has led to foods that require less pesticides, fewer herbicides, and even combat viruses that damage crops, so overall these methodologies have so improved the quality of our environment and the quality of our food supply,” she said. READ MORE » The challenge of feeding a growing world population demands the use of new technologies, including biotechnology, former U.S. Secretary of Agriculture Dan Glickman said Wednesday. “I don’t think you can make a quantum leap in food production without embracing new technologies, including biotechnology,” he said. “We have to not be afraid of new technology. We have to make sure we have good science, so that safety is a priority. But we won’t be able to meet the ultimate threat without going down this road,” he said. Glickman spoke during a panel discussion sponsored by AGree, a program addressing food and agricultural policy. He said he raised questions about biotech during his tenure at the Department of Agriculture (1995-2001), but ultimately became convinced of the safety and efficacy of biotechnology. As the latest indication of increasing global support for science-based agricultural solutions, a landmark declaration by governments from 24 African countries officially endorsed the use of biotechnology to help Africa address food security and poverty. This year, policymakers and scientists from several African countries, including Ghana and Kenya, have made strides in agricultural biotechnology through local research and hunger-fighting initiatives. However, the significant endorsement made through a joint statement signed by all delegates at the 2nd Annual Dialogue of Ministers of Agriculture, Science and Technology was one of the strongest demonstrations to date of broad support across Africa. READ MORE » Meeting the urgent need for food for a growing global population will require the use of all types of plant breeding, including biotechnology, according to an editorial in the journal Nature Biotechnology. “Even more importantly, it will necessitate a reemphasis on innovation, greater diversification of the agrochemical and agbiotech industry, streamlining and harmonization of regulatory oversight, and an end to the political grandstanding that has characterized the agbiotech debate so far,” said the article in a publication of Nature, one of the most prestigious scientific journals in the world. Biotechnology is safe and should be fully deployed, the editorial states. “There is no scientific uncertainty about whether crops generated via transgenesis are riskier than conventionally produced varieties,” it says. “They simply are not! And thus regulatory oversight should be reined in, not ramped up.” Read more.

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Posted: Jan 5, 2013 8:18 AM by Associated Press PHOENIX (AP) - The U.S. Department of Interior, the Environmental Protection Agency and the Department of Energy have agreed to work together on shared goals for the Navajo Generating Station in northern Arizona. In the statement, the three federal agencies said they'll work together to find ways to produce "clean, affordable and reliable power, affordable and sustainable water supplies, and sustainable economic development." The generating station is a coal-fired power plant on the Navajo Nation about 12 miles from Grand Canyon National Park. The 40-year-old plant is partially owned by the Interior's Bureau of Reclamation. Power from the facility is distributed to customers in Arizona, California, and Nevada. The Sierra Club claims the generating station "is Arizona's largest single source of climate-changing pollution." The environmental group wants the plant to transition from coal. Check out the latest events FC Tucson has scheduled. Help those in need this holiday season Click here to submit a news tip to us! Become a Facebook Fan! Sign up on KVOA.com for newsletters, exclusive deals, and more! Win! Win! Win! Get news, weather and more on your smartphone and tablet! Get texts for news, traffic, deals and more! Stories and videos with Kristi's Kids What's happening on News 4 @ 4 Let us help grow your business What's on KVOA and when! Contact info for our department heads FCC Public File of Records, Reports, and More KVOA's on air personalities! Work at News 4 Tucson Complete feeds of all KVOA.com stories

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Giving a recent TED Talk, author Rob Reid, creator of the online music subscription service Rhapsody, illustrated for the audience exactly why so-called “copyright math” is almost completely bogus. “Copyright math” is a term used for the extrapolations published by groups like the Motion Picture Association of America (MPAA), or the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA), which lobby Washington for tougher laws on copyright infringement by claiming exorbitant financial and job losses due to online piracy. Of course, it’s hard to claim those losses when so many executives are seeing their largest salaries ever, with box office profits continually spiraling higher. Yet in 1999, the content industries got together to lobby for an “improvement” to copyright law that put a $150,000 price tag on every single act of infringement, and Washington granted their wish. “Now when this law first passed, the world’s hottest MP3 player could hold just 10 songs, and it was a big Christmas hit — because what little hoodlum wouldn’t want a million and a half bucks-worth of stolen goods in his pocket?” Reid asked, using copyright math to illustrate the absurdity of their claims. “These days, an iPod classic can hold 40,000 songs… Which is to say, eight billion dollars worth of stolen media, or about 75,000 jobs,” he deadpanned. “Now you might find copyright math strange, but that’s because it’s a field that’s best left to experts.” Both the MPAA and the RIAA have weighed in heavily on other nations’ copyright laws in recent years, facilitated by the Obama Administration. They also recently brokered a deal with all the major Internet providers to set up network operators as the de facto copyright police, who will begin spying on customers to detect piracy later this year. This video is from TED Talks, published Thursday, March 15, 2012. Updated from an original version.

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In North America it is sold under the trade name Tylenol® (McNeil-PPC, Inc) while it is known as Panadol in parts of Asia and Australasia. In some formulations acetaminophen is combined with the opiate codeine. It relieves headaches and other minor aches and pains and lowers fever. Its chemical formula is C8H9NO2. Compared to other common painkillers such as aspirin and ibuprofen, which belong to a class of drugs known as non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs or NSAIDs, Acetaminophen has the advantage of not causing stomach problems, but it doesn't fight inflammation nor does it thin the blood. Common dosage is 500mg (up to 1000mg) every 4 hours for adults. Doses above 150mg/kg or 7.5g for an adult is likely to cause hepatotoxicity. Overdoses of acetaminophen can lead to liver failure and a painful death if untreated; because of the wide over-the-counter availability of the drug, it is often used in suicide attempts. Acetaminophen should not be taken after alcohol consumption, because the liver, when engaged in alcohol breakdown, cannot properly dispose of acetaminophen, thus leading to hepatotoxicity. Treatment for acetaminophen overdose is the use of intravenous N-acetylcysteine. It was first synthesized in 1873 by Harmon Northrop Morse, but was not used medically until 1893. It did not gain popularity until after WW II when it was found to be a metabolite of phenacetin (this fact was first discovered in 1899 and rediscovered in 1948), offering similar effects but markedly less toxicity. The US patent on acetaminophen has expired (when?) and generic versions of the drug are widely available under the Drug Price Competition and Patent Term Restoration Act of 1984, although certain Tylenol preparations are protected until 2007. |Table of contents| 3 External link Method of action Acetaminophen, like the other drugs mentioned above, works by reducing the activity of the cyclo-oxygenase 2 (COX) enzyme which produces prostaglandins. While the other drugs operate as competitive inhibitors and directly block the active site of COX, acetaminophen blocks COX indirectly; this indirect blockage is effective in brain and endothelial cells but not in platelets and immune cells which have high levels of peroxides. This is the reason that aspirin fights inflammation and acts as a blood thinner while acetaminophen does not.

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4 of 4 Setting Your Seam Guide for Sewing Curves Setting a Seam Guide for Sewing a Curve Debbie Colgrove, Licensed to About.com When you are sewing curves it is essential to have a turning point which is directly horizontal to the machine needle. To set this point, set the sewing gauge directly behind the needle, setting the end of the gauge even with the edge of the seam guide. Draw a line along the edge of the gauge. The mark at the edge of the seam guide, is where you need to line up the fabric as you sew a curve.

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The default Xandros distribution that is installed on the Eee PC has many standard Unix daemons (these are called services in that other operating system) that are not started on boot. An example that will be used for this tutorial is cron. Read about cron here: http://www.ussg.iu.edu/usail/automation/cron.html A full list of daemons available can be obtained from a console with the following commands: Bring up a console: then enter the following at the console prompt: If you decide you need to start cron or another daemon on boot, you will need to create the file ”/etc/fastservices”. This file should contain the name of the daemon you want started. sudo nano /etc/fastservices Then enter the name of the daemon you want to start one per line. Example: Save the file, reboot and the daemons you entered should start. You could achieve the same thing by adding the daemon to /usr/sbin/services.sh but this has a disadvantage. /usr/sbin/services.sh may get overwritten on an update from asus whereas /etc/fastservices does not get overwritten.

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Imagine a future where iPods are capable of storing hundreds of thousands or millions of songs, where smart phones could play back several hundred times more feature-length Hollywood films than is currently possible, and where solar powered cells become dramatically more efficient in converting light to electricity. It’s a future that may be possible thanks to research being done by IBM scientists in San Jose who have developed a new technique to manipulate individual atoms and measure how long they can store information in real time, over just a few billionths of a second. Their work could radically shrink a computer’s hard drive, allowing data to be stored on it more efficiently. Post on Sep 24, 2010 by Sheraz Sadiq 50 years ago, eminent physicist Richard Feynman gave a gave a prophetic speech at Caltech entitled, "There's Plenty of Room at the Bottom." The speech described a rich world of possibilities that could arise if we only applied ourselves toward controlling matter on smaller and smaller scales. Post on Nov 02, 2009 by Christopher Smallwood When I was assigned to work on our QUEST story on nanotechnology, I braced myself for the complex terrain ahead. The focus is on the public policy implications of the surge in consumer goods containing nanoparticles. And just how big is the market for nano-manufactured goods? Post on Aug 12, 2008 by Sheraz Sadiq Nanotechnology is the science of manipulating things atom-by-atom to produce the smallest human-made objects. It is among the hottest new research fields in the world, and the Bay Area is a center for its study. Within 15 years, experts predict, it will drive progress in virtually every field, from computing to medicine, manufacturing, energy and [...] Post on Mar 27, 2007 by Josh Rosen

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The Four-Quadrant Model of Facilitated Learning (Part 2): strategies and applications Occupational therapists routinely use a variety of learning strategies as part of their engagement with clients. This paper is the second of a two-part presentation of the Four-Quadrant Model of Facilitated Learning (4QM), a client-centred means of employing teaching–learning approaches to intervention. The first paper examined the way teaching–learning approaches can be used in occupational therapy. The current paper discusses the ways that various learning strategies can be used as therapeutic tools. Useful learning strategies are grouped according to purpose and presented in the 4QM as a coordinated way of organising therapeutic intervention. In this way, the 4QM is posited to enhance the repertoire of strategies from which therapists can draw, and to help coordinate the learning process over time. The 4QM is advanced as a way of informing clinical reasoning in teaching–learning approaches to occupational therapy by providing a means of understanding how and when various strategies are most appropriately used. Although grounded in theories of child learning, applications to adult learning may also be possible. Australian Occupational Therapy Journal: Vol. 54, No. s1, pps40-s48

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For the basic story of After the Mayflower, A Truer Picture of Native America gives a good summary. For further reading on the subject, see Tisquantum, Massasoit, and Hobbamock King Philip's War Note: In some cases, I've quoted or paraphrase what I heard on After the Mayflower. In other cases, I've interpreted it. But everything here comes from After the Mayflower, not another source. If other sources disagree with these interpretations and implications, that's a problem for another day. Wow. Right there is a strong rationale for the Indians' hostility toward the English. The Anglos were invading their homeland without permission with the intent to kill or enslave them. I'd say that was sufficient justification for the Indians' acts of warfare--even their preemptive strikes. To reiterate, the English knew or should've known that the Indians considered them trespassers. That they had no moral or legal right to land without getting the inhabitants' permission. Therefore, any adversity they suffered was basically their own fault. Again, this is interesting if you think about it. The Indians were aware that their way of life was at risk. They knew that the English had wreaked havoc before. Although Massasoit made a reasonable choice--to accommodate the English--the other Wampanoags were ultimately right. They would've been better off if they had eliminated the colonists from their shores. For more on the subject, see Native Documentaries and News. Below: "So what if we've killed or enslaved Indians before? We're Englishmen, so we can do whatever we want."

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A 19-year-old woman who contracted swine flu during her pregnancy became the first person on Tuesday to die from the virus in Spain, radio reports said. Britain said on Monday that a girl, 9, suffering underlying health problems, died after contracting H1N1, its third virus-related death. Kenya said it had detected its first case of the new H1N1 influenza virus on Monday as did Nepal. The WHO has declared an influenza pandemic and advised governments to prepare for a long-term battle against the virus. Here are some details about the spread of the new H1N1 flu, a mixture of swine, bird and human viruses and which has infected nearly 73,000, according to the latest World Health Organization and local health authority tallies. DEATH TOLL: 317 CONFIRMED CASES: The number of confirmed cases of H1N1 is now at least 72,907.

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Quick poll: how many of you have heard of Archaeopteryx , and how many of you have heard of Sinosauropteryx? You can put down your hands: Archaeopteryx may be famous as the first feathered proto-bird, but Sinosauropteryx, which lived about 20 million years later, was the genus that made feathered dinosaurs a household phrase. The discovery of this toddler-sized theropod in China's Liaoning fossil beds caused a worldwide sensation, but Sinosauropteryx has since been eclipsed by even better-preserved tufted dinos.

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Ten years after its breakthrough, there is still plenty of potential for development in satellite navigation Ten years ago, Bill Clinton turned off the GPS interference signal thus facilitating the breakthrough of mobile satellite navigation. Although the technology has developed at a fast pace since then, its potential has not yet been fully exploited. Hamburg, 28. April 2010. A push of a button ten years ago changed everything – a single push of a button during the night of 1 May 2000, ordered by the president himself. Bill Clinton thus stopped the artificially created noise that had previously blocked the Global Positioning System (GPS) satellites. Known as “selective availability”, this block was set up by the US government to inhibit hostile weapons. Clinton’s decision to turn off the GPS interference signal helped mobile satellite navigation to finally make its breakthrough. Dynamic development of navigation Today, navigation devices are high-tech products that are now an indispensible part of many people’s lives. Nevertheless, the possibilities are far from being fully exploited: “Satellite navigation still offers plenty of potential for development despite the groundbreaking innovations of the past decade”, says Johannes Angenvoort, executive vice-president of Development at the Hamburg-based navigation specialist, NAVIGON. “There is still room up there.” According to a study carried out by the EU Commission, the global satellite navigation market will therefore be worth around 236 billion euros in 2025. In 2005, the market volume was 69 billion euros. The story of satellite navigation began 40 years before Bill Clinton switched off the GPS interference signal. The first navigation satellite, Transit 1B, was launched into space in 1960. This event marked the beginning of the Navy Navigation Satellite System, developed by the US Navy to guide missiles. As this pioneering system was not able to pinpoint positions accurately enough, the US Department of Defense launched a follow-up system in the 1980s: the Global Positioning System (GPS). It is still used for positioning today. 24 satellites in six orbits Although satellite navigation was authorised for civilian use back in 1983, which transport and telecommunications companies benefitted from in particular, it also opened up opportunities for science and, above all, developers. However, the U.S. military interference signal meant that positions could not be pinpointed as accurately as the technology actually allowed. With deviations of around 100 metres, GPS technology thus provided considerably less accurate information for mobile navigation than drivers are used to today. Nevertheless, the period leading up to Clinton’s decision was cutting edge. “Key milestones were achieved for the rapid later development of the technology, particularly during the 1990s”, says navigation expert Angenvoort. NAVIGON, for example, launched the first dynamic GPS navigation, “Autopilot”, in 1996. The first mobile navigation system for the Pocket PC P1 followed four years later. “The improvement of the GPS signal in 2000 triggered the launch of navigation systems as we know them today.” The current status of navigation Navigation device developers could then take full advantage of the technical possibilities of satellite technology. A lot has been achieved in the meantime: increasingly high-performance, GPS-based navigation solutions have been developed. Devices, such as those provided by NAVIGON, can even access real-time information from the Internet during route calculation, whether it is the latest traffic jam reports, help in searching for parking spaces or getting in touch with friends. A GPS receiver is now already included as standard in many smartphones. The future is still exciting – reliability as the key factor Despite many innovative creations, the future of satellite navigation is still highly promising even 50 years after the launch of the first navigation satellite, Transit 1B: the European counterpart to the American GPS system is scheduled to begin operating in 2013. “Galileo” is a joint venture between the European Union, the European Space Agency (ESA) and various non-European countries, such as China and Saudi Arabia. The system is similar to the American GPS system but is likely to be more accurate, with minimum deviations ranging from four meters to just a few centimetres. The key factor, according to navigation expert Angenvoort, will continue to be the reliability of positioning systems in the future: “In addition to the most accurate positioning possible, the reliable availability of navigation is a priority for NAVIGON. We are also continually working to make our applications even more flexible and convenient with the help of satellite technology.” NAVIGON is thus currently working on enabling live map updates and updates of points of interest via the satellite signal in its “Sister” research project. For further product information, please visit: www.navigon.com. Images and videos can be requested from email@example.com. You can also find us at: NAVIGON AG is one of the world’s leading innovators of high-quality navigation devices standing for outstanding technology in attractive lines. Besides, the company offers GPS software solutions for well-known electronic brands as well as automotive software components for outstanding navigation systems. Founded in 1991, NAVIGON employs a total staff of more than 400 and is represented by its own offices in Asia, Europe and North America. – NAVIGON. And the world is yours.

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Cyber Safety Month Cyber Safety Month will be held in October. During Cyber Safety month Palm Springs Unified School District (PSUSD) will use Common Sense Media which offers Digital Literacy and Citizenship Curriculum to help educators empower their students and their school communities to be safe, responsible, and savvy as they navigate this fast-paced digital world. Click here to go to the Cyber Safety Curriculum Page Why do we have a Cyber Safety Month? The Broadband Data Improvement Act was signed into law by President Bush on October 10, 2008. The law, in general, aims to improve data collection and promote affordable broadband services. Title II of the Act incorporates much of the Protecting Children in the 21st Century Act that was introduced by former Alaska Senator Ted Stevens in 2007, and is cited under this name. The Act includes provisions that creates a public awareness campaign on Internet use and safety as well as develop strategies promoting safe Internet usage by children. An official summary notification was received via email from Charles E Campbell, the California E-rate Coordinator on 4/30/2012. The summary stipulates that by July 1st, 2012 each E-Rate district have in place Board policy that specifically includes how the district will: - Monitor the online activities of minors - Provide for educating minors about: - inappropriate online behavior, including interacting with other individuals on social networking websites and in chat rooms and - cyber-bullying awareness and response Internet Safety Board Policy PSUSD has updated the Internet Safety Plan within the District Technology Plan (Section: 3g) with the Educational Technology Addendum to the PSUSD Technology Internet Safety Plan to comply with the Act and the FCC released CIPA rule revisions of August, 2011, incorporating the E-Rate program provisions of the Proctecting Children in the 21st Centruy Act. The PSUSD Board of Education reviewed the Educational Technology Addendum to the PSUSD Technology Internet Safety Plan. This addendum to the Internet Security Plan contains the new CIPA requirements and has been discussed and was approved during the public board meeting on May 22, 2012. In addidtion to the Addemdum the PSUSD Internet Safety Plan contains the following; Board Policy 6163.4, Student Use of Technology Administrative Regulation 6134.4, Student use of Technology Click here to view the Board Page in PDF format. Last updated: 6/6/2012 9:48:37 AM

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Find the safest and most cost-effective drugs for this condition. Find the safest and most cost-effective drugs for this condition. Doctors used to believe that HRT could help reduce the risk of heart disease and other health risks in addition to treating menopausal symptoms. The results of an important study, called the Women's Health Initiative (WHI), led doctors to revise their recommendations regarding HRT. The WHI, started in 1991, enrolled 161,809 women ages 50 - 79 in 40 different medical centers. Part of the study was intended to examine the health benefits and risks of hormone replacement therapy, including the risks of breast cancer, heart attacks, strokes, and blood clots. Analysis of the data from this ongoing study and other studies have raised concerns about an increased risk of developing breast cancer, heart attacks, strokes, and blood clots. As a result, there have been a number of changes in the way hormone therapy is prescribed. Current guidelines support the use of HRT for the treatment of hot flashes. Specific recommendations: To reduce the risks of estrogen replacement therapy and still gain the benefits of the treatment, your doctor may recommend: Beginning estrogen replacement therapy years after menopause has occurred is generally not recommended. In general, doctors recommend that patients who choose HRT take the lowest possible dose for relief of symptoms for the shortest amount of time. When a woman stops taking HRT, perimenopausal symptoms may recur. There is some debate about whether it is better to abruptly stop the medication or to taper it off gradually. Gradual discontinuation of HRT may delay -- but not prevent -- the reappearance of symptoms. However, when a woman reaches full menopause, symptoms will eventually go away. Hormones Used in HRT. Hormone replacement therapy uses either estrogen alone (known as ET or unopposed estrogen) or in combination with forms of progesterone (known as combined hormone therapy or EPT). Women who have a uterus (have not had a hysterectomy) receive estrogen plus progesterone or a progestin. Women who do not have a uterus (have had a hysterectomy) receive estrogen alone. For women who have a uterus, progesterone or a progestin is added to estrogen to protect the uterine lining (endometrium) and reduce the risk of endometrial cancer. (Progesterone is the name for the natural hormone that the body produces. Progestin, also called progestogen, refers to a synthetic hormone that has progesterone effects.) The primary reason for using HRT is the relief of hot flashes, night sweats, and vaginal dryness. HRT comes in several forms: When estrogen and progesterone are prescribed together, recommended schedules include: Woman who should not take hormone replacement therapy include those with the following conditions: "Biodentical" Hormones . Bioidentical” hormone replacement therapy is promoted as a supposedly natural and safer alternative to commercial prescription hormones. Bioidentical hormones are typically compounded in a pharmacy. Some compounding pharmacies claim that they can customize these formulations based on saliva tests that show a woman’s individual hormone levels. The FDA, and many professional medical associations, warn patients that “bioidentical” is a marketing term that has no scientific validity. Formulations sold in these pharmacies have not undergone FDA regulatory scrutiny. Some of these compounds contain estriol, a weak form of estrogen, which has not been approved by the FDA for use in any drug. In addition, saliva tests do not give accurate or realistic results, as a woman’s hormone levels fluctuate throughout the day. FDA-approved hormones available by prescription come from different synthetic and natural sources, including plant-based. (For example, Prometrium is a progesterone derived from yam plants.) Periomenopausal and Menopausal Symptoms . HRT is mainly recommended for relieving menopausal symptoms, including hot flashes, night sweats, vaginal dryness, sleep problems, and mild depression. HRT does not prevent certain other problems associated with menopausal changes, such as thinning hair. Osteoporosis . Estrogen increases and helps maintain bone density. HRT may be useful for some women at high risk for osteoporosis, but for most women the risks do not outweigh the benefits. Other drugs, such as bisphosphonates, should be considered first-line treatment for osteoporosis. HRT increases and helps maintain bone density.. Estrogen must be taken for life for maximum protection against osteoporosis, therefore increasing the risk of side effects. Colorectal Cancer . Estrogen plus progestin HRT may reduce the risk of colorectal cancer. Again, for most women the risks of longterm HRT do not outweigh the benefits. Heart Disease . Younger women with a natural or surgically induced menopause are at increased risk for heart disease and may benefit from estrogen replacement therapy. This recommendation does not apply to older women. Heart Disease. HRT does not prevent heart disease except in women with premature menopause and may increase the risk for heart disease and heart attack, especially in older women. Results from the Women’s Health Initiative study found that women who began HRT within 10 years of menopause had less risk of heart disease than women who begin HRT later on. This suggests that HRT may be safest for women younger than age 60, and should be avoided by women older than age 60. Any woman who is considering HRT should be sure to have her blood pressure and cholesterol levels evaluated. Estrogen can increase the risk for heart attack in women who have advanced heart disease. Stroke. HRT may increase the risk of stroke, regardless of years since menopause. It is certainly no longer recommended as a strategy to prevent stroke. In addition, HRT appears to worsen the outlook for women who are at increased risk for stroke and women who have had a stroke. Mental Decline. Reviews of the Women’s Health Initiative Memory Study, as well as other more recent studies, have found that combined HRT does not reduce the risk of cognitive impairment, and may actually increase the risk of cognitive decline. Thromboembolism. HRT is associated with a higher risk for thromboembolism, in which blood clots form in deep veins. This places women at risk for pulmonary embolism, in which the blood clot travels to the lungs. Breast Cancer. Many studies have reported a higher risk for breast cancer in postmenopausal women who take combination estrogen-progesterone hormone replacement therapy. According to the most recent studies, long-term use (5 years or more) of combination HRT increases the risk of developing and dying from breast cancer. This risk decreases within 5 years of stopping combination HRT. Estrogen-only HRT does not significantly increase the risk of developing breast cancer if it is used for less than 10 years. If used for more than 10 years, it may increase the risk of breast (and ovarian) cancers, especially for women already at higher risk for breast cancer. HRT increases breast cancer density, making mammograms more difficult to read. This can cause cancer to be diagnosed at a later stage. Women who take HRT should be aware of the need for regular mammogram screenings. The North American Menopause Society recommends that women who are at risk for breast cancer avoid hormone therapy and try other options to manage menopausal symptoms. Recent studies have noted that breast cancer rates have fallen as HRT use has declined. Endometrial (Uterine) Cancers. Estrogen overstimulates the tissue lining the uterus (the endometrium) and causes uncontrolled cell growth, a condition known as hyperplasia, which is a strong risk factor for cancer. Taking estrogen-only replacement therapy (ERT) increases the risk of endometrial cancer at least five-fold. Adding progesterone or a progestin to estrogen helps to reduce this risk. Women who take ERT should anticipate uterine bleeding, especially if they are obese, and may need endometrial biopsies and other gynecologic tests. Ovarian Cancer. Long-term use (more than 5 - 10 years) of HRT may increase the risk of developing and dying from ovarian cancer. The risk appears to be particularly significant for women who take estrogen-only HRT . The risk is less clear for combination HRT. Despite its risks, hormone replacement therapy appears to be the best treatment for hot flashes. There are many nonhormonal treatments for hot flashes and other menopausal symptoms. Antidepressants. The antidepressants known as selective serotonin-reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are sometimes used for managing mood changes and hot flashes. They include fluoxetine (Prozac), sertraline (Zoloft), venlafaxine (Effexor), desvenlafaxine (Pristiq), and paroxetine (Paxil,). However, these drugs can cause side effects, such as sexual problems. Gabapentin. Several small studies suggest that gabapentin (Neurontin), a drug used for seizures and nerve pain, may relieve hot flashes. Gabapentin may cause drowsiness, dizziness, fatigue, and swelling of the hands and feet. Clonidine . Clonidine (Catapres) is a drug used to treat high blood pressure. Studies show it may help manage hot flashes. Side effects include dizziness, drowsiness, dry mouth, and constipation Testosterone. Some doctors prescribe combinations of estrogen and small amounts of the male hormone testosterone to improve sexual function and increase bone density. Side effects of testosterone include increased body hair, acne, fluid retention, anxiety, and depression. Testosterone also adversely affects cholesterol and lipid levels, and combined estrogen and testosterone may increase the risk of breast cancer. It is unclear whether testosterone is safe or effective for treatment of menopausal symptoms.

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The new rules also allow American citizens easier access to sending money to Cuba, which Obama believes will support “civil society” there. For almost half a century, the debate has been raging over the United States’ policy towards Cuba, which has been communist since Fidel Castro’s coupe de etat in 1959. Free travel from the U.S. to Cuba was halted in 1963 under President John F. Kennedy. The explanation at the time for why Americans could visit the Soviet Union but not Cuba was that the communist government in Moscow was permanent but that Fidel Castro was temporary. In 1977, with Cuba still unchanged, President Jimmy Carter relaxed the travel ban. In 1982, President Ronald Reagan restored it. In 1998, with the Soviet Union “gone,” Clinton loosened it and in 2004, with Cuba still unchanged, President George W. Bush tightened it again. Now President Obama is going back to the Clinton policy, which will make it easier for churches and universities to sponsor trips to the communist state. Obama’s announcement calls for changes in policy at the Departments of State, Treasury, and Homeland Security, as both travel and remittances are involved in the changes, and the new regulations will be promulgated as modifications of the Cuban Assets Control Regulations and the Customs and Border Protection Regulations. The new policies call for the following reforms to Cuba-United States relations. According to the BBC, Obama’s new proposals: • Allow religious organizations to sponsor religious travel to Cuba under a general license; • Allow accredited institutions of higher education to sponsor travel to Cuba; • Allow any U.S. person to send remittances (up to $500 per quarter) to non-family members in Cuba to support private economic activity; • Allow remittances to be sent to religious institutions in Cuba in support of religious activities Allow U.S. airports to apply to provide services to licensed charters. According to a White House press release: The President believes these actions, combined with the continuation of the embargo, are important steps in reaching the widely shared goal of a Cuba that respects the basic rights of all its citizens. These steps build upon the President's April 2009 actions to help reunite divided Cuban families; to facilitate greater telecommunications with the Cuban people; and to increase humanitarian flows to Cuba. Obama has a long history of pro-Castro rhetoric and policy proposals, much to the dismay of anti-communists, including most members of the strongly anti-Castro, anti-communist Cuban exile community, which overwhelmingly voted for Obama’s opponent, Senator John McCain (R-Ariz,) in 2008. Tea Party favorite Senator Marco Rubio, himself a member of the Cuban exile community and a Florida Republican, declared in response to Obama’s proposals: I strongly oppose any new changes that weaken U.S. policy towards Cuba. I was opposed to the changes that have already been made by this administration and I oppose these new changes. I believe that what does need to change are the Cuban regime's repressive policies towards the independent press and labor unions, its imprisonment of political prisoners and constant harassment of citizens with dissenting views, and its refusal to allow free multi-party elections. It is unthinkable that the administration would enable the enrichment of a Cuban regime that routinely violates the basic human rights and dignity of its people. Representative Ileana Ros-Lehtinen (R-Fla.), who represents much of Miami's Cuban-American community in Congress, and is the current Chairwoman of the House Foreign Affairs Committee, also strongly condemned Obama's pro-Castro proposals in a press release: “Loosening these regulations will not help foster a pro-democracy environment in Cuba. These changes will not aid in ushering in respect for human rights. And they certainly will not help the Cuban people free themselves from the tyranny that engulfs them.” “These changes undermine U.S. foreign policy and security objectives and will bring economic benefits to the Cuban regime.” [Emphasis hers.] When campaigning in 2007-2008, Obama separated himself from other candidates by indicating an openness to conducting direct, bilateral relations with those regimes which are hostile to American safety and interests, including Cuba, Iran, Syria, Venezuela, and North Korea. During the campaign, Obama also raised the ire of many Cuban-Americans, as one of his campaign offices in Houston, Texas prominently displayed a Cuban flag with an image of Marxist Revolutionary Che Guevara affixed to it. Cuban-born author Humberto Fontava, who escaped communist Cuba in 1961 and authored the book Exposing the Real Che Guevara: And the Useful Idiots Who Idolize Him, lamented the fact that Guevara, who was responsible for the deaths of countless Cubans during the 1959 revolution and even advocated a nuclear holocaust against the United States in 1962, was held in such high esteem by the Obama campaign. The White House states also that families will not be allowed to direct funds to “senior members of the Cuban Communist Party” or to “senior Cuban government officials.” This vaguely exclusionary language allows for the possibility that funds can legally be transferred to lower-ranking leaders and members of the Cuban Communist Party, as well as to government officials of lesser stature. Of even greater concern is the proposed statute to allow direct visits from the United States to Cuba for “purposeful academic and religious purposes.” This policy decision merely serves to embolden a significant portion of Obama’s political base: radical leftist academicians and clergy, who strongly support the Castro regime, as well as their “right” to visit the Marxist state at whim, where they are often graciously hosted by the ruling communist elite. This proposed statute demonstrates that such policy proposals amount to government-sanctioned support of the Cuban propaganda machine. Such groups include Pastors for Peace, a “religious” group that sponsors trips to Cuba as an “Ecumenical group to advance the struggles of oppressed people for justice and self-determination.” Organized by the Interreligious Foundation for Community Organization, the group sponsors caravan trips to Cuba aimed at protesting what they perceive as the United States’ “cruel and unjust blockade” of the communist island, a position also taken by several members of the Congressional Black Caucus — a partner of Pastors for Peace — which has organized trips to Cuba with the organization. Obama’s changes also facilitate “purposeful travel” for the sake of “educational exchanges,” which the White House states will allow American college students and professors the unfettered opportunity to attend academic and political conferences organized in Communist Cuba, for the purpose of “enhancing contact with the Cuban people and supporting civil society through purposeful travel, including religious, cultural, and educational travel.” Unfortunately, such proposals serve not to ameliorate the plight of the oppressed people of Cuba, but merely allow Americans the opportunity to financially and intellectually support the repressive Caribbean regime, now with the overt consent and approval of their government. Rather than sending the message that the United States and the American people reject communist oppression and support the human rights of the Cuban people by standing firm against their dictatorial government, Obama is instead sending the message that the United States is willing to betray victims of communism purely for the sake of “dialogue” with the Cuban government. Furthermore, relaxing such commercial and travel restrictions with Cuba sends the United States down a slippery slope of not only legitimizing the revolutionary Marxist government of Fidel Castro, but also legitimizing the reversal of the United States’ embargo against Cuba, which has been in place since 1963. Obama’s previous announcement in April 2009 that he fully intended to remove as many “barriers” to open travel and trade with Cuba as possible resulted in congratulatory affirmations from Fidel Castro. Castro had even met with three members of the Congressional Black Caucus — Rep. Bobby Rush (D-Ill.), Rep. Emanuel Cleaver (D-Mo.), and Rep. Barbara Lee (D-Calif.) -— in 2009, asking them "How can we help President Obama?,” according to Martin Sieff of UPI, who believes that the reversal of travel and trade restrictions is indicative of an imminent lifting of the embargo. (Around the time of Obama’s announcement in 2009, indicative of the changing political attitude in the United States toward Cuba, a bipartisan coalition of U.S. Senators, including Indiana Republican Richard Lugar, who also voted and led the GOP push for the pro-Russia START Treaty, called for an end to the American embargo.) Castro himself has offered support and encouragement to Obama on several occasions. According to WikiLeaks cables, Castro has demonstrated great affection for Obama. One cable in particular, “Fidel Castro Impressed by POTUS [President of the United States] after Cairo Speech,” refers to Castro’s taking delight in Obama’s defeatist speech addressed to the Muslim world in Cairo, Egypt, on June 4, 2009. According to the cable: Fidel mostly sympathized with POTUS — in his own way — regarding the first section, which included the fact that the U.S. is not at war with Islam, the Israel-Palestine issue, and Iran and nuclear weapons. Specifically, Fidel said, “One cannot blame the new president of the United States for the situation created in the Middle East. Obama’s policy, therefore, is a mere “next step” along his trajectory of policies which feed directly into the hands of communism and anti-American interests abroad, whether in relation to Cuba, Russia, or the Middle East. Commenting on Obama’s decision, Castro’s Ministry of Foreign Affairs issued a statement, saying that it represents “a step in the right direction.” The communist regime looks favorably upon Obama’s decision, and believes that it stems from the same conciliatory attitude embodied by those who oppose the embargo. The Ministry says, as published in the Cuban state news Granma Internacional: The adoption of these measures is the result of efforts by broad sectors of U.S. society which, in their majority, have been demanding the end of the criminal blockade of Cuba and the elimination of the absurd prohibition of travel to our country. It is also an expression of recognition that the U.S. policy towards Cuba has failed. While the White House wants us to believe that these policies constitute “reaching out to the Cuban people,” they constitute nothing less than the United States selling itself and its people, as well as the people of Cuba, out to an enemy communist government inimical to our national interests. Photo: The Gran Teatro (left) and Hotel Inglaterra, on the Prado, facing Parque Central in Havana

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Three communities – Attawapiskat, Fort Albany and Kashechewan have declared a state of emergency in their communities due to a housing crisis. Five families in Attawapiskat have been living in tents for a year, with others left without housing in other James Bay communities. With winter well on its way in this sub-arctic region, the situation is dire. It’s also a situation that was entirely avoidable. In Lack Layton’s book Speaking Out Louder, he goes into detail about the long-standing neglect of Aboriginal people in Canada. Jack traveled with Charlie Angus to Kashechewan to see the state of on-reserve housing in Ontario. He saw multiple families crammed into small houses, many of which were in need of repair. He was to meet one individual but was told that this man was sleeping – it was the only time that a bed was available. This was in 2004 under Paul Martin’s Liberal government. Sadly, the situation that Layton described has been subject to further neglect and a lack of planning under the Harper government, to today where families are living in tents and makeshift shacks in communities along the James Bay coast. It’s 2011. It’s Canada. We must do better. In Canada the average household size is 2.3 people per household while in some Mushkegowuk (James Bay Cree) communities it ranges from 6 to 8. These are typically small bungalows unfit for so many people. According to Wawatay news, “in Attawapiskat there are only 304 homes and 3,281 residents. Kashechewan has 268 homes for its 1,900 residents and Fort Albany’s population is 1,000 with only 150 houses.” It’s no wonder people are living in tents. Surely there must be a feeling of desperation, despair and neglect. We must do better. There’s an estimated $8.8 billion infrastructure gap in Ontario’s First Nations communities, while there’s an annual budget of only $260 million. This infrastructure gap includes $2.2 billion for housing, $2.5 billion for institutional service buildings, $2 billion for water and wastewater treatment plants (recall the number of boil water advisories in First Nations communities and the horrors Kashechewan has suffered due to contaminated water), and $1.9 billion for linear structures and roads. Keep in mind that Canada’s Aboriginal population is the fastest growing group in Canada. These numbers come as no surprise. This is a problem that’s developed for decades. The situation on the James Bay coast was entirely avoidable. I’ve written a few posts on educational disparity for First Nations students in Ontario and the Attawapiskat school struggle. Finally, after all these years it seems that there is progress being made on the Attawapiskat school. But we need to take a holistic approach to education and realize that the physical school structure is but one aspect – our students need to feel supported and safe, they need access to adequate housing, food and water, family support structures, and safe communities. What can our expectations be for students in Attawapiskat when they finally get a proper school if they’re crammed into inadequate, unhealthy housing or living in tents? Housing isn’t just about having a place to sleep but a safe place to live and thrive. It’s about opportunity. We must do better. The growing housing crisis along the James Bay coast reveals two needs from John Duncan and the Ministry of Aboriginal Affairs and Northern Development: obviously we need an immediate solution to this current crisis but what is really needed is a long-term plan to match the living standards in Aboriginal communities with that enjoyed in the rest of Canada. It’s about equality. It’s about opportunity. We must do better.

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Did Pope Pius XII and the Vatican really do nothing during the Holocaust to help Jews? (Page 3 of 4) Six times the Pope appealed to the Slovak leader — the Catholic priest Father Tiso — to halt the deportations. After the sixth appeal, on April 7, 1943, the remaining planned deportations were halted. On April 8, 1943, the day after his final protest to Father Tiso, Pius XII instructed the Vatican’s representative in the Bulgarian capital, Sofia, to take “all necessary steps” to support those Bulgarian Jews facing immediate deportation. From Istanbul, Cardinal Angelo Roncalli (later Pope John XXIII), a former Papal Nuncio in Bulgaria, and godfather to the king’s sons, added his voice to that of Pius XII, urging the King of Bulgaria not to deport the Jews of his kingdom. Roncalli also signed transit visas for Palestine for several thousand Slovak Jewish refugees. On learning of the plight of Jews in concentration camps in Romanian-occupied Transnistria, Angelo Roncalli contacted Pius XII, who interceded at once with the Romanian authorities, and authorized the dispatch of money to those in the camps. When, in 1957, the Israeli government sought to thank Cardinal Roncalli for his help, the Cardinal replied: “In all those painful matters I referred to the Holy See and afterwards I simply carried out the Pope’s orders: first and foremost to save human lives.” Such is the historical record. It explains why Rabbi Dalin is so disturbed by the continuing assertions that Pius XII did nothing to help Jews, was an anti-Semite, and effectively acted as “Hitler’s Pope.” AN IMPORTANT ASPECT OF THIS BOOK is the carefully constructed background to Pius XII’s attitude to the Jews, going back to his early days as a young Vatican official. Indeed, from his schooldays, Eugenio Pacelli — as he then was — was friends with a Jewish student, Guido Mendes, later a distinguished Roman physician. As a result of this friendship, Pacelli was the first Pope to have shared a Sabbath dinner in his youth at a Jewish home. In 1915, then aged 39, he helped draft Pope Benedict XV’s powerful papal denunciation of anti-Semitism in Poland, which insisted that the Christian law to love one another “must be observed and respected in the case of the children of Israel.” In 1919, as Papal Nuncio in Munich, Pacelli defended the Church against the ferocious onslaught of Communism, then — as in Russia two years earlier — spearheaded by individual Jews who had long since abandoned their religious faith. But anti-Communism did not make him pro-Nazi or anti-Semitic, as his critics claim. In May 1922, Pacelli warned the Jewish politician Walter Rathenau of an assassination plot by German anti-Semites. A month later, Rathenau was murdered. In November 1923, five days after Hitler’s failed attempt to seize power in Munich, Pacelli wrote critically to the Vatican about the Nazi movement, and noted with approval the public defense of Munich’s Jews by the city’s Catholic archbishop. In 1933, while serving as Cardinal Secretary of State — the Vatican’s Foreign Minister — Pacelli negotiated the “Reich Concordat” with Hitler’s Germany, determined to protect German Catholics from the anti-religious policies of the new regime. Dalin makes a convincing argument in favor of the Concordat as a protective measure, stressing that it was not a moral endorsement of Nazism. Indeed, from the outset of the anti-Jewish persecutions in Germany, Pacelli opposed them. On April 4, 1933, three days after the one-day boycott of Jewish shops, Pacelli instructed the Papal Nuncio in Berlin to warn the regime against the persecution of German Jews, asking the nuncio to become actively involved on behalf of the Jews. Four months later he twice expressed to the British ambassador to the Vatican his “disgust and abhorrence” at the Nazi regime. The ambassador reported to the Foreign Office in London — on August 19, 1933 — that Pacelli “deplored the action of the German Government at home” including “their persecution of Jews.” In 1936 Pacelli visited the United States. One result of his mission, Dalin notes, was that, at President Roosevelt’s personal request, he prevailed upon Father Charles Coughlin, the “radio priest,” to end his anti-New Deal — and also anti-Semitic — broadcasts. While willing to meet Roosevelt, Pacelli never met Hitler. When, in a much-heralded gesture of friendship, Hitler visited Mussolini in Rome in 1938, Pacelli deliberately absented himself from the city, together with Pope Pius XI. While Secretary of State, Pacelli made an astonishing 55 protests against Nazi policies, including, repeatedly, the “ideology of race.” In 1938 Pacelli publicly endorsed and repeated the words of Pius XI, that “it is impossible for a Christian to take part in anti-Semitism. Anti-Semitism is inadmissible; spiritually we are all Semites.” So outspoken were Pacelli’s criticisms that Hitler’s regime lobbied against him, trying to prevent his becoming the successor to Pius XI. When he did become Pope, as Pius XII, in March 1939, Nazi Germany was the only government not to send a representative to his coronation. IMMEDIATELY UPON BECOMING POPE, Pius XII responded to Mussolini’s anti-Jewish legislation by appointing several Jewish scholars who had been dismissed from the university to positions inside the Vatican. Among them was the distinguished Jewish cartographer, Roberto Almagia, a professor at the University of Rome since 1915. On the day after his dismissal, Almagia was appointed director of the geography section of the Vatican library. While working there he completed an exceptional four-volume study of the Vatican’s cartographic holdings. Another dismissed Jewish scholar, Professor Giorgio Levi della Vida, a world authority on Islam, was also given a job in the Vatican library, cataloguing the Arabic manuscripts. In his first encyclical as Pope, Pius XII specifically rejected Nazism and expressly mentioned the Jews, noting that in the Catholic Church there is “neither Gentile nor Jew, circumcision nor uncircumcision.” The head of the Gestapo, Heinrich Mueller, commented that the encyclical was “directed exclusively against Germany.” So outspoken was it that the Royal Air Force and the French air force dropped 88,000 copies of it over Germany. One strong piece of evidence that Dalin produces against the concept of “Hitler’s Pope” is the audience granted by Pius XII in March 1940 to the German Foreign Minister, Joachim von Ribbentrop, the only senior Nazi official to visit the Vatican during his papacy. After Ribbentrop rebuked the Pope for “siding” with the Allies, the Pope responded by reading from a long list of German atrocities and religious persecution against Christians and Jews, in Germany, and in Poland, which Germany had occupied six months earlier. A man of faith in a godless age is hitting Americans where it hurts. Mr. and Mrs. American Spectator Reader, let P.J. O’Rourke talk sense to your kids. In Britain, defending your property can get you life. The debacle of this president’s administration is both a cause and a symptom of the decline of American values. Unless Congress impeaches him, that decline will go on unchecked. An eminent jurist surveys the damage and assesses the chances for the recovery of our culture. It won’t take long for conservatives to scratch this presidential wannabe off their 2008 scorecard. The American Christmas, like the songs that celebrate it, makes room for everybody under the rainbow. Is that why so many people seem to be hostile to it? Was the President done in by the economy, or by the politics of the economy?

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"Hello? Are you still there?" Anybody who has experienced a momentary disruption in a cell phone conversation knows that the first task is to verify that the other party is still on the line. Researchers in the pursuit of evidence for extraterrestrial intelligence (SETI) have found themselves on the tantalizing brink of making what appears to be first contact on a number of occasions, only to be unable to verify that they have found a real signal--that is, someone at the other end of the line. (For more on the importance of data in estimating ET civilizations, see "Quantifying ET." For more on other SETI efforts, see "Searching for Life around Other Sunlike Stars." ) Recently the Planetary Society's Megachannel Extraterrestrial Assay (META) found 11 apparent transmissions. Intriguingly, these 11 candidate transmissions tended to be located in or near the plane of the Milky Way's spiral disk, just as one might expect if the transmissions originated from stars in our galaxy [see "Refugees for Life in a Hostile Universe," by Guillermo Gonzalez, Donald Brownlee and Peter D. Ward; Scientific American, October 2001]. In addition, in 1977, as part of its SETI program, the Ohio State University telescope affectionately known as the "Big Ear" picked up what appeared to be a boomingly loud transmission. The operator on duty was so excited, he wrote "Wow!" on the paper record of the observation. Unfortunately, all attempts to verify these candidates--and others from various SETI programs--have failed. As Carl Sagan wrote, extraordinary claims require extraordinary evidence. Without more evidence than a single detection, SETI researchers are unwilling to cite any candidate as evidence of ET transmissions. Before dismissing these examples too hastily, though, many astronomers--including myself--have suggested that we should also consider whether these might represent real ET transmissions that were not verified because they were corrupted or modified during their journey to Earth. Anybody who has watched the flickering of celestial bodies in the night sky knows that a star can appear to brighten, fade and then brighten again. Suppose that there were ways in which ET transmissions also could brighten and fade. If a possible source of an ET transmission was observed initially when it was bright but then the verification attempts occurred when the signal had faded, one might conclude mistakenly that the ET transmission was not real. Are there ways in which a real ET transmission might brighten and fade? In fact there are (at least) two ways an ET transmission could brighten and fade. The first is "twinkling." Almost all SETI programs have been conducted in the radio portion of the spectrum. Distant radio sources can twinkle, just like the light from a star seen from Earth's surface. Unlike stars, which brighten and fade because their light passes through Earth's variable and obscuring atmosphere, an ET transmission would change because it would pass through the gas clouds that fill the space between the stars. The typical size of one of these gas clouds is roughly the same as the distance between Earth and the sun. Such twinkling is observed routinely in observations of pulsars. (Pulsars are rapidly rotating neutron stars, the remnants of a supernova explosion of a massive star--stars having masses roughly between 8 and 25 or 50 times the mass of our sun). Also, whereas the twinkling of a star is fairly mild, the twinkling of a distant radio source can be violent. A radio source could double in apparent brightness, then fade to essentially zero and remain faint for a considerable amount of time--hours or even days. A second possible explanation for ET transmission variability is gravitational microlensing. According to Einstein's theory of general relativity, mass can deflect light. Indeed, one of the early triumphs of general relativity was the observation of the deflection of light by the sun's mass. More recently, stars in the inner part of the Milky Way galaxy have been observed to brighten then fade as massive objects--another star, a white dwarf, a neutron star, a black hole, etc.--pass in front of the background stars, temporarily focusing the light from those background stars.

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|Association of Women for the Advancement of Research and Education||Today is| |You are here: Home > Doctors' Corner > Hormone Health > The Thyroid Paradox| Hormone Health: The Thyroid Paradox Y. Baucom, MD, FACOG, FAAAM What Is Thyroid Paradox? Most physicians are trained to approach low thyroid or hypothyroid disorders with one test. The TSH or Thyroid Stimulating Hormone is considered the gold standard as reflecting thyroid gland function. The thyroid range for this test varies per laboratory, but in general the range is .045 – 4.50 uU/ml. To be considered low thyroid, the TSH result must be over 4.50 uU/ml, some consider low thyroid to be at least double that The normal physiology of thyroid function is as follows: The manufacture of T4, or thyroxine, requires iodine, zinc, selenium and tyrosine. Without these nutrients the gland can not produce the hormones T4 or T3. The master gland, the pituitary is located right between the eyes in the space in the middle of the forehead. Thyroid releasing factor, or TRF, is asking the pituitary to stimulate the thyroid gland to make thyroid hormone. Obviously a pituitary tumor may not be ascertained by TSH, yet thyroid issues may be caused by pituitary malfunction. The thyroid gland will respond to TRF (thyroid releasing factor) and produce eighty percent (80%) thyroxin and twenty percent (20%) T3 or triiodothyronine. The thyroxin or T4 is the pro hormone. The T3 is the active hormone that the receptor sites of the cells in the CNS (central nervous system), muscle, bone etc. respond to. Most physicians ignore T3 assuming that the T4 or thyroxin will automatically convert to T3. This is not the case. Stress, low or high cortisol will prevent conversion. Insufficient zinc, selenium or tyrosine can stop conversion. Diabetes, low protein, heavy metals can all affect conversion. These are factors not connected to the pituitary-thyroid axis. The conversion is based on liver and kidney functions as well. Therefore people with kidney or liver disease can alter conversion ratios, without affecting the TSH level. One out of five females and one out of ten males will have a thyroid problem. As women enter menopause and get fluctuations in their estrogen levels, their thyroid binding globulin (TBG) may increase and hold on to the T3 rather than release it. Thyroid symptoms can mimic the change of life - fatigue, hair loss, dry skin, weight gain are a few of the symptoms that are shared by both syndromes. Oprah Winfrey’s thyroid problems were missed by some physicians who failed to do the screening TSH. Ms. Winfrey’s adrenal stress blocked her T4 to T3 conversion, and compounded her menopausal symptoms, which were missed for sometime. This scenario is typical. “All your thyroid studies came back in the normal range.” A statement commonly heard by many patients. Unfortunately the screening for this common disorder is in many cases only a TSH, or a TSH and free T4. Conventional doctors do not routinely screen for Hashimoto’s thyroid disorder or nutritional deficiency. Tests for antibodies, to the thyroid gland itself or to the peroxidase enzyme or even to the thyroglobulin binding protein are rarely ordered; yet these antibodies influence the wellbeing of the individual. How should one approach diagnosing thyroid disorders? Of course the TSH is part of the workup. But a complete thyroid assessment may not be reimbursed by medical insurance. The following tests can evaluate thyroid function: The bare minimum would be as follows: There must always be an assessment of adrenal health. When the adrenal gland is stressed or hypo functional, it can mimic hypothyroidism or low thyroid. When the TSH is three (3.0) or greater, but less than 4.50, a condition called sub-clinical low thyroid is present. Many agree the disorder should be treated. Many conventional physicians will say the level is in the “normal range”, and will not treat the disorder. Even if the patient has clinical symptoms, they will be ignored in favor of the test results being in the normal range. The symptoms are more important than the equivocal laboratory data. These ranges are based on results taken from sick as well as normal patients. The results are thus skewed. Some well patients may be in lower or higher “ranges” and still be normal. All results must encompass both clinical history and physical signs and symptoms. In summary, thyroid disease can be difficult to diagnose and treat. The function of this vital gland in energy, bone, brain and heart for physical well-being is greatly undervalued. It is always one of the first glands that should be investigated when fatigue, weight gain or loss, depression, and body aches are complaints. For more information visit the website of Previous Hormone health articles by dr. baucom: Copyright © 1997-2012 ProjectAWARE. All rights to content that appears on this site are held by the authors/contributors. Any reproduction or use of materials without written consent of the author/contributor is prohibited. Questions or comments about this site? Contact the Website Editor, <firstname.lastname@example.org> HOME | MENOPAUSE EXPERIENCE | MANAGING MENOPAUSE | HEALTH ISSUES | RESOURCES | DOCS' CORNER | ABOUT US | PRIVACY | CONTACT US

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Plane History || Chameleon Home || Ask Dr. Math Claudius Ptolemy was born around the year 85 AD. Like Eratosthenes, he lived in Alexandria, Egypt. Ptolemy wrote books about astronomy and geography. His books were very famous and were used for more than a thousand years. Ptolemy's ideas were not all original, but he made them popular. Ptolemy wrote Guide to Geography around 140 AD. Like Hipparchus, Ptolemy used a system like the modern latitude and longitude. He measured distances in degrees north or south of the equator and east or west of a reference line. Ptolemy's reference line went through the Fortune Islands, the farthest west place that he knew about. Today we think these were probably the Canary Islands, off the coast of Africa in the Atlantic Ocean. Ptolemy's map of the world might have looked something like this: But Ptolemy's map had some problems. To measure distances in degrees, you need to know the circumference of the earth. And Ptolemy's estimate of the circumference of the earth was not as good as the one Eratosthenes had made. In modern units, Ptolemy's estimate comes out to about 28 800 000 meters. This is much less than the correct value of 40 000 000 meters, so Ptolemy's maps were not very accurate. Ptolemy's mistake had big consequences. Much later, Christopher Columbus read his Geography. Since Ptolemy said the earth was fairly small, Columbus thought it would be easy to sail around the world. He didn't know there was enough room for another continent! Please send questions, comments, and suggestions to Ursula Whitcher Home || The Math Library || Quick Reference || Search || Help

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Muscle Spasms (cont.) Benjamin Wedro, MD, FACEP, FAAEM Dr. Ben Wedro practices emergency medicine at Gundersen Clinic, a regional trauma center in La Crosse, Wisconsin. His background includes undergraduate and medical studies at the University of Alberta, a Family Practice internship at Queen's University in Kingston, Ontario and residency training in Emergency Medicine at the University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center. William C. Shiel Jr., MD, FACP, FACR Dr. Shiel received a Bachelor of Science degree with honors from the University of Notre Dame. There he was involved in research in radiation biology and received the Huisking Scholarship. After graduating from St. Louis University School of Medicine, he completed his Internal Medicine residency and Rheumatology fellowship at the University of California, Irvine. He is board-certified in Internal Medicine and Rheumatology. In this Article - What is a muscle spasm? - What causes a muscle spasm? - What are the symptoms and signs of muscle spasms? - How are muscle spasms diagnosed? - How are muscle spasms treated? - Muscle Spasms At A Glance What causes a muscle spasm? There are a variety of causes of muscle spasms, and each depends upon predisposing factors, the part of the body involved, and the environment the body is working in. Spasms may occur when a muscle is overused and tired, particularly if it is overstretched or if it has been held in the same position for a prolonged period of time. In effect, the muscle cell runs out of energy and fluid and becomes hyperexcitable and then develops a forceful contraction. This spasm may involve part of a muscle, the whole muscle, or even adjacent muscles. Overuse as a cause of skeletal muscle spasm is often seen in athletes who are doing strenuous exercise in a hot environment. This is also an occupational issue with construction workers or others working in a hot environment. Usually, the spasms will occur in the large muscles that are being asked to do the work. Overuse can also occur with routine daily activities like shoveling snow, or mowing or raking grass causing muscle spasms of the neck, shoulder, and back. Unfamiliar exercise activities can also cause muscle spasms to occur. Abdominal spasms can occur when a person decides to begin working their abdominal muscles by doing situps and does too many too quickly. Writer's cramps are similarly caused by prolonged use of the small muscles in the hand. It is commonly thought that dehydration and depletion of electrolytes will lead to muscle spasm and cramping. Muscle cells require enough water, glucose, sodium, potassium, calcium, and magnesium to allow the proteins within them to interact and develop an organized contraction. Abnormal supply of these elements can cause the muscle to become irritable and go into spasm. Atherosclerosis or narrowing of the arteries (peripheral artery disease) may also lead to muscle spasm and cramps, again because adequate blood supply and nutrients are not able to be delivered to the appropriate muscle. Peripheral artery disease can decrease the flow of blood to the legs causing pain with activity. There may also be associated muscle cramps. Leg spasms are often seen related to exercise, but cramps may also be seen at night involving calf and toe muscles. Nocturnal leg cramps and restless legs syndrome are considered a type of sleep disturbance. Systemic illnesses like diabetes, anemia (low red blood cell count), kidney disease and thyroid and other hormone issues are also potential causes of muscle spasms. Diseases of the nervous system, such as multiple sclerosis or spinal cord injury, can be associated with muscle spasm. Smooth muscle can also develop spasm. When a hollow structure filled with air or fluid is squeezed by the muscle spasm, significant pain can occur since the fluid or air cannot be compressed. For example, smooth muscle in the intestinal wall can go into spasm, causing waves of pain called colic. Colicky pain which tends to be rhythmic (coming and going) may also occur within the bile duct that empties the gallbladder and may develop after eating. - When kidney stones try to pass, the smooth muscles that are in the walls of the ureter that connect the kidney to the bladder, may spasm and cause significant pain. Often this type of pain is associated with nausea and vomiting. - Muscles that surround the esophagus can go into spasm when irritation occurs with reflux esophagitis or GERD. - Diarrhea can be associated with colicky pain, whereby the muscles within the colon wall spasm just before a watery bowel movement. Dystonias are movement disorders where groups of muscles forcefully contract causing twisting and repetitive movements or the inability to have a normal posture as a result of muscle spasm and cramping. The symptoms may be very mild initially but gradually progress to become more frequent and aggressive. Occasionally, there is no progression. Examples of this type of muscle spasm include torticollis (where the neck muscles spasm and cause the head to turn to one side), blepharospasm (where there is uncontrolled blinking of the eyes), and laryngeal dystonia that affects the muscles that control speech. Dystonias may be caused by abnormally functioning neurotransmitter chemicals in the part of the brain called the basal ganglia. These chemicals (serotonin, dopamine, acetylcholine, and GABA) are required to properly send messages that begin muscle contraction. Dystonia symptoms may occur as a complication of stroke. Learn more about: dopamine Viewers share their comments Find out what women really need.

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Household Hazardous Waste All types of batteries are considered hazardous waste. Batteries may contain heavy metals including cadmium, lead, lithium, mercury, nickel,silver and zinc. According to state law, batteries and other types of universal waste are no longer accepted at Miramar Landfill or any other solid waste landfill. - Where Can I Recycle Alkaline Batteries? - Where Can I Recycle Rechargeable Batteries? - Where Can I Recycle Vehicle Batteries? - Battery Storage Where Can I Recycle Alkaline Batteries? Alkaline batteries (AA, AAA, C, D and 9 volt) contain a corrosive chemical and other heavy metals. As of February 9, 2006, batteries are banned from landfill disposal. The City of San Diego is working with private companies to increase the number of local recycling opportunities. Currently batteries can be recycled at these locations: - Recycle San Diego, 8222 Ronson Rd, San Diego, 92111; 866-525-6655 (fee applies, call first) - City of San Diego Household Hazardous Waste Transfer Facility (HHWTF). Please bring batteries when bringing other household hazardous waste. - Check Online for mail-back programs: Where Can I Recycle Rechargeable Batteries? Rechargeable batteries such as nickel cadmium (NiCd), lithium ion (Li-ion) and small sealed lead (Pb, weighing less than 2 pounds) are used in a wide variety of products including cell phones, cordless phones, cameras, electronic devices, razors, remote controls, and cordless power tools. California Law (AB1125) (PDF) requires most retailers that sell rechargeable batteries to accept and recycle these consumer batteries. Check with your local retailers or visit the Rechargeable Battery Recycling Corporation to find a location. The Household Hazardous Waste Transfer Facility (HHWTF)accepts rechargeable batteries. Where Can I Recycle Vehicle Batteries? Automotive, golf cart, marine, and other vehicle batteries are not universal waste, however, they are banned from landfill disposal. Used vehicle batteries are regulated under different regulations. Most retailers that sell vehicle batteries will accept the used battery for recycling at no charge. Generally, the price of the new battery is reduced when a used battery is turned in. Ask the retailer before you purchase a new battery or look in the yellow pages under "Batteries-Storage-Retail." The City accepts vehicle batteries at Auto Product Recycling Events or the Household Hazardous Waste Transfer Facility (HHWTF). Store used batteries sorted by type (alkaline, lithium, nickel cadmium, ect.) in a safe, dry place and out of the reach of children. Use zip lock bags or a plastic container with a lid. For an extra measure of safety, place masking tape or nonconductive tape over the battery terminals (battery ends). If a battery is damaged or leaking, immediately place the leaking battery into a plastic or zip lock bag and isolate from other batteries. Wear nitrile gloves when handling damaged batteries and wash your hands. Household Hazardous Waste Transfer Facility The Household Hazardous Waste Transfer Facility (HHWTF) accepts all types of consumer batteries, rechargeable batteries, and vehicle batteries. The HHWTF is open Saturdays by appointment only. For more information or to schedule an appointment contact Environmental Services Department at (858) 694-7000. ***Avoid a time consuming trip to the HHWTF just to recycle batteries. Store used batteries for up to one year or 5 pounds allowing time to accumulate all household hazardous waste to be dropped off at the same time.

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Jesus was teaching and a man came and said to him, “Teacher, tell my brother to share the family inheritance with me.” This was not an inappropriate request. Part of the work of rabbis was to arbitrate conflicts between family members, neighbors, and coworkers. But Jesus would not do it. Getting in the middle of family fights about inheritances was not on Jesus’ short list of the way he intended to spend his time on earth. After saying no to the man, Jesus turned to the crowd he was teaching and he used the man’s request as a teachable moment. He made a statement and then he told a story. The statement in one translation reads: “Take care! Be on guard against every form of greed, because one’s life does not depend upon one’s belongings, even when they are more than sufficient.” (Luke 12:15) Jesus’ warning is specifically directed toward those of us who have more than we absolutely need. He says, “Be on guard against every form of greed,” –there is apparently more than one form of greed –“because one’s life does not depend upon one’s belongings, even when they are more than sufficient.” We need to be careful not to begin to suppose that our belongings give us life. Then Jesus tells a story to illustrate his teaching. The story is about a rich farmer who has an unusually productive year. He doesn’t have enough space to contain his crops. So he tears down his barns and builds bigger ones. But that very night he dies. His new barns full of crops are no good to him at all. This is a tough story. Jesus enjoyed partaking of the good things of life. So what Jesus has to say here is not about whether or not it is okay to live well. It is not a guilt trip. What Jesus is saying is that having more than we need makes us susceptible to a particular kind of delusion. The delusion is that having possessions and money to spend and being able to buy things takes away our vulnerability and mortality and susceptibility. The delusion is that our affluence somehow makes us safe and gives us security and power over our existence. The delusion is that our affluence saves us. Let’s be realistic. There are things we can buy that make us more secure. Access to good health care does make us feel less vulnerable. Having a home makes us less vulnerable. Access to healthy food, education, therapy, safe neighborhoods – all these things that money can buy are good things, and they do make us less vulnerable and safer and they do make life better and we should try to make them available to more and more people. These things are not delusions. But buying, owning, and amassing more than we need in order to cover over the anxiety of awareness within ourselves that we are mortal and finite is a delusion. And this is what we are in danger of doing. Be careful, says Jesus, your possessions do not give you life. It is the temptation we all face – to try to deny the anxiety of our finitude, our mortality. Anything can happen at any time. What if instead of masking it or trying to run away from it, we lived into it? What if every day when we begin our day we began with a ritual that said, one day I will die? It could be today. Anything can happen at any time. What can I do today to live a truly rich life, to be rich toward God? Not someday, when I have finished my education or have my dream job or have built up my pension or I am retired. How can I live a rich life today?

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The Great Irish Famine invaded Ireland between 1845 and 1849, bringing indescribable suffering to the country. It's estimated that more than a million lives were lost as a result of starvation and disease, but the human suffering was greater than the numbers convey. Families were torn apart, children languished in their mothers' arms, and the cries of helpless masses went unanswered by a world ill-equipped to respond. The pages of modern history are filled with stories of similar disasters in China, Cambodia, Ethiopia and North Korea—each one having its own cause. What was the cause of such devastation in the case of the Great Irish Famine? The suffering began with a tiny spore that silently multiplied and almost instantly destroyed Ireland's potato crops. Without warning, a nation's food supply simply rotted, toppling its economy. The lives of the Irish were traumatized for decades to come. Hidden things sometimes unleash famine in our lives, as well. King David discovered this truth near the end of his long reign over Israel (see 2 Sam. 21:,14). A mysterious and relentless famine struck his people. Year after year passed, and still the painful plague wouldn't lift. Rain didn't fall, seeds couldn't take root, and harvests never sprang up. God's people were drowning in a flood of lack. David inquired of the Lord, who revealed the root of the problem. He reminded David of Saul's injustice toward the Gibeonites. Centuries before, Joshua and the elders of Israel had sworn a covenant to protect this minority people in exchange for their surrender and service (see Josh. 9). But Saul was blind to the value of relationships—even those sheltered by sacred promise. To him, the needs of outsiders were irrelevant. Saul gave the order to wipe out the Gibeonites, and in so doing, he infected his land and his people with an invisible spore of sin that resulted in a tragic famine. Naturally speaking, famines are extended times of lack. They begin with a disruption of the food supply, often brought on by a period of drought or war. The process of sowing seed and reaping a harvest is interrupted, and malnutrition, disease and death follow. Famine of the Heart During my years as a pastor, I've seen that extended times of emotional and spiritual affliction can lead to what I call a "famine of the heart." The famine of the heart is a season of distress, often the result of spiritual attacks or periods of dryness. The prophet Amos spoke of times when there would be a "famine on the land, not a famine of bread, nor a thirst for water, but of hearing the words of the Lord" (Amos 8:11, NKJV). We've all have bad days or weeks, but famines of the heart are longer and far more serious. We run short of joy. Our peace dries up, and we search in vain for a sense of God's presence. Nothing we plant seems to prosper. The suffering during these seasons can be devastating. It goes deeper than the inconvenience of lack. When our heart is famished, we grow more confused, hopeless and weary with each day. The seeds of faith shrivel, and our hearts lack the Spirit's fruit of love, joy and peace. When long seasons pass without the Spirit's refreshing rain, we are in a famine of the heart. Yet famines lift when we listen to God. When David inquired of the Lord, it was the beginning of a breakthrough. There is a brilliant openness about David. He was willing to follow the truth, no matter where it took him. He didn't detach from God or blame Him for the pain. He didn't pass his suffering off as mere chance. He was willing to ask the Lord about the cause. He obviously wondered: Is it possible that Israel has become infected deep within? What will break this famine and restore the harvest of blessing? Like it was for Israel, it is useless for us to try to fix a famine by fussing around with surface things while ignoring the true causes deep inside. Root issues are critical and must be addressed. A woman who has endured a lifetime of rejection may find antidepressants useful in numbing her pain, but until she deals with her root issues, she won't be free. A man who struggles to commit to his wife's needs alone may find an escape from his guilt and confusion in endless hours of television, but until he allows God to work on his root issues, his marriage will never flourish. Israel's famine was rooted in the issue of the broken covenant with the Gibeonites. It was a sin problem that required a spiritual solution. Understanding this, David asked them what could be done to heal the pain. The Gibeonites sought neither the payback of revenge nor a payoff of money—they wanted Saul's sin acknowledged and made right. They wanted justice. The solution, which might seem harsh at first, was that Saul's descendants paid the price with their lives. This was no mob lynching—it was a remission of sin that was sanctioned by heaven (see 2 Sam. 21:9). The messy business of broken covenants had opened the door to famine. Only a sacrifice could close that door and settle the sin-debt Saul had created. Right now, the Holy Spirit is digging deep in our lives, helping us to understand root issues. Because He loves us, He's revealing the hidden causes of our lack and pain. John the Baptist described times like this when he said, "'And even now the ax is being laid to the root of the trees'" (Matt. 3:10). It's time to stop putting Band-Aids on tumors. The Great Physician longs to do a surgical work that brings healing to the root of our problems. Breaking the Famine The Bible makes it clear that sin can be remitted only by a sacrifice (see Heb. 9:22). Thankfully, the blood of our Deliverer-King was shed at the cross to satisfy divine justice and restore our famished hearts. Isaiah foresaw the sin-remitting power of Christ's sacrifice: "It pleased the Lord to bruise Him; He has put Him to grief. When You make His soul an offering for sin ... He shall see the labor of His soul, and be satisfied. ... My righteous Servant shall justify many, for He shall bear their iniquities" (Is. 53:10-11). Christ also understood His sacrifice as full payment for sin. As He poured the wine at the Last Supper, He told His disciples: "'This is My blood of the new covenant, which is shed for many for the remission of sins'" (Matt. 26:28). The sons of Saul no longer have to die to end our famines. Christ has settled our sin-debt forever, bringing us the promise that we can be free from the spiritual famines of this sin-infected world. One day a broken woman stumbled into our church office. She had just been released from jail. She was penniless, hopeless and ignorant of Christ's desire to repair her tormented life. She came to us because her car had broken down in front of our building, and she didn't know what else to do. She asked: "Can anyone help me? I have nothing left but pain." As we ministered to her famished heart, she confessed her sins and accepted Jesus. We dealt with lifelong roots of rejection, shame and fear. Her hurts were washed away in a stream of tears, and we watched as her famine lifted. Today she is happily married and leads a successful ministry in our church to emotionally broken people. To activate Christ's famine-breaking power in our lives, we must be willing to confront our failures through honest confession. Like David, we must come clean with God. We begin by asking ourselves: Am I holding on to unconfessed sin? Am I violating God's Word? Am I perpetrating injustice? Have I withheld forgiveness, broken covenant, or given place to bitterness, pride, lust or greed? Dishonesty and denial only shelter the spores that impoverish our hearts. Coming clean with God connects us with the power of the cross and the sacrifice of Jesus Confession and repentance break the root of sin and release us back into our harvest of joy: "If we confess our sins, He is faithful and just to forgive us our sins and to cleanse us from all unrighteousness" (1 John 1:9). After Israel's sin root was cut the famine ended (see 2 Sam. 21:14). What a welcome release! The rains fell again, watering and reviving the dormant seeds of blessing. At the same time, the nation's anxiety lifted. Prosperity returned, and David's song rang out: "[The righteous] shall not be ashamed in the evil time, and in the days of famine they shall be satisfied" (Ps. 37:19). This story speaks to our lives: Hidden things create pain. Root issues are important. Sin creates suffering. Confession brings healing. But most important, because of Christ, there is hope for the famished heart. He promises to "satisfy your soul in drought, and strengthen your bones" (Is. 58:11). He reassures us: "You shall be like a watered garden, and like a spring of water, whose waters do not fail" (v. 11). If your heart is famished, run to these promises. Don't cut yourself off from God or blame Him for the pain. Dig deeper and ask the Lord to lay His ax to the root. Come to the cross, and let the rain of His presence restore you. Your famine will end. The once-dead seeds of faith and hope will take root again, and your harvest of joy will return. David Cannistraci is the senior pastor of GateWay City Church in San Jose, California, and a frequent contributor to Charisma. He is the author of Apostles and the Emerging Apostolic Movement and God's Vision for Your Church. For more, visit online at davidcannistraci.org. Ending America's Barrenness Christians in the U.S. have learned that it is vitally important to deal with root issues of injustice in the nation's past. The spiritual lessons of famine, broken covenant and confession apply to our lives personally, but they do not end there. The story of Saul's injustice toward the Gibeonites teaches us how the sinful spores of racism, economic injustice, and bigotry can infect and oppress our entire nation. Chief Jay Swallow, a widely recognized Native American minister, often describes his own journey of healing along these lines. Many Americans are unaware that our government has broken hundreds of covenants with Native Americans. Our centuries-long history of cruelty has produced enormous pain and resistance to Christ in Native communities. Swallow's ancestors were innocent victims of the Washita Massacre in 1868. As a child, he heard the accounts of their violent deaths. He became bitter toward his government and angry with his often-insensitive white brothers and sisters in Christ. When Swallow visited the site of the massacre in 1997, his famished heart began to heal through the identificational repentance of John Benefiel and the leaders of the Oklahoma Apostolic Prayer Network. Sensing Swallow's raw emotions and God's heart to heal, the leaders knelt on that site and broke before God. When they repented for the sins of our government, Swallow extended forgiveness and subsequently experienced a transforming flood of personal healing and freedom. Today these same leaders are working together to reach Native Americans. Confession is cleansing the stain of broken covenants and releasing personal freedom for thousands across the Midwest. Many Christians believe our nation will not see revival until we address our mistreatment of Native Americans. For this reason, leaders such as Kansas Sen. Sam Brownback are urging the passage of the Resolution of Apology to the Native Peoples (nativeres .org), which apologizes for our government's role in the suffering of Native people. If enacted, the resolution could bring about a turning point in our country not unlike that experienced by Israel after it made restitution to the Gibeonites. For the power of the cross to transform our nation, we must confess and confront sin, injustice and broken covenants on a national level. If we are willing to address our root issues, we'll see famine break up across the land, just as Scripture has promised: "'If My people who are called by My name will humble themselves, and pray and seek My face, and turn from their wicked ways, then I will hear from heaven, and will forgive their sin and heal their land'" (2 Chr. 7:14, NKJV).

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A cold front pushed eastward across the continental United States in early 2013, passing through Colorado on January 11. Ahead of the cold front, a dust storm arose along the Colorado-Kansas border. The Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) on NASA’s Aqua satellite captured this natural-color image on January 11, 2013. Although the dust was thickest in western Kansas, many of the source points for the storm were in Colorado. One dust plume arose roughly 70 kilometers (40 miles) south of Colorado Springs. In Kansas, the eastern edge of the dust storm spanned 240 kilometers (150 miles) and the dust was thick enough to completely hide the land surface below, especially east of Goodland. Salina.com reported that the blowing dust reduced visibility to a quarter of a mile (0.4 kilometers). Dust storms in this region have occurred in the midst of severe, lingering drought. As of January 8, 2013, the U.S. Drought Monitor described drought conditions in western Kansas and southeastern Colorado as “exceptional.” A smaller dust storm struck the same region in November 2012. - Demuth, G. (2013, January 11) Dust storm reduces visibility in northwest Kansas. Salina.com. Accessed January 14, 2013. - U.S. Drought Monitor. (2012, November 13) Current conditions. University of Nebraska-Lincoln. Accessed January 14, 2013. NASA image courtesy Jeff Schmaltz, LANCE MODIS Rapid Response. Caption by Michon Scott. - Aqua - MODIS

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The Parent 'Hood Sign parents up for Tweeting 101 Text and instant messaging lingo: Parents should learn it to keep kids safe Teens are texting and messaging more and more these days. Maybe it's time for parents to learn to decipher the lingo. (Tribune file photo / February 1, 2011) It is vital for parents to be aware of technology and how it affects their child. Ask them to teach you about texting lingo and their experiences. If you talk about these things during a family meal or a car trip they will feel like an expert and open up about what they know. The key is tone. If you only converse with your children in a parental, judgmental tone, they will not open up to you. — Dawn Lantero "Your children's safety may depend upon you knowing their text and instant messaging lingo," says Mary Jo Rapini, author of "Start Talking: A Girl's Guide for You and Your Mom About Health, Sex or Whatever" (Bayou Publishing, $14.95). "Kids want to fit in and feel good, and there are people who do not have your children's best interest at heart — people who are available at all times via the Internet and texting." Rapini likes netsmartz.org, a website run by the National Center for Missing and Exploited Children, for its tips on recognizing cyber risks and how to approach the topic with your kids. She says to be on the lookout for bullying behavior. "Bullying is no longer the bullying you grew up with," she says. "It is constant torture, and it happens at a time your child's sense of self is not fully developed. This is part of the reason it can have disastrous effects on children." Netlingo.com is also a good source for decoding acronyms and texting jargon. The site lets you search individual terms and also sells downloadable guides, including "The List: A Parent's Guide to Internet Lingo" and "Top 50 Internet Acronyms Parents Need to Know." "It takes your involvement to keep your child safe," Rapini says. "Blaming the schools, churches or wherever else your child encountered a harmful person will not help if your child is hurt." Compiled by Heidi Stevens, Tribune Newspapers Got a solution? Your kids think potty talk is hilarious and every tactic you've tried — ignoring it, punishing it, politely asking them to stop it — fails. Help! E-mail us your thoughts at email@example.com. Find "The Parent 'Hood" page on Facebook, where you can post your parenting questions and offer tips and solutions for others to try. Author Mary Jo Rapini offers the following primer on messaging lingo and urges parents to commit the terms to memory. One to one: 121 I love you: 143 I hate you: 182

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Researcher: To control weight, get out of your car Small transportation change can reduce body weight Monday, December 24, 2012 For those who are watching their weight, the next few days will be critical. The end of the year holidays, from Christmas to New Years, bring dinners, parties and lots of sweets. One way to protect yourself is to resist reaching for that cookie -- and your car keys. When you are adding extra calories to your body, it just makes sense that you need to do more to burn them. Unless you are going to make extra trips to the gym or spend more time on the treadmill, you might consider driving less and walking more. Sheldon Jacobson is a University orf Illinois computer science professor who has studied the link between automobiles and body weight. He suggests that both daily automobile travel and calories consumed are related and reducing either one, even by a small amount, correlates with a reduction in body mass index (BMI). “We’re saying that making small changes in travel or diet choices may lead to comparable obesity reduction, which implies that travel-based interventions may be as effective as dietary interventions,” said graduate student Banafsheh Behzad, a co-author of the study, published in the journal Preventive Medicine. The goal isn't just to walk more. Walking is good, make no mistake. But the object, according to the researchers, is to just spend less time in the car. “Any time a person sits behind the wheel of a car, it’s one of the most docile activities they can do in a day,” Jacobson said. “The automobile is the quickest mode of transportation we have. But a consequence of this need for speed in getting things done may be the obesity epidemic.” According to Jacobson, obesity is really just a math problem. Maintaining body weight essentially is a result of energy consumed and energy expended. Other studies tend to look at the two issues individually, or at a local or individual level, but Jacobson’s group wanted to look at both sides of the equation through a national lens. They decided to use driving as a proxy for physical activity. They created a model that took into account national average BMI, caloric intake and driving habits. They discovered that if all adults in the United States drove one mile less per day, the model predicted an associated decrease in the national average BMI -- though very slight -- after six years. “One mile is really not much,” Behzad said. “If they would just consider even taking the bus, walking the distance to the bus stop could have an impact like eating 100 calories less per day. The main thing is paying attention to caloric intake and moving more, together, can help reduce BMI.” That's fine, of course, for people who live in urban areas and have access to public transportation. But people in rural areas sometimes don't have that kind of access. It might help explain why, year after year, the highest obesity rates in the nation are usually found in rural states like Mississippi and West Virginia. The 2012 state-by-state obesity ranking by the Trust for America's Health(TFAH) and the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation (RWJF) found that 12 states had obesity rates of 30 percent or more -- the same number as last year. Twenty-six of the 30 states with the highest obesity rates are in the Midwest and South. But for people not in rural areas, who are able to use mass transit, or better yet, walk to the post office or drug store, Jacobson insists it can be a practical way to help control weight. “The most important thing for people to learn from this study is that they have a choice,” Jacobson said. “One has to be just as careful about when you choose to drive as when you choose to eat. These small changes in our driving and dietary habits can lead to long-term significant changes in obesity issues. Those are the kind of changes we advocate.” And Jacobson says even a modest decrease in BMI, like that predicted by the model, could represent significant cost savings. If drivers nationwide traveled one mile less by car each day, not only would fuel consumption fall, but annual health care costs could drop by billions of dollars as fewer people would be classified as obese or overweight.

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Build Your Biceps Brachii Muscle the biceps brachii muscle is an important muscle in the arm. The arm consists of three big muscles known as the biceps brachii, brachialis, and brachioradialis. The most important muscle of the upper arm is the biceps brachii. It is this muscle that makes the big bulge when you bend your arm. The biceps has two heads, which is why the name 'bi' meaning two and 'ceps' meaning head. The biceps brachii muscle is involved in flexion of the elbow as well as supination of the forearm. One muscle which is very often worked during workouts is the biceps brachii muscle. Biceps brachii muscle is a powerful elbow flexor when the radioulnar joint is supinated especially in the palms up position. The biceps brachii muscle is a great forearm supinator when the elbow joint is flexed. The brachioradialis and brachialis become more active, when the forearm is neutral or pronated i.e. in the palms down position. The portion of the biceps that is being worked at the moment is determined by the position of the forearm. Just by varying the position of the arm, you can perform a lot of variation even with the Dumbbells to effectively work all the portions of your biceps. Dumbbells are highly effective in building big muscles in your arms. The most effective Dumbbell workouts are the Dumbbell Biceps Curl, Dumbbell Hammer Curls and Dumbbell Concentration Curls. Perform 3 sets of 10 reps each. For placing optimum stress on the muscles, isomterically contract the muscles at the end of the concentric contraction and hold for a second to effectively develop the biceps brachii muscle.

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How big is the squid you have ever known ? A giant squid was found living in the waters of Japan located in the Pacific Ocean. The squid which is of about 27 feet long was caught on camera for the documentation of local scientists who were working on the spot on 07 Jan 2013. Similar impressive documentation was created by the National Science Museum of Japan in collaboration with Japanese television, NHK and Discovery Channel from the United States (U.S.). That documentation is devoted to the underwater creatures living in the deep waters that are sometimes not affordable. To record good quality pictures and videos from deep waters you want to use proper equipments which in this case are never of cheap prices. There has been a long debate even between oceanologists about the presence of this gigantic squid which was believed to swim at some 3000 feet deep down the sea. This one is hoped to end the debate because there are responsible scientists who were on the ship while the picture was taken. The debate is getting hotter because the previous claim was about a some 10 feet long squid which was pictured at some 2000 feet deep. Some people would doubt about the cam accuracy and this is something you want to get rid at the first chance. There should be nothing wrong with such high tech cam equipments which the scientists used to bring and use on their expeditions. The squid was found at the scene about 15 miles East Chichi island, next to the territory of the North Pacific Ocean. A researcher from the museum, Tsunemi Kubodera said, they should continue to follow the giant animals up close to the bottom of the sea. It is silver color with large black eyes and was swimming against the current. To Kubodera, these findings are the culmination of a long search all this time. “Very bright and very beautiful. I was really excited when I saw it, I am confident we will succeed because we have been conducting research in the region, and is based on previous data,” said Kubodera . According to him, this squid loses two of its longest tentacles. In 2006, Kubodera existence ever filmed a giant squid, which unfortunately only of the ship. The squid was lured up to the surface and then brought to the boat. This documentation is the first time managed to capture a giant squid in its own habitat. Giant squid or so-called “Architeuthis” by scientists, is often described as one of the most mysterious creatures in the ocean. Scientists say, Architeuthis survive by preying other squid species such as grenadier fish that only lives in the deep ocean. This species can grow to reach the stated size of 300 feet. Also see Longest Animal in The World

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Chloroform-breathing bug could detox sites Toxic clean-up A new bacteria that breathes chloroform instead of oxygen could help clean up toxic sites, Australian researchers report. The discovery was announced in a recent issue of Environmental Microbiology. "This is the first time that a microorganism has been shown to use chloroform for its metabolism," says co-author, chemist and microbiologist Dr Matthew Lee of the University of New South Wales. "It uses chloroform like we use oxygen." Once used as an anaesthetic, chloroform is a clear, sweet-smelling carcinogenic liquid. Over the decades, millions of kilograms of the toxic material have accumulated in industrial sites across the world. It is a byproduct of plastic production and a precursor to chlorofluorocarbons. Lee says chloroform is responsible for one third of the seriously contaminated sites in the US. In Australia, sites at Port Botany in Sydney and at Altona in Melbourne are also polluted with chloroform. "It has a potential to be a major hazard in that urbanisation is encroaching on these industrial sites - especially around Port Botany," says Lee. He says the main current option for cleaning up such sites involves pumping chloroform out of the ground or purging it out with streams of air, which is then oxidised. But Lee and colleagues have now identified a bug that could help clean up this problem more easily and cheaply. Lee discovered bacteria in subsurface sediment obtained from Port Botany, respired chloroform instead of oxygen. The bacteria breathed in chloroform and breathed out acetate, hydrogen and carbon dioxide. "I came to the conclusion there was a new species down there using chloroform as a terminal electron acceptor," says Lee. He found that adding emulsified vegetable oil to the mix gave the bacteria energy to respire more quickly, and take up more chloroform. Using DNA sequencing, he and colleagues identified the main bacteria in the mix as a member of the genus Dehalobacter. "We can guess that it evolved there after having been exposed to chloroform for decades," says Lee. The researchers also showed that the more Dehalobacter proliferated, the more chloroform was taken up by the samples taken from Port Botany. Lee says further research could help nail down what conditions help the bacteria to thrive best before it is injected into toxic sites to clean them up. The research is funded by an Australian Research Council Linkage grant involving chemical companies Orica and Dow.

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Top 10: Fitness Myths No.3 Basketball shoes protect against injury High-top basketball shoes were invented in an attempt to minimize the risk of rolling an ankle as a result of landing on someone’s foot. These shoes, which increasingly have ankle support that mirrors ski boots, effectively limit side-to-side ankle motion. This will minimize the risk of ankle sprains but causes excessive range of motion at the knee. The knee has some rotational ability, primarily flexes and extends. Unfortunately, basketball shoes also limit the ankle's range of motion in dorsiflexion (shin coming toward toes) and rotation. When these ankle movements are restricted, compensatory motion occurs at the knee. Over time, this leads to a number of knee problems. Couple this with the fact that restricted ankle motion causes a decrease in sensory and reflexive ability of lower-leg musculature and consequent impairment of balance, and basketball shoes can be viewed as both injury inflicting and performance inhibiting.

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(Last Updated on : 15/03/2013) Bhava Kavitvam refers to the poetic movement which started in the 1920`s. The term Bhava Kavitvam was first used to describe the distinctive poetic compositions of Rayaprolu. It is generally agreed that this movement was chiefly inspired by the English lyric. Bhava Kavitvam manifested itself in different forms in different poets. The chief feature of the Bhava Kavitvam is a certain freedom in the choice of the subject and in the mode of expression. However, it is not so much a difference of metrical and prosodic features that distinguishes this poetry from classical Telugu poetry; rather, the emphasis on bhava (emotion) marks it apart from the rasapradhana (sentimental) poetry of the classical style. Some striking features of this poetry are the subjective treatment of experience; greater focus on spiritual beauty than on the merely physical; worship of the metaphysical rather than material nature; celebration of prapatti , or total surrender to the Divine. Bhava Kavitvam takes different forms, such as love poetry, patriotic verse, poetry of social reform, nature poetry, and bhakti, or devotional poetry. Running through all these manifestations is the thread of musicality, the feature that enabled these lyrics to be sung. This seems a major reason for the popularity of the movement. The theme of love received a novel treatment in the hands of bhavakavis (sentimental poets). It is not the fulfilment of love, but the eternal waiting of lovers, that is celebrated in these poems. Abburi Ramakrishna Rao`s Mallikamba (1915) and Duvvuri Rami Reddy`s Kadapati Veedkolu (1924) exemplify this trend. Poets often describe an imaginary beloved and elevate her above and beyond the familiar restricting roles to assume newer forms- woman as the symbol of Viswaprema (universal love), as friend, philosopher, and as imaginary yet enticing divinity. Devulapalli Venkata Krishna Sastry`s Urvasi (1926-29), Adivi Bapriraju`s Sasikala (1939), and Tallavajjula Sivasankara Swamy`s Hridayeswari (1926) belong in this category. Some poets celebrate marital love and treat the man-woman relationship as the objective co-relation of atma-paramatma (lower self and higher self) union. Viswanatha Satyanarayana`s Girikumaruni Prema Geethaalu (1953) is a striking instance of this kind. Since the Bhava Kavitvam developed against the backdrop of the Indian nationalist movement, patriotic verse and poetry of social reform emerged as an important branch of this poetry. Songs of anti-imperial protest urging freedom, written in vers libre, gained immense popularity in the 1930s and 1940s. Chilakamarti Lakshmi Narasimhan`s Bharatha Khandam, Duvvooris`s Naivedyam (1921), and Grimella Satyanarayana`s Ma koddee thella dorathanam are some of the most powerful patriotic verses of this school. Biographical verses written on the lives of heroes from the past and contemporary life mainly form a part of this kind of poetry. Gadiyaram Venkata Sesha Sastri`s Sivabharatham on the life of Shivaji and Jandhyala Papayya Sastry`s many short lyrics on the life of Lord Buddha are good examples of this form. Gandhiji was the subject of countless Telugu poems written during this period; Devulapalli`s Gandhiyugam, Tummala Sitarama Murthy`s Bapuji Atmakatha (1951), and Basavaraju Appa Rao`s lyrics on Mahatma Gandhi merit special mention. Bhava Kavitvam urged social change and reform. Gurram Jashuva`s Gabbilam (1941) is a powerful critique of caste and class structure in Indian society; Tripuraneni Ramaswamy Chaudhuri`s Suthapuranam (1954) makes a strong plea for the abolition of caste distinctions; Katuri Venkateswara Rao`s Gudigantalu demands that temple doors be thrown open to untouchables. Poetry thus became a social act. Nature poetry evoking and celebrating the landscape of the Telugu land constitutes yet another important strand of Bhava Kavitvam. Devulapalli seeks total identification with nature in his Krishna Paksham (1925); Jandhyala empathizes with floral maidens in Pushpa Vilapam; Abburi shows how nature spurs love in Oohaganam (1918). Viswanatha`s Kinnerasani Patalu (1924) and Nanduri Subba Rao`s Yenki Paatalu (1925) are examples of the beautiful pastorals and moving rural romance that Bhava Kavitvam created. Poets composed lyrics to folk tunes that were popular among different regions of Andhra. Duvvuri captured the rhythms of farmers` lives in Krisivaludu (1919). Nandoori`s Yenki and Naidu bava have become living legends in Telugu literature. Finally, bhakti kavitvam, or devotional poetry, forms an important tributary in the streams of bhava kavitvam. Poetry became an act of self-surrender, and the poets submitted themselves totally to the will of God. Puttaparthi Narayanacharyulu`s Sivathandavam (1940) is a powerful poetic tribute to Lord Shiva ; Devulapalli pays homage to a universal God in Mahathi; Jandhyala invokes the myth of Radha-Krishna to express his devotion to Lord Krishna; Basavaraju`s Gopika Geethalu (1921), too, invokes Lord Krishna through dedication and devotion. These form a part of the philosophy of Krishna tatvam, in which the devotee takes the place of Radha the beloved and views God as Krishna, the "universal lover." Thus, Bhava Kavitam comprised a number of different themes in its entire body of work.

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In Russia April 12th is Cosmonautics Day. This holiday celebrates the first manned flight into space. This year marks the 51st anniversary of that space flight. Yuri Gagarin, a Soviet Cosmonaut, became the first man in space by orbiting around the Earth in a Vostok 1 spacecraft. His trip around the Earth lasted a total of 108 minutes. Exactly twenty years later NASA launched the first orbital flight of the space shuttles program. The Columbia went into space on April 12th, 1981 and orbited the Earth 37 times during the trip. Around the world April 12th is known as Yuri’s Night in commemoration of Yuri Gagarin’s first manned flight and the collective space exploration milestones reached since. If you would like to learn more about space and space travel you might enjoy a trip to the Chabot Space & Science Center. There is a multimedia exhibit called NASA’s Destination Station at The Tech Museum through this Sunday, April 15th.

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Public housing consumes significantly more energy per square foot than private housing. Waste in this sector not only is detrimental to the environment, but also places an unfair burden on the millions of low-income households that sacrifice necessities, such as food and medical care, simply to meet monthly energy and rent payments. A concerted, coordinated, and transformative effort to curb energy consumption and cut costs in affordable housing is urgently needed. Led by the Rocky Mountain Institute, the Residential Energy Efficiency Leaders (REEL) Working Group consists of North America’s leading green public housing authorities (PHAs) and seeks to catalyze large-scale positive change in the way America’s affordable housing is designed, is constructed, and uses energy. Promoting and mainstreaming “superefficiency” – energy efficiency designs and interventions that can deliver housing that is at least 60% more efficient than today’s code at comparable costs – is key to this effort. The REEL Working Group abides by a number of principles that guide and shape its activities. Working group members commit to: - Collecting and exchanging data concerning the energy performance of their properties. - Regularly attending and contributing to working group meetings, sessions, and reports. - Identifying the most pressing impediments to energy efficiency in public housing. - Exploring innovative and cost-effective solutions to address these impediments. - Establishing a feasible yet ambitious energy efficiency target for affordable housing, and striving to meet this stretch goal in their own properties. To learn more about the REEL working group, contact: Analyst, Superefficient Housing Initiative

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As the weather warms up and we begin to spend more time outdoors it is very important to protect ourselves against mosquito, tick, and flea bites as they have the potential to make us sick. How can you protect you and your family against these biting bugs you might ask... by using appropriate insect and tick repellant (preferably containing at least 20% DEET) and applying as directed. Be sure to apply sunscreen prior to repellant for peak effectiveness of both products and if you really do not like wearing repellant keep in mind that clothing makes an excellent barrier; wear long sleeve shirts and tuck pants into boots to reduce exposure to bug bites. When possible wear light colored clothing because it will make bugs easier to spot and after coming indoors take a few minutes to check your clothes and skin for bugs and bites. Don't forget to check the the family pet too! How to remove a tick: - Use fine-tipped tweezers to grasp the tick as close to the skin's surface as possible. - Pull upward with steady, even pressure. Don't twist or jerk the tick; this can cause the mouth-parts to break off and remain in the skin. If this happens, remove the mouth-parts with tweezers. If you are unable to remove the mouth easily with clean tweezers, leave it alone and let the skin heal. - After removing the tick, thoroughly clean the bite area and your hands with rubbing alcohol or soap and water. Avoid folklore remedies such as "painting" the tick with nail polish or petroleum jelly, or using heat to make the tick detach from the skin. Your goal is to remove the tick as quickly as possible--not waiting for it to detach. *Consult with your healthcare provider if you develop a rash, fever, body aches, or fatigue within 1-3 weeks following a bug bite* Check out the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's website for additional information regarding tick removal. The information in this email is designed to raise awareness of current health, wellness, and safety topics. It is not a substitute for medical care. If you have questions about the health information addressed in this communication please contact a licensed healthcare provider. Reference: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

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tend, tent & tens These ROOT-WORDS are TEND, TENS & TENT which come from the Latin meaning STRETCH & STRAIN. The Latin Root has three spellings - tendo, tensus and tentus. Therefore the English words based on this Root have the three spellings. A very pleasant word for us today is No. 20 on the list. Every relaxation of strained relations in the world gives us a hope for final peace. 1. Intend : in TEND (in tend’) v. To plan; aim to do; as, I intend to succeed 2. Intendance : in TEND ance (in ten’ dans) n. Control; management; superintendence 3. Intendancy : in TEND ancy (in ten’ dan si) n. The office of a manager 4. Intention : in TENT ion (in ten’ chun) n. Purpose; as, the intention is honorable 5. Intently : in TENT ly (in tent’ ly) adv. With concentration; as, listening intently 6. Intendment : in TEND ment (in tend’ ment) n. The true meaning; insight; as, the intendment of the law 7. Tense : TENS e (tens) adj. 8. Tension : TENS ion (ten’ chun) n. 9. Intensity : in TENS ity (in ten’ sit ee) n. Quality of strain 10. Intensify : in TENS ify (in ten’ si fie) v. Make more intense; strengthen 11. Intensifier : in TENS ifier (in ten’ si fie er) n. One who intensifies 12. Intensification : in TENS ification (in ten si fi kay’ shun) n. The state of increased tension 13. Intent : in TENT (in tent’) adj. Absorbed; earnest; as, intent on the problem 14. Intensive : in TENS ive (in ten’ siv) adj. Emphasizing; as, the intensive pronoun himself 15. Attention : at TENT ion (a ten’ chun) n. Concentration upon; as, pay attention to the speaker 16. Inattention : inat TENT ion (in a ten’ chun) n. Lack of attention 17. Unintentionally : unin TENT ionally (un in tench’ un al ee) adv. Without meaning to; as, unintentionally rude 18. Distend : dis TEND (dis tend’) v. 19. Detention : de TENT ion (de ten’ chun) n. The holding back; as, detention in jail 20. Detente : de TENT e (day tant’) n. Relaxation of strained relations Go to the Etymology Index Page.

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The plant genus In biology, a genus is a low-level taxonomic rank used in the biological classification of living and fossil organisms, which is an example of definition by genus and differentia... consists of a large number of aquatic, grass-like species in the family Cyperaceae Cyperaceae are a family of monocotyledonous graminoid flowering plants known as sedges, which superficially resemble grasses or rushes. The family is large, with some 5,500 species described in about 109 genera. These species are widely distributed, with the centers of diversity for the group... (the sedges), many with the common names club-rush (see also bulrush -Wetland plants:* Bolboschoenus, a genus in the sedge family * Cyperus, a genus in the sedge family * Scirpus, a genus in the sedge family * Schoenoplectus, a genus in the sedge family... for other plants so-named). Other common names are deergrass The genus has a cosmopolitan distribution In biogeography, a taxon is said to have a cosmopolitan distribution if its range extends across all or most of the world in appropriate habitats. For instance, the killer whale has a cosmopolitan distribution, extending over most of the world's oceans. Other examples include humans, the lichen... , and grows in wetlands and moist soil. Some species specialize in saline Salinity is the saltiness or dissolved salt content of a body of water. It is a general term used to describe the levels of different salts such as sodium chloride, magnesium and calcium sulfates, and bicarbonates... In geography, a marsh, or morass, is a type of wetland that is subject to frequent or continuous flood. Typically the water is shallow and features grasses, rushes, reeds, typhas, sedges, other herbaceous plants, and moss.... y, environments such as intertidal mud-flats; others prefer ponds or lake A lake is a body of relatively still fresh or salt water of considerable size, localized in a basin, that is surrounded by land. Lakes are inland and not part of the ocean and therefore are distinct from lagoons, and are larger and deeper than ponds. Lakes can be contrasted with rivers or streams,... -sides and river A river is a natural watercourse, usually freshwater, flowing towards an ocean, a lake, a sea, or another river. In a few cases, a river simply flows into the ground or dries up completely before reaching another body of water. Small rivers may also be called by several other names, including... -beds. They have grass-like leaves, and clusters of small spikelets, often brown in colour. Some species (e.g. S. lacustris) can reach a height of 3 m, while others (e.g. S. supinus) are much smaller, only reaching 20–30 cm tall. Scirpus species are often planted to inhibit soil erosion and provide habitat for other wildlife. They are also used in some herbal remedies; the plant's rhizomes are collected in the autumn and winter and dried in the sun before use. The taxonomy of the genus is complex, and under review by botanists. Recent studies by taxonomists Taxonomy is the science of identifying and naming species, and arranging them into a classification. The field of taxonomy, sometimes referred to as "biological taxonomy", revolves around the description and use of taxonomic units, known as taxa... of the Cyperaceae have resulted in the creation of several new genera, including the genera Schoenoplectus Schoenoplectus is a genus of about 80 species of sedges with a cosmopolitan distribution. Note that the name bulrush is also applied to species in the unrelated genus Typha... Bolboschoenus is a genus of plants in the sedge family.... ; others (including Blysmus, Isolepis Isolepis is a cosmopolitan genus of sedge. It contains around 70 species. It was first described by prolific botanist Robert Brown in 1810.... , Nomochloa, and Scirpoides) have also been used. At one point this genus held almost 300 species, but many of the species once assigned to this genus have now been re-assigned, and it now holds an estimated 120 species. Scirpus species are used as food plants by the larva A larva is a distinct juvenile form many animals undergo before metamorphosis into adults. Animals with indirect development such as insects, amphibians, or cnidarians typically have a larval phase of their life cycle... e of some Lepidoptera Lepidoptera is a large order of insects that includes moths and butterflies . It is one of the most widespread and widely recognizable insect orders in the world, encompassing moths and the three superfamilies of butterflies, skipper butterflies, and moth-butterflies... species including Batrachedra cuniculata Batrachedra is the largest genus in the moth family Batrachedridae.It includes the following species:*Batrachedra acrodeta*Batrachedra agaura*Batrachedra albanica*Batrachedra albicapitella*Batrachedra albistrigella... - (This list is incomplete, and may include some species now assigned to other genera.) - Scirpus ancistrochaetus Scirpus ancistrochaetus is a rare species of flowering plant in the sedge family known by the common name northeastern bulrush. It is native to the northeastern United States from New Hampshire south to Virginia. It used to be found in Quebec but it is now thought to be extirpated there... - Scirpus atrocinctus Black-girdle Bulrush - Scirpus atrovirens Woolgrass Bulrush - Scirpus bicolor Scirpus bicolor is a species of plant in the Cyperaceae family. The plant is endemic to Tristan da Cunha, Nightingale Island, Inaccessible Island and Gough Island. Its natural habitats are subantarctic forests, subantarctic shrubland, and swamps.... - Scirpus campestris Salt Marsh Bulrush - Scirpus cespitosus Deergrass - Scirpus congdonii Scirpus congdonii is a species of flowering plant in the sedge family known by the common name Congdon's bulrush. It is native to the mountains and plateaus of far northern California and adjacent sections of southern Oregon and western Nevada. It can be found in wetland habitat and other moist... - Scirpus cyperinus Scirpus cyperinus, commonly known as woolgrass, is a herbaceous emergent that is native to the eastern United States and eastern Canada.... - Cottongrass Bulrush - Scirpus diffusus Scirpus diffusus is a species of flowering plant in the sedge family known by the common name umbrella bulrush. It is endemic to California, where it can be found in several of the high mountain ranges from the Klamath Mountains to the Sierra Nevada. It grows in wetland habitat and other moist... - Scirpus divaricatus Spreading Bulrush - Scirpus expansus Woodland Beakrush - Scirpus flaccidifolius Reclining Bulrush - Scirpus fluitans Floating Club-rush - Scirpus fluviatilis Scirpus fluviatilis is a species of flowering plant in the Cyperaceae family. Its range spans from east Asia to North America and Australia... - River Bulrush - Scirpus georgianus Georgia Bulrush - Scirpus hattorianus Bulrush - Scirpus lineatus Drooping Bulrush - Scirpus longii Long's Bulrush - Scirpus mariqueter - Scirpus microcarpus Scirpus microcarpus is a species of flowering plant in the sedge family known by the common names panicled bulrush, smallfruit bulrush, and barberpole bulrush... - Scirpus mucronatus Schoenoplectus mucronatus is a species of flowering plant in the sedge family known by the common names bog bulrush, roughseed bulrush, and ricefield bulrush. It is native to Eurasia and Africa it is known on other continents as an introduced species and sometimes a weed. It is a weed of rice... - Scirpus nevadensis Amphiscirpus is a monotypic genus of flowering plants in the sedge family containing the single species Amphiscirpus nevadensis, which is known by the common name Nevada bulrush. This plant was formerly included in genus Scirpus... - Scirpus olneyi Olney Bulrush - Scirpus pacificus Pacific Coast Bulrush - Scirpus pallidus Pale Bulrush - Scirpus paludosus Salt Marsh Bulrush - Scirpus pedicellatus Stalked Bulrush - Scirpus pendulus Scirpus pendulus is a species of flowering plant in the sedge family known by the common names pendulous bulrush, rufous bulrush, and nodding bulrush. It is native to North America, where it can be found throughout the eastern United States and Canada, through the American midwest, some areas of... - Scirpus polyphyllus Leafy Bulrush - Scirpus pumilus Dwarf Deergrass - Scirpus pungens Schoenoplectus pungens is a species of flowering plant in the sedge family known by the common name Common Three-Square. It is a herbaceous emergent plant that is native to the Americas, Europe, Australasia, and elsewhere.... - Scirpus radicans - Scirpus robustus Salt Marsh Bulrush - Scirpus supinus Dwarf Club-rush - Scirpus sylvaticus Wood Club-rush - Scirpus triqueter Triangular Club-rush Selected species in a broader view of the genus - Bolboschoenus maritimus Bolboschoenus maritimus is a species of flowering plant from family Cyperaceae. Common names for this species include sea clubrush, cosmopolitan bulrush, alkali bulrush, saltmarsh bulrush, and bayonet grass... - Isolepis cernua Isolepis cernua is a species of flowering plant in the sedge family known by the common names fiberoptic grass, tufted clubrush, and low bulrush. It is widespread, being native to many regions of the world, including parts of Australasia, Eurasia, Africa, and North and South America.-External... - Isolepis setacea Isolepis setacea is a species of flowering plant in the sedge family known by the common name bristleleaf bulrush. It is native to Eurasia and Africa, and possibly Australasia. It can be found in other places, including some areas in North America, where it is an introduced species... - Schoenoplectus acutus Tule - Schoenoplectus hudsonianus Alpine Deergrass - Schoenoplectus lacustris Common Club-rush - Schoenoplectus tabernaemontani Schoenoplectus tabernaemontani is a species of flowering plant in the sedge family known by the common names softstem bulrush and great bulrush. It can be found throughout the world, growing in many types of moist and wet habitat, and sometimes in shallow water. It is quite variable in appearance... - Scirpoides holoschoenus Round-headed Club-rush - Muntz, Philip A. A California Flora. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1973, copyright 1959 - Muntz, Philip A. A California Flora: Supplement’’. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1976 (Scirpus lacutris, validus, glaucus, p. 183))

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Auditory Processing: Diagnostic Services and Speech & Language Therapy Services An Auditory Processing Disorder is defined as the inability or impaired ability to: discriminate, recognize, remember or comprehend information presented auditorily even though the person has normal intelligence and hearing sensitivity. (Keith, 1986) In other words -- speech can be heard, but there is a problem processing or understanding what is being said. This is particularly true when language is complex, spoken rapidly or when there are distractions such as background noise in the child's listening environment. Who is at risk? Children with language disorders, learning disabilities, reading disorders, attention deficit disorders and a history of recurrent ear infections. What are the characteristics of a child with auditory processing difficulties? - Confuses similar sounding words - Difficulty listening in the presence of background noise - Problems remembering instructions or following directions - Frequently asking for repetition of information - Easily distracted - Academic performance below expected levels at school - Slow or delayed responses to verbal requests - Exhibits poor reading and spelling skills Because Auditory Processing Disorders can interfere with language development and learning (particularly in the areas of reading and spelling), early identification is important to ensure academic success. For schools offering students personal FM technology, the following pre- and post-evaluation appraisal forms are available: The Pediatric Audiology Department at Braintree Rehabilitation Hospital offers comprehensive evaluations of Auditory Processing Disorders for children ages seven and above. Our professional staff of audiologists is licensed by the Commonwealth of Massachusetts and certified by the American Speech/Language and Hearing Association. For more information about Audiology services or to schedule an appointment, please contact the Audiology Department at : 781-348-2209 or TDD: 781-843-9021. Speech & Language Therapy Services A speech-language pathologist can find out how well your child understands and uses language. Because the audiologist can help with the functional problems of hearing and processing, and the speech-language pathologist is focused on language, they may work as a team with your child. Our speech and language therapists will perform a comprehensive evaluation once they have been diagnosed by a specially trained Audiologist. We will review the Audiology evaluation and based on the results of our evaluation we will treat those specific areas of concern.

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Some More Observed Speciation Events Copyright © 1992-1997 by Chris Stassen L. Drew Davis ere is a short list of referenced speciation events. I picked four relatively well-known examples, from about a dozen that I had documented in materials that I have around my home. These are all common knowledge, and by no means do they encompass all or most of the available examples. Two strains of Drosophila paulistorum developed hybrid sterility of male offspring between 1958 and 1963. Artificial selection induced strong intra-strain mating preferences. (Test for speciation: sterile offspring and lack of interbreeding affinity.) Dobzhansky, Th., and O. Pavlovsky, 1971. "An experimentally created incipient species of Drosophila", Nature 23:289-292. Evidence that a species of fireweed formed by doubling of the chromosome count, from the original stock. (Note that polyploids are generally considered to be a separate "race" of the same species as the original stock, but they do meet the criteria which you suggested.) (Test for speciation: cannot produce offspring with the original stock.) Mosquin, T., 1967. "Evidence for autopolyploidy in Epilobium angustifolium (Onaagraceae)", Evolution 21:713-719 Rapid speciation of the Faeroe Island house mouse, which occurred in less than 250 years after man brought the creature to the island. (Test for speciation in this case is based on morphology. It is unlikely that forced breeding experiments have been performed with the parent stock.) Stanley, S., 1979. Macroevolution: Pattern and Process, San Francisco, W.H. Freeman and Company. p. 41 Formation of five new species of cichlid fishes which formed since they were isolated less than 4000 years ago from the parent stock, Lake Nagubago. (Test for speciation in this case is by morphology and lack of natural interbreeding. These fish have complex mating rituals and different coloration. While it might be possible that different species are inter-fertile, they cannot be convinced to mate.) Mayr, E., 1970. Populations, Species, and Evolution, Massachusetts, Harvard University Press. p. 348 I have a friend who says since we have never seen a species actually split into two different species during recorded history that he has trouble believing in the theory of evolution. Is this bogus and have humans seen animals bred into different species? (The various highly bred english dogs come to mind but I suppose this would be easier to find in vegetation. Corn, wheat strains? Donkeys and mules? )This is bogus. We've seen it happen naturally without our tampering with the process. From the FAQ: "Three species of wildflowers called goatsbeards were introduced to the United States from Europe shortly after the turn of the century. Within a few decades their populations expanded and began to encounter one another in the American West. Whenever mixed populations occurred, the specied interbred (hybridizing) producing sterile hybrid offspring. Suddenly, in the late forties two new species of goatsbeard appeared near Pullman, Washington. Although the new species were similar in appearance to the hybrids, they produced fertile offspring. The evolutionary process had created a separate species that could reproduce but not mate with the goatsbeard plants from which it had evolved." The article is on page 22 of the February, 1989 issue of Scientific American. It's called "A Breed Apart." It tells about studies conducted on a fruit fly, Rhagoletis pomonella, that is a parasite of the hawthorn tree and its fruit, which is commonly called the thorn apple. About 150 years ago, some of these flies began infesting apple trees, as well. The flies feed and breed on either apples or thorn apples, but not both. There's enough evidence to convince the scientific investigators that they're witnessing speciation in action. Note that some of the investigators set out to prove that speciation was not happening; the evidence convinced them otherwise. ... on and on to about #50 if you like... There are about 100 each for every year before 1991 to 1987 in my database. Analysis of contact between two chromosomal races of house mice in northern Italy show that natural selection will produce alleles that bar interracial matings if the resulting offspring are unfit hybrids. This is an important exception to the general rule that intermixing races will not tend to become separate species because the constant sharing of genes minimizes the genetic diversity requisite for speciation. The climatic and geographic history of the Pleistocene and Holocene periods modified the distribution of the bird population in the South American forests. Forest birds are found dispersed in the Yungas and Paranese areas with only minimal infiltration of the Chaco woodland, indicating an atmospheric change during the interglacial periods. In the Chaco lowlands, the interactions between non-forest birds reveal the existence of presence of a forest belt along the Bermejo and Pilcomayo rivers. J.A. Coyne wrongly asserted that neodarwinism includes allopatric evolution but not sympatric evolution. Allopatric evolution occurs among geographically isolated populations, whereas sympatric evolution occurs within one species' entire population. Both are neodarwinian since each results from natural selection of genetic variation. Also, Coyne failed to recognize that the molecular models used to illustrate how genetic changes bring on speciation are most useful when researchers acknowledge that both inherited epigenetic and genetic changes affect speciation. A talk.origins participant writes: 1) Speciation occured in a strain of Drosophila paulistorum sometime between 1958 and 1963 in Theodosius Dobzhansky's lab. He wrote this up in:Another talk.origins participant writes:Dobzhansky, T. 1973. Species of Drosophila: New Excitement in an Old Field. Science 177:664-669 2) A naturally occurring speciation of a plant species, Stephanomeria malheurensis, was observed in Burns County, Oregon. The citing is: Gottlieb, L. D. 1973. Genetic differentiation, sympatric speciation, and the origin of a diploid species of Stephanomeria. American Journal of Botany 60(6):545-553 3) In the 1940's a fertile species was produced through chromosome doubling (allopolyploidy) in a hybrid of two primrose species. The new species was Primula kewensis. The story is recounted in:Stebbins, G. L. 1950. Variation and Evolution in Plants. Columbia University Press. New York 4) Finally, two workers produced reproductive isolation between two strains of fruit flies in a lab setting within 25 generations. I don't have the paper handy, so I can't give the species. The partial citing of the paper is:Rice and Salt 1988. American Naturalist 131:911- Dobzhansky got a subpopulation of D. paulistorum to speciate in his lab. The reference is: Dobzhansky and Pavlovsky, 1957 An experimentally created incipient species of Drosophila, Nature 23: 289- 292 Weinberg, et. al, 1992 Evidence for rapid speciation following a founder event in the laboratory, Evolution 46: 1214. (This isn't a full paper, just a note -- it describes what is probably speciation of a type of polychaete worm.) There are two distinct strains of Rhagoletis pomonella, the apple maggot fly. One infests the apple, the other the hawthorn. They have different breeding times--as the fruits flower at different times--and so they do not interbreed in the real world. I do not know if they could interbreed in the laboratory. Since the fly is not found in Europe, and the apple is an import from Europe, the only presumption is that the apple strain is a speciation off the original hawthorn strain. Yet another talk.origins participant writes: I do not currently have references to cite for the speciation of fish, however I have a couple for the case of rats. Genus Rattus currently consists of 137 species [1,2] and is known to have originally developed in Indonesia and Malaysia during and prior to the Middle Ages . ( is the only source I have consulted.) T. Yosida. Cytogenetics of the Black Rat. University Park Press, Baltimore, 1980. D. Morris. The Mammals. Hodder and Stoughton, London, 1965. G. H. H. Tate. "Some Muridae of the Indo-Australian region," Bull. Amer. Museum Nat. Hist. 72: 501-728, 1963. Home Page | The FAQ | Must-Read Files | Index | Creationism | Evolution | Age of the Earth | Flood Geology | Catastrophism | Debates

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Men, Machines, and Modern Times, though ultimately concerned with a positive alternative to an Orwellian 1984, offers an entertaining series of historical accounts taken from the nineteenth century to highlight a main theme: the nature of technological change, the fission brought about in society by such change, and society's reaction to that change. Beginning with a remarkable illustration of resistance to innovation in the U.S. Navy following an officer's discovery of a more accurate way to fire a gun at sea, Elting Morison goes on to narrate the strange history of the new model steamship, the Wapanoag, in the 1860s. He then continues with the difficulties confronting the introduction of the pasteurization process for milk; he traces the development of the Bessemer process; and finally, he considers the computer. While the discussions are liberally sprinkled with amusing examples and anecdotes, all are related to the more profound and current problem of how to organize and manage system of ideas, energies, and machinery so that it will conform to the human dimension. "It is the most brilliant, original, and absorbing book in American history I have read for some time." —Arthur Schlesinger, Jr.

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(MENAFN - Arab News) Many hospitals and polyclinics in Jeddah are struggling to cope with patients suffering from post-Haj related illnesses. Doctors, and general physicians are preoccupied with treating patients experiencing respiratory infections, as well as other communicable diseases common during Haj season. Post Haj illnesses are a common phenomenon that Jeddah residents experience annually, whether the illness is due to residents performing Haj, receiving pilgrims or due to sheer proximity to the holy sites. Expatriate residents, receiving visiting pilgrims have also been busy attending to their sick pilgrims and providing medical attention to them. There is a surge of outpatients in nearly 100% of the polyclinics in Jeddah, and the situation may persist for another two weeks. Physicians and paramedics attending to the sick patients also fall sick sometimes, due to heavy exposure to infections and viruses, as their immunity weakens. The Saudi Ministry of Health, has demonstrated it's commitment to mitigating health diseases during Haj by providing great medical care to the pilgrims, and by taking all the necessary precautionary health measures. However, the intensely crowded conditions of Haj, as natives from more than 150 countries converge in the holy sites, still poses health issues, with respiratory infections most common among patients. Symptoms of illness usually appear at the end of the Haj season, characterized by coughing, sore throat, fever, fatigue, and malaise. If coughing persists for several weeks, accompanied by purulent sputum, it is recommended to visit a doctor, as it could be an indication of a superimposed bacterial infection. According to a report by Dr. Abdulaziz H. Alzeer of King Khalid University Hospital in Riyadh, 1 in 3 pilgrims experience respiratory infections during Haj season. Haj pilgrims are given three vaccines: the meningococcal vaccine, which is mandatory for all Haj pilgrims to protect against meningitis; the seasonal influenza vaccine, which is essential to reduce the risk of flu; and the pneumococcal vaccine, which is required for people with heart, kidney and liver diseases, to protect them against pneumococcal diseases. All pilgrims are required to get immunizations, 14 days or more, prior to their arrival to the Kingdom, as it is a mandatory condition for obtaining their Haj visa. Meningitis and seasonal influenza vaccines are also administered concurrently to residents. Health issues vary from one pilgrim to the other, depending on their country of origin. For instance, African pilgrims suffer from yellow fever, whereas that type of illness is not found among Asian pilgrims. Pilgrims from Indonesia, India, Bangladesh, and Pakistan, which comprise nearly half of the foreign pilgrims, typically experience common cold symptoms and pharyngitis, upon arrival in the Kingdom. Pilgrims from these countries have exclusive medical facilities for their Haj missions in Makkah and Madinah. In addition, a total of 25 hospital and 141 medical clinics were established by the Saudi Ministry of Health, to attend to pilgrims in the holy cities.

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The 19th Amendment was passed in 1920 granting women in the United States the right to vote! In 2005, the 85th anniversary of women winning the vote, provides students and scholars with an excellent opportunity to honor the amazing organizing work of the thousands of women who worked to secure the vote for women in the United States. The story of how this change was created is a remarkable testimony to the unrelenting tenacity and spirit of women and what they can achieve in a democratic society. Women who were seen as powerless changed America in powerful ways. To win the right to vote, women conducted a 72-year long political campaign. This political campaign began at the first women's rights convention at Seneca Falls in 1848 and ended with the passage of the 19th Amendment in 1920. RBC library staff and President McNeer celebrate this important event! Left to right: Irene Handy, Dr. James McNeer, Christine Skirbunt, Deborah Vroman Access a PDF copy of the Proclamation designating August 26, 2005 as the 85th Anniversary of the 19th Amendment!

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The Algonquians and the Iroquians were best friends with each other, they would share food with each other because the Algonquians were hunters and the Iroquians were farmers. They also shared clothing. One day the Iroquians got mad at the Algonquians for becoming best friends with the Woodlands, so the Iroquians stole some of there land. When the Algonquians found out they stareded war. It went on for several months. Then the Algonquians starded not having any food, they stareded getting weaker and weaker same with the Iroquians. Then one day the Iroquians said, "You can have your land back this is just all silly. Would you be our friends again?" The Algonquians said yes and then they starede getting stronger because they were sharing food with each other.

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Learn something new every day More Info... by email The relationship between computer security and privacy lies in the fact that adequate computer security, or lack of it, is a determinant of the level of privacy that a computer user can expect. Computers have become a vital part of modern day existence. People use computers to perform many tasks, including business, banking, socializing and storing of private information. If there is a breach of computer security, it will have a negative effect on the way these types of tasks are carried out. Computer security and privacy also refers to the unauthorized monitoring of people’s activities on the computer. In the area of e-Commerce, the issue of computer security and privacy will determine the level of trust between the business parties. If there is any suspicion of a breach of security on either side, this will lead to a destruction of trust and an end to the business relationship. This includes risks and threats from third parties not even related to the business partners. An example would be a customer who ordered some books from a company that sells publications online. If the customer discovers that the information entered while ordering the books has been used for other purposes without his or her permission, this will result in a severance of the trust the customer has in the business. It may not even matter if the Web site was hacked by a third party, because the damage would already have been done. The customer would feel that his or her privacy had been violated and would find it hard to trust the business again. Another area of computer security and privacy is the unauthorized tools, such as spyware and tracking cookies, used to spy on the activities of people on the computer. These invade the privacy of people by monitoring how and when they use the computer and then sending the information compiled to a remote observer. Some marketers do this as a part of the collection of data for marketing purposes. Others do it with the intention of finding out the likes and dislikes of the Internet user so as to send ads specifically tailored to the user. The sending of unsolicited mails is an issue in computer security and privacy. Not only are these mails unwanted, but they often contain links that will infect the person’s computer with different types of virus if he or she clicks on them.

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A deluge of dead marsh grass and seaweed on Beaufort County beaches has prompted complaints from visitors and residents and led ecologists to caution against its removal. Local officials say there isn't much they can do about clearing the debris. The stuff, collectively known as wrack, plays several key roles in beach ecology. Clearing it would remove a crucial habitat and food source for wildlife and nutrients for dune-protecting plants, they say. The Georgia Department of Natural Resources told Tybee Island officials earlier this week to stop clearing beaches of wrack for that reason. On Hilton Head Island, town officials are urging beachgoers to be patient while the tides eventually wash it back out to sea. Beachgoers can push the debris to the side to clear established footpaths to the beach, but may not remove it. Crews have cleared some seaweed, called sargassum, from town beach matting to maintain public handicapped accesses to the beach. Wrack provides habitat for small invertebrates, such as crabs, shrimp and insects, that island shorebirds feed on. The birds also roost in the dead grass and sargassum at night and use it for cover from predators and for shade, Hilton Head sustainable-practices coordinator Sally Krebs said. "Shorebird populations are not doing well up and down the East Coast because of loss of habitat," Krebs said. "If we continually scrape this up, these birds don't have as good a chance of survival." Wrack also acts as a natural sand fence, preventing erosion. Decomposing wrack serves as a natural fertilizer, releasing nutrients dune plants need, Krebs said. "It's a pretty critical part of the beach environment," she said. "This stuff comes and goes." The wrack invasion has been heavier this year, town public projects and facilities director Scott Liggett said. Officials speculate higher-than-usual tides from last month's "supermoon," followed by tropical storms that washed out estuarine systems where dead marsh grass accumulated during prolonged drought, are the cause for the dead grass on the beach. A supermoon happens when a full moon occurs at the same time the moon is at its closest approach to Earth. "Tides pushed higher into the marsh, grabbed a buildup of material that had died and brought it out to where it could be deposited on the shoreline," Liggett said. "And shortly thereafter, you had different wind and wave patterns from storms that drove debris onto the island's beaches." Liggett speculates the storms caused the globs of sargassum to wash up on Hilton Head beaches. The seaweed grows far out at sea and is occasionally blown to shore on strong easterly winds. At Hunting Island, wrack has deterred sea turtles from nesting on the beach. State park officials have recorded about 120 "false crawls," where the turtles come onto the beach but choose not to nest. That's compared to about 110 false crawls documented for all of last year. Sea turtles nest from May to August. Wrack "spooks them," said Amanda Wood, a naturalist at the Hunting Island State Park Nature Center. "They can't get around it and decide not to nest." Liggett said town officials are conferring with representatives of the Coastal Discovery Museum, which monitors turtle nesting on Hilton Head, to assess whether wrack might impede hatchlings from reaching the ocean. "The good thing is that this algae decomposes quickly and dries up and disappears in a few days," according to a news release about sargassum from the Coastal Discovery Museum. "While the bad thing is that while it decomposes it releases a pungent and fishy smell."

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Today Secretary of State Colin Powell arrived in Sudan's western province of Darfur to seek an end to what appears to be the early stages of genocide there. The U.N. Genocide Convention defines genocide as "killing" or "deliberately inflicting on the group conditions of life" intended "to destroy, in whole or in part, a national, ethnical, racial or religious group." It is the most heinous of all human-rights crimes and, after the Nazi Holocaust, prompted avowals of "never again." It is morally and legally incumbent on the civilized world to prevent genocide, and the Bush administration is to be commended for taking the lead by elevating the Darfur crisis to an American foreign-policy priority. According to the U.N.'s delinquent, half-hearted, and inept statistic-gathering on the humanitarian crisis in Darfur, 10,000 Muslim villagers of the Fur, Massaleit, and Zaghawa tribes have been killed so far this year in the ethnic-cleansing campaign being waged by Sudan's government. International relief agencies estimate that the dead actually number three times that. One hard fact comes from NASA satellite images showing that 400 villages with 56,000 tukels (conical-roofed mud and grass houses) have been destroyed by air assaults and government-allied militias on the ground. But this is only the tip of the iceberg. According to the U.S. State Department's Agency for International Development (AID), 1.2 million Darfur villagers already have been driven from their homes and hundreds of thousands of these refugees are projected to die within the next nine months from disease and malnutrition. Some aid experts are stating that the human toll in Darfur could surpass the 800,000 killed in Rwanda. Darfur would be Sudanese President Lt. General Omar Hassan al Bashir's second genocidal campaign against his countrymen. He waged the first against the Christian and animist people of south and central Sudan, with most of the deaths occurring over a decade beginning in the early '90s and 2002. As Elie Wiesel wrote about the south, it was "genocide in slow motion." Over two million eventually perished and five million more were displaced before peace protocols — brokered largely through heroic efforts of the Bush administration — were signed last month. While the situations in the south and the west have obvious differences — the religious identities of the two groups of victims, the geographic location, the timing of the aggression — they are not unrelated. In fact the similarities and parallels are so striking they outweigh any particularities. It is important to recognize the reoccurring patterns and the lessons learned from the conflict in the south, for they hold the key to understanding and preventing further deaths in Darfur. In both Darfur and in southern Sudan, the violence started with local rebellions. In the south, as in Darfur, there had been long-standing ethnic and tribal frictions and at first the world misread Khartoum's response as more of the same. As time passed and the deaths mounted, however, it became clear that the regime was putting down the southern rebellion with genocide against the unarmed civilian population. By that time, millions had died. Typically the world has failed to act to stop genocide while it is in progress. LESSON: Time is of the essence. The situation in Darfur bears many of the hallmarks of the southern genocide in its incipient stages. U.N. recognition that the Bashir government is adopting genocidal tactics and policies in Darfur is critical. The U.N. secretary general must review and reform that body's mechanisms for spotting the early warnings signs of genocide. In both the south and in Darfur, the policies of the regime — which is an Arab Islamist military dictatorship — against ethnic African villagers have had racial and ethnic overtones and involved struggles over resources. But more significantly, the regime has been motivated in both cases by a radical Islamist agenda. Bashir attempted to Islamicize and Arabize the south through the forcible imposition of sharia (Islamic law). He launched, by his own definition, a "jihad" against the south when it resisted. Though the tribes of Darfur are Muslim, they are not of the hardline Salafist movement favored by Khartoum's National Islamic Front government, an offshoot of the radical Muslim Brotherhood (now is based in Saudi Arabia after being crushed in Egypt, its birthplace). The Darfur Muslims do not speak Arabic, their women wear colorful African garb, and they do not follow the strict criminal code of Khartoum's Wahhabi-style sharia, which calls for the flogging of those who drink alcohol, the body-part-amputation of thieves, the stoning of adulterers, and the execution of blasphemers. For years Khartoum has treated the black, Sufi Muslims of Darfur as second-class citizens, systematically discriminating against them in providing development opportunities, government services, and positions of power. When they rebelled against this policy of extreme marginalization, they became — in the view of a regime that conflates religion with politics — "apostate." Under Islamist rules, apostates are to be put to death or taken as slaves. In 1992, six pro-government Sudanese imams issued a fatwa making this explicit: "An insurgent who was previously a Muslim is now an apostate and a non-Muslim is a non-believer standing as a bulwark against the spread of Islam, and Islam has granted the freedom of killing both of them." Though the fatwa was intended at that time for the Muslims of the central Nuba province and the Christians and animists of the south, it equally applies today to the Muslims of Darfur. LESSON: The right to freedom of thought, conscience, and religion must be respected for everyone in Sudan; the Bashir government must be understood as one with an extreme Islamist agenda and must be stopped from using force and coercion to impose its extreme religious beliefs. Under extremist Islam, apostates and unbelievers can also be captured as slaves. Pro-regime militias, the Arab Bagarras, conducted frequent slave raids of southern Dinka, Nuer, and Nuba villages; a U.K.-government-funded survey documented 10,000 names of south Sudanese who had been taken as slaves in recent years (the actual number enslaved is estimated to be much higher). The Washington Post reported last week that survivors of the onslaught in Darfur say that the pro-government Arab Janjaweed militias shouted "abeed ," Arabic for "slaves" before they raped and killed in Darfur. It is likely that slaves have been taken in Darfur. LESSON: The international community must determine whether anyone (women and children are the most likely targets) from Darfur have been abducted and enslaved by the Janjaweed and, if so, secure their immediate release. In Darfur, just as in the south, the regime practices deception and tries to cover up its responsibility for ethnic cleansing. The regime attempts to deny what is happening by pointing to the fact that militias from neighboring tribes carry out the most graphic savagery. In both situations, though, it is apparent that the militias are part of the regime's war strategy — government helicopter gunships and planes provide air cover. In the southern conflict, the U.N. special rapporteur determined that the regime actively armed and prompted the militias to launch their destruction and were in every practical sense allied with the government. In the mid-'90s, Khartoum's U.N. delegation threatened the special rapporteur with a fatwa to intimidate him and worked to end his detailed reporting. Comparable acts of intimidation reported by Darfur refugees as they await Secretary Powell's would therefore seem to be authentic. In addition, in both situations, the regime promised repeatedly to end the death and destruction but took no immediate action. In the south, U.S. economic sanctions, diplomatic pressure, and the implicit threat of military action after the Afghanistan invasion, eventually forced Khartoum to honor the ceasefire. LESSON: Do not rely on the Bashir government's word or promises. Take survivor testimony seriously and rely on independent monitors and observers. Do not delay sanctions and pressures to test the regime's "good faith" or limit them only to the Janjaweed militia leaders, as the State Department advocates. Apply sanctions that will have a direct impact on regime leaders. In the south, deliberate mass starvation was the regime's most lethal weapon and accounted for most of the two million deaths. After the civilian population was driven from their fields and farms through ethnic-cleansing tactics by the militias and air raids, Khartoum banned the distribution of internationally donated humanitarian relief for varying lengths of time and for certain areas. It banned international aid to the Nuba for nearly a decade, resulting in a crisis that was the first and most glaring example of "genocide" in Sudan. In 1998 it was estimated that the Bashir government brought a staggering 2.5 million southerners to the brink of starvation by such tactics. Forcible mass starvation was the genocidal tactic that the Bashir regime was most reluctant to give up in the southern conflict. As late as October 2002, the regime was impeding aid delivery by arbitrarily specifying in its routine monthly decrees to international relief agencies that the large capacity "Buffalo" aircraft could not be used by the U.N. World Food Program and that certain locations in Upper Nile and Bahr El Ghazal were "denied" permission to receive aid. The identical tactic of blocking humanitarian aid to the displaced is occurring today in Darfur. Even now USAID is projecting that as many as a million could die as a result. LESSON: End the U.N. practice of giving the Bashir government veto power over when, where, and how international humanitarian aid can be delivered. Start deliveries of aid, including airdrops if necessary, to the displaced of Darfur with or without the regime's permission. Regarding the south, the liberal broadcast media rarely showed footage of the carnage and slavery. The U.N. Security Council never addressed the issue and the EU countries adopted an ineffectual (indifferent?) policy of quiet diplomacy and economic engagement. It took three years of intensive and, for the most part, unilateral action by the Bush administration to bring an end to the genocidal conflict in the south. Many lives were lost because of the rest of the world's unwillingness to act. In Darfur, this pattern is emerging once again. While U.S. maintains important economic sanctions, France, Sweden, Canada, and China allow their oil companies to join the regime in an oil partnership. LESSON: Genocide and massive death in Darfur could be averted if the world joins the U.S. in condemning Khartoum for its actions and takes measures that hold its leadership responsible.

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Joseph Lister (1827-1912) was an English surgeon. His primary accomplishment is his recognition that surgeons contributed to the death of those they operated on if they did not take measures to sterilize their hands and the instruments they employed in surgery. He introduced carbolic acid (phenol) to sterilize surgical instruments and clean wounds. Essentially, Lister discovered antiseptic means of treating wounds. Lister contributed to the germ theory of diseases and helped prevent death by spreading diseases. Preventing germs from getting into wounds prevents infection and death. Sterile surgery, which Lister introduced, has done more for public health than any thing else one can think of. Today the name Lister is synonymous with efforts to kill germs. Listerine, a mouth wash to kill bacterial and other germs in the mouth, is named after Lister. Lister contributed to other areas of surgery. For example, he developed methods for repairing kneecaps with metal wire; he also improved the techniques for mastectomy. Later in life, Lister, especially after the death of his wife, became depressed and withdrew from work and lived in his country home in Kent; he died there. Lister’s contribution to medicine and public health is his efforts to get medical personal to sterilize their environment so as to prevent spreading diseases from one patient to another and from medical staff to patients and themselves. Joseph Lister. The Collected Papers of Joseph Lister, in two volumes. (1909)

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There are three requirements for a state to exist. It must have a territory. It must have a government. And it must have a people - a tribe, or perhaps more tribes than one, but a people united by a shared culture and a shared view of the world. A tribe can exist even without a territory, as the history of the Jewish people reminds us. A government can rule over a territory, but if it is without a people united by a common cause, it cannot survive. Yugoslavia and the Soviet Union are modern testimonies to that. The proposed European Union republic will be another. It is for historians to remind us of the struggles within these islands to create a single kingdom - and before that, of the struggles to weld together the tribes of England, of Scotland, Wales and Ireland into their kingdoms and then, eventually, the creation of the United Kingdom whose 300th anniversary we celebrate this year. It cost much blood and treasure, but each generation has been repaid by prosperity and by security from invasion, revolution and insurrection. It made possible the creation of the greatest empire the world has ever seen, and a linguistic and cultural domination bequeathed to the world's remaining superpower. Now it is under assault. There are many who doubt if it will long survive. Why is a Union which offers its members and the world such benefit in danger of coming apart? We English - the senior partners by virtue of our numbers - have become careless of our identity. We were once so confident of ourselves and are now so complacent and so ignorant that we do not celebrate who we are. We forget our national day. In the Guardianesque and BBCish world, simply no one would proclaim themselves as English. The isolated cadres of "multiculturalists" have been so strengthened and reinforced that the British tribe now scarcely exists in the sense of being a people united by a shared culture and a shared view of the world. In Blair's decade, people not of the British tribe have settled in these islands. Some, not least the recent arrivals from central Europe, will return home. Others, like their countrymen who came here in 1940 to fight Hitler's empire, will stay, marry and integrate. Many from the former Empire will integrate - more slowly perhaps, but because of their shared values outweighing cultural differences, they will - just as our Jewish population has done. But others will neither integrate nor go away. They will stay here - separate, resentful, longing to turn the country into one more like the one they have left, living separate lives in cultural and linguistic ghettos. It is only recently that I have begun to be able to say these things without being condemned as a racist bigot even by my own party. Then, first, that brave man, Trevor Phillips, spoke of his concerns about a society sleepwalking into separation. Now, leading churchmen are speaking out, and even, extraordinarily, the minister for immigration muses in public, while abroad, that immigration is "unsettling society". Even Jack Straw is trying to clamber aboard. It is doing more than that. It is rupturing the cohesion, the solidarity, the cohesiveness and homogeneity of the British tribe. Their tribe is being broken up: its history untaught, its values brought into contempt, its institutions defiled, its solidarity dissolved by the corrosive mixture of continental law, political correctness and the avarice, greed, corruption and celebrity culture of its political and social elite. Devolution in Scotland has inflated the SNP. And what is offered by the SNP but undemocratic rule from Brussels rather than shared power in Westminster? What a cruel joke to sell the end of the union as a triumph in which Scotland can be equal of Latvia, or Luxembourg, in a foreign state. In Northern Ireland, devolution (and surrender to terrorism) has inflated IRA/Sinn Féin. Both Scotland and Northern Ireland are on the path to separation. And England is left too weary even to be angry. Is it, then, all over? As surely as the British tribe has been sorely damaged and betrayed, so the European Republic may have territory and a government, but not that third esssential for statehood - a tribe of its own. It will fail. So, we Scottish, English and British observe our perilous state and look for the leader who can do for our tribe today what a man like Alfred, a woman like Elizabeth, or men such as Nelson, Wellington and Churchill did in earlier days. We can escape. We can rebuild. This is an edited version of a speech delivered this week to the Bruges Group.

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Colonial history of Angola |Part of a series on the| |History of Angola| During the colonial history of Angola, the Portuguese sought to reassert their control over Angola after the Dutch occupation of the 1640s. Angola was a part of Portuguese West Africa from the annexation of several territories in the region as a colony in 1655 until its designation as an overseas province, effective October 20, 1951. Brazil's influence in Angola grew substantially after 1650, with some observers comparing Angola's relationship with Brazil as a colony to its empire. Contact with Brazil resulted in the transfer of cassava from South America to Angola and the transformation of Angolan agriculture, increasing the diversity of the local diet and reducing the impact of drought on farmers' harvest. Portuguese explorer Paulo Dias de Novais founded Luanda in 1575 as "São Paulo de Loanda", with a hundred families of settlers and four hundred soldiers. Luanda was granted the status of city in 1605. In 1618 the Portuguese built Fortaleza São Pedro da Barra fortress, followed by the Fortaleza de São Miguel fortress in 1634. Luanda was Portuguese Angola's administrative centre from 1627, with one exception. The Dutch ruled Luanda from 1640 to 1648 as Fort Aardenburgh. The fortified Portuguese towns of Luanda and Benguela (a fort from 1587, a town from 1617) remained almost continuously in Portuguese hands until the independence of Angola in 1975. The Portuguese went to war with the Kingdom of the Kongo in 1660. António I succeeded his father, Garcia II, as the King of the Kongo in 1661. António led the Kongo against the Portuguese until his disastrous loss at the Battle of Mbwila on 29, 1665. the Portuguese suffered a disastrous defeat at the Battle of Kitombo when they tried to invade Kongo in 1670. António died at Mbwila and the Portuguese abolished his army. Kongo suffered from division and decline after António's death. Their principal ally in the war against Njinga, defected when Portugal agreed to accept her claim as Queen of Ndongo in 1657. She revolted in 1670. Although the Portuguese managed to defeat her in a long siege of the capital, Mpungo Andongo, in 1671, it was a costly victory. Further interference in Matamba and the affairs of Matamba and Kasanje in 1680s led to another defeat at the Battle of Katole in 1684. Following this affair, Portugal turned its attention away from war in the north either against Kongo or Ndongo. In 1684, the bishop's seat was moved to São Paulo de Luanda, and São Salvador declined in importance, especially after its abandonment in 1678 as the civil war in that country intensified. Even after Pedro IV restored the city and repopulated it in 1709, the ecclesiastical center of gravity in Angola rested with the Portuguese colony. Colony of Benguela The attention of the Portuguese was, moreover, now turned more particularly to the southern districts of Angola. The colony of Benguela had been founded by Governor Manuel Cerveira Pereira in 1617. Initially, he had hoped to make it an aggressive military colony like Angola, but after an unsuccessful alliance with the local Imbangala, had had to abandon these plans. His plans to further strengthen the colony by seizing rich copper mines reputed to be in Sumbe also came to naught. Other attempts to expand from Benguela, such as the lengthy campaign of Lopo Soares Lasso in 1629 failed to produce many slaves or conquests. In the 1680s, following the failure of northern warfare, Portuguese governors tried again to make more war in the south. They embroiled themselves in the politics of the Ovimbundu Kingdoms that lay in the central highlands (Bihe Plateau) of Angola. These campaigns, especially ambitious ones in 1770s, resulted in formal agreements of vassalage between some of the more important of the kingdoms, such as Viye and Mbailundu, but were never either large sources of slaves or real conquests from which resources or tribute could be drawn. In the 18th century Portuguese governors sought to limit what they considered illegal trade by merchants in their colony with Dutch, French and English merchants who frequently visited the northern kingdoms of Kongo and Loango. To this end, they established a fort and settlement at Encoje (near Mbwila) to block travel through the mountainous gap that allowed merchants to cross to Kongo. In 1783-1784 they sought to occupy Cabinda on the north coast, but were driven away, and from 1789 to 1792 the Portuguese carried on a war against the Marquisate of Mussolo (the district immediately south of Ambriz in Kongo's territory) without much success. In 1791 they built a fort at Quincolo on the Loje, and worked the mines of Bembe. At the same time, Portugal also sought to extend its relations into the interior, especially the lands beyond the Kwango River. Matamba and Kasanje had consistently blocked attempts by Portuguese merchants to penetrate into their lands, and in 1755-56, Manuel Correia Leitão, visited Kasanje and reported on the lands across the Kwanza. Among them was the powerful Lunda Empire whose armies had conquered much of the territory there. Lunda eventually entered into diplomatic relations with Portugal, sending an embassy there in the early nineteenth century and receiving counter embassies from Luanda. The Portuguese from Benguela sought increasingly to expand their power and gain resource wealth in the Bihe Highlands during the eighteenth century, and following their intervention in the Mbailundu War in the 1770s had treaty relationships (which they described as vassalage) with the various states there. These arrangements included gathering Portuguese merchants in capital cities and making permanent presences in the capitals of these states. From these bases, Portugal sought to explore trade relations with Lunda that avoided the Kwango River states. Portuguese possessed no fort or settlement on the coast to the north of Ambriz, which had been first occupied in 1855, until the "scramble for Africa" in 1884. Portuguese forces intervened in a civil war between 1855 and 1856, helping Pedro V Agua Rosda come to the throne of Kongo. They left a fort at São Salvador, which they maintained until 1866. Pedro V reigned over thirty years. In 1888 a Portuguese resident was stationed at Salvador, when Pedro agreed to become a Portuguese vassal. He hoped to use the Portuguese to assist in his attempt to rebuild royal authority in other parts of Kongo. Full Portuguese administrative control of the interior did not occur until the beginning of the 20th century, after the Mbunda resistance and abduction of their King, Mwene Mbandu Kapova I, a brutal and complicated process of conquest which ended with the occupation of Mbundaland to the southeast of Angola. In 1884 Britain, which up to that time had steadily refused to acknowledge that Portugal possessed territorial rights north of Ambriz, concluded a treaty recognizing Portuguese sovereignty over both banks of the lower Congo, but the treaty, meeting with opposition in Britain and Germany, was not ratified. Agreements concluded with the Congo Free State, Germany and France in 1885-1886 (modified in details by subsequent arrangements) fixed the limits of the province, except in the south-east, where the frontier between Barotseland (Northern Rhodesia) and Angola was determined by an Anglo-Portuguese agreement of 1891 and the arbitration award of the king of Italy in 1905. Up to the end of the 19th century the hold of Portugal over the interior of the province was slight, though its influence extended to the Congo and Zambezi basins. The abolition of the external slave trade proved very injurious to the trade of the seaports. From 1860 onward, the agricultural resources of the country were developed with increasing energy, a work in which Brazilian merchants took the lead. After the definite partition of Africa among the European powers, Portugal applied herself with some seriousness to exploit Angola and her other African possessions. Nevertheless, in comparison with its natural wealth, the development of the country had been slow. Slavery and the slave trade continued to flourish in the interior in the early years of the 20th century, despite the prohibitions of the Portuguese government. The extension of authority over the inland tribes proceeded very slowly and was not accomplished without occasional reverses. In September 1904 a Portuguese column lost over 300 men, including 114 Europeans, in an encounter with the Kunahamas on the Kunene, not far from the German frontier. The Kunahamas are a wild, raiding tribe and were probably largely influenced by the revolt of their southern neighbours, the Hereros, against the Germans. In 1905 and again in 1907, there was renewed fighting in the same region. In 1914, due to the Mbunda resistance to Portuguese colonial occupation, when the Portuguese colonialists abducted the twenty first (21st) Mbunda Monarch, King Mwene Mbandu Lyondthzi Kapova (Kathzima Mishambo), the Mbunda waged a fierce armed campaigns in defending their Mbundaland, southeast of Angola. Technology however, aided the Portuguese forces in gaining an upper hand in the war as they had a constant supply of gunpowder for their guns. Without the knowledge to make gunpowder, the Mbunda eventually found their muzzle-loaders useless and increasingly relied on their bows and arrows as well as a few other traditional arms which were suited for close contact warfare. The Portuguese firepower took a heavy toll of the Mbunda, some of whom started to throw their muzzle-loaders in the rivers for lack of gunpowder. The Portuguese eventually dislodged the Mbunda Kingdom extending Angola territory over Mbundaland. Until the early 19th century, Portugal's primary interest in Angola was slavery. The slaving system began early in the 16th century with the purchase from African chiefs of people to work on sugar plantations in São Tomé, Príncipe, and Brazil. The Imbangala and the Mbundu tribes, active slave hunters, were for centuries the main providers of slaves to the market of Luanda. Those slaves were bought by Brazilian traders and shipped to America, including the Portuguese colony of Brazil. Whilst the economic development of the country was not entirely neglected and many useful food products were introduced, the prosperity of the province was very largely dependent on the slave trade with the Portuguese colony of Brazil, which was not legally abolished until 1830 after Brazil's independence from Portugal (1822) and in fact continued for many years subsequently. Many scholars agree that by the 19th century, Angola was the largest source of slaves not only for Brazil, but for the Americas, including the United States. By the end of the 19th century, a massive forced labour system had replaced slavery and would continue until outlawed in 1961. Portuguese colonial rule in the twentieth century was characterized by rigid dictatorship and exploitation of African labor. It was this forced labor that provided the basis for development of a plantation economy and, by the mid-20th century, a major mining sector. Forced labour combined with British financing to construct three railways from the coast to the interior. The most important of these was the transcontinental Benguela railroad that linked the port of Lobito with the copper zones of the Belgian Congo and what is now Zambia. The strong colonial economic development did not transform into social development for a large majority of native Angolans. The Portuguese regime encouraged white immigration, especially after 1950, which intensified racial antagonism; many new Portuguese settlers arrived after World War II. - Fage, J.D.; Roland Anthony Oliver (1986). The Cambridge History of Africa. pp. 353–355. - Forbes, Jack D. (1993). Africans and Native Americans. p. 39. - Stearns, Peter N.; William Leonard Langer (2001). The Encyclopedia of World History. p. 394. - Landers, Jane; Barry Robinson (2006). Slaves, Subjects, and Subversives. p. 90. - Falola, Toyin; Amanda Warnock (2007). Encyclopedia of the Middle Passage. pp. 195–196. - Gondola, Didier (2002). The History of Congo. - René Pélissier, La révolte des Bunda (1916-1917), pp. 408 - 412 (French for "the Mbunda revolt"), section footnotes citing sources: Luís Figueira, Princesa Negra: O preço da civilização em África, Coimbra Edição do autor, 1932. - Robert Papstein, 1994, The History and Cultural Life of the Mbunda Speaking People, Lusaka Cheke Cultural Writers Association, ISBN 99 820 3006X

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In 1776 a Spanish land grant awarded Pierre Declouet a rise of ground about eight miles from what is now the city of Opelousas. Hippolyte Chretien, one of three brothers from France, purchased the property in about 1800 to raise cotton, the popular crop of the area. Stories mention the friendship that Hippolyte had a with the brothers Jean and Pierre Lafitte, who used Chretien Point to conceal and move some of their smuggled cargo – and slaves. These tales are credible because Chretien accumulated hundreds of slaves to work his ever increasing cotton-producing acreage in a seemingly short time. In 1812 during the Battle of New Orleans, Hippolyte Chretien and some of his neighboring planters joined the pirates Lafitte and General Andrew Jackson in this fight, which defeated the British. One of the gentlemen that fought with Chretien was a man known only as Senor Neda. Neda’s daughter Felicite married Hippolyte Chretien II and became one of Louisiana’s first “liberated” , women. Behaving very unconventionally for her time, Felicite was active in the management of plantation business, smoked cigarettes, and even was adept at card gambling. Felicite increased the plantation holdings by whatever methods she could. She acquired much property because of her proficiency at cards as well as her dealings with New Orleans bankers and businessmen, almost unheard-of activities for a woman at that time. Her courage and self-sufficiency were more than helpful because her husband and one of her two sons died from yellow fever shortly after the house was completed. She unearthed his money, which was buried on the grounds, after convincing Hippolyte’s faithful servant, Pajo, to reveal its hidden location. This remarkable lady also possessed physical courage: It seems she herself thwarted a robbery attempt by shooting a thief in the head and frightening off his accomplices by confronting them with the possibility of a similar fate. During the Civil War, a battle fought on the plantation grounds was led by Federal general Nathaniel Banks and Confederate general Alfred Mouton. Hippolyte Chretien III, though sick and feeble, saved the house by giving a secret Masonic sign that was honored by General Banks, a fellow Mason. Though the house was spared, the rest of the plantation buildings were destroyed by Yankee forces. Hippolyte III inherited the plantation and lived at Chretien Point with his wife, Celestine Cantrell, and their son Jules. Jules was a multitalented young man, and unfortunately the family was more interested in the creation and appreciation of the arts and not in the practical science of management. After several crop failures the family attempted rice production, which also failed. The property was eventually lost to the mortgage holders. Jules became a traveling salesman of kitchen utensils. The house was restored to its original magnificence in the late 1970s. The six-brick Tuscan pillars at front are based on square foundations that anchor the wide, wooden, balustrades gallery; the pillars rise two stories to the eaves of the hipped roof. Round-headed French doors and windows are features in each room. Chretien Point’s great room is graced with unique mantles of verde-antique Italian marble with Ionic capitals and shelves of black onyx. Ceiling medallions are elaborately a carved. Exterior walls are eighteen inches thick and the house measures sixty-three feet wide by forty-seven feet deep. Sadly, the original furnishings were destroyed by fire after they were moved to a small hotel, which was operated by one of the Chretien heirs. The present owners, the Cornay family, have again beautifully furnished the house and graciously opened it to plantation tours. For more information on tours visit the Hotel Monteleone’s attraction listing of the Chretien Point Plantation.

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| Common Rue in flower| Common Rue in flower | Ruta graveolens| The Common Rue (Ruta graveolens), also known as Herb-of-grace, is a species of rue grown as a herb. It is native to southern Europe. It is sometimes grown as an ornamental plant in gardens, especially because of its bluish leaves, and also sometimes for its tolerance of hot and dry soil conditions. It also is grown as both a medicinal herb and as a condiment. In European folk medicine, rue is said to relieve gas pains and colic, improve appetite and digestion, and promote the onset of menstruation and uteral contractions. For this reason the refined oil of rue has been cited by the Roman historian Pliny the Elder and the gynecologist Soranus, as a potent abortifacient (inducing abortion). Rue contains pilocarpine which is used in horses to induce abortion, and is a traditional abortifacient among Hispanic people in New Mexico. Rue can also be made into an ointment for external use against gout, arthritis, rheumatism and neuralgia. Rue does have a culinary use if used sparingly but it is incredibly bitter and severe discomfort on ingestion may be experienced by some individuals. Although used more extensively in former times it is not a herb that typically suits modern tastes, and thus its use declined considerably over the course of the 20th century to the extent that it is today largely unknown to the general public and most chefs, and unavailable in grocery stores. Rue leaves and berries are an important part of the cuisine of Ethiopia and rue is also used as a traditional flavouring in Greece and other Mediterranean countries. In Istria, there is a grappa/rakija recipe that calls for a sprig of rue. The plant produces seeds that can be used for porridge. The bitter leaf can be added to eggs, cheese, fish, or mixed with damson plums and wine to produce a meat sauce. Rue is also grown as an ornamental plant, both as a low hedge and so the leaves can be used in nosegays. Most cats dislike the smell of it and therefore it can be used as a deterrent to them (see also Plectranthus caninus). - ↑ Riddle, John M. 1992. Contraception and abortion from the ancient world to the Renaissance. Harvard University Press. p. 28-29. - ↑ Rue (Ruta graveolens L.). - Rue (Ruta graveolens L.) page from Gernot Katzer's Spice Pages There is no pharmaceutical or device industry support for this site and we need your viewer supported Donations | Editorial Board | Governance | Licensing | Disclaimers | Avoid Plagiarism | Policies

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Published in Lab Business Week, July 25th, 2004 "Rabies is a uniformly fatal viral encephalitis that causes 30,000 to 70,000 deaths worldwide each year. Prevention is the primary approach to the disease. In the United States, 25,000 to 40,000 people are treated annually for exposure to rabid or potentially rabid animals at a per-patient cost exceeding $1000," scientists in the United States report. "Rabies is transmitted usually by saliva from infected animal bites," said Daniel G. Hankins and Julia A. Rosekrans at the Mayo Clinic. "However, recent findings that rabies... Want to see the full article? Welcome to NewsRx! Learn more about a six-week, no-risk free trial of Lab Business Week NewsRx also is available at LexisNexis, Gale, ProQuest, Factiva, Dialog, Thomson Reuters, NewsEdge, and Dow Jones.

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Written by Emily Braff, B.A., BCaBA Recently, hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBOT) has become popular as a possible alternative treatment for individuals with autism. The use of this treatment has increased rapidly but there is still a great deal of controversy over its effectiveness. This blog will discuss the therapy and the evidence behind it. This will not indicate whether or not the treatment is effective for treating autism but will instead give you an idea of whether the research thus far supports its use and how much research, in fact, exists. Why Would HBOT Work? A hyperbaric chamber is a pressurized container filled with concentrated oxygen. It is traditionally used to treat scuba divers with the “bends”, which occurs when they surface too quickly. There is evidence to suggest that HBOT can be helpful in treating certain illnesses and healing wounds because the increased oxygen flow can speed the development of certain kinds of blood vessels. The theory behind using HBOT for autism treatment is that it may oxygenate and reduce inflammation in the brain. At this point, the cause of autism has not been discovered so the idea that inflammation and a lack of oxygen in the brain may be at least partially responsible for some symptoms has not been confirmed. Some studies note that this treatment would affect certain brain abnormalities which are found in only a certain subset of individuals with autism. Therefore, it may be worthwhile to determine if an individual has these abnormalities before beginning treatment. More detailed information on these abnormalities may be found in the introduction of this study: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3472266/ Research on HBOT and Autism HBOT is still a relatively new potential treatment for autism. The research that has been conducted has had conflicting results. At this point, very few studies are available to the public in published, peer-reviewed journals. Of those which are available, many are case studies (only one participant) or involved a small number of participants. A website called hyperbariclink.com keeps track of studies and clinical trials which evaluate HBOT as an autism treatment and is a good resource for tracking news related to this topic. The site lists 7 available studies published in journals and 8 clinical trials in various stages of completion, with links to access information on these. Additionally, reviews of studies and articles related to HBOT and autism are available. (Disclaimer: the site does seem to take a skeptical attitude toward HBOT as an autism therapy, but it is still a valuable resource if you are interested in accessing research on this topic and being alerted when new information is available.) For example, two systematic reviews of the HBOT and autism research up to this point were published recently. One concluded that the evidence that has been found so far is weak, and further study is needed as positive results have not been replicated. The other observed that many of the inconsistencies in the research to date may be due to errors in the design of the study or method of measurement. This article pointed to studies which show HBOT’s treatment effects on certain brain abnormalities tenuously associated with autism to support the idea that further research is warranted. Despite the relative lack of supporting research, HBOT is still an increasingly popular alternative treatment for autism. The amount of research it will take to confirm or disprove this as an evidence-based treatment will take many years to conduct. In the meantime, the best thing you can do is review the research that has been conducted and make your own informed decisions. Have you tried HBOT as a treatment option for your child with autism? If so, please leave your comments on this intervention in the comment section below.

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The Wildlife Rescue Centre of Cat Tien National Park received seven rare white-chested black bears from a business based in the southern province of Dong Nai on March 3. The bears will be released to the wild. This species, scientifically named Ursus Thibetanus, is also known as Himalayan or Asian black bears. They are now listed in the Red Data Book of Vietnam as the most vulnerable among threatened species. They are also recorded in the Red List of the International Union of Conservation of Nature. Local forest rangers said these bears are about 10 years old, each weighing nearly 200 kg. The Cat Tien National Park is located in the central highland province of Lam Dong, and the southern provinces of Dong Nai and Binh Phuoc.

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Regular Baptist Press “Your child’s mind, heart, and soul are under attack. Many groups, such as school, TV, and children’s clubs, are busy denigrating the Bible and Creation. Are you a parent seeking for tools to aid in countermanding this propaganda? Kids’ Questions About the Bible and Creation is a very useful addition to your Christian education toolkit. The storybook format handily illustrates the truths. Topher and his two sisters tell about their family’s adventures with questions and books, especially the new children’s Bible Grandpa sends to four-year-old question-box Bobbie. The whole family will recognize the situations, discussions, problems, and storyline. “Christian Education professor and author, Cheryl Fawcett presents Kids’ Questions… for family group reading. Opening material provides pertinent directions for parents. Each chapter uses a story, concluding Bible verses, and discussion questions to consider such subjects as: why read the Bible; what is the Bible about; how can we be sure the Bible is true; who wrote the Bible; how were the stars made; who made the dirt; why is night dark; do fish breathe; did people evolve from animals. Aimed at four- through ten-year-olds, this enjoyable book provides simple, yet thorough answers. A closing chapter challenges the adult mentors to consider their own lifestyles. Ron Mazellan’s bright, true-to-life illustrations appear on every page, encouraging interest in the narrative. “With thick pages and a strong binding, this sturdy paperback will hold up to much use. Written for the family, Kids’ Questions… will be useful in group situations, for individual reading, and as a gift.” -- Donna Eggett, Christian Book Previews.com Kids have questions. The Bible has answers. The new Kids' Questions series from RBP offers a kid-friendly approach to Bible truths for ages 4 to 10. This four-book series answers questions about God and Jesus, the Bible and Creation, sin and salvation, and the church and the future. You'll appreciate this effective way to answer kids' questions.

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Larry Wall said something one time to the effect that Scheme is beautiful and every Scheme program is ugly; Perl is ugly, but it lets you write beautiful programs. Of course it also lets you write ugly programs if you choose. Scheme is an elegant, minimalist language. The syntax of the language is extremely simple; you could say it has no syntax. But this simplicity comes at a price. But because the language does so little for you, you have to write the code that might have been included in other languages. And because the language has no syntax, code written in Scheme is hard to read. As Larry Wall said The reason many people hate programming in Lisp [the parent language of Scheme] is because every thing looks the same. I’ve said it before, and I’ll say it again: Lisp has all the visual appeal of oatmeal with fingernail clippings mixed in. The complexity left out of Scheme is transferred to the code you write in Scheme. If you’re writing small programs, that’s fine. But if you write large programs in Scheme, you’ll either write a lot of code yourself or you’ll leverage a lot of code someone else has written in libraries. Perl is the opposite of a minimalist language. There are shortcuts for everything. And if you master the language, you can write programs that are beautiful in that they are very concise. Perl programs can even be easy to read. Yes, Perl programs look like line noise to the uninitiated, but once you’ve learned Perl, the syntax can be helpful if used well. (I have my complaints about Perl, but I got over the syntax.) Perl is a complicated language, but it works very well for some problems. Features that other languages would put in libraries (e.g. regular expressions, text munging) are baked directly into the Perl language. And if you depend on those features, it’s very handy to have direct support in the language. The point of my discussion of Scheme and Perl is that the complexity has to go somewhere, either in the language, in libraries, or in application code. That doesn’t mean all languages are equal for all tasks. Some languages put the complexity where you don’t have to think about it. For example, Java simpler than C++, as long as you don’t have to understand the inner workings of the JVM. But if you do need to look inside the JVM, suddenly Java is more complex than C++. The total complexity hasn’t changed, but your subjective experience of the complexity increased. Earlier this week I wrote a post about C and C++. My point there was similar. C is simpler than C++, but software written in C is often more complicated that software written in C++ when you compare code written by developers of similar talent. If you need the functionality of C++, and most large programs will, then you will have to write it yourself if you’re using C. And if you’re a superstar developer, that’s fine. If you’re less than a superstar, the people who inherit your code may wish that you had used a language that had this functionality built-in. I understand the attraction to small programming languages. The ideal programming language has everything you need and nothing more. But that means the ideal language is a moving target, changing as your work changes. As your work becomes more complicated, you might be better off moving to a more complex language, pushing more of the complexity out of your application code and into the language and its environment. Or you may be able down-size your language because you no longer need the functionality of a more complex language.

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Injecting aluminum into the veins causes the body to react to heavy metal poisoning and does NOT mean you will become immune to disease as a result. The reaction to aluminum adjuvants in vaccines by the body is a cytokine storm spectrum. No killer T cells have EVER been produced to fight disease by this method. This is why the vaccine industry wants to play with fire by giving LIVE virus vaccines to people. There is an entire genetically altered nano technology emerging that is even more frightening but, that will have to be covered at a later time. Can We Continue To Justify Injecting Aluminum Into Children? April 27, 2012 A new report published in the Journal of Trace Elements in Medicine and Biology raises a disturbing possibility: that aluminum hydroxide, the dominant metal-based adjuvant used in vaccines today, is causing aluminum overload at injection sites, and contributing to the pathogenesis of diseases such as chronic fatigue syndrome, macrophagic myofasciitis and subcutaneous pseudolymphoma. [i] Discussed is the case of a 45-year old woman with vaccine-induced subcutaneous pseudolymphoma, a type of skin lesion characterized by collections of lymphocytes, macrophages, and dendritic cells in the skin. The researchers performed a skin biopsy at the injection site and found aluminum (AI) deposits in her macrophages. When the skin sample was assayed for AI and quantified, it was found to contain 768.1 micrograms per gram, dry weight, versus 5.61 and 9.13 in two control patients – up to 153-fold higher concentrations. The report cautioned: “Given the pathology of this patient and the high Al concentration in skin biopsy, the authors wish to draw attention when using the Al salts known to be particularly effective as adjuvants in single or repeated vaccinations. The possible release of Al may induce other pathologies ascribed to the well-known toxicity of this metal.” As referenced, aluminum-based (and other) vaccine adjuvants are “effective” at increasing antibody titers, but they perform this feat through the hypersensitization and/or dysregulation of the humoral pole of the immune system (Th2), which is the immunological equivalent of kicking a beehive. While intrinsically toxic adjuvants enable manufacturers to produce more antibodies with less antigen (often a profit-motivated decision), these synthetically-generated increases in the sheer number of antibodies produced does not in any way guarantee they will target the correct antigen (i.e. antibody-antigen affinity), which is the true measure of vaccine effectiveness; in fact, these unnaturally stimulated antibodies cross-react with and/or attack self-structures, e.g. myelin basic protein, leading to the break down of immunological self-tolerance, i.e. autoimmunity. It is a curious fact of vaccine history that while aluminum hydroxide has been injected into billions of people and has been used for almost one century as the only vaccine adjuvant approved worldwide, its mechanism of action is not fully understood, and is only being investigated with any depth in the past five years. We know that one way in which aluminum hydroxide induces an enhanced immune response is through activating the inflammasome within myeloid cells, a key immune-mediated activator of the inflammatory response and which is known to induce cell death. And yet, without understanding its exact mechanism of action, it is impossible by principle to ascertain fully its risk to health. Last year, a report published in the journal Current Medicinal Chemistry titled “Aluminum vaccine adjuvants: are they safe?” raised these safety concerns: Aluminum is an experimentally demonstrated neurotoxin and the most commonly used vaccine adjuvant. Despite almost 90 years of widespread use of aluminum adjuvants, medical science’s understanding about their mechanisms of action is still remarkably poor. There is also a concerning scarcity of data on toxicology and pharmacokinetics of these compounds. In spite of this, the notion that aluminum in vaccines is safe appears to be widely accepted. Experimental research, however, clearly shows that aluminum adjuvants have a potential to induce serious immunological disorders in humans. In particular, aluminum in adjuvant form carries a risk for autoimmunity, long-term brain inflammation and associated neurological complications and may thus have profound and widespread adverse health consequences. In our opinion, the possibility that vaccine benefits may have been overrated and the risk of potential adverse effects underestimated, has not been rigorously evaluated in the medical and scientific community. [ii] Another study published in 2011 in the Journal of Inorganic Biochemistry brought up the taboo topic of vaccine-induced autism, focusing on the crucial role of aluminum adjuvants as neurotoxic agents. The study abstract is well worth reading, as you will not see this type of information reported anywhere in the mainstream media: Autism spectrum disorders (ASD) are serious multisystem developmental disorders and an urgent global public health concern. Dysfunctional immunity and impaired brain function are core deficits in ASD. Aluminum (Al), the most commonly used vaccine adjuvant, is a demonstrated neurotoxin and a strong immune stimulator. Hence, adjuvant Al has the potential to induce neuroimmune disorders. When assessing adjuvant toxicity in children, two key points ought to be considered: (i) children should not be viewed as “small adults” as their unique physiology makes them much more vulnerable to toxic insults; and (ii) if exposure to Al from only few vaccines can lead to cognitive impairment and autoimmunity in adults, is it unreasonable to question whether the current pediatric schedules, often containing 18 Al adjuvanted vaccines, are safe for children? By applying Hill’s criteria for establishing causality between exposure and outcome we investigated whether exposure to Al from vaccines could be contributing to the rise in ASD prevalence in the Western world. Our results show that: (i) children from countries with the highest ASD prevalence appear to have the highest exposure to Al from vaccines; (ii) the increase in exposure to Al adjuvants significantly correlates with the increase in ASD prevalence in the United States observed over the last two decades (Pearson r=0.92, p<0.0001); and (iii) a significant correlation exists between the amounts of Al administered to preschool children and the current prevalence of ASD in seven Western countries, particularly at 3-4 months of age (Pearson r=0.89-0.94, p=0.0018-0.0248). The application of the Hill’s criteria to these data indicates that the correlation between Al in vaccines and ASD may be causal. Because children represent a fraction of the population most at risk for complications following exposure to Al, a more rigorous evaluation of Al adjuvant safety seems warranted.[iii] Another, even more taboo topic is vaccine-induced infant death, which is often forced into the “idiopathic” category of Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS). A report published in the Journal of Tropical Medicine in 2011, offers an explanation for the well-known, though often censored link between DTP vaccines used in the third world and increased mortality in female infants.[iv] Titled “Immunological Links to Nonspecific Effects of DTwP and BCG Vaccines on Infant Mortality,” researchers reported on the fact that “A number of mainly observational studies suggest that many African females below the age of one year die each year from the nonspecific effects of vaccination with diphtheria-tetanus toxoids and killed (whole-cell) Bordetella pertussis (DTwP).” The explanation they offered is that “…the adverse effects of DTwP vaccine may occur because of the Th2-polarising effect of the aluminium phosphate adjuvant in the vaccine and because intramuscular administration of the vaccine may cause chronic inflammation at the site of injection.” Aluminum has no known beneficial function in biology. Increasing awareness of this metal’s role in breast cancer, due to its metalloestrogenic properties, and its prevalence in our food (baking soda), body care products (e.g. antiperspirants), drugs and environment (e.g. it is used in aerosolized form in military operations as aluminized chaff), is bringing to light how important it is to avoid unnecessary exposures, especially when it concerns the health of our infants and children who are already faced with an ever-increasing body burden of this, and other highly toxic metals. It is clear that if we implement the precautionary principle, vaccines which contain this, or any other, highly toxic metal should be avoided at all costs.

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Greatest Loss of Life NOTES: on the Sea (apologies to the educated) BEAUFORT SCALE of wind force Lake Huron and Lake Ontario were discovered bt French explorers Le Caron and Champlain in 1615. Lake Superior by French explorer Brule in 1629. Lake Michigan by French explorer Nicolet in 1634 and Lake Erie by French explorer Joliet in 1669. The St Lawrence River was discovered by Aubert in 1508. Vessels loaded in the fresh water of the Great Lakes will rise up 6 to 7 inches upon entering the ocean. The first charts of the Great lakes were issued in 1852. These covered Lake Erie, the west side of Lake Erie along with Kelly's and Bass Islands. The first comprehensive charts were issued in 1882. There is a shoal almost in the middle of Lake Huron where the depth is about 6 fathoms. There is also one in Lake Superior near Stannard Rock Light where the depth is about 7 fathoms. Within the Great Lakes the most Southerly port is Huron, OH. The most Westerly, Duluth, MINN, the most Easterly is Sacketts Harbor, NY and most Northerly is Nipigon, ONT. Water clarity in the lakes is almost gone below 200ft and past 350ft the water is inky black. Lake Superior has 31,200 sq miles of water surface. Lake Huron has 23,800 sq miles, Lake Michigan 22,450 sq miles, Lake Erie 9,960 sq miles and Lake Ontario 7,240 sq miles. Over half of all the fresh water in the world is in the Great Lakes. The Great Lakes are reported to have 1,692 islands in the Thousand Islands group and over 30,000 in the Georgian Bay group. Spit Island, Sanducky Bay, Lake Erie. Located at the mouth of the bay where it enters the lake. In 1821 it was about 15f above water, later it sank to 6ft under water. It rose again in the mid 1950's and then sunk again. Dogger Bank, North Sea. Also known as the cemetry The Blinders off Iceland. Uncharted rocks Moskenstraumen off Lofoten Island, Norway. 4.5 miles of terrible coastline. Steer 4.5 miles off to avoid pull Isle of Jura, Scotland. Racing riptides Devil's Throat, off Norfolk. Haisborough sands and Hammonds Knoll Goodwin Sands off Deal, Kent. 5 miles off coast. Devils Sea, South of Japan. Sable Island, NS. has various offshore sandbars, tides and currents. If a vessel is caught it is virtualy finished. Sand tends to build up between sea and ship. The movement of the sand has been known to raise sunken ships. There are over 300 wrecks at this locale. Georgian Bay. This location not dangerous because of rough waters but because the Canadian Military dumped about 900 tons of unwanted bombs just after WW2 finished. The dumping took place at Dyers Bay, 25 klms North of Lions Head, which is 50 klms North of Owen Sound, ONT. McNabs Island at Eastern Canada is a graveyard of rotting ships and a naval storage area. The South China Sea is often a dangerous place. Fog and general poor visability along with low lying islands and numerous sunken reefs and hidden shoals can make for a mariners nightmare. Nerve Gas was sunk by the US, encased in concrete, in the Gulf of Mexico. The British sunk 40,000 tons of Germany's mustard, phosgene and tabun gases in the Baltic during 1946 and 1947 They sunk some 34 ships, filled with gas and conventional ammunition totaling 152,000 tons, in the Skagerrak at a depth of 650 meters. A large amount was also dumped about 15 miles Northeast of the Island of Bornholm. East German Stasi (Security Police) archive records reveal massive amounts of toxic gasses dumped into the Baltic around Gotland and Bornholm and in the Little Belt area near the Island of Aeroe. According to Danish records the Soviet Union dumped 50,000 tons of gas ammunition of Gotland and Bornholm after WW2. It is also alleged 170,000 metric tons of nerve gas grenades are rusting away on the ocean floor off Arendal, Norway in the rusting hulls of 40 vessels. These wrecks are believed to contain German bombs and grenades of mustard gas, tabu, sarin, forgen and lewisite. It is believed the last check on these Baltic wrecks was in 1989. British dumping sites are also in the Irish and North Seas which were not encased. 24 vessels were scuttled during Operation Sandcastle in deep water off the Hebrides and off Lands End. These 24 vessels had been loaded with 120,000 tons of mustard gas from the British Army and 17,000 tons of the German nerve gas Tabun. Other vessels were used to simply jettison minitions in various places and even nuclear material. This continued up till 1976. The Beaufort Dyke is a trench between Scotland and Ireland and about 30 miles in length, This trench is now the home to 1.17 million tonnes of munitions and about 2 tons of radioactive material. British authorities have denied ever dumping the nerve gas Sarin. Fishermen bring up the odd shell from these areas. During 1945 and 1946 the Americans dumped hcn, phosgene and mustard gas encased in concrete coffins into the Adriatic Sea. After WW2 4,900 tons of mustard and phosgene gasses were dumped in Japanese coastal waters and inland lakes. The Chinese have found 18 Japanese Japanese dump sites off Mongolia, and it is believed vessels have been scuttled in the Mediterranean and Red Seas and the Arctic. There were rules, it had to be dumped 10 n/miles offshore and 3,000 ft deep. These rules were not followed in several cases. Novaya Zemla Island, Northern Russia. Reports of nuclear waste being dumped, atomic tests and nuclear submarines being buried. Probably high on the Richter scale. Scatarie Island, NS is now a wildlife preserve. Reefs and shoals extend as far out as a mile making this area dangerous Jupiter Inlet, Florida. Gulf Stream pulls vessel near to shoreline. Compensation and alertness needed. 200 miles South of California, from Point Purisma to Point Conception there are powerful ocean forces off the coastline. Fog appears suddenly and razor sharp volcanic reefs are abundant. Horseshoe Reef off Anegada Island in the Virgin Islands extends 20 miles out from the island. Many vessels have made this reef their final resting place. Artifacts are not allowed to be removed fron the islands that are under British rule. Russian vessels have dumped 20 nuclear reactors and warheads containing Plutonium in international waters near Northern Norway. Plutonium is non odorous and kills instantly. French atolls of Mururoa and Fangataufa, Polynesia, were used for French nuclear testing. Lagoons, trees and soil are all contaminated. In the Pacific off Vancouver Island there is an area known as the Zone of Silence. The area is accoustically dead and no sound can penetrate. Bells and sirens are of no use, needless to say there are many wrecks in this area. Cefn Sidan Sands, Carmarthen Bay, Wales are known to shift a great deal and have trrapped many a vessel. Wolf Rock lies 8 miles Southwest of Lands End, Cornwall. It is a rock pinnacle in deep water. The area in and around Great Orme and Little Orme, North Wales was the home of the Royal Artillery gunnery school. 198 battery was posted to Little Orme and 200 battery was posted Great Orme. Target practice was common so be aware of ammunition offshore. Juan de Fuca Straits have Rip Tides that are heavy off Cape Flattery, Cape Beal and Carmanah. Bonilla and Pachena are noted for rough waters. Fog is heaviest in the Straits in the summer months and the wind climbs in speed from the summer to winter months. The Straits are known to have some of the worlds largest waves. The Island of Saipan lies in the Northern Marianas and navigation within three miles of it is prohibited. After WW2 the area was used as a dumping ground for explosives and considered dangerous. It has been suggested that and area between Bigbury Bay and Prawle Point in Devon, UK. may affect the ships compass because of the iron that has been regularly mined in the area. Stewart Island Shoal, Western Australian is an active magnetic shoal. Degree of Latitude. The Spanish and the Portuguese during the 15th century considered 1 degree to be 70 miles of 5,000ft each, or, 17.5 leagues of 4 miles. The English and the French worked 60 nautical miles or 20 leagues of 3 miles. The Dutch worked 60 nautical miles or 15 leagues of 4 miles. Bronze disintegrates very slowly in sea water. 2,000 years in normal circumstances would have caused little damage. Barracuda seem attracted to glistening or sparkling objects. The three largest barrier reefs are off Australia, Florida Keys and Belize. Fresh water ice in fresh water floats 1/10th above the water. Salt water ice in salt water floats 1/9th above water. ELEMENTS IN SEAWATER

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The other day my friends at JAYFK posted a story about an innovative new idea in chemistry sets for young science students. Yes, folks, the idea is that young scholars should learn about the science of chemistry through doing, um, experiments that are, um, chemical free. I’ve been puzzling over this idea. How would a budding chemist do these “chemical free” experiments when everything in the box from plastic to paper is made of chemical compounds? One could imagine that these small scientists might put water in the plastic test tubes pictured below. But, no, that would be H2O. Another known chemical compound. As the folks at JAYFK note, I’ve been writing – some might say ranting – about the use of the phrase chemical-free for some time now. I even proposed that since this is the International Year of Chemistry, we declare a ban on the phrase declare an official ban on phrase “chemical free.” Yes, it’s an advertising phrase, yes, it theoretically indicates a product free of industrial chemicals. But it doesn’t just sell organic grapefruit. It sells the idea that all chemicals are evil and it sells the idea, apparently, that one can label a chemistry set as full of “chemical-free” options. And it absolutely deserves its star billing in JAYFK. If you wonder why I say that, just visit there. Chemical-free chemistry could not be turn up in a more appropriately titled publication.

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DSM-IV disorders are highly prevalent and persistent among US adolescents What is the prevalence and persistence of commonly occurring Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders Fourth Edition (DSM-IV) disorders among US adolescents? Population: 10 148 US adolescents aged 13–17 years taking part in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication Adolescent Supplement (NCS-A), a national survey of adolescent DSM-IV disorders. School dropouts, homeless individuals and non-English speakers were excluded. The sample is representative of the US population in this age range. USA; from February 2001 to January 2004. DSM-IV disorders were assessed using a modified version of the Composite International Diagnostic Interview administered during a face-to-face interview. Assessed disorders included: mood disorders (major depressive disorder or dysthymia, bipolar I or II disorder), anxiety disorders (panic disorder with or without agoraphobia, agoraphobia without panic disorder, social phobia, specific phobia, generalised anxiety disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder, separation anxiety disorder), behavioural disorders (attention deficit hyperactivity disorder oppositional-defiant disorder, conduct disorder), eating (anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, binge-eating disorder) and substance disorders (alcohol and drug abuse, alcohol and drug dependence with abuse). …

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Butler, James, fifth Earl of Ormonde and Earl of Wiltshire 1420-1461, was the eldest son of James Butler, the fourth earl [qv.], by Johan, daughter of Gerald, fifth earl of Kildare, and was born on 24 Nov. 1420. He was knighted when very young by Henry VI, and he attended Richard, duke of York, regent of France, in his expedition into that kingdom. On account of his zealous support of the Lancastrian interest, he was on 8 July 1449, during the lifetime of his father, created a peer of England by the title of earl of Wiltshire. In the following year he was constituted a commissioner, to whom the town and castle of Calais, with other French fortresses, were committed for five years. In 1451 he was appointed lord-deputy of Ireland in the absence of the Duke of York, and on the death of his father he was in 1453 appointed viceroy for ten years. In the same year, along with the Earl of Salisbury and other great lords, he undertook the guarding of the seas for three years, receiving the tonnage and poundage to support the charge thereof. On 13 March 1455 he was appointed lord high treasurer of England, and shortly afterwards fought for the king at the battle of St. Albans, when, the Yorkists prevailing, he fled, casting his armour into a ditch. He was superseded as lord-lieutenant of Ireland by the Duke of York, but in 37 Henry VI was restored to the post of lord-treasurer, and next year made a knight of the Garter. Soon afterwards he fitted out a fleet of five ships at Genoa, with which he sailed to the Netherlands against the Earl of Warwick, but returned before the battle of Wakefield on 31 Dec. 1460, in which he commanded a wing of the army which enclosed and slew the Duke of York. On 2 Feb. 1461, along with the Earl of Pembroke, he suffered a disastrous defeat from Edward, earl of March, at Mortimer's Cross, and on 29 March was taken prisoner at the battle of Towton, Yorkshire. He is said to have been beheaded at Newcastle on 1 May following. In the first parliament of Edward IV he was attainted, along with his brothers John and Thomas, and his estates forfeited and resumed. As he left no issue, the earldom of Wiltshire lapsed with him, but he was succeeded in the earldom of Ormonde by his brother, Sir John de Ormonde. Dugdale's Baronage, ii. 235 Lodge's Peerage of Ireland, iv. 14-16 Carte's Life of the Duke of Ormonde (Oxford ed. 1851), i. lxxix-lxxxi The Ormonde Attainders, by Hubert Hall, in the Genealogist, new ser. i. 76-9 The Barony of Arklow, by J. H. Round, in vol. i. of Foster's Collectanea Genealogica. Contributor: T. F. H. [Thomas Finlayson Henderson]

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The benefits of stretching are many and have been proven through various studies over time. Stretching benefits people of all ages, and is intended for the young as well as the elderly population. The Benefits of StretchingAccording to the Mayo Clinic, the top five benefits of stretching include: - Increased flexibility and joint range of motion: Flexible muscles can improve your daily performance. Tasks such as lifting packages, bending to tie your shoes or hurrying to catch a bus become easier and less tiring. Flexibility tends to diminish as you get older, but you can regain and maintain it. - Improved circulation: Stretching increases blood flow to your muscles. Blood flowing to your muscles brings nourishment and gets rid of waste byproducts in the muscle tissue. Improved circulation can help shorten your recovery time if you've had any muscle injuries. - Better posture: Frequent stretching can help keep your muscles from getting tight, allowing you to maintain proper posture. Good posture can minimize discomfort and keep aches and pains at a minimum. - Stress relief: Stretching relaxes tight, tense muscles that often accompany stress. - Enhanced coordination: Maintaining the full range-of-motion through your joints keeps you in better balance. Coordination and balance will help keep you mobile and less prone to injury from falls, especially as you get older. Proper Stretching TechniqueIt is essential to practice proper stretching techniques. Doing so will allow you to avoid any unnecessary injury. Tips to proper stretching technique include the following: - Warm up first Stretching muscles when they're cold increases your risk of pulled muscles. Warm up by walking while gently pumping your arms, or do a favorite exercise at low intensity for five minutes. - Hold each stretch for at least 30 seconds It takes time to lengthen tissues safely. Hold your stretches for at least 30 seconds — and up to 60 seconds for a really tight muscle or problem area. That can seem like a long time, so wear a watch or keep an eye on the clock to make sure you're holding your stretches long enough. For most of your muscle groups, if you hold the stretches for at least 30 seconds, you'll need to do each stretch only once. - Don't bounce Bouncing as you stretch can cause small tears (microtears) in the muscle, which leave scar tissue as the muscle heals. The scar tissue tightens the muscle even further, making you even less flexible — and more prone to pain. - Focus on a pain-free stretch If you feel pain as you stretch, you've gone too far. Back off to the point where you don't feel any pain, then hold the stretch. - Relax and breathe freely - Don't hold your breath while you're stretching - Stretch both sides Make sure your joint range of motion is as equal as possible on each side of your body - Stretch before and after activity Light stretching after your warm-up followed by a more thorough stretching regimen after your workout is your best bet - Low Back Stretches Three quick and easy exercises to stretch the lower muscles of your back. - Morning Stretches Stretching in the morning is a great way to "waken" up your muscles, and get them ready for the day. - Self Assisted Neck Stretches Stretches can be done with self assistance to obtain a more efficient stretch. Here you can learn how to perform self assisted stretches of the neck. Acute Muscle Strains People who have suffered an acute muscle strain should avoid placing further stress on the muscle through stretching activities. The injured muscle should be given time to rest. Stretching muscle fibers in the acute period can result in further injury. - Fractured Bones After breaking a bone, the fracture site needs time to heal. Stretching muscles that surround this injured area can place stress on the bone and prevent it from healing as well as further displace the break. Stretching a joint that surrounds a broken bone should never be done until cleared by your physician. - Joint Sprains When you sprain your joint, you overstretch the ligaments that help stabilize the bones that form the joint. For this reason stretching early after a joint sprain should be avoided. As with fractures, these structures need time to heal and stretching too early in the injury will delay this process. American Journal of Sports Medicine, 1999, Vol. 27, No. 2, pp. 173-176 American Family Physician Exercise: How to Get Started

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Bannock County was established on March 6, 1893, from part of Bingham County, with its county seat at Pocatello. It was the 19th out of 44 counties. It was named for the Bannack Indians, who were the first inhabitants of the area. Bannock was spelled with an "o" by early settlers. County Seat: Pocatello Borders: Bingham, Caribou, Franklin, Oneida and Power counties The county seat of Bannock County is said to have been named after Pocataro, the chief of a northwestern Shoshone band. He signed the Treaty of Box Elder, and eventually settled on the Fort Hall Reservation. Pocatello has strong ties to the railroad industry, with the Pocatello Junction built by the railroad industry. Although the railroad originally put its administrative and maintenance headquarters in Eagle Rock (now Idaho Falls) in 1881, the industry moved its major operations to Pocatello a few years later. During World War II, more than 4,500 railroad cars passed through the city's yards each day. The city of Pocatello qualified under state law as a city of the first-class in 1920, when its population reached 15,000. Idaho State University, located in Pocatello, was opened in 1902 as the Academy of Idaho with 70 students. Enrollment now approaches 13,000. Its mascot, the Bengal, was officially adopted in 1931. Pocatello has two international sister cities: Iwamizawa, Japan, and Kwaremenguel, Burkina Faso.

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Obama Gaffe: America Didn’t Invent Automobile De Dion motor carriage #2. circa 1901. CREDIT: Library of Congress President Obama's speech to Congress last night might have emphasized urgency over historical accuracy when he stated, "And I believe the nation that invented the automobile cannot walk away from it." Many inventors contributed to the rise of the car in modern-day life. But the U.S. Library of Congress credits German inventor Karl Benz with creating the first true automobile that ran on an internal combustion engine. Benz came out with his patented car around 1885, or about the same time when fellow Germans Gottlieb Daimler and Wilhelm Maybach produced a four-wheeled automobile with a four-stroke engine. The names of these inventors live on in modern car companies such as Daimler AG and its Mercedes-Benz division. By contrast, U.S. automotive pioneer Henry Ford did not start rolling out his mass-produced Model T cars until 1908. His claim to fame lies in popularizing automobiles as a common form of transportation, according to the Henry Ford Museum. Pedestrians and bikers may not thank him as much. Obama's words came during a time when struggling Detroit automotive manufacturers have cut thousands of workers. General Motors and Chrysler have received $17.4 billion from Congress since December, and are asking for a further $21.6 billion. Meanwhile, Americans have already begun shifting their driving habits by flocking to car-sharing services such as Zipcar. Some even try to squeeze every possible mile out of each gas gallon by practicing hypermiling. Those automotive manufacturers that survive seem increasingly focused on electric cars as the roadmap to the future. But far from the placid-lookingToyota Prius and other hybrid cars of today, some of those future cars could boast a mean, green punch. - Video – The Next Step in Emerging Technologies - The Energy Debates: Electric Cars - Flying Cars Near Takeoff MORE FROM LiveScience.com

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- any of various insect larvae that bore into and feed on leaf tissue, esp the larva of dipterous flies of the genus Philophylla (family Trypetidae) and the caterpillar of moths of the family Gracillariidae - the adult insect of any of these larvae Example Sentences Including 'leaf miner' Dacnusa sibirica is an endoparasite which parasitizes by laying an egg in the leaf miner larva. Successful Organic Pest Control S Allan, Edinburgh you have one of the major pests which affect this group of plants, the holly leaf miner. Glasgow Herald (2001) to comment on this word.

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Click here to ask our community of linux experts! v1.26, 5 March 1998 This document describes how to use Linux to connect to an Internet Service Provider via a dial-up modem TCP/IP connection. As well as the basic dial-up procedure and IP establishment, email and news handling is covered. 1.4 New versions of this document How do I connect to the rest of the world? 2.1 The basic configuration How do I How do I send and receive email 5.1 How do I set up an online news-reader? 5.2 How do I set up an offline news-reader? 5.3 How do I set up C News? 5.4 How do I set up Leafnode? How do I automate the connection procedure? 7.1 Other things I should know about? ISP specific information 8.1 How do I learn more? 8.2 Thanks to

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Best Known For John Warcup Cornforth is an Australian scientist who won the 1975 Nobel Prize for his research in stereochemistry and enzyme-based synthesis. Think you know about Biography? Answer questions and see how you rank against other players.Play Now Born on September 7, 1917, in Sydney, Australia, John Warcup Cornforth went on to study at Oxford University in the early '40s. He married Rita Harradence, a fellow chemist who would be his collaborator, and performed groundbreaking research in chemical compositions, especially in the form of cholesterol synthesis. He received the 1975 Nobel Prize and has worked as a professor. © 2013 A+E Networks. All rights reserved. Included In These Groups Famous Academics 422 people in this group Famous Virgoans 564 people in this group Famous Chemists 45 people in this group profile name: John Warcup Cornforth profile occupation: Sign in with Facebook to see how you and your friends are connected to famous icons.

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We will never know for sure how lines and verses of Latin would have sounded in the authors’ own time. How would Horace have pronounced his r? Would Cicero have boomed and bellowed with a Brian Blessed-sized voice? There is of course, no way of finding out, but we can build upon centuries of classical scholarship and make a very well educated guess. Recorded under the careful ear of Ben Harris, the expert behind Collins Latin Language and Roman Culture, these excerpts are true to what we know about how classical Latin would have sounded. Listening to them regularly will help to improve your pronunciation and give you a feel for the rhythm and cadences of classical Latin literature. Each recording features as an excerpt in the Latin Literature section of Collins Latin Language and Roman Culture. Download them to your mp3 player by clicking here and take them with you wherever you go. Have a shower with Caesar, or a lie in with Livy. Grab a coffee with Catullus, and party with Pliny: these recordings will help bring Roman literature to life!

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April 20, 1980 Lindbergh Said to Regret Misperceptions Over Jews By HERBER MITGANG harles A. Lindbergh, the idol of American aviation whose name became synonymous with isolationism on the eve of World War II, in later life regretted that he was perceived as being anti-Semitic, according to his wife. He was appalled when he saw the survivors of a concentration camp in Germany after the war. And as early as 1941, a few weeks before Pearl Harbor, he and his wife discussed and approved the idea of an independent homeland for the Jewish people similar to what would eventually become the state of Israel. These points emerge in "War Within and Without: The Diaries and Letters of Anne Morrow Lindbergh, 1939-1944," to be published as a Helen and Kurt Wolff Book/Harcourt Brace Jovanovich on April 28, and in an interview with the author, whose husband died in 1974. "Charles was a stubborn Swede, you know," Mrs. Lindbergh,73, said goodnaturedly, "and he himself never felt the need to explain his feelings about where he stood and about past statements. But I feel free now to elaborate on his actual attitudes. He never wanted to be regarded as a hero or leader, and he never had political ambitions. His prewar isolationist speeches were given in all sincerity for what he thought was the good of the country and the world. Mrs. Lindbergh concedes that she is now looking at events with the benefit of hindsight, that she has gained objectivity, and that she is now able to admit her own and her husband's mistakes. She says that she can understand the Roosevelt Administration's "misinterpretation" of Lindbergh's prewar role. but she also believes that some of his prophecies were correct. "He felt that the Soviet Union would come out of the war with the greatest territorial gains - and that was prophetic," she said, in the course of an interview in the office of her publisher, Helen Wolff. "but he was wrong in saying that Britain could not survive in a war with Germany. He was unaware of the fact that the Nazi codes were broken, or of the existence of radar. What he feared was that aerial bombing could cause great destruction in a war. Of course, he did not know about the existence of concentration camps." In the introduction of her book -"it took me two years to write the introduction because i read everything I could that he and others had said, and the histories of the period" - she says that on May 7, 1945, her husband was on a naval technical mission. He was driven to Norhausen, the German underground factory for V-1 and v-2 rockets. Nearby, he saw Camp Dora, where cconcentration-camp victims were used as forced labor. "It was here that he faced for the first time the horrifying remains of the Nazi death factories, about which he wrote in his wartime journals: 'Here was a place where men and life and death had reached the lowest form of degradation. How could any reward in national progress even faintly justify the establishment and operation of such a place?' 'It seemed impossible that men - civilized men - could degenerate to such a level.' " Mrs. Lindbergh added, "He was accused of being anti-Semetic, but in the 45 years I lived with him I never heard him make a remark against the jews, not a crack or joke, and neither did any of our children." In the unretouched diaries in the book, the notation for Nov. 24, 1941, covers a private conversation between the Lindberghs about the need for the Jews having "a land of their own." Although pessimistic about the prospect, she quotes him as saying that it "must be worked at." On the subject of anti-Semitism, she adds: "He talks absolutely the way I feel, that it isn't only what happens to the Jews but what happens to the people who Jew-bait. How it degrades a man or a nation. War is clean, but the other is disease." The diaries disclose that she was deeply disturbed about his speech made on Sept 11, 1941, in Des Moines, where he said that "the three most important groups who have been pressing this country toward war are the British, the Jewish and the Roosevelt Administration." In the same speech, he said that "no person with a sense of the dignity of mankind can condone the persecution of the Jewish race in Germany." In the interview, Mrs Lindbergh said she tried to stop him from making the Des Moines speech, and that she toned it down. "I told him he would be attacked, and he was. but his aim was to speak from the point of view of what air damage would do in destroying Europe and causing deaths. he thought he was dealing with facts, not emotions. He did not realize the explosive power of his remakes, like the" - "penumbra of a bomb." Mrs. Lindbergh said that she had been working on the diaries - this is the fifth to be published - for 10 years. Some of the writing had been in her home in Connecticut, in Hawaii and in her son's home in Switzerland. "I don't plan to continue with the diaries," she said, "but I may turn next to essays. I'm not happy when I'm not writing." her books are published by her friend Mrs. Wolff, who, with her late husband, Kurt, were outstanding publishers in Germany and elsewhere in Europe before coming to the United States because of Hitler's racial laws.

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When you consider how deeply in debt the nation is, you might think that scientists from the United States Geological Survey (USGS) would want to avoid wasting taxpayer dollars studying “ocean acidification in the Arctic and what this means for the future survival of marine and terrestrial organisms.” You would be wrong. Like so many government agencies that were originally established for legitimate reasons, the USGS has been corrupted to advance the greatest hoax of the modern era, global warming, aka climate change. A visit to its website shows that its major concerns these days include “climate and land use change”, “ecosystems”, along with “energy and minerals, and environmental health.” My dictionary defines geology as “1. Scientific study of the origin, history, and structure of the earth. 2. Structure of a specific region of the earth’s surface.” It says nothing about “environmental health” or “ecosystems.” One might also expect the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration to be more interested in the alleged ocean acidification than the USGS geologists. We have arrived at the sad and dangerous point in our history when our government’s agencies are just as likely to be used to advance the global warming./climate change hoax as to be engaged in the original and actual functions for which they were established. It gets worse. There is no scientific justification for a bunch of geologists to be studying ocean acidification. According to USGS Director, Marcia McNutt, “Ocean acidification is a particularly vexing problem associated with the release of carbon dioxide (CO2) into the atmosphere from the burning of fossil fuels because it interferes with the ability of marine organisms to build hard shells of calcium carbonate.” Wrong, wrong, and wrong. Why is the USGS worried about “marine organisms”? If the object of geology is to study the structures of the earth’s surface, why are they collecting samples of Arctic water to study the utterly bogus claim that marine creatures are endangered? The answer lies in aspects of the biggest collection of lies and predictions about the earth, the reports of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), the United Nations vehicle for the dissemination of the global warming/climate change hoax. In its Forth Assessment Report (AR4) it pushed the lie that the oceans were rising and would swamp everything by 2100. The rate of sea rise since AR4 has actually decreased by about 25%. Ocean acidification is just another one of its lies. A team of scientists recently released a report debunking the IPCC prediction that there would be a massive die-off of ocean plankton due to ocean acidification. That's not happening either. As for acidification, the alleged increase in the pH factor—the measurement of the amount of hydrogen ion concentration in a solution—has long since been debunked because for at least the last 600 million years, if it were true it would have dissolved the ocean’s limestone deposits, none of which have been dissolved through all of that time. In fact, as Cliff Ollier, an emeritus professor of geology, has noted, “Marine life flourishes where CO2 is abundant. Over geological time enormous amounts of CO2 have been sequestered by living things, so that today there is far more CO2 in limestone than in the atmosphere or ocean. This sequestration of CO2 by living things is far more important than trivial additions to the atmosphere caused by human activity.” The USGS is not telling the truth about CO2, especially when it asserts that “mining and burning of coal, the mining and smelting of metal ores, and the use of nitrogen fertilizer are the major causes of chemical oxidation processes that generate acid in the Earth-surface environment.” It is no accident that these alleged “causes” all have to do with the provision of energy, products that use metals in their construction, and crop yields on which humans and livestock depend for food. The USGS forgot to include the tons of CO2 that are exhaled daily by the seven billion humans on earth. Add ocean acidification and falsely asserted rapid rise of sea levels to the list of things the IPCC, the USGS, and NOAA, among others, are lying about. © Alan Caruba, 2012

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earthOCEAN give environmental education presentations to school groups, universities and the general public. Presentations are an interactive, multimedia experience, bringing the environment, science and conservation to teachers and students of all ages. Presentations are tailored specifically to subject areas and age groups focusing on whales and ocean conservation issues. Chris and Genevieve Johnson are marine wildlife and conservation filmmakers. Together, they have given talks around the world, from the Seychelles Islands to the Canary Islands, and from Norway to remote western Australia. Their complimentary skills and experiences blend perfectly to form a unique series of presentations. Presentations cover a wide range of topics as outlined below. All are generously illustrated with spectacular photography, film shorts, sounds and animations from across the world’s oceans. Chris and Gen are happy to tailor their presentations to specific audiences, whether they are for University students, corporate functions or school groups. Around the World with Whales and Dolphins Chris and Genevieve Johnson take their audience onboard the whale research vessel, Odyssey, recounting their remarkable five and a half year journey of science and discovery as they sailed around the world studying and documenting whales and ocean pollution. Enjoy behind the scenes pictures and revealing accounts of the struggle of life at sea, while getting up close and personal with the sperm whale – the largest toothed predator on the planet. Behind the Camera Chris takes you behind the camera as he encounters marine wildlife across the world’s oceans. Experience life on the pristine coral reefs of the Maldives, take a trip to meet a family of sperm whales and their newborn calf in Greece. Chris talks candidly about filming and photographing below the surface and topside. He shares his knowledge of equipment, and how he captures imagery in extreme environments, and what it takes to produce a wildlife documentary. Turning the Tide With years of experience documenting marine life, Chris and Genevieve have also witnessed first hand, the pressures exerted on the marine environment. On land, we are able to see what is happening, what occurs at sea often remains out of site and out of mind. From the frontline of the lucrative shark fin trade, to the trade in reef fish for food and aquaria, from toxic pollution to noise pollution, Chris and Gen have freed turtles from discarded fishing gear hundreds of miles from land, and cleared tons of plastic from the beaches on uninhabited oceanic atolls. Learn how we can turn the tide against these growing human threats. Chris and Gen share stunning wildlife imagery and the stories that accompany them. Whales, dolphins, sharks, seals and sea lions, birds, turtles and coral reefs make up part of an inspirational journey to discover the remarkable rich marine diversity of our ocean planet. Contact us for more information via email.

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Ahn Jung-geun: an ordinary man, an extra-ordinary life By Franklin Rausch Ahn Jung-geun wrote a poem which contains the line "The times make the hero and the hero makes the times." In his poem, Ahn expresses his faith that despite the difficult times in which he lived, it was possible for an individual to shape history. Through his tireless efforts in the patriotic enlightenment and righteous army movements, Ahn sought to do just that. But what was his vision? What sort of future was he trying to build? Perhaps we could summarize his hopes for the world by saying that he wanted to establish an authentic peace by building a ``unity'' that respected ``independence.'' I believe that much of his importance in Asian history rests upon this desire, for in contrast to the dreams of conquest of the great empires of history, what Ahn wanted was only that desired by the great mass of humanity: to live in peace. But Ahn knew that an authentic peace did not simply mean the absence of war, but must have as its foundation a just order in which the dignity of all men and women is respected. Perhaps it is in the ordinariness of Ahn's hope that his place in Asian history can be found, for though he sought to be a hero, it was one of a rather ordinary sort. I say that, not to put Ahn down, but to raise up the many others of his time who also struggled for justice. Like them, Ahn, though intelligent, was no genius, and though brave, was no great military strategist. Ahn's courage and his willingness to do what he believed was right despite the personal cost are not inborn virtues of a tiny elite; but ones that can be obtained with hard work by ordinary men and women. Ahn's place in history is not found in his uniqueness, but in the fact that he is a representative of all those who suffered for what they believed was right. It was the unique circumstances of his death that led him to record his life and thoughts; something others like him, never did. And so his words are not his alone, but also of those who struggled for injustice but did not leave behind a written record. And so, in a sense, when we read Ahn's writings, we learn not only of him, but of the thousands of others who suffered and died in their fight to do what they thought was right and whose names have been lost in the winds of history. I wonder if it was this combination of ordinariness and heroism that led Ahn to inspire, not only Koreans but Chinese as well, to struggle for independence and a just social and world order. Perhaps it was the fact that, because his virtues were those obtainable by ordinary men and women that they kept his picture close at hand as a sort of talisman, and told stories of his deeds, giving them courage as they faced the darkness of imperial rule. But Ahn's influence is not confined to the past. Even now, there is interest in his life, actions, and thought. Many look to him for inspiration to overcome contemporary problems, finding sound advice in his calls for respectful unity and humility. Such people are not confined only to China and Korea, but even in Japan there are those who see Ahn as someone who tried to call their country away from the dangerous path of imperialism and the destruction it brought. And this is appropriate; Ahn saw himself not only acting for the benefits of Koreans, but for Japanese as well. His writings betray no anti-Japanese feeling and it was not prejudice that drove him to struggle for Korean independence and peace in the East, but a genuine concern for others. Nor is Ahn's life only of interest to Asians. Many other people, Westerners in particular, are becoming more curious about him. Though it is often difficult for them to understand him and the place he occupies in the hearts of Koreans today, he has an important message. He reminds us that we must listen to the weak, whose cries for justice are drowned out by deafening oppression and too often go unheard. This is of great importance for the citizens of wealthy and powerful countries who are called on to remind their governments to work for justice and to remember to respect the rights of less-developed and weaker nations. Though they may not agree with everything that Ahn did and the means he utilized to pursue justice, it cannot be denied that he gave all he had in an effort to do what he thought was right and that his grievances were real. His articulation of these grievances, shared by many of his own times and today, remind us that in order to have true peace, we must seek justice, especially for the weak and the oppressed. Ahn holds an important place, not only in Asian history, but in world history, as an ordinary man who lived an extraordinary life, possessing virtues, such as courage that are obtainable by all who will work for them, and struggled for goals that all right-thinking men and women desire: peace and justice. Raush was a special advisor to the contest. ― ED

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Moving Toward Middle English Back to the Syllabus New Old English There's quite a bit of writing going on in Old English, strange as that may seem. As a sort of accompaniment to courses on the language, and then as a hobby in itself, Anglo-Saxonists have composed a great deal of "New Old English"--largely an Internet phenomenon. So, you can read theGettysburg Address and you can join an Old English listserv, the ENGLISC list. You can even, wouldn't you know it, read about Monica Lewinsky in Old English, as you can in every other world language :-) The Nice Norse The most significant long-term impact on English during the Old English period was made by the invasions of Norsemen, starting in the 800s (see map by Matthew White). These Norsemen, variously also called Danes or Vikings, established long-lasting kingdoms in the northeast of England. The population in the northeast continued to speak English, but it was an English heavily inflected by Norse vocabulary and pronunciation. Words in Modern English that come from Old Norse include window and they, them, their and also forms like egg (ey), kirk (church), dike (ditch), skirt (shirt), sister (OE sweostor, ME suster) and the words leg, neck (this explains some of the variance English shows against German Hals and Bein), take (nim), sky (welkin), skin (hide), anger (wrath), die (as verb; the OE is steorfan, starve), ill (sick), ugly (foul), law, loose, low, odd, wrong, dirt, and husband (man). Why these words entered standard English is anybody's guess. Unlike later imports from French (see below), they are very common words. Many of them have doublets in Middle or Modern English (or both) that are also common: the common Old English words for some of these same ideas are given above in bold after the Norse words. Most of the Norse component of the Modern English vocabulary comes with the adoption, sooner or later, into southern and western dialects of the northeastern dialect forms. A few of the words above, like kirk, have remained Northern (specifically Scots) forms, but most were adopted by various routes into Southern, and therefore Standard, English. More Norse words survive today in local speech in Scotland, Northumberland, and Yorkshire than have made it into standard English. The Normans Conquer In 1066, a dynastic quarrel over the throne of England ended in victory for William, Duke of Normandy at theBattle of Hastings. William became King William I of England and his Norman companions (Normans were originally Norsemen who had conquered Northern France, as their cousins had conquered parts of England) became the feudal overlords of the Anglo-Saxon population. There was never a great amount of Norman immigration into England. Instead there was a grafting of a great superstructure of economic, political, religious and military power onto a population that remained largely English in composition. (For that matter, the population of England is largely descended from Stone Age people who lived there thousands of years ago, though naturally with immigrant mixtures from all over the planet. But we should not conceive of any of these great conquests, even the Saxon conquest, as wiping out a whole population.) The Normans were tremendous builders ofcastles and cathedrals (another cathedral view) and built much of what we now see as the surviving medieval look of England. Yet they essentially built these colossal symbols of their military and religious institutions on top of, or alongside, the dominant patterns of village and agricultural settlement that had been imposed on the island by the Saxons. England in the late 1000s, the 1100s, and 1200s became a bilingual country. Norman French was the prestige language, English the language of everyday folk. Few Normans learned English in this early Middle English period. French was the language of court, of law, of the literature of the period (though remember that Latin was a significant literary and religious language well into the period of Modern English). Since few Anglo-Normans learned English, initially, there was little borrowing of French words into English in the period 1066-1300. The changes in English during this period were nevertheless quite substantial. Early Middle English (1100-1300) has a largely Anglo-Saxon vocabulary (in the North, with many Norse borrowings). But it has a greatly simplified inflectional system. The complicated grammatical relations that were expressed in Old English by means of the dative and accusative cases, and by the many forms of verbs are replaced in Middle English, gradually, with constructions that involve prepositions, pronouns, and modal verbs. This replacement is incomplete. We still today have the Old English genitive in many words (we now call it the "possessive": the form dog's for "of the dog"; but the apostrophe here doesn't mean that anything has been "left out," as it does in contractions like doesn't). But most of the other case endings disappear in the early ME period, including, you'll be happy to learn, most of the dozens of forms of the word the. Grammatical genders also disappear from English during the Early ME period, further simplifying matters. The tense system of the verb actually expands, though, in early ME. Old English has two verb tenses, past and present, and to a great extent, if you think about it, Modern English operates with just past and present tenses. You say "I went to the mall" if you did it yesterday, and "I'm going to the mall" if you're on your way there in your car right now; but if you're going to the mall tomorrow, you say, well, "I'm going to the mall tomorrow." We express present and future tense for the most part with the same words, modified by a time adverb that places the action with relation to the present moment. That's largely because Old English bequeathed us no future tense. But in Middle English we begin to see the use of modal verbs to express forms of verb action, including the present tense--and so, the use of shall and will to form what we now learn as the English "future tense." (American speakers have virtually lost shall altogether except in literary or traditional contexts, and I have the sense that we use will as it was used in OE, to express determination or intention rather than verb tense; but Middle English and some other Modern dialects preserve the use of these modals to indicate the future.) Let's look at somecomparative versions of the 23rd Psalm in different stages and dialects of Middle English to get some idea of the dynamics I've presented here. I stress dialects because there is no single "Middle English" any more than there is a single or standard Old English; there are, instead, Kentish, London, Midlands, Southwestern, East Anglian and Northern varieties of Middle English, each with its peculiarities.

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- PDF (446 kb) - Full Text with Thumbnail Figures - Full Text with Large Figures - Cited by in Scopus (232) - Request permission - Conservation planning in the real world: South Africa shows the way Trends in Ecology & Evolution, Volume 18, Issue 9, 1 September 2003, Pages 435-438 AbstractAlthough conservation planning has received considerable theoretical attention in recent years, concerns remain over its practical application, especially in the developing world. A new collection of papers in Biological Conservation, focusing on the Cape Floristic Region of South Africa, sets the standard for systematic prioritization of conservation areas, illustrates how ambitious plans can be implemented on the ground and, along the way, advances difficult issues such as the conservation of biological processes. Abstract | Full Text | PDF (866 kb) - Conservation planning in a changing world Trends in Ecology & Evolution, Volume 22, Issue 11, 1 November 2007, Pages 583-592 Robert L. Pressey, Mar Cabeza, Matthew E. Watts, Richard M. Cowling and Kerrie A. Wilson AbstractConservation planning is the process of locating, configuring, implementing and maintaining areas that are managed to promote the persistence of biodiversity and other natural values. Conservation planning is inherently spatial. The science behind it has solved important spatial problems and increasingly influenced practice. To be effective, however, conservation planning must deal better with two types of change. First, biodiversity is not static in time or space but generated and maintained by natural processes. Second, humans are altering the planet in diverse ways at ever faster rates. Abstract | Full Text | PDF (1255 kb) - Raising the bar for systematic conservation planning Trends in Ecology & Evolution, Volume 26, Issue 12, 1 December 2011, Pages 634-640 William T. Langford, Ascelin Gordon, Lucy Bastin, Sarah A. Bekessy, Matt D. White and Graeme Newell AbstractSystematic conservation planning (SCP) represents a significant step toward cost-effective, transparent allocation of resources for biodiversity conservation. However, research demonstrates important consequences of uncertainties in SCP and of basing methods on simplified circumstances involving few real-world complexities. Current research often relies on single case studies with unknown forms and amounts of uncertainty as well as low statistical power for generalizing results. Consequently, conservation managers have little evidence for the true performance of conservation planning methods in their own complex, uncertain applications. To build effective and reliable methods in SCP, there is a need for more challenging and integrated testing of their robustness to uncertainty and complexity, and much greater emphasis on generalization to real-world situations. Abstract | Full Text | PDF (772 kb) Copyright © 2006 Elsevier Ltd All rights reserved. Trends in Ecology & Evolution, Volume 21, Issue 12, 681-687, 1 December 2006 Integrating economic costs into conservation planning 1 Conservation Science Program, WWF (US), 1250 24th Street NW, Washington, DC 20037, USA 2 Conservation Science Group, Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Downing St, Cambridge, UK, CB2 3EJ 3 Department of Economics, Andrew Young School of Policy Studies, Georgia State University, PO Box 3992, Atlanta, GA 30302-3992, USA 4 Department of Applied Economics, Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, University of Minnesota, St Paul, MN 55108, USA 5 South African National Biodiversity Institute, Private Bag X101, Pretoria 0001, South Africa Recent studies that incorporate the spatial distributions of biological benefits and economic costs in conservation planning have shown that limited budgets can achieve substantially larger biological gains than when planning ignores costs. Despite concern from donors about the effectiveness of conservation interventions, these increases in efficiency from incorporating costs into planning have not yet been widely recognized. Here, we focus on what these costs are, why they are important to consider, how they can be quantified and the benefits of their inclusion in priority setting. The most recent work in the field has examined the degree to which dynamics and threat affect the outcomes of conservation planning. We assess how costs fit into this new framework and consider prospects for integrating them into conservation planning.

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STD burdens minorities, young women most of all OBG Management Senior Editor Young people, minorities, and women bear the brunt of sexually transmitted disease (STD) in the United States, reports the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) in a new publication that highlights these and other disparities. For example, almost 50% of the approximately 19 million STDs reported each year affect people 15 to 24 years of age. And yet these figures, which reflect reports of three notifiable STDs—Chlamydia trachomatis infection, gonorrhea, and syphilis—“represent only a small proportion of the true national burden of STDs,” the CDC notes in Sexually Transmitted Disease Surveillance 2007 . “Many cases of notifiable STDs go undiagnosed, and some common viral infections, such as human papillomavirus (HPV) and genital herpes, are not reported at all.” |CDC screening recommendations Focus on at-risk populations This infection is most common among young women and is usually asymptomatic. CDC recommends annual screening of all: as new or multiple sex partners. - sexually active women younger than 26 years - older women who have risk factors such To reduce the impact of disease, it also is necessary to treat the disease among men, because many young women who have been diagnosed with chlamydial infection may become reinfected by an untreated male partner. The CDC recommends that women be retested for Chlamydia approximately 3 months after treatment and that they be given antibiotic therapy to be delivered to their male partners if other strategies for reaching and treating partners are unlikely to succeed. Although easily cured, gonorrhea causes serious health problems, including pelvic inflammatory disease and its sequelae, if left untreated. CDC supports a US Preventive Services Task Force recommendation to screen all high-risk, sexually active women for gonorrhea. This population includes: - women younger than 25 years, including sexually active adolescents - women who have a history of gonorrhea infection or other STD - women who have new or multiple sexual partners or who use a condom inconsistently - sex workers - intravenous drug users. When treating gonorrhea, drug resistance is a special concern. Data from 2007 indicate widespread resistance to fluoroquinolones, and the CDC no longer recommends their use to treat gonorrhea. That limits treatment to a single class of antibiotics—cephalosporins. The CDC recommends that all pregnant women be screened for syphilis at the first prenatal visit to protect their infants from the serious complications associated with congenital syphilis. Infection with Chlamydia affects three times as many women as men Among the disparities highlighted by the CDC are: - The reported chlamydial infection case rate for women in 2007 was almost triple the rate for men: 543.6 versus 190.0 for every 100,000 people. In addition, women are more likely to suffer serious consequences of chlamydial infection, such as pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), which can lead to infertility, ectopic pregnancy, and chronic pelvic pain. Women 15 to 19 years of age had the highest rate (3,004.7 for every 100,000 people), followed by women 20 to 24 years old (2,948.8). - Chlamydia infection affects African- American, American Indian/Alaska Native, and Hispanic women disproportionately. In 2007, black women 15 to 19 years old had the highest rate of any group (9,646.7). The rate among black women overall (1,906) was almost eight times the rate among white women (249.3) and almost three times that of Hispanic women (753.3). - In 2007, the overall gonorrhea rate was 118.9 cases for every 100,000 people, with slightly more cases among women than among men. Like chlamydial infection, gonorrhea is substantially underdiagnosed and underreported, with approximately twice as many new infections estimated to occur each year as are reported. - Between 2006 and 2007, the rate of primary and secondary syphilis increased 15.2%, from 3.3 to 3.8 cases for every 100,000 people, and the number of cases increased from 9,756 to 11,466. The rate of congenital syphilis (transmission from mother to infant) increased for the second year in a row, from 9.3 for every 100,000 live births in 2006 to 10.5 in 2007. Although they represent only 12% of the total US population, African Americans made up about 70% of gonorrhea cases and almost half of all Chlamydia and syphilis cases in 2007. Hispanics comprise 15% of the US population, but accounted for 19% of all Chlamydia cases. To read more of the full report, visit www.cdc.gov/std/stats07. Related articles:Screen all young women every year for Chlamydia, CDC urges www.obgmanagement.com/article_pages.asp?AID=5929&UID Genital herpes: common questions about diagnosis and transmission By Gary A. Richwald, MD, MPH, and Priya Karkhanis www.obgmanagement.com/supplement.asp?ref=SupplOBG0808_CME_2

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The American Crow is a black bird averaging around 18 inches long. Crows have black feathers, beaks, legs and feet. Crows and ravens look very much alike and are often misidentified for each other. Crows differ from ravens in appearance by their shorter, thinner beaks, and are about six inches shorter than a raven. American Crows live in a variety of different settings. They can be found in parks, woodland areas, orchards, farms, as well as urban and suburban settings. American Crows are omnivorous, they will eat anything from seeds, grains, and fruits, to invertebrates, carrion (scavenged carcass), and small animals. How to Deter Crows The America Crow is known to be on of the most intelligent species of bird. If you address the feature that is attracting them to your property, you will have better success at getting them to move on. ♦ Crows live in tight knit communities that work together to defend their territories. They may choose a high point on your home or building as a lookout point. ♦ Keep crows off roof lines and ledges by installing Bird Spikes or other physical bird deterrents to prevent them from landing. ♦ Keep crows off street lights, A.C. units, signs and other areas with the Repeller 360°, Bird Spider or the Solar Bird Repeller Remove any food source ♦ Crows are omnivorous scavengers eating anything from seeds and grain to invertebrates and discarded food in garbage. Block crows from any possible open food sources such as garbage cans. ♦ Crows will sometimes tear up lawns looking for grubs. You can treat your lawn for grubs to keep the crows from coming back. The Scarecrow Motion Activated Sprinkler also works well at keeping crows off lawn areas. ♦ Sound deterrents alert crows of nearby danger by broadcasting predator calls and distress calls which will make them want to flee the area. The Bird Chase Super Sonic is ideal trees where crows like to roost. ♦ Hang visual deterrents such as Mylar Flash Tape or Reflective Eye Diverters to scare crows from trees. Humane Removal / Professional Installer ♦ If you don’t have the time, resources or expertise to solve your bird problem, there are wildlife and pest control companies that offer bird control as a service. ♦ These professionals can install bird control products and offer other services such as clean-up and humane trap and removal. If you would like advice on choosing the correct product for your pest bird problem, or would like an authorized installer in your area, please call us at (877) 820-8205 or email us.

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Edward Teller (January 15, 1908 – September 9, 2003) was a Hungarian-American nuclear physicist, known colloquially as "the father of the hydrogen bomb", even though he claimed he did not care for the title. Teller made numerous contributions to nuclear and molecular physics, spectroscopy (the Jahn–Teller and Renner–Teller effects), and surface physics. His extension of Fermi's theory of beta decay (in the form of the so-called Gamow–Teller transitions) provided an important stepping stone in the applications of this theory. The Jahn–Teller effect and the BET theory have retained their original formulation and are still mainstays in physics and chemistry. Teller also made contributions to Thomas–Fermi theory, the precursor of density functional theory, a standard modern tool in the quantum mechanical treatment of complex molecules. In 1953, along with Nicholas Metropolis and Marshall Rosenbluth, Teller co-authored a paper which is a standard starting point for the applications of the Monte Carlo method to statistical mechanics. Teller emigrated to the United States in the 1930s, and was an early member of the Manhattan Project charged with developing the first atomic bombs. During this time he made a serious push to develop the first fusion-based weapons as well, but these were deferred until after World War II. After his controversial testimony in the security clearance hearing of his former Los Alamos colleague J. Robert Oppenheimer, Teller was ostracized by much of the scientific community. He continued to find support from the U.S. government and military research establishment, particularly for his advocacy for nuclear energy development, a strong nuclear arsenal, and a vigorous nuclear testing program. He was a co-founder of Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL), and was both its director and associate director for many years. In his later years he became especially known for his advocacy of controversial technological solutions to both military and civilian problems, including a plan to excavate an artificial harbor in Alaska using thermonuclear explosives. He was a vigorous advocate of Reagan's Strategic Defense Initiative. Throughout his life, Teller was known both for his scientific ability and his difficult interpersonal relations and volatile personality, and is considered one of the inspirations for the character Dr. Strangelove in the 1964 movie of the same name. 1.) Edward Teller (2002). Memoirs: A Twentieth Century Journey In Science And Politics. Basic Books. p. 32. ISBN 978-0-7382-0778-0. "Religion was not an issue in my family; indeed, it was never discussed. My only religious training came because the Minta required that all students take classes in their respective religions. My family celebrated one holiday, the Day of Atonement, when we all fasted. Yet my father said prayers for his parents on Saturdays and on all the Jewish holidays. The idea of God that I absorbed was that it would be wonderful if He existed: We needed Him desperately but had not seen Him in many thousands of years."

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The Painted Caves of the Perigord in Languedoc, France Around 500,000 years ago the towering cliffs and lush river valleys of southwestern France first became home to humans. Around 35,000 years ago the caves that dot the cliffs became more than simple refuge: they became canvasses for a form of human creativity that reached its highest point around 12,000 years ago. Using torches and branches or paintbrushes made from animal hair, prehistoric artists created vibrant representations of the animals that made up their world. Les Eyzies de Tayac, the "Capital of Prehistory," is a tiny village deep in the Dordogne (also known as the Périgord), with its single street tucked against towering cliffs on one side and the Vezere river running on the other. Located within a couple of miles of painted and sculpted caves and the National Museum of Pre- history, the village displays thousands of artifacts discovered in the area. My husband and I rented a car in Nice. We drove through Provence into Languedoc, passing Carcassonne and Toulouse, and headed northwest into the Perigord. At Montauban we turned north on the N20, a route that took us deep into rural and unspoiled countryside. Medieval towns seemed almost untouched by modern times. Like many of the town's buildings, the main hotel, the Cro-Magnon, is built against the cliff and its fourth wall consists of the natural rock itself. Jacque and Cristiane Leyssales, the hotel's friendly English-speaking proprietors, encouraged us to wander upstairs where we could see the rough rock wall jutting out into the corridor. "My grandfather built the hotel," Monsieur Leyssales said. The National Museum of Prehistory, only a short walk from our hotel, was created from the ruins of a 16th century chateau built against the cliff. Artifacts from the Vezere Valley are displayed chronologically. The most famous of the painted caves, Lascaux, has been closed for many years to protect its fragile art, and those caves that remain open limit the number of people admitted per day. Reservations well ahead of time are essential. An exact replica of Lascaux, Lascaux II, is nearby and can be visited. But this time we wanted to concentrate on the real thing, so we made reservations to see two caves only a couple of miles from Les Eyzies: Font-de-Gaume and Combarelles. We can understand using caves for shelter but why were the cave paintings made? The lack of evidence that anyone actually lived where the pictures are found lends credence to the theory that they may have been sacred sites-Paleolithic cathedrals decorated with icons representing the animals that provided food and warmth and, therefore, life. The caves are worlds made of fantastical and phantasmagoric shapes-dream landscapes that seen dimly in flickering torchlight must have inspired these ancient people to depths of imagination not known to the outside world. Some theorize that the caves were seen as the womb of Mother Earth and the source of all creation. Whatever the reason, they are truly beautiful works of art. For More Info Getting There: The train from Paris Austerlitz station to Périgueux costs $55 (second class). If you drive from Périgueux, take the N89 east to the D706 south. From Brive, take the N89 west to the D706 south. A car rental from Avis costs $217 for a week. Where to Stay: Hotel Cro-Magnon, 54, Avenue de la Prehistoire 24620 Les Eyzies; 05-53-06-97-06, fax 05-53-06-95-45; email@example.com; $46-$73 per night, per room, for two people. Pool and gardens. Closed October to May. Maison de la France - French Government Tourist Office 444 Madison Av, 16th floor, New York, NY 10022; tel : 212-745-0952; fax: 212 838-7855; www.franceguide.com/us; firstname.lastname@example.org.

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Constantine was nothing if not incredibly (some might say obsessively) concerned with the rites, rituals, and laws surrounding marriage. A law of 335 written to the Vicar of Spain (CTh. 3.5.6) expounded on a topic already addressed numerous times: betrothal gifts. If a betrothed couple had already engaged in the osculo interveniente ('exchanged kiss') and one died before the actual marriage could take place, then half of the gifts given by the male betrothed would go to the surviving partner and the other half to the family of the deceased. If there had been no kiss? The gifts would go back to the givers or his heirs (Evans-Grubbs, 67). The turn of phrase "sealed with a kiss" came about because kisses could in fact create a binding contract. Moreover, kisses were a potent social currency that Americans today regularly underestimate. |Polyphemus and Galatea Kissing| As Constantine's law exemplifies, mutual agreements were often sealed with a kiss. This didn't just go for marriage contracts, it also went for much larger diplomatic agreements. Before a large crowd, Sulla and Mithridates embraced and sealed the Peace of Dardanus with an osculum pacis ('kiss of peace'). As Adrienne Mayor has noted, it is interesting to try and reconstruct what the Eastern king Mithridates must have been thinking as he was kissed on the cheek by Sulla. Persians kissed social equals straight on the mouth, but received kisses on the cheek from social inferiors (Mayor, 226). The kiss signalled the conclusion of the negotiations and the fact that a new relationship had been formed, but did Mithridates find it a bit strange he was being kissed on the cheek? Likely. |Judas' kiss given to Christ| (Ravenna, Saint Apollinare Nuovo, 6th c.) |Obama kisses Aung San Suu Kyi at her residence - | The Daily Mail called this "another example of his Judith Evans-Grubbs, "Marrying and Its Documentation in Later Roman Law," in To Have and To Hold: Marrying and Its Documentation in Western Christendom, 400-1600 (Cambridge University Press, 2007), 43-94. Adrienne Mayor, The Poison King: The Life and Legend of Mithridates, Rome's Deadliest Enemy (Princeton University Press, 2010). J.P. Toner, Popular Culture in Ancient Rome (Polity Press, 2009),

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July 9, 2001 Researchers seek clues to submarine quakes at plate collision zone By Tim Stephens Seeking new clues to the cause of some of the Earth's most powerful earthquakes, an international group of scientists aboard the Ocean Drilling Program vessel JOIDES Resolution is using special technology to measure and monitor physical properties at a convergent plate margin off the shore of Japan. The researchers hope their findings improve risk assessment of catastrophic quakes, which also can trigger tsunamis (sometimes called tidal waves.) The Ocean Drilling Program (ODP) is an international partnership of scientists and research institutions organized to explore the evolution and structure of the Earth. ODP Leg 196 is a two-part program of drilling, logging, and installing long-term observatories to monitor geologic activity in the area known as the Nankai Trough. Scientists are seeking information about the connection between fluid-flow in the sediments and deformation processes and when tectonic plates collide, and how this ultimately affects earthquake events. "This knowledge is not only important scientifically, but also has great societal relevance," said Casey Moore, a professor of Earth sciences and one of three chief scientists heading the research project. "The great forces associated with convergent margin subduction and deformation can produce devastating earthquakes, trigger tsunamis, cause rapid subsidence and uplift in coastal areas, and create lines of active volcanoes both on land and on the seafloor." The Nankai Trough is a geologically active area where two of Earth's tectonic plates collide, producing major quakes. Referred to as a convergent margin, Japan's Nankai Trough is typical of such settings worldwide. It forms as the more buoyant (or lighter) continental crust of Japan overrides a denser, heavier oceanic plate sliding under the Japanese islands. At the same time, the continental crust pushes up a thick wedge of sediments called an accretionary prism. "Imagine that Japan is the bulldozer scraping sediments off the seafloor of the Philippine Sea plate as it collides and dives beneath Japan at the Nankai Trough," explained Nathan Bangs, a scientist from the University of Texas at Austin who sailed on ODP Leg 196. The earthquake research on the first part of Leg 196 (May 3 to June 1) was conducted with special logging-while-drilling (LWD) technology developed by the petroleum drilling industry. To gather data, or logs, using traditional methods, tools are lowered through boreholes drilled in the Earth after the core has been removed. With LWD, however, scientists simultaneously collect data from monitoring devices, or logging tools, located directly behind the drill bit as the hole is being drilled. The special tools used on Leg 196 were developed by the Schlumberger Technology Corporation, which is involved in executing ODP's logging program at sea. "The dynamic deformation processes and high fluid pressures in the sediments of an accretionary prism make it extremely difficult to collect these data using conventional methods, because the holes collapse before the tools can be deployed," said David Goldberg, director of the Borehole Research Group at Columbia University's Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory. One of the Schlumberger LWD tools deployed on Leg 196, the Resistivity-at-the-Bit (RAB) tool, collects 360-degree images of the borehole during drilling, allowing scientists to identify borehole structures such as fractures, faults, and stratigraphic "During this cruise, the RAB tool provided us with the clearest and most dramatic images of borehole 'breakouts' that have ever been recorded in the Ocean Drilling Program," said Goldberg. "Breakouts are hole enlargements that indicate regional stress direction and magnitude, and are key to understanding the tectonics in this area." Scientists also detected the invasion of borehole fluids into the borehole formations and collected information on porosity that helps define zones under high pressure, which may contribute to fluid flow along fault lines. During the second half of Leg 196 (June 3 to July 3), two drill holes were sealed with special monitors called "advanced circulation obviation retrofit kits," or ACORKs. The monitors will track fluid flow and tectonic processes for a period of three to five years. Keir Becker of the University of Miami's Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science developed the ACORKs. "Instrumenting the two holes with ACORKs will begin a long-term program of observation of seismicity, fluid-flow parameters, and fluid geochemistry at the Nankai Trough, a program that will involve future revisits by manned and unmanned submersibles," he said. The Ocean Drilling Program is funded principally by the U.S. National Science Foundation, with substantial contributions from its international partners. These include the Federal Republic of Germany, Japan, the United Kingdom, the Australia/Canada/Chinese Taipei/Korea Consortium for Ocean Drilling, the European Science Foundation Consortium for Ocean Drilling (Belgium, Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, The Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, and Switzerland), France, and the People's Republic of China. The program is managed by Joint Oceanographic Institutions, a consortium of 14 U.S. institutions. Texas A&M University is responsible for science operations, and Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory of Columbia University is responsible for logging Return to Front Page

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Scientists at the turn of the 20th century were just becoming familiar with radiation and what it could do; in the process, they sometimes raised strange hypotheses or drew dubious conclusions. Numerous manufacturers, for example, added radium to products after it was discovered that radiation could shrink tumors [source: Blum]. While investigating high-frequency electricity and trying to improve upon Edison's light bulbs, which were only 5 percent efficient, Tesla developed some of the first neon lights. He premiered them at that same 1893 World's Fair we mentioned, twisting their tubes to spell out the names of beloved scientists such as Michael Faraday and James Clerk Maxwell [sources: Cheney and Uth; PBS]. He also developed early fluorescent lights, which he illuminated wirelessly using electrostatic waves [sources: Cheney and Uth; Jonnes]. Tesla's invention and demonstration of radio-controlled vehicles has earned him a place among the pioneers of robotics. In fact, the scientist described his "teleautomaton" as the first step in a race of robots, although it had no more programming or self-guidance than a modern RC car [sources: Cheney and Uth; PBS]. A novel bladeless turbine designed by Tesla rotated at such high speeds that its component disks distorted. Tesla never solved the problem, but modern materials such as Kevlar, carbon-fiber and titanium-impregnated plastic have inspired some to pick up where he left off [sources: PBS].

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The Mars rover Curiosity is preparing to make its first scoop of the planet’s soil. The sampling may take place as early as Sunday. On Oct. 3, the rover was maneuvered so that a wheel scuffed a wind-formed ripple of sand at the Rocknest site, and the next day (Sol 58) the rover maneuvered its arm for a close-up look at the freshly exposed material. Analysis was conducted using Curiosity’s Mars Hand Lens Imager (MAHLI) and Alpha Particle X-Ray Spectrometer (APXS), according to an Oct. 5 release. If the first scoop of the Martian soil goes well, an announcement of the results are planned for Monday, according to a NASA spokesperson. Details relating to the first scoop were outlined during an Oct. 4 press conference at the NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory: Video streaming by Ustream The rover reached Rocknest after driving roughly 484 meters from the Bradbury landing site. The Rocknest site was deemed a good “sandbox,” as Michael Watkins, the Curiosity Mission Manager put it, in which to use the rover’s scoop for the first time. Come for the sand, stay for the science. See my new spot & the sampling activity I've got in store [video] bit.ly/SPku7Z— Curiosity Rover (@MarsCuriosity) October 5, 2012 The first two scoops will be taken and the sample vibrated rapidly to clean out the rover’s highly sensitive scooping and processing device, known as CHIMRA , or “collection and handling for in-situ Martian rock analysis.” Daniel Limonadi, lead systems engineer for the rover’s surface sampling and science system compared the process to sand-blasting the walls and floor of a room. The cleaning process is meant to remove an oily film inside the instrument that is impossible to remove while on Earth. The scoop is roughly 1.8 inches wide and about 2.8 inches long. Limonadi compared it to “an oversized tablespoon.” Some material from the third scoop will be shaken and placed in an observation tray to be inspected by cameras on the rover’s mast. Part of that third sample will be delivered to the “chemistry and mineralogy” (CheMin) instrument, which identifies minerals in the soil. The fourth scoop will be delivered to both the CheMin and “sample analysis at Mars”(SAM) instruments, which will analyze its chemical composition. The entire process, ending with the delivery of samples to the CheMin and SAM instruments, is expected to take as long as three weeks. The timeline is not fixed, however, given the potential for changes to the meticulously-planned process. In addition to scooping the soil, the rover will eventually use its hammering drill to acquire dust samples from rocks, involving a separate cleaning process beforehand. The drilling activity is expected to take place after the team drives the rover roughly 100 yards to an area known as Glenelg, according to an Oct. 4 release. The process of testing the soil, however, is one of the most critical aspects of the Curiosity mission, the goal of which is to see if the building blocks of life are or were ever present on Mars. But it’s not all work and no play for the Curiosity team. On Friday, Curiosity announced that it has become the mayor of Mars, as far as Foursquare is concerned, anyway. Read more news and ideas on Innovations:

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The history of Robots depends a lot on what one understands as a robot. If we consider a robot to be a machine, which can perform automated activities and at the same time is programmable, the first robot in the history was designed and constructed by the Arab inventor Al Jazari in 1206. It was an “entertaining robot” where a drummer could play several different tunes, depending on how he was programmed. Leonardo da Vinci Later the famous Leonardo da Vinci designed several robots, where the most well known is “Leonardo’s robot” – a mechanical knight, who can wave with the arms and move its head and jaws. It is not known, if Leonardo da Vinci ever tried to build this robot. The Japanese craftsman Hisashige Tanaka created several mechanical toys able to serve tea and even paint, which also must be considered as a kind of robots. The first digitally operated, modern robot was designed by George Devol and Joseph Engelberger in 1954. Their initial idea was to write a science fiction novel, but along the road they decided to develop the real robot. It was called Unimate and was sold to General Motors in 1960. It was installed it in the Trenton plant in New Jersey, where it lifted hot metal pieces from a die casting machine and stacked them. This robot is a 4-axis robot. The first palletizing robot was developed by Fuji Yusoki Kogyo in 1963, and the real step forward came in 1973, when KUKA introduced Famulus – the world’s first 6-axis electromechanically driven robot. The invention of the PC A key function of a robot is being programmable. Thus,the lack of a compact programming module made it quite complicated to implement smart robot solutions. The introduction of the PC in the late 1970-ties opened up for the robots giant steps forward (IBM PC 1981). Various types of robots With the compact PC it quickly became possible to develop dedicated robots for many purposes, and the market divided itself into two totally different segments: Industrial robots quickly penetrated the auto-manufacturing industry along the assembly lines, and welding and palletizing robots became popular too, as well as robots for manufacturing electronics like printed circuits. A special kind of industrial robots are AGVs – Automatic Guided Vehicles – which, in fact, are robots on wheels. Domestic robots are mainly used by the households, and the degree of penetration is still limited. Some robot vacuum cleaners and lawn cutters have been introduced, and some artificial “pet animal” robots have been introduced, mainly in Japan. Robots in use Today, the estimates are, that the world uses around 3.500.000 domestic robots, while there is more than 1 million industrial robots working every day in the factories. The estimates are that nearly 50% of all robots are installed in Asia, 35% in Europe and around 15% in USA. What is a robot? While many think they know what a robot is, it is difficult to find a simple and clear definition of a robot. ISO (International Organization for Standardization) defines a robot in the following way: “An automatically controlled, reprogrammable, multipurpose, manipulator programmable in three or more axis, which may be either fixed in a place or mobile for use in industrial automation applications” So a robot is an artificial helper or agent that works without human interference, and which can be programmed to perform several tasks. To most people a standard robot looks a little like a single-arm crane; but it can, in fact, have several arms and look more like a human being, and it can be moveable. The difference between a robot and a machine is the robot’s ability to do something by itself, i.e. reacting to something and seem to have an intent or agency. The name robot In the Czech language the word “robota” means “labor”, so robot is originally coming from The Czech Republic. The story goes, that the Czech author Karel Capek in 1920 decided to write a science fiction play about a factory, which would manufacture a kind of “artificial workers”. As a word for artificial workers did not exist, the author’s brother suggested labeling them “roboti”. The play (R.U.R – Rossums Universal Robots) was an instant success and appeared later as a Hollywood movie (it will reappear as the movie R.U.R in 2011), and the name “robot” soon became a household word. In today’s vocabulary Capek’s artificial workers are probably closer to “androids” or “clones” but this cannot change the fact that “robots” were born. Robotics is the engineering science and technology of robots, related to mechanics, electronics and software. The word “robotics” was invented by the Russian born American Isaac Asimov, who is rated among the world’s best science fiction authors. In 1942 the word was introduced in his “Three Laws of Robotics” – the software stored in all robot brains to make them obey their human masters.

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Eudrilius eugeniae is also known as the African Nightcrawler. Known for its size and appetite, this tropical worm species than its composting cousins. The African Nightcrawler can grow over 8 inches in length and is largest worm. The dark, nutrient rich vermipost created by this earthworm is prized amongst Raise African Nightcrawler for fishing as well. It is second only in size to Nightcrawler (the kind you find in the refrigerator at the bait shop). They breed quickly and can consume large amounts of organic material -- the larger the worm, the more it can eat! The African Nightcrawlers are shipped in breathable bags and are breeder size. There are approximately 250 worms per pound. Add African Nightcrawlers to your indoor compost bin

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Linda Hoyt, an acclaimed expert in the field of reading, and other exceptional classroom teachers demonstrate a variety of teaching strategies that focus students' attention on key concepts, important details, and underlying themes in their reading. Some of the strategies can be used by students in their independent reading; some are designed to help teachers enrich students' encounters with guided reading text. All the strategies deepen children's understanding of what they are reading, helping them build important reading comprehension skills. This training program is not an overview of the complete guided reading process. Instead, it demonstrates powerful instructional strategies that are ideally suited to guided reading in grades 3-6. Please note: Shipping and Handling is 5% of the purchase price in the United States and 12% in Canada

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The following HTML text is provided to enhance online readability. Many aspects of typography translate only awkwardly to HTML. Please use the page image as the authoritative form to ensure accuracy. A Summary of the February 2010 Forum on the Future of Nursing: Education fessional collaborations that are being used across the country to improve access to high-quality educational opportunities for nurses at all levels. TECHNOLOGY IN NURSING EDUCATION One way to ensure the availability of a qualified workforce is through the enhanced use of technology, Jeffries said. Nursing education today is very “siloed.” There are theory classes with lectures and Power-Point presentations and laboratories where students learn specific skills. “Then, by magic, we take [nurses] to a clinical practicum where they are supposed to be putting everything together and [demonstrating a] higher order of learning and critical thinking. But they have never practiced that,” Jeffries asserted. The use of technology in nursing education offers opportunities to break down some of the silos and prepare students for decision making in complex care environments. Learning Through Simulation Simulations employing technology can allow students to practice skills, learn professional behavior, and demonstrate clinical reasoning in a safe environment, Jeffries said. Though more evidence is needed on the outcomes of using simulations as a teaching strategy, it engages students and provides them with higher-level learning opportunities they have not had before, such as clinical decision making, prioritization, and delegation skills. Clinical simulations can be incorporated across theory, laboratory, and clinical courses. If done correctly, simulations enable a student-centered approach in which students are immersed in situations where they have to solve problems and think critically. “Every time I see students in simulations, I learn something new,” Jeffries said. The most critical component of a simulation is the debriefing afterward; this process of guided reflection is where students learn the most. “They don’t know what they don’t know until you immerse them in a simulation,” she said. The use of simulations has exploded in the past 5 years, and federal funding may further increase their use. Regional “sim” centers are being built across the country and around the world, Jeffries said. More ad-

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Navajo Nation Environmental Protection Agency • Public Water Systems Supervision Program Guidelines for Hauling and Transporting Regulated Water for Human Consumption Hauling drinking water has been a common practice on the Navajo Nation for many years. The Indian Health Service though Public Law 86.121 has been working to provide access to safe drinking water since the early 1970’s yet many Navajo families lacked indoor plumbing for many years. The Indian Health Service states “as a result of developing and installing sanitation facilities, the rate of for infant mortality, the morality rate for gastroenteritis and other environmental related diseases have been dramatically reduced, by about 80 percent since 1973,” for Native American and Alaskan Native Villages. A study conducted by Navajo Nation EPA (NNEPA) in 2004 concluded that, 30 percent of Navajo families were without access to drinking water. Many Navajo families hauled their drinking water from regulated and unregulated water sources. The chapter houses or the Navajo Tribal Utility Authority provides “regulated” watering points where many families are able to haul their drinking water. The water from theses sources is sampled regularly and is chlorinated to ensure bacteriological quality. Many families also haul their drinking water from “unregulated” sources; these include livestock wells, community wells, springs, or other water sources that are not sampled regularly or are the water chlorinated. CLICK HERE to view the Guideline for Hauling and Transporting for Human Consumption CLICK HERE to view the Guideline for Hauling and Transporting for Human Consumption Brochure CLICK HERE to view the Guideline for Hauling and Transporting for Human Consumption

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Mousetraps and Ping-Pong Balls: Explaining Nuclear Power to the Media Nuclear Power: How a Nuclear Power Plant Really Works! I explained how mousetraps and Ping-Pong balls factor into my school presentations. I had the honor of being a guest on the show several years ago to discuss my children’s picture book about cancer. After today’s show Derrick shared with me how he had given his mother a breast cancer survivor, a copy of Tickles Tabitha's Cancer-tankerous Mommy, after she was diagnosed with breast cancer. She had read it to her students so they would understand what she went through. He was so appreciative. It's moments like this that keep me motivated! I’ve had a lot of “moments like this” this week. Check out: Call to Action: Educate and Encourage Students about Nuclear Science posted on the ANS Nuclear Cafe, by Bethany Cargle, Marketing Specialist for RCS Nuclear Corporation. Our latest press release:Apex, NC, March 20, 2012 —“Do power plants really use mouse traps and Ping-Pong balls?” Just one of the questions students who celebrated National Engineers Week got answered by attending the school presentation of Nuclear Power: How a Nuclear Power Plant Really Works! sponsored by RCS Nuclear Corporation. Amelia Frahm, author of the children’s picture book, described a fission chain reaction using a metaphor of Ping-Pong balls and mouse traps in order to help children understand how energy is produced in a nuclear power plant. RCS Nuclear donated Frahm’s book to Charlotte, North Carolina elementary schools and sponsored the author reading. As a supplier of nuclear and related engineering personnel, RCS Nuclear likes to encourage young students to become engineers. “These students are the future for industries we supply engineers to, and it is the company’s responsibility to prepare them now,” said Carlos Garcia, founder of RCS Nuclear. Since its release in December, Frahm’s children’s book explaining nuclear power plants and the related school presentation she has implemented have been used by corporations like RCS Nuclear to focus attention on National Engineers Week, and by schools like Van Vleck Elementary in Van Vleck, Texas who used the program to kick off National Nuclear Science Week. Frahm’s school presentations helped celebrate in a manner that grasped the attention of elementary and intermediate students. “I try to engage children using concepts they understand and find entertaining, like when I ask what Chubby does on his day off, he goes fission,” said Frahm. In attendance at Frahm’s Steele Creek Elementary book reading in Charlotte were five sessions of 50 students; in total, approximately 250 fourth and fifth graders. Prior to the reading, the students were asked if they knew what nuclear engineers did or how nuclear energy was created. Students could not give an answer; however, they listened carefully as they learned how a nuclear plant works from the point of view of a lab rat, a blue bird, and a fat cat, who are characters in the book. Then they laughed as they enjoyed a video created by the author, which demonstrated the mouse trap and Ping-Pong ball fission chain reaction. More information about Frahm's school program and contact information to schedule an author book reading may be found on the link School Programs at NutcrackerPublishing.com. Nuclear Power: How a Nuclear Power Plant Really Works! costs $9.95 and is available from the publisher, Barnes & Noble bookstores, online at Amazon.com, and at other bookstores. About RCS Nuclear Corporation RCS Nuclear is a Trade Name for RCS Corporation. Ranked the #1 Fastest Growing New Small Business in America by Entrepreneurmagazine, Since 1994, RCS Corporation has provides Professional Staffing Services to the Nuclear and Energy Industries throughout the United States and Internationally. About Nutcracker Publishing Company Nutcracker Publishing Company was founded in 2001. The company publishes children's books that educate, entertain, and make it easier to establish a dialogue between children and adults about difficult subjects such as cancer and nuclear power. Information on educational programs for schools and other organizations can be found at the company’s website. Nutcracker Publishing Company is based in North Carolina.

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How to grow and prepare strawberries A chef and a gardener team up to tell how to grow strawberries and then turn them into a delicious dessert. Subscribe Today to the Monitor After our talk, Joy Raintree, a garden club member and manager of Redcliffe Plantation for the S.C. Department of Parks, Recreation, & Tourism treated us to a private plantation tour. Master Gardeners have installed a vegetable garden on the plantation grounds. Maybe there's a strawberry patch in their future? Traditional strawberry patches are not the only way to grow. You can use strawberries as ground cover or in a flower border. Just make sure you can reach those succulent ripe berries. Remember, too, when strawberries mingle with flowers, you can use only pesticides safe for food on the flower border. Strawberries love sandy soil. If, like me, you have thick clay as your soil base, raise the beds so the strawberry roots will have drainage. Your strawberry choices depend on your seasonal temperatures and whether you want a large crop all at once (called spring or June-bearing) or smaller pickings throughout the spring, summer, and fall (known as everbearing and day-neutral). How to plant strawberries The best time to plant strawberries is in early spring on a cloudy, cool day. Before planting, trim the roots to four or five inches in length. Also, cut off old leaves, runners, and flowers. Dig the planting holes one foot apart, in rows three feet apart and wide enough so that you can spread out the roots. Day-neutral plants can go in closer since they produce fewer runners. After you fill in the soil, water the plants to get rid of any air pockets. Strawberry plants are finicky about planting depth. If you buy them potted, just slip them out of the pot and plant them at the same depth at which they were growing. Bare-root plants can be tricky. Cover the roots up to the crown, leaving the top of the crown aboveground. (The crown of the plant is the fleshy part where the leaves and stems meet the roots.) If you grow strawberries in your backyard, you must be patient to ensure a good crop in your second year and for years afterward. Challenging as it is, remove the flowers precocious enough to grow that first spring. This ensures strong plants that will give you ongoing bountiful crops. If you're growing everbearing or day-neutral varieties, you can allow a crop to develop in the fall. Soon enough, you will have plenty of homegrown strawberries for Chef Linda’s recipe.

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