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Spinal disc pain terminology can become quite confusing if you go from one practitioner to another. Several terms are commonly used refer to the same type of spinal disc pathology. You may be told you have a bulging disc, herniated disc, pinched nerve, ruptured disc, disc protrusion, or one of several other descriptive terms. These words are referring more to the spinal anatomy used in radiographic findings than the actual medical diagnosis. It is important to correlate the radiographic results with a thorough medical evaluation to determine the precise source of the pain. For instance, in a bulging or herniated disc, the pain experienced is generally a result of the herniation pressing against a spinal nerve. The treatment options will depend on the extent of the pain and whether the patient wants to consider surgical intervention. Conservative treatment is generally recommended for bulging disc pain. This includes rest followed by appropriate mobilization and activities, chiropractic or osteopathic manipulations, cold compression therapy, Blood Flow Stimulation Therapy™, physical therapy, and possibly an epidural steroid injection. Back Pain Treatments If you have back pain, resting it is recommended. Avoid activities that cause pain or may have caused the injury and begin cold compressiontreatments as soon as possible. There are healing tools that can help treat your back pain and speed up the healing process so you can reduce your pain and get back to daily life.Blood Flow Stimulation Therapy™ (BFST®) will promote blood flow to heal your injury faster and more completely than any other methods available.

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Structure of the Male Reproductive System The penis and the urethra are part of the urinary and reproductive systems. The scrotum, testes (testicles), vas deferens, seminal vesicles, and prostate comprise the rest of the reproductive system. The penis consists of the root (which is attached to the lower abdominal structures and pelvic bones), the visible part of the shaft, and the glans penis (the cone-shaped end). The opening of the urethra (the channel that transports semen and urine) is located at the tip of the glans penis. The base of the glans penis is called the corona. In uncircumcised males, the foreskin (prepuce) extends from the corona to cover the glans penis. The penis includes three cylindrical spaces (blood-filled sinuses) of erectile tissue. The two larger ones, the corpora cavernosa, lie side-by-side. The third sinus, the corpus spongiosum, surrounds most of the urethra. When these spaces fill with blood, the penis becomes large and rigid (erect). The scrotum is the thick-skinned sac that surrounds and protects the testes. The scrotum also acts as a climate-control system for the testes because they need to be slightly cooler than body temperature for normal sperm development. The cremaster muscles in the wall of the scrotum relax to allow the testes to hang farther from the body to cool or contract to pull the testes closer to the body for warmth or protection. The testes are oval bodies that average about 1.5 to 3 inches (4 to 7 centimeters) in length and 2 to 3 teaspoons (20 to 25 milliliters) in volume. Usually the left testis hangs slightly lower than the right one. The testes have two primary functions: The epididymis consists of a single coiled microscopic tube that measures almost 20 feet (6 meters) in length. The epididymis collects sperm from the testis and provides the environment for sperm to mature and acquire the ability to move through the female reproductive system and fertilize an ovum. One epididymis lies against each testis. The vas deferens is a firm tube (the size of a strand of spaghetti) that transports sperm from the epididymis. One such duct travels from each epididymis to the back of the prostate and joins with one of the two seminal vesicles. In the scrotum, other structures, such as muscle fibers, blood vessels, and nerves, also travel along with each vas deferens and together form an intertwined structure, the spermatic cord. The urethra serves a dual function in males. This channel is the part of the urinary tract that transports urine from the bladder and the part of the reproductive system through which semen is ejaculated. The prostate lies just under the bladder and surrounds the urethra. Walnut-sized in young men, the prostate enlarges with age. When the prostate enlarges too much, it can block urine flow through the urethra and cause bothersome urinary symptoms. The seminal vesicles, located above the prostate, join with the vas deferens to form the ejaculatory ducts, which travel through the prostate. The prostate and the seminal vesicles produce fluid that nourishes the sperm. This fluid provides most of the volume of semen, the fluid in which the sperm is expelled during ejaculation. Other fluid that makes up a very small amount of the semen comes from the vas deferens and from Cowper glands in the urethra.

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National Science Week 2013 Cape Town - Waterfront (Day 9) Astronomy outreach during National Science Week 2013 in Cape Town - Day 9: Sunday August 04 at the V&A Waterfront Amphitheatre. (left) Early morning arrival at the V&A Waterfront. (centre) Setting up one of the telescopes at the Amphitheater. (right) Getting the display tables and other solar telescopes ready for the crowds, on a glorious day in the Mother City. (left) NSW on the big screen. (centre) The view from the 'control room'. (right) Live image of the Sun, projected from the 6-inch refractor. (left) Telescope and branding set up for Sun-gazing. (right) The entrance to our display area. (left) Breakfast watching astronomy videos. (centre) Up on the big screen - top-left: live view of the Sun; top-right: Cosmic Collisions; bottom-left: Cassini visits Saturn; bottom-right: meerKAT promo. (right) Live projection of the Sun. (left) Admin table with hand-outs. (centre, right) Astronomy posters (left) "Billions and billions of visitors" (centre, right) Counting sunspots (left) Reminders throughout the day of the night's events. (centre) After Venus set, it was Saturn's turn to be advertised. (right) Happy star guides. (left) Final pack-up for NSW 2013. Time for celebratory coffee and chocolate. (centre, right) An abandoned backpack on the roof of a pagoda caused a minor bomb scare until it's owner showed up. Other National Science Week 2013 Astronomy Outreach events: nothing more to see. please move along.

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The surficial aquifer system (fig. 15) in the southeastern United States includes any otherwise undefined aquifers that are present at the land surface. Even though the sand and gravel aquifer of Florida and southwestern Alabama, and the Biscayne aquifer of southern Florida are present at the land surface and are the lateral equivalents of the surficial aquifer system, they are treated separately in this Atlas because of their importance as water sources. The sand and gravel, and the Biscayne aquifers supply large municipalities; the surficial aquifer system, although used by a large number of people, principally is used only for domestic, commercial, or small municipal supplies. The thickness of the surficial aquifer system is typically less than 50 feet, but its thickness in Florida is as much as 400 feet in Indian River and St. Lucie Counties; 250 feet in Martin and Palm Beach Counties; and 150 feet in eastern St. Johns County. In southeastern Georgia, thicknesses of about 60 feet have been mapped for the system. The system generally thickens coastward. The surficial aquifer system consists mostly of beds of unconsolidated sand, shelly sand, and shell. Locally, in southwestern Florida, limestone beds form an important and highly permeable part of the system. In places, clay beds are sufficiently thick and continuous to divide the system into two or three aquifers; mostly, however, the system is undivided. Complex interbedding of fine- and coarse-textured rocks is typical of the system. The rocks that comprise the surficial aquifer system range from late Miocene to Holocene in age. Although figure 16 shows that nine geologic formations are part of the system at different places in Florida, the entire sequence of formations is not present at any one location. The formations are thin and mostly lens-like, and it is unusual for more than three or four of them to comprise the aquifer system at any place. Many of the geologic formations shown interfinger with each other, and some of them, such as the Caloosahatchee Marl, are not particularly productive aquifers. In Georgia and South Carolina, unnamed, sandy, marine terrace deposits of Pleistocene age and sand of Holocene age comprise the system. These sandy beds commonly contain clay and silt. In Alabama, a thin, unnamed sand of Holocene age comprises the system. Limestone beds of the Tamiami and Fort Thompson Formations, mostly restricted to southern and southwestern Florida, are the most productive parts of the surficial aquifer system. Yields from these formations are especially large where large-scale openings have been developed by dissolution of part of the limestone. In places where the combined Pamlico Sand and overlying sand deposits of Holocene age are 40 feet or more thick, moderate yields are obtained; elsewhere, the system generally does not yield much water. Ground water in the surficial aquifer system is under unconfined, or water-table, conditions practically everywhere. Locally, thin clay beds create confined or semiconfined conditions within the system. Most of the water that enters the system moves quickly along short flowpaths and discharges as baseflow to streams. The general movement of water within the system is illustrated in figure 17, which is an idealized diagram representing hydrologic conditions in Indian River County, Fla. Water enters the system as precipitation. A large percentage of this water is returned to the atmosphere by evapotranspiration. Water that is not returned to the atmosphere by evapotranspiration, or that does not directly run off into surface-water bodies, percolates downward into the surficial aquifer system and then moves laterally through the system until it discharges to a surface-water body or to the ocean. In places, some water leaks upward from the underlying Floridan aquifer system through the clayey confining unit separating the Floridan and surficial systems (fig. 17). In other places, where the hydraulic head of the Floridan is lower than the water table of the surficial aquifer, leakage can occur in the opposite direction. Because the surficial aquifer system extends seaward under the Atlantic Ocean, saltwater can encroach into the aquifer in coastal areas. Encroachment is more extensive during droughts because there is less freshwater available in the surficial aquifer system to keep the saltwater from moving inland. The configuration of the long-term, average water table of the surficial aquifer system, where it has been mapped in the eastern and southern part of the Florida peninsula, is shown in figure 18. The water-table configuration is generally a subdued reflection of the topography of land surface. Steep gradients occur between streams and ridges or hills, and gentle gradients occur in broad, flat interstream areas and under broad topographic highs. The arrows in figure 18 show that the general direction of ground-water movement is toward the Atlantic Ocean, the Gulf of Mexico, or toward major rivers. The water-table surface is complex, reflecting the fact that water in the surficial aquifer system moves quickly toward the nearest surface-water body. Accordingly, local directions of ground-water movement change markedly within short distances. The wide spacing of the contours in Collier County and adjacent areas reflects two conditions: (1) the Big Cypress Swamp, which is virtually flat, is present throughout much of this area; and (2) the surficial aquifer system largely consists of highly permeable limestone in this area. Steeper gradients elsewhere are more typical of a sand aquifer in an area of gentle topography. The transmissivity of the surficial aquifer system is extremely variable. Most reported values range from 1,000 to 10,000 feet squared per day; in places, values of 25,000 to 50,000 feet squared per day have been reported. The larger values are primarily for beds of shell or limestone. Well yields range from less than 50 gallons per minute in most of Georgia and South Carolina, to 450 gallons per minute in St. Johns County, Fla., to 1,000 gallons per minute in Indian River County, Fla. FRESH GROUND-WATER WITHDRAWALS Water-use data are available for the surficial aquifer system only from Florida. About 361 million gallons per day of freshwater was withdrawn from the surficial aquifer system in Florida during 1985. Nearly equal volumes were withdrawn for public supply and for domestic and commercial uses (fig. 19), with withdrawals for these categories being about 154 and 157 million gallons per day, respectively. Agricultural withdrawals accounted for about 13 million gallons per day, and withdrawals for industrial, mining, and thermoelectric-power uses were about 4 million gallons per day, primarily for industrial use.

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Individual differences | Methods | Statistics | Clinical | Educational | Industrial | Professional items | World psychology | - For conservation in the Piagetian sense see: Conservation (Concept) Conservation psychology is the scientific study of the reciprocal relationships between humans and the rest of nature, with a particular focus on how to encourage conservation of the natural world. Rather than a specialty area within psychology itself, it is a growing field for scientists, researchers, and practitioners of all disciplines to come together and better understand the earth and what can be done to preserve it. This network seeks to understand why humans hurt or help the environment and what can be done to change such behavior. The term "conservation psychology" refers to any fields of psychology that have understandable knowledge about the environment and the effects humans have on the natural world. Conservation psychologists use their abilities in "greening" psychology and make society ecologically sustainable. The science of conservation psychology is oriented toward environmental sustainability, which includes concerns like the conservation of resources, conservation of ecosystems, and quality of life issues for humans and other species. One common issue is a lack of understanding of the distinction between conservation psychology and the more-established field of environmental psychology, which is the study of transactions between individuals and all their physical settings, including how people change both the built and the natural environments and how those environments change them. Environmental psychology began in the late 1960s (the first formal program with that name was established at the City University of New York in 1968), and is the term most commonly used around the world. Its definition as including human transactions with both the natural and built environments goes back to its beginnings, as exemplified in these quotes from three 1974 textbooks: "Environmental psychology is the study of the interrelationship between behavior and the built and natural environment" and "...the natural environment is studied as both a problem area, with respect to environmental degradation, and as a setting for certain recreational and psychological needs", and a third that included a chapter entitled The Natural Environment and Behavior. Conservation psychology, proposed more recently in 2003 and mainly identified with a group of US academics with ties to zoos and environmental studies departments, began with a primary focus on the relations between humans and animals. Introduced in ecology, policy, and biology journals, some have suggested that it should be expanded to try to understand why humans feel the need to help or hurt the environment, along with how to promote conservation efforts. Pioneers in this fieldEdit Psychologists from all fields including philosophy, biology, sociology, industrial and organizational, health, and consumer psychology, along with many other subfields like environmental education and conservation biology come together to put their knowledge to practice in educating others to work together and encourage a congruous relationship between humans and the environment around them. These psychologists work together with places such as zoos and aquariums. Zoos and aquariums may seem to only be places of recreation and fun but are actually trying hard to put positive messages out and to educate the public on the homes and needs of the animals that live there. They are trying to find ways to interact and teach the public the consequences of their day to day actions to the animals and the environment rather than simply viewing the animals. Psychologists and sociologists have been visiting workshops and think tanks at the zoos to evaluate if the animals are being viewed and shown to the best of their ability while still giving informative knowledge to the public. Research to ConsiderEdit What characterizes conservation psychology research is that in addition to descriptive and theoretical analyses, studies will explore how to cause the kinds of changes that lessen the impact of human behavior on the natural environment, and that lead to more sustainable and harmonious relationships. Some of the research being done with respect to conservation is estimating exactly how much land and water resources are being used by each human at this point along with projected future growth. Also important to consider is the partitioning of land for this future growth. Additionally, conservation efforts look at the positive and negative consequences for the biodiversity of plant and animal life after humans have used the land to their advantage. In addition to creating better conceptual models, more applied research is needed to: 1) identify the most promising strategies for fostering ways of caring about nature, 2) find ways to reframe debates and strategically communicate to the existing values that people have, 3) identify the most promising strategies for shifting the societal discourse about human–nature relationships, and 4) measure the success of these applications with respect to the conservation psychology mission. The ultimate success of conservation psychology will be based on whether its research resulted in programs and applications that made a difference with respect to environmental sustainability. We need to be able to measure the effectiveness of the programs in terms of their impact on behavior formation or behavior change, using tools developed by conservation psychologists. Present Research and Future Planning Edit Conservation psychology research has broken down the four most important tenets of promoting positive conservation attitudes into "the four 'I's." These include: Information, Identity, Institutions, and Incentives. Research has been done in all four categories. Studies have shown that the way in which crises are presented is a key predictor for how people will react to them. When people hear that they personally can help to alleviate a crisis through their conservation efforts, just by simple actions with their personal energy use, they are more likely to conserve. However, if people are told that the other people around them are overusing energy, it increases selfish behavior and causes people to actually consume more. Teaching people about the benefits of conservation, including easy ways to help conserve, is an effective way to inform about and promote more environmentally friendly behavior. Additionally, research has shown that making sure people understand more about the boundaries of land they can help preserve actually improves positive attitudes towards conservation. When people know more about local regions they can help protect, they will care more. Knowing more about the regions includes knowing the extent of the biodiversity in that region, and being sure that the ecosystem will remain healthy and protected. Cost analysis is another important factor. People do not want to take risks on valuable lands, which in places like California, could be worth billions. In general, people like to fit in and identify with their peer social groups. Studies have shown people identify more intimately with close friends and family, which is why conservation campaigns try to directly address the most amount of people. The “think of the children” argument for conservation follows this logic by offering a group everyone can relate to and feel close to. Studies have also shown that this need to fit in among peer social groups can be reinforced positively or negatively: giving positive feedback on energy bills for conserving in their homes encourages people to continue lower energy use. Examples of negative reinforcement include the use of negative press against companies infamous for heavy pollution. Another interesting line of research looks at how people identify positively or negatively with certain issues. One relevant idea is the notion of "consistency attitudes." Studies have shown that people tend to take a good association they have, and then use this to make positive or negative links with other, related things. For example, if someone thinks it is a good idea to protect old Pacific forests, this will positively form a link to also want to protect smaller forests and even grasslands. This same line of thinking can cause someone who supports the protection of old Pacific forests to start thinking negatively about the creation of more logging roads. Other studies on consistency attitudes have shown that, with one particular issue, people like to align their preferences with each other. This has been shown repeatedly while looking at political ideologies and racial attitudes, and studies have shown that this can also include environmental issues. Finally, other studies have shown that how people identify an ecosystem geographically can affect their concern for it. For instance, when people think of saving the rainforests, they often think of this as a global problem and support it more readily. However, lesser known but still significant local ecosystems remain ignored and unprotected. Another approach that has been considered is the use of organized institutions and government as the leaders for promoting conservation. However, these leaders can only be effective if they are trusted. Studies from previous crises where conserving resources was extremely necessary showed that people were more likely to obey energy restrictions and follow certain leaders when they felt they could trust the people directing them. People need to understand that they are being encouraged to act a certain way out of necessity, and that they are not being misled. Incentivizing conservation through rewards and fines is another approach. Studies have shown that people who identify more with their community need less incentives to conserve than those who do not identify strongly with their surrounding community. For corporations, monetary incentives have been shown to work for companies showing some effort to make their buildings and practices more "green." Studies have also shown that doing something as simple as putting a water meter in homes has helped incentivize conservation by letting people track their energy consumption levels. Finally, studies have shown that when giving fines, it is better to start with very small and then raise it for repeated violations. If the fines are too high, the issue becomes too economic, and people start to mistrust the authorities enforcing the fines. Conservation psychology assesses as a whole four different concepts. At the country's first Conservation Psychology conference these four things were discussed. The first topic being discussed is the connection of humans and animals. The Multi-Institutional Research Project (MIRP) works diligently on finding ways to develop a compassionate stance towards animals in the public eye. Many different questions were assessed to find answers to questions concerning ways to help develop loving attitudes for animals and the earth. With these questions and answers, effective educational and interpretive programs were made that would help review the progress. The second concept that was discussed at the conference concerned connections of humans and places. A new language of conservation will be supported if there are abundant opportunities for meaningful interactions with the natural world in both urban and rural settings. Unfortunately, as biodiversity is lost, every generation has fewer chances to experience nature. There were many questions asked concerning how humans in their everyday lives could be persuaded or educated well enough to make them want to join in programs or activities that help maintain biodiversity in their proximity. Local public and private organizations were asked to come together to help find ways to protect and manage local land, plants, and animals. Other discussions came to whether people on an individual or community level would voluntarily choose to become involved in maintaining and protecting their local biodiversity. These plus many other important questions were contemplated. Techniques in marketing are a key tool in helping people connect to their environment. If an identity could be connected from the environment to towns becoming more urbanized, maybe those living there would be more prone to keep it intact. The third discussion covered the aspects of producing people who act environmentally friendly. Collectively, any activities that support sustainability, either by reducing harmful behaviors or by adopting helpful ones, can be called conservation behaviors. Achieving more sustainable relationships with nature will basically require that large numbers of people change their reproductive and consumptive behaviors. Any action, small or large, that helps the environment in any way is a good beginning to a future of generations who only practice environmentally friendly behavior. This may seem to be a far-fetched idea but with any help at all in educating those who do not know the repercussions of their actions could help achieve this. Approaches to encouraging a change in behavior were thought about carefully. Many do not want to change their way of life. A more simplistic lifestyle rather than their materialistic, current lives hurt their environment around them rather than help, but could people willingly change? To take public transportation rather than drive a car, recycling, turning off lights when they are not needed, all these things are very simple yet a nuisance to actually follow through with. Would restructuring tax-code help people to want to change their attitudes? Any concept to reach the goal of helping people act ecologically aware was discussed and approached. Some empirical evidence shows that simply "being the change you want to see in the world" can influence others to behave in more environmentally friendly ways as well. The fourth and final point at the first Conservation Psychology convention was the discussion of the values people have to their environment. Understanding our relationship to the natural world well enough so that we have a language to celebrate and defend that relationship is another research area for conservation psychology. According to the biophilia hypothesis, the human species evolved in the company of other life forms, and we continue to rely physically, emotionally, and intellectually on the quality and richness of our affiliations with natural diversity. A healthy and diverse natural environment is considered an essential condition for human lives of satisfaction and fulfillment. Where did they get these values and are they ingrained to the point they cannot be changed? How can environmentally educated people convey value-based communication to a community, a nation, or even on a global level? National policy for this model is something that is desired but under such a strong political scrutiny this could be very challenging. Advocates for biodiversity and different programs came together to try and find methods of changing Americans' values concerning their environment and different methods to express and measure them. Connection of conservation in biology and psychologyEdit Conservation biology was originally conceptualized as a crisis-oriented discipline, with the goal of providing principles and tools for preserving biodiversity. This is a branch of biology that is concerned with preserving genetic variation in plants and animals. This scientific field evolved to study the complex problems surrounding habitat destruction and species protection. The objectives of conservation biologists are to understand how humans affect biodiversity and to provide potential solutions that benefit both humans and non-human species. It is understood in this field that there are underlying fields of biology that could readily help to have a better understanding and contribute to conservation of biodiversity. Biological knowledge alone is not sufficient to solve conservation problems, and the role of the social sciences in solving these problems has become increasingly important. With the knowledge of conservation biology combined with other fields, much was thought to be gained. Psychology is defined as the scientific study of human thought, feeling, and behavior. Psychology was one of the fields that could take its concepts and apply them to conservation. It was also always understood that in the field of psychology there could be much aid to be given, the field only had to be developed. Psychology can help in providing insight into moral reasoning and moral functioning, which lie in the heart of human–nature relationships. Everyone that is now involved from the field of psychology had knowledge of ways to conceptualize the relationship of humans to their environment. Biology has always been involved in advances of conservation considering biodiversity, and the organisms in it are part of the main field of biology. Psychology has been absent from conservation for some time, but educators and scientists are realizing that with the help of both we can come to a better understanding of humans and their social interactions with their environment and everything in it. - Conservation ethic - Ecological psychology - Environmental attitudes - Environmental psychology - Environmental education - ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 Saunders, C.D. 2003. The Emerging Field of Conservation Psychology. Human Ecology Review, Vol. 10, No, 2. 137–49. - ↑ 2.0 2.1 Myers, Gene. Conservation Psychology. WWU. January 20, 2002. - ↑ Gifford, R. 2007. Environmental Psychology: Principles and Practice (4th ed.). Colville, WA: Optimal Books. - ↑ Bell, P.A., Fisher, J. D., & Loomis, R.J. 1974. Environmental Psychology. Philadelphia PA: Saunders (p. 6). - ↑ Ittelson, W.H., Proshansky, H.M., Rivlin, L.G., Winkel, G.H. 1974. Environmental Psychology: An Introduction. New York: Hold, Rinehart, and Winston (p. 6), - ↑ Heimstra, N.W. & McFarling, L.H. 1974. Environmental Psychology. Monterey, CA: Brooks/Cole - ↑ Clayton, S, Brook, A (Dec 2005). Can Psychology Save the World? A Model for Conservation Psychology. Analyses of Social Issues and Public Policy 5 (1): 87–102. - ↑ Bitgood, Stephen C. (2002). Environmental psychology in museums, zoos, and other exhibition centers, 461–480, NJ: John Wiley & Sons Inc. - ↑ Zelezny, L.C. & Schultz, P.W. (eds.). 2000. Promoting environmentalism. Journal of Social Issues 56, 3, 365–578. - ↑ Werner, C.M. 1999. Psychological perspectives on sustainability. In E. Becker and T. Jahn (eds.), Sustainability and the Social Sciences: A Cross-Disciplinary Approach to Integrating Environmental Considerations into Theoretical Reorientation, 223–42. London: Zed Books. - ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 11.3 11.4 11.5 Van Vugt, Mark (1 June 2009). Averting the Tragedy of the Commons: Using Social Psychological Science to Protect the Environment. Current Directions in Psychological Science 18 (3): 169–173. - ↑ 12.0 12.1 SAUNDERS, CAROL D., BROOK, AMARA T.; EUGENE MYERS, OLIN (1 June 2006). Using Psychology to Save Biodiversity and Human Well-Being. Conservation Biology 20 (3): 702–705. - ↑ 13.0 13.1 Huber, Patrick R., Greco, Steven E.; Thorne, James H. (24 June 2010). Boundaries Make a Difference: The Effects of Spatial and Temporal Parameters on Conservation Planning*. The Professional Geographer 62 (3): 409–425. - ↑ 14.0 14.1 14.2 Bright, Alan D., Barro, Susan C.; Burtz, Randall T. (1 November 2001). Attitudes Toward the Protection and Restoration of Natural Areas Across Three Geographic Levels: An Examination of Interattitude Consistency1. Journal of Applied Social Psychology 31 (11): 2301–2321. - ↑ Kahn, P.K., Jr. 1999. The human relationship with nature. Development and culture. Massachusetts Institute of Technology Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts. - ↑ Miller, J. 2006. Biodiversity conservation and the extinction of experience. Trends in Ecology & Evolution: in press. - ↑ Sussman, R., & Gifford, R. (2013). Be the Change You Want to See: Modeling Food Composting in Public Places. Environment & Behavior, 45, 323-343, DOI: 10.1177/0013916511431274. - ↑ Kellert, S.R. & Wilson E.O. (eds.). 1993. The Biophilia Hypothesis. Washington, DC: Island Press. - ↑ Soule, M.E. (1987). History of the Society for Conservation Biology: How and why we got here. Conservation Biology, 1, 4–5. - ↑ Mascia, M.B.; Brosius, J.P.; Dobson, T.A.; Forbes, B.C.; Horowitz, L.; McKean, M.A. & N.J. Turner. 2003. Conservation and the social sciences. Conservation Biology 17: 649–50. - Kahn, P. K., Jr. 1999. The human relationship with nature. Development and culture. Massachusetts Institute of Technology Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts. - Kellert, S.R. and E.O. Wilson (eds.). 1993. The Biophilia Hypothesis. Washington, DC: Island Press. - Myers, D.G. 2003. Psychology, 7th Edition. New York: Worth Publishers. - Brook, Amara. Clayton, Susan. Can Psychology Help Save the World? A Model for Conservation Psychology. Analyses of Social Issues and Public Policy, Vol. 5, No. 1, 2005, pp. 87-102. - Exploring the Potential of Conservation Pscyhology. Human Ecology Review, Vol 10. No. 2. 2003. pgs. iii-iv. - Mascia, M. B., J. P. Brosius, T. A. Dobson, B. C. Forbes, L. Horowitz, - M. A. McKean, and N. J. Turner. 2003. Conservation and the social sciences. Conservation Biology 17:649–650. - Miller, J. 2006. Biodiversity conservation and the extinction of experience. Trends in Ecology & Evolution: in press. - Saunders, C. D. 2003. The Emerging Field of Conservation Psychology. Human Ecology Review, vol. 10, No, 2. 137-149. - Soule, M. E. (1987). History of the Society for Conservation Biology: How and why we got here. Conservation Biology, 1, 4-5. - Werner, C.M. 1999. Psychological perspectives on sustainability. In E. Becker and T. Jahn (eds.), Sustainability and the Social Sciences: A Cross-Disciplinary Approach to Integrating Environmental Considerations into Theoretical Reorientation, 223-242. London: Zed Books. - Zelezny, L.C. and P.W. Schultz (eds.). 2000. Promoting environmentalism. Journal of Social Issues 56, 3, 365-578.

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Falling Tendency of the Rate of Profit in Indian Manufacturing Industries MARX'S LAW of the falling tendency of the rate of profit, which states that the rate of profit tends to fall in the course of capitalist development, was deduced from the long-term dynamic trend of capitalism for capital accumulation accompanied by^continuous technological progress. The continued existence of capitalist production depends mainly on the technological innovations leading to the introduction of new labour-saving techniques. This means a continuous growth in the expenditures of capitalists on machinery at the expense of labour. In other words, the organic composition of capital displays a steadily rising trend. From this trend Marx deduced that the rate of profit tends to fall in the course of capitalist development. In the Marxian system the value of any commoduy is expressed by the formula: c 4- v 4- s == total value ... (1) where c represents the value of the materials and machinery used up, v represents the variable capital which reproduces the equivalent of its own value and also produces an excess, a surplus value; s represents the surplus value produced. From (1) we can have three basic ratios: i) the rate of profit p == ——— ... (2) c "T v

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Leanne, it's very common for babies to have stuffy noses. Increased nasal mucus from a cold or allergies can make babies' breathing very noisy because they breathe through their noses rather than their mouths, their nostrils are very small, and they can't yet blow their noses to get the mucus out. In infants under 4 months of age, it's more common for a stuffy nose to interrupt feeding and sleeping. There are a few things you can do to help relieve your baby's stuffy nose: - Run a cool-mist humidifier or vaporizer in your baby's room.The water vapor can help moisten and loosen your baby's nasal mucus. Keep the vaporizer near the cot to get the full effect from the water vapor. Be sure to empty, clean and dry out the vaporizer each day to prevent the growth of bacteria or mold. Don't use a hot water vaporizer because it can cause burns. - If your baby's nasal secretions are still too thick, considering using “normal saline solution” (salt water) nose drops. These are available at the pharmacy without a prescription. Tilt your baby's head back gently and use a clean baby dropper to put a couple of drops of saline into each nostril to loosen the mucus. Don't use other medicated nose drops since these could be harmful for a baby. - Use a soft rubber infant suction bulb to suck out her nasal mucus. Squeeze the bulb first, gently stick the rubber tip into one nostril, then release the bulb, sucking the mucus into the bulb. Squeeze out the bulb with the mucus into the sink, rinse out the bulb, then repeat for the other nostril. If your baby's nose is too congested to feed comfortably, you can use the saline nose drops and suction bulb before feedings. Since the suction bulb can irritate your baby's nose, try to limit how often you do this. In fact, you'll find that this technique works well for newborns and young infants, but not for older infants because they tend to fight the bulb. Usually, babies recover from stuffy noses within a week or two without any problems. But be sure to call your doctor for any of the following signs of concern: Nasal mucus turns thick and green; Difficulty breathing, rapid breathing, persistent cough, flaring nostrils and skin pulling in around her ribs when she breathes, or lips turning blue; Excessive fussiness, loss of appetite, or excessive sleeping; Fever over 101 degrees rectally. Our parenting advice is given as suggestions only. We recommend you also consult your healthcare provider, and urge you to contact them immediately if your question is urgent or about a medical condition.

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The number of children hospitalized as a result of opioid overdose has nearly doubled since 2004, a new report published Monday in Pediatrics concludes. The study considered the records of children age one to 17, CNN reports, and found 1,504 opioid overdose admission between 2012 and 2015, an almost doubling from the 797 between 2004 and 2007. 43 percent of the cases identified by the study's authors ended up in the pediatric intensive care unit, usually reserved for the most severe, life-threatening cases. Over the 11-year period they studied, the researchers identified 3,647 opioid-related patients in 31 children's hospitals across the United States. According to study author Dr. Jason Kane, those child overdoses fell into two categories: teenagers taking drugs for recreational or self-harming purposes, and younger children who accidentally consumed their parents' opioid medication. Those age 12 to 17 made up 60 percent of opioid overdose admissions; the second-largest group was between one and five years old. Kane noted one particularly concerning trend: the younger children were frequently overdosing on methadone. Methadone, an opioid which does not induce the same adverse withdrawal symptoms as forms like heroin and fentanyl, is used to wean opioid addicts off of their drug of choice through so-called methadone maintenance. It can also be used as a prescription painkiller. "The thing that was a bit striking is that in the youngest children, those under six years of age, 20% of the ingestions were of methadone. So you sort of have to ask yourself: where are they getting all this methadone from?" Kane told CNN. These accidental overdoses on parents' medication are just one example of how children can become what Kane called "secondary victims" of America's opioid epidemic, which claimed over 42,000 American lives in 2016. "Children accidentally getting into medications is not a new phenomenon," Kane told CNN. "But this is probably a reflection of the massive amount of drugs—opioid drugs—that are available to children in the community." There was at least one positive trend reflected in the study—mortality for minors admitted for opioid overdoses has declined. It dropped to 1.3 percent in the 2012 to 2015 period, down from 2.8 percent in the 2004 to 2007 period. This trend among children is the opposite of opioid mortality in hospitals for the nation overall. A recent study found that deaths from opioid-driven hospitalizations quadrupled between 2000 and 2014, doubling between 2000 and 2007, then doubling again between 2007 and 2014. Today, drug overdose has outpaced car crashes, suicide, and homicide to become the number one cause of injury death in the United States.

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Last week, the US became chair of the Arctic Council, an intergovernmental forum for the eight Arctic nations and observer nations as distant from the Arctic as India and Singapore. Most Americans think of Alaska when they think about the Arctic but do not fully appreciate how important the Arctic is to our nation's future. For many decades, the Arctic was primarily a frozen haven for indigenous peoples, polar bears, seals and submarines. But as the Arctic warms at a rate twice that of the rest of the planet, it is becoming more and more accessible to human activity — and that will affect the world's geopolitics and its climate. A region where most assets had been frozen is rapidly become a dash for resources, access and influence.

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There is a great deal of information available on Canadian railways in the C. Robert Craig Memorial Library. Click here to go to the home page of this library. The Railways of Canada Archives contain detailed information about the railways particularly of Nova Scotia including a very detailed time line. In addition, a detailed chronology of the history of the railways of the Ottawa area is to be found in the companion pages: The entries in this listing are shown in chronological order. You may either scroll through or click on the dates below. 1832, February 25 - Incorporation of the Champlain and St. Lawrence Railroad to build from Dorchester, now St-Jean, to a point on the St. Lawrence River at or near Laprairie. This is the first Canadian railroad charter. 1836, March - Incorporation by the Legislature of New Brunswick of the St. Andrews and Quebec Rail Road Company to build from St. Andrews to lower Canada. This is the oldest charter of a Canadian Pacific constituent. Operation was not commenced until spring, 1851. 1836, July 21 - Champlain and St. Lawrence Railroad opened. This was Canada's first public railroad. The inaugural train was pulled by the locomotive the "Dorchester". In 1857 the Champlain and St. Lawrence became part of the Montreal and Champlain Railroad which was leased to the Grand Trunk in 1864 and now forms part of the Canadian National system. 1839, September 19 - Official opening of the Albion Mines Railway between Albion Coal Mines and New Glasgow, N.S. using theTimothy Hackworth steam locomotives "Samson", "Hercules" and "John Buddle" imported from England. 1847, July - Incorporation, by the Legislature of the Province of Canada, of La Compagnie du Chemin à Rails du Saint-Laurent et du Village d'Industrie, to build from Lanoraie, on the Saint Lawrence downstream from Montreal, to Village d'Industrie, 12 miles. Village d'Industrie was later renamed Joliette after its founder, Barthelemy Joliette. This railway originally had wooden rails surmounted by iron straps. It was taken over by the Quebec, Montreal, Ottawa and Occidental Railway in 1878 and acquired by CP in 1884. 1851, July 31 - The 5'6" gauge, broad gauge, is adopted as the standard gauge for Ontario and Quebec. The broad gauge was used until about 1870 after which time there was a gradual change to the now standard 4' 8 1/2" gauge. 1853, May 16 - The first train in Ontario runs between Toronto and Aurora on the Ontario Simcoe and Huron Railroad Union Company. The name was changed to Northern Railway of Canada on August 16, 1858 and it became part of the Northern and Northwestern Railway on June 6, 1879, now part of Canadian National. The first train was driven by W.T. Hackett who also took the first locomotive into Kansas City. 1853, July 15 - Grand Trunk Railway is formed by the amalgamation of the following companies: 1853 - The Great Western Railway opens its main line between Windsor and Niagara Falls. The Great Western went on to build, lease or buy other railways throughout Southern Ontario, and it can be claimed to be the first Canadian system. the first sections were opened as follows: 1853, November 10 - Hamilton to the Suspension Bridge at Niagara Falls.1854, October 25 - opening of the Carillon and Grenville Railway. 1853, December 31 - Hamilton to London. 1854, January 27 - London to Windsor. 1854, August 21 - Galt branch. 1854, December 25 - Opening of the Bytown and Prescott Railway between Prescott and Bytown (now Ottawa), 54 miles. First rail service to what is now Canada's Capital. Bytown was renamed Ottawa in 1855 and the railway became the Ottawa and Prescott Railway Company, now part of Canadian Pacific. 1855, March 19 - The vehicular suspension bridge across the Niagara Gorge (built in 1848) is strengthened for the passage of railway trains. The original wooden trusses were replaced by steel in 1880. 1855, December 3 - The Great Western Railway "branch" between Hamilton and Toronto is opened to traffic. 1856, June 3 - Opening of Windsor Branch Railway from Windsor to Windsor Jc., N.S. by Nova Scotia government. This was the oldest constituent of the Dominion Atlantic Railway. 1856, July - first section of the Grand Trunk Railway west of Toronto is opened between Toronto and Guelph. 27: Grand Trunk Railway opens from Guelph to Stratford. 1856, October 27 - The Grand Trunk Railway opens its broad gauge line throughout between Montreal and Toronto. It was opened in sections as follows: Montreal to Brockville - November 17, 1855.The first through train, consisting of 3 first class and 3 second class coaches, ran from Montreal (Point St. Charles) to Toronto (Don Station) and a similar train made the journey in the opposite direction.Departure was at 07:00 from Montreal and 07:30 from Toronto. The trains passed in the vicinity of Kingston Junction where a stop of 30 minutes occurred for lunch. The journey took 14 hours. Oshawa to Toronto - August 11, 1856. Brockville to Oshawa - October 27, 1856. 1856, November 1-2 - The opening of the Grand Trunk Railway is celebrated in Montreal: 9 a.m. - general procession through the city.1857, March 12 - A Great Western Railway train breaks an axle while crossing a swing bridge and plunges into the Desjardins Canal near Hamilton. 59 people are killed. 2 p.m. - banquet in the large building belonging to the company at Point St. Charles. 8 p.m. - torchlight procession and fireworks. 9 a.m. (next day) - steam boat excursion to victoria bridge; inauguration of the new city waterworks. 2 p.m. - grand military review. in the evening - grand illumination and ball at the Bonsecours Hall. 1859, December 12 - First train operated over the Victoria Railway Bridge, Montreal. The first passenger train crossed the structure on December 17, 1859 and it was formally opened by the Prince of Wales, later to become King Edward VII, on August 25, 1860. The original structure was a single-track iron tubular bridge. The tube, when first constructed, was entirely enclosed and there were ventilation problems. Later a slit 20" wide was cut in the tube the full length of the bridge to permit the emission of smoke. 1859, December 27 - The Grand Trunk Railway completes its line between Toronto and Sarnia and establishes a ferry service across the St. Clair River to Fort Gratiot (Port Huron). 1859 - the first sleeping car is built at the Brantford shops of the Buffalo and Lake Huron Railway in preparation for the tour of the Prince of Wales the following year. George Pullman saw this car and in 1859 obtained a US patent for a sleeping car. The first Pullman sleeping car was produced in 1863. 1860 - Grand Trunk opens its line between Quebec and Rivière du Loup. 1860, August 1 - European and North American Railway opens from Saint John, NB to Shediac. The line became part of the Intercolonial Railway on July 1, 1867. 1860, September 10 - the Prince of Wales, later to become King Edward VII, travels between Toronto and Collingwood, Ont and return. The special train of two coaches and an open observation car, was hauled by Northern Railway 4-4-0 locomotive "Cumberland" and was in charge of Superintendent of Motive Power James Tillinghast with Engineer L.S. Williams. 1860, December 31 - The Brockville and Ottawa Railway opens a tunnel l/3 of a mile under the town of Brockville. This was the first railway tunnel in Canada. 1863 - the first railway is opened in Western Canada. The New Vancouver Coal Mining Company opens a line to move ballast and coal in the Nanaimo area of Vancouver Island. The first locomotive, named "Pioneer", was an 0-4-0T imported from the Canada Works of Brassey & Co, England. 1864, June 29 - A railway accident on the Grand Trunk Railway at Beloeil, Quebec, takes ninety-nine lives when a special passenger train carrying German immigrants went through an open drawbridge. This was Canada's worst railway disaster. 1867, July 1st - Dominion of Canada is formed by Confederation of Ontario, Quebec, New Brunswick and Nova Scotia. One of the conditions of Confederation was the building of a railway by the newly constituted Dominion Government to connect Halifax with the St. Lawrence at or near Quebec. Sir Sandford Fleming directed the surveying and construction of the trackage to fill in the gap in the railway system between Rivière du Loup and Truro, the Grand Trunk having previously constructed eastwards as far as Rivière du Loup and the Province of Nova Scotia having built a line between Halifax and Truro. The Canadian Government Railway, also known as the Intercolonial Railway, was formed to take over the lines in Nova Scotia and to construct the trackage between Rivière du Loup and Truro. 1867 - the first dining car is introduced on the Great Western Railway. 1871, July 12 - North America's first public narrow gauge railway, the Toronto and Nipissing, is opened for traffic between Toronto and Uxbridge. The 3'6" gauge line was converted to standard by 1884. 1871, July 20 - British Columbia is admitted to the Dominion of Canada. One of the conditions of entry is that the Dominion Government should, within two years from the date of union, commence the construction of a railway from the Pacific towards the Rocky Mountains and from a point east of the Rocky Mountains towards the Pacific to connect the seaboard of British Columbia with the railway system of Canada. Sir Sandford Fleming was appointed Engineer-in-Chief of this railway which was to be completed by 1881. 1872, November - The Grand trunk line between Sarnia and Buffalo via Stratford and London as well as the St. Marys branch is changed from 5' 6" to standard gauge. The actual work was done in 18 hours. 1873, July 1 - Prince Edward Island joins Confederation. One of the conditions was that the Dominion Government take over and complete the Prince Edward Island Railway which had been commenced in 1871. The Intercolonial Railway became responsible for the Prince Edward Island Railway and opened the line between Charlottetown and Tignish for traffic on January 4, 1875. 1873, October 3-4 - The Grand Trunk Railway converts the gauge of its line between Stratford and Montreal, 421 miles together with 60 miles of sidings, from 5' 6" to the standard gauge of 4' 8 1/2". The track work was completed in 24 hours and occasioned but 16 hours interruption in the use of the main line. 1874, October 26 - All Grand Trunk Railway lines east of Montreal, 542 miles, are converted from 5' 6" to standard gauge. 1875, April 26 - First scheduled train over the Prince Edward Island Railway from Charlottetown to Georgetown. 1875, June 1 - Ceremony of turning the first sod on the Canadian Pacific Railway on the left bank of the Kamistiquia River in the townsite of Fort William about four miles from the river's mouth. 1875 - The Intercolonial Railway converts its gauge from 5'6" to 4' 8 1/2". 1876, July 1.- Through rail travel between Halifax, Quebec and the rest of the Canadian rail system is made possible. 1877, August - First use of the telephone to dispatch trains. This was at the Caledonia Mine at Glace Bay on the Sydney Mines Railway. One of the owners was Gardiner G. Hubbard who was the father in law of Alexander Graham Bell who installed two telephones to control train movements. 1877, October 9 - Locomotive Countess of Dufferin arrives at St. Boniface on a barge towed by the steamer "Selkirk". It was brought in by the contractor Joseph Whitehead to work on the Selkirk - Emerson line and was the first locomotive in Manitoba and on the Prairies. 1879, May 20 - The Department of Railways and Canals comes into effect with a Minister having jurisdiction over all railways pertaining to the Dominion Government. Previously this function had been covered by the Department of Public Works. 1879, August 12 - The Intercolonial Railway gains access to Quebec by purchasing the Grand Trunk line between Quebec and Rivière du Loup. 1879, September 19 - The Credit Valley Railway is formally opened by his His Excellency, the Marquis of Lorne, Governor General of Canada at Milton Ontario. 1879, December 29 - The locomotive J.G. Haggart is taken over the ice of the Red River into Winnipeg by the contractor Joseph Whitehead to start construction westwards across the Prairies in the spring of 1880. 1880, January 31 - An Ice Railway is opened between Longueuil and Montreal by the Quebec, Montreal, Ottawa and Occidental Railway. A railway track was placed on large timbers laid on the ice of the St. Lawrence River. During the summer months the QMO&O used a car ferry. An ice railway was laid each winter until 1883. 1880 - The Grand Trunk Railway extends its line to Chicago, thus providing a through route from the American Midwest to the St. Lawrence at Montreal and Quebec and the Atlantic at Portland. 1881, February 15 - Canadian Pacific Railway Act receives the Royal Assent. A Royal Charter pursuant to the Act was granted on February 16th - this incorporated the company. The principal terms provided for the payment to the railway of a subsidy of $25,000,000 and 25,000,000 acres of land, plus the railways (Port Arthur-Selkirk-Winnipeg-Emerson and Port Moody-Savona) already contracted for by the government, upon their completion. 188l, August 26 - First train into Winnipeg over the Red River Bridge. 1882, January 1 - William Cornelius Van Horne is appointed General Manager of the Canadian Pacific Railway. Van Horne succeeded in laying 480 miles of track across the Prairies in the summer of 1882. 1882, August 12 - Great Western Railway, controlling 1,009 miles of track is merged into the Grand Trunk System. 1882, September 13 - The Canada Atlantic Railway is opened between Ottawa and Coteau. This line which was built by John R. Booth was extended, within a period of 20 years, into a system stretching from Georgian Bay to the Vermont border. 1883, August 10 - First train reaches Calgary. 1883, September 22 - The Grand Trunk Railway acquires the 452 mile Midland Railway. 1883, November 18 - railways adopt a standardized system of keeping time that uses hour-wide time zones. 1884, November 1 - The Harbour Grace Railway, the first railway on Newfoundland, is opened for traffic between St. Johns and Harbour Grace. The last spike was driven by Prince George, later to become King George V, who was at the time visiting Newfoundland as a midshipman aboard H.M.S. Cumberland. 1885, April - Second Northwest (Riel) Rebellion. Van Horne moves troops to the west through northern Ontario entirely over Canadian soil. This efficient military movement demonstrated the advantages to Canada of a completed transcontinental railway and prompted the government to grant temporary aid to the CP to enable completion of the line. 1885, September 15 - the famous circus elephant "Jumbo" is killed by a GTR freight train, hauled by locomotive no. 788 at St. Thomas. It was struck from behind while being lead along the track to be loaded into his car. Jumbo stood 12' 5" high and weighed 7½ tons. The Globe and Mail of 26 Octoober 1951 had the following commentary: "Jumbo, the Barnum circus elephant killed in St.Thomas on the evening of Sept 15, 1885, literally attacked the old Grand Trunk freight locomotive which struck it. Fred R. Arnum, retired veteran train dispatcher, said today, in breaking a long silence on the tragedy. Mr. Arnum was night operator for the Grand Trunk at the time and is the only one of the 38 railway witnesses who gave evidence at the inquiry in New Yirk City, still living. He was there for two weeks giving his testimony. "Mr. Arnum said a circus official disregarded specific instructions given him not to start loading the circus animals until after 9:55 o'clock on the night of the accident and also not until after a yard crew was sent to assist. The locomotive of a westbound freight struck Jumbo in he east yards at 8:18 o'clock. "Mr. Arnum said that when Jumbo saw his danger he reared up on his rear legs and struck at the locomotive with such force that he cut off the smokestack. One of the cylinder heads struck the elephant's tusk, driving it back into his head. Jumbo did not breathe his last until 4 o'clock the following morning." 1885, November 1 - First train service established over CP between Montreal and Winnipeg via Ottawa, Sudbury and the Lakehead. 1885, November 7 - The last spike is driven in the first Canadian transcontinental main line at Craigellachie B.C. in the Eagle Pass. Van Horne makes his famous fifteen-word speech "All I can say is that the work has been well done in every way". 1885, November 8 - The CP special train arrives in Port Moody at Pacific Tidewater, the first railway train ever to travel across Canada from sea to sea. 1886, June - Contracts are let for the construction of the Chignecto Marine Transport Railway, a 17 mile railway to carry ships across the Chignecto Isthmus between Tidnish on Northumberland Strait and Fort Lawrence on the Bay of Fundy in Nova Scotia. Work on this double track, standard gauge railway, conceived by New Brunswick engineer Henry George Cloppers Ketchum, commenced in 1887 but was abandoned, three quarters completed, when the funds ran out in the summer of 1891. 1886, August 13 - Sir John A MacDonald drives the last spike at mile 25, Cliffside, on the Esquimalt and Nanaimo Railway on Vancouver Island. The line became part of Canadian Pacific in 1905. 1887, May 23 - The CP main line is extended 12.2 miles along Burrard Inlet to Vancouver. The first train is pulled by Port Moody based locomotive No. 374, now preserved at the Vancouver Drake Street roundhouse. 1887, November 2 - the Canada Atlantic Railway commences using the first passenger cars in Canada to be fitted with electric light. 1887, November 10 - Canada Atlantic Railway commences heating passenger cars by steam from the locomotive thus eliminating the danger of fire from stoves. This is the first such use in Canada. The railway completed the conversion of its entire passenger fleet in October 1891 thus becoming the first railway in Canada to use steam exclusively to heat its passenger rolling stock. 1887 - The Grand Trunk Railway commences double tracking its main line between Montreal and Toronto. The work was completed in 1903. 1888, February 24 - The 494 mile long Northern and Northwestern Railway is acquired by the GTR. 1888, June 11 - Canadian Pacific opens the "Sault Branch" from Sudbury to Sault Ste. Marie where connection was made not only with the American railway system but also with the CP steam ships. 1889, June 3 - The first CP train arrives in Saint John, NB from Montréal marking the completion of the Canadian Pacific Railway as a coast to coast railway. 1891, September 19 - The single track St. Clair tunnel under the St. Clair River is opened by the Grand Trunk Railway. Construction had commenced in 1888 upon this tunnel which connects Sarnia with Port Huron. 1896, March 20 - The Grand Trunk Railway obtains control of the Central Vermont Railway which retained its corporate identity. 1897, September 24 - A new double track steel arch bridge is completed by the Niagara Falls Suspension Bridge Company and the Niagara Falls International Bridge Company. The upper floor of the new structure is leased to the Grand Trunk Railway. 1898, February - The Pontiac and Pacific Junction Railway is the first in North America to light its cars with acetylene gas. 1898, March 1 - Through service commences over the Intercolonial Railway between Halifax and Montreal. This is achieved through a series of leases and running rights agreements with the Grand trunk Railway. 1898, June 29 - First through passenger train across Newfoundland leaves St. Johns at 19:20 and arrives Port aux Basques at 22:45, June 30. 1898, December 13 - First passenger train over the newly reconstructed Victoria Railway Bridge, Montreal. The original 1859 tube had been replaced by a double track steel bridge. 1899, January 13 - The Canadian Northern Railway is formed by the amalgamation of the Winnipeg Great Northern Railway and the Lake Manitoba Railway and Canal Company. William Mackenzie and Donald Mann then proceeded to expand the Canadian Northern system so that by 1915 the system comprised 9,362 miles of trackage. 1899, June 18 - The CP line from Lethbridge through the Crows Nest Pass to Kootenay Landing is opened for traffic. This was built with subsidies afforded by the Crows Nest Pass Agreement of 1897 which also set fixed rates on grain traffic. 1900, August 15 - Regular service is commenced over the 3'0" gauge White Pass and Yukon Railway between Skagway, Alaska and Whitehorse, Yukon. 1902, October 13 - First demonstration of wireless communication between a moving train and a station. This was on a Grand Trunk Railway special train between Chicago and Portland for the American Association of General Passenger and Ticket Agents. While en route between Toronto and Montreal a wireless telegraphy station was set up by Professor Ernest Rutherford of McGill University. 1903, October 24 - The National Transcontinental Railway Act is passed. In order to expand into Western Canada the Grand Trunk Railway agrees to build a line from Moncton, New Brunswick to Quebec, then on a more northerly route than on any other transcontinental line to a point on the British Columbia Coast, which was to become Prince Rupert. The part between Moncton and Winnipeg was to be known as the National Transcontinental Railway and was to be built by the government. The line west of Winnipeg, to be known as the Grand Trunk Pacific Railway, was to be built by the Grand Trunk itself. 1904, July 3 - First run of the Ocean Limited passenger train between Montreal, Que. and Halifax. N.S. This is the longest running train in Canada having operated continuously over the same 840 mile route. 1905, October 1 - The Grand Trunk assumes control of the 460 mile Canada Atlantic system by agreement dated August 15, 1904. 1905, November 24 - The Canadian Northern completes tracklaying into Edmonton. The last spike, a silver one, was driven by the Lieutenant-Governor of Alberta. 1906, July 22 - The Grand Trunk Railway changes from left to right hand running on double track sections. The change involved considerable alteration in crossovers, switches and semaphore signals. 1907, August 29 - The bridge under construction across the St. Lawrence at Quebec falls killing 75 men. 1908, May 17 - Electric operation begins through the St. Clair Tunnel between Sarnia and Port Huron. This ended staem operation which had asphyxiated several crew members. A formal inspection and opening ceremony took place on November 12. 1909, March 17 - A train runs out of control into the Canadian Pacific Windsor Street station in Montreal. (track 7) A broken spring hanger on locomotive no. 2102 caused it to lurch and a driving wheel struck a washout plug. The escaping steam scalded the crew who were forced off the locomotive. The train brake was applied by a brakeman but it hit the stop blocks at around 25 mph. There were six fatalities. 1909, June 22 - Canadian Pacific completes the viaduct on the Crows Nest Pass Line at Lethbridge, 5,327 feet long and with a maximum height of 314 feet above Oldman River. This is the highest railway bridge in Canada. The bridge was opened to traffic on 3 November 1909 although it had been used by construction trains before this. 1909, August - Canadian Pacific completes the Kicking Horse grade relocation on the main line between Hector and Field, B.C. by substituting two spiral tunnels and lengthened line on a grade of 2.2% compensated, for the old "Big Hill" straight grade of 4.5%. 1909, October 17 - first passenger train is operated over the National Transcontinental Railway east of Quebec City between Edmundston and Baker Lake, NB. 1910 - The last remaining broad gauge (5'6") line in North America, the Carillon and Grenville Railway, is abandoned. It was a portage railway opened on October 25, 1854. The railway lay idle from late 1910 until July 25, 1911 when it was bought by the Canadian Northern Railway as part of its new Montreal to Ottawa line. 1912, May 6 - the body of C.M. Hays, President of the Grand Trunk and Grand Trunk Pacific Railways, who was lost in the Titanic disaster, was landed at Halifax by the Mackay-Bennett cable steamship Minia. It was immediately placed on a special GTR train which had been waiting at halifax for several days and which reached Bonaventure station in Montreal May 7. The funeral took place the next day at Mount Royal Cemetary and the GTR offices were closed for a portion of the afternoon so that staff could attend. 1912 - Canadian Pacific leases the following companies: Dominion Atlantic Railway Company, Nova Scotia, on January 3.1913, June 2 - first train runs across the Canadian Pacific high level bridge between Edmonton and South Edmonton. Quebec Central Railway Company, Quebec, on December 14. Esquimalt and Nanaimo Railway Company, Vancouver Island, on July 1. 1914, April 7 - Grand Trunk Pacific Railway main line is completed between Winnipeg, Melville, Edmonton, Jasper and Prince Rupert. The last spike was driven at a location 93 miles west of Prince George, BC. The first sod was turned at Fort William, on the Lake Superior branch, by Sir Wilfred Laurier on 11 September 1904. 1914, October 13 - The Algoma Central and Hudson Bay Railway is opened throughout between Sault Ste. Marie and Hearst, Ont. Construction was started in 1899 and it was opened in stages as follows: Hawk Junction (junction with the Michipicoten Branch) - 1911.. The name was shortened to Algoma Central in 1965. Franz, (crossing with CP) - mid 1912. Oba (crossing with CN) - late 1912. 1914, December - The Greater Winnipeg Water District Railway is opened to service the aqueduct between Winnipeg, Man and Shoal Lake, Ont. 1915, May 1 - Canadian Government Railways are formed to operate the Intercolonial and the National Transcontinental Railways. 1915, June 1 - The National Transcontinental Railway is completed between Moncton and Winnipeg via Edmundston, Quebec and Senneterre. Because of the high cost, the Grand Trunk refused to lease the line which was operated from May 1, 1915 as a component of the Canadian Government Railways until the formation of the Canadian National System. 1915, September 14 - a special funeral train conveys the body of Sir William C. Van Horne from Windsor Street station, Montreal, to Joliette, Illinois. Departing at 11:00, it was hauled by 4-6-2 No. 2213. Nearly a mile of drapery was used in decorating the train and the front of the CPR station and office building. 1915 - The Canadian Northern Railway completes its transcontinental main line from Vancouver to Quebec via Edmonton, North Battleford, Dauphin, Winnipeg, Fort Frances, Capreol, Ottawa, Hawkesbury and Montreal. 1916, March 1 - the Grand Trunk Railway Bonaventure Station in Montreal is destroyed by fire. 1916, July 31 - through service commences on the CPR Kettle Valley line between Nelson and Vancouver, BC., the first regular passenger train having run between Midway and Merritt on 31 May 1915. 1916, September 11 - The bridge under construction across the St. Lawrence at Quebec falls a second time, killing another 13 men. 1916, December 9 - Canadian Pacific inaugurates the 5-mile Connaught Tunnel which eliminated the old route over Rogers Pass and shortened the line through the Selkirk Mountains by 4 1/2 miles. 1916, December 19 - an order in council gives authority for the shipment of rails and fastenings from Canadian railways to France for war service. Under this and and a subsequent order, some 800 miles were taken up from sidings and divisional yards of the eastern division of the National Transcontinental Railway (98.2 miles from between Moncton and Diamond Jct.; 11.8 miles east of Levis; 206.6 miles from between Quebec and Winnipeg) and a further 300 miles from the Grand Trunk Pacific Railway, partly from the portion of line running through the Yellowhead Pass which closely paralleled the Canadian Northern Railway. 1917, May 2 - The Drayton-Acworth report is produced being the findings of two out of three members of a Royal Commission which was set up in 1916. Sir Henry L. Drayton was Chairman of the Board of Railway Commissioners for Canada while William Ackworth came from London. The third member, who produced a minority report, was Alfred H. Smith, President of the New York Central Railway. The report recommends that the Government take over the Grand Trunk, the Grand Trunk Pacific and the Canadian Northern companies and operate them as one system together with the Intercolonial and the National Transcontinental Railway. The recommendations are accepted by the Government. 1917, October 17 - First train over the Quebec Bridge over the St. Lawrence. This was constructed by the Dominion Government for use by the National Transcontinental Railway. This bridge was notorious in that it fell down twice during construction: 1918, October 21 - The Mount Royal Tunnel, Montreal, is opened for regular traffic by the Canadian Northern Railway which commences a through service between Montreal and Toronto via Hawkesbury and Ottawa. The first east bound train left Toronto at 23:00 on October 20 and the first westbound left Montreal at 08:15 on October 21. 1918, November 20 - By order in Council P.C. 2854 the management of the Canadian Government Railways is entrusted to the Board of Directors of the Canadian Northern Railway Co. On the same day the Government takes over the Canadian Northern Railway and appoints a new Board of Directors. 1918, December 20 - The use of the collective title "Canadian National Railways" is authorized by order in council P.C. 3122. 1919, March 7 - The Minister of Railways is appointed as receiver for the Grand Trunk Pacific Railway. 1919, June 6 - Canadian National Railway Company is incorporated. 1919, August 25 - a Canadian Pacific special train conveys the Prince of Wales from Montreal to Toronto returning to Montreal over the same route on 2 November 1919. Locomotives 2225 and 2231 were used. The Prince ran the locomotive from Flavelle to Trenton (20.9 miles) on the return trip. 1920, March 8 - The management of the Grand Trunk Pacific is entrusted to the Board of Directors appointed for the Canadian National Railways. 1921, September 1 - The Toronto Transit Commission takes over the street car system in that city upon the expiration of the 30 year franchise of the Toronto Railway. 1922, October 4 - The Canadian National Railway Company becomes a corporate entity (order in council P.C. 2094). 1923, January 19 - The Grand Trunk Railway is amalgamated into the Canadian National System by order in council P.C. 114. By 1923 the system included the Canadian Government Railways (including the Intercolonial, the Prince Edward Island and the National Transcontinental Railways); the Hudson Bay Railway; the Canadian Northern and its subsidiaries; the Grand Trunk Pacific; and the Grand Trunk (including the Grand Trunk Western and the Grand Trunk New England lines). 1924, September 15 - Canadian National opens the 30.66 mile Long Lake Cut off from Long Lake to Nakina, Ontario. It connected the former Canadian Northern and National Transcontinental lines. 1925, November 1-4 - Canadian National diesel electric car No. 15280 maks a run from Montreal to Vancouver in a total elapsed time of 72 hours and an actual running time of 67 hours 7 minutes. World records were set for endurance, economy and sustained speed. 1925, November 7 - The bridge across the Second Narrows, Burrard Inlet, Vancouver, BC, is opened. 1927, August 6 - The third Toronto Union Station is opened officially by Edward, Prince of Wales. It was opened to the public on August 11, but passengers had to walk across to the old station tracks. The first day on which trains used the new, elevated, tracks through the new station platform was January 31, 1930. 1927, October - A report prepared by Frederick Palmer of London recommends that Churchill should be selected as the terminal port for the Hudson Bay Railway. As a result, the work previously carried out at Port Nelson is abandoned in favour of Churchill. 1928, September 22 - the last spike is driven by Premier John Bracken on the Canadian National line between Flin Flon and Cranberry Portage. The line had been built in record time by the Dominion Construction Company under its President, Harry Falconer McLean. 1929, June 26 - The following railways are jointly acquired by Canadian National and Canadian Pacific and operated under a newly incorporated company, the Northern Alberta Railways: Edmonton, Dunvegan & British Columbia Railway (447 miles)A total of 857 miles. Alberta & Great Waterways Railway (286 miles) Central Canada Railway (98 miles) Pembina Valley Railway (26 miles) 1929, August 26 - Canadian National Railways place in service, hauling the second section of the "International Limited" between Montreal and Toronto, the first road diesel electric passenger locomotive. This locomotive, no. 9000, consisted of two units, weighing a total of 335 tons. 1929, September 28 - The Hudson Bay Railway reaches its northern terminus at Churchill, Manitoba. This was originally operated by Canadian National on behalf of the Government. It became part of the CN system on September 5, 1951. 1930, June 19 - Canadian Pacific Hudson (4-6-4) No. 2808 makes a record continuous run from Fort William to Calgary, 1,251 miles and return with the Toronto to Vancouver train. It left at 08:20 on June 19, arrived in Calgary at 07:00 June 21. It returned from Calgary at 14:50 on June 22 and arrived Fort William at 05:35 June 24. 1930, September 29 - The final section of the 3'6" gauge railway on Prince Edward Island is converted to standard gauge. The conversion work on the island had started in 1919. 1931, June 1 - Coincident with the first docking of the Empress of Britain,CP opens a line through a tunnel under the Plains of Abraham to the Wolfe's Cove Harbour Terminal in Quebec City. The first shot was fired on 5 April 1930, the break through was made on 16 February 1931, and the first train, locomtive and 13 cars carrying railway officials, ran through on 26 May 1931. 1932, July 15 - The Temiskaming and Northern Ontario Railway is opened throughout between North Bay and Moosonee, Ont. Construction was started on May 10, 1902. The name was subsequently changed to Ontario Northland Transportation. 1933, April 2 - Canadian National and Canadian Pacific pool certain passenger services as a result of the Canadian National Canadian Pacific Act, 1933. 1933, April 21 - London, Midland and Scottish Railway (UK) 4-6-0 steam locomotive Royal Scot arrives in Montreal with eight passenger cars en route to the Century of Progress Exhibition in Chicago. It was exhibited at the following cities (numbers in brackets show numbers of visitors). May 1 - Montreal Windsor Station (16,979); May 2 - Ottawa (11,870); May 3-4 - Toronto Exhibition Grounds (20,687); May 4 - Hamilton (3,631).The train then ran via the Toronto, Hamilton and Buffalo Railway through US cities to Chicago. After the exhibition, it left Chicago October 11 and ran via the US to Vancouver: Oct 27 - Vancouver (19,885); Oct 29 - Kamloops; Oct 30 - Calgary (16,000); Oct 31 - Moose Jaw; Oct 31 - Regina (6,986); Nov. 1 - Winnipeg (22,900).From Winnipeg the train ran via Minneapolis and Detroit. Nov 7 - London; Nov 8 - Stratford; Nov 8 -Guelph; Nov 9 - Toronto; Nov 10 - Port Hope; Nov 10 - Belleville; Nov 11 - Kingston; Nov 11 - Brockville; Nov 12 - Montreal.The train ran via CP on the outward trip and in western Canada and on CN on the return leg in Ontario. It returned to the UK from Montreal on Nov 24. 1933, November 9 - Canadian National opens the line to Lynn Lake, Manitoba. 1936, September 18 - On test a new lightweight streamlined passenger train attains an officially recorded speed of 112½ mph on the Canadian Pacific Winchester Subdivision near St. Telesphore, Quebec, with 4-4-4 locomotive no. 3003. 1936, December 6 - Canadian National opens its line between Senneterre and Val D'Or, Quebec. 1937, December - Canadian Pacific takes delivery of its first diesel electric locomotive, a switching unit numbered 7000. 1938, December 3 - Canadian national opens its line between Val D'Or and Rouyn Noranda, Quebec. 1939, May 17 - Royal Tour of Canada commences with the arrival of King George VI and Queen Elizabeth at Wolfe's Cove, Quebec on the Empress of Canada. The 12 car train, (five from CP, five from CN and the two vice-regal cars), in royal blue and aluminum, left Quebec City on May 18. A pilot train, carrying officials and the press, preceeded the royal train by one hour and no other trains were permitted to travel within this period. The travel arrangements were shared by the two railways with CP being responsible for the westward journey to Victoria. CP used 4-6-4 locomotives 2850 and 2851 for the royal and pilot trains respectively, except for the Ottawa to Brighton, Ont, section, which was over CN track. 2850 hauled the royal train without change right through to Vancouver, a total distance of 3224 miles. Royal crowns were affixed to the running boards of both locomotives and these were eventually fitted to the entire class (2820-2864) which, following approval from their majesties, came to be known as Royal Hudsons. Full details are shown in Branchline, June 1999. 1941, May 22 - as part of the war effort, the first tank (Mark III) is produced at the Canadian Pacific Angus Shops, Montreal. On June 30 Montreal Locomotive Works produced the first M-3 (Modified) Cruiser tank. 1943, July 14 - Central Station, Montreal is opened by Canadian National. This completed a project originally begun in 1929. 1944, August - Canadian National commences tests, in the Montreal Terminal, with two way radio for the transmission of instructions to locomotive and switching crews. 1945, July 16 - Canadian National opens the high ore dock at Port Arthur whch was built to handle ore from the Steep Rock Iron Mines near Atikokan, ON. The first shipment left the dock on July 20 on the vessel Marquette. 1947, September 1-6 - the General Motors Train of Tomorrow is shown at the Canadian National Exhibition in Toronto. 1949 - Canadian Pacific accepts its last new steam locomotive (in March) class T-l-c 2-10-4 no. 5935 from Montreal Locomotive Works, and acquires its first road diesel-electric locomotives nos. 8400-8404 (in September) for conversion of motive power on the Montreal-Newport-Wells River line. 1949, April 1 - Newfoundland becomes the tenth province of Canada and the Newfoundland Railway becomes part of the Canadian National system. This narrow gauge system had been operated by the island government since 1923. 1949, September - October - The General Motors Train of Tomorrow makes a return visit to Canada as follows: London, Sept. 22-24; Ottawa, Sept. 26-28; Montreal, Sept. 30-Oct.4; Quebec, Oct.6-8; Sherbrooke, Oct. 9-10; Oshawa, Oct. 12-13; Toronto, Oct. 14-15, 17-19; Hamilton, Oct. 20-22; St. Catharines, Oct. 24-5; Stratford, Oct.26; Chatham, Oct. 27; Windsor, Oct. 28-9. 1950, February 10 - The Temiscouata Railway is entrusted to Canadian National. This line, which was opened throughout on October 1, 1891, ran from Rivière du Loup to Edmundston and from Edmundston to Connors. 1950, July - Canadian Pacific opens the first retarder hump yard in Canada at St. Luc, Montreal. 1950, August 11 - General Motors opens its plant at London, ON, for the building of diesel electric locomotives. 1950, August 22 - The railway system is paralyzed by a nationwide railway strike. Services were resumed on August 31. 1951, February 9 - The Royal Commission on Transportation, the Turgeon Commission produces its report, it was tabled in the House of Commons on March 15. 1951, February 16 - Canadian National begins testing a Budd model RDC-1 self propelled diesel rail car (between Montreal and Ottawa). 1951, June 1 - Canadian Pacific discontinues rail service to Place Viger station, Montreal. 1951, August 26 - Canadian railways adopt the Uniform Code of Operating Rules for train operation purposes. 1951, October 26 - Canadian National purchases the 26 mile Montmorency division of the Quebec Railway Light and Power Company running from Quebec City east to St. Joachim on the north shore of the St. Lawrence river. Transfer of ownership was effective November 1. In 1947 Canadian National had purchased the five mile section from St. Joachim to Cap Tormentine. 1952, February - The Canadian National, tunnel station, Lagauchetiere Street, Montreal, is demolished to provide space for the laying of additional tracks in Central Station. 1952, November - The Canadian National Bonaventure Station, Montreal is demolished. 1952, December 1 - Canadian Pacific launches an intermodal freight system by carrying truck trailers on railway flat cars between Toronto and Montreal. 1953, February 1 - Canadian Pacific places in trial service a Budd built RDC self propelled car on the Montreal - Mont Laurier service. 1953, April - Canadian National inaugurates its Museum Train with three steam locomotives and six cars. 1953, November 9 - Canadian National opens its line between Lynn Lake and Sherridon, MB. 1953 - Budd-built rail diesel cars (RDC) are introduced on several Canadian runs. These are called "Railiners" by CN and "Dayliners" by CP. Service on Canadian Pacific was introduced November 9. 1954, February 13 - The Quebec North Shore and Labrador Railway is opened between Sept Isles, Que. and Schefferville, Labrador, construction having commenced in 1950. The first train load (60 cars) of iron ore arrived at Sept Isles on June 24. 1954, March 30 - Toronto Transit Commission opens the first part of the Toronto subway, the first subway in Canada. 1954, December - Canadian Pacific opens a branch line from Havelock to Nephton, ON to serve the American Nepheline Co. mine. 1955, January 13 - Canadian National opens its line from Terrace to Kitimat, BC. The line was opened officially on July 8 with a "last spike" ceremony, the spike was made from aluminium produced at the Kitimat plant. 1955, April 25 - Canadian Pacific inaugurates its new stainless steel, scenic-domed transcontinental passenger train "The Canadian" between Montreal/Toronto and Vancouver. 1955, May 14 - A causeway is completed across the Strait of Canso between Cape Porcupine and Balache Point, Nova Scotia. This involved a 14 mile main line diversion for the rerouting of railway traffic linking directly Cape Breton Island with the mainland. Previous movements were by car ferry across the Strait of Canso. The line was officially opened on August 13. 1955, July 27 - Canadian National opens a branch line from Hillsport to Manitowadge, ON. 1955, October 19 - Canadian Pacific opens a branch line from Struthers to Manitowadge, ON. 1956, June 11 - The Pacific Great Eastern Railway opens between North Vancouver and Prince George, BC. A formal opening ceremony took place on August 27. 1957, May 17 - Canadian National opens a 40 mile diversion of its Montréal to Toronto main line required in the construction of the St. Lawrence Seaway. 1957, June 24 - Last steam run on the Ontario Northland Railway, no. 701 leaves Timmins and arrives at North bay the following day. 1957, October 7 - Canadian National opens its line from Beattyville to Chibougamau, QC. 1957, November 19 - Canadian National opens its line from Bartibog to Heath Steele, NB. 1958, February 4 - The Kellog Commission produces its report on the use of firemen on diesel locomotives. 1958, July 25 - Pacific Great Eastern on its line to Fort St. John, BC. Construction on the line to Dawson Creek was completed a few weeks later. 1958, August 9 - Canada's longest running named train "Moccasin" (trains 25 and 26) ceases running between Montreal and Brockville. Although unofficial, it had been used almost since the train service went into operation on November 19, 1855. 1959, August 30 - Last streetcar runs in Montreal. 1959, October 28 - Canadian National opens its line from St. Felicien to Chibougamau, QC. 1959, November 5 - Canadian National opens a new international marshalling yard at Sarnia, ON. 1960, January 20 - The Quebec Cartier Mining Company commences operation from Port Cartier to Gagnon, QC. At the time it was the northernmost railway in Canada. The line went into full operation at the end of the year. 1960, April 25 - Locomotive number 6043 makes the last scheduled run of a steam locomotive on Canadian National on train 76 between The Pas and Winnipeg. 1960, May 2 - For the first time, a Canadian National passenger train conveys piggyback flatcars conveying highway trailers. This was on train 44 from Saint John, NB to Moncton, NB. 1960, September 6 - The last spike is driven on the Canadian National line between Optic and Chisel Lake, MB. It was extended to Stall Lake on 31 January, 1964. 1960, October 4 - Canadian National opens its hump yard at Moncton, NB. 1960, November 6 - The last steam locomotive to operate officially on Canadian Pacific pulls a special train to St. Lin from Montreal. Locomotive is class A-l-e no. 29, 4-4-0 built in 1887. 1961, March - The Royal Commission on Transportation, the MacPherson Commission, publishes its report. These recommendations lead to the National Transportation Act of 1967. 1961, May 11 - Canadian National installs Canada's first hot axle box detector near Coteau, QC. 1961, June 4 - Canadian National Turcot Yard closes. The 56 stall roundhouse was closed the following year. 1961, September 13 - Canadian National officially opens Taschereau Hump Marshalling Yard in Montreal. 1962, July 17 - Following testing on the "Ocean", Canadian National's transcontinental train, the Super Continental, appears for the first time in the new black and white colour scheme, with orange-red locomotive fronts. This ultimately replaced the traditional olive green, gold and black design. 1962, September - Canadian National opens Symington marshalling yard, Winnipeg, MB. 1963, October 16 - Canadian National opens a branch line to Mattagami Lake Mines. 1964, May 24 - Canadian National commences operation of a new transcontinental passenger train called Panorama. 1964, June 16 - Canadian Pacific opens a new automated hump marshalling yard at Agincourt, Toronto, ON. 1964, November 24- The Great Slave Lake Railway, operated by Canadian National is opened for traffic from Pine Point, Northwest Territories, to Roma Junction, Alberta. The open for carriage order is not issued by the Canadian Transport Commission until 7 July, 1967. 1964, November 25 - Canadian National opens a new technical research centre in Ville St. Laurent, Montreal, QC. 1964, December - Canadian National opens a new freight and passenger terminal in Saskatoon which permits redevelopment of the city centre. 1965, June - Canadian National officially opens its Macmillan marshalling yard, Toronto. 1965, October 30 - The Canadian National-Canadian Pacific passenger pool train arrangement is terminated. 1965, October 31 - Canadian National introduces "Rapido" passenger service between Montreal and Toronto. This was extended to Quebec in the following year. 1966, October 17 - first day of operation of the Montreal subway operated by la Commission de Transports de la Communauté Urbaine de Montréal. In 1985 the company became the Société de Transport de la Communauté Urbaine de Montréal (STCUM). 1967, May 23 - "GO Transit" is inaugurated by the Province of Ontario between Pickering, Toronto, Oakville and Hamilton under an operating agreement with Canadian National. 1967, July 11 - The first major "unit train" movement in Canada is inaugurated by Canadian Pacific - 3,700 tons of sulphuric acid from the Copper Cliff plant of CIL nr. Sudbury to Sarnia, Ontario. 1967, November 16 - Canadian Pacific begins testing Canada's first remote-controlled mid-train diesel locomotives in regular freight service, using new "Robot" radio-command system. 1968 - Canadian National introduces the "Tempo" service between Toronto-Windsor-Sarnia using new light-weight cars. 1968, December - Turbo train is placed in limited service between Montreal and Toronto, but because of technical problems the service is suspended on January 7, 1969. 1969, July 2 - Canadian National abandons Newfoundland passenger trains 101-102. 1970, April 21 - Canadian Pacific unveils Canada's first double-deck passenger train comprising nine air-conditioned cars built by Canadian Vickers Limited at a cost of $2.8 million. The cars went into operation April 27 on the Montreal Lakeshore suburban service. 1970, April 30 - The first CP coal unit train, comprising 88 cars and carrying more than 9,000 tons of coking coal destined to Japan, arrives at Roberts Bank superport after a 700-mile run from Sparwood, B.C. 1971, September 10 - Pacific Great Eastern Railway extension from Fort St. John to Fort Nelson, B.C. is opened for traffic. 1972, April 1 - Pacific Great Eastern Railway changes its name to British Columbia Railway. 1972, May 31- the last day of the Morse code in Canadian railroading. Canadian National sent its last message at 12:38 pm, just 25 1/2 hours before Canadian Pacific tapped out its last telegram. 1972, October 16 - The Commission of Inquiry in the Matter of the Employment Practices Relating to the Running-Trades' Employees in the Railway Industry, the Gallagher Commission publishes its report. This looked at the employment practices, particularly hours of work. 1973, July 20 - a former Canadian National turbo train is wrecked at Lachine, QC. It had been sold to Amtrak and was painted in Amtrak colours, units 54 and 55. 1974, March 17 - A CP Rail freight train hits a rock slide and derails at Spences Bridge, BC killing two crew members. This lead to the eventual installation of ditch lights on Canadian trains. 1976, October - The Commission on the Costs of Transporting Grain by Rail, the Snavely Commission produces its report. 1977, January 12 - Via Rail Canada is incorporated to operate inter-city passenger rail service. 1977, April 18 - The Hall Commission Report on Grain Handling and Transportation is published. This recommends limited branch line abandonment on the prairies. 1978, March 13 - GO introduces its first bi-level coaches. 1979, November 10 - CP Rail no. 54 suffers a hot axle box and derails 24 cars containing dangerous commodities, in Mississaugua, Ont. Almost a quarter of a million people were evacuated for periods of up to five days. The Grange Commission report on the acident is published in December, 1980. 1981, November 14 - VIA cuts nearly 20% of its services. 1983, November 2 - BC Rail begins operating the Tumbler Ridge line, Canada's first railway electrified at 50kv AC. 1984, September 10 - the Pope travels by special train between Ste-Anne-de-Beaupre and Montreal, Windsor Station. LRC-3 locomotives nos. 6927 and 6922, elephant style, were on the nose and no. 6921 was on the rear. LRC-2 locomotives nos. 6907 and 6915 handled the train for the media. 1985, March 22 - Toronto Transit Commission opens the Scarborough rapid transit line using linear induction technology. 1985, April 30 - CN and CP take over the Canada Southern (Michigan Central/New York Central/Penn Central/Conrail) line through southern Ontario. 1986, January 3 - The Skytrain commences operation between Vancouver, Waterfront and New Westminster, additional routes have been added as follows: 1989, February 14 - New Westminster to Columbia. 1990, March 6 - Columbia to Scott Road. 1994, March 28 - Scott Road to King George. 2002, January 5 - Columbus to Braid. 2002, August 31 - Braid to Commercial Road. 1986, February 8 - A head on collision between a freight train and a passenger train near Hinton, Alberta claims 23 lives. 1986 - The Central Western Railway commences operation by acquiring the CN Stettler subdivision in Alberta. 1986, December - The Report of the Commission of Inquiry into the Hinton Train Collision, the Foisy Report is published. 1988, October - The last part of the railway on Newfoundland, operated by CN Rail, is abandoned. 1988, December 12 - First revenue train runs through the CP Rail 9.1 mile Mount MacDonald Tunnel. This is the longest rail tunnel in the Americas. 1989, November 14 - CP Rail commences cabooseless train operations. CN Rail follows on February 1, 1990. 1989, December 31 - The last part of the railway on Prince Edward Island, operated by CN Rail, is abandoned. 1990, January 15 - VIA cuts half of its passenger network. Included in these cuts are a decision to run just one transcontinental train between Toronto and Vancouver via CN through Winnipeg, Saskatoon, Edmonton and Jasper. 1990, January 16 - Canadian Rail Operating Rules are approved by the Minister of Transport 1992 - The Central Western Railway expands its operation by acquiring the CP Coronation and Lacombe subdivisions in Alberta. 1992, April 3 - The Goderich Exeter Railway commences operations over the former CN line between Stratford Junction and Goderich and from Clinton Junction to Centralia in Ontario. 1993, January - The report of the National Transportation Act Review Commission, the Rivard Commission, is published. 1993, October 1 - The Cape Breton and Central Nova Scotia Railway commences operation over the former CN line between Sydney and Truro, Nova Scotia. 1994, August 29 - The Windsor and Hantsport Railway commences operation in Nova Scotia. 1994, December 1 - the Société des chemins de fer du Québec commences operation over the former CN line from Limoilou to Clermont, Québec. 1995, January 7 - The New Brunswick Southern Railway commences operation over former CP trackage from McAdam to Saint John, N.B. with a branch from McAdam to St. Stephen. 1995, January 7 - The Algoma Central Railway is taken over by the Wisconsin Central Railroad. 1995, May 5 - Official CN opening ceremony for a new tunnel between Sarnia, Ont and Port Huron, MI. The tunnel can handle full height double stack container cars. 1995, October 26 - The CN commuter line between Montréal Central station and Deux Montagnes is reopened with modernized equipment. The new electric multiple unit trains, operating at 25 kv AC, replace aging equipment, some of it going back to the opening of the line in 1918. 1995, November 1 - Commuter service commences over CP Rail between Vancouver and Mission, BC. 1995, November 19 - Canadian National shares begin to trade on the Toronto Stock Exchange. 1996, April 1 - last train traverses the full length of the former Canada Southern line between Detroit and Buffalo. 1996, September 12 - Rocky Mountain Railtours runs the longest passenger train in Canadian history. Three GP40 locomotives hauled 34 cars from Vancouver to Kamloops. 1996, September 14 - York - Durham Heritage Railway commences operation over the former CN line between Uxbridge and Stouffville, Ont. 1996, September 28 - Iron Road Railways, under the name Quebec Southern Railway commences operation over the following former CP lines in Quebec: 1996, October 30 - RaiLink-Ottawa Valley takes over operation of the former CP line between Smiths Falls and Cartier, Ont as well as the Mattawa to Temiskaming branch in Quebec. 1996, November 2 - Ontario L'Orignal Railway (RailTex) commences operation over the former CN line between Glen Robertson, Hawkesbury and L'Orignal, Ont. 1996, December 1 - Chemin de fer Baie des Chaleurs, a wholly owned subsidiary of the Quebec Railway Corporation, commences operation over the former CN line beween Matapedia and Chandler, Que. 1997, June 16 - Corporation du chemin de fer de la Gaspésie takes over the former CN line between Chandler and Gaspé, Que. This is a non profit corporation owned by local municipalities. Operation of the line is sub-contracted to the Chemin de fer Baie des Chaleurs which commenced operation between Matapedia and Chandler, Que in December 1996. 1997, June 24 - Port Colborne Harbour Railway, a division of the Caledonia and Hamilton Southern Railway (Trillium Rail), starts operation between Welland and Port Colbourne on the following lines in Ontario: 1997, August 20 - Hudson Bay Railway, owned by Omnitrax of Denver, Colorado, takes over the operation of the former CN lines between The Pas, Flin Flon, Lyn Lake and Churchill, Man. 1997, September 4 - RaiLink-Lakeland & Waterways takes over the former CN lines in northeastern Alberta from Boyle to Lynton, near Fort McMurray. Agreement was reached on 2 September, operation commenced on 4 September and formal transfer took place on November 24. 1997, September 4 - Huron Central Railway, owned by Genessee Rail-One, takes over operation of the former CP line between Sault Ste. Marie and Sudbury, Ont. 1997, September 20 - RaiLink Southern Ontario takes over the operation of the former CN Hagersville subdivision between Nanticoke and Brantford including the Burford Spur. On December 15 the company took over the former CN Northern and Northwestern Spur. 1997, November 11 - Quebec Gatineau Railway takes over operation of the former CP Trois Rivieres and Lachute subdivisions between Quebec City and Hull. 1997, December 8 - the Carlton Trail Railway (Omnitrax) takes over the operation of the following CN lines in north western Saskatchewan: 1998, January 19 - the CN line bewteen Moncton, NB and Mont-Joli, Que is transferred to the Quebec Railway Corporation, through its wholly owned subsidiaries as follows: 1998, October 1 - Southern Rails Cooperative takes over operation of CN Avonlea subdivision from Avonlea to Moose Jaw, SK. 1998, November 2 - Quebec Gatineau Railway commences operation over the CN Montfort Spur between Mirabel and Saint-Jerome, QC. Access to the CN network is continued through an interchange agreement between CN, OGRY and St.L&H. 1998, November 9 - St. Thomas and Eastern Railway, a division of Trillium Rail, commences operation over the fomer CN Cayuga Spur between St. Thomas and Delhi, ON. 1998, November 16 - Goderich and Exeter Railway takes over operation of the CN Guelph subdivision between London and Silver, ON. 1998, November 20 - Okanagan Valley Railway commences operation over the former CP line between Sicamous and Kelowna, BC (including running rights over the CN between Vernon and Kelowna). The formal handing over ceremony took place on January 15, 1999. 1998, December 1 - St. Lawrence and Atlantic Railroad (Quebec) commences operation over the CN Sherbrooke subdivision between St. Rosalie, QC and Norton, VT. 1998, December 13 - Ottawa Central Railway, a subsidiary of RailLink's Quebec Railway Corporation, commences operation over the CN Beachburg subdivision between Ottawa and Pembroke, ON as well as the Walkley line in Ottawa. The Ottawa Central also received running rights over the Alexandria subdivision between Ottawa and Coteau. 1999, January 8 - RailAmerica Inc. takes over the operation of the Esquimalt and Nanaimo Railway from CP. The new company, known as E&N Railway Company (1998) Ltd, purchased the line between Port Alberni and Nanaimo and leased the section from Victoria to Nanaimo. 1999, Feburary 14 - Quebec Railway Corporation takes over the former CN Mont Joli and Matane subdivisions linking Matane to Riviere du Loup, QC. The Matane sub. was the former Canada and Gulf Terminal Railway. 1999, February 26 - Ontario Southland commenced operation over the CP Port Burwell subdivision from to Tillsonburg, ON. 1999, March 22 - RaiLink Ltd.takes over operation of the CN Coronado, Bonnyville, and Lac La Biche subdivisions, northeast of Edmonton. The line extends from St. Paul Junction, immediately north of Edmonton, to Boyle and northeast to Grande Centre and Elk Point. It also connects with RaiLink's existing Lakeland and Waterways line at Boyle. 1999, May 2 - Central Manitoba Railway takes over the operation of the former CN Pine Falls subdivisions. 1999, June 6 - Central Manitoba Railway, a subsidiary of Cando Contracting, takes over the operation of the former CN Carman sub. from m. 0.13 to m. 50.50. 1999, June 27 - Alberta RailNet takes over the former CN Grande Cache (from Swan Landing to Grande Prairie, m. 1.80 to m. 232.90), Grande Prairie (from Rycroft to Hythe, m. 0 to m. 89.19) and Smoky (Tangent to Spirit River, m. 306.2 to m. 357.80) subdivisions in Alberta. 1999, June 30 - Southern Rails Cooperative (Red Coat Road and Rail) takes over operation of the 71.5 mile CP line from Pangman to Assiniboia in Saskatchewan. 1999, August - Manitoba Southern Railway takes over operation of the CN line from Morris to Elgin (Miami and Hartney subdivisions). 1999, September 18 - Trillium Rail takes over operation of 41 miles of industrial trackage in Ontario's Niagara Peninsula comprising sections of the Cayuga sub. and the Thorold, Canal, Grantham, Fonthill, Town Line and West Welland spurs. The lines will be operated by a Trillium subsidiary, the Port Colborne Terminal Railway. 2000, June 24 - Quebec Central Railway reopens for business between Sherbrooke and Vallee Jonction. The new Quebec Central is operated by Express Marco Inc. 2000, September 29 - the Town of Orangeville, ON purchases the former CPR Owen Sound subdivision between mile 2.4 and mile 36.7. The line is managed by Orangeville & Brampton Rail Association Group and Cando Contracting operates the line with running rights to an interchange with CPR at Streetsville. 2001, January - OmniTRAX announces the acquisition of 21.9 kilometres of line connecting the communities of Prince Abert and Birch Hills, SK. 2001, August 16 - Canadian Pacific 4-6-4 steam locomotive 2816 operates under its own power for the first time in over forty years. 2001, December 12 - VIA Rail Canada retires the last of its 6900 series LRC locomotives, as a result of the delivery of 700 series General Electric Genesis locomotives. 2002, June 23 - VIA Rail Canada commences to use Renaisance equipment in the Montréal - Toronto corridor. Service was subsequently extended to Montréal - Québec and Montréal - Ottawa on 25 November 2002. Renaissance equipment was acquired from the United Kingdom and modified for Canadian service. 2002, summer - Canadian National starts to paint its web site address www.cn.ca, on its locomotives. 2002, September 5 - commuter train service between Montreal and Saint-Hilaire resumes after a 14 year hiatus. 2002, September 7 - a special train to celebrate the 50th birthday of the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation sets out from Vancouver and completed its trip in Halifax on October 5. It included a museum car with props and puppets from kiddie shows such as Uncle Chichimus, Fraggle Rock, Chex Helene, The Friendly Giant and Mr. Dressup. Another baggage car housed old microphones, cameras and artifacts from shows like Don Messer's Jubilee. The consist of the train included: - VIA F40PH-2 6403 leading in special CBC scheme, assisted by F40PH-2 6412.for the portion east of Toronto, a new set of Renaissance equipment was added to the rear. - baggage car 8605, three "Chateau" sleepers (Denonville, Lauzon, Rigaud) and coach 8123 for on train staff. - one Skyline Broadcast car (8502), two baggage-museum cars (8612 and 86150, one Dome-Sleeper-Observation "Banff Park for a reception area. - flat car OTTX 93344 carrying a generator. Last updated on 22 August 2006

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United Nations Secretary-General Ban Ki-Moon on Tuesday warned that by 2030, half the people on Earth would be living under “water stress,” a measure defined as less than 1,700 cubic meters of water available per person per year, unless action was taken. Addressing the Budapest Water Summit with Hungarian President Janos Ader, Ban noted that while water was a government priority, no government could handle the work alone. We “need the full engagement of all actors, communities, societies,” he said. Ban announced a conference devoted exclusively to climate change would be held next September during the UN General Assembly and called for representation from countries at the highest level. Addressing the gathering, Unesco Director-General Irina Bokova noted that nearly one billion people lacked clean drinking water and billion and a half did not have access to basic health care. Other speakers included WHO Director-General Margaret Chan, World Meteorological Organization Secretary-General Michel Jarraud, Food and Agriculture Organization Director-General Jose Graziano da Silva, among other leaders of governments and international organizations. The summit, being held under the auspices of the UN and the World Water Council, is calling for designing practical, accessible and affordable measures to secure future supplies. The summit seeks consensus on water and sanitation policy goals with the aim of making concrete recommendations for sustainable development goals (SDG) to the next UN General Assembly. The summit will include forums with business leaders, youth and scientists and civil society before concluding on Friday. PNA

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Chapter 4 "The Farewell" of Founding Brothers by Joseph Ellis. Answers 1Add Yours Washington's primary purpose was to avoid a war the country could not afford, and he hoped England would triumph over France. He hoped that favoring that nation would buy America the protection of the British fleet; this proved prophetic, as it happened well into the 19th century in some form or another. However, many of Washington's contemporaries lacked his foresight, and considered Jay's Treaty an act of treason against the principles of the Revolution. It was not only that America compromised its identity - it was that the country did so with its former enemy. Mobs cursed Washington, and demanded war with England. Although the Constitution granted the power to negotiate treaties solely to the executive branch, the House of Representatives was able to veto them. Madison and Jefferson endeavored to negate Jay's Treaty, but Washington's popularity proved superior, and they were unable to find the votes. Unsurprisingly, Jefferson was outraged. His beliefs - that individuals should counter any form of centralized authority - had only strengthened in the face of Hamilton's financial plan and Jay's Treaty. It was exacerbated by his notorious pro-French sentiment. Jefferson even payed credence to conspiracy theories claiming that closeted Tories were reclaiming the country for England from behind closed doors. Jefferson believed fully in a Federalist conspiracy to overthrow the government. Further, he believed Washington was unaware of, or unable to counter, this conspiracy.

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FREE SHIPPING on orders of $85 or more An excerpt from www.HouseOfNames.com archives copyright © 2000 - 2015 Where did the Scottish Gilmor family come from? What is the Scottish Gilmor family crest and coat of arms? When did the Gilmor family first arrive in the United States? Where did the various branches of the family go? What is the Gilmor family history?The name Gilmor was first used by a Strathclyde-Briton family from the Scottish/English Borderlands. It was a name for a devotee of the Virgin Mary. Looking back further, we find the name Gilmor was originally derived from the Gaelic Gille Moire, which means follower of Mary. It is only in the last few hundred years that rules have developed and the process of spelling according to sound has been abandoned. Scottish names from before that time tend to appear under many different spelling variations. Gilmor has been spelled Gilmour, Gilmore, Gilmur, Gilmor, Gilmer and many more. First found in Ayrshire (Gaelic: Siorrachd Inbhir Àir), formerly a county in the southwestern Strathclyde region of Scotland, that today makes up the Council Areas of South, East, and North Ayrshire, where they held a family seat from very ancient times. Early records from Cumberland show that between 1133 and 1156, Gilmor, son of Gilander founded the chapelry of Treverman (later Trierman) in the parish of Walton, Cumberland, site of Triermain castle. Gilmore meaning "Gill the Big" was son of Gillanders the great Chief who lived about 1140. This web page shows only a small excerpt of our Gilmor research. Another 185 words(13 lines of text) covering the years 1250, 1605, 1671, 1661 and 1671 are included under the topic Early Gilmor History in all our PDF Extended History products. Another 27 words(2 lines of text) are included under the topic Early Gilmor Notables in all our PDF Extended History products. Some of the Gilmor family moved to Ireland, but this topic is not covered in this excerpt. Another 101 words(7 lines of text) about their life in Ireland is included in all our PDF Extended History products. Unwelcome in their beloved homeland, many Scots sailed for the colonies of North America. There, they found land and freedom, and even the opportunity to make a new nation in the American War of Independence. These Scottish settlers played essential roles in the founding of the United States, and the shaping of contemporary North America. Among them: Gilmor Settlers in United States in the 18th Century Gilmor Settlers in United States in the 19th Century Gilmor Settlers in Canada in the 19th Century The motto was originally a war cry or slogan. Mottoes first began to be shown with arms in the 14th and 15th centuries, but were not in general use until the 17th century. Thus the oldest coats of arms generally do not include a motto. Mottoes seldom form part of the grant of arms: Under most heraldic authorities, a motto is an optional component of the coat of arms, and can be added to or changed at will; many families have chosen not to display a motto. Motto: Perseveranti dabitur Motto Translation: It will be given to the persevering. The Gilmor Family Crest was acquired from the Houseofnames.com archives. The Gilmor Family Crest was drawn according to heraldic standards based on published blazons. We generally include the oldest published family crest once associated with each surname. This page was last modified on 14 March 2012 at 09:13.

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J. V. Stalin Source : Works, Vol. 1, November 1901 - April 1907 Publisher : Foreign Languages Publishing House, Moscow, 1954 Transcription/Markup : Salil Sen for MIA, 2008 Public Domain : Marxists Internet Archive (2008). You may freely copy, distribute, display and perform this work; as well as make derivative and commercial works. Please credit "Marxists Internet Archive" as your source. In many ways, present-day Russia reminds us of France in the period of the great revolution. This similarity finds expression, among other things, in that in our country, as in France, counter-revolution is spreading and, overflowing its own frontiers, is entering into an alliance with counter-revolution in other countries — it is gradually assuming an international character. In France, the old government concluded an alliance with the Austrian Emperor and the King of Prussia, called their troops to its aid, and launched an offensive against the people's revolution. In Russia, the old government is concluding an alliance with the German and Austrian emperors — it wants to call their troops to its aid and to drown the people's revolution in blood. Only a month ago definite rumours were afloat to the effect that "Russia" and "Germany" were conducting secret negotiations (see Severnaya Zemlya,1 No. 3). Later these rumours spread more persistently. And now things have reached such a pitch that the Black-Hundred newspaper Rossiya 2 openly states that the blame for "Russia's" (i.e., the counter-revolution's) present difficulties rests upon the revolutionary elements. "The Imperial German government," says that newspaper, "is fully aware of this situation and has therefore undertaken a series of appropriate measures which will certainly lead to the desired results." It transpires that these measures amount to preparations by "Austria" and "Germany" to send troops to assist "Russia" in the event of the Russian revolution proving successful. They have already reached agreement on that point, and have decided that "under certain conditions active intervention in the internal affairs of Russia with the object of suppressing, or curbing, the revolutionary movement may be desirable and beneficial. . . ." So says Rossiya. As you see, international counter-revolution has long been making extensive preparations. It is well known that for a long time past it has been rendering counterrevolutionary Russia financial assistance in the struggle against the revolution. But it has not confined itself to this. Now, it appears, it has decided to come to the aid of counter-revolutionary Russia also with troops. After that, even a child can easily understand the real significance of the dissolution of the Duma, as well as the significance of Stolypin's "new" orders 3 and Trepov's "old" pogroms. 4 . . . It must be assumed that now the false hopes entertained by various liberals and other naive people will be dispelled, and that they will at last become convinced that we have no "constitution," that we have civil war, and that the struggle must be waged on military lines. . . . But present-day Russia resembles France of that time also in another respect. At that time, international counter-revolution caused an expansion of the revolution; the revolution overflowed the borders of France and swept through Europe in a mighty flood. The "crowned heads" of Europe united in a common alliance, but the peoples of Europe also extended their hands to one another. We see the same thing in Russia today. "The old mole is grubbing well." . . . By uniting with the European counter-revolution the Russian counterrevolution is steadily expanding the revolution, uniting the proletarians of all countries, and laying the foundations for the international revolution. The Russian proletariat is marching at the head of the democratic revolution and is extending a fraternal hand to, is uniting with, the European proletariat, which will begin the socialist revolution. As is well known, after the January 9 action, mass meetings were held all over Europe. The December action evoked demonstrations in Germany and France. There can be no doubt that the impending action of the Russian revolution will still more vigorously rouse the European proletariat for the struggle. International counter-revolution will only strengthen and deepen, intensify and firmly establish, international revolution. The slogan "Workers of all countries, unite!" will find its true expression. So go on, gentlemen, keep it up! The Russian revolution, which is expanding, will be followed by the European revolution—and then . . . and then the last hour will strike not only for the survivals of serfdom, but also for your beloved capitalism. Yes, you are "grubbing well," Messieurs counterrevolutionaries. 1. Severnaya Zemlya (Northern Land) — a legal Bolshevik daily newspaper published in St. Petersburg from June 23 to 28, 1906. 2. Rossiya (Russia) — a daily newspaper expressing the views of the police and the Black Hundreds, published from November 1905 to April 1914. Organ of the Ministry of the Interior. 3. In June and July 1906, P. A. Stolypin, the Minister of the Interior, issued an order to the local authorities demanding the ruthless suppression by armed force of the revolutionary movement of the workers and peasants and the revolutionary organisations. 4. D. Trepov — the Governor-General of St. Petersburg, who directed the suppression of the 1905 Revolution.

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Researchers in Finland have identified an effective new treatment option for patients who have suffered a ruptured brain aneurysm, a potentially life-threatening event. Results of the new study on stent-assisted coil embolization were published today in the online edition of Radiology. An aneurysm is a bulge or sac that develops in a weak area of a cerebral artery wall. Subarachnoid hemorrhage occurs when an aneurysm ruptures, diverting oxygen-rich blood from vital areas to the space between the brain and the skull. The ruptured vessel can be repaired surgically or through a minimally invasive procedure called embolization, in which the sac is filled with metal coils in order to prevent repeat bleeding from the aneurysm and to restore normal blood flow in the artery. "The treatment decision is complicated in cases of acutely ruptured aneurysms," said the study's lead author, Olli Tähtinen, M.D., assistant professor of radiology at Tampere University Hospital in Tampere, Finland. Embolization treatment of cerebral artery aneurysms is becoming increasingly favored over surgical repair, especially when the patient is older or in poor medical condition. However, embolization is challenging when the neck of the aneurysm is wide, because the metal coils have a tendency to protrude out of the sac into the artery. A balloon-tipped catheter threaded to the site of the aneurysm can sometimes, but not always, solve the problem. "When the width or neck of the bulge is particularly wide, aneurysms can be difficult to treat surgically or with balloon-assisted embolization," Dr. Tähtinen said. The researchers studied the effects of stent-assisted embolization in 61 patients, including 41 women and 20 men, who were treated for subarachnoid hemorrhage at three Finnish hospitals over a 4.5-year period. According to Dr. Tähtinen, the study represents the most extensive analysis to date of stent-assisted embolization treatment of acute subarachnoid hemorrhage. In the study, interventional radiologists performed coil embolization by first placing a stent, a small wire mesh tube, over the neck of the aneurysm to help keep the coils within the aneurysmal sac. The procedure was a technical success in 44 (72 percent) of the 61 patients. Adequate blood flow was restored in 39 (64 percent) of the patients. "Our study shows that stent-assisted coil embolization is a feasible treatment option for ruptured brain aneurysms that are difficult to treat surgically or with balloon-assisted embolization," Dr. Tähtinen said. "Stent-assisted embolization may offer an important addition to the treatment repertoire for these critically ill patients." "Wide-Necked Intracranial Aneurysms: Treatment with Stent-Assisted Coil Embolization during Acute Subarachnoid Hemorrhage—Experience in 61 Consecutive Patients." Collaborating with Dr. Tähtinen were Ritva L. Vanninen, M.D., Ph.D., Hannu I. Manninen, M.D., Ph.D., Riitta Rautio, M.D., Ph.D., Arto Haapanen, M.D., Ph.D., Tero Niskakangas, M.D., Ph.D., Jaakko Rinne, M.D., Ph.D., and Leo Kesi-Nisula, M.D., Ph.D. Cite This Page:

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A drip a second from a leaky faucet sends five gallons of water down the drain in a day. An hour could be measured as 3,364 drips or about 3 3/4 cups of water. According to the US Geological Survey, a typical drip is between 1/5 and 1/3 of one milliliter. Using 1/4 of a milliliter as an average, the USGS estimates that roughly 15,140 drips from a faucet equals one gallon of water. In the end, it’s probably easier (and cheaper) to just set the clock ahead for Daylight Savings Time this Sunday. Winter officially begins this Friday. Make sure your house is ready to prevent freezing and flooding. 1. Know where your property shut-off valve is. The faster you can turn off the water when a pipe breaks, the less water wasted, water damage, and repair costs. 2. Insulate water pipes in unheated areas. Wrap water supply lines in unheated areas with insulation tubes made of polyethylene or fiberglass. The most susceptible pipes freezes are those exposed to frigid temperatures such as outdoor hose bibs and water supply lines in unheated interior areas like basements, crawlspaces, and even kitchen cabinets. 3. Drip your faucets. Contrary to popular belief, dripping faucets during freezing temperatures can actually save you money on water by acting as inexpensive insurance. Pulling water through the entire system by turning on faucets keeps the water moving, reducing the likelihood of freezing. 4. Check for leaks after the first thaw. Winter’s temperature changes between night and day cause pipes to expand and contract. When the spring thaw occurs, weakened pipes are likely to break. Here’s some ways to save water as you celebrate the holiday . . . 1. The Big Thaw. Thaw the turkey in the refrigerator instead of cold water. Remember, to put it in pan to catch leaking juices. 2. Bathe instead of shower. Wash vegetables in a large bowl of water, instead of under running water. Then use the water to soak the roasting pan or dirty utensils before washing them. 3. Steam instead of boil – not only will you use less water, you’ll also preserve more nutrients and vitamins. 4. Track the glass. Use wine glass charms, ribbon, or different color yarn to keep track of your glass throughout the day instead of reaching for clean one each refill. K 5. Easy reach. Keep one pitcher of cold water on the table for water glass refills. Keep a second to collect the half-full glasses at day’s end for plant or pet water. 6. Scrape dishes into the compost or trash rather than rinsing food scraps down the garbage disposal, which clogs pipes with oil and grease. 7. Thank goodness for dishwashers – ENERGY STAR – rated dishwashers can use as little as three gallons per load. If you have to wash dishes by hand, fill one basin with wash water and the other with rinse water. The Panhandle’s hard water makes great coffee. Our hard water contains “sticky” minerals like calcium and magnesium, while the coffee beans contain compounds like citric acid, lactic acid, and eugenol (a compound that adds a “woodsy” taste) that give coffee its distinct flavor and aroma. The minerals stick, or attract, the compounds while brewing providing more flavor to the coffee. Its harvest time for all those rain-barrel-watered garden veggies. Save water during cooking by rinsing the produce in a large bowl of water and gently scrubbing with a veggie brush. Steam the veggies instead of boiling – it preserves nutrients in addition to water. If you choose to boil, use the minimum amount of water and save it to water plants later. And to preserve fruits and veggies, eat them in order, starting with the things that will go bad the soonest: First: bananas, berries, cherries, kiwis, avocado, spinach, lettuce, and grapes Second: tomatoes, mango, peaches, pears, melon, apricots, and zucchini Third: cucumbers, pineapple, and pomegranates Last: carrots, potatoes, celery, apples, grapefruit, and oranges The average US family of four generates 300 loads of laundry a year and uses 6,000-12,000 gallons of water to get them clean. Depending on the efficiency of the washer, each load uses 15 gallons (high-efficiency front load) to 40 gallons (traditional top load with vertical agitator) of water. Save water by washing only full loads and save energy by using cold water and hanging your clothes out to dry instead of running them through the dryer. While it’s unusual to get the amount of rain we had two weeks ago, it does remind us to take some flood precautions. 1. Basement windows or doors are common storm water entry points and should be sealed against leaks. Clear plastic covers or window wells that extend above ground level can help. Ideally, window and door sills should at least a foot above ground level. 2. Slope the yard away from the foundation to prevent water from pooling near the house and leaking into the basement. Create a rain garden or low basin landscaped with shrubs and flowers to encourage water to soak into the ground. 3. Eliminate paved surfaces where possible and consider alternatives that allow water to soak into the ground. Consider porous concrete or porous pavers for driveways. Gravel or woodchips for walking paths. 4. Aim downspouts toward the lawn and away from the foundation and paved surfaces. Consider using cisterns or rain barrels to catch rainwater for watering lawns and gardens in dry weather.

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Emery County Schools Make the Grade |Emery High is one of the county schools meeting adequate yearly progress based on a complex set of measurements.| This is the Emery County School District report on the progress our schools are making toward achieving proficiency for 100 percent of our students. As defined under federal legislation called No Child Left Behind, the report identifies whether schools have made Adequate Yearly Progress based on a complex set of measurements. To make AYP, a school must achieve 45 targets: two areas of test participation and performance measured across four subgroups of students as well as the school as a whole. In addition schools must meet graduation rates or attendance targets. Miss just one of the 45 targets and your entire school does not meet AYP. As you can see from the report, some good schools have not made AYP. That does not mean they are not successful. AYP is an all or nothing proposition, but student achievement is not. Academic success is measured in many ways, including classroom tests, teacher observations, report cards, homework and standardized tests. AYP focuses only on state tests. Entire schools can miss the AYP target if too many students are absent on test day, or if students that are still learning English miss the reading and writing goals. We are firmly committed to achieving our goal of success for every child and we recognize that we must continually improve. Our schools are filled with outstanding teachers, principals and support staff. They regularly update their skills and participate in training to help them meet the special challenges our students face. Children of all ages are learning and making daily progress in our schools, as one visit to any classroom in this district will illustrate, no child is being left behind. We urge you to look closely at the progress our schools are making and join us in addressing our challenges and applauding the great work students and staff are doing in classrooms throughout the district. Under the accountability provisions, schools, districts and the state are required to meet AYP criteria on three indicators: 1) participation in testing, 2) language arts and mathematics Core CRT scores, and 3) either graduation rate (for high schools and districts) or attendance rate (for elementary and middle/junior high schools). This current report AYP is based on student scores for tests taken in the spring of 2004. In the Emery County School District, the following schools made AYP as determined by student performance in all subgroups in the criterion: Emery High School, Green River High School, San Rafael Junior High School, Book Cliff Elementary School, Castle Dale Elementary School, Cleveland Elementary School and Huntington Elementary School. The following schools in Emery County School District did not make AYP because student's scores in at least one of the student subgroups in language arts or mathematics did not reach the established criterion: Canyon View Junior High School and Ferron Elementary. Each of these schools made 44 of the 45 targets.

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A boomerang has a fascinating property. When you throw it, it goes around in a circular path and returns to its starting point. It seems magical because when you normally throw something it doesn't come back. Check out a video of a boomerang: So what makes a boomerang come back to you when you throw it? The shape of the boomerang is what causes it to return when thrown. The air exerts a force on the boomerang as it spins and flies through the air, and this force pushes on the boomerang in such a way that it returns to you. As a boomerang flies through the air, the spin of the boomerang causes the wings of the boomerang to travel at different speeds relative to the air. At all times during the flight, one wing is turning into the oncoming air flow and the other wing is turning away from the oncoming air flow. The wing turning into the oncoming air flow is experiencing a greater relative air speed than the wing turning away from the oncoming air flow. This difference in relative air speed causes unequal aerodynamic forces to act on the wings, which in turn causes the boomerang to go around in a circular path. A more detailed physics explanation is possible of course, but this basic explanation will give you an idea how the boomerang works. The throwing technique is important because you have to throw it the right way for it to return. This is shown in the video. To purchase a toy boomerang, click on the image link below. You will be taken to the Amazon website, where you can make your purchase. Return from Boomerang to Science Toys page Return from Boomerang to Real World Physics Problems home page

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About the Standards The Common Core State Standards Initiative is a state-led effort coordinated by the National Governors Association Center for Best Practices (NGA Center) and the Council of Chief State School Officers (CCSSO). The standards were developed in collaboration with teachers, school administrators, and experts, to provide a clear and consistent framework to prepare our children for college and the workforce. The NGA Center and CCSSO received initial feedback on the draft standards from national organizations representing, but not limited to, teachers, postsecondary educators (including community colleges), civil rights groups, English language learners, and students with disabilities. Following the initial round of feedback, the draft standards were opened for public comment, receiving nearly 10,000 responses. The standards are informed by the highest, most effective models from states across the country and countries around the world, and provide teachers and parents with a common understanding of what students are expected to learn. Consistent standards will provide appropriate benchmarks for all students, regardless of where they live. These standards define the knowledge and skills students should have within their K-12 education careers so that they will graduate high school able to succeed in entry-level, credit-bearing academic college courses and in workforce training programs. The standards: · Are aligned with college and work expectations; · Are clear, understandable and consistent; · Include rigorous content and application of knowledge through high-order skills; · Build upon strengths and lessons of current state standards; · Are informed by other top performing countries, so that all students are prepared to succeed in our global economy and society; and · Are evidence-based. About the standards. (2011). Retrieved January 17, 2012, from http://www.corestandards.org/abo ut-the-standards. If you would like more information about the Common Core State Standards Initiative, visit some of the links provided below: Common Core State Standards Initiative Homepage for the CCSS. Oklahoma State Department of Education, CCSS Page Information provided by our State Department of Education regarding the Standards, their implementation, and impact on our schools. Partnership for Assessment of Readiness for College and Careers (PARCC) This organization will design the assessments for the new Standards.

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Save the date: selection of ESA’s seventh Earth Explorer Next spring will mark a significant milestone in the Earth observation calendar. The decision will be taken as to which of the three concepts competing to be the next Earth Explorer satellite mission will be developed and built. Prior to this important decision, scientists and data users will be able to discuss the merits of each of the three candidates and express their views at a consultation meeting, which ESA is planning to hold on 5–6 March in Graz, Austria. Details on how to register for the Earth Explorer User Consultation Meeting will be announced on the ESA website after confirmation of funding at ESA’s Ministerial Council Meeting in November. The choice is between: Biomass, which aims to observe forest biomass for a better understanding of the carbon cycle; CoReH2O, which aims to observe snow and ice for a better understanding of the water cycle, and PREMIER, which aims to observe atmospheric composition for a better understanding of chemistry–climate interactions. Harnessing Europe’s technological excellence, ESA’s Earth Explorer missions are designed to exploit new ways of observing Earth from space to improve our understanding of how our planet works as a system, as well as a better appreciation of the impact human activity is having on the natural world. Earth Explorers are defined, developed and operated in close cooperation with the scientific community so that pressing Earth-science questions are addressed as effectively as possible. The meeting is, therefore, integral to the user-driven approach for developing these state-of-the-art satellite missions. Following in the footsteps of GOCE, SMOS and CryoSat, which have been orbiting Earth for several years now, and the upcoming Swarm, ADM-Aeolus and EarthCARE missions, the three concepts under consideration have been going through rigorous feasibility studies to come to this point. In preparation for this selection, a series of reports was published earlier this year presenting the scientific and technical ambition of each mission. As the assessment period now draws to a close, the goal is to agree which shall be ESA’s seventh Earth Explorer. Following the meeting, the Earth Science Advisory Committee will provide their recommendations before ESA ultimately makes the decision.

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|This article needs additional citations for verification. (November 2011)| A cyclo-cross bicycle is a bicycle specifically designed for the rigors of a cyclo-cross race. Cyclo-cross bicycles roughly resemble the racing bicycles used in road racing. The major differences between the two are the frame geometry, and the wider clearances that cyclo-cross bikes have for their larger tires and mud and other debris that they accumulate. Frame materials are selected with an aim to produce a lightweight, yet stiff and responsive frame. Low weight is prized for ease of carrying while running. A cyclo-cross racer may lift or carry his/her bike as many as 30 times in one 60 minute race, increasing the desire for a lightweight bicycle. Aluminum frames were popular in cyclo-cross bicycles long before they became commonplace on the road. Today the most popular material is aluminium with carbon fiber being popular at a professional level and steel and titanium being favorites amongst riders searching for a smoother ride and a longer lasting frame. Cyclo-cross frames require clearance for slightly wider (generally 30–34 mm) tires and the debris and mud that is picked up by them. They are typically very simple, often eschewing bridges between the rear stays. Compact geometry frames with sloping top tubes are less common than on road bicycles due to the need to carry the bicycle easily on the shoulder. Top tube (rather than bottom bracket) routed derailleur cables help combat the build-up of mud. Some specialist cyclo-cross bikes also have a higher bottom bracket to aid clearance over rough ground; extra clearance could prevent toe clips from dragging while re-mounting after an obstacle. This is less common as clipless pedals have become the norm for cyclo-cross. Typically, the frame geometry is a bit more relaxed than that of a road bike, not as upright in the seat tube, which allows for more stability in soft ground. Also, the wheelbase can be a bit longer, which provides a more planted feeling when using aft body weighting over rough terrain, and can help keep the rider's feet from contacting the front wheel during a tight turn. Choices of equipment tend more towards the idiosyncratic than in road racing; for example single-speed bicycles also have some popularity due to the advantage of mechanical simplicity in the often very muddy conditions and the fringe nature of the sport. Gearing is typically lower, with most common setups using a 46-36 (110mm BCD) or 48-38 (130mm BCD) chainring combination with a 12-25 to 12-30 cassette. Some riders opt to use a single chainring in the front (typically a 40-42 tooth chainring) while retaining multiple sprockets in the rear cassette. This has some of the advantages of the single-speed: the weight of the front derailleur and the front shift lever are lost, a single chainring allows for a tighter chainline, thus reducing the chance of throwing a chain on a bumpy course, and further, racing is psychologically simpler. Wheels are of the normal road racing type fitted with knobby tires (a variety of tread designs in both tubular and clincher types are available), although deeper rim profiles may be preferred for their advantages in thick mud. There are slight geometry differences between road and cyclocross bicycles; cyclo-cross bikes tend to have slightly higher handlebars for a more upright position as aerodynamics have little importance in a cross race. A second set of brake levers on the tops, called top mount brake levers, are favored by some competitors. The top tubes of cyclocross bike frames typically have an ovalized or flattened bottom profile to provide greater comfort when riders need to shoulder and carry their bikes. In general, with a change of tires and gearing a cyclo-cross bike can double as a perfectly adequate road racing machine. However, most cyclo-cross racers prefer clipless mountain bike pedals for their easy dual-sided entry and mud-shedding abilities. Additionally, mountain biking shoes provide better traction while running than typical road style shoes thanks to flexibility in the sole and pronounced tread patterns. Cyclocross Cantilever brake bosses are more often equipped with traditional center-pull cantilever brakes than the more contemporary and powerful linear-pull brakes ("V-brakes") due to two reasons: native compatibility (insufficient brake cable pull) with the majority of drop-bar brake levers; and the cantilever brake's greater brake pad-to-rim clearance, which minimizes drag in muddy conditions. "Mini-V's" are gaining in popularity as they have both the native cable pull, and some of the increased power of traditional linear-pull brakes over cantilever brakes. With the recent lifting of the UCI ban on disc brake use in cyclocross racing, bike component and frame manufacturers have immediately started developing and testing race-level cyclocross bikes equipped with disc brakes. While disc brakes are heavier than cantilever brakes, the trade off is that they allow for later and significantly more powerful braking in racing conditions. |This section needs additional citations for verification. (October 2009)| Tire choice is very important in cyclo-cross racing. Tubular tires are still very popular; even more so than in road racing. This is, in part, due to their ability to be used at low pressure (22-40psi/1.5-2.75bar) without increasing the risk of pinch flats. Low pressure is desirable because it increases contact patch area which can increase traction on soft surfaces. This increases the risk of the rim bottoming out on the ground, however, and this is a problem with clincher tires because the tube can be pinched by the rim, causing a flat. With tubular tires, this is not a problem, as they cannot pinch flat. The only concern is damage to the rim. Tubular tires also offer a weight saving and the ability to be ridden on even when flat so that a racer can reach the pits for a replacement. Clinchers do have their advantages. Changing tires is much quicker since it does not involve a lengthy glueing and curing process so a rider can have a large selection of tires at their disposal. Until recently, clinchers also generally had more cutting edge tread patterns than the more traditional tubulars. Some enthusiasts even went as far as to send Michelin Mud tires (a popular clincher tire) to Dugast (a manufacturer of high end tubular tires) to have a modern tread pattern incorporated into a traditional tubular. However, since 2005 several tubular manufacturers have designed more modern style tread patterns, namely Dugast with its Rhino, Tufo with its Flexus and Challenge with its Grifo and Fango. Lastly, clincher tires generally cost less than tubulars. Because cyclo-cross season spans autumn/fall and winter, course conditions can vary quite drastically. Often racers have at least dry and wet weather tires to choose between. Dry tires tend to have much smaller, closely spaced tread such as the diamond pattern for low rolling resistance. Wet weather tires have larger and more widely spaced knobs to aid in grip and mud shedding. Tires do not usually vary in width a great deal due to the theory that a narrow tire has the least rolling resistance (for dry courses) and that it will also cut through mud to the harder ground underneath (for wet/muddy courses). Although widths below 30c were popular in the past, current tires tend to be available from 30-35c with 32 and 34 being the most common. Because ground conditions can vary greatly, equipment choice is extremely important. Add to this the fact that the races are relatively short and that equipment changes are allowed during races and equipment selection can get fanatical. Since tubular tires are popular in professional and some amateur racing and tires cannot easily be removed from the rim, collections of wheels with tires installed, are required for the varying conditions. It is common for racers even at an amateur level to have a pair of race bikes (one to ride and one in the pits as a back-up) and several wheels to choose from. At the professional level it is essential to have several bikes and wheel options available. More recently, tubeless clincher tires have become popular after their successful presence on mountain bikes for the last several years. Advantages include lower overall wheel weight (no inner tube), lower tire pressures allowing for more traction without risk of a 'pinch flat' and no glue as required for tubular tires. It should be noted that not all clincher rim designs allow for tubeless tires as an air tight contact surface is required to prevent the unintended loss of tire pressure. The following are rules that have been put in place by the UCI that are either specific to or have particular effect on cyclo-cross bicycles. Bear in mind that these rules are not exhaustive, are only for UCI-sanctioned events and may not be enforced at all cyclo-cross events. - Handlebars must not measure more than 50 centimetres (20 in) in width. - Tire width may not exceed 33 millimetres (1.3 in) and tires may not feature any kind of studs or spikes. - Wheels shall have at least 12 spokes. - The weight of the bicycle cannot be less than 6.8 kilograms (15 lb to 2sf). Disc brakes have recently been allowed for UCI races. In recent years, some cyclocross bicycles available in the consumer market are supplied with disc brakes as a stock item. Some models include braze-ons to enable the use of cantilever style brakes instead. The growing popularity of disc brakes on cyclocross bicycles has allowed for improved and lighter rim designs due to a lack of brake track on the side of the rim. Cyclocross bikes are growing in popularity among consumers for their versatility: they have some of the geometry and aerodynamic benefits of road bikes, but take wider tires, sometimes have braze-ons for fenders and racks, and are rugged enough for touring and some off-road use. Mountain bikes in Cyclocross Racing In some countries (including the United States, so long as it is not a UCI event) riders are also permitted to race in cyclo-cross events using mountain bikes (generally without bar ends), at least in low-level competition, but this is not currently allowed in events on the international calendar. It has been known for local races to be won on mountain bikes, particularly if the course is technical with little road or fast sections. However, for a traditional cyclo-cross course a cyclo-cross bicycle is the most effective tool for the job. - Ballantine, Richard, Richard's 21st Century Bicycle Book, New York: Overlook Press (2001), ISBN 1-58567-112-6, pp. 34, 307: As a high-end bicycle purpose-built for a specific sport, cyclo-cross bikes also differ from ordinary cross bikes, which are general-purpose hybrid utility bikes fitted with lower gearing and slightly wider 700C tires for recreational use on unpaved paths or trails. - velonews.com Pacocha, Mat: "Keeping the rubber side down: Clinchers or tubulars for `cross?". VeloNews, November 13, 2003. Retrieved June 9, 2007. - uci.ch UCI (01.01.08). "Cycling Regulations : Part I, General Organisation Of Cycling As A Sport". Union Cycliste Internationale. Retrieved February 11, 2008 |Wikimedia Commons has media related to Cyclo-cross bicycles.|

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Tissue engineering has long held promise for building new organs to replace damaged livers, blood vessels and other body parts. However, one major obstacle is getting cells grown in a lab dish to form 3-D shapes instead of flat layers. Researchers at the MIT-Harvard Division of Health Sciences and Technology (HST) have come up with a new way to overcome that challenge, by encapsulating living cells in cubes and arranging them into 3-D structures, just as a child would construct buildings out of blocks. The new technique, dubbed "micromasonry," employs a gel-like material that acts like concrete, binding the cell "bricks" together as it hardens. Ali Khademhosseini, assistant professor of HST, and former HST postdoctoral associate Javier Gomez Fernandez describe the work in a paper published online in the journal Advanced Materials. The tiny cell bricks hold potential for building artificial tissue or other types of medical devices, says Jennifer Elisseeff, associate professor of biomedical engineering at Johns Hopkins University, who was not involved in the research. "They're very elegant and have a lot of flexibility in how you grow them," she says. "It's very creative." To obtain single cells for tissue engineering, researchers have to first break tissue apart, using enzymes that digest the extracellular material that normally holds cells together. However, once the cells are free, it's difficult to assemble them into structures that mimic natural tissue microarchitecture. Some scientists have successfully built simple tissues such as skin, cartilage or bladder on biodegradable foam scaffolds. "That works, but it often lacks a controlled microarchitecture," says Khademhosseini, who is also an assistant professor at Brigham and Women's Hospital. "You don't get tissues with the same complexity as normal tissues." The HST researchers built their "biological Legos" by encapsulating cells within a polymer called polyethylene glycol (PEG), which has many medical uses. Their version of the polymer is a liquid that becomes a gel when illuminated, so when the PEG-coated cells are exposed to light, the polymer hardens and encases the cells in cubes with side lengths ranging from 100 to 500 millionths of a meter. Once the cells are in cube form, they can be arranged in specific shapes using templates made of PDMS, a silicon-based polymer used in many medical devices. Both template and cell cubes are coated again with the PEG polymer, which acts as a glue that holds the cubes together as they pack themselves tightly onto the scaffold surface. After the cubes are arranged properly, they are illuminated again, and the liquid holding the cubes together solidifies. When the template is removed, the cubes hold their new structure. Gomez Fernandez and Khademhosseini used this method to build tubes that could function as capillaries, potentially helping to overcome one of the most persistent problems with engineered organs -- lack of an immediate blood supply. "If you build an organ, but you can't provide nutrients, it is going to die," says Gomez Fernandez, now a postdoctoral fellow at Harvard. They hope their work could also lead to a new way to make artificial liver or cardiac tissue. Other researchers have developed a technique called organ printing to create complex 3-D tissues, but that process requires a robotic machine that is not in widespread use. The new technique does not require any special equipment. "You can reproduce this in any lab," says Gomez Fernandez. "It's very simple." To get to the point where these engineered tissues could become clinically useful, "the short-term next step is really looking at different cell types and the viability of tissue growth," says Elisseeff. The researchers are now doing that, and they are also exploring the use of different polymers that could replace PEG and offer more control over cell placement. The above story is based on materials provided by Massachusetts Institute of Technology. The original article was written by Anne Trafton, MIT News Office. Note: Materials may be edited for content and length. - Javier G. Fernandez, Ali Khademhosseini. Micro-Masonry: Construction of 3D Structures by Microscale Self-Assembly. Advanced Materials, 2010; DOI: 10.1002/adma.200903893 Cite This Page:

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Place on the bench paper in all cells, except the Central, in the centre, place the compass. This way you can make a map in Minecraft. But that's not all. For those who don't know how to create a compass. In the center is placed the red dust in the cells on the sides and top and bottom are placed the iron bars. Here and ready compass. To make a map in Minecraft enough, you should be able to use it. To activate it, pick it up and immediately see how it emerges surrounding area. Map when it is already full, you can expand. On the workbench, place the card in the Central cell. Around it place the paper around the perimeter. In the end, there will be a "fog of war". This can be done several times, significantly increasing the amount of the card. A few words about the copying card. If you need someone to share the knowledge, you can do the following. Create an empty map, place the original on the workbench in the center, and an empty place in any adjacent cell. In the end we get 2 identical cards filled. The number of ingredients can be increased. Throw a copy of the map by pressing the Q button while the card is in the hands. You managed to make a map in Minecraft, it is unlikely with that knowledge, you now get lost. Remember, however, that the components for crafting are very expensive, not worth them anywhere and everywhere to carry with them — put everything in the trunk, taking a hike only what you need.

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Astronomers have uncovered one of the youngest galaxies in the distant universe, with stars that formed 13.5 billion years ago, a mere 200 million years after the Big Bang. The finding addresses questions about when the first galaxies arose, and how the early universe evolved. NASA's Hubble Space Telescope was the first to spot the newfound galaxy. Detailed observations from the W.M. Keck Observatory on Mauna Kea in Hawaii revealed the observed light dates to when the universe was only 950 million years old; the universe formed about 13.7 billion years ago. Infrared data from both Hubble and NASA's Spitzer Space Telescope revealed the galaxy's stars are quite mature, having formed when the universe was just a toddler at 200 million years old. "This challenges theories of how soon galaxies formed in the first years of the universe," said Johan Richard of the Center for Astronomical Research, Observatory of Lyon, France, lead author of a new study accepted for publication in the Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. "It could even help solve the mystery of how the hydrogen fog that filled the early universe was cleared." This galaxy is not the most distant ever observed, but it is one of the youngest to be observed with such clarity. Normally, galaxies like this one are extremely faint and difficult to study, but, in this case, nature has provided the astronomers with a cosmic magnifying glass. The galaxy's image is being magnified by the gravity of a massive cluster of galaxies parked in front of it, making it appear 11 times brighter. This phenomenon is called gravitational lensing. "Without this big lens in space, we could not study galaxies this faint with currently available observing facilities," said co-author Eiichi Egami of the University of Arizona in Tucson. "Thanks to nature, we have this great opportunity to see our universe as it was eons ago." The findings may help explain how the early universe became "reionized." At some point in our universe's early history, it transitioned from the so-called dark ages to a period of light, as the first stars and galaxies began to ignite. This starlight ionized neutral hydrogen atoms floating around in space, giving them a charge. Ultraviolet light could then travel unimpeded through what had been an obscuring fog. The discovery of a galaxy possessing stars that formed only 200 million years after the Big Bang helps astronomers probe this cosmic reionization epoch. When this galaxy was developing, its hot, young stars would have ionized vast amounts of the neutral hydrogen gas in intergalactic space. A population of similar galaxies probably also contributed to this reionization, but they are too faint to see without the magnifying effects of gravitational lensing. NASA's James Webb Space Telescope (JWST), scheduled to launch later this decade, will be able to see these faint galaxies lacking magnification. A successor to Hubble and Spitzer, JWST will see infrared light from the missing population of early galaxies. As a result, the mission will reveal some of our universe's best-kept secrets. "Seeing a galaxy as it appeared near the beginning of the universe is an awe-inspiring feat enabled by innovative technology and the fortuitous effect of gravitational lensing," said Jon Morse, NASA's Astrophysics Division director at the agency's headquarters in Washington. "Observations like this open a window across space and time, but more importantly, they inspire future work to one day peer at the stars that lit up the universe following the Big Bang." NASA Headquarters, Washington Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, Calif. Space Telescope Science Institute, Baltimore, Md. W.M. Keck Observatory, Mauna Kea, Hawaii

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Use the back button to select a different record. African American Schools in Floyd County, KY End Year : 1956 The first school for African Americans in Floyd County was taught in a church, though the year is not given in Chalmer H. Frazier's thesis. There would later be a colored grade school in Wheelwright. There were 3 colored elementary schools in Floyd County in 1925, with one teacher at each school [source: Kentucky Public School Directory, 1925-1926, p.67]. The following year, there were 4 colored schools and 4 teachers [source: Kentucky Public School Directory, 1926-1927, p.81]. The Palmer-Dunbar Colored High School, in Wheelwright, was organized in 1936; the school was named in part for Palmer Hall, the school superintendent. By 1939, the high school offered four years of study. W. T. Gilbert was principal, and there were three teachers, one of whom was Mrs. Mannie N. Wilson. There were 41 students in the high school [source: The History of Education of Floyd County, Kentucky (thesis), by Chalmer Haynes Frazier]. In 1940, there were 5 Negro teachers in Wheelwright according to the U.S. Federal Census: Gera Kaywood, Lillie Beele Daw, Gladys Edwards, Sarah Moran, and Mary A. Reed. In 1956, two schools in Floyd County were listed as "white & integrated," Betsy Lane and Wheelwright [source: Kentucky Public School Directory, 1956-57, pp.427-428]. - Church School - Colored Schools (4) - Wheelwright School - Palmer-Dunbar School See 1946 photo image of children playing at the Wheelwright Colored School, Kentucky Digital Library. Subjects: Education and Educators, Grade Schools & High Schools in Kentucky, African American Schools in Kentucky (Counties A-Z) Geographic Region: Floyd County, Kentucky

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The "Alien Super Channel" was created by bundling together seven 200 Gb/s cables, to give a combined capacity of 1.4 Tb/s. By increasing the density of these fiber channels, researchers were able to increase transmission efficiency by 42 percent as compared to standard networks. This would make it the world's fastest fiber network used for commercial purposes. The network used existing fiber links between London and Suffolk in England and has been achieved just by tweaking available technology. Application of this technology to future fiber links could help bring down the cost laying such cables, which at present is one of the biggest obstacles to increasing the use of fiber optic networks. There are only a few select locations in the U.S. that have such networks, largely because most internet service providers, which often run regional monopolies, have no incentive to lay such networks.

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Lyrics and poems Definitions of accounting: - noun: a system that provides quantitative information about finances - noun: a convincing explanation that reveals basic causes Example: "He was unable to give a clear accounting for his actions" - noun: a bookkeeper's chronological list of related debits and credits of a business; forms part of a ledger of accounts - noun: the occupation of maintaining and auditing records and preparing financial reports for a business - noun: a statement of recent transactions and the resulting balance Example: "They send me an accounting every month" Search for accounting at other dictionaries: OneLook, Oxford, American Heritage, Merriam-Webster Copyright © 2015 Datamuse

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Okay, first I explain what I think I understand, then what my problem is. As I understand it, if you have two massive bodies connected by a perfect frictionless spring, so that they fall towards each other by gravity and then bounce back from the spring, they will eventually come to rest with the energy carried off by gravity waves. This is because information can't travel faster than light, so that at any given moment while they are falling towards each other, they "feel" like they are farther apart and thus have less pull than they "should" (and so the spring stores up less energy) and as they are moving away, they "feel" like they are closer, and so the spring requires more energy to separate them, and all this lost energy is carried away as said by gravity waves. Assuming I understand that much correctly, what happens then if you drill a hole through a massive body and drop something through. Without relativity you would think it would pendulum back and forth forever, being braked as it passes the center as much as it accelerates on the way down, reaching the same height on the other side that it was dropped from. However, if we use relativity this is seems analogous yet opposite to the spring problem. As you approach the the center of the massive body, the gravitational force is constantly reduced. This means that at any given point, the object will "feel" more pull, which means it will arrive at the center will more speed than you would have assumed without relativity, and seemingly have gained energy. What's worse, the problem continues on the way past the center as it goes "up" the other side. At any given moment it will "feel" less gravity on and breaking it, so it seems it should reach a higher point on the other side than it was dropped from, and have gained energy, and this should continue on each swing. What am I missing here?

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Dr jekyll and mr hydedemonstrates the duality of man's nature, and it is the choices we make that determine good or evil henry jekyll is a product of the upper social class in vctorian society. What does social science tell us about the link between the presence of firearms and violence part 2 dr alice locicero shares information from the social science research community and asks the vital question: who benefits when such information is withheld,. Developed by ‘scream’ scribe kevin williamson, ‘tell me a story’ is a serialized, horror-tinged drama that presents updated takes on classic fairy tales. What does science tell us about brain development in early childhood, and how can this inform better philanthropic giving we interviewed dr martha j farah to help donors find out martha j farah , phd, is a cognitive neuroscientist and the walter annenberg professor of natural sciences at the university of pennsylvania. What does science tell us about tuna erica williams, jacques boubée & wakaiti dalton tuna biology101 types of tuna anguillidae (tuna, puhi, dr jellyman releasing a tagged longfin female tuna numbers are falling : all over the world freshwater eel populations are in. Here’s what political science can tell us protesters argue in front of the red hen in lexington, va, on june 26 the restaurant’s owner asked white house press secretary sarah huckabee. What science tells us about opioid abuse and addiction january 27, 2016 presented by nora dr nora volkow told committee members the over-prescribing of painkillers must be addressed if the nation is to address the heroin addiction epidemic nida narcan nasal spray: life-saving science at nida (2015) at https:. In a way, science made possible the argument for fetal personhood it's only tenable because people can peer inside the womb, at one time a black box. The us has been in the grip of an ‘opioid epidemic’ since the 1990s, and now a rise in opioid prescriptions and deaths is being seen across the pond. What does newton's universal law of gravitation tell us about gravity and mass newton's law of universal gravitation tells us that the force of gravity creates an attraction between any two masses, which is proportional to the product of the two masses, and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between the centers of the masses. Science news from research organizations learning from the dead: what facial muscles can tell us about emotion be a form of social bonding,” dr waller said “it allows us to synchronise. Which veda tell us about science update cancel answer wiki 7 answers tushit patel, science is the way to find the truth by experiments,observations,and researches does science tell us what things are or what things do who is veda vyāsa ask new question still have a question ask your own ask. Does science tell us what the world contains if we have theories that use the concept of the electron, do we actually have to believe in electrons. School’s back to celebrate, fivethirtyeight’s science crew figured it was time to talk about sex sex ed, that is over the next few days, we’ll be discussing why sex education is such a. Additionally, kdp has generated cash from operations of us$154b during the same period of time, resulting in an operating cash to total debt ratio of 307%, signalling that kdp’s current level. What does science tell us about music 3 jul 2018 researchers funded by the european research council gathered at the pompeu fabra university on june 11-13 to showcase an emerging area of study: the science of music the conference featured 20 projects that focus on music and its impact on technology and society. Doctor who is a science fiction programme that was created in 1963 by sydney newman and donald wilson, this was show was initially created as a children’s programme that combines adventure in time and space, and also the educational aspects about science and history. The facts over climate change remind me of the facts over nutrition science both involve areas of science that have been well studied and the best scientists have good understandings of the various mechanisms that occur within those respective fields. What does science tell us about pain and addiction (0:52) medicine has always been about taking away your pain, says walter j koroshetz, md, director of the ninds he was instrumental in establishing the nih office of emergency research a native of brooklyn, new york, dr koroshetz graduated from georgetown and received his medical. Sir philip sidney, 1554–1586 so what does renaissance literary theory tell us about climate communication it seems as if these two things have nothing to do with one another what do men in. Dr chris fields is an independent scientist interested in both the physics and the cognitive neuroscience underlying the human perception of objects as spatially and temporally bounded entities. What does research tell us about healthy relationships dr john gottman is a leading researcher in marriage and couples issues and has been studying relational dynamics for. Actual science (not pseudo-scientific spin intended to shape public opinion) tells us that evolution is a lie - a ridiculous, outrageous, impossible fairy tale. Welcome to /r/savedyouaclick a subreddit dedicated to making media more straightforward by spoiling clickbait rules no spam posting spam will result in the deletion of the spam post, and potentially a ban on repeat offenses.

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Sedimentary soil is made of physically weathered rock particles deposited by water or wind. Major types of these soils are limestone, chalk and tufa. Sedimentary rocks are the most common on the surface of the earth. Calcareous soil is made of sediments with a significant amount of calcium carbonate. It has a fairly high pH and is alkaline, thus imparting acidity into grapes. Fossilized shells of sea life are weathered over time and break down to for calcareous soils. Chalk is a white sedimentary soil that drains well and is not very heat retentive. It has a high pH level and encourages acidity to develop in grapes. Burgundy is famous for its chalk and limestone soils. Limestone is made mainly of calcite and silica as well as some amount of sand, silt and clay. Decomposed ocean life creates calcite over millions of years. Limestone without a lot of other materials mixed in is white. Alluvial Soil is formed over many years by the movement of water. Running water washes gravel, sand, silt and clay down its path. Alluvium washed down from the watersheds of adjacent hills will form an alluvial fan. Benchland soil forms from alluvial deposits at the base of hills. Benchlands are often raised above the valley floor and contain much older alluvium. They are often leeched of nutrients and are porous from water percolation over the years. Tufa forms when calcium rich bodies of water dissolve very slowly. When this occurs, calcium carbonates solidify in coarse formations. Tufa is useful as a construction material. Igneous soil is formed from by lava flows below and above the earth’s surface. Volcanic soil is formed from molten lava and ash deposited above the earth’s surface. Plutonic rocks, such as granite, form deep underground. Granite is composed of potassium feldspar, mica, hornblende and quartz. Granite has a high pH level and is alkaline. Acidity is imparted in grapes grown in these soils. Basalt is formed as oceanic lava flows crystallize. Since much of California Wine Country is made of uplifted ancient oceanic crust, basalt is relevant to grape growing in the Golden State. Pumice is molten rock that is spewed into the air and hardens in the atmosphere before falling back to the ground. It is made of phonolite, rhyolite and trachyte. These are all siliceous material. Metamorphic soil is made from the weathering of schist, slate, or gneiss. These are all rocks that were originally sedimentary or igneous, but were transformed by pressure and heat underneath the earth’s surface. Gneiss is a metamorphic rock that can be made of both igneous and sedimentary materials. Each type of gneiss is named based on its specific mineral composition. There are many different types of schist that are also classified based on the mineral composition. These rocks are formed at lower a lower pressure and temperature than gneiss, and their grain is smoother. Slate is a metamorphic rock that was originally an alluvial deposit subjected to great pressure and heat. It is chemically inert and resistant to weathering. Delicate grapes valued for pure varietal characteristics and that are made in stainless steel tanks are grown in these soils. Marble is made from limestone and dolostone that have been metamorphically altered. Limestone that contains very few impurities makes white marble. > Related Articles

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Did you know that your gut has about the same brain power as a cat? That’s just one of the startling insights offered by author and science journalist Michael Mosley in this fascinating interview about how far the science of the human gut microbiome has come in the past several years. To be fair, Mosley is not saying your gut thinks like a cat. But we now know there are as many neurons in our guts as you would find in the head of a feline. The reason this is so significant is that it may help explain a host of human ailments that were previously not thought to be connected with gut health. “There is a whole [neural] network down there,” says Mosley. “It’s called the enteric system, and what is really interesting about it is that it is connected to the main brain by the vagus nerve, which is a like a broadband superhighway … and the gut’s microbes can hack into this system and interfere with your brain, and they can also send chemical signals up to your brain. So there is a whole new branch of medicine or science which is known as ‘psychobiotics’, which is studying the relationship between the microbes in your gut and your brain. So now they are looking at depression, anxiety … It’s becoming increasingly clear that the state of your biome can in turn influence your mood and even the food choices you make.” Mosley has recently published a book, The Clever Guts Diet: How to revolutionise your body from the inside out, which aims to explain the new findings around gut science, and also debunk the “fantastic amount of misinformation out there as well”. Since gut health became big business, he says, “a lot of people have jumped on this bandwagon and are flogging all sorts of dubious supplements and ideas.” “There are clear parallels with what we’ve done to the planet and what we’ve done to the ‘old friends’ that live in our gut.” The combination of Western diets filled with highly processed foods, and the overuse of antibiotic medicines and cleaning products, “is having a devastating effect on our internal rainforest”, says Mosley. “There are clear parallels with what we’ve done to the planet and what we’ve done to the ‘old friends’ that live in our gut.” The ‘old friends’, explains Mosley, are the particular group of microbes that have evolved with humans, and which are integral to not just gut health but overall wellbeing – “and if you get rid of them, the consequences are dire.” The modern epidemic of auto-immune diseases may be directly related to how badly we’ve treated these old friends. “We now know that the vast majority of your immune cells are down in your gut, because your gut is the interface between bacteria and your internal world … the whole picture is coming together in a very convincing way.” In fact, the picture is getting bigger and sharper at a very rapid rate. Mosley gives the example of recent research into weakness of the arteries related to increased risk of stroke. About one in a hundred people suffer from this, he says, “and it was assumed this was congenital or to do with lifestyle. But it turns out it is caused by a particular strain of bacteria which live in your gut and which produce chemical signals that, for reasons that are completely unknown, weaken the arteries in your brain.” If we can find a way to block that signal from the gut, we may be able to dramatically reduce the risk of stroke in those people. In a sense we need to re-learn the dietary habits that many cultures have practiced for centuries. “What is really good is that it turns out the foods that are really good for us are good for your biome,” says Mosley. “The Mediterranean diet, fermented foods, including seaweed, but also including things like full fat cheese, full fat yoghurt, particularly the live stuff, red wine, a bit of dark chocolate, oily nuts, lots of vegetables – and lots of different bits of vegetables, the skin of potatoes and apples, all the goodness is there near the surface.” For more information about Michael Mosley, including the beneficial effects on your gut of the Mediterranean style diet, high intensity interval training and pre- and probiotics, check out his website. This content is published under licence and in partnership with Radio New Zealand, one of the world’s foremost public broadcasters. To learn more go to radionz.co.nz If you want more health and fitness inspiration simply sign up to Fit Planet and get the freshest insights and advice straight to your inbox.

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What is tick bite fever? Tick bite fever is caused by a bacterial infection transmitted by ticks. This condition occurs in many areas of the world and is often known by a variety of names What causes tick bite fever? The organism that causes tick bite fever belongs to the Rickettsial family of bacteria. There are a number of different species of Rickettsia. These organisms are relatively small and are only able to survive inside cells. They are found in certain wild and domestic animals, and ticks acquire the organisms when they feed on these animals. When the tick bites a human, the bacterium is transmitted in the saliva. In South Africa, the cause of tick bite fever is either R. conorii or R. africae. How do you catch tick bite fever? As mentioned above, the organisms are transmitted in the saliva of an infected tick when it bites humans. Alternatively, if the tick is crushed on your skin, the Rickettsia may be able to enter through a small abrasion. Being bitten by ticks usually occurs in rural or wilderness areas i.e. when you are out camping, hiking in long grass etc. The ticks that are able to harbour the organism belong to the Amblyomma, Dermacentor or the Rhipicephalus family of ticks. Symptoms and signs of tick bite fever The incubation period (the period between being infected and displaying symptoms) is about five to seven days. Symptoms can vary, depending partly on the organism involved and the age and underlying health status of the patient. The typical triad of symptoms includes fever, severe headache and a rash. There is often an eschar at the site of the tick bite. This is a black mark that looks like a small ulcer (2-5mm in diameter) with a black centre or scab. It may look something like a spider bite. The eschars can be single or multiple and can sometimes be very difficult to find. The eschar usually appears once the fever appears, as does the headache and malaise (general feeling of ill-health). Lymph nodes near the eschar may be enlarged. A rash is usually, but not always, present. It generally consists of small red marks (macules) on the skin, sometimes raised slightly above the surface. It typically starts on the limbs and spreads to the trunk, and can involve the entire body, including the palms of the hands and soles of the feet. What is the outcome of tick bite fever? African tick bite fever is usually mild, and death and serious complications are very uncommon. Complications can include encephalitis, pneumonia and damage to the brain and heart. How is tick bite fever diagnosed? The diagnosis is suggested by a history of typical symptoms in someone with possible recent exposure to ticks. i.e. someone who had been hiking or camping in a rural or wilderness area. The presence of the rash and an eschar is a very strong diagnostic sign for tick bite fever. Some other conditions that may be confused with tick bite fever are meningitis, malaria, measles and German measles. Because the organism lives inside cells, it is very difficult to culture it in a laboratory, and this isn’t routinely offered as a diagnostic test. Antibodies to the bacteria can be detected in the blood, and these can be looked for in the laboratory. However the tests may only become positive after a couple of weeks, so while they may help to confirm a diagnosis, they are not always immediately helpful early on in the infection. If you have typical symptoms of the infection, and a history of possible exposure to ticks, your doctor may decide to treat you before results of the serological tests are known. How is tick bite fever treated? Some forms of tick bite fever are fairly mild and self-limiting – people may get better on their own without specific treatment. This can take up to two weeks however, and treatment with an antibiotic can shorten the duration of symptoms and reduce the chance of a serious side effect. In severe cases, antibiotic therapy is more important, and can be life saving. The antibiotic doxycycline is the preferred agent for treating tick bite fever. Alternatives include chloramphenicol, and ciprofloxacin. Can tick bite fever be prevented? The easiest may to prevent tick bite fever is to avoid being bitten by ticks. Avoiding rural or wilderness areas where ticks are likely to occur is one way to achieve this, but not a great solution if you enjoy hiking and camping. Other measures are generally common sense, such as wearing insect repellents and long trousers and sleeves. There is no vaccine against tick bite fever, and taking prophylactic antibiotics (as one does for malaria) has never been shown to be effective or necessary. yes, that’s what WE BOTH had. we have definitely been africanly baptised… BY A TICK!

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4 p.m. - 5:15 p.m. Location: SLC 1.102 Dr. Joel Green, University of Texas at Austin Infrared spectroscopy of newly forming star and planetary systems in molecular clouds in our neighborhood provides a window into the formation of our solar system. Protostars represent a key phase in that star formation history -- after the collapse of a single core within a molecular cloud, tracing the assembly of the key materials (gas, ice, and dust) available for planet formation as the system contracts and irradiates its contents, prior to the complete unveiling of the system with the dispersal of the remaining envelope, perhaps in violent outburst. The Herschel Space Observatory used its infrared eyes to view systems still cloaked in their envelopes and surrounding cloud, probing key diagnostics - in particular, rotational and rovibrational emission lines of CO, OH, and water vapor, forbidden atomic/ionic emission lines, as well as dust emission. Our Herschel programs probe a diverse sample of nearby protostars, to answer the key question: what mechanism controls the material available at the time of planet formation? In particular, we highlight results from rare episodic eruptors with dramatically raised accretion rates, known as "FU Orionis objects", demonstrating that the formation of a star and planetary system is not a smooth process but a slow trickle punctuated by violent floods of activity. Questions? Email me.

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You are currently viewing only those items made visible to the public. Click here to sign in and view the full catalogue. |CONTACT 1||Dr Alasdair Charles| |CONTACT 2||ACMA Facility Email| |Enquire about this item| Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) enables imaging of a surface using an electron beam. The electron beam interacts with the surface of the sample and by using a variety of detectors topographic images, atomic-number (Z) contrast images, element composition and fluorescence information can be obtained from the specimen. In our microscopy suite we have two SEMs and an ESEM which provide a range of analytical techniques. Our capabilities include: •Digital imaging over a range of magnifications depending on sample quality (~ X20 to X300 000), in the following modes ◦secondary electron emission (SEI) - ideal for materials with surface relief and/or multiple faces ◦backscattered electron (BSE) - best suited to thin section work ◦cathodoluminescence (CL) - samples must contain luminescent elements and be thin section form •Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDS or EDX) ◦EDX detectors allow the ID and semi-quantification of elements from carbon (C) upwards ◦output is in the form of spot/point data, average area measurements or single element digi-mapping (using X-ray intensity distribution) •Low vacuum (LV) mode for sensitive samples or those not appropriate for carbon or gold coating (typically used to improve conductivity) •Electron backscatter diffraction EBSD (only on the XL30 ESEM) •Your samples should all be clearly labelled with unique identifiers •Dry powder and material samples are usually best stored in glass containers and not in plastic bags or bottles (as plastics are prone to static and some can contaminate samples) •Disposal - we will dispose of all unclaimed samples after three months from analysis completion XRPD is a robust technique used for the characterisation of crystalline materials, i.e. those which have a degree of order to their structure. By exposing a sample to an X-ray beam of known wavelength, a diffraction pattern unique to each crystalline phase within that sample material is generated and this pattern is used to identify and characterise each crystalline phase present. Through interpretation of diffraction patterns, XRPD analysis allows: •identification of crystalline phases •measurement of crystallite/crystal domain size within discrete crystalline phases •calculation of unit cell dimensions through pattern indexing •phase quanitification using one of several methods The PANalytical X'Pert Pro Multipurpose Diffractometer (MPD) is used for most of our X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD) analysis. It has various interchangeable attachments: •X'Celerator (RTMS detector) +/- monochromator •Anton Paar HTK2000 heating stage •automated sample changer (15-berth magazine) •sample spinner stage or sample bracket options We also have a PW1730 X-ray generator with a sample spinner stage. Although our XRPD lab is primarily a powder diffraction facility, we often carry out phase identification in thin film samples. Contact us if you are interested in thin film analysis - we will try to accommodate your analytical requests. Complimentary to our XRPD lab is the X-ray crystallography laboratory in the School of Chemistry who have extensive expertise in crystal structure determinations using single-crystal diffractometers. In our chemistry section we provide a range of analytical techniques: •Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectroscopy (ICP-OES) •Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) •Carbon, Hydrogen and Nitrogen Combustion Analysis (CHN) Item ID #. Last Updated: 2nd March, 2016

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Determining the Drivers of Spatial and Temporal Variation in Soil Greenhouse Gas Emissions from a Rehabilitated and Undisturbed Natural Riparian Forest in Southern Ontario MetadataShow full item record As the interface between terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems, riparian zones have been shown to provide extensive ecosystem services, particularly with respect to improved water quality, carbon sequestration, and wildlife habitat. Riparian rehabilitation is often implemented to restore or maintain these beneficial services following riparian removal or degradation. This rehabilitation usually occurs in agriculturally dominated landscapes to mitigate the negative impacts associated with agricultural land-use, such as leaching of nitrates from fertilizer. Although riparian zones are extremely effective at this mitigation, there is evidence that such high nitrate input and carbon availability may make these riparian zones hotspots for soil greenhouse gas emissions attributed to climate change, specifically nitrous oxide (N₂O) and carbon dioxide (CO₂). The objective of this study was to determine seasonal and temporal trends in greenhouse gas emissions, as well as how soil and vegetation drive these emissions, between an approximately 30 year old rehabilitated (RH) and an undisturbed natural (UNF) riparian forest in southern Ontario, Canada. Mean soil CO₂-C emissions for the RH and UNF sites were 26.98 and 17.91 mg CO₂-C m-² h-¹, respectively. Mean soil N₂O-N emissions for the RH and UNF sites were 7.62 and 5.93 μg N₂O-N m-² h-¹, respectively. However, neither soil CO₂-C nor N₂O-N emissions varied significantly between the two land-uses (p>0.05). Both soil CO₂-C and N₂O-N emissions exhibited strong seasonal patterns for both land-uses, with elevated emissions during the summer. Soil CO₂-C emissions varied spatially within land-uses based on soil moisture, and the magnitude of this relationship was season-dependent. Spatial variability of soil N₂O-N emissions within land-uses appeared to follow anaerobic conditions ideal for denitrification, such as elevated soil moisture levels and nitrate/ammonium concentration. Soil greenhouse gas emissions were significantly correlated to each other, and were most heavily influenced by soil temperature and soil moisture. The results of this study provide evidence that although soil and vegetation can vary substantially between rehabilitated and natural riparian forests, differences in greenhouse gas emissions may be offset after 30 years of rehabilitation. Furthermore, soil greenhouse gas emissions in riparian systems are most directly affected by soil microclimate and seasonality, rather than spatial position or vegetation. Riparian greenhouse gas emissions rely on complex interactions between soil, vegetation, and atmospheric variables and further research on these interactions is needed to disentangle the drivers of emissions among different riparian ecosystems. Cite this version of the work Nathaniel De Carlo (2017). Determining the Drivers of Spatial and Temporal Variation in Soil Greenhouse Gas Emissions from a Rehabilitated and Undisturbed Natural Riparian Forest in Southern Ontario. UWSpace. http://hdl.handle.net/10012/11760

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At this year's Hot Chips conference at Stanford University, Weiwu Hu, the lead architect of the "national processor" of China, revealed three new chip designs. One of them could enable China to build a homegrown supercomputer to rank in a prestigious list of the world's fastest machines. The Loongson processor family (known in China by the name Godson), is now in its sixth generation. The latest designs consist of the one-gigahertz, eight-core Godson 3B, the more powerful 16-core, Godson 3C (with a speed that is currently unknown), and the smaller, lower-power one-gigahertz Godson 2H, intended for netbooks and other mobile devices. The Godson 3B will be commercially available in 2011, as will the Godson 2H, but the Godson 3C won't debut until 2012. According to Tom Halfhill, industry analyst and editor of Microprocessor Report, the eight-core Godson 3B will still be significantly less powerful than Intel's best chip, the six-core Xeon processor. It will be able to perform roughly 30 percent fewer mathematical calculations per second. Intel's forthcoming Sandy Bridge processor and AMD's Bulldozer processor will widen the gap between chips designed by American companies and the Godson 3B.Read Full Story

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The Kyzyl Kum (Uzbek: Qizilqum, Kazakh: Қызылқұм), also called Qyzylqum, is the 11th largest desert in the world. Its name means Red Sand in Turkic languages. It is located in Central Asia in the doab between the rivers Amu Darya and Syr Darya, and is divided between Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan and (partly) Turkmenistan. It covers about 298,000 km² (approximately 115,000 sq mi). Desert fauna include the Russian tortoise (Testudo horsfieldii) and a large lizard known as the Transcaspian or Desert Monitor (Varanus griseus), which can reach lengths of 1.6 m (5 ft). The Saiga Antelope (Saiga tatarica) also occasionally migrates through the northern part of the desert.There is a Kyzyl Kum nature reserve in Bukhara Province, founded in 1971. The area of the reserve amounts to 101,000 km² (approximately 39,000 sq mi) and it is located on flood-land (tugai) drained by the Amu-Darya close to the settlement Dargan Ata. Fauna include: the Bukhara Deer (a local species of Cervus elaphus), Wild Boar (Sus scrofa), Common Pheasant (Phasianus colchicus), Golden Eagle (Aquila chrysaetus) etc. Another reserve (or eco-centre), "Djeyran", is located 40 km to the south of Bukhara. The total area of this reserve is 51,450 km² (approximately 20,000 sq mi). It is a breeding centre for rare animals such as: the Goitered or Persian Gazelle Gazelle (Djeyran, Gazella subgutturosa), Przewalski's Horse (Equus przewalskii), the Koulan (Onager, Equus hemionus) and Houbara Bustard (Chlamydotis undulata). The reserve was founded in 1977 on the enclosed area in 5,131 ha. Elevation - 300 m (984 ft) 298,000 km sq mi (115,058 sq mi)

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To mark Sámi National Day (February 6) here are some pictures of the rock carvings at Jiepmaluokta, the Sámi name, which means Bay of Seals, for the place near Alta, north west Norway. The images (recently dyed with harmless red pigment to make them easier to see) were probably produced by stone age and early metal age people whose successors went on to identify themselves with the Sámi. Some of the images are almost identical to symbols found on Sámi artefacts in the period immediately before Christianisation. I visited Jiepmaluokta the day after The Long Spring journeys came to an end, and saw seven thousand year-old images of reindeer husbandry, the earliest known images documenting the reindeer herding that is the defining tradition of the modern Sámi. A herd of wild reindeer is being corralled: there are thirty inside the fence, where a man wields a stick to keep them under control. Six more are at the entrance to the palisade, walking in, and thirty others are browsing freely, scattered throughout the landscape. Four bears, a male, a female and two cubs, have walked across the scene from their den, leaving their footprints in the snow. On the far side of a miniature mountain, seven moose roam. In the distance, eight people form a line, I imagine them hollering to drive the reindeer towards the corral; nearby, others wield clubs and sticks to keep the bears from the deer. Exactly when these first images were made is a matter of debate: six thousand years ago based on the rate of isostatic rebound (land rising after being released from the downward pressure of a mile-thick ice-cap during the Ice Age), but recent thinking suggests they may be a thousand years older. There were times when the ice-melt caused the sea level to rise so much that it cancelled out the land-rise and the coastline may have changed little for more than a thousand years. At other times, relative land-rise was so rapid it would be noticed during a person’s lifetime. At Jiepmaluokta, near Alta in north Norway, each step down the path to the sea represents a decade or two along a timeline of changes that began about 14,000 years ago, at the end of the Ice Age. The land there was lifted from the sea by isostatic rebound, the rising of the land freed from the pressure of a mile-thick ice-cap. I went there at the end of May, on the last day of The Long Spring. I stopped at a group of massive, sea-smoothed rocks that emerged from the waters about 6000 years ago, and now lie eighty-five feet above the shore. When people first arrived there, they discovered a place imbued with a magic or a utility we cannot perceive today. They gathered here from distant settlements, and the shoreline rocks became their message-boards. They chiselled images into the fine-grained, grey-green sandstone using quartzite nibs: reindeer, moose, whales, bears and people. In all, about 3,000 known petroglyphs were made over a period of about four thousand years. To walk the path from Alta Museum to the sea is to travel in time, downhill to the present. One rock, lying about sixty feet above the shore, emerged from the sea between 4200 and 5300 years ago. There are ghosts on this rock, hieroglyphs of gone birds, with messages to the future. It is a small rock, with a handful of reindeer, and three high-sided boats with moose-heads at the prow. And there are great auks, four of them. I was not expecting to come face to face with great auks, a bird that became extinct when the last pair were killed in Iceland in 1844. The guidebook has a photograph of the auk-glyphs, describing them as “probably geese”. But they have thick bills, shorter necks, legs positioned towards the rear, giving them an upright posture; one is flapping its paddle-wings, quite unadapted for flight, and has a man’s hand round its neck. It is either a very bad drawing of a goose, or a pretty good one of the extinct great auk. A USA-based research institute, Revive & Restore, which attempts “genetic rescue” for endangered and extinct species, want to recreate the species and gradually restore it to the wild coasts of the north Atlantic. The scientists believe they can extract great auk DNA from museum specimens and sequence the animal’s entire genetic code, or genome. Those genes that distinguish the great auk from other species would then be edited into the cells of its nearest living relative, the razorbill. Fertilised embryos would be implanted into a bird big enough to lay a great auk egg, such as a goose. Laurence Rose is a conservationist, writer and composer. He has worked for the RSPB since 1983.

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| Health disorders Diagnosis Health Home >> Read Daily Health News/Tips Here Read Daily health and related Health News/Tips Here Asthma is a disease that affects the lungs. It is one of the most common long-term diseases of children. It causes repeated episodes of wheezing, breathlessness, chest tightness, and nighttime or early morning coughing. Asthma can be controlled by following a medical management plan and by avoiding contact with environmental “triggers,” such as cockroaches, dust mites, furry pets, mold, tobacco smoke, and certain chemicals. Millions of people suffer from allergies caused by every day exposures to agents such as dust mites, cat dander, and pollens. Agents encountered by workers can also cause allergic problems such as asthma, nasal and sinus allergies, hives, and even severe anaphylactic reactions. Examples of these work-related agents include animal proteins, enzymes, flour, natural rubber latex, and certain reactive chemicals. >>Discussion and Other Posted Articles >>Other Health and Home Page A message to all visitors and participants: Contents of this site are meant for educational and discussion purpose only and should not, in any case, be substituted for a medical consultation. The information posted or linked to this site should not be used to diagnose or treat a health problem.Your doctor is the only one who can best assess your health situation and give you a medical advice. No responsibility/liability can be accepted for any posted or linked information and use or misuse thereof. Inclusion on this site in no way implies endorsement for a particular organization, products and/or person/persons and their work. Must read disclaimer before reading further... Copyright © 1999- by diagnosishealth.com. All rights reserved.

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There are some simple and effective strategies to keep healthy this flu season. Although concerns are mounting across the nation of Ebola exposure, doctors fear the focus could be diverting attention from another potential threat: the flu. The U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention is recommending people get immunized as soon as vaccines are available for the upcoming flu season. More children than ever are being vaccinated for the flu, but adults have a way to go. Every flu season is different, but it typically begins in early October and November and peaks in December, January or February. A former longtime customer service representative at an Ohio hospital has filed a lawsuit after she was fired for refusing to get a flu shot because she is vegan.

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Patellofemoral Pain Syndrome (PFPS) or “Anterior knee pain” refers to pain coming from the front part of your knee. Other names for this condition include “patellofemoral overload”, and “patellar chondromalacia”. It is one of the most common conditions affecting the knee joint. Where does Anterior Knee Pain arise from? PFPS arises when too much stress is applied to the patella (kneecap) where it contacts the groove of the femur (thigh bone). The pain also can be produced from the surrounding soft tissues including the knee joint capsule, tendons and ligaments. The patellofemoral joint is one of three compartments of the knee joint. As the knee straightens and bends, the patella moves in a groove on the femur called the trochlear groove. The patella is designed to glide into this groove as the cartilage covering the reciprocal surfaces of the femur and patella come into contact. The bones are formed so that the patella stays in the groove of the trochlea without moving out of place. The quadriceps muscle at the front of the knee, especially the inner portion called the vastus medialis obliquis (VMO) help guide the patella into the trochlear groove as the knee bends. This muscle plays a critical role in helping the patella stay in its position and not slip out of place. The VMO also helps reduce shearing forces when the patella moves against the trochlea. There are also other supportive ligaments surrounding the patella which help it glide correctly within the trochlear groove. PFPS is extremely common throughout all age groups. It is especially seen in active healthy young athletes and teenage girls. This may arise from a weakness in the quadriceps muscle at the front of the thigh and its inner part (the VMO) that helps support the patella. Additionally poor flexibility, problems with anatomical alignment of the bones and inappropriate sports training techniques may exacerbate this problem. Occasionally a direct injury to the front of the patella may injure the cartilage of the patellofemoral joint and cause pain. What symptoms commonly occur from PFPS? Anterior knee pain symptoms commonly occur as the knee is bent whilst bearing weight. Common examples include walking up and down hills, ascending and descending stairs, and standing up after a period of prolonged sitting. The pain may come on insidiously, however, repeated bending activities such as jumping or squatting may have precipitated the pain. Sometimes there is a history of recurrent pain in this area. When you see one of the surgeons at Sydney Knee Specialists, you will have a history and examination performed in order to confirm the diagnosis of PFPS and exclude other associated problems. During the examination the surgeon will assess the alignment of your leg including the way that the patella glides in the trochlear groove as the knee bends. Weakness of the quadriceps muscle (VMO) will be assessed as well as any abnormal movements of the patella. Tenderness underneath the patella will be elicited as well as stability of the ligaments surrounding the knee joint. Flexibility of the hamstring and calf muscles will be examined as well as alignment of the feet as occasionally flat feet can exacerbate this problem. The main method of treating anterior knee pain involves initially rest, physiotherapy and occasionally medications. Avoiding activities (such as squatting, jumping and stair climbing) where the knee is flexed into deep flexion can help settle your pain more quickly. Your surgeon will instruct you on proper techniques to reduce the pressure on the knee and alleviate symptoms whilst doing some bending activities. The most important thing to note is that any knee flexion weight-bearing exercise such as deep squatting past 60 degrees of knee flexion or deep lunges increase patellar pressures significantly. As your pain improves, you will need to rehabilitate your knee to regain its motion, improve the strength of the muscles at the front of the knee and also improve your flexibility. This will not only speed up your recovery but will reduce the chances of your pain returning in the future. The surgeons at SKS will often refer you to a physiotherapist for this rehabilitation to occur. The main focus of treatment is improving the muscle strength of the inner portion of the quadriceps muscle – the vastus medialis obliquis (VMO) as well as improving strength around the hip (gluteal muscles). Both muscle groups are very important in helping to reduce maltracking of the patella. As your strength increases, pain will often settle. It is important that this muscle is strengthened in a non-painful manner and your surgeon and physiotherapist will give you appropriate exercises for this (See link on quadriceps strengthening exercises). Additionally your physiotherapist will focus on improving your hamstring flexibility (muscles at the back of your thigh) as tight hamstrings can place significant forces on the patella. There is a tendon on the outer aspect of the thigh called the iliotibial band (ITB) which may also be tight, producing pain. Improving flexibility of this tendon can also be addressed with physiotherapy. Other issues that may be corrected may be weakness of the hip rotator muscles (core muscle strengthening), and assessing the alignment of the foot, which can place abnormal forces on the patella itself. Anti-inflammatories (NSAIDs) like Nurofen, Celebrex, Mobic and Voltaren are often used during painful periods to settle the early phases of the inflammation process. Starting on an anti-inflammatory can help make it easier for you to start your rehabilitation. These should only be taken for short courses as recommended by your surgeon. Taping the patella is often used to help the patella glide with less pressure. Your physiotherapist may trial this to see if it helps in relieving your anterior knee pain. Occasionally patellar braces may be useful in supporting the knee. Orthotics are often useful for people with flat feet as arch supports may improve the overall biomechanics of the lower limb. Over the counter arch supports are often a reasonable and relatively inexpensive option to trial. Surgery for PFPS is considered a last resort after all other treatments have failed. If there is fraying (chondromalacia) or a loose flap of cartilage behind the patella or on the trochlear groove, a knee arthroscopy may help smooth out the affected area. Sometimes the ligaments on the outer aspect of the patella are tight, causing it to tilt producing excessive pressure on the outer aspect of the patellofemoral joint. Releasing the tissues (a lateral release) may help reduce the tilting of the patella and the pressure on this side, improving your pain. Sometimes, a small part of the tibia bone (tibial tubercle) needs to be shifted so as to realign the way that the patella glides on the femur. This is called a tibial tubercle osteotomy. This is a larger operation and is used as a last resort in patients with severe pain not relieved by other modalities. The surgeons at SKS specialise in these procedures and we will discuss these options with you further if required. [See section on Tibial Tubercle Osteotomy]. 19 Kensington Street Kogarah NSW 2217 Click here for driving directions & 42-44 Urunga Parade Miranda NSW 2228 Click here for driving directions & 203-233 New South Head Road Edgecliff NSW 2027 Click here for driving directions &

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CIE Physics Paper-1: Specimen Questions 20 - 21 of 109 Question number: 20 Find most stable arrangement to hold a flask of liquid. In all others choices, the flask is keeping at some height. Thus they are not so stable. Question number: 21 Find average speed of molecules in 2 boxes if they are filled with air and one is on heater and the other is on bench. Box X – Zero, Box Y – Fast Box X – Fast, Box Y – Zero Box X – Slow, Box Y – Fast Box X – Fast, Box Y – Slow Here box X is on heater and the box Y is on bench. Then molecule in box x is moving faster than box Y because of heat. And so molecule in box Y is moving slowly.

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Fifty years after the district absurdly declared itself "completely desegregated," Dallas ISD took two significant steps acknowledging and addressing its turbulent racial past. DISD's board of trustees unanimously passed a sweeping resolution that recognized the intergenerational effects of racial and economic segregation on its students, pledging to confront inequities and "relentlessly pursue" improvements to fix them districtwide. Trustees also unanimously approved new names for three elementary schools that honored Confederate generals: Robert E. Lee, Stonewall Jackson and William L. Cabell. "These changes says something about DISD and where we are as an institution," trustee Miguel Solis said. "This is bold leadership by Dr. [Michael] Hinojosa guiding us through this process. This is bold leadership by this board. And it's going to lay the path for not just acknowledgement of the history ... but also a path for remediation, and for real conversations about equity and equality and how to move our city forward for every single child to feel like they matter in this city, regardless of circumstances." The resolution, co-authored by trustee Joyce Foreman and Solis, is largely symbolic but draws outlines where the district might target its efforts after a racial equity audit, conducted by a group from San Diego State University, is presented to the district in early 2018. "We must directly confront inequities in school and teacher quality, resource allocation, socioeconomically and racially segregated enrollment patterns, and issues of programmatic access and effectiveness," the document reads. It took over 30 years of litigation and judicial oversight for the district to finally achieve desegregation that then-superintendent W.T. White boasted of in 1967. But a formal examination of the effects of decades-long segregation and how to redress them has never happened in DISD. The district is now overwhelmingly composed of people of color — 70 percent Hispanic, 22.5 percent black — and poor, with nearly 86 percent of its students considered by DISD as economically disadvantaged. Foreman, who's fought hard on issues of equity since joining the board in 2014, said "the community is excited that we are having this conversation" but added that words alone won't fix the district's imbalances. "I'm hoping all the banter that we hear on racial equity is not just banter," she said. "Because to me, actions speak louder than words." For the new school names, the three campuses chose geographical markers instead of historic figures. William L. Cabell Elementary will become Chapel Hill Preparatory, named after the surrounding community in Farmers Branch. Stonewall Jackson Elementary will become Mockingbird Elementary, named after the street the school faces. And Robert E. Lee Elementary will become Geneva Heights Elementary, named after the plat of land where the school is built. Superintendent Michael Hinojosa thanked chief of school leadership Stephanie Elizalde, campus administrators and the community members who took part in the renaming process. "They all rallied behind this, and followed a process, they came back with a product [where] they involved the stakeholders to find something that everyone could support," he said. Trustees lauded the efforts of the schools' principals in negotiating the oft-contentious process. Dustin Marshall praised Stonewall principal Melanie Mans, saying she "really did a spectacular job in a difficult situation." Earlier in the week, Mans explained her school's decision-making process, guiding a 54-member committee through five meetings and 56 suggestions to eventually settle on three finalists: Mockingbird, Olivia Henderson — a 22-year principal at the school — and East Dallas Elementary. "It's very important to me and our school that it was very inclusive and that people had a voice," Mans said. "Mockingbird was the one that the committee felt was the best fit for our school." Marshall also acknowledged the early work done by parents and administrators at Robert E. Lee. That school's leadership had already selected "Geneva Heights" prior to September, when trustees created a fast-track process to rename the Confederate campuses in response to white nationalist violence in Charlottesville, Va. Principal Bert Hart said his school community, in the midst of being authorized as an International Baccalaureate campus, started the discussion about changing the name in the spring because Robert E. Lee wasn't "an all-encompassing name for our school." Schools in the IB program tailor academically challenging curricula around globally significant topics, tying instruction between various subjects. "The great thing about the new name is that ... we're becoming an International Baccalaureate school, and well, its headquarters is Geneva, Switzerland," Hart said. "We are a very diverse school, with a diverse population. I think Geneva Heights, in conjunction with the International Baccalaureate designation, I think it's a natural fit." Trustee Edwin Flores credited Cabell principal Fabian Hypolite for garnering "very broad-based input on the possible name." "We had outreach through every conceivable electronic method that we could pursue," Flores said. Hypolite said Wednesday that a survey of three finalists received 386 responses from adults and students, from 30 different ZIP codes. Chapel Hill Prep won the majority of the votes, over Templeton Prep and Ridgeoak Prep — the two cross streets for the campus. The renaming committee considered the possible financial impacts that the name change could have on families, and adjusted the implementation of the new name accordingly, Hypolite said. "Our uniforms, for example, carry a logo that contains the name 'Cabell,'" he explained. "We have decided to grandfather those uniforms in, so students can wear those uniforms until they are ready to get a new uniform. The change won't have an economic impact on students." The fourth Confederate-named campus, Albert Sidney Johnston Elementary, selected its new name at the end of last week, not early enough to be included in the December board meeting. "Almost weekly, we were doing something," principal Michele Martin said. "We've been busy." The new name, Cedar Crest Elementary, was chosen over icons Katherine Johnson and Rosa Parks, because, as the selection committee said: "We wanted students to know that their possibilities are endless, and that they do not have to look to movie stars, athletes or other professionals in other places — but they can look to the people in their own community." "We feel like we need to tell the story of the people who lived here in Cedar Crest, for our kids to know that they can reach the same success," Martin said.

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Egg scare drives sales for smaller producers An outbreak of salmonella from eggs that has sickened more than 2,000 Americans and spread to at least 22 states has some local hobby chicken farmers clucking about the benefits of locally grown food. “We know our eggs come from the coop and they go right into the refrigerator,” said Sally DeFord, who raises four chickens in her Grand Junction backyard. “That’s kind of nice. We don’t even have to worry about (salmonella). It was kind of a relief.” As of Wednesday, there were some confirmed cases on the Western Slope of salmonella from the half-billion egg recall. Reports also indicated some Mesa County residents may have contracted salmonella, but epidemiologists still are investigating, Mesa County Health Department spokeswoman Kristy Emerson said. Investigators are attempting to track the salmonella from two Iowa-based commercial chicken farms, both owned by Wright County Farms. Some local residents long ago read the writing on the wall that large-scale food producers may pose more food-safety risks, and they yearned to return to a more personal relationship with their food. That was the case for Billi Davis of Palisade, who raises about 100 chickens to sell eggs year-round to about 25 customers. “We’ve lost control over our food,” Davis said. “I think people are more conscious of this now. When I talk about free-range chickens and eggs, it’s like I’m preaching to the choir.” That’s not to say that small-scale chicken farmers cannot be susceptible to a salmonella outbreak. The thinking is that a smaller-scale farmer has more control over a flock and could more readily pinpoint and remedy the cause of salmonella. According to the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, chickens, ducks, turkeys and other poultry carry salmonella, but chicks may be most prone to carry the disease, especially if they are shipped several times before arriving at the farm. Salmonella lives in the birds’ intestines and can be spread by bird droppings. Salmonella also is in rodent droppings, and farmers often have to be careful to keep chicken coops clean and rodent-free. Salmonella bacteria can live in or on an egg, but refrigeration halts its spread. A bird infected with salmonella may not appear sick, the CDC reports. Salmonella usually affects children, old people and people with compromised immune systems with symptoms that include diarrhea, fever and abdominal pain. There are no local numbers available that indicate more people are becoming hobby chicken farmers, but the numbers of anecdotal accounts appear to be increasing. Matt Broe, general manager at Murdoch’s Ranch & Home Supply, 3217 Interstate 70 Business Loop, said the recession renewed an interest in hobby chicken farming. This year, those sales aren’t as brisk as the economy is rebounding, he said. Still, each year from March to July the store sells about 20,000 baby chicks. Broe said he might consider ordering more chicks for next spring, but by then he figures this year’s sweeping salmonella outbreak will be a distant memory for most folks. Murdoch’s chicks are shipped from a farm in Delta and from out-of-state farms, Broe said. One indicator that more people are raising chickens is increasing sales of ready-made chicken coops at the store. “It’s not just an old barn. These are fancy backyard chicken-hobby-farm coops,” he said. According to Grand Junction code, residents can have up to six, small, agriculture animals, such as chickens on their property. Customers wanting farm-fresh eggs lately have been clamoring to get their hands on local farmers’ eggs, said Melanie Ettenger, who sells eggs and vegetables at a farmers market in Carbondale. “We just can’t keep (eggs) in stock. Honestly they’re almost to the point where they’re getting obnoxious about it,” she said about customers. Ettenger works for Cameron Place Community Sponsored Agriculture, or CSA, which raises four chickens. A stockpile of eight dozen eggs will be gone in the next two days. “We have four chickens. They can only lay so much,” Ettenger said. Although people care about where their food comes from, buying from small farmers is also about food quality, she said. Small-scale farmers usually allow chickens to roam on pasture, eating bugs and pecking for food. “They’re not shot up with hormones. The color of the egg is totally different. It’s a deep orange,” Ettenger said. “If anybody tries farm-raised eggs, they don’t go back.”

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Nationalism is the belief that nationality is the proper focus of political identity and that the nation-state is the proper focus of political loyalty. This sentiment expresses itself variously in separatist movements, which advocate political self-determination for people of a certain cultural heritage (primarily language); in irredentist claims on territories historically or ethnically belonging to the nation; and in movements to save the national identity from being diluted or altered by immigration. Nationalism can fall on the right, left or center of the political spectrum. Generally, left-wing nationalists are of the "national liberation" variety. Right-wing nationalists aim to prevent the loss of national sovereignty to supranational entities such as the European Union, and to prevent the loss of national identity through mass immigration. However, there are exceptions, and there can be right-wing national-liberation movements, or left-wing nationalist movements in existing nation states. Other languages 7 Last update:July 26, 2016 at 12:13:48 UTC

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Thursday, October 01, 2009 Definitions for adjuvant - Serving to help or assist; auxiliary. - Assisting in the prevention, amelioration, or cure of disease. - A person or thing that aids or helps. Get the Word of the Day Email Citations for adjuvant Some people think the benefit of screening is huge, and others say that the reduction in death rates is due primarily to adjuvant therapy, Berry says. No one has known for sure, and although we still don't know for sure, this is the best set of analyses that is possible given the available information. It's unlikely it will be needed this fall, especially if further tests show that one standard shot is good enough to protect people from the virus. But using adjuvant could prove helpful in future years, or if the flu took a turn for the worst, said Dr. Wilbur Chen, a vaccinologist at the University of Maryland's Center for Vaccine Development, who is leading the NIH-sponsored tests. Origin of adjuvant Adjuvant comes from Latin adiuvāns, adiuvant-, present participle of adiuvāre, to help.

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|Page tools: Print Page Print All RSS Search this Product| Feature Article - Accounting for the environment in the national accounts While land accounts for 84% of the value of Australia's economic environmental assets, the value of rural land accounts for only 12% of the total value of land. Subsoil assets account for 15% and timber (native and plantation) accounts for 1% of Australia's economic environmental assets (based on table S29.2). No values are included for water or fish stocks, or other environmental assets outside the SNA93 asset boundary. The value of environmental assets in current prices grew strongly during the 1990s, increasing by 84% between 30 June 1993 and June 30 2001. Much of this growth was due to rising prices. Environmental assets grew in volume terms by 18% during the same period (based on table S29.3). Chain volume estimates of subsoil assets increased by 29% between 30 June 1993 and 30 June 2001, compared with growth of over 160% in current prices (graph S29.4). The strong volume growth has been due to new discoveries exceeding extractions during this period. The current price growth has been driven by increasing prices in significant minerals such as iron ore, magnesite, crude oil, condensate, and LPG, and falling real discount rates. Minerals deposits cannot be extracted all at once, but are extracted over a long time period, and a discount rate is needed to calculate the NPV of future extractions. The volume estimates of native standing timber fell by 8% over the same period, while the current price estimates were increasing (graph S29.5). Volume estimates have fallen due to logging of native forests and the protection of some forests, resulting in their removal from the economic production boundary of the national accounts. While the area of land is unlikely to change very much during the normal course of events, volume change also includes changes in quality due to natural processes, soil conservation and other land improvement measures, land degradation due to human activity, and the rezoning of land so that it is available for higher value uses. The practical task of splitting value changes into their price and volume components is a difficult one. As an interim approach, the ABS has calculated the growth in volume of urban land at half the rate of growth in the volume of overlying construction. Zero volume growth is assumed for rural land. This assumes that land degradation, reclassification and land improvement net to zero for rural land. Transactions - the national income, expenditure and production accounts The transaction accounts of the ASNA measure production, incomes, consumption, capital and financial flows during the accounting period. GDP is the most readily identifiable statistic from the national accounts. Of most interest in the context of environmental accounting is the way environmental assets are used in the production process to produce goods and services for consumption, capital investment or export. However, the services provided by the environment are often either implicit in the values for other items or they are excluded as they are costed at zero price. Where there are explicit rents for the use of natural assets, they are shown in the item 'rent on natural assets' in the sector income accounts. The general government sector received $2.6b in resource rents in 2000-01 (mainly from petroleum, mining and forestry royalties). Many environmental assets (e.g. land) are used by their owners for which there is no money transaction. In terms of GDP, the value of the services provided by the environment are implicit in the value of the output of the products produced and the incomes derived from their sale. In 2000-01, the current price industry gross value added of the agriculture, forestry and fishing industry accounted for 3.5% of total gross value added, while the mining industry accounted for 5.2%. The value added also reflects the input of labour and produced capital, as well as natural capital. The value of new additions to environmental assets, such as discoveries of subsoil assets or natural growth in native standing timber, are not included as income or GDP. However, the cost of mineral exploration is regarded as fixed capital formation, and is reflected in GDP as the creation of an asset. As mentioned, no deduction is made from income for the depletion or degradation of the natural environment. Thus, '...a country could exhaust its mineral resources, cut down its forests, erode its soil, pollute its aquifers, and hunt its wildlife to extinction, but measured income would not be affected as these assets disappeared' (Repetto et al. 1989). A satellite account for the environment The national accounts have a wide range of potential uses for policy making and economic and social research, and thus it is unlikely that the core accounts will be able to meet all possible objectives. In recognition of this, satellite accounts allow for a more flexible approach by providing frameworks that are linked to the national accounts, but focusing on a certain aspect of social or economic life. Satellite accounts also allow for standard concepts to be varied to suit particular studies within the context of the national accounts. An environmental satellite account could take a number of forms and have a number of layers of detail. The ABS work program has focused on compiling asset accounts and accounts which decompose the changes in the value of assets during a period. The latter accounts can be used for adjusting the national accounts for the depletion of and additions to specific environmental assets in a satellite account framework. Depletion is defined in the SNA93 (12.29 and 12.30) as the: '...reduction in the value of deposits of subsoil assets as a result of the physical removal and using up of the assets, ... the depletion of water resources, and the depletion of natural forests, fish stocks in the open seas and other non-cultivated biological resources as a result of harvesting, forest clearance, or other use.' Depletion in an economic sense results because the value of the resource stock has been lowered through its use in a productive activity, and the use has reduced the asset's ability to produce an income stream in the future. In this sense depletion is analogous to depreciation of produced assets whereby the current value of the stock of fixed assets declines from normal use. Physical depletion may not necessarily equate to economic depletion in cases where asset values are low or the resource life is long. While the physical dimension of depletion can be fairly readily observed in practice, its value cannot. This is because the mineral or other natural resource product is not what is being valued - rather it is the decline in the value of the mineral asset below the ground or of the standing timber in the forest. Generally, one has to resort to capital theory to undertake this valuation. In capital theory the value of depletion is a derivative of the amount of the resource extracted and the resource rent. The resource rent is the value of the flow of capital services provided by a natural asset. It is calculated as the value of the output of the natural resource production (e.g. coal, oil) after the intermediate expenses, returns to labour (wages), returns to produced capital (profits accruing from the use of produced capital), and return to government (taxes) have been removed. Algebraically, the resource rent is represented as: RR = (p - c) * Q where RR = resource rent, p = unit price, c = unit cost (includes wages, intermediate costs, normal return to produced capital, and taxes), Q = quantity extracted. The resource rent in each period is discounted to derive the NPV of the natural asset: Vt = nS RR where V = NPV, r = discount rate, n = asset life. Depletion can be shown to be equal to the resource rent in the year minus a return (income) on the natural resource asset. dt = Vt-1 - Vt = RRt - rVt where d = depletion. Where the total stocks of an asset are unknown, discoveries of new stocks of subsoil assets or growth in biological assets may increase the stock of a resource so that the level of currently exploitable reserves from which the economic valuation is derived is rising rather than falling. How to account for additions is a vexed issue. In the national accounts, the value of mineral exploration is included as a separate produced asset and is therefore in income and GDP. It could be argued that this should be replaced with the actual value of discoveries. The following sections focus on subsoil, land and forest assets respectively. Subsoil assets are considered to be economic when they have a high geological assurance, extraction is expected to be profitable at the prevailing price and technology, and they are owned by an economic entity (usually the government). In the Australian balance sheets economic demonstrated resources include both proven and probable reserves. Although SNA93 recommends that assets should be valued at their current market price, for many natural assets it is not possible to observe the market price directly as there is little trading of undeveloped stocks in the marketplace. The next best method is to value assets as the NPV of the future expected earnings, which is theoretically equivalent to the market value. This is the approach adopted in the national balance sheet and in deriving estimates of the value of depletion and additions to subsoil assets presented in table S29.6. Year-to-year changes in the value of subsoil assets for Australia can be decomposed into revaluations, depletion and discoveries. Revaluations capture the change in prices of the existing stock. The depletion in any one year is the change in the value of the asset between the beginning and end of the year arising purely from the extraction of minerals. As can be seen from graph S29.7, the depletion of crude oil accounts for a high proportion of the total depletion estimate. This is a reflection of crude oil's relative scarcity and high value. A discovery occurs when previously unknown stocks of minerals are found and delineated. It is valued using the same NPV techniques described earlier. In the national accounts the value of a new discovery in itself is not considered as production or income because it is a gift of nature. However, the cost of mineral exploration is considered as production and included in income and GDP. One approach that could be considered in a satellite account is to include the value of a discovery as production and income and to treat the exploration cost as intermediate input to the production of discoveries. As shown in graph S29.8, the value of discoveries shows an erratic pattern which, under such an approach, would flow through to income. A possible variation on the concept could be to record the value of discoveries as an accrual over the average period of exploration in order to smooth the income flow. As long as the value of discoveries continues to outpace or equal the value of depletion the activity can be seen to be sustainable. This is illustrated in graph S29.9. Where land is used sustainably, it has an infinite life and therefore no adjustment for depletion is required - the whole value of the resource rent would rightly be considered as income. However, where land is being degraded due to economic activity, an adjustment to income for land degradation is applicable. As for subsoil assets discussed above, any economic costs should be offset against the benefits (income) derived from agricultural land use. In the context of economic depletion used here, land degradation represents the year-to-year decline in the capital value of land resulting from economic activity (after deducting price rises due to inflation). Looked at another way it is equivalent to the year-to-year change in the NPV of the lost resource rent resulting from the declining productive capacity of the land. As such, it stops well short of a full measure of the cost of land degradation such as the cost to environmental systems and public infrastructure. The latter would, however, be captured in the national accounts estimates for consumption of fixed capital. Changes in the value of agricultural land can be ascertained from data on market values or land rates data. However, data for land values are affected by a host of factors other than changes in productive capacity from the impact of land degradation, including inflation, technological advances and changes in land use due to rezoning, subdivision and 'lifestyle' considerations (Roberts 1997). Two recent national studies used different approaches to measuring economic losses due to land degradation: To compare the results, either the former estimate has to be converted to a lost profit stream or the latter has to be capitalised. Profit at full equity is a measure of the net returns to land and water resources used for agriculture, and the managerial skill of land managers. Adjusting this concept to resource rent by removing the returns to the manager's labour and produced capital, and using a real discount rate of 5.8%, the capitalised value of the lost resource rent due to all past degradation is $16.4b in 1996-97. The results using this method are sensitive to the discount rate. The real discount rate has been derived as the long-term government bond rate adjusted by the consumer price index in 1996-97. While the estimates mentioned above represent the accumulated value of losses in land value due to all past degradation since European settlement, it is the year-to-year increment in the value of degradation that should be deducted from farm income in each period (consistent with the treatment of depreciation of produced assets). There are a number of issues to consider, including whether to deduct degradation from income in the periods when the effect becomes evident, or in the periods in which it was caused (sometimes decades or even a century earlier). The latter would seem appropriate in economic accounting. For the purpose of the indicative estimates contained in this article, it has been assumed that degradation accumulated evenly over a period of 50 years. Using the $14.2b figure for lost land value, the annual increment (in 1999 dollar terms) is $284m per year. Using the alternative estimate of $16.4b, degradation is $329m per year (in 1997 dollar terms). The annual losses are adjusted using the chain price index for GDP to arrive at degradation in current prices. The higher value has been taken into the summary estimates provided in table S19.11. For estimates post-1999 it has been assumed that degradation will accrue at the same rate. No adjustments have been made to account for land improvements that might reduce the future loss of resource rent. The resulting series are shown in graph S29.10. Forests are renewable biological resources. There are two types of forest: old-growth native forests (95% of the area of all Australian forests) and plantations. Broadleaved and coniferous plantation standing timber are treated as categories of produced assets in the national accounts, as the growth is under the direct control, responsibility and management of the owner. They are classified as inventories. Native forests are treated as non-produced assets as, although they may be owned and available for use, their growth is not the result of an economic process. As for other non-produced assets, the depletion of native forest assets due to harvesting is not charged against income in the national accounts. The valuation of the depletion of renewable assets presents a different set of issues to non-renewable assets, as it may be possible to replace (over time) the part of the asset that is used in the current period. Where a forest is harvested sustainably, no depletion adjustment is required. SEEA suggests that either depletion and additions can be calculated separately, or that just the net depletion could be calculated. Where old-growth will not be replaced, only a depletion adjustment will apply. In some areas, however, old-growth forest will become second-growth forest. Where extractions (i.e. timber harvesting) still exceed growth, depletion should exceed additions. Once the transition period from old-growth forest to second-growth forest is complete, growth may exceed harvest. In this case yield can be considered economically sustainable. In principle, the best approach would be to calculate both depletion and addition adjustments as this allows for the two impacts to be explicitly identified. Depletion is calculated as the change in the NPV of the forest arising from the harvesting of timber (similar to subsoil assets). The value of additions is the NPV of the growth in any one year. The compilation of this series requires data on the annual increase in forest cover. It is also possible that forests will come into or out of scope of the balance sheet due to land-use management decisions or catastrophic events (e.g. bushfires) that affect the volumes of standing timber. Such changes should not be recorded as depletion because they are not regular economic events. Rather, they should be included as either positive or negative additions to assets in the balance sheet and recorded in the 'other change in assets account'. Estimates are not yet available for depletion of native forests. However, given that the value of native forests on the national balance sheet is $2.6b compared with $172.9b for subsoil assets, it is expected that depletion of the former will be relatively insignificant. This of course is taking an economic view only, and does not account for damage to intrinsic non-monetary values such as ecosystem services, biodiversity and aesthetic/recreational values. Adjusting the national accounts It was stated earlier in this article that there is an asymmetry in the national accounts between the treatment of produced assets such as buildings, and plant and natural (non-produced) assets. Depreciation of produced assets (termed consumption of fixed capital in the national accounts) is deducted to derive the various 'net' income measures in the national accounts such as net domestic product (NDP), net operating surplus (NOS), net national income and net saving. No such deduction is made for natural assets when they are used up or degraded as a result of economic activity. The net measures thus fall short of being sustainable concepts of income, although they are superior to the various 'gross' measures in the national accounts in this respect. The experimental estimates derived for the value of depletions and discoveries of subsoil assets and the degradation of agricultural land are indicative of adjustments that could be made to the national accounts in the context of a satellite account, and are illustrated in table S29.11. Depletion adjustments unambiguously lower the net values. If the value of discoveries is included in income in place of the value of mineral exploration, the net effect of that adjustment can be positive or negative. The net saving levels are changed by the same amount as for NOS, but the nation's net lending position is left unchanged. Adjusting the national accounts for depletion and additions of subsoil assets also affects growth rates, which may increase or decrease. As table S29.12 shows, the adjustments have the biggest impact on both NDP and NOS in 1994-95, due to the low value of subsoil asset additions in that year compared to the previous one. Energy and greenhouse gas emissions A satellite account for energy and greenhouse gas emissions using the input-output framework was published by the ABS in Energy and Greenhouse Gas Emissions Accounts, Australia (4604.0) in 2001. It presented information on the supply, use and stock of primary energy resources, supply and use of secondary energy products, and greenhouse gas emissions associated with the use of these energy resources. Energy use and emissions of greenhouse gases were linked with economic data and tracked through the economy so that emissions were allocated to final end users of products, rather than to the producers of products. Of the total net energy supply (13,397 PJ), 66% was exported, 7% was consumed by households and 18% consumed by industry. Together household electricity use and motor vehicle use by households accounted for over 30% of Australia's energy-related greenhouse gas emissions. Future work and further information The work program on environmental satellite accounting is continuing. The ABS hopes to extend the depletion adjustment to include native forests. Other areas of work will be to highlight environmental protection expenditures and to look at extending the economic asset boundary to include the value of water and possibly fish. Work on the valuation of environmental damage (externalities associated with human and economic activity) is an undeveloped field of research and it is unlikely that the ABS will have the capacity to make advances in this area in the foreseeable future. ABS (Australian Bureau of Statistics) 2001a, Australian System of National Accounts, 2000-01, cat.no. 5204.0, ABS, Canberra. ABS 2001b, Energy and Greenhouse Gas Emissions Accounts, 1992-93 to 1997-98, cat. no. 4604.0, ABS, Canberra. ABS 2002, Australian National Accounts: National Income, Expenditure and Product, June 2002, cat. no. 5206.0, ABS, Canberra. Commission of the European Communities, International Monetary Fund, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, United Nations, World Bank 1993, System of National Accounts 1993, Brussels/Luxemburg, New York, Paris, Washington D.C. Kemp A & Connell P 2001, Impact of Land Degradation on Australian Agriculture: A Land Values Approach, ABARE report to National Land and Water Resources Audit. National Land and Water Resources Audit 2002, Australians and Natural Resource Management 2002, National land and Water Resources Audit, Canberra. Repetto R, Magrath W, Wells M, Beer C & Rossini F 1989, Wasting Assets: Natural Resources in the National Income Accounts, World Resource Institute, Washington D.C. Roberts B 1997, 'Implications of Land Use Changes for the Economics of Agriculture', The Valuer and Land Economist, May 1997. United Nations 1993, Integrated Environmental and Economic Accounting, New York. United Nations Statistical Commission 2002, System of Integrated Environmental and Economic Accounting (Draft SEEA 2002). Draft report of the London Group on Environmental Accounting. These documents will be presented in a new window.

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The Paleolithic Age Although there were no written records during prehistory, scientists have learned a great deal about prehistoric people. They have learned how early human beings lived and what important discoveries were made. Scientists also think they know why people moved out of Africa to other parts of the world. Many scientists believe that until about 1.75 million years ago, people lived only on the grasslands of eastern and southern Africa. Then the earth’s climate changed—it became colder. Ocean water froze into huge glaciers that spread out from the North and South poles. As the ice sheets grew, the sea level fell and uncovered land that had been under water. Land bridges then connected Africa to both southern Europe and southwestern Asia. People were able to migrate, or make their way, around the desert of northern Africa and across the land bridges. Between about 1.75 million and 700,000 years ago, people made their way into Europe and Asia. Much later, between about 40,000 and 15,000 years ago, they also migrated to the Americas. Scientists call the first age in which people lived the Paleolithic (pa le uh lith’ ik) Age, or Old Stone Age. It lasted from about 2.3 million years ago until 10,000 years ago. During this period, people obtained their food by hunting and gathering. Paleolithic people lived in small bands, or groups, of about 30 members. When the food supply was good, the bands grew to about 40 or 50 members. Most of the group members lived to be no more than 20 or 25 years old. More than half of the children died from illnesses or were killed by animals before their first birthdays. The people within a group lived and worked together and shared their food. They fed and cared for people who became injured or sick. GROUP LIFE - Experts believe that most early people lived in groups made up of several families. Here, a group of hunters use stones to sharpen tools. Two men carry a large animal killed in a hunt, as a few women tend fires near their tents. Each band searched for food within an area known as its home territory. This usually covered about two square miles, or five square kilometers, for every band member. There were campsites at various places throughout the home territory. The band stayed at a campsite until the available food supply was used up and then moved. Women and children gathered berries, nuts, fruit, and eggs out of bird and turtle nests. They poked sticks into bee nests to get honey and into the ground to dig roots. Men of the group obtained meat. They caught fish using their bare hands and hunted small animals with sticks and stones. Occasionally, they were able to kill a large animal that was too young, too old, or too badly hurt to run away. A good kill meant that the group would have enough meat to last for several days. Life for hunters and gatherers became easier when they learned to make tools. At first the only tools people had were sticks and stones they found on the ground. Soon they learned to shape stones to make them more useful. EARLY TOOLS - For more than 2 million years, prehistoric people lived by hunting animals and gathering plants. They used tools made of wood and stone. The wooden tools have decayed. Archaeologists, however, have found many stone tools. Among the earliest shaped stones are the Olduvan pebble tools, named after the Olduvai Gorge in eastern Africa where they were first discovered. Pebble tools were made from pebbles or stones about the size of a fist. The toolmaker hit one pebble with another, removing chips and creating a jagged cutting edge. This edge was sharp enough to cut the meat off of small animals’ bones, split animal bones, and chop up plants. Later people learned to knock long, sharp-edged chips, called flakes, from stones and use them as tools. Using flakes for knives, they could butcher, or cut up, animals as big as elephants quickly and efficiently. People also used flakes to scrape one end of a wooden branch into a sharp point for a digging stick or a meat skewer. People also learned to make fire during the Paleolithic Age. The first fires they knew about were made by nature, such as those started by lightning. Eventually, people discovered how to make fire themselves. They created sparks by rubbing two sticks or stones together, or rapidly turning a stick in a hole in a dry log. People used fire to keep themselves warm and dry. They also used it as a weapon, throwing burning sticks of wood at animals to drive them away. Sometimes they used fire to drive big animals into mudholes. The heavy animals would sink in the mud and people could then kill them. People also used fire to clear out brush and undergrowth. Finally, people used fire to cook food. Cooked food was much easier to chew and digest than raw food. As a result, people spent less time eating and more time doing other things. Early people usually camped out in the open. They protected themselves from the wind by digging pits in the ground or by crouching in dry river beds. They also took shelter under an overhanging rock or piled up brush. At first, early people used caves only for such emergencies as escaping from a sudden storm or a large animal. By about 100,000 years ago, however, people in China, western Europe, and southwestern Asia were living in caves most of the time. After hunters began killing large animals, they found that the animal skins could be used for protection and warmth. They scraped the skins clean and then laid them out in the sun to dry. Later, people discovered that pounding fat into the skin while it was drying would make it softer. At first people wrapped the skins around themselves. Later, they learned how to fasten the skins together. Clothing made a big difference in where people lived. Before they had clothing, most people stayed in areas that were warm and dry. Once they had clothing to protect them from the weather, they were able to move into areas that were cooler and wetter. In addition to learning to make tools, fire, and clothing, early people developed language. Before they learned to talk, early people simply made sounds or pointed to objects to express meaning. Hand signals were probably used for common things such as water, food, animals, and weapons. Gradually, because of new social needs, sounds and hand signals were no longer enough. The development of language was a great human achievement. It made it possible for people to work together, share ideas, and pass on their beliefs and stories. The younger generations could learn more easily from older generations, and greater progress was made in all areas of civilization. The first people on Earth are known as Homo habilis (ho mo huh bil’ uhs), or “skillful man.” Next came Homo erectus (ho’ mo e rekt’ uhs), or “man who walks upright.” Then, between about 300,000 and 200,000 years ago, came Homo sapiens (ho’ mo sap’ e uhnz), or “man who thinks.” There are two kinds of Homo sapiens. The first is the Neanderthal (ne an’ der tahl), named after the Neander River in Germany, where their remains were first discovered in 1856. Since then, other Neanderthal remains have been found throughout Europe and in parts of Asia and Africa. Scientists estimate that about 1 million Neanderthals were living at any one time. Neanderthal people were good hunters. They used traps to catch birds and small animals. They used pitfalls to catch large animals like the rhinoceros and the elephant. A pitfall was a large hole that was covered with branches, leaves, and earth. As an animal ran across this hole, it crashed through the covering and fell into the pit. The hunters would then kill the animal with spears. Neanderthals were also builders. In northern areas, for example, they made houses by covering a framework of mammoth bones with animal skins. More bones piled on the bottoms of the skins prevented them from being blown away. As many as 30 people lived in such a house during the cold months of the year. They improved cave dwellings by digging drainage ditches in caves and designing rock protection for entrances. According to experts, Neanderthals were also the first people to bury their dead. Archaeologists have found graves of people from this time in which they discovered the remains of flowers, tools, and food. The second kind of Homo sapiens is the Cro-Magnon (kro mag’ nahn), named after a rock shelter in France where their remains were first discovered in 1868. Cro-Magnons appeared in North Africa, Asia, and Europe about 100,000 years ago. Archaeologists consider them the first modern human beings. Cro-Magnons were very skillful toolmakers. They invented the burin, which resembles a chisel. By using the burin, people could make other tools and objects from antler, bone, ivory, and shell, as well as stone and wood. Using new tools made Cro-Magnons better hunters, thus increasing their food supply. Points of antler or bone fastened to the end of wooden sticks could penetrate the hides of larger animals. People fashioned antler and bone into spear throwers, or devices that made spears fly through the air faster and farther. This allowed hunters to stay a greater distance from animals, making hunting less dangerous. PREHISTORIC HORSE - This prehistoric painting of a horse was found on the wall of a cave in Lascaux, France. Early art such as this always showed the animal’s profile. Another important tool that Cro-Magnons invented was the axe, which they used to cut down trees and hollow out the logs to make canoes. In southeastern Asia, they cut down stalks of bamboo and tied them together with vines to make rafts. Winds or ocean currents then carried the rafts to other lands. It is likely that this is how people reached Australia about 40,000 years ago. Cro-Magnons also fashioned bone, ivory, and shell into body ornaments, such as necklaces and rings. They decorated their clothing with bone or ivory beads. They played music on flutes carved from long, hollow bones. Cro-Magnons were artists as well as toolmakers. They carved statues out of ivory and bone or molded them out of clay. They covered the walls of some caves in western Europe, Africa, and South America with pictures painted brightly with paints made from minerals. The pictures show mostly animals, such as horses, bulls, and deer, but also show outlines and patterns of lines, dots, and curves. Many anthropologists think cave paintings may have had religious significance. Cro-Magnons believed that animals had spirits. They thought that painting an animal’s picture gave people power over its spirit and would help them find and kill the animal. Anthropologists think the cave paintings may have been a kind of textbook about Cro-Magnon ceremonies, traditions, or history. Cro-Magnon bands cooperated, often hunting large animals together. This required them to jointly agree on rules and the first true leaders. Every year or so, they held social gatherings where they exchanged information about the movement of animal herds. They also traded materials such as amber and shells. The Neolithic Age In the Neolithic (ne uh lith’ ik), or New Stone Age, about 8000 B.C., people changed from food gatherers to food producers. Over several thousand years they began to obtain most of their food from farming. This brought about such great changes in the way they lived that experts call the beginning of farming the Neolithic Revolution. Farmers and Herders Two important discoveries brought on the Neolithic Revolution. One was learning to grow food. The other was learning to herd animals. Experts believe that people discovered that seed from wild grains, such as wheat and barley, could be planted and harvested. This probably came about when they noticed that new shoots had grown from spilled grain. Scientists believe agriculture developed independently in different parts of the world. In southwestern Asia, early people grew wheat and barley, and in eastern Asia, they grew millet, rice, and soy beans. In Mexico, they grew corn, squash, and potatoes, and they grew peanuts and a grain called sorghum in Africa. People probably learned they could herd animals when a hunting band built fences to enclose a herd of wild animals they had chased into a ravine. The hunters killed one animal at a time, saving the rest for later. Soon captured animals began to lose their fear of people and became domesticated, or tamed, and the hunters became herders. In time, Neolithic people were breeding animals to improve the animals’ qualities. People also began using certain animals such as donkeys, camels, and llamas as pack animals. The Neolithic Revolution greatly increased people’s food supplies. With more food available, the population, or number of people, began to grow. Experts think there were about 5 million people in the world in 8000 B.C. Within 4,000 years the population grew to about 90 million. People were also living longer. Once people began to produce food, they were able to settle in one place. They built permanent shelters and formed villages of about 150 to 200 people in areas with a good soil and water supply. POTTERY MAKING - Neolithic people learned the art of baking clay pottery. Baked clay, unlike sun-dried clay, will not disintegrate in water. In this picture, men are covering the oven so that the pots inside will bake. The earliest known villages in the world have been found in southwestern Asia. One of the oldest is Jericho (jer´ uh ko¯) in the West Bank between Israel and Jordan. It dates back to about 8000 B.C. Another is Abu Hureyra (ah bu hu ra´ rah) in Syria, which was founded about 500 years later. A third early village is Catal Hüyük (kat’ uhl hu´ yuk) located in Turkey. People lived there from about 6500 to 5700 B.C. Archaeologists know a great deal about Catal Hüyük because it was struck by a fire that blackened rather than destroyed wooden and cloth objects. The blackening helped preserve the objects. Evidence shows the houses in Catal Hüyük were made of sun-dried mud brick. They had flat roofs made of reeds plastered over with mud. The walls and roofs were supported by a post-and-lintel, or a horizontal length of wood or stone placed across two upright poles. The post-and-lintel was an important contribution to architecture because it enabled buildings to support weight above an open space. As protection against attack, the houses in this village had two or three rooms and no doors. People went in and out of the houses through a hole in the roof by using a ladder. The houses were crowded together on the side of a hill. The floors were covered with rushes, or grasslike plants, and sleeping platforms were covered with mats. EARLY VILLAGES - Archaeologists today continue to dig up artifacts of early people. These scientists have uncovered the sites of several ancient villages. Among the houses stood open courtyards with large ovens for baking bread. Beyond the houses were vegetable gardens, apple orchards, fields of grain, and pastures where sheep and cattle grazed. A result of increased food supplies was specialization, or the development of occupations. Fewer people were needed to produce food so they began to do jobs that had nothing to do with food. They became potters, weavers, and metal workers. They exchanged the things they made for grain, fruit, and meat. Specialization was aided by a number of developments. One was that people learned to make pottery by baking clay. They used pottery for carrying, cooking, and storing food. This enabled them to add such things as soups and stews to their diet. In addition, people learned to weave cloth. People took wool from sheep, spun it into thread, and wove the thread into cloth on a loom, which was invented during the Neolithic Age. They dyed the cloth bright colors and used it for clothing. Neolithic people also learned to work metals. They picked up lumps of copper, lead, gold, and silver that they found lying on the ground and hammered these metals into beads and jewelry. Soon they learned how to shape the metal into weapons. Because metals found on the ground were scarce, however, people continued to work mostly in stone, bone, and wood. Another development of Neolithic times was village government. It was more complex than government in earlier times due to land ownership. People’s lives depended on the use of a given piece of land. As a result, people began to protect what they had. They set boundaries and passed their land on to their children. Even so, disputes often arose over land ownership. To keep order in Neolithic villages, a single chief was chosen. Besides settling disputes, the chief, with the help of a small group of people, directed village activities. Experts believe that the chiefs of most Neolithic villages were also priests. They handled religious duties for the village which included offering prayers for things people needed, such as rich soil, healthy animals, and water for crops. At first, Neolithic people prayed to the forces of nature that they saw around them. After a time, they created gods and goddesses to represent these forces. The most important was the Earth Mother, the goddess of fertility. Many of the houses in Catal Hüyük, for example, had altars for this goddess. Archaeologists believe that more elaborate religious customs and ceremonies appeared at this time. Neolithic people began to build separate altars and other places of worship for their many gods and goddesses. 1. Prehistoric time can be divided into the Paleolithic and Neolithic Ages. 2. During the Paleolithic Age, people lived in small hunting-and-food-gathering bands. 3. Over time, Paleolithic people learned to make tools and clothes, developed language, and discovered how to make fire. 4. Early Homo sapiens included the Neanderthal and the Cro-Magnon. 5. The shift from food gathering to food producing brought so many changes that it has been called the Neolithic Revolution. 6. Food production made it possible for people to settle in one place. 7. Increased food supplies in the Neolithic Age resulted in increased population and specialization. 8. Neolithic villagers learned to make pottery, weave on looms, and work with metals. 9. Neolithic village government was led by a chief who settled disputes and directed village activities.

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Project Sponsored by YETI Coolers One of the core questions that we need to answer to ensure a strong tarpon conservation plan is: Is the Atlantic tarpon population made up of one large population or many smaller sub-populations? The satellite tagging data have shown that some adult tarpon migrate long distances, indicating that regional management is warranted. But at what scale? Are tarpon in Mexico the same tarpon that swim in Florida waters? Do tarpon mix between the Caribbean and Gulf of Mexico? Where are juvenile tarpon spawned – do they come from local spawning locations or do they travel as larvae from far-away spawning sites? To what extent do fishing pressure and harvest in one location impact the fishery in other locations? To what extent does the tarpon fishery in the Florida Keys depend on a sub-population, share tarpon with a larger regional population, or a mixture of these scenarios? Given recent advances in genetic science, the best way to address this important topic is through genetic analysis. In collaboration with the Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission, Bonefish & Tarpon Trust began a two-year Tarpon Genetics Program in 2014. The goal of this program is to analyze the genetic population structure of tarpon to determine if there is a single, regional tarpon population or multiple sub-populations. This will determine to what extent the overall tarpon conservation strategy should focus on a single, regional-scale approach, or on multiple, local-scale, conservation measures. The Results Are In… By: Dr. Liz Wallace The Tarpon Genetics Program has concluded, providing illuminating results that will help build effective regional management and conservation plans for tarpon. This two-year collaborative study between BTT and the Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission (FWC) sought to study how many distinct Atlantic Tarpon (Megalops atlanticus) populations exist, and if more than one existed, where they were geographically located. Thanks to the efforts of anglers, guides, lodges, and researchers, more than 23,000 tarpon scale samples were collected from all over the world, providing the study with a massive dataset for analysis. Many were collected from Florida waters during the previous FWC Tarpon Genetic Recapture Study, and scales were collected from tarpon in 24 other areas across the Gulf of Mexico, Caribbean Sea, and Atlantic Ocean. Different portions of tarpon DNA were examined to determine if the patterns in each individual tarpon were the same or different from other tarpon. If they were the same, then no matter where the fish were caught, they would be considered part of the same genetic population. Only one! A rigorous and comprehensive suite of statistical approaches was used to analyze the data. The overall level of genetic diversity in the Atlantic tarpon indicated high levels of gene flow (mixing over generations through interbreeding) across the entire region. Fish from Virginia to Louisiana and all across the Caribbean to Brazil displayed shared genetic profiles. Even tarpon samples collected from across the Atlantic Ocean, along the West African coast, shared these profiles. The results reveal that a single Atlantic tarpon stock exists. Although a preliminary study by McMillen-Jackson in 2005 suggested two stocks (West and East Atlantic), our study used a much more extensive dataset and advanced analytical methods to reveal trans-Atlantic connectivity and one region-wide tarpon stock. This map displays the genetic profiles from one microsatellite locus, Mat-22. Each pie chart is a tarpon collection area, and each color wedge is a unique microsatellite allele (repeat unit). Alleles were shared among all sites across the Atlantic Ocean, Gulf of Mexico, and Caribbean Sea. Two life history traits of tarpon likely maintain the high levels of population connectivity we observed across the region. First, adult tarpon are capable of long-distance migrations (tagged fish have been documented traveling more than 1700km). During this study, several long-distance recaptures were identified. Three fish first caught and sampled by anglers in Florida waters were recaptured by different anglers along the Alabama and Louisiana coasts more than three years later. These migrations increase genetic mixing, as fish from several areas likely converge on the same spawning sites. Second, tarpon larvae can be transported great distances by ocean currents. This dispersal of young tarpon also increases mixing, as larvae originating from different spawning sites may settle in the same inshore location. The connections don’t have to be direct, they can occur in step-wise fashion: a tarpon larvae spawned in Cuba may end up in Belize, where it grows up and spawns and its larvae are transported to Florida. This connects Cuba, Belize, and Florida tarpon populations. It’s important to note that it only takes a few percent of mixing between locations in each generation to result in a single population or stock. Warm ocean surface currents in the region flow in a clockwise path, resulting in the movement of larvae among areas. Additionally, the South Equatorial Current (SEC) flows West from Africa towards Brazil and the southern Caribbean. Despite the distance between Africa and South America, the data reveal genetic connectivity in tarpon. This may occur through larval dispersal via the SEC and rare adult migrations, though migratory pathways have not been studied in the Southern Caribbean and Eastern Atlantic. One tarpon population (or stock) exists in the Atlantic Ocean. A combination of adult migrations and larval dispersal, carried in prevailing ocean currents, maintain the high regional connectivity. For the Atlantic tarpon population—which the International Union for Conservation of Nature recently classified as “vulnerable”—connectivity means conservation efforts must apply broadly across the region. Tarpon mature slowly; as a result, the Atlantic population will be slow to recover from past and ongoing declines. Effective management for increasing populations will require an international scope. Recreational and commercial harvest still occurs and remains unregulated in parts of the region—the continued harvest of tarpon in up-current areas like Louisiana, Mexico, and Cuba may negatively impact the tarpon population and fishery down-current in areas like Florida and The Bahamas if enough tarpon are harvested to cause a decline in how many juveniles are produced each year. Where regulations are lacking, conservation efforts should support the creation of harvest limits and encourage catch and release where possible. At the local level, protection of critical juvenile habitat remains an urgent need. Efforts to minimize juvenile habitat loss (particularly the loss of mangroves) and restore degraded habitat will also benefit local fisheries. Given these findings, BTT will continue the regional approach to conservation. This includes efforts to improve fishery regulations; angler education on proper catch and release practices to ensure tarpon survive after release; identification of spawning locations (so these areas can be protected); and identification, protection and restoration of juvenile tarpon habitats. Although BTT’s work on these topics has been ongoing, these new results provide BTT with more leverage as they continue to advocate for the protection and conservation of tarpon throughout their range.

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Monuments in Haryana Ibrahim Lodi's Tomb, Panipat: Ibrahim Lodi was the Sultan of Delhi in 1526. He was defeated and killed in a battle with Babar. His tomb was constructed in Panipat and is situated near a Tehsil Office at Panipat. This tomb is considered to be one of the major monuments in Haryana and it holds a great importance in the history of Haryana. Ibrahim Lodi's Tomb is a rectangular block made of Lakhori bricks. During the british rule, they renovated this tomb and installed an inscription that stated the defeat of Ibrahim Lodhi. Star Monument Bhiwani : The Star Monument in Bhiwani is considered to be one of the most breathtaking buildings in Haryana and is situated in the Radha Swami Satsang Bhawani complex in Dinaud, which is only about 12 kms away from Bhiwani. This monument houses the samadhi of the famous Shree Tara Chand (Bade Maharaj Ji ). The Star Monument is an hexagonal pyramid, with star shaped sides.The height is 88m from the base platform, and each of the six sides measure about 60 feet at the base. Of the siz sides three alternative sides are covered in white marbles while the other three are covered in Italian glass. The Star Monument in Haryana is designed in such a way that it does not have any pillars or columns to support itself. The premises of this monument is well decorated with a variety of stars and other decorative items. The highly sophisticated construction of this monument is supported by a mix of traditional and the most modern techniques and equipments. Kala Amb : 'Kala Amb' is another intersting monument in Haryana which attracts a large number of tourists. It is situated in the historic city of Panipat, and is 90 km away from Delhi. Kala Amb is actually a memorial for soldiers who participated and died in the 3rd battle of Panipat. It is said that the blood of the soldiers who died in the battle, was mixed with the soil and as a result the fruits of a nearby mango tree became black in color. Thus the memorial got the name 'Kala Amb' which means "Black Mango". Now the site consist of a brick pillar with an iron rod and is surrounded by an Iron fence

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Unspoilt Amazonian rainforests covering an area almost as large as Texas have been provisionally earmarked for oil and gas exploration. A new report reveals that the area has been divided into 180 "blocks" designated for exploration by governments of countries that own the land on the western fringe of the Amazon. Their intention is to lease the blocks to oil and gas companies for exploration and extraction, taking a cut of any revenues as a royalty. About 35 oil companies are vying for the contracts. However, most of the blocks overlap with huge areas of rainforest that would become vulnerable to illegal hunting and logging once breached by roads to service exploration activities. (see diagram, right, for details) The threatened forests in the west Amazon are still pristine in comparison with the highly-exploited eastern Amazonian forests of Brazil. They support hundreds of undisturbed exotic species, from jaguars and ocelots to harpy eagles and river otters, as well as large populations of indigenous people who oppose oil exploration on their lands. "The western Amazon is pretty much intact, and the reason it remains remote is that there are no roads," says Matt Finer of the conservation group Save America's Forests, which has revealed the positions of the 180 blocks. "That's why we want an immediate moratorium on new road building before any contracts are signed," says Finer. The researchers reveal that most governments involved, including those of Bolivia, Colombia, Peru, and western Brazil, have accelerated their plans to lease off the blocks. In 2004, for example, blocks covered only 15% of Peruvian-owned rainforest. Now, just four years on, they cover 72%. One, called block 67, is close to being developed by Perenco of France. Finer says that a radical solution that would "leave the oil in the ground" has been put forward by Ecuador, which has invited foreign governments to compensate the country for doing just that. Ecuador's offer is on the table until 31 December this year, but so far only moderate contributions have been promised or discussed, by the governments of Germany, Spain and Italy. "It would be a spectacular failure for conservation if it failed," says Finer. But the cost of the scheme is high. To meet the challenge, the international community would annually have to match the $350 million "foregone" by Ecuador as its sacrifice for not plundering its oil. The researchers hope that other countries affected adopt Ecuador's so-called Yasuní-ITT initiative instead of leasing off the land to oil companies. But they would bear a considerable cost as a result. Ecuador, for example, earns 45% of its revenue from current oil and gas sales. The researchers also call for governments and potential licensees to sponsor region-wide environmental impact assessments prior to exploration. Current plans do not address the rights of indigenous peoples who live in the affected areas, although these should be protected by the UN Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples, which came into force in September 2007. Finer says governments, philanthropists and multilateral donors should act now to save the "blocked" habitat, which covers 688,000 square kilometres, or the chance to save it will be lost. Endangered species - Learn more about the conservation battle in our comprehensive special report. Energy and Fuels - Learn more about the looming energy crisis in our comprehensive special report. If you would like to reuse any content from New Scientist, either in print or online, please contact the syndication department first for permission. New Scientist does not own rights to photos, but there are a variety of licensing options available for use of articles and graphics we own the copyright to.

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Post Summer Revival – A Naturopath’s Advice Two things take a beating over summer; the skin and the liver. The liver is responsible for breaking down the food in our diets into substances that the body can use or eliminate. This includes the cake, sweets and other treats we consume over the holidays. The liver also converts toxic substances into harmless substances for elimination from the body, such as alcohol, recreational drugs, pesticides and medicines. This biochemical process of changing toxic substance in the body is known as ‘bio-transformation’. The process of detoxification in the liver depends on nutrients like B vitamins, magnesium, vitamin C, and glutathione. They are all essentially the fuel that runs the detox engine. In addition to the nutrients above you can help your liver along with St Mary’s thistle (milk thistle). This wonder-plant contains an active complex known as ‘silymarin’ that is liver protecting. It main actions include scavenging free radicals by increasing glutathione (a master antioxidant). It’s in this way the liver is protected at a cellular level. Healthier liver = healthier you! The next part of the detoxification process is elimination. Elimination is performed by the skin, liver, kidneys, lungs and intestinal tract. Due to its huge surface area, the skin trumps over these other organs for elimination. Waste products are eliminated by the skin via sweat and the sebaceous glands. Excessive exposure to summer sun can cause premature ageing of the skin and cause damage by way of sunburn. So while we are overindulging over summer the burden on our liver and skin is increased, the skin is also trying to repair from excess sun exposure. The key is to support our liver and our skin to allow for their natural processes to occur. There are plenty of vitamins, minerals and herbs to support your skin and liver. Here are just a few: - Vitamin A is one of the most widely acknowledged nutrients for healthy skin as it promotes cell turnover in the skin. Rough, dry skin is a common sign of vitamin A deficiency. Vitamin A-rich foods include liver, cod liver oil, kidney, cream, butter and egg yolks. I don’t recommend supplementing without testing, as Vitamin A toxicity is possible. But if you wish to get more Vitamin A, use cod liver oil. - Zinc supports the structure of proteins and cell membranes, contributes to wound healing, is anti-inflammatory and protects against UV radiation. Dietary sources of zinc include kidney, liver, red meat, seafood such as oysters, scallops, and other shellfish. Vegetarian sources include pumpkin seeds and nuts. - Omega-3 fatty acids have been demonstrated to inhibit inflammation in the skin caused by UV radiation. Omega 3 fatty acids may contribute to smoother, younger-looking skin. Best sources are sardines, salmon, mackerel, tuna, anchovies and cod. But if you want to supplement, I would recommend Metagenics EPA DHA. - Vitamin E may prevent inflammatory damage from sun exposure, helping to reduce the aging and skin cancer risk from excessive UV radiation. Vitamin E sources include spinach, , chard, sunflower seeds, almonds, bell peppers, asparagus, , kale, broccoli, and brussel sprouts. Try to pair these sources with olive oil which helps with absorption of vitamin E. - Note: While too much sun exposure isn’t a good thing, not enough may be even worse (the trick is to safely enjoy the sun without burning). To contact our Naturopath Sandra for an initial consult, please book: HERE Or simply download the Bondi Vixen App and click on ‘Book Services’ tab. Sandra is available in our Treatment Room on Mondays from 4pm to 8pm and Fridays from 1030am to 1230pm.

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HOW DEEP can they go? RMS Titanic's Final Resting Place 12,500 ft (3810 m) In 1985, Dr. Robert Ballard led a team of researchers in a joint French-American expedition and found the final resting place of the R.M.S. Titanic. He and his colleagues returned one year later with the DSV Alvin and a specially designed robot, the Jason Jr., to explore the ship. Titanic-related Web Sites and Information - The Titanic: Encyclopedia Smithsonian - Titanic's Lost Sister - NOVA online - R.M.S. Titanic; international maritime memorial; findings and purposes - Congressional findings and recommendations - Titanic: Select Bibliography - from the Maritime History Virtual Archives in Sweden - The Grave of the Titanic from The Gulf of Maine Aquarium - The Titanic Disaster: An Enduring Example of Money Management vs. Risk Management - R.M.S. TITANIC...Célebre Transatlântico do Épico Desastre - a new site from Brazil - The 3D Titanic - Titanic Tidbits - Titanic-Titanic.com- an incredible array of links and information about the Titanic including a Titanic Discussion Forum - Join the Titanic Discussion group - The Titanic Historical Society (THS) - The Titanic Society of South Africa contains sample newsletter articles and links - Ulster Titanic Society including a unique account from a Titanic witness who has never before been heard on the Internet. - Scandinavian Titanic Society has now begun its work and welcomes new members. Student Sites about the Titanic - The Titanic Sinks into the Internet - WWW page by Rohan McCarthy from Ipswich, Queensland, Australia. - The Titanic in the classroom from the Department for Education and Children's Services (Australia) - The Titanic: Student Investigations also from the Department for Education and Children's Services (Australia) - The Titanic in the classroom - more from DECS Australia - The Story of the Titanic - a tale from Sweden - Titanic Buff's Homepage - Titanic and her Sisters - a great site with easy to follow topics Newspaper and Magazine Accounts - R.M.S. Titanic - 83 Years later - An online exhibit highlighting the potential of newspapers as sources for historical and cultural research. - Images of the Titanic From Maryland Newspapers - `Owning' the Titanic - an article about the company, RMS Titanic Inc. - Greek divers tell of finding Titanic's sunken sister - Titanic exhibit just doesn't float Art, Books, Film, Video, Music, Dance and Literature - Inside the Titanic - The News with Brian Williams on MSNBC - The Last True Story of Titanic by Jim Clary - TITANIC - Women and Children First - a book commemorating the women and children involved in the tragedy by Judith B. Geller - TITANIC IN 3-D MOVIE from the National Geographic Society - Titanic in Dream & Legend - paintings and story by Peter Selgin from Urban Desires - 1:40 a.m. Titanic Time, April 15 1912 and the R.M.S. Titanic (Miniature series) by marine artist Jim Clary - A Treasury of Titanic Tales - an illustrated narrative of human interest stories from the Titanic - Titanic - A New Musical - great site about the new Broadway musical plus many historical Titanic-related items. - Titanic. Destination ...Cyberspace - The Sinking of the Titanic a recording by Gavin Bryars - Search the Digital Tradition Folk Song Database for all songs that contain the word Titanic. - Words to yet another version of the Wreck of the Titanic - Titanic - The second part of the trilogy created in 1992 for the first Biennial International Dance Festival by Frédéric Flamand - What if they found a survivor of the Titanic? - a review of a play at TheatreWorks' Stage II - Secrets of the Titanic, History's Greatest Shipwrecks Collection and Last Voyage of the Lusitania videos from National Geographic - A Night To Remember - the movie - Titanic (1997) - new movie by James Cameron. - Titanic - the Movie Webisode with interviews and great background features about the movie. - The Titanic - a nice painting - The "Unsinkable" Titanic - a nice painting from a Canadian site - RMS Titanic - a few pictures from New Zealand - The sinking of the R.M.S.Titanic - a 3-D computer model - The Titanic Tragedy - A recently re-released audiobook. - Titanic: A Voyage of Discovery - a new interactive CD-ROM website - Titanic: Triumph and Tragedy by John P. Eaton and Charles A. Haas - The Riddle of the Titanic An Astonishing Reassessment That Will Shock the World by Dan van der Vat and Robin Gardner - Titanic...That Night, The Untold Story by Jim Clary - Superstitions of the Sea by Jim Clary contains "startling new facts on the Titanic" Museums, Organizations and Individuals Associated with the Titanic - Dr. Robert D. Ballard - Secrets of the Deep a lecture by Dr. Robert Ballard at the National Geographic Society - February 10, 1998 - The Deep Submergence Laboratory Homepage, and the Deep Submergence Operations Group at the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution - Photograph of Jason Jr.: Underwater ROV - Harland and Wolff Technical Services Ltd. - the builder of the Titanic - Homepage (unofficial) of the White Star Line (in German) and in english. - Maritime Museum of the Atlantic in Halifax, Nova Scotia. Museum contains artifacts from Titanic and some of the victims were buried in Halifax. - The Marine Museum at Fall River - contains the twenty eight foot model of the Titanic used in the 1952 movie TITANIC. - United States Coast Guard International Ice Patrol - Michael E.Humphreys - apprentice baker meant to get on Titanic at Queenstown, Apr 1912, age 19 went off drinking, missed it! - Titanic's Radio operators - Encyclopedia Titanica: -Titanic Research, Passenger and Crew Biographies, Pictures, Titanic Articles - Titanic Memorial Sites - Titanic memorials throughout the United Kingdom. Titanic-related Artifacts, Memorabilia and Nostalgia - The Titanic's Tender "Nomadic" - RMS Titanic, inc.- includes information about the exhibitions and memorabilia. - Titanic International- an organization dedicated to the research of ocean liners - New Steamship Consultants - Ocean Liner Memorabilia Resources including pictures of some very Rare Titanic Memorabilia. - Titanic - Ocean Liner Memorabilia - The Titanic Rises in Hobart - spend a luxurious night in The Empire Suite of the Titanic on your next visit to Hobart, Tasmania. - The morning sky that greeted the survivors of the Titanic. [800x600 - 11 Kbytes] - Titanic Wreck Model Pictures - Titanic Reproductions - brass uniform buttons for the captain and crew of the R.M.S. Titanic. Titanic-links from other Titanic Websites - Links to Other Titanic Sites from Jim's Titanic Site - Web Topics - Shipwrecks include a number of links plus good descriptions. - Links from the Titanic WebSite - Links by Category Search the Internet for Titanic-related information - InfoSeek Guide - Magellan Internet Guide - Open Text Return to HOW DEEP can they go? Ocean Planet Exhibition Floorplan gene carl feldman (firstname.lastname@example.org) (301) 286-9428 Judith Gradwohl, Smithsonian Institution (Curator/Ocean Planet)

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Foreword. Preface. List of Acronyms. List of Symbols. 1. Introduction. 2. Tuning System Specifications. 3. Single-Loop Architectures. 4. Wide-Band Architectures. 5. Adaptive PLL Architecture. 6. Programmable Dividers. 7. Conclusions. A. PLL Stability Limits Due to the Discrete-Time PFD/CP Operation. B. Clock-Conversion PLLs for Optical Transmitters. About the Author. Index. This text describes a conceptual framework for analyzing the performance of PLL frequency synthesizers, and presents optimization procedures for the different performance aspects. It contains basic information and in-depth knowledge, widely illustrated with practical design examples used in industrial products. Springer Book Archives

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It takes self control and practice to challenge a philosophy or cognitive distortion that has been held life-long. Despite human limitations, we are able to direct and take responsibility for our own lives. We can gain control with our cognitive ability, which allows us to think about thinking. This cognitive distortion is seeing life and personal qualities in the extreme, thus thinking things are either black or white, wonderful or awful. All or nothing thinking is clearly illogical because things are not often completely one way or the other. This distortion forms the basis for perfectionism. It causes you to fear any mistake or imperfection because you will then see yourself as a complete failure and feel inferior, worthless and depressed. Remember: Reality lies within the gray areas. Seeing a single event as a part of a never-ending pattern of defeat and thinking that once something has happened it will occur over and over again results in feelings of rejection with this type of thinking. Remember: Not every event is connected to other events or to you. This distortion is picking out the negative details in any situation and dwelling on them exclusively. You then conclude that the whole situation is negative. It is much like wearing a pair of sunglasses that filter out anything positive. Remember: Look for the silver lining on every dark cloud. This is one of the most amazing and magical of all thinking errors. When a depressed individual is confronted with data which clearly contradicts his negative self image and pessimistic attitude, he quickly and cleverly finds some way to discount the data. By disqualifying positive experiences in this manner, the depressed individual can maintain negative beliefs which are clearly unrealistic and inconsistent with everyday experiences. Remember: Let yourself accept and believe in the positives. In this cognitive distortion, the person automatically jumps to a negative conclusion which is not justified by facts. Remember: These self-defeating behavior patterns may act as self-fulfilling prophecies and set up a negative interaction when none originally existed. Called the "binocular trick," a person is either blowing things out of proportion or shrinking them. When you look at your mistakes or another's talents, you look through the end of the binoculars that make things seem bigger than they really are. In contrast, when you look at your own strengths or someone else's flaws, you probably look through the opposite end of the binoculars that makes things seem small and distant. Because you are magnifying your imperfections and minimizing your good qualities, you end up feeling inadequate and inferior to other people. Remember: Don't use a yard stick to measure yourself and a ruler for everyone else. This cognitive distortion is accepting your emotions as evidence for the way things really are. "I feel unlovable, therefore I am unlovable." Such thinking is erroneous because your feelings simply reflect your thoughts and beliefs. Remember: Self-hatred is only hating your own thoughts. Don't hate yourself for having the thoughts. Instead, gently change the thoughts. This error involves seeing yourself as the cause of some negative event without supporting facts. The result is taking responsibility for things outside of your control. Remember: Consider the facts and don't beat yourself up over that which you have no control. Looking for something specific? Can't remember where you read it? Search Discover Simple Living here: 10 out of 10 revolutionary eco-hippies recommend this site. © 2010-2013 Discover Simple Living. All rights reserved.

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Body length: 21 - 29" Diet: Rodents, birds, eggs, fruits, and nuts Shy and elusive, gray foxes are not often seen at Tonto National Monument. However, they may be common. Look for their small dog-like tracks, approximately two inches long, along trails and throughout the Monument. The diet of gray fox in western states is varied, and includes prickly pear fruit, insects and other arthropods, small mammals, carrion, reptiles, birds, juniper berries, and acorns. They are most active at night, retreating to rock outcrops, hollow trees, and underground burrows during the day.

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6 Ways To Protect Your Eyesight One of the most essential things we can do to maintain our quality of life is protect our eyesight. Vision loss increases with age, and one in every six adults deals with a sight-threatening eye problem. Some of the leading causes of blindness and low vision are age-related diseases like macular degeneration, cataracts, diabetic retinopathy, and glaucoma, but there are ways we can fight back. 1. Learn If You Are At Risk For Eye Disease Does your family have a history of diabetes or high blood pressure? Are you over 65 years old or an African-American over age 40? Factors like these contribute to your risk of developing sight-threatening eye diseases, so make sure you’re aware of them. 2. Live A Healthy Lifestyle The way you live can have a huge impact on your overall health, and that includes your eyes. Eating healthy foods, including plenty of fruits and colorful or dark green vegetables will help your eyes stay healthy, as will regular exercise. And as we can improve our health by maintaining these kinds of good habits, we can also stay healthier by avoiding bad habits like smoking, as smoking increases a person’s risk of developing a number of sight-threatening conditions. 3. Schedule Regular Physical Exams Chronic diseases like high blood pressure and diabetes can cause numerous problems if undiagnosed and untreated, including eye problems. Diabetes in particular can lead to vision loss due to diabetic retinopathy and macular degeneration, and untreated high blood pressure can lead to eye strokes. 4. Schedule Regular Eye Exams The only way your eye doctor will be able to catch an eye disease early on to begin managing and treating it will be if you are scheduling your regular eye exams. Catching these diseases early is often the difference between vision loss and successfully saving the patient’s sight. 5. Be On The Watch For Changes In Your Vision Whenever you notice a change in your vision, you should come see us right away. It could be something as simple as needing an updated prescription for your glasses or contacts, but symptoms like red eyes, flashes of light, a sudden increase in the number of floaters you see, and eye pain or swelling may be signs of serious eye problems that need immediate attention. 6. Protect Your Eyes From UV Rays Even people with no predisposition for eye disease need eye protection from the sun, but it’s not as simple as grabbing the nearest cheap pair of sunglasses you can find. Make sure that the pair you wear block 100 percent of UV-A and UV-B rays before you buy them, because sunglasses that don’t block UV rays can actually be worse than no sunglasses at all. Vision Source® Can Help You Keep Your Eyes Healthy! If you’d like more info on ways you can protect your vision, such as dietary recommendations or advice on the best pair of sunglasses, don’t hesitate to give your local Vision Source® member optometrist a call or drop by their practice! And if it’s been a while since your last eye exam, start the new year off right by scheduling one today! Thank you for being part of the Vision Source family! Find a Vision Source® practice near you using our search tool.

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Republic of the Philippines Congress in the Philippines Second Regular Session Begun and held in Metro Manila, on Monday, the twenty-fifth day of July, two thousand eleven. [REPUBLIC ACT NO. 10157] AN ACT INSTITUTIONALIZING THE KINDERGARTEN EDUCATION INTO THE BASIC EDUCATION SYSTEM AND APPROPRIATING FUNDS THEREFOR Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the Philippines in Congress assembled: SECTION 1. Short Title. – This Act shall be known as the “Kindergarten Education Act”. SEC. 2. Declaration of Policy. – In consonance with the Millennium Development Goals on achieving Education for All (EFA) by the year 2015, it is hereby declared the policy of the State to provide equal opportunities for all children to avail of accessible mandatory and compulsory kindergarten education that effectively promotes physical, social, intellectual, emotional and skills stimulation and values formation to sufficiently prepare them for formal elementary schooling. This Act shall apply to elementary school system being the first stage of compulsory and mandatory formal education. Thus, kindergarten will now be an integral part of the basic education system of the country. Kindergarten education is vital to the academic and technical development of the Filipino child for it is the period when the young mind’s absorptive capacity for learning is at its sharpest. It is also the policy of the State to make education learner-oriented and responsive to the needs, cognitive and cultural capacity, the circumstances and diversity of learners, schools and communities through the appropriate languages of teaching and learning. SEC. 3. Definition of Terms. – The terms used in this Act are defined as follows: (a) DepEd shall refer to the Department of Education; (b) BEE shall refer to the Bureau of Elementary Education; (c) Kindergarten education shall be understood in this Act to mean one (1) year of preparatory education for children at least five (5) years old as a prerequisite for Grade I; and (d) Mother tongue refers to the language first learned by a child. SEC. 4. Institutionalization of Kindergarten Education. – Kindergarten education is hereby institutionalized as part of basic education and for school year 2011-2012 shall be implemented partially, and thereafter, it shall be made mandatory and compulsory for entrance to Grade 1. SEC. 5. Medium of Instruction. – The State shall hereby adopt the mother tongue-based multilingual education (MTB-MLE) method. The mother tongue of the learner shall be the primary medium of instruction for teaching and learning in the kindergarten level. However, exceptions shall be made to the following cases: (a) When the pupils in the kindergarten classroom have different mother tongues or when some of them speak another mother tongue; (b) When the teacher does not speak the mother tongue of the learners; (c) When resources, in line with the use of the mother tongue, are not yet available; and (d) When teachers are not yet trained how to use the MTB-MLE program. In such exceptional cases, the primary medium of instruction shall be determined by the DepEd aligned with the framework being used in the elementary level including teacher training and production of local resources and materials under DepEd Order No. 74, series of 2009. The DepEd, in coordination with the Commission on Filipino Language and in close collaboration with academic and research institutions concerned with education, shall formulate a mother tongue-based multilingual framework for teaching and learning: Provided, That the DepEd will include teaching strategies as defined in Section 7(c) which aims to introduce and eventually strengthen the child’s understanding of English, which is the official language. SEC. 6. Implementing Agency. – The authority to regulate the organization, operation and/or implementation of the kindergarten education program of both public and private schools shall be vested upon the DepEd, through the creation of a new Division under the BEE and other necessary support to achieve successful implementation of kindergarten education to include, but not limited to, increasing the number of kindergarten teacher positions with the required salaries and benefits, enhancing teacher training in early education, and providing the necessary allocations for classrooms and chairs, facilities and equipment, and textbooks. SEC. 7. Duties, Powers and Functions. – The DepEd, through the BEE, shall exercise the following powers and functions: (a) Oversee and supervise the organization, operation and implementation of the kindergarten education program; (b) Develop the curriculum for kindergarten education consistent with the universally accepted norms and standards, including values formation all of which shall be developmentally appropriate, and use of the MTB-MLE as a medium of instruction and to periodically review such for purposes of upgrading; (c) Develop teaching strategies using the unique feature of the MTB-MLE which shall include, but not limited to, the following: (1) The two-track method (storytelling and reading, listening story, oral communication activities); (2) Interactive strategies; (3) Use of manipulative games; and (4) Experiential, small group discussions and total physical response (TPR) among others. The learning development materials shall consist of the following at the minimum: (i) Listening story; (ii) Small books; (iii) Big books; (iv) Experience story; (v) Primer lessons; and (vi) Lessons exemplars; (a) Conceive, develop and extend a continuing professional development program for kindergarten teachers to ensure constant updating of their knowledge in current trends, pedagogy, methodologies and concepts on early childhood education; (b) Prescribe the necessary qualifications for the hiring and accreditation of teachers who will handle the kindergarten education program; (c) Exercise authority over the operation of private kindergarten institutions; (d) Supervise the establishment of various venues for early childhood education which may be institution-based, home-based, hospital-based or community-based, and which shall be duly accredited by the DepEd; and (e) Introduce innovative programs in kindergarten that shall include educational technologies, whenever applicable. SEC. 8. Appropriations. – The DepEd shall immediately include in the program of the Department the operationalization of the free, mandatory and compulsory public kindergarten education, the initial funding of which shall be charged against the current appropriations for kindergarten education of the DepEd. Thereafter, such sums which shall be necessary for the continued implementation of the free public kindergarten education program shall be charged to the General Fund and included in the annual General Appropriations Act. SEC. 9. Implementing Rules and Regulations. – Within ninety (90) days after the effectivity of this Act, the DepEd, in consultation with the Department of Budget and Management, shall promulgate the rules and regulations needed for the implementation of this Act. SEC. 10. Separability Clause. – If any provision of this Act is held invalid or unconstitutional, the same shall not affect the validity and effectivity of the other provisions hereof. SEC. 11. Repealing Clause. – Pertinent provisions of all other laws, decrees, executive orders and rules and regulations contrary to or inconsistent with the provisions of this Act are hereby repealed or modified accordingly. SEC. 12. Effectivity Clause. – This Act shall take effect fifteen (15) days after its publication in the Official Gazette or in two (2) newspapers of general circulation. (Sgd.) JUAN PONCE ENRILE President of the Senate (Sgd.) FELICIANO BELMONTE JR. Speaker of the House of Representatives This Act which originated in the House of Representatives was finally passed by the House of Representatives and the Senate on November 23, 2011 and November 21, 2011, respectively. (Sgd.) EMMA LIRIO-REYES Secretary of the Senate (Sgd.) MARILYN B. BARUA-YAP Secretary General House of Representatives Approved: JAN 20 2012 (Sgd.) BENIGNO S. AQUINO III President of the Philippines

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Map of scientific collaborations Guest contributor Julie Gould celebrates the Internet’s Golden Jubilee. There have been significant leaps in our understanding of science and technology in the last fifty years. Some have radically changed our world, such as our sending a man into space and the silicon chip. However, one tool above all has become invaluable in our everyday lives: the internet. What is particularly fascinating about this invention is how it is changing the way science is being done. The internet started out in the 1960s. In 1962, a network known as ARPANET (Advanced Research Projects Agency Network) was set up as a way of connecting a group of American Universities and the American government. By 1969, only four computers were connected up to the internet, but as time went on – and with more computers wanting to join the network – it was becoming a problem to connect them all up. It was only in the 1980s that scientists at CERN, the European Organisation for Nuclear Research in Geneva, developed the World Wide Web. This was initially meant to be a way of improving internal communications at CERN, and to allow for a faster transfer of information between individual computers on a much larger scale. Its inventor, Tim Berners-Lee, described the World Wide Web as a “project [that] aims to allow all links to be made to any information anywhere[…] The WWW project was started to allow high energy physicists to share data, news, and documentation”. On 6 August 1991 the World Wide Web was launched across the internet. It allowed access to information anywhere in the world at just the click of a button, connecting scientists from all continents and increasing collaborative research and advancing science on a vast scale. Overall, the internet can be seen as a collaborative project that is continually evolving as time goes on. It is changing the way science is done, not only by improving communications between scientists, but by extending those with the public. It has endless applications in an era of rapid information exchange and high connectivity, and displays a large capacity for data storage and handling. This high-speed international information-sharing has enabled researchers to collaborate with colleagues and experts in their field across the globe. Compare this to the birth of modern science in the 17th Century, when it was almost impossible to work with those in a different town or country, let alone another continent. The exchange of information was painfully slow. Now the internet enables scientists to spread their ideas further and faster and to communicate and exchange theories with those who have interests similar to their own across all seven continents. An excellent example of this is the Polymath Project, first set up by Tim Gowers in January 2009. Gowers encountered a mathematical problem that he could not solve on his own. Instead, he posted the question on his personal blog, opening it up to his readers to see if they could collaboratively find a solution. Within 37 days, a group of 27 people had left over 800 related comments in an attempt to solve this problem. This group contained a broad mix of people, including teachers and research mathematicians. By bringing together the particular strengths of each individual, the group managed to find a solution. Two heads are better than one, and 27 heads are better than two. The internet also acts as an enormous online data store. Projects such as GenBank, an online database run by the US National Centre for Biotechnology Information, have combined the specific expertise of biologists from all over the world to aid scientific discovery. GenBank houses all the human genetic information discovered since it first started. By requiring scientists to immediately upload any new genetic codes that they find, the world has worked in collaboration to define the complete human genome. On top of this, the database is accessible to the public, so anyone with an interest in human genetics can view this research. By allowing anyone to download the human genome map, anyone can analyse it – and potentially discover something new. This type of research is becoming increasingly popular. By giving scientists the opportunity to engage with the public, they are working with many who do not always have the capability of studying the science, but who still have an active interest in it. Similar databases have been set up for mapping the universe, climate change and many other scientific areas, utilising the concept of ‘citizen science’. Citizen science projects – in which amateurs, or non-professional citizens, contribute to scientific research in large numbers – are springing up everywhere, allowing huge amounts of data to be collected and analysed. One example of this is Galaxy Zoo, a project launched in 2007 by Kevin Schawinski and colleagues from Oxford University to enable mass classification of galaxies from Hubble telescope images. The website shows volunteers a number of digital photographs of galaxies, and asks them to determine whether the galaxy is spiral or elliptical. If it is a spiral galaxy, it then asks volunteers to determine which way it is rotating, and various other characteristics. This helps to clarify that the internet is aiding science itself, not just scientists, by allowing this mass collaboration and data-sharing. Some astonishing discoveries have been made by many of the 200,000 volunteers that have signed up to Galaxy Zoo. More than 20 academic papers have been published through the combined efforts of the scientists and the public. Pea galaxies and quasar mirrors are amongst some of the more famous discoveries, most of which were initially spotted by non-professional scientists. The things Galaxy Zoo has achieved would never have been possible if it were only algorithms, or a few professional researchers filtering through the photographs. And the combined power of thousands speeds up the process immeasurably. The internet is changing what the word ‘science’ actually means: it is no longer necessary to be a professional researcher to get involved in science and contribute. Anybody who has an inquisitive mind and an active interest in a specific subject can become part of projects such as Galaxy Zoo. What will the internet bring next? It will continue to alter the way science is being done. More recently, debates have sparked up about open-access publishing, in which all data is made publicly available for anyone to see. Of course there will always be pros and cons regarding such a controversial argument. By combining and amplifying intelligence, the internet has helped make some amazing discoveries which would not have happened had it not been invented. It provides optimism and opportunities for science which would never have been possible otherwise. Long live the Internet. Image: Olivier H. Beauchesne

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Head Start promotes the school readiness of young children from low-income families through agencies in their local community. The Head Start program is authorized by the Improving Head Start for School Readiness Act of 2007. Head Start and Early Head Start programs support the comprehensive development of children from birth to age 5, in centers, child care partner locations, and in their own homes. Comprehensive development services include: - Early Learning- Teachers facilitate individualized learning experiences to promote children’s readiness for school and beyond. Through planned and spontaneous instruction, relationships with adults, and play, children grow in language and literacy, early math and science concepts, and social and emotional development. - Health- Children receive health and development screenings, nutritious meals, oral health and mental health support. Programs connect families with medical, dental, and mental health services, and ensure that children are receiving the services they need. - Family well-being- Parents and families are supported in achieving their own goals, such as housing stability, continued education, and financial security. Programs support and strengthen parent-child relationships and engage families around children’s learning and development. Family members must apply directly with a program in their area. The Program Locator can help you find the program nearest you. Programs provide services to over a million children a year in every U.S. state, territory and in over 155 tribal communities. Programs prioritize enrollment for children in foster care, children with disabilities, and children whose families are homeless. Local Head Start services are delivered by about 1,700 public and private nonprofit and for-profit agencies. Head Start agencies design services for children and families that meet the needs of their local community and follow the Head Start Program Performance Standards. These agencies receive grants from the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS), Administration for Children and Families (ACF) and are administered by the Office of Head Start (OHS). Some local communities and states contribute additional funding to expand Head Start and Early Head Start to include more children within their communities.

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We have a new paper out in the journal Methods in Ecology and Evolution: One of the biggest problems studying seed dispersal is that seeds are hard to follow! With traditional seed tagging methods, many seeds simply cannot be found, especially when they travel long distances. One method researchers have used is to limit their search to a reasonable distance and track all the seeds within that radius. The problem with this method is that it tells one little/nothing about long distance dispersal. Given that long distance dispersal is believed to be particularly important, this lack of information is problematic. Patrick Jansen and colleagues developed a statistical method to reconstruct the shape of the tail of the seed dispersal distribution using the shape of the distribution inside the search radius. We thought this was a cool method and had the potential to be used more widely. Unfortunately, this method had never been tested with empirical data. Fortunately, we had a perfect dataset to test the method because we used radio-transmitters to track seeds in our project. We also decided to give it a name: the Censored Tail Reconstruction method (CTR). In general, we found that the CTR method worked exceptionally well at recreating the long-tail of the seed dispersal distribution. On the other hand, this method was highly sensitive to which mathematical function was used in the method, and what percentage of seeds were ‘overlooked’ by researchers searching for seeds. The upshot of our paper is that it is possible to calculate fairly accurate dispersal kernels using censored data collected with traditional low priced tagging methods. The caveat to this is that researchers need to be certain that they are able to find the vast majority of seeds within their search radius, and they must choose the most appropriate mathematical function for use in the CTR method (using AIC selection). We think this method should be widely adopted, especially by researchers who cannot afford tons of radio-transmitters.

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Don’t miss out. Stay Informed. Get EcoWatch’s Top News of the Day. It’s been almost three years since the nuclear disaster at Fukushima, but the Japan Atomic Energy Agency is still trying to figure out what went wrong. The agency’s latest effort will be to recreate the meltdown in a controlled setting in order to analyze the event and better prepare for future incidents. According to The Yomiuri Shimbun, the experiment will include melting a miniature version of one of the Fukushima Daiichi energy plant’s 4.5-meter rods inside a stainless-steel capsule. Neutrons emitted by fuel surrounding the capsule will spur nuclear fission in the small fuel rod, which will start melting after its temperature reaches 2,000 degrees Celsius. The nuclear fission reaction should provide insight into the melted fuel that remains inside the three crippled Fukushima reactors. Removing the fuel from the reactors is the biggest challenge in the ongoing cleanup and further dismantling of the plant. “We’d like to find out what phenomena occurred in the accident and use the data to work out responses in the event of another nuclear power plant accident,” an unnamed official from the Japan Atomic Energy Agency told the Japanese publication. “We want to study exactly how meltdowns happen and apply what we will learn to help improve ways to deal with severe accidents in the future.” The study will take place some time in March at the Nuclear Safety Research Reactor in Tokai of Ibaraki Prefecture. The Nos. 1 through 3 reactors at the Fukushima plant each contained 25,000 to 35,000 fuel rods when the earthquake hit, according to The Yomiuri Shimbun. They may have began melting as soon as four hours after the earthquake. The rods at the plant are believed to contain 14,000 times as much radioactive cesium as was released at the bombing of Hiroshima. People like grassroots, nuclear-free campaign leader Harvey Wasserman say moving 400 tons of radioactive rods from a fuel pool in one of the damaged units could end in a global catastrophe. Tuna contaminated with radiation from Fukushima have been caught off the California coast, making some wonder how safe it is to eat fish. Additionally, 70-plus U.S. Navy sailors reported radiation sickness after responding to the disaster and have filed a lawsuit against Tokyo Electric Power Co. (TEPCO), which operates the Fukushima Daiichi energy plant. “Results of the experiment will help us better predict the effectiveness of measures to deal with a nuclear accident, such as an emergency injection of water into a reactor,” the agency official said. “There are no safety problems with the experiment itself.” Visit EcoWatch’s NUCLEAR page for more related news on this topic.

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The Trials of Moses is the second fresco on the southern wall of the Sistine Chapel. It is part of the series on the life of Moses. This fresco shows a number of events that preluded the journey from Egypt. On the right is Moses killing the Egyptian who had harassed a Hebrew, and fleeing to the desert. In the next episode Moses fights the shepherds who were preventing Jethro's daughters (including his future wife, Zipporah) to water their cattle at the pit, and then takes the water for them. In the third scene, in the upper left corner, Moses removes his shoes and then receives from God the task to return to Egypt and free his people. Finally, in the lower left corner, he drives the Jews to the Promised Land. Moses is always distinguishable in the scenes by his yellow dress and the green cloak. On the wall opposite to this fresco Botticelli painted his Temptation of Christ . Both works can be seen as preludes: the Temptation shows what preceded Jesus' preachings, and these Scenes show what preceded Moses' mission.

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They breed from southern Canada to the Gulf coast. They spend the winters in southern Florida and the tropics. They are found in deciduous and mixed woods. They have an olive-colored head and back, a yellowish belly and a long rusty-brown tail. They have a large head and bill made for catching insects. They perch on a tree branch or wire and watch for insects. When they see one, they fly out and grab it right out of the air. They eat insects. They nest in tree holes and bird boxes. They make a large nest of grass and line it with anything they can find, like string, plastic and fabric bits. Females lay 5 or 6 white eggs with spots. Species: M. crinitus When you research information you must cite the reference. Citing for websites is different from citing from books, magazines and periodicals. The style of citing shown here is from the MLA Style Citations (Modern Language Association). When citing a WEBSITE the general format is as follows. Author Last Name, First Name(s). "Title: Subtitle of Part of Web Page, if appropriate." Title: Subtitle: Section of Page if appropriate. Sponsoring/Publishing Agency, If Given. Additional significant descriptive information. Date of Electronic Publication or other Date, such as Last Updated. Day Month Year of access < URL >. Amsel, Sheri. "Flycatcher (Great-crested)" Exploring Nature Educational Resource ©2005-2019. July 17, 2019 < http://www.exploringnature.org/db/view/Flycatcher-Great-crested >

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A genetic defect that predisposes its bearer to aortic aneurysms--blood-vessel swellings that can rupture fatally--has been discovered in a family with a history of the disease, researchers reported Thursday. Researchers from Thomas Jefferson University in Philadelphia have developed a simple saliva test for the presence of the gene and have identified five members of the family who are at risk of developing aneurysms. Molecular biologist Darwin J. Prockop and his colleagues are now studying nearly 100 other families in hopes of finding similar defects before aneurysms develop, and they believe that within two years the test can be expanded to cover a large segment of the population. Aortic aneurysms kill more than 15,000 Americans annually and at least 2 million people are thought to be at risk. Identifying susceptibility to the aneurysms will enable physicians to monitor those at risk so that the aneurysms can be surgically repaired before they burst. "It's a very important discovery . . . a milestone in the understanding of this problem," said surgeon M. David Tilson of Columbia University. Prockop and his colleagues discovered the gene in 37-year-old Michele Hegler, a former Air Force captain who is currently healthy but was referred to them because of a family history of aneurysms. Five of her relatives, including a 15-year-old cousin and her 34-year-old mother, died suddenly from ruptured aneurysms in their aortas. The aorta is the largest artery in the body. The team quickly focused on a protein called collagen III. Collagen is the fibrous material that holds together skin, tendons and most other tissues in the body, and collagen III is the major form found in the aorta. "We also knew that a few rare diseases . . . were caused by mutations in collagen III and that many people with these diseases developed aortic aneurysms in addition to other symptoms," Prockop said. The gene that codes for collagen III contains 30,000 chemicals, called bases, arrayed in a specific sequence. The Philadelphia team reports in today's issue of the Journal of Clinical Investigation that one of those 30,000 bases in Hegler's gene had been mutated so that the collagen III it produced had a subtly altered shape. "Each collagen molecule is like a brick that sticks to other collagen molecules and forms long, tough fibers," Prockop said. "Because each collagen molecule sticks to other molecules on all sides, the structure must be almost perfect." The alteration in Hegler's collagen III "is enough to slightly change the shape of the molecule and interfere with its ability to adhere to other molecules properly." After years of pounding from the blood pressure of the heart, he added, the aorta wall can stretch and form a weak bubble that can very easily rupture, causing the patient to bleed to death. Study of preserved tissue samples from Hegler's deceased mother and aunt showed that their collagen III genes carried the same defect. After discovering the defective gene, the researchers developed a simple test for it that requires only a teaspoonful of saliva. They then tested 10 other members of the family and found that four of them--Hegler's 15-year-old son, 17-year-old daughter, brother, and aunt--all carried the defective gene. "I was always concerned about my family's history of aneurysms because so many died," Hegler said. "I often wondered whether the same thing can happen to me. Now that I know, my family and I take precautions." Among other things, the susceptible family members will have ultrasound, echocardiogram, and CT scan exams yearly to detect aneurysms at an early stage. Once detected, the aneurysms can be surgically repaired at relatively low risk, Prockop said. In contrast, 90% of patients die when their aneurysms proceed to the stage where they burst. Her son has also stopped playing football and her daughter has given up gymnastics because the exertion increases the risk of an aneurysm forming. The Philadelphia team does not expect precisely the same genetic defect to be present in other families with a history of aneurysms. Previous studies on much rarer genetic disorders that are also caused by collagen III defects suggest that each family will have its own unique defect, said Gerard Tromp, another member of the Philadelphia team. But it is possible, he added, that a small group of genetic defects will account for most families, thereby making screening easier. Their saliva test is now being used by many other laboratories to determine if the same genetic defect is present in any other families, Tromp added, but they have not received any results yet. Even if a very large number of defects are eventually found, he added, the team is developing techniques that would enable each family's unique defect to be discovered in a very short time. He predicted that the tests could be in wide use within as little as two years.

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CPVC vs. PVC What is the difference between PVC and CPVC? PVC is the name of pipe that is widely used for plumbing material in the construction industry. It is an acronym for Polyvinyl Chloride and is used all over the world. It is not as expensive as GI pipe and is more flexible and this makes it easier to assemble. There is also a newer polymer that is starting to move up in its use in the industry and under certain circumstances it is a better product than PVC. This is CPVC, which stands for Chlorinated Polyvinyl Chloride. It is important to know how they are different so that you will be able to know which one is best to use. What is PVC? The inexpensive price of PVC is one of the reasons that it is so widely used in plumbing projects all over the world. It is flexible and this makes it possible to mold it into different shapes to make the various curves and bends often needed to reach the plumbing fixtures. The addition of plasticizers will make the PVC softer. It does not react very well with acids and bases and for this reason it is best used for drainage. What is CPVC? CPVC is PVC pipe that has been put through a chlorination process. Thermal or UV energy is used in free radical chlorination, which is a chemical reaction. This energy transforms chlorine gas into free radical chlorine. This reacts with the PVC by replacing some of the hydrogen in the material. It still retains most of the properties of PVC, but the chlorination process makes the pipe material fire retardant. It is, therefore, well suited for use in areas where there are high temperatures – over 220 degrees F. This process also makes it resistant to corrosion, which is something that PVC is not. The interior surface of CPVC is smoother than PVC. This allows it to transport liquids over longer distances without losing pressure, and encountering problems with scaling or pitting. It can be used for carrying hot and cold water and for this reason it is the preferred material for installing liquid heating. There are times when it is better to use PVC over CPVC. One example of such a situation is when liquid ammonia is being transported from one place to another. However, in all other situations CPVC is the best choice. - PVC has been widely used for a long time because it is inexpensive, but CPVC is fast becoming a competitor, even though it is more expensive. - PVC is thermoplastic polymer and CPVC is created through the chlorination of PVC. - CPVC is better for the transport of hot and cold liquids. - CPVC has a smoother interior than PVC and is resistant to corrosion. - There is higher tensile strength to CPVC and is more ductile than PVC.

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Exposure and Response Prevention for Pediatric Obsessive Compulsive Disorder Exposure and response prevention (E/RP) is a behavioral therapy that helps those with OCD by gradually and systematically confronting feared situations and decreasing the anxiety response. E/RP conducted with a trained therapist has been shown to be one of the most successful approaches for tackling OCD fears, and regaining functioning. It may be used effectively as a stand-alone treatment, or in combination with medication. At the Pediatric OCD Program, we gear E/RP therapy toward each child's specific symptoms. Elements of Exposure and Response Prevention During E/RP therapy, your child: - Identifies fears and rank them from mildest to most severe. - Gradually confronts the situation, object, or person that triggers obsessive thoughts = exposure. - Is encouraged to refrain from, or delay, the compulsion/ritual = response prevention. - Repeats the exposure, decreasing his or her anxiety over time = habituation. - Gradually works toward his or her most severe fears. Make an Appointment with the Pediatric OCD Program Call 412-235-5354 to schedule an evaluation or to discuss pediatric OCD treatment options at Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic of UPMC.

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Researchers at the UNC School of Medicine have found that the protein glycogen synthase kinase-3, or GSK-3, is crucial for proper brain development early in life, a surprising finding considering that drug companies are searching for ways to limit the protein's function to treat conditions such as bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, and Alzheimer's disease. The discovery, published today in the journal eLife, also has implications for the study of neurodevelopmental disorders, which can result from abnormal brain formation during embryonic stages and infancy. "We found that deleting GSK-3 from a specific type of neuron disrupts how those neurons migrate through the cortex," said Meghan Morgan-Smith, PhD, a recent UNC graduate and first author of the eLife paper. Neuron migration is key to how the cerebral cortex becomes organized so it can function properly in adulthood. "The finding was shocking. We thought that deleting GSK-3 would enhance the migration of the neurons. Instead, the opposite happened." Until now, scientists have viewed GSK-3 as an important drug target because it regulates the function of about 200 other proteins in different kinds of brain cells. In certain conditions, such as schizophrenia and Alzheimer's disease, GSK-3 is thought to inhibit these proteins to a greater degree than is normal. By targeting GSK-3, pharmacologists try to suppress GSK-3's activity so that some of the downstream proteins are released and provide therapeutic effects. This is how, for instance, scientists think lithium works on GSK-3 to treat bipolar disorder. William Snider, MD, director of the UNC Neuroscience Center and senior author of the eLife paper, said, "Our study shows that we need to be careful when inhibiting GSK-3 because the brain requires its activity for certain developmental and physiological processes." Snider and Morgan-Smith said that several other proteins had been previously implicated in brain layer formation, but GSK-3 could wind up being the most important regulator of the entire process because it's a hub of cell signaling for so many other proteins. "We think this finding is the tip of the iceberg in terms of what GSK-3 does to neurons," Snider said. "It likely affects the regulation of where axons extend and what synapses do to brain plasticity, which are critical for normal brain development." In the embryonic human brain, neurons are born from progenitor cells and then migrate to the outer reaches of the cortex. As new neurons are born, they migrate past the previously-born neurons to their final position. The last neurons born -- cells called layer 2/3 excitatory pyramidal neurons -- migrate past all other neurons to form a new layer just under the skull. In this fashion, neurons form cortical layers that are responsible for higher brain functions, such as learning and memory. During this layering process, the neurons form axons -- long, arm-like extensions that connect to other cells in the cortex and elsewhere in the brain. When cortical layering goes awry, these axon connections don't form properly. The result can lead to a range of neurodevelopmental disorders, such as intellectual disabilities. This same layering process occurs in mice, which also have layer 2/3 excitatory pyramidal neurons with GSK-3. Using mouse genetics and a technique called in utero electroporation, Morgan-Smith was able to delete the GSK-3 gene from just the layer 2/3 excitatory pyramidal neurons and then study what happens to these cells during brain development. "Deleting GSK-3 completely shut down the system," said Morgan-Smith, who conducted the research while a graduate student in Snider's lab. "The outer cortical layers aren't formed at all. The neurons are scattered throughout the cortex." Morgan-Smith's research is the first to study the role of GSK-3 in layer 2/3 excitatory pyramidal neurons in a living system. Other studies of GSK-3 were done in cell cultures. Her work took 3 ½ years, and the published work is her dissertation. She's now finishing work in Snider's lab to figure out if deleting GSK-3 affects the way neurons signal to each other. This research was funded by the National Institutes of Health. Cite This Page:

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Sensor Can Rapidly Detect Toxins in Food Supply By Edwin L. Aguirre Keeping American soldiers strong and well nourished in the field has always been a top priority of the U.S. military. From the early “meat-and-potato” subsistence during the Civil War through the two World Wars and the Korean War, the soldiers’ meals have evolved into today’s technologically advanced combat ration systems, such as the Meals Ready to Eat, or MREs. One of the researchers at the forefront of this effort in making the military food supply safer and more secure is chemical engineering Assoc. Prof. Sanjeev K. Manohar “A major threat to U.S. personnel stationed overseas is the high levels of toxins that may be present in the local food supply as a result of unregulated pesticide use and the prevalence of toxic industrial chemicals and heavy metals in the environment,” says Manohar, who is associate dean of the Francis College of Engineering. “We need rapid analytical methods that are capable of identifying these threats in food at levels that exceed military exposure guidelines,” he says. Working jointly with Triton Systems Inc., Manohar and his graduate students are addressing the needs of the U.S. Army Center for Environmental Health Research by developing a food sample preparation and sensor-measurement process that can quickly detect toxic compounds and other harmful contaminants. Triton Systems, a Chelmsford-based company that specializes in developing advanced materials, technologies, products and services for homeland security, military logistics, electronics and medical diagnostics, provided funding for the study. “Our proposed preparation process uses only standard, relatively inexpensive equipment that is portable in the field,” says Manohar. “Preparation takes about 30 minutes and the sensor can give results in just a few minutes.” He says the system has been tested on ground beef, milk and bread and it was able to detect trace amounts of arsenic, cyanide and methamidophos, an organophosphate insecticide. “All of the sensor’s components are environmentally robust, have stable shelf lives and can be manufactured economically,” says Manohar.

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Initial Cause of Investigation: Migration of a few hundred "colored" people from North Carolina to Indiana in the 1870's. There were allegations that the immigration into Indiana was politically motivated by the Republican Party. The investigation expanded to include testimony from hundreds of individuals on the 'reasons' for the migration. Some of the witnesses give detail descriptions of the conditions within their localities, treatment of 'the Negro' (outrages and intimidation), and their opinions on why the 'Negro' should or shouldn't leave the South. Both Pap Singleton and Henry Adams appear as witnesses in PartII. Henry Adams presents his extensive 'report' on outrages. He provides a list of over 600 names of people who were victimized or killed in LA and MS. Senate Report 693, 2nd Session, 46th Congress The detailed report can be read at many large Public or University Libraries - Government Division. Sen Rpt 693 contains three parts. Proceedings of the Select Committee of the United States Senate to Investigate the causes of the Removal of the Negroes from the Southern States to the Northern States [Sessions held at Washington, beginning Tuesday, March 9, 1880] (Partial)List of Witnessses: Joseph ADAMS (col), Goldsborough, NC W.W. ARRINGTON (col), Republican (Nash Co., NC) Sayles J. BOWEN (col), Washington, D.C. J.W. CROMWELL, Washington, D.C. Ellis DICKSON (col), Green County, NC Hilliard ELLIS (col), farmer, Wilson Township, Wilson Co., NC W.G. FEARING (col), laborer in Treasury Dept., Washington Lewis H. Fisher (col), merchant; residence, Kinston, Lenoir Co., NC Napoleon HIGGINS (col), farmer, Goldsborough, NC Milton M. HOLLAND (col), Washington D.C. John O. KEILY ? (col), Raleigh, NC Wiley LOWERY (col), Kinston, Lenoir Co., NC Charles N. OTEY (col), Washington, D.C. Samuel L. Perry (col), NC Green RUFFIN (col), Wilson Co., NC Mingo SIMMONS (col), Greene Co., NC John B. SYPBAX (col), Justice of peace, Alexandria, VA O.S.B. WALL (col), Washington City, D.C. C.S. WOOTEN, Lenoir Co., NC W.H. WOODS, barber, Indianapolis Mr. WARNOCK, Greencastle, Indiana Scott RAY, Shelbyville, Indiana S.W. RIGNEY, farmer, Vigo Co., Indiana Gen. G.W. RUSS, adjutant-general, Indianapolis J.H. RUSSELL, undertaker, Indianapolis, Ind M.W. STACK, chief of police, Terre Haute, IND Wm M. Stevenson, Dr., Terre Haute Robert VAN VALZER, Terre Haute, Ind Thomas L. TULLOCK, assistant postmaster, Washington, D.C. William B. TINNEY, Indianapolis, Ind F.A. ARNOLD, newspaper publisher of Star, Greencastle, Ind R.C. BADGER, lawyer, office-holder in NC James E. BAKER, land clerk in auditor's office, Indianapolis J.A. BONITZ, Democratic editor Goldsborough Messenger, NC E.B. BORDER, Goldsborough, NC C.W. BROUSE, Indianapolis, Indiana James BUCHANAN, Indianapolis, Indiana A.B. CARLETON, lawyer, Terre Haute, Indiana W.C. CHASE, Washington, D.C. A.M. CLAPP, Washington, D.C. J.C. DANE, Richmond, VA J.W. DODD, Indianapolis John P. DUKEHART, Baltimore, MD; business Hughes EAST, grain dealer, Indianapolis F.B. FIELDS, La Grange, Lenoir Co., NC T.C. GROOMES, lawyer, Greencastle, Ind Leonard G.A. HACKNEY (democrat), Shelbyville, Shelby Co., Indiana T.E. HOCKER, Greene Co., NC Albert J. KELLY, Terre Haute, Ind George S. KEONTZ, local passenger agent Baltimore & Ohio RR, Washington D.C. John E. LAMB, Terre Haute, Ind F.B. LOFTIN, residence, Kinston, NC Gen. M.D. MANSON, auditor of State, Indianapolis, Ind J.B. MAYNARD, journalist, Indianapolis P.H. McCROSKEY, builder, Terre Haute Thomas P. MILLS, Indianapolis, Ind. (Republican) Virling K. MORRIS, Indianapolis, Ind J.W. RANKIN, pastor of Congregational Church, Washington Scott RAY, Shelbyville, Ind M.W. STACK, chief of police, Terre Haute, Ind Mr. WARNOCK, Greencastle, Ind (Banner office printer) W.H. WOODS (Republican), Barber; Indianapolis C.S. WOOTEN, Lenoir Co., NC

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Point Sur is a large, 361-foot-tall rock, which seems as if it has been broken off from the nearby mountains and pushed oceanward, leaving a low lying area of land in between. The low land connecting the rock to the mainland is known technically as a tombolo, and in the past, water has swept completely around the rock, cutting it off from the mainland. Early navigators took note of the prominent rock, with Juan Cabrillo calling it a “moro” rock in 1542, and Sebastian Viscaino labeling it a “point which appears as an island” on his 1603 map. Construction materials were landed through a heavy surf near the point in late May 1887, and twenty-five men set to work making a corduroy road across the sand dunes to the mainland and building a railroad trestle and stairway up the giant rock’s landward side. Before construction of the buildings could begin, various parts of the rock’s ten-to-twelve-foot-wide summit had to be blasted to provide level areas large enough to accommodate the light station buildings. The needed logs and blocks of sandstone were cut and quarried from the surrounding hills, and the station’s buildings built with these materials are scattered over the rock at varying heights. The lighthouse was placed in a notch on the northwestern extreme of the rock, several feet below the summit, so it’s light could be seen below the typical fog level. The northern wing of the sandstone lighthouse housed the boilers for powering the twelve-inch steam whistle, and the southern wing served as a watchroom and storage room for fuel. A three-story, sandstone triplex was built near the southern end of the rock and was designed to house three keepers and their families. As four keepers were assigned to the station, a building used to house the assistant engineer during construction of the station was left standing to accommodate the fourth keeper. A picket fence was placed around the dwelling area to prevent the keepers’ children from falling off the rock. Next to the triplex, a one-story sandstone structure housed the steam engine for powering the tramway’s winch. A 53,000-gallon cistern was also built atop the rock to store water pumped from a well located in the flats near the base of the rock. When funds ran out on November 1, 1888, work on the station came to a halt, and a watchman was put in charge of the site. Congress provided an additional $10,000 on April 16, 1889, and twenty-six workers were sent back to the rock with material to finish the station. After all the buildings atop the rock were complete, all but one of the temporary wooden dwellings were torn down, and the resulting material was used to construct a barn on the sand flat at the foot of the rock. After two years of construction, the station was finally ready to fulfill its purpose. A first-order Fresnel lens, manufactured in 1887 by Barbier & Fenestre of Paris, was shipped around Cape Horn on a square-rigged sailing vessel, and the 4,330-pounds of glass and brass were then assembled in the lantern room, where a kerosene lantern illuminated it for the first time on August 1, 1889. The signature of the light was alternating red and white flashes, spaced fifteen seconds apart and cast out to sea at a focal plane of 272 feet above the ocean. A 450-pound weight was suspended beneath the lens, and after being cranked up by the keeper, it would rotate the lens for four hours. Besides minding the light, the keepers were also kept busy feeding the steam-powered whistle that issued a five-second blast every thirty-five seconds. In 1900, the road that snakes around the seaward side of the rock was carved out for transporting supplies to the summit, and a barn was built atop the rock to replace the one on the sandspit. After Congress ignored multiple funding requests to build an additional keeper’s cottage, the building that housed the tramway hoist engine, which was no longer needed, received a second story in 1902 and was converted into a dwelling for the head keeper. During the 1930s, Keeper Thomas Henderson kept a cow in the barn and sold its milk to the other keepers. It seems Assistant Keeper Bill Owens did not get along too well with Henderson. After a quarrel between the two, Henderson refused to sell any milk to Owens, so Owens arranged for three quarts of milk to be delivered to the station’s gate on Highway 1 each day. When Henderson lifted his restriction, Owens declined the offer and continued to receive the daily deliveries. Not surprisingly, Owens soon requested and received a transfer to Point Arena Lighthouse. Though various shipwrecks occurred near this stretch of coast, perhaps the most famous wreck was that of the USS Macon, a rigid airship which went down in a squall on February 12, 1935, not far from the lighthouse. The helium-filled dirigible was 785 feet in length and housed four biplanes used for reconnaissance. Keeper Henderson witnessed the event and at a Naval Board of Inquiry gave the following testimony: “When it was just abreast of the Point the fin seemed to go to pieces very suddenly. The fabric drifted back, some of it caught on the rudder. I know that there was a portion of the frame remaining but I cannot say whether any of the frame carried away. The failure seemed to start at the forward end of the fin. The front part [of the Macon] rose up, then crumbled up swiftly. I could see a hole at the top of the hull.” The Naval ships, which the airship was accompanying, were able to rescue all but two of the Macon’s eighty-three-man crew. A radiobeacon was placed in operation atop Point Sur on December 1, 1925, as an additional aid to help mariners determine their position. Point Sur Light Station was automated in 1972, and following the departure of the final Coast Guard crew that year, the support buildings were boarded up. Fearing vandalism, the Coast Guard loaned the lens, which had been replaced by a revolving beacon, to the Maritime Museum of Monterey where it is currently on exhibit. During World War II, roughly forty men were stationed at the rock to help protect the surrounding coast. Two rectangular buildings, a mess hall and a bunkhouse, were built south of the head keeper’s dwelling to accommodate the additional personnel. The station’s visitor’s center is now housed in the mess hall and has an exhibit on the USS Macon that features artifacts recovered from the airship by a joint Naval and Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute expedition in 1990. On April 23, 2004, Point Sur Lighthouse was officially transferred from the Coast Guard to California State Parks, under the National Historic Lighthouse Preservation Act of 2000. Renovation of the head keeper’s residence began in 2009 and concluded in 2012, when a grand opening of the structure was held on August 5. The second story of the dwelling was returned to its original half-timbered exterior, and the interior was remodeled to reflect station life during the 1950s. Restoration of the interior of the triplex is the last major project remaining.

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The size, flower-stalk height and colour of kangaroo paws flowers varies between the species. Many new forms have also arisen as the result of deliberate hybridisation. The overall colour of the flowers is influenced by fine coloured hairs which cover the flowers and, sometimes, part of the stalk. The flowers appear over spring and summer. The flowers are pollinated by birds. The long flower-stalks usually rise above the undergrowth and ‘advertise’ the presence of nectar in the flowers. The stalks also provide a perch for visiting birds. The shape of the flowers and the position of the pollen-bearing anthers is a feature which allows pollen to be deposited on the head of feeding birds. This pollen is transferred from flower to flower as the birds feed. Different species usually deposit pollen on different areas of the birds’ head. This means that pollen from one species is unlikely to be deposited in the flowers of another species.

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Acer palmatum. JAPANESE MAPLE. Japan, Korea A most attractive, small deciduous tree with good autumn and spring color. The delicate, deeply dissected leaves are 2 to 3 inches across and have five or more lobes with more or less fancy margins. The flowers are purple and the ¾ -inch keys have widely spread wings. The Japanese maple is available in dozens and dozens of varieties with different leaf shapes, color, and habit, and ranges from tree size to small tub subjects. In Japan, where the tree is known as Takao maple, there are hundreds of named forms resulting from the close attention it has received, and deserved, from man since unrecorded time. Children may enjoy picking up the fallen leaves and watching the variety of ways in which they sail to the ground. Before suggesting this experiment you might look at the leaves that have already fallen (which lie mostly the same side up) and ask whether the kids can suggest how they fall. On campus, seedlings volunteer under moist conditions. There is a pair at the entry to the passageway between Memorial Church and Building 60, and another a little further in. Examples of the ‘Sango Kaku’ variety can be seen at the northwest and southwest of the Bing Wing of Green Library. Illustration: McMinn, Howard E. and Evelyn Maino. 1951. An illustrated manual of Pacific coast trees; with lists of trees recommended for various uses on the Pacific coast by H. W. Shepherd. 2d ed. Berkeley, Calif.: University of California Press. Other campus maples: Acer buergeranum | Acer campestre | Acer circinatum | Acer ginnala | Acer griseum | Acer macrophyllum | Acer negundo | Acer notes | Acer palmatum | Acer platanoides | Acer pseudoplatanus | Acer rubrum | Acer saccharinum Illustrations (links open new windows): galleryAdditions/Revisions: Name derivation, genus | species The Latin name | hand-like (the leaves)Related material: Canopy Trees for Palo Alto Tree Library

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- Write an analysis of cultural and media influences that affect body image - Self-assess how they feel about their own body image and how this affects their self-esteem - Be able to describe and share how they can help others think about their bodies in positive ways Journal notebooks, paper, pencil, magazines, computers with an Internet connection, poster board, butcher paper, family pictures - Ask students if they ever compare themselves to kids at school, or famous people, such as actors, models, etc. - Tell them their body is likely to change a lot over the next few years. Sometimes they won't feel very comfortable about the changes. Comparing themselves with others is natural but remember that your body image is how you choose to see your body. They need to remember to accept themselves for who they are! - Have students make a list of 3 things they like about their body. Have them write a paragraph about how they feel about what they have listed, and include 2 ways they will remind themselves of their list whenever they are feeling unsure about their body. - Remind students that their body image is how they see and imagine their body. Their self-esteem is how much they like themselves as a person. If they see their bodies in a healthy way, are comfortable with their physical appearance, and value themselves as a person, they will have both a positive body image and high self-esteem. Supporting All Learners In small groups, have students talk about what real people look like. Have them do the following: Collect pictures of friends and family of different ages, and make a collage with the images. Cut out pictures of people from magazines, and make a separate collage. Compare the 2 collages, and discuss what they see. What can you do to change the way you feel about how a real teen should look? Have students work in groups or pairs to write a poem or a song advocating positive self-esteem and avoiding dangerous behaviors as a result of poor body image. Encourage students to be as creative as possible, and have volunteers read or perform their work when they are finished. Ask members of your family if they ever felt bad about their bodies or their appearance. If so, how did they handle it or what did they do about it? Your best friend is crying because someone told her she was overweight. What suggestions would you give your friend? Did this lesson help your students to feel better about themselves? Students answer the following questions in their journals: Have you ever made yourself feel bad by comparing yourself with others? Is it good to compare yourself with others? Why not? What can happen when you compare yourself with others? Can we be too critical of our appearance or body image? What happens when we do that? (ask for examples) Can self-criticism sometimes be good for us? How? (ask for examples) How do we know when we've crossed the line and are being too hard on ourselves?

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Hari means Lord and Haridwar means abode to the world of Lord. Haridwar as the name suggests is the city that has religious significance. Pilgrims throng here to purify themselves after bathing in river Ganges. The place occupies significant importance as pilgrimage spot in Hindu mythology. In fact it is regarded as one of the seven holiest places. Umpteen numbers of pilgrims gather around Har – Ki- Pauri ghat to experience the divine aura. Another significance of this place is that Haridwar is one of the four places where drops of nectar fell from the pitcher that was being carried by Garuda and this place is named as Har- Ki- Pauri. Also this place is said to give salvation to the ancestors. Here thousands of people take a dip in holy waters of Ganges. Other places of attraction are Chandi Devi temple, Maya Devi temple and Manda devi temple which attracts many tourists. The renowned Kumbh Mela is organized every 12 years where mammoth numbers of pilgrims swarm the place from all over the world to be a part of this auspicious mela. Also the city is perfect collage of rich cultural heritage and civilization. All the Hindu festivals – Diwali, Holi etc are celebrated with great pomp and gaiety. The place gets bathed with colorful festivals and cultural activities viz. Kavad mela, Somvati Amavasya Mela, Ganga Dashara etc all are celebrated with lots of zeal and enthusiasm. Traditional songs are sung by locals to offer prayer and love to the Almighty. Climate of Haridwar is pleasant for many months of the year. As it is nestled at the foothills of Himalayas, the climate always remain warm all through the year. So this place can be visited any time during the year. Haridwar has umpteen numbers of restaurants and eating joints. Being religious place non vegetarian food is strictly prohibited and the city has in its platter simple vegetarian foods that are hygienically prepared. Such simple yet tasty vegetarian food symbolizes piousness and purity of life. The place being holy city has in its ambience spectrum of art and craft items, items having religious significance, wood carvings, stone carvings, brass utensils, wide range of decorative items and wide range of Ayurvedic products. Small stone made kitchen toys, idols of God are really worth a buy. Tourists from all across the globe come here to witness the incredible Ganga Aarti at Har- Ki- Pauri Ghat. Every day during evening this Aarti is done to offer prayer to Goddess Ganga. This divine light ceremony is filled with song, prayer and rituals. During Aarti light lamps are offered to God and these lamps are left to float in the river Ganga. This sight of sparkling lamps with their reflection in the river mesmerizes every onlooker. Haridwar – The Gateway to the Gods is perfect blend of rich cultural traditions and religious flavors and it takes pride in being one of the seven holy places of Hinduism. A visit to this place once in life period augments the spirituality and religiousness of the inner soul and body.

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Luang Prabang was the former Royal Capital city and was designated an UNESCO world heritage site in 1995. The historic town contains French colonial architecture and more than 30 Buddhist temples, or wats, that welcome visitors and are home to monks and novices. Wat Xieng Thong Wat Xieng Thong lies at the junction of the Mekong and Nam Khan on the north end of Luang Prabang. The temple was built in the mid 1500s by King Setthathirath and functioned as a royal temple until 1975. The temple at the royal palace is called Haw Pha Bang. Construction on this new temple was completed in 2006. It was built to house the Phra Bang Buddha, for which the city of Luang Prabang is named. That Makmo’s nickname means Watermelon Stupa. The temple’s formal name is That Pathum, meaning Stupa of the Great Lotus. This short and stout stupa dates back to the early 1500s and its architecture is unique in all of Laos. Wat Mai Suwannaphumaham Wat Mai, or New Temple, is one of the largest temples in Luang Prabang and dates back to 1780. Before it was moved to the Royal Palace Museum, the Phra Bang Buddha statue was kept here. The image is returned annually to Wat Mai during Lao New Year in April. Wat Pa Phai Wat Pa Phai has a gold and red wooden fresco that depicts life in Laos in the 1800s. It was originally a forest monastery but the town of Luang Prabang has grown around it placing it well within the city limits. That Chomsi is located at the top of Mount Phousi overlooking the Mekong. It’s a popular spot to hike in the late afternoon. Visitors are greeted at the summit with excellent views of the sun setting over the river. Wat Mahathat, or Temple of the Great Stupa, is ornate and very beautiful. It was originally constructed in 1548 and was restored in the early 1900s after being damaged by severe weather. Wat Aham’s sim, or ordination hall, was built in 1818. The first shrine on this site was erected in the 14th century to honor the two guardian spirits of Luang Prabang. These spirits are now said to live in the trees on the temple grounds. Wat Phon Phao Wat Phon Phao is almost 2 miles (3 kilometers) northeast of Luang Prabang’s town center. It is a forest monastery that was home to famed and now deceased Buddhist abbot Ajahn Saisamut. Know more tourist destinations and travel guides in Laos, you can visit our website. For questions or suggestions, please feel free to let us know in the comments section and we’ll do our best to reply to them as soon as possible. You can also share this article if you like it!

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In What Sense(s) Can Liberalism be Regarded as Individualistic? Essay Sample - Word count: 1981 - Category: liberalism Get Full Essay Get access to this section to get all help you need with your essay and educational issues.Get Access In What Sense(s) Can Liberalism be Regarded as Individualistic? Essay Sample Liberalism, as a widespread political ideology, came to the fore in the nineteenth century with an industrialised market economy order allowing free-trade between nations without government interference.1 It was at this time that Classical liberalism ideals were first developed. A variety of different forms of liberalism emerged, and over time these developed into what is termed as modern liberalism. Throughout this transition the importance of the individual has remained a prominent factor. “The preservation of the individual and the attainment of individual happiness are the supreme goals of a liberal political system.”2 Therefore it is evident that liberalism can be regarded as individualistic. However there are many other qualities that make up this ideology and the importance of these should also be considered. In addition to this, the value of individualism as a part of liberalism must be measured in order to validly assess whether it is indeed a strength or a weakness of this political ideology. Before discussing liberalism and the subsequent relevance of individualism, it is essential to define what these terms mean in a political sense. Liberalism is best defined by an examination of the set of values and beliefs which it is characterised by. The first of these, which will be discussed in depth later, is the supreme importance of the individual. A commitment to the individual naturally leads to a belief in individual freedom, which is the second belief of liberalism. Although liberals are in favour of the freedom of individuals, they do not believe it should be absolute and are of the opinion that certain limitations must be put on individual freedom in order to ensure the liberty of others. A strong faith in reason is also central to liberal ideology. This entails that humans are rational and capable of defining and pursuing their own best interests. However, this is not to suggest that they are infallible in this sense. A belief in equality ensures that justice is also a factor of liberalism. In other words, liberals believe in both the punishment and rewards of particular actions. A fair distribution of social rights is key to this, and liberalism rejects privileges given to those on the basis of their circumstances, including race religion or social background. The final central characteristic of liberalism is that of toleration. Social and cultural diversities are to be celebrated and not rejected, as humans are viewed as separate and unique creatures. These values and beliefs lay the foundations of liberal theory. The primary characteristic, being that of individualism, must be properly defined in order to discuss its importance and merits as a part of liberalism. Individualism can have a variety of meanings depending upon how it is used. A definition relevant to liberalism is that the ultimate goal of a human being should be the pursuit of happiness through free self-development resulting in a well-lived existence. This means that each individual is supremely important and society must exist only for the sake of the individual. The only purpose of the state should be to allow individuals to achieve their own happiness. This definition of individualism is consistent with classical liberalism. Each person is their own sovereign in a social and political context. Subjects in a classical liberal society are to be seen to have a moral nature with ultimate control over their own life. No state or government may deny individuals their natural rights to life, liberty, and the pursuit of their own happiness. Following this definition it can be demonstrated how liberalism can be regarded as individualistic. Liberals see the role of the government as providing a framework in which individuals can develop their lives and contribute to society. This can be achieved through the regulation of private industry to protect customers and workers. A goal of equal opportunity should also be implicated in order guard against poverty and discrimination. These regulations would be put in place to place in order to ensure individual freedom. A testament to liberalism being individualistic is fact that all forms of liberalism believe in the importance and freedom of the individual. Three main political thinkers in particular support individualism in classical liberalism: John Stuart Mill, John Locke and Adam Smith. John Stuart Mill was a British philosopher who lived from 1806 to 1873 and is best known for his defence of individual liberty that one would usually associate with arguments based on rights. He argued for the importance of autonomy and individual self-development. He claimed that if other people tolerated such freedoms, the benefits would be reaped by the wider society. Mill also argued for toleration of diverse opinions, resting his argument on the idea that knowledge is fallible. In 1859, Mill wrote On Liberty. In this he laid out the ethical foundations of democratic individualism. In doing such, Mill considered the circumstances under which individual liberty might be justifiably restricted and concluded by forming his “harm principle”. This principle is central to his views on freedom and its influence is substantial in all liberal democracies. “The sole end for which mankind are warranted, individually or collectively, in interfering with the liberty of action of any of their number, is self-protection. That the only purpose for which power can be rightfully exercised over any member of a civilised community, against his will, is to prevent harm to others. His own good, either physical or moral, is not sufficient warrant” John Locke was a British philosopher who lived from 1632 to1704. His political philosophy emphasises individual rights, mainly the right of a persons personal interests not to be interfered with and the right of justly acquired property. He argued that the purpose of a government is to protect those rights and that we can be justified in rejecting a government that interferes with them. Adam Smith was a Scottish economist who lived from 1723 to 1790. Smith argues that individual rights allow for the development of wealth within commercial society. People’s specialisation in different tasks could lead to immense gains in productivity. These activities need co-ordination through economic self-interest. A developed market economy would permit issues of human well-being to take care of themselves. It would not be necessary to maintain government institutions to guarantee a right to subsistence because wealth would be generated automatically. Particular needs of individuals, then, could safely be left to charity. It could be said that what we term as liberalism today, came from the writings of these three thinkers. Therefore their evaluation of the significance of individualism in liberalism being so high strengthens the case for liberalism being fundamentally individualistic. It is evident that liberalism therefore is extremely individualistic and social implications of a liberal society are to be in place only for the assurance of the rights of the individual. However what has to be decided is whether this individualistic attitude is a strength or a weakness of liberal theory. Individualism definitely does have many undoubted strengths. The theory of free-trade through a market economy is desirable for liberals due to the fact that it rewards talents and hard work through equal conditions of trade. Also a belief in the freedom of expression can be seen as a strength. This creates more diversity in society, allowing people access to a wider variety of views and opinions, and in turn to bettering their understanding of themselves and their ideas of happiness. Without this diverse society in which people can openly express themselves, individuality would be lost to conformity. The problem here is that without individualistic views radical change would never come about and human development would greatly suffer. Finally, if people are allowed the freedom to pursue their own personal interest then they have more chance of discovering what happiness in life means for them. Despite these strengths of an individualistic view of liberalism, many criticisms are also evident. A perceived weakness of individualism is that for some being individualistic prevents them from social or community participation. Critics of individualism often point out that this is a defect in the individualistic philosophy. However modern liberals believe in society and see it as necessary as something that can increase freedom for the individual. Modern liberals could be classified as following ethical individualism where society is constructed to help the individual prosper and achieve their full potential as they realise the importance of community and social responsibility. In addition to this we are necessarily born into a community of some sort through our families and for our early years we are not in a state of self-sufficiency. We learn our language from the society around us and receive our early education within a social context. Individualist views should not discourage us from voluntarily participating in social groups and cooperation with one another may in fact be essential to achieve common goals. Also individualism does not mean that one isolates oneself from society, communities, associations and organisations. In fact, Individualists need to join together and work together if the political philosophies of Classical Liberalism are to be promoted. Also charity towards others is not necessarily to be avoided. Individualists are not always hesitant about voluntarily working together in social associations, acting in charity, or expressing concerns of sympathy toward others whom they value as human beings. The ideas of people pursuing individual goals and enjoying freedom of action and expression are also open to criticism. Firstly it is argued that not all people are in a position to realise what happiness for themselves involves. A good example of this is drug taking, as this might seem like a route towards individual happiness for someone who is not aware of the potential dangers and misery involved. Secondly someone expressing their rights to freedom of speech and action through racism could clearly infringe on another persons freedom through discrimination. However Mill goes some way in clearing up these potential problems with his harm principle by suggesting that we should not interfere with someone’s actions providing they do not harm another.7 Mill’s principle has also seemed to have more relevance since the additions to it in 1960 by J.C Rees, in his paper, A re-reading of Mill on Liberty. Mill’s desire for minimal state intervention has also been subject to substantial criticism. Many believe that a society without a more authoritarian figure or body would simply not work. As H.J McCloskey puts it; “Most contemporary liberals today, including those who profess great loyalty to Mill’s liberalism, lack, Mill’s optimism about the future progress of mankind and favour considerable curtailments of freedom of expression and action for the sake that Mill would not have entertained.” In conclusion, despite the various forms of liberalism and the transition from classical to modern ideologies, individualism has remained the outmost prominent factor throughout. Liberalism, in the main, is individualistic and this is mainly evident from the liberal ideologies displayed by Mill, Locke and Smith. Individualism has numerous strengths, particularly its freedom of speech and expression. Although many criticisms of individuality have been made, its weaknesses are few and tend to have counter-arguments which are particularly convincing. In essence liberalism should be regarded as a strength of liberalism. Mill, J.S, On Liberty, in Wooten, D, Modern Political Thought, 1996. Rees, J.C, “A Re-reading of Mill on Liberty”, Political Studies 8, 1960. Muschamp, D, Political Thinkers, 1986. Heywood, A, Political Ideologies, 2003. Goodwin, B, Using Political Ideologies, 2000. Eatwell, R & Wright, A, Contemporary Political Ideologies, 1999. 1 Heywood, 2003, pg 26 2 Goodwin, 2000, pg 37 3 Heywood, 2003, pgs 28-36 4 Heywood, 2003, pgs 28-30 5 Mill in Wooten, 1996, pg 610 6 Wooten, 1996, pgs 82&85 7 Mill in Wooten, 1996, pg 610 9 Muschamp, 1986, pg178

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The flu vaccine was similar to the placebo in children under 2 years of age. - Typically, about 40 to 50 children usually die during an entire flu season. - The flu vaccine carries a risk of febrile convulsions among other side effects, and many brands still contain the mercury preservative thimerosal. - Given the low efficacy of the flu vaccine in children under 2, the low number of flu deaths for this age group, and the risks associated with the vaccine (especially the mercury-containing vaccines) it doesn’t make sense to give this age group the flu vaccine. - Even in children over 2 years old, both the vaccinated and unvaccinated groups had similar rates of influenza-like illnesses. The apparent lack of effectiveness by influenza vaccines led The Atlantic magazine to question in November 2009 as to whether the influenza vaccine makes any difference (see “Does the Vaccine Matter?") - Given all the information above, it appears that other flu treatment and prevention options need to be considered. Vitamin D3 supplementation may be one option as it was shown to reduce the risk of catching influenza A by 58%. 1. According to the Cochrane study involving 263,987 children, the flu vaccine was similar to placebo for children under 2: - “live vaccines showed an efficacy of 79% (95% confidence interval (CI) 48% to 92%) and an effectiveness of 33% (95% CI 28% to 38%) in children older than two years compared with placebo or no intervention. Inactivated vaccines had a lower efficacy of 59% (95% CI 41% to 71%) than live vaccines but similar effectiveness: 36% (95% CI 24% to 46%). In children under two, the efficacy of inactivated vaccine was similar to placebo.” 2. Typically, “about 40 or 50 children usually die during an entire flu season.” in the US. (HERE) However, H1N1 is more severe for this age group. There were 276 laboratory confirmed influenza-associated pediatric deaths in the 2009-10 season (49 of these deaths were in children under 2). 225 of the pediatric flu deaths were due to H1N1 and the remaining 51 were due to other flu strains (HERE). The 2010-2011 flu vaccine included H1N1, but based on previous studies, there is currently no reason to believe it will have a higher efficacy rate than the placebo in children under 2. 3. The flu vaccine, like most medical interventions, carries a risk of side effects: - Australia suspended the seasonal flu vaccine for all children under 5 because it was causing febrile seizures. - “Australia’s ABC News reported April 23, 2010 that seasonal flu vaccines for young children had been deemed too dangerous with reactions greatly under-reported, and Australian doctors have now been warned not to give the seasonal flu vaccine to children under the age of five, after a child fell critically ill and dozens more suffered serious adverse reactions after receiving the vaccine in Western Australia, with The Australian Medical Association backing this move to suspend vaccinations in children under five around the entire country.” - The FDA and CDC have also detected an increase in febrile seizures following the flu vaccine. - "FDA and CDC have recently detected an increase in the number of reports to VAERS of febrile seizures following vaccination with Fluzone (trivalent inactivated influenza vaccine or TIV, manufactured by Sanofi Pasteur, Inc.). Fluzone is the only influenza vaccine recommended for use for the 2010-2011 flu season in infants and children 6-23 months of age. These reported febrile seizures have primarily been seen in children younger than 2 years of age." - There are reports of teenage children in Sweden and Finland developing narcolepsy following the Pandemrix H1N1 vaccine, and “somnolence” (a state of near-sleep) is listed as a potential side effect for Pandemrix. - And unfortunately, the only flu vaccines licensed for children under 2 years of age still contain thimerosal, a mercury preservative. Reduced thimerosal formulations can be requested, but there are numerous studies that show thimerosal is dangerous; especially for infants and children. (see SafeMinds Flu Facts). 4. The influenza vaccine appears to have more risk vs benefit for children under 2. The vaccine doesn’t appear effective for children under 2 (as discussed above), and even if it is mildly effective the risk of death from influenza in children is very low (see Disease Risk – Influenza). 5. The influenza vaccine may not work in children older than 2: - FluMist is a thimerosal-free choice for persons 2 through 49 years of age, and since it is a live virus vaccine it has a higher average efficacy rate of 79% as compared to the inactivated vaccine which only has an average efficacy rate of 59%. However, more research is needed to know how effective flu vaccines are for children between the ages of 2 and 5 since the flu vaccine has a higher success rate in older groups: ”The vaccine protects between 45% and 90% of healthy children from getting influenza. Studies indicate that the older and healthier children who have received the influenza vaccine are, the more likely they will be protected.” http://www.immunizationinfo.org/vaccines/influenza - The Cochrane study defines efficacy as “prevention of confirmed influenza” and effectiveness as “prevention of influenza-like illness”. Their study found that in children older than 2 the flu vaccine carries a 59 to 79% rate of efficacy (preventing influenza attributable illness), but it only provides an 33 to 36% rate of effectiveness (at reducing flu-like symptoms). In other words, it can prevent specific flu strains, but people still get sick with flu-like symptoms even if they get the flu vaccine. - Their findings match a study cited in the Pediatrics journal, which also found the vaccine to be about 80% effective at preventing the flu (see table 3), but when they compared the incidence of flu like illnesses (sore throat, chills, runny nose, etc) in vaccinated vs unvaccinated groups, there wasn’t much difference and the unvaccinated group actually had slightly fewer incidents (see table 7).http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/cgi/content/full/118/6/2298 - The apparent lack of effectiveness by influenza vaccines led The Atlantic magazine to question in November 2009 as to whether the influenza vaccine makes any difference (see “Does the Vaccine Matter?") 6. Given all the information above, other flu treatment and prevention methods need to be explored. A good place to start might be vitamin D3 supplementation:

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Temperate deciduous forests cover the eastern third of North America and are also present in China, Japan, Korea and Western Europe. People often marvel at the many different types of trees comprising these forests, such as oaks, maples, hickories, walnuts, beech and sycamores. However, they tend to overlook the soils at the bases of these temperate deciduous trees, which provide the trees with the nutrients necessary for life and growth. One of the most abundant types of soil in temperate deciduous forests is alfisol. Also known as brown forest soils, alfisols have two distinct layers: a top layer, consisting primarily of dead leaves, and a subsoil, which has a high content of clay. Alfisols derive their dark-brown colour from humus, which is decayed leaves and other organic matter. In comparison to the alfisols that are present in coniferous forests, alfisols in deciduous forests are less acidic and contain less iron and aluminium, according to Radford University. While alfisols are common to the temperate deciduous forests of the northeastern United States, ultisols are common to the temperate deciduous forests of the southeastern United States. As Radford University notes, these clay-rich soils are much older than their alfisol counterparts and have undergone much higher levels of weathering and leaching. For this reason, ultisols provide poor aeration and lack nutrients. While primarily brown in colour, ultisols often contain streaks of red or yellow. According to the forest resource Nearctica, rocky soils are common to the hillsides and rocky outcrops of temperate deciduous forests. The abundance of nonporous mineral particles in these soils makes them dry and infertile. In addition, the tendency of rocky soils to occur on slopes results in water draining away rapidly. For these reasons, only small deciduous trees, like hickories, are able to grow in rocky soils. The specific types of rocks comprising the soils can vary. However, when limestone is present, the soil's alkalinity is often elevated. Sandy soils occur most frequently in temperate deciduous forests that stretch along coastlines, such as the forests of Cape Cod, Massachusetts and the Pine Barrens region of New Jersey. The soils consist of sand mixed with small amounts of dirt and are very low in nutrients. In addition, the soils are poor at retaining water. Despite these drawbacks, some trees, particularly pitch pines, are able to thrive in them. However, in most instances, the growth of these trees is stunted and they take on scrubby appearances.

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Artificial intelligence has a reputation for being a buzzword that’s dangled in front of venture capitalists. A recent UK study found that 40 percent of European ‘AI startups’ did not actually use AI in a “material” way, an error sometimes caused by incorrect labeling from third-party analytics websites, but which businesses were in no rush to correct. According to the study, AI companies attract between 15 and 50 percent more funding in comparison to non-AI startups. Perhaps complicating the problem is that no single definition of artificial intelligence exists. When an Australian news outlet described the Boeing 737 Max’s sensor malfunction as a “‘confused’ AI,” technical professionals on Twitter protested that the term was seemingly misapplied to any technology that uses an algorithm. But what does AI really mean and when should we use the term? AI is better understood as a disciplinary ecosystem populated by various subfields that use (often big) data to train goal-seeking technologies and simulate human intelligence. A few of these subfields include machine learning, machine vision, and natural language processing. These technologies are often predictive, designed to anticipate social, political or economic risk and transfer the burden of human decision-making onto a model. In fact, the Treasury Board of Canada, tasked with drafting the directive that will guide AI integration into the federal civil service, prefers the term “automated decision-making” to describe how AI will operate within the Canadian government once the directive takes effect. Due to its scientific veneer, emerging technology has been historically guarded from social scrutiny. Yet AI applications belong to a class of physical and digital objects that are used to project Canadian influence abroad and at home. AI applications have a number of foreign policy uses, ranging from trade to defence to development work. In no particular order, AI: allocates commercial resources, enables large-scale surveillance of often vulnerable populations, radicalizes extremists, fights extremism, and predicts and reduces climate change vulnerability. Despite its widespread use, we are only just beginning to decide how AI’s social impact should be regulated. Canada’s most visible commitments to AI have been through the G7, a group whose members possess close to 60 percent of global wealth and who use the platform to cultivate shared norms on topics ranging from security to economics. Less visible, though equally important, are the intersections between AI and Canadian national security. So far, Canadian legislation has focused on the standards that govern data collection, a move that directly, if not obviously, impacts AI’s relationship to security. Because algorithms (and yes, sometimes AI) are enmeshed in political decision-making, these technologies also offer a vision of ‘social good’ that can compete with liberal democratic commitments. In Ottawa, decision-makers sprinkle the evidence of AI’s socio-technical impact across political speeches and reports. Foreign Minister Chrystia Freeland’s 2017 address on Canada’s foreign policy priorities points to the transformative impact that automation and the digital revolution have had on the workforce to explain rising populist disaffection towards free trade and globalization (though Freeland says that free trade is still overwhelmingly beneficial). Similarly, the Department of National Defence position, outlined in its Strong, Secure, Engaged policy, acknowledges that western military forces have a strategic and tactical advantage because operations use space-enabled systems in order to process and manipulate big data. (Drones and metadata harvesting are probably the most frequently cited examples here, though many other common uses exist that don’t incite the same level of public concern. For instance, the navy is developing voice-enabled assistants for Canadian warships.) And in the aftermath of the New Zealand mosque shooting, Public Safety Minister Ralph Goodale called on digital platforms to better recognize the ways their platforms propagate right-wing extremism and terrorism. (Curiously, right-wing extremism and terrorism are mentioned as separate categories in his speech, despite the New Zealand shooting being the most severe in the nation’s history.) Goodale went further and told his G7 colleagues that digital platforms who could not temper their algorithms “should expect public regulation...if they fail to protect the public interest.” The regulatory gap Automated systems are responsible for auditing our digital environment by sorting between allegedly worthy and unworthy information. Because AI shapes our digital environment by choosing and automating our exposure to friends, politics and commerce, these applications are also responsible for our socialization. In part for this reason, the national security community takes the spread of misinformation campaigns seriously and has begun to investigate the ways digital platforms can radicalize users. What is Canada’s approach to governing this challenging? Despite Goodale’s threat, Canada has so far refused to support global initiatives that seek to regulate AI’s negative impact on the security landscape. For example, Canada’s tone on lethal autonomous weapons systems, today’s archetypal ‘AI security’ issue, could be charitably described as placid. In a statement to the UN Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons, Canadian parties have stated that “International Humanitarian Law is sufficiently robust to regulate emerging technologies.” This is a departure from the way Canada treats AI at the domestic level, where even federal departments are mandated to use new policy instruments in order to assess the impact of automated decision-making. Within Canada’s federal service, the requires federal branches to conduct algorithmic impact assessments and to publicize the results. In a positive move, the directive also instructs federal branches to make their source code public on the Open Resource Exchange, the government’s public source code repository. At the domestic level and in comparison to other states, Canada is arguably a leader in AI. In 2017, the Government of Canada introduced a five-year pan-Canadian AI strategy, a $125-million dollar initiative that was the first of its kind globally. The strategy’s development and implementation was awarded to the Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR). CIFAR’s latest annual report does not mention foreign policy or national security, though the organization did provide funding for a 2018 workshop titled ‘AI and Future Arctic Conflicts’ and a 2019 UN workshop on arms control governance and AI. Clearly, Canada is invested in AI, but its approach to governing AI reflects a global landscape torn by new forms of instability. International relations scholars have long argued that liberal democratic countries are responsible for setting the human rights agenda, acting as ‘norm entrepreneurs’ that other countries then emulate in order to gain entry into international society. Some scholars have even argued that the G20, a forum that includes countries like Russia, China and Saudi Arabia, functions as a space where states are more willing to adopt liberal values. (The G20 is tackling AI disruption in the workplace.) But the recent annual report released by Canada’s National Security and Intelligence Committee of Parliamentarians claims that, when it comes to AI at least, China and Russia’s ambitions are risks to Canadian and global security. And the latest G20 meetings have also been marred by an illiberal turn, thanks to President Donald Trump’s attraction to authoritarian politics and his refusal to exert traditional US leadership. G7 members are still ideologically aligned (the US notwithstanding) so the group remains Canada’s preferred forum for advancing the development of “human-centric” AI. Ahead of last year’s summit in Charlevoix, Canada and France issued a joint statement on artificial intelligence, reaffirmed an earlier G7 Innovation Ministers’ Statement that linked artificial intelligence to social context, and called for an international study group of government experts that would promote the development of “human-centric artificial intelligence grounded in human rights, inclusion, diversity, innovation and economic growth.” Yet, by further insulating the AI human rights agenda into the G7, we risk excluding some of the world’s most marginalized groups from acting as stakeholders on issues that directly impact them. For example, the Rohingya in Myanmar have seen their own government use Facebook to amplify genocidal violence; so far, they must rely on Facebook’s internal corporate policy on hate speech to remove pages associated with the Myanmar military. What we’re currently seeing is an AI human rights agenda that is only accessible to some people depending on their political identity. With this context in mind, there is a need for a baseline level of data literacy so that we can unravel AI’s impact on foreign policy. In comparison to other policy domains, foreign policy is notoriously unresponsive to democratic influence. AI further exacerbates this challenge when political decision-making becomes the target of algorithmic intervention. AI reshapes global power in at least two fundamental ways. First, AI redistributes the physical infrastructure that is needed to exert influence. A number of ‘big player’ tech companies were founded and continue to steer their operations in liberal democratic countries. Both state and non-state actors use this infrastructure, whether positively or negatively, and benefit from economic policies that promote AI innovation in liberal democratic countries. The impact of AI cannot be isolated to a subset of global players. Second, AI redistributes power. Individuals and groups who would traditionally have had sparse access to a global audience, either for the purposes of extremist recruitment, mobilization or ‘likes,’ are now global players. For this reason, Canada’s approach to AI, which has focused on domestic innovation in coordination with its G7 partners, is insufficient for a country that claims loyalty to a liberal international order. Some citizens from liberal democratic countries may see the benefits of regulation, but as the literature on algorithmic discrimination illustrates, individuals from marginalized groups already bear the burden of AI’s worst excesses. In response to the social challenges posed by AI, the data science community has responded by developing applications that are connected to social good; fairness, accountability and transparency in algorithms is now a field of study with its own annual conference. There is also greater recognition that data scientists, who largely use AI to address social challenges, are political actors who are responsible for the trajectory of global affairs. Employees at Google, Microsoft and Clarifai have protested the use of their work in military systems. In the case of Google, the employees were at least partially successful. The US Department of Defense’s contract with Project Maven (which plans to use AI to identify potential drone targets) was not renewed, and Google’s plan to develop a censorship-friendly search engine for China appears to be on hold. When successfully mobilized, and because their technical expertise sustains AI’s role in foreign policy practice, technical professionals can expect that their influence on the global landscape will grow alongside AI adoption. The challenge is that technical professionals often possess technical literacy that is not widely accessible to the general public or, if the recent US Congressional hearings with Facebook and Google are any indication, lawmakers. Automated decision-making impacts everyone, but without greater data literacy, political decision-making becomes increasingly reserved for cadres of specialized professionals that may or may not have sufficient leverage to direct decision-makers away from unethical AI.

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|by Flemming Funch| A list of 100 fine pieces of advice about creativity, by Henriette Weber Andersen. Here are some samples: 3. What doesn’t work in one context - might work in another. Test your options It is an excellent exercise to come up a list of 100 anything, particularly when it is good stuff like creativity. 7. Look at the past to predict the future. Patterns mostly form themselves and repeat themselves 8. Being the first is more important to creativity than to be the best. when somebody becomes the best - the first are being first in something else 10. Creative action speaks louder than creative words 21. Don’t go where no man has gone before - go where YOU haven’t gone before - if you don’t like it, see it as an experience, if you do - use it to grow further 28. Dress up everyday 31. Make your marks in the sand, claim what is yours before somebody else does 55: picture what will be written on your tombstone - picture you’re a hundred and look back at your life, what do you want to be remembered for? 68: ask the questions you are scared about first 76: become a designer, in your mind and in your ways of acting 79: write “what if?” scenarios 85: Imagine other contexts for things. Macguyver everything 99: picture yourself doing things you never thought you’d do.

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Khami Ruins National Monument Khami Ruins National Monument Khami, which developed after the capital of Great Zimbabwe had been abandoned in the mid-16th century, is of great archaeological interest. The discovery of objects from Europe and China shows that Khami was a major centre for trade over a long period of time. Ruines de Khami Khami, qui se développa après l'abandon de la capitale du Grand Zimbabwe au milieu du XVIe siècle, présente un grand intérêt archéologique. Les objets originaires d'Europe et de Chine qu'on y a découverts montrent que la ville fut de longue date un carrefour commercial important. تتسم خامي التي نمت بعد هجر عاصمة زيمبابوي الكبيرة في منتصف القرن السادس عشر بأهمية أثرية جمة حيث تشير الأغراض المستقدمة من أوروبا والصين والتي تم اكتشافها ان المدينة شكلت لفترة طويلة ملتقى طرق تجاري هام. Национальный памятник Руины Кхами Древний город Кхами представляет значительный археологический интерес. Он стал развиваться после того, как в середине XVI в. столица Великий Зимбабве была оставлена населением. Здесь обнаружены предметы из Европы и Китая, и это свидетельствует о том, что на протяжении длительного времени Кхами являлся крупным торговым центром. Monumento nacional de las ruinas de Khami La ciudad de Khami, que cobró un gran auge tras el abandono de la capital del Gran Zimbabwe a mediados del siglo XVI, presenta un gran interés arqueológico. El descubrimiento de objetos procedentes de Europa y China ha puesto de manifiesto que esta ciudad fue un importante centro de intercambios comerciales durante mucho tiempo. Nationaal monument Khami ruïnes De Khami ruïnes liggen op een 1.300-meter hoge heuveltop, ten westen van de rivier de Khami, 22 kilometer vanaf de stad Bulawayo. Het gebied heeft een oppervlakte van ongeveer 108 hectare, verspreid over een afstand van ongeveer 2 kilometer. Khami is ontstaan nadat de hoofdstad van Groot-Zimbabwe was achtergelaten halverwege de 16e eeuw. De stad is van groot archeologisch belang vanwege de ontdekking van voorwerpen uit Europa en China. Hieruit blijkt dat Khami gedurende een lange periode een belangrijk handelscentrum is geweest. Verder tonen de architectuur en archeologie van de plek aan dat men uitzonderlijke kennis had van vroegere beschavingen. Outstanding Universal Value Khami Ruins National Monument is located to the west of the Khami River, 22 km from the City of Bulawayo. The property, located on a 1300 m hilltop downstream from a dam built during 1928-1929, covers an area of about 108 ha, spread over a distance of about 2 km from the Passage Ruin to the North Ruin. The property was the capital of the Torwa dynasty, which arose from the collapse of the Great Zimbabwe Kingdom between 1450 -1650 and was abandoned during the Ndebele incursions of the 19th century. It is composed of a complex series of platforms of dry-stone walled structures, emulating a later development of Stone Age culture. The chief’s residence (Mambo) was located towards the north on the Hill Ruin site with its adjacent cultivation terraces. The population lived in daga huts of cobwork, surrounded by a series of granite walls. These structures display a high standard of workmanship, a great number of narrow passageways and perambulatory galleries and impressive chevron and chequered wall decorations. Khami conforms to Great Zimbabwe in a number of archaeological and architectural aspects but it possesses certain features particular to itself and its successors such as Danangombe and Zinjanja. Revetments or retaining walls found expression for the first time in the architectural history of the sub-region at Khami, and with it were elaborate decorations; it still has the longest decorated wall in the entire sub-region. The architecture of the site and the archaeological artefacts provide evidence for an exceptional understanding of strong, united, early civilizations. They also offer information on the property’s complex socio-economic, religious and spiritual significance for the local communities and for the overall chronological development of Zimbabwe tradition; initiated in Mapungubwe (South Africa), extending to Great Zimbabwe, and through the emergence of later states. The archaeological remains are also a testament to long-distance historic trade links with the Portuguese, and the wider world, the diverse range of imported artefacts provide evidence of 15th and 17th century Spanish porcelain, Rhineland stoneware and Ming porcelain, many of which are on display in the Museum of Natural History in Bulawayo. There is also a monumental granite cross which illustrates the contact with missionaries at a traditionally revered and sacred spiritual site. Khami is the second largest stone built monument in Zimbabwe. Its historical importance lies in its position at the watershed between the history of Great Zimbabwe and the later Zimbabwe period. It is one of the few Zimbabwe sites that were not destroyed by treasure hunters and its undisturbed stratigraphy is scientifically important in providing a much clearer insight into the history of the country. The climate supports a natural vegetation of open woodland, dominated by Combretum and Terminalia trees. Being close to the Kalahari Desert, the area is also vulnerable to droughts, and rainfall tends to vary considerably. The property has suffered some degradation due to variations in temperature, ground water, tourism, encroaching vegetation and applied preservation techniques. Criterion (iii): The property is a unique and exceptional testimony to a civilization which has disappeared.The architecture and archaeological artefacts of the site provide important scientific and historical evidence critical for the understanding of the full chronological development of the Zimbabwe tradition from the Stone Age to the Iron Age era. Criterion (iv):The property is an outstanding example of a type of building and architectural ensemble which illustrates a significant stage in history. It has yielded an exceptional long evidence related to human evolution and human environment dynamics, collectively extending from 100 000 years ago to date and demonstrates testimonial to the long distance trade with the outer world. Over its area of 108 ha, the property is relatively intact and appropriately maintains the diverse cultural and traditional processes, functions and interactions of the local communities. Dispersed over 2 km, extending from the Passage Ruin to the North Ruin, an appropriate degree of indigenous cultural processes remain for the property to be sufficiently well protected from environmental pressures and alternative land uses. The boundaries are also sufficient in size to fully capture the natural and aesthetic values. In addition to the established boundaries, the property has a buffer zone to retain the natural characteristics of the area. However, some negative effects on the relationship between the site and its setting are being caused by the expansion of the suburbs of Bulawayo (10 km distant), and the polluting discharge from the city’s effluent into the Khami River. The buffer zone needs to be carefully monitored so that this relationship does not erode any further. The ruins have been subjected to some natural erosion, veld fires, burrowing animals, encroaching vegetation, and the effects of tourism. Rain induced ground creepage down the site slopes has increased the incidence of wall cracks, bulges and collapses, adding to the deterioration of the structures, ornamental features and architectural coherence. Conservation and maintenance actions are needed to maintain the existing integrity of the historic fabric. The authenticity of the historic evidence is unquestionable. The ruins generally follow the pattern and style of the Great Zimbabwe ruins but are considered to be a later development of that culture. It remains an undisturbed, non-functional, archaeological site whilst also still being used by contemporary communities for spiritual purposes. The dry-stone building traditions enhance the sacredness of the area, where human presence is traceable over 100,000 years. Acknowledging huts made of cobwork (daga) enhanced by decorative friezes, and surrounded by a series of granite walls, and with a great number of passage ways and uncovered perambulatory galleries, the current population maintains the historic traditions of the site. Khami has retained its authenticity largely in part due to the minimal interventions that have been carried out. All restorations have used traditional methods and no new materials have been added. Restorations nowadays are by anastylosis which ensures that no new materials are introduced to the fabric of the site and promotes use of traditional methods of construction. Protection and management requirements The archaeological zone was protected as a ‘Royal Reserve’ until the death of King Lobengule in 1893. In recognition of the historic, cultural and architectural significance of the site, it was scheduled as a National Monument in 1937. Currently the National Museums and Monuments Act Cap. 25:11 legally protect the property and its resources. Khami Ruins National Monument is managed by National Museums and Monuments as overall responsible Agency. At local level Khami falls under the Western Region administrative unit and a project manager, who liaises with the Regional Director and Executive Director on administrative and policy issues and is responsible for conservation and development. The government of Zimbabwe partly funds conservation work and also makes available funds for capital improvements through its Public Sector Investment Programme (PSIP). National Museums and Monuments provide some funds raised through entrance fees, filming fees, etc. for conservation. International cooperation has existed for financial support, including assistance for the development of a conservation and site management plan. A management plan, which derives from a master plan for resource conservation and development, exists and is currently being implemented in accordance with National Museums and Monuments Act. However, there are challenges for implementation because the community was not adequately involved in the nomination of the property and, therefore, do not fully understand the implications of its status. The management plan needs to be periodically updated to respond to new conditions as they arise. Although the well-defined and buffered boundary is not physically marked, a system of regular monitoring is in place but there are challenges in enforcing restrictions to regulate further developments, particularly from tourism development, and to maintain the conditions of integrity. Larger cooperation is needed to ensure the adequate management of the buffer zone and the conservation of its characteristics. A regular and well resourced conservation programme is required to maintain stone walls and landforms and to address factors that contribute to deterioration, such as water infiltration and pollution. An appropriate visitor use strategy, including the development of facilities, is needed to regulate visitation at the site and to adequately present and interpret its significance. - 2006 International Youth Camp Held for Restoration of Khami Ruins National Monument Thursday, 3 August 2006

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You know what they say about success having a thousand fathers. Those who sired the original Ford Mustang would certainly liven up any cocktail hour with their brains and ego. The folk legend creator of Ford's sporty compact is Lee Iacocca, who more accurately deserves credit for believing that people would buy it; Hal Sperlich was Dearborn's interpreter of youthful trends. Meanwhile, Ford's global director of racing, Jacque Passino, was also redirecting the company's image. All were irreplaceable in the Mustang's gestation. But the guy who did the most to make the Mustang a functional, profitable reality was Donald Frey. Starting around 1960, when the Ford Motor Company was embarking on its Total Performance reinvention, Frey was best known around the management suite as a scientifically trained engineer with a stout academic bent. In a different life, he might have been a concert pianist or even a theology professor, since he was bestowed with generational knowledge within his family. Instead, Frey was a second-generation prodigy in metallurgy. His father had been so tasked in the top management of a John Deere factory in St. Louis, where Frey was born in 1923, and later went on to Allis-Chalmers. Frey was a Michigan State undergrad when World War II broke out, and had also been working at Packard, in the department that was assembling Rolls-Royce Merlin aero engines under license. Following Army service, he obtained baccalaureate, master's and doctoral degrees in metallurgy from the University of Michigan, where he then became a teaching fellow. He had to make ends meet by working summers in a steel mill. Then, in 1951, Ford hired him as an analyst in its research laboratories. By 1957, he was named chief engineer for passenger-car design. That was when the roof fell in. The new Edsel was quickly condemned as a flop. Before long, Ford president Robert McNamara left the company to become John F. Kennedy's secretary of defense. A new power center in the company began to coalesce around Iacocca, who by then was head of the Ford Division. He established a somewhat covert, ad hoc group to brainstorm the brand's future direction, named the Fairlane Committee--not after the car, but instead for the Dearborn motel where the crew met clandestinely. One member of that group was Frey. Shortly thereafter, Ford rolled out a lithe two-seat concept called the Mustang I, a mid-engine two-seater with V-4 power borrowed from the Cardinal, a front-drive world car championed by Iacocca's predecessor, McNamara. Iacocca wrung the Cardinal's neck, dismissing it as contradictory to Total Performance. The Mustang I never saw showroom daylight, though it did become a template of sorts for the all-conquering GT endurance racer. On the ground, however, Ford had just shrugged off the lingering debt load associated with the Edsel debacle, and had committed to spending a quarter-billion dollars on revamping its already-approved 1965 models. No money was left for Ford to take a flyer on any kind of radical halo car. Chevrolet had already shown the Corvair, and Henry Ford II had gunned down four straight sporty car proposals. Iacocca tried again in 1962; this time, Ford II gave the project his blessing, and a paltry budget of $40 million. Working within those restrictions was where Frey, who by then was in charge of Ford Division product planning, truly shone. It was Frey who determined that the production Mustang would be built on donor Falcon technology, ensuring that both the cost and impossibly short development-cycle targets could actually be met. Those goals assured, the styling team, led by Gene Bordinat and including John Najjar (who gave the car its name, after the World War II fighter, not the horse) had a freer hand to be creative. And lo, the Mustang became reality, blowing Ford's original break-even and sales projections into shrapnel. Frey was promoted again and placed in charge of North America vehicle development, earning a piece in Time magazine that called him "The Thinker." He left Ford in 1968, advanced early home-video technology while later serving as chairman of Bell & Howell, and taught engineering at Northwestern University in Chicago for more than 20 years. Thanks in great part to Frey's intelligent grasp of product realities, the Mustang became a franchise, a "forever" thing and genuine American touchstone. While a top Ford executive, Frey also gave the production go-ahead to other memorable advances, among them the original two-way Doorgate for Ford station wagons. The people who remember him most are Mustang collectors, however, who treated him as a god. Donald Frey still owned an original, first-generation Mustang when he died March 5, 2010, at age 86 in his adopted hometown of Evanston, Illinois. This article originally appeared in the August, 2010 issue of Hemmings Classic Car. Order Backissues of Hemmings Classic Car Subscribe to Hemmings Classic Car

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- Books ˅ - Extras ˅ - My Account ˅ Sons and Lovers (Book Jacket Status: Jacketed) Introduction by David Ellis The struggle for power at the heart of a family in conflict, the mysteries of sexual initiation, and the pain of irretrievable loss are the universal motifs with which D. H. Lawrence fashions one of the world’s most original autobiographical novels. Gertrude Morel is a refined woman who married beneath her and has come to loathe her brutal, working-class husband. She focuses her passion instead on her two sons, who return her love and despise their father. Trouble begins when Paul Morel, a budding artist, falls in love with a young woman who seems capable of rivaling his mother for possession of his soul. In the ensuing battle, he finds his path to adulthood tragically impeded by the enduring power of his mother’s grasp. Published on the eve of World War I, SONS AND LOVERS confirmed Lawrence’s genius and inaugurated the controversy over his explicit writing about sexuality and human relationships that would follow him to the end of his career. About the Author D. H. Lawrence was born on September 11, 1885, in Eastwood, Nottinghamshire, England. His father was a coal miner, his mother a former lace worker and unsuccessful haberdasher. He began school just before the age of four, but respiratory illness and a weak constitution forced him to remain home intermittently. Two months before his sixteenth birthday, he went to work as a clerk in a badly ventilated factory that made medical supplies, and eventually contracted pneumonia. After a long convalescence, he got a job as a student teacher, but privately he resolved to become a poet. He began writing seriously in 1906 and entered University College, Nottingham, to earn his teacher's certificate. Two years later he started teaching elementary school full-time. He published his first poems in the English Review in 1909. When he contracted pneumonia a second time, he gave up teaching. His first two novels, The White Peacock and The Trespasser, were published in 1911 and 1912. About three weeks after the publication of The Trespasser, he left England with Frieda Weekley, née von Richthofen, the German wife of Ernest Weekley, a British linguist who had been his French and German instructor at University College. He wrote the final version of his autobiographical novel Sons and Lovers (1913) - begun when his mother was dying of cancer in 1910 - during his year-long courtship of Frieda in Germany and Italy. Sons and Lovers was immediately recognized as the first great modern restatement of the Oedipal drama, but, like most of Lawrence's novels during his lifetime, sold poorly. Lawrence and Frieda married in London in July 1914, immediately after Frieda's divorce became final; they lived peripatetically and in relative poverty. They spent World War I in England, a country they both essentially disliked, and endured a series of clumsy surveillance and harassment campaigns by local police because of her nationality (several of her relatives were diplomats, statesmen, and politicians, and she was a cousin of Manfred von Richthofen, the "Red Baron") and his apparent lack of patriotism (among other charges, The Prussian Officer, a collection of stories, published in November 1914, several months after Great Britain entered the war, was considered politically and morally offensive by conservative booksellers). Exempt from active service because of his health, Lawrence wrote The Rainbow and Women in Love. The former was seized and burned by the police for indecency in November 1915, two months after publication; Lawrence was unable to find a publisher for the latter until six years later. Composition of these two novels coincided with bouts of erratic behavior in Lawrence that bordered on mental instability, sexual confusion and experimentation that threatened to undermine his marriage, and endless health reversals, including a diagnosis of tuberculosis. Twilight in Italy, a collection of acerbic travel essays believed by some to show a sympathy for fascism that became more explicit in, for example, his novel The Plumed Serpent (1926), was published in 1916. He recorded the vicissitudes of his marriage in an autobiographical poem cycle, Look! We Have Come Through (1917). The Lawrences departed for Europe in late 1919 and spent most of the next two years in Italy and Germany. The Lost Girl, a novel, was published in 1920 and received the James Tait Black Memorial Prize the following year, which also saw the publication of Movements in European History, a text for schoolchildren; Psychoanalysis and the Unconscious, an anti-Freudian tract; Tortoises, a collection of poems; Sea and Sardinia, a travel book; and, belatedly, Women in Love. Early in 1922 he and Frieda went around the world by boat. They visited Ceylon, lived in Australia for a month and a half, and in the summer sailed to America, where they settled in New Mexico. Aaron's Rod, a novel; Fantasia of the Unconscious, a sequel to Psychoanalysis and the Unconscious; and England, My England, a collection of stories, were published that year. In the spring of 1923, after moving to Mexico, he and Frieda separated temporarily. He toured the western United States and briefly returned to Mexico; she moved to London. Kangaroo, his novel of Australia, and Birds, Beasts, and Flowers, a collection of poems, were published in the fall. He reunited with Frieda in the winter. They went to New Mexico again in the spring of 1924; he suffered bouts of influenza, malaria, and typhoid fever the next year. The Lawrences eventually resettled in Italy in 1926. He began writing his last novel, Lady Chatterley's Lover, in 1926. It was published two years later and banned in England and the United States as pornographic. Lawrence was an avid amateur painter, and a selection of his paintings - grossly rendered, full-figured representational nudes - was exhibited in London in 1929. The show was raided on July 5 by the police, who removed thirteen of the canvases. Lawrence coincidentally suffered a violent tubercular hemorrhage in Italy the same day. He went to Bavaria to undergo a cure - it was unsuccessful - and in 1930 entered a sanatorium in Vence, France, where treatment similarly failed. He died in a villa in Vence on the night of March 2, a half year short of his forty-fifth birthday, and was buried in a local cemetery. His body was eventually disinterred and cremated, and his ashes transported to Frieda Lawrence's ranch outside Taos, New Mexico. In addition to numerous plays, collections of poetry, and other, lesser-known works published during his lifetime, his novels The Virgin and the Gypsy and Mr. Noon were published posthumously. Praise for Sons and Lovers… The Modern Library of the World's Best Books "No other writer with his imaginative standing has in our time written books that are so open to life." -- Alfred Kazin "There is no novel in english literature which comes so close to the skin of life of working class people, for it records their feelings in their own terms." -- V. S. Pritchett

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Boys score as well as or better than girls on most standardized tests, yet they are far less likely to get good grades, take advanced classes or attend college. Why? A study coming out this week in The Journal of Human Resources gives an important answer. Teachers of classes as early as kindergarten factor good behavior into grades — and girls, as a rule, comport themselves far better than boys.She goes on to say that she has quit blaming the feminists, in order to be more politically correct. The study’s authors analyzed data from more than 5,800 students from kindergarten through fifth grade and found that boys across all racial groups and in all major subject areas received lower grades than their test scores would have predicted. The scholars attributed this “misalignment” to differences in “noncognitive skills”: attentiveness, persistence, eagerness to learn, the ability to sit still and work independently. As most parents know, girls tend to develop these skills earlier and more naturally than boys. Eagle Forum Legislative Alerts Wednesday, February 06, 2013 Christina Hoff Sommers writes in the NY Times:

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The Great Challenge of Conserving the Saola by Serda Ozbenian This summer, I traveled to Vietnam to help facilitate and document a snare removal workshop for rangers from Vietnam’s Forest Protection Department (FPD) as part of the Emerging Wildlife Conservation Leaders (EWCL) initiative. The 5-day workshop was the result of over a year of planning with workshop partners as part of a campaign to conserve the critically endangered saola, a wild ox found only in the Annamite Mountains on the border of Vietnam and Laos. Ten rangers from three different provincial districts, representing a third of all the rangers responsible for patrolling saola habitat, attended the workshop - which included examining threats, data collection and management, social marketing techniques, community engagement, and the development of conservation goals. Breakout sessions to explore the many challenges rangers face - from rough terrain, hostility from local communities, and lack of resources - were particularly beneficial. Two days were spent in the forest inside a proposed 121 km2 saola conservation area in Quang Nam Province to practice snare removal techniques and GPS and data reporting skills. Our drive took us along the enormous Ho Chi Minh Highway where we witnessed an active forest fire, serious erosion, and polluted water from gold mining activities - all threats to the saola and other wildlife. The highway itself has fragmented habitats as it cuts straight through the forest. Following a tipoff, we located a snare line a short hike from the highway and removed over 30 snares and a handful of steel-jaw leghold traps. Hiking through the exceptionally steep, mountainous terrain, it became immediately evident how difficult the rangers' job really is. The snares are constructed with readily available sticks and bicycle wire, and are set by local people to catch wildlife for domestic consumption, as well as by commercial hunters who sell the meat to restaurants. Saola are caught as bycatch in these indiscriminate traps set out for other species like pangolin, gibbon, civet, bear and tiger. The demand for Vietnam’s wildlife for the pet trade, food, and traditional medicine is wreaking havoc on the lush and once productive ecosystem, and creating a phenomenon called "empty forest syndrome" in which pristine forests are denuded of wildlife. On the final day, we visited a village and discussed hunting and agricultural land use with community members. Upon completion of the workshop, we met with higher level FPD officials to report on the workshop and provide recommendations. The FPD understands the importance of conserving the saola but they face a daunting task; more rangers, training, resources and organized patrolling efforts are needed to preserve Vietnam’s rare and exploited wildlife. Less than 200 saola remain as a precarious symbol of Vietnam’s enormous challenge to preserve its biodiversity. Funding for the workshop was provided by the Russell E. Train Education for Nature Fund and the EWCL Board. To assist saola conservation efforts, visit: http://apps.facebook.com/causes/savethesaola.

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Designing a new SR 520 bridge requires an accurate three dimensional topographic and bathymetric map. Bathymetry is the study of underwater depth, the underwater equivalent to altimetry. A rubber boat equipped with sonar and a global positioning system (GPS) is used in the deep water of Lake Washington, but something else is required for maneuvering through the environmentally sensitive marshlands near the Seattle Arboretum, Foster Island and the south shore of Portage Bay. This oar-powered pontoon boat rigged with a GPS and total station tracking was used to conduct bathymetric soundings of the marsh. The inflatable one-person raft was selected as the best survey platform to allow taking depth measurements and recovery of real time GPS locations. The boat traveled unobtrusively through lilies and reeds, past herons and beavers, collecting depth and location information.

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Author Tutor Course Date #1 How art and architecture in 5th century Athens reflects the political, trade, and military conditions of Periclean Athens Fifth-century Athens represents the Greek city-state of Athens in the period ranging from 480 BC to 404 BC… Download file to see previous pages... Athens generated some of the most significant and lasting cultural artifacts within Western tradition at a time when it was able to subdue its enemies, and enhance its political fortunes under the guidance of statesmen and orator Pericles. Historians perceive the Athenian 5th and 6th centuries BCE to be the Golden Age of architecture and sculpture. During the period, the ornamental elements and the technique utilized did not differ significantly from the previous period (Kinzl 84). Majority of the works were religious in nature and featured temples and sanctuaries. The Parthenon represented a symbol of the Golden Mean; a time in which architecture, arts, vase painting, and sculpture thrived and every of the art forms benefited from interactions with other art forms. The patron goddess of Athens joins architecture with, and sculpture to shape a whole that mirrors the Golden Mean, the Greek pursuit of harmony, order, and balance. The entire of urban Athens features a system of huge walls, which guaranteed that Athens was always open to the sea, and only enemies (naval force) with superior to her unparalleled fleet could succeed in cutting the city off from vital supplies (Pedley 37). Phidias created colossal gold-plated marble statues that remain highly commemorated and admired. #2 How extensive reformation and reconstruction of the city demonstrate a return to the sanctuary and civic center designs of the 750-450 BCE? The autonomous city-state ruled by diverse aristocracy in which contacts were rich from diverse points of view social, cultural, and commercial. The restored sanctuaries feature refined sculptures, paved roads, and agora as highlighted by the temple of Poseidon and Temple of Hera. The extensive reformations and reconstruction of the city of Athens highlights a tendency to return to or a deviation from the sanctuary and civic centre designs ranging from 750-450 BCE. Examples of prominent works at this period entail reconstruction of the Temple of Plympian Zeus, reconstruction of the Temple of Apollo located in Delphi, and the reconstruction the Acropolis of Athens. This is most apparent at the Elymian site of Segesta, a location where the Elymians started to construct a Doric temple within the 5th century BC, whereby the reconstructions mirror the religious and civic centre designs in the period ranging 750-450 BCE in terms of (1) foot style; (2) exterior decoration; (3) underside treatment. The Corinthian foot style comprises of a flaring ring that might also be molded, whereas the Attic style comprises of a “tire-shaped” torus ring foot (Whitley 11). The decorative elements are notable owing to their conformity to the sanctuary and civic centered designs ranging from 750-450 BCE. #3 How the Athenian Acropolis and Agora reflect and Athens that considers itself part of the Greek unified world The Athenian Acropolis can be regarded as the most lavish, technically superior, and programmatically cohesive temple within Greek mainland and represents a fitting commemoration of the Athenian’s remarkable and unexpected victories during the Persian wars. Persian wars had thematic significance to the art of Classical Athens, as well as the building program on the Acropolis. The buildings and monuments also avail a broad range of testimony to the sacred character of the Late Archaic Acropolis. The Acropolis of Athens represents an ancient citadel situated on an elevated rocky outcrop within the city of Athens, and detailing the remains of a number of ...Download file to see next pagesRead More Cite this document (“Art and Architecture in 5th Century Athens Essay”, n.d.) Retrieved de https://studentshare.org/archaeology/1480539-art-and-architecture-in (Art and Architecture in 5th Century Athens Essay) “Art and Architecture in 5th Century Athens Essay”, n.d. https://studentshare.org/archaeology/1480539-art-and-architecture-in. This could partly be attributed to its discovery of silver deposits. However, the greatest challenge was how to utilize the resource. A true account is that for a long time the tetradrachms of Athens are the most common type of coins amongst ancient coins’ collectors. According to the research findings, both Greece and Rome were Mediterranean countries. The government of Athens was an oligarchy, which evolved into a democracy. Kings governed Rome in the beginning, then a mixed Republican form of government, and finally emperors. Both the Greek and the Roman economy was based on agriculture. The influence has been contagious. Right from the Romans to the Spanish, a lot of Islam’s influence can be seen. Cordoba is reminiscent of the Islamic paintings depicting gardens and landscapes. Alcázar of Seville is testimony of Muslim influence in architecture. As an architect, the significant points that I need to consider before embarking on building such home is that the beam for these homes is earthquake resistant and is in line with the international requirements. (Wack, 2006) Also there should be The range of depictions on heroic nude male (often in athletic contests) and draped female figures were prominent. This was the period when, Athens transformed from the Delian League to a tribute-paying empire; the then Ruler of Greece, Pericles, encouraged litical state, suggesting repeatedly that the rule of ones own self by each individual is a procedure quite similar to the rule of the state by political leaders. Platos comments on the ideal behavior of individuals thus have clear political implications, and his exploration of the above stated three extraordinary elements can also be found in undergoing through varied experiences that significantly aid in reviving cultural traditions and beliefs among others (Strunk & White, 2014). With this concern, in order to recall a true place from own experience the traditional styles with the emerging societies brought by industrialization, hence the old styles were incorporated to stamp authority in town halls, railway stations, opera houses and legislatures. The battle saw nations struggling to outdo each other in building grand Nonetheless, humans who lived in the prehistoric era populated the acropolis as well as the caves that were around it. Since it was situated at the heart of Athens, there are many myths, festivals as well as other important 8 Pages(2000 words)Essay GOT A TRICKY QUESTION? RECEIVE AN ANSWER FROM STUDENTS LIKE YOU! Let us find you another Essay on topic Art and Architecture in 5th Century Athens for FREE!

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UC Davis Viticulture and Enology Department The goal was to develop a knowledgeable workforce to form the basis of the state’s wine industry and to make California wine more approachable to consumers. Though the program dates back 120 years, the current UC Davis Department of Viticulture and Enology was established in 1935. In the years after Prohibition, UC Davis helped vintners to get back on their feet by making sound wines. The priority was avoiding spoilage and contamination in the winemaking process. Many disciplines are studied in the department’s complex curriculum. One of the department’s innovations was emphasizing communication between the vineyard and the winery. It effectively bridged the gap that had developed in California between grape growing and winemaking. The flavor and aroma profile was another major accomplishment. UC Davis has also been a leader in researching the relationship between wine and health. Maynard Amerine and Albert Winkler were influential professors at UC Davis’ Department of Viticulture and Enology. Both men wrote many books and conducted significant research.

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Wednesday 21 September 2016, is World Alzheimer’s Day; a day on which Alzheimer’s organisations around the world seek to raise awareness of Alzheimer’s disease, and the importance of continuing research into finding ways to treat and/or cure the disease. According the Alzheimer’s Australia, Alzheimer’s disease is one of the most common forms of dementia, which is a range of symptoms caused by disorders affecting the brain. As dementia impacts on a person’s brain function, it therefore affects their thinking, behaviour and ability to perform every day tasks. You can read more about Alzheimer’s disease here. World Alzheimer’s Day was the focus of a National Press Club Address today by Dr Ron Peterson, Director of the Mayo Clinic Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, and Ita Buttrose AO OBE, National Ambassador of Alzheimer’s Australia. The address is available to watch for free on ABC iview. Click here to watch the address in full. On World Alzheimer’s Day, it is worth considering the recently released Australian Catholic Bishops Conference (ACBC) Social Justice Statement, “A Place at the Table: Social justice in an ageing society.” The Statement calls on Australians of all ages to consider the important role that the elderly play in our society, the importance of caring for those who need it, and for helping those who are ageing to continue living active lives, engaged in their communities. The Social Justice Statement can be downloaded from the Australian Catholic Social Justice Council (ACSJC) website, or the full colour print version, as well as other useful resources such as 10-step leaflets, can be ordered from the ACSJC.

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If anything positive has come from George Zimmerman’s “not guilty” verdict in the murder of 17-year-old Trayvon Martin, it might be that the trial’s outcome has led to an explosion of cultural resistance in the form of performance arts and media strategies that are continuously raising consciousness about the intersecting issues of racial justice, police brutality and mass incarceration. It’s a cultural resistance movement grounded in the arts that has used the profiling of Martin in vivid murals displaying him adorned in his now-prominent hoodie as well as online, by making the tag #hoodiesup one of the most popular hashtags on Twitter and across other social media platforms. In fact, the movement has “memed” the symbol Martin has become so well that a museum director at the Smithsonian Institution in Washington, DC, has expressed interest in acquiring the garment for display. “Art is the raw material of consciousness, and that’s the lever on which social change balances. This puts us right at the center of the project of social change and really makes all organizing a subset of cultural work,” says Ricardo Levins Morales, a social justice artist. “[Artists’] role in moments like this is not just to capture the moment and express people’s feelings, but help to transform it from a moment that’s about expending energy to one that’s about accumulating power.” Morales created a visual piece just after the Zimmerman verdict came down. The artwork combines a display of Martin alongside the historical perspective of Ella Baker by using her words from 1964 about the value of black mothers’ sons as well as an explication of future change. Morales believes cultural resistance should focus on going beyond flashpoints in history that spark mass protest and work toward harnessing the energy borne out of anger into confronting a more enduring and underlying hopelessness that prevents many from working toward social justice in the long term. That’s why he was explicit about combining the perspectives of the past, present and future in his artwork. Zimmerman's acquittal on July 13 in shooting Martin, an unarmed black teen, initiated a national dialogue about equal justice, racial profiling gun control and “Stand Your Ground” laws and sparked protests and rallies nationwide calling for a civil rights probe and federal charges against him. But the national dialogue has been facilitated, at least in part, by a growing presence of artwork and other cultural signifiers surrounding the Zimmerman verdict, which have fundamentally changed the context in which the debate about racial justice operates. With so much of the debate taking place online, organizers have been implementing social media strategies that have been able to get to the heart of the issue. One campaign participating in changing this context is “Black Lives Matter.” The campaign is in the format of call and response, which is part of the black tradition. The campaign is both a call to action and a response to the ways in which black lives have been devalued in the larger culture. “For us, Black Lives Matter is a political and cultural intervention,” says organizer Alicia Garza. “We’re doing this political intervention through our work on the ground, but the cultural strategy is really important, and it’s intended to help amplify and shift the hegemony that exists in this country.” The Black Lives Matter campaign follows on the initial social media explosion that started on the night of the Zimmerman verdict, which saw a number of Martin-related hash tags trend on Twitter and across other social media platforms. The campaign hopes to keep the conversation going in a way that fosters a larger push for change. Melanie Cervantes, an activist and artist with the group Dignidad Rebelde , has seen how artwork can create a larger cultural framework that can transform anger into power. She witnessed first-hand how windows were broken in the streets of Oakland in the aftermath of the Zimmerman verdict. Her group, alongside another collective muralist group, painted a large mural to cover over one place where a window was broken, taking the news coverage back from property damage and insurance rates to community collaboration and the struggle for equality. “People get inundated with anywhere from three to 20,000 advertisements a day, so we really feel like we have to create work that is in alignment with people’s values, with their vision and kind of interrupt the bombardment of crap that we see that really serves corporate interests,” says Cervantes. Martin was number 31 out of a total of 313 people of color who were extra-judicially killed in 2012, according to a report from the Malcolm X Grassroots Movement, but his life continues to resonate around street corners and in plays, songs and memes in a larger cultural backlash that has transformed his story from a tragic statistic into an insatiable hunger for justice.

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A chessboard consists of 64 equal squares arranged in eight rows and eight columns. The squares are arranged in two alternating colors, white and black. Many different materials are used to make chessboards, so the lighter colored material is known as white and the darker material is known as black. Parts of the board are known by special names: Rank - the eight horizontal rows of the chess board are called ranks. File - the eight vertical columns of the chess board are called files. Diagonal - a straight line of squares of the same color running at an angle from one edge of the board to another edge is called a diagonal. Center - the four squares found in the middle of the board are called the center. Each individual square has a name so records of the moves of the game can be kept. Several naming systems exist, but “algebraic notation” is the most popular and is the official system. In this system, each square is named for the row and column in which it is found. The ranks (rows) are numbered from 1 to 8 beginning with white's side of the board and moving to black's side of the board. The files (columns) are labeled by lower case letters from a to h moving from left to right based on the white player's viewpoint. The square is named by the letter followed by the number. Thus the lower left hand square is known as a1. The naming structure can be seen in the following diagram: The chessboard is rotated so that there is a white square in the first row at the player's right side. The pieces are placed on the white and black side of the board in the same manner. In the first row beginning at both outer edges and moving inward, place the rook (sometimes called the castle), the knight (sometimes called the horse) and the bishop. For the two remaining squares, place the queen on the square with the same color. Place the king on the final square. When completed, the same pieces face each other across the board. On the second row place a row of pawns. The finished board then looks like the diagram below.

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Karl Jansky (1905-1950) Karl Jansky, often referred to as the father of radio astronomy, was born on October 22, 1905 in Norman, Oklahoma. He was one of six children born to Nellie Jansky and Cyril Jansky, from whom he and his three brothers acquired an interest in physics at a young age. Cyril Jansky was a professor of electrical engineering and Dean of the College of Engineering at the University of Oklahoma before later accepting an appointment at the University of Wisconsin. It was in Wisconsin that Karl Jansky began his formal education. Following his public school years, he entered the state university, where he embarked on a study of physics. Jansky received a B.S. degree in 1927, graduating with honors. He remained at the university for an extra year as an instructor and completed coursework towards a graduate degree, but did not receive the degree at that time because he did not write a thesis. Jansky began working at Bell Laboratories in 1928, despite the company’s initial hesitation to hire him due to his health problems (Jansky had been diagnosed with chronic kidney disease in college). At Bell, he was assigned to a project investigating possible sources of interference in shortwave radio communications across the Atlantic. To embark on this study, it was necessary for Jansky to design special instrumentation. The large, directional antenna system he built to receive radio waves was mounted on a motor-driven turntable so that it rotated in all directions, resulting in it being nicknamed Jansky’s merry-go-round. In addition to this device, he designed a receiver that minimized static and an apparatus for recording static variations. The new equipment was set up in Holmdel, a rural part of New Jersey, in 1930, and soon after the task of collecting data began. Jansky spent many months recording the characteristics and intensity of static his instrumentation received, most commonly at a wavelength of 14.6 meters. In 1932, he reported his early findings and classified the static into three basic types. The first he attributed to local thunderstorms, the second to distant thunderstorms, and the third type, as he described it, was “composed of very steady hiss static the origin of which is not yet known.” Jansky had already at that point, however, begun to understand where the static was coming from, though he had been warned by his boss to be careful in declaring the information in case he proved to be wrong. The caution advised at Bell was understandable because Jansky believed the signal was coming from the center of the Milky Way galaxy and no one had ever detected extraterrestrial signals before. The first clues that the static in question was extraterrestrial were revealed to Jansky during his study of its intensity, which peaked when the antenna was positioned so that it pointed at a particular part of the sky. Initially Jansky believed the point of the peak intensity to be following the sun and, thus, thought the sun might be the source of the signal. Over time, however, the peaks appeared to increasingly deviate from the path of the sun and he realized that they occurred not every 24 hours, as would be expected if the sun was the signal’s source, but rather every 23 hours and 56 minutes. When he discussed the phenomenon with an acquaintance who had a background in astronomy, he was made aware that the four minute variation was characteristic of sidereal time, that is, time determined by the apparent daily motions of the stars. The sidereal day is shorter than the solar day because it is based solely on the amount of time required for the Earth to make a single rotation about its axis, whereas the solar day depends on this rotation as well as the Earth’s orbit around the sun. This information, along with data indicating that the emission was coming from the direction of the constellation Sagittarius, enabled Jansky to firmly conclude that the mysterious signals were coming from space. In 1933, Jansky published three papers outlining the data he obtained regarding the hissing static and the conclusions that he drew from the data. Two years later, he further hypothesized that the radiation most likely developed in interstellar space due to the thermal motion of charged particles. Interestingly, the scientific community seems to have at first taken less notice of Jansky’s work than did the general public, which was made aware of the extraterrestrial radio waves in the headlines of the New York Times on May 5, 1933. Indeed, no academic or research institutions immediately followed up on Jansky’s discovery, so that the next person to detect cosmic signals was Grote Reber, who constructed a radio telescope in his Illinois backyard in 1937 for his own personal use. Notably, Jansky had wanted to continue studying the radio waves he discovered himself and had tried to convince his employer to construct a dish antenna with a diameter of 30 meters for him to do so. Bell, however, was understandably only interested in the matter as far as it pertained to their communications business, and since there was no way to eliminate the hissing static, they considered the project complete. Jansky was, therefore, quickly assigned to new tasks. The University of Wisconsin accepted Jansky’s published papers on radio waves as his thesis and finally awarded him his M.S. degree in 1936. In 1948 he was made a fellow of the Institute of Radio Engineers. Otherwise, Jansky received few official honors during his lifetime related to his discovery, which opened an entirely new field of science. He remained at Bell Labs for the rest of his career, and there continued to contribute to improved radio communications. On February 14, 1950, he died of a massive stroke linked to his kidney disease. His wife, Alice, and two children survived him. More than two decades after his death, the General Assembly of the International Astronomer's Union adopted the jansky as a unit of measurement for radio wave intensity as a tribute to Karl Jansky. Bell Labs later erected a monument to Jansky at the New Jersey site where he had carried out his groundbreaking study. The monument’s dedication ceremony took place in 1998.

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We’ve talked about registers as authoritative lists you can trust, but what do we mean when we say “register”? Across government we manage and hold data that we need to deliver services to users and to inform policymaking. We make that data in a variety of ways — from bespoke online tools, dumps of databases, through to published lists. A question we’re often asked is: What is a register, how is it more than just a database, a statistical report, or a simple list? To try and answer this question we’ve started to collect a list of characteristics based on the things we discovered during our early discovery and alpha work. Some of this gets a bit technical, but we think that’s a good thing. Getting the technical stuff right at the start is an important first step. These characteristics will be refined in the coming months as we learn more by working with people to build beta registers, but here is our first attempt to list them. 1. Registers are canonical and have a clear reason for their existence A register is the only authoritative list of a specific type of thing. It is the source of that information, kept accurate and up-to-date. For example, the company register administered by Companies House should be the single, authoritative place to go to find data directly related to a limited company such as the date it was formed and the date it was dissolved and a link to the registered office. The purpose of a register should fall within the bounds of a registrar’s public task — its core role or function. 2. Registers represent a ‘minimum viable dataset’ A register only holds the data it was created to record, and nothing else. It never duplicates data held in other registers. Registers link to data in other registers to avoid the need for any duplication. To make those links work, each record in a register must have a stable, unique identifier. For example, registers should use the ISO-3166-alpha-2 country code to unambiguously reference a country, relying upon the country register to hold the country’s official-name, local-name and other information for the code. Registers are long-lived because services and other registers depend on them. A register is just the data. It is the role of services to present data in a variety of different ways which make sense to users. 3. Registers are live lists, not simply published data Registers are digital and may be accessed or searched by humans or machines using an API. The same data may already be periodically published as a document on a website, but that is not the same as operating a register. For example, it would be difficult for a developer to use the PDF of sports governing bodies as a selection on a visa application form. They would have to notice when the document is republished and repeat the same work of downloading and processing the document whenever it is updated. Making changes to a register shouldn’t take long; at most a matter of hours to give custodians the opportunity to check a new entry and guard the register against fraud and error. Registers should have a standard interface for reading and querying their contents, which follows the API principles set out in the service manual. Register data should be available in a variety of different standard representations, including JSON for Web developers, comma-separated values (CSV) for people working with tabular data tools like spreadsheets, and RDF for those with needs for linked-data. A register API should be highly available. Public register data should be cacheable by intermediaries and web clients to enable the incorporation of the register directly in live services, as well as being easily downloaded in bulk for offline applications, and updated using a streaming API. 4. Registers use standard names consistently with other registers Wherever possible a register reuses standard names for fields to enable discovery — find all registers containing a “company” field, and search — find all the records in all public registers containing “school:1234” or “company:9876”. The data held in a register may evolve over time: new fields may be added to new entries in a register so long as they have a sensible default value for entries, and existing field names are not used for a new, different purpose. 5. Registers are able to prove integrity of record Each individual entry in a register is immutable, addressable using a ‘fingerprint’ which may be used by a user as a digital proof of record. A record in a register is a series of entries sharing the same identifier. The latest entry being the current value for a record. Older entries for a record must remain addressable, but their contents may be removed if instructed by law. The record of changes made to a register is transparent and independently verifiable. 6. Registers are clearly categorised as open, shared or private The privacy of a register should be clear, and either open, shared or private: - open registers are public. The data may be accessed, copied and derived freely, by anyone, either as single register entries or as a complete register, with clear licensing terms designed for reuse - shared registers allow access to a single register entry. There will be some form of access control, such as having an access token, paying a small fee, or signing-in in with GOV.UK Verify - private registers contain sensitive information which cannot be accessed directly by services. They may be able to provide answers to simple questions, subject to access control such as “Is the registered keeper of this boat over 21 years of age?” without revealing further details about the individual - a closed register contains data private to a single organisation, is locked away, and not connected directly to a digital service Following the Identity Assurance Principles means we don’t anticipate a single register of people, but registers may list people against specific roles. For example, DVLA should continue to maintain a register of drivers and a register of keepers of a vehicle. Public registers should not reference private registers. For example, whilst the headteacher of a school may expect to appear in a public register of educational establishments, and have their name appear on a sign outside the school, they wouldn’t expect their passport, driving licence, tax reference codes or National Insurance number to be made public. 7. Registers contain raw not derived data Data held in a register should be factual raw data, not informational content, or counts, statistics, and other forms of derived data. 8. Registers must have a custodian A register should directly meet a user-need or legal obligation. We'll be refining these characteristics as we continue our work on registers and we'll keep you updated on our findings.

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Esta seção só está disponível em Inglês. Por favor, use o Google Tradutor, se você deseja visualizar este conteúdo em português. With over 350,000 cases of malaria confirmed each year in Indonesia, this mosquito-borne disease places almost 107 million Indonesians at risk every day, particularly those in the forests and marshes of Papua, East Nusa Tenggara, West Nusa Tenggara, Kalimantan, Sulawesi, Sumatra and Nanggroe Aceh Darussalam. When Dr Rintis Noviyanti completed her Doctorate from the Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research at the University of Melbourne through an Australia Awards Scholarship, she returned to Indonesia determined to find a way to combat this disease. Nearly 107 million people in Indonesia are at risk of malaria with 350,000 cases confirmed annually in the past five years. It did not take Dr Rintis Noviyanti long to see that Indonesia would need world–class researchers to combat malaria. This mosquito–borne disease remains stubbornly resistant and is endemic to the forests and marshes of Papua, East Nusa Tenggara, West Nusa Tenggara, Kalimantan, Sulawesi, Sumatra and Nanggroe Aceh Darussalam. In 1996, when Dr Rintis was granted an Australian Development Scholarship, she chose to study molecular biology that would enable her to gain knowledge of the genetic variations of the genus Plasmodium —the organism that causes malaria. By 2003, Dr Rintis returned to her previous employer the Eijkman Institute for Molecular Biology in Jakarta, Indonesia with a Doctorate degree from the Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research at the University of Melbourne. Currently Dr Rintis continues her work as a Senior Scientist at the Eijkman Institute for Molecular Biology, after conducting post–doctoral research and studying at the University of Melbourne as an Endeavour Fellowship scholar in 2007 – 2008. Dr Rintis believes that her studies in Australia have empowered her to expand the battle against malaria in Indonesia into the realm of molecular biology, where she can monitor, detect and analyse the various existing malaria parasites. She aims to find a way to determine how and to what extent the Plasmodia are altering genetically, to mitigate their resistance as well as their virulence at the molecular level. As part of an international consortium, Dr Rintis is currently involved in a project that aims to map the genetic variations of Plasmodium across Indonesia. Dr Rintis, who frequently speaks at international forums, is determined to reduce malaria morbidity and mortality until the disease is no longer a public health problem in Indonesia. - in 2012, there were 207 million cases, and 627 000 deaths from Malaria - 3.4 billion (half of the world population) are at risk - in 2013, 97 countries had on-going malaria transmission - the global malaria mortality rate was reduced by 45% in 2000 - 12, and an estimated 3.3 million lives were saved as a result of a scale-up of malaria interventions - US$ 5.1 billion is needed every year, double the funding available - malaria costs USD 12 billion per year in direct losses

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For some severely obese patients, a new study hints that bariatric surgery might potentially do good for both body and mind. Patients seeking and undergoing such weight-loss procedures were more likely to suffer from depression and binge-eating than the general population -- but those with depression often saw their mental health improve after surgery, a new UCLA-led paper shows. The findings, published this week in JAMA, don’t establish a causal link between bariatric surgery and improved mental health. But they do reveal a surprising relationship that will have to be further probed by more research, scientists said. “Although our results should not be interpreted as indicating that surgery is a treatment for depression, severely obese patients with depression may gain psychological benefits in addition to the physical benefits already associated with surgery,” the study authors wrote. Bariatric surgery comprises a variety of different procedures, including the gastric bypass or a gastric band, that are used to help often severely obese people lose weight. Mental health is often linked in some form to these procedures -- insurance companies typically require patients to get a mental health evaluation before they can get approval to undergo the surgery. But although the link between mental health and bariatric surgery has been studied before, it’s usually been done by individual institutions rather than on a larger scale, said Dr. Aaron Dawes, a surgical resident at the David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA and the study's lead author. “I think most physicians would understand or not be surprised by the idea that mental health conditions are more prevalent in this population of patients,” Dawes said. “What we didn’t really know was how prevalent they were.” To get at that relationship, the researchers performed a meta-analysis, culling data from 68 papers. Fifty-nine of them, involving some 65,363 patients, looked at the prevalence of mental health conditions before the operation; 27 of them, involving 50,182 patients, looked at the link between mental health conditions before the study and the outcomes afterward. The researchers found that patients who were about to undergo bariatric surgery had rates of depression (19%) and binge-eating disorder (17%) that were both more than twice as high as they were in the general population (about 8% and 1% to 5%, respectively). Overall, 23% of patients had symptoms of at least one mood disorder. But that higher rate of some mental health conditions didn’t seem to affect the outcomes; researchers found essentially no significant difference in weight loss between those with and without pre-surgery depression a year after the surgery. “I think there’s a general idea that mental health conditions might preclude patients from having bariatric surgery, because they’re either not very good surgical candidates or they won’t stand to benefit,” Dawes said. “We didn’t find that in the evidence. We really found no strong evidence that suggests that mental health conditions limit the weight loss after surgery.” On top of that, the researchers discovered that having bariatric surgery seemed to be linked with lower rates of depression after the procedure. “We were pretty surprised to find a somewhat dramatic drop in both the incidence of depression and the severity of the depressive symptoms after the operation,” Dawes said. This study can’t determine exactly why this relationship seems to exist, he added. Probing the causes behind it will be up to future study. But the findings offer an intriguing hint that perhaps, for some patients with severe obesity, certain mental health conditions might be treated as part of the physical disease rather than a separate, often stigmatized, confounder. “It may help us think about mental health conditions in this population kind of like physical health conditions, in that they may be obesity-related comorbidities,” Dawes said. “So just as we see diabetes or sleep apnea improve, to the extent that some of these conditions are really driven by the obesity, the surgery may improve some of the mental conditions as well.” MORE SCIENCE NEWS

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Correct headlamp adjustment is extremely important. To check and readjust a headlamp, follow steps 1 through 5. - Low beam adjustments simultaneously aim the high beam. - Vehicle should have a normal trunk load. 1. Park vehicle on level surface approximately 25 ft. (7.6 m) from a vertical test screen or wall. The centerline of the vehicle must be at a 90°angle to the test screen. 2. (Low beams on): Using a carpenter’s level, align and mark a vertical centerline (8) on the test screen using the vertex of the angle formed in each beam image. As a check, the distance between centerlines should be 49 1/4 inches (1250 mm). If the distance does not check, have the system verified at an authorized Mercedes-Benz Center. 3. (Low beams off): Measure the vertical height from the floor to reference point (10) on high beam lens. Subtract approx. 2 inches (53 mm) from measurement, and mark a horizontal centerline (9) on the test screen at the resulting height from the floor. It must be at a 90°angle to the vertical centerline. 4. Open hood. 5. Vertical headlamp aim (low beams on): Turn adjusting screw (1) (counterclockwise to adjust headlamp downward, clockwise upward) until the headlamps illuminate the test screen as shown. The vertex of the angle formed in each beam image should align with the vertical and horizontal centerlines (8 and 9). The left and right headlamps must be adjusted individually. If it is not possible to obtain a proper headlamp adjustment, have the system checked at your authorized Mercedes-Benz Center.

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Since a shared set of objects reside at the heart of any collaborative system, some mechanism must be in place to coordinate the activities of the multiple users within the system. The more general computer-supported collaborative-work (CSCW) research supports the approaches taken in collaborative software engineering coordination approaches. Traditionally in software engineering, one of two approaches is taken with regard to coordination: pessimistic locking and optimistic sharing. Thus assume the scenario in the figure below where a shared document within the software engineering code repository is accessed by two users. If the original version of the document (A) is edited by both users 1 and 2, and both users desire to commit their changes to the shared space, then a collision occurs and resolution is needed. Should user 1’s changes be committed; should user 2’s changes be committed; or should some common version that incorporates both sets of changes be committed? Distributed version control can be approached via three main models: turn taking, split-combine, and copy-merge. All have advantages and disadvantages. The turn taking approach to collaborative development suffers from the fact that only one participant can edit the document at any given time; this reduces the parallel nature of collaborative development. The split-combine approach assumes that the splits can be static and that there is very little interaction among participants; this is often not the case as different sections of a system can be tightly coupled and dependant upon each other. The copy-merge approach has a high degree of parallelism in the sense that all participants can edit the files/documents at the same time, but the merge step of combining all of these changes can become quite difficult and costly [Magnusson et al. 1993]. Configuration management systems typically take one of two approaches with regard to locking: optimistic or pessimistic locking. In the optimistic approach, developers are free to develop in a more parallel fashion, but conflict occurs at the merge point when two sets of files must be merged together and changes brought together (and avoid losing work and ensuring that changes in one file have not adversely affected changes in the other file). In the pessimistic approach, developers must obtain a lock on a file before being able to edit it; this can reduce the parallel nature of development since at most one developer can edit the file at any time. Both optimistic and pessimistic configuration management rely upon the user to query the CMS as to the state of the file; a better approach would be one in which the emphasis shifts to a “push” information flow where the system updates the user as to who is also interacting with the files that they are interested in. Palantir [Sarma et al. 2003] is one such system that takes an active role in informing users of changes and graphically depicts a heuristic measure of the severity of change with respect to the users’ local copy of the file.

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This drawing represents the Norse god, Odin. Click on image for full size Odin was the mighty god to the Norsemen. He was called All-Father. He is pictured as a middle-aged man with long curly hair and a beard. His weapon, called Gungnir, was a spear made by dwarfs. He was often accompanied by two ravens named Hugin (thought) and Munin (memory). In his thirst for knowledge, Odin sacrificed one of his eyes so he could drink from the roots of the World Tree, Yggdrasil. To discover the secret of the runes (magic spells), Odin hanged himself from the World Tree for nine days. His special attendants were female warriors, called the Valkyrie. The Valkyries took the bodies of the warriors killed in battle to Valhalla, which was located in the city of Heaven. Around the eighth and ninth centuries, Odin took over the role of the Sky god from Tyr. Together with his brothers Vili and Ve, Odin created the world from the body of the giant, Ymir. Shop Windows to the Universe Science Store! Our online store includes issues of NESTA's quarterly journal, The Earth Scientist , full of classroom activities on different topics in Earth and space science, ranging from seismology , rocks and minerals , and Earth system science You might also be interested in: There are people of different cultures and backgrounds who live in the Arctic region. Read on to learn more about two of these cultures. Inuit The Inuit are the native cultures that continue to live on...more Ahsonnutli was the sky father and chief god for the Navajo. He created heaven, Earth, and the sky. Each of the four directions, or cardinal points, are supported by a giant. Each direction is symbolized...more Amphitrite was one of the sea-nymphs called the Nereids. One day the sea god Poseidon saw her dancing and fell desperately in love with her. He promptly asked her to marry him but unfortunately she refused....more Aphrodite was the Greek goddess of love and beauty. She was known to the Romans as Venus. To the perfection of her figure and the purity of her features she added an innocent grace. On her sweet face she...more In Greek mythology, Apollo was the son of Jupiter(in Greek Zeus) and Leto (Letona). He was the god of the Sun, logic, and reason, and was also a fine musician and healer. Leto travelled all over Greece...more According to an ancient Greek legend, the figure of a gigantic crab was placed in the nighttime sky by the goddess Hera to form the constellation Cancer. Hera swore to kill Heracles, the most famous Greek...more In the Northern Hemisphere sky is the constellation Cepheus, king of Ethiopia, and that of his wife Cassiopeia. Cassiopeia claimed that she and her daughter Andromeda were more beautiful than the sea nymphs,...more

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Josef Krips died on October 13, 1974 in Geneva. Krips was permanent conductor of the Vienna State Opera from 1933-1938, and then conducted for a year at the Belgrade Opera before he was banned from the podium by the Nazis. Because he had not collabarated with the Nazis he was able to almost single-handedly rebuild musical life in Vienna immediately after the war, and is credited with defining the post-war Viennese style of performing Mozart. He was principal conductor of the London Symphony Orchestra from 1950 to 1954 and also worked with the Buffalo Philharmonic Orchestra and the San Francisco Symphony. The video below shows him conducting the first movement of Mozart's Piano Concerto No. 13 K415 with pianist Malcolm Frager who was responsible for unearthing a large number of Mozart and Beethoven manuscripts that had been removed from Germany during World War II and stored in Cracow, Poland. The film was made in 1962 with l'Orchestre de Radio Canada. Among Josef Krips' pupils was Peter Paul Fuchs. Any copyrighted material on these pages is included as "fair use", for the purpose of study, review or critical analysis only, and will be removed at the request of copyright owner(s). Report broken links, missing images and errors to - overgrownpath at hotmail dot co dot uk

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