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A trial begins on Wednesday 6 June in the southern French city of Toulouse involving a bank heist, the punk music movement that swept Europe in the early 1980s and a man who came back from the dead. Chris Bockman reports on an unlikely comeback.	You are an expert at summarizing long articles. Proceed to summarize the following text: One of France's most well-known criminal lawyers, Christian Etelin, was sitting at his desk late at night last November contemplating retirement, when he received a phone call that stunned him. First of all, because the caller had been declared dead years ago - and secondly, because it involved a brash armed robbery that occurred nearly 30 years ago. The voice on the other end of the phone was that of Gilles Bertin - a one-time nihilist punk singer with a Bordeaux Group called Camera Silens with a heavy following amongst anarchists and extreme left-wing youths who thought there was no future, for them at least. Britain had Sid Vicious and the Sex Pistols - Gilles Bertin was France's equivalent. In the late 1980s the group and their hangers-on were destitute, despite their success, and addicted to drugs. Several had been infected with the HIV virus after sharing contaminated heroin syringes. They figured they didn't have long to live, so they decided to go out with a bang, mount a massive armed robbery and then blow it all before they died. And that's exactly what some of the band members did - they stole 12 million francs (nearly 2 million euros) from a Brinks deposit in Toulouse - a small fortune at the time. They even - apparently - called the local newspaper afterwards boasting of their feat. No-one was injured in the robbery and the police quickly realised they were dealing with amateurs. All were caught within a year except one suspect, Gilles Bertin. Hardly any of the money was retrieved and some of the anarchist robbers, already very sick, died from AIDS-related symptoms. The others, after spending a brief time in jail, returned to obscurity and nine-to-five jobs. Gilles Bertin received a 10-year sentence in his absence and as the years passed, the robbery and punk movement faded from view. The singer/convicted armed robber was declared dead. His family - including his son born during those wild years in Bordeaux - had never heard from him again. And yet he is very much alive when I meet him at a crowded ancient brasserie called the Cafe de la Concorde for lunch in the heart of Toulouse. Tall with shaggy hair and blind in one eye - a consequence of hepatitis caused by drug use - he is incredibly polite and shy. He tells me a little about those 28 years on the run and why he has returned. After the robbery, he was literally carrying bags of banknotes and he headed to Portugal, where he opened a record store - all paid for in cash, of course. Occasionally a travelling French music fan would recognise him but he would deny it was him. Every time he saw a car with French number plates outside the store he was convinced he was being monitored or followed. After 10 years of running the shop he thought the French police were really on his tracks this time and he headed to Barcelona with his Spanish girlfriend. Her family ran a bar and he became the barman. They had a child. Only his girlfriend knew about his background - to everyone else he was a man with no past. Find out more But he told me that when he was close to death with hepatitis and was saved by hospital staff in Barcelona free of charge, no questions asked, because he had no documents, it was the turning point - time to confront his past and be honest with his son. His life had been saved, while he had provided nothing for society. "I realised I had to tell the truth and come clean about my past," he says. Hence that phone call to the lawyer. He crossed the border by train to Toulouse and, with his lawyer, turned himself in at police headquarters. While he admits he is nervous with the court date looming, he nevertheless feels a burden has been lifted. "This is the final stage of a long ordeal that I have to go through," he says. "However, I am anxious, it gives me vertigo thinking about it especially as I know I risk a 20-year prison sentence. "But I am really doing this for my seven-year-old son. He still doesn't really understand what I did during my nearly 30 years on the run - but he needs to know." Expecting to be jailed immediately, to his complete surprise he found he could remain free until his trial - where he will plead guilty. He says the decision not to imprison him has made him even more angry with himself for what he did. But if some people think his past is romantic he wants to make it clear he would never want to have the life he had again. "There was nothing romantic about what I did," he says. "In hiding, unable to talk about yourself or to people from your past, including my son, constantly on the look-out in case the authorities find you - and on top of that I was seriously ill." For three decades, he says, he lived a lie, with shame. He constantly felt like a hunted animal, living in permanent paranoia. As he awaits trial he's writing about his experience on the run and has even reunited with his other son, now 30 years old. He hopes he can convince the judge that he has changed. "Back in the late 70s and early 80s I was an angry young man, a nihilist, an anarchist on a destructive path and in revolt against society. You have to understand the context back then," he says. "I made mistakes but I am not that same person now - at 57 I am more mature and have nothing to do with that period in my life." Since his return from the dead, Bertin has re-established contact with some of the ex-band members (and Brinks robbery associates) who are still alive - many aren't. One now drives a bus, another is an orderly on a hospital ward. Does he still listen to his old music? He winces and says his music back then was appalling - these days he listens to soul. If he avoids a jail sentence he will return to Barcelona, but no longer live undercover. "Hopefully I will be able to explain to my son the choices that I made back then." He admits he finds the media interest in his life "a little overwhelming". When it comes to the Brinks money, he insists he spent it all a very long time ago. As for his 74-year-old lawyer Christian Etelin, who has defended convicted far-left terrorists, Islamic fanatics and gangsters all his life - he decided to put off retirement. This was a case he just couldn't let go. More from the BBC He was a skinhead and the poster boy for one of the 1980s' most notorious far-right movements. But Nicky Crane was secretly gay. Then his precarious dual existence fell dramatically apart. The secret double life of a gay neo-Nazi (December 2013) Join the conversation - find us on Facebook, Instagram, YouTube and Twitter.
The operations centre sits on one of the upper floors of GCHQ and runs 24/7. At any one time, a team of analysts might be monitoring the kidnap of a British citizen abroad or an ongoing counter-terrorist operation run jointly with MI5.	You are an expert at summarizing long articles. Proceed to summarize the following text: By Gordon CoreraSecurity correspondent, BBC News In one corner, a large globe visualises all the cyber attacks targeting the UK from around the world. The room is a reminder of the range of activity that GCHQ is involved in - as well as its global reach in monitoring communications and data flows. Russian cyber attacks are high up the agenda, in the wake of claims Moscow interfered in the US election and is trying the same in Europe. "We have been watching Russian cyber activity since the mid 1990s," GCHQ's outgoing director, Robert Hannigan, tells the BBC. 'Reckless and interfering' "The scale has changed. They've invested a lot of money and people in offensive cyber behaviour and critically they've decided to do reckless and interfering things in European countries." Mr Hannigan says that whilst it is impossible to be absolutely sure, the defences against such attacks seem to have held in the UK. One of his legacies will be the creation of the National Cyber Security Centre, an arm of GCHQ which is based in London and is much more public facing in providing protective advice to the country about the threats in cyberspace. Terrorism sits alongside cyber threats on the agenda. So-called Islamic State - or ISIL - has proved adept at exploiting the power of the internet. "It's one of their most important assets. As they are defeated on the ground, the 'online caliphate' will become more important. "They will continue to try to use the media to crowd-source terrorism to get people around the world to go and commit acts of violence on their behalf... "There are things we can do to contest ISIL in this media space... but it's not just for governments to do operations online. It's for the companies and for the rest of media and society to have the will to drive this material off the internet..." When he took over as head of GCHQ in 2014, Mr Hannigan launched what was seen as a broadside against technology companies - arguing they were in denial about the way they were used by terrorist groups to communicate and spread their message. No place to hide In the wake of the Westminster attack, the Home Secretary Amber Rudd said that companies should not offer a safe space for terrorists to hide - a reference to the development of end-to-end encryption services which make it impossible to provide the content of communications, even on production of a warrant. GCHQ, as well as trying to break codes, also works to secure communications and so treads a fine line. "Encryption matters hugely to the safety of citizens and to the economy.... The home secretary is talking about a particular problem - that this strong encryption is being abused by terrorists and criminals... "Our best way forward is to sit down with the tech companies..." The other area of tension with firms has been over extremist content hosted on websites. Here, government has recently been placing pressure on the companies to be more proactive in taking down content rather than waiting for it to be reported to them. "I think they have moved a long way [but] there's further to go," Mr Hannigan says. "When I started the job in 2014 they really were reluctant to accept responsibility for anything they carried on their networks - whether that was terrorism, child sexual exploitation or any other kind of crime." The threat from IS has been particularly acute in Europe in the last few years. That has driven increased security co-operation - so will Brexit be a problem? "I don't think so, because the intelligence-sharing has never been through EU structures and national security has never been part of the European Union's remit. "It's simply a statement of fact that we have very, very strong intelligence and security and defence capabilities and we bring a lot to Europe and to our European partners..." The relationship with the US is by far the deepest, which he says will not change under the Trump administration. "It's the most powerful weapon we have against terrorism in particular and has massively paid dividends in the last 10 years." US spying claims In recent weeks, there was controversy after reports claimed the Obama administration asked GCHQ to spy on President-elect Donald Trump. GCHQ took the unusual step of publicly denying this. "We get crazy conspiracy theories thrown at us every day," Mr Hannigan says. "We ignore most of them. On this occasion it was so crazy that we felt we should say so and we have said it's a ridiculous suggestion." Deep underground, beneath the grass sit a series of cavernous computer halls. The noise is at points overwhelming. Much effort goes into cooling the machines. Some of the endless racks contain off-the-shelf server technology but large specialist supercomputers sit alongside which are used by the cryptanalysts for code-breaking. The exact specifications of these machines and just how much computing power sits in Cheltenham is classified largely to keep other states - primarily the Russians and Chinese - guessing. "It's impossible to do counterterrorism or cyber security without that kind of power," Mr Hannigan explains, arguing that the challenge remains finding the small needle in the haystack of the massive volume of data on the internet. Another aspect of Mr Hannigan's legacy will be the push for greater transparency and openness. "It's very important in a democracy to have the consent of the public as well as the legislation in place and to explain that everything we do is under the law," Mr Hannigan says. 'Dark side' He took over an agency bruised by the Edward Snowden revelations and allegations of "mass surveillance". "Obviously a debate on privacy and greater transparency are good things - but it was perfectly possible to do that and indeed it was happening anyway without the damage that the Snowden revelations did. The same is true of the WikiLeaks disclosures." Mr Hannigan says he and the organisation remain optimistic, rather than pessimistic, about the spread of technology. "Technology and the internet are overwhelmingly brilliant things for human progress," Mr Hannigan says. "Unfortunately there will always be people who want to abuse the latest technology. And it's our job to deal with that dark side." Mr Hannigan's successor, Jeremy Fleming, formerly Deputy Director of MI5, takes over on Friday.
School books aren't often the subject of street protest, but in South Korea a row over a government plan to write a single history textbook brought protesters to the streets of Seoul last month, with police using water cannons to disperse them.	You are an expert at summarizing long articles. Proceed to summarize the following text: By Stephen EvansBBC News, Seoul History here is not a dry subject confined to academia but a topic that exercises the passions of South Koreans. Currently, a range of books by different academics are on offer in the country's schools, but the centre-right government thinks they are biased to the left and wants to replace them with a version it approves. "The current textbooks have some mistakes so we want to revise them and correct the mistakes," the official in charge of the project, Park Sung-Min, told the BBC. "The authors don't want to change their point of view, so the government will make an accurate textbook". One minister said that school books should teach "the proud history of South Korea, which has achieved both democratisation and industrialisation in the shortest time in world history". Another conservative minister alleged the current versions of history were too uncritical of North Korea: "One textbook, for example, used the term 'dictatorial' only twice when writing about North Korea, but as many as 28 times about South Korea." The government's plan has caused outrage both inside the country and around the world. Prof Chung-in Moon of Yonsei University in Seoul told the BBC: "Why should we have one version of a text-book? We need multiple views so students can choose. History can be subject to multiple interpretations." There are wider questions about what the study of history is for, according to Owen Miller, a Korean studies scholar at the School of Oriental and African Studies in London University. "Is history simply a tool for establishing loyalty to the nation or is it about producing critical citizens who can draw lessons?" he said. Presidential controversy The government's plan is so contentious because the current president, Park Geun-hye, is the daughter of a previous president, Park Chung-hee. The elder President Park, who was assassinated in 1979, is a controversial figure. As a military officer, he led a coup which took power in 1961. Extreme brutality was used by the security agencies under his presidency. But he is also widely credited with driving through South Korea's super-fast industrialisation. He ordered the country's rich to invest their money in industries which he dictated they should build from scratch. President Park is, accordingly, celebrated as the founder of South Korean prosperity. At his birthplace, for example, there is a shrine with a huge statue (reminiscent, incidentally, of the style of statue used to idolise leaders in North Korea). But the plaques alongside it make no mention of President Park's dark side. His record in the war when he served the Japanese is absent - and collaboration with the Japanese colonialists remains a hot issue in Korea. No pictures of him in a military uniform are apparent. Critics of the government today fear that the new history textbook will have a similar, sanitised view of the past. And they assert that the plan is dear to the current president who wants to whitewash her father's legacy, scrubbing away the dark spots. Opposing views There are other areas of contention where the left and right are divided over how to read history. The causes of the Korean War, for example, are disputed. For the right, it was started unambiguously by North Korea in an unprovoked aggression. For some on the left, it was more complicated, with an incipient civil war over issues like land ownership already underway before the North invaded in 1950. On this leftist view, there is some sympathy for North Korea, which is seen in parts of the left as a victim of the same civil war rather than as the outright aggressor. South Korea is not alone in having a battle over history in the classroom. Japan is having a very similar row, with conservatives wanting the wartime brutalities of Japanese soldiers downplayed and the status of disputed territories asserted in the classroom as being of undisputed Japanese sovereignty. History in this part of the world is alive and contentious. As it is in Texas where the state's board of education approves books for use in classrooms. There are hearings which are often emotive, with right and left disagreeing profoundly on the interpretation of events like slavery. This year, a 15-year-old student noticed that slaves were referred to in one textbook as workers. He took a picture of the page, put it on the internet and the image went viral. There is now a debate in the state about whether professional historians should get more say in the selection of approved textbooks. In his novel 1984, George Orwell cited a fictitious totalitarian government slogan: "Who controls the past controls the future." South Korea, Japan and Texas where the current rows over textbooks are taking place are not totalitarian states. In truly despotic places governments control history teaching completely. But in all three places, opponents of government fear an erosion of democracy. History matters. It's about politics and it provokes all the passions of politics. They know that in Seoul, Tokyo and Austin.
An inmate and a prison worker were taken to hospital after three separate fires were started at a Bridgend prison.	You are an expert at summarizing long articles. Proceed to summarize the following text: Firefighters were called to HMP Parc at about 21:05 BST on Thursday after the juvenile prisoner set fire to a paper tissue in the young offenders' unit. Two more fires - one in a cell and another involving clothing - happened just after 22:00 and 23:00. A lighter was taken from the offender. Both were discharged from hospital. Security firm G4S, which runs the prison, said: "The offender involved will face the consequences for breaking prison rules and our staff will work with him to try and prevent a repeat of this damaging behaviour."
Elizabeth* struggled with suicidal thoughts from the day she got her period. She finally got relief after a hysterectomy at 42. She and her daughter Grace*, 15, have the same severe form of premenstrual syndrome. Here, they explain why they are desperate for a treatment to save Grace from a lifetime of hormonal hell.	You are an expert at summarizing long articles. Proceed to summarize the following text: By Natasha Lipman and Kirstie BrewerBBC Stories At 15, Grace has resolved never to have children and is resentful that her mum didn't do the same. Both of them have a severe form of premenstrual syndrome (PMS) which fuels outbursts of anxiety, rage, psychosis and debilitating physical pain. "My mum has given me something that I now have to deal with for the next 40 years," says the teenager. She wants to be the third generation in her family to have a hysterectomy. Not in her 30s or 40s like her mother and grandmother, but now. Grace's anxiety has got worse since her periods began and she often feels "sad, angry and exhausted". School is a struggle. She is trying to plough on for now, but she can't wait to finish. "At school I can't concentrate in the build-up to my period, and when I'm in a rage I feel like nobody understands me. Nobody else seems to be going through it. I feel so isolated," she says. She becomes desperate for her period to start - even though it's something she dreads. "It's a bit like putting a pin in a balloon - I need to burst," she says. "But when I actually get it, I can barely function." Grace's periods can last most of the month and have been so heavy that she can't get through a whole lesson without needing to change her sanitary pad. "I would be drenched through eight layers of clothing, and 20 minutes later it was all back through again," she adds. But worse than the bleeding is the profound feeling of shame and humiliation that snakes in after she has lost control and had a violent outburst. "I feel like I have let myself down, I get tearful and so embarrassed, almost traumatised," she says. Her GP's solution was to encourage Grace to go on the contraceptive pill when she was 13. But when she was put on a pill with a high dose of synthetic progesterone, she became violent overnight. "It made life really awful for everyone," says Grace. When her brother - then five - witnessed her screaming and shouting and saw her hit their mum, he shut himself away in the larder. "I hope he doesn't remember that time, when things went very badly wrong with Grace," says Elizabeth. "She was scary, very scary." She recalls what happened when the family were all having lunch together and Grace was asked to move up a seat. "That sent her off into orbit, over absolutely nothing," says Elizabeth. Things quickly escalated and Grace smashed up the bathroom. This was not the daughter she knew - she describes Grace as very sweet and eccentric, like a girl from the pages of an Enid Blyton novel. The pill was pumping her full of progesterone - Elizabeth says they are both hyper-sensitive to this, but it never occurred to the GP to look at the adverse effects of certain hormones in any depth. Grace was referred to a psychiatrist who put her on anti-psychotic medication. The intention was to subdue her rage and "get the family through Christmas" according to Elizabeth. Things got so bad that the day after Boxing Day, Elizabeth met the psychiatrist to talk about putting her daughter into residential care. "Not because she wasn't loved and cared for, but to keep everyone safe," she explains. But she always felt that her daughter's problems were linked to her menstrual cycle and when she heard about premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD), by chance on the radio, she realised that Grace's symptoms ticked all the boxes, as did her own. She found a doctor who specialises in hormonal treatments for PMDD. Grace is now on bioidentical hormone replacement therapy (HRT), which is considered a more natural hormone therapy because - as the name suggests - it uses hormones that are chemically identical to those of the human body. This approach appears to be helping and Grace believes that if her mum hadn't found out about it, she would have had to leave home. "When you close the front door, it should be your safe haven. But when that safe haven becomes booby-trapped by PMDD it's awful," says Elizabeth. What is PMDD? Source: Nick Panay and Anna Fenton Elizabeth is all too aware of what a life with PMDD could mean for her daughter, because she has been through it herself. "I have been held hostage by my hormones since I was 14," Elizabeth says. She was also put on the pill as a young teenager, which dealt with the bleeding but not the psychological symptoms. Ever since Elizabeth got her first period, she has had suicidal thoughts. "Realising in my 20s and 30s that I was only halfway through my life really terrified me," she says. "And now I am seeing my daughter following the same patterns that I know so well." Elizabeth's hormonal struggle was only remedied by a hysterectomy when she was 42, following severe pelvic pain in the run-up to menopause. She had her ovaries removed too, and is on HRT. "There is an assumption you'll feel less of a woman because you don't have a womb - but I couldn't be happier to be rid of it," she says. Elizabeth's own mother struggled with her hormones too and had a hysterectomy at 35. Although the bioidentical HRT patches have gone some way to subduing Grace's symptoms, they still aren't the perfect solution. "I think Grace will continue to ask for a hysterectomy until she gets a hysterectomy, whether that's in her 20s, 30s or 40s," says her mum. Guidelines from The Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists suggest when treating women with severe PMS, hysterectomy has been shown to be beneficial, but Grace has found it difficult to get anyone to take her request for the operation seriously. Her mum says doctors assume she will change her mind when she gets older. But Grace doesn't see it that way: "I don't want to have kids because I don't want them to deal with what I'm going through," she says. Elizabeth doesn't blame her daughter for feeling angry towards her. "Would I have knowingly given somebody a life sentence of awful hormones that make you feel depressed and make you want to turn the switch off? No, I wouldn't." But for her to agree she never should have had her? That would be like wishing Grace had never been born, she says, and she'd never wish that. The hysterectomy Elizabeth became so desperate to have wasn't easy to get signed off, and now her daughter faces the same battle. Other members of the family are stridently against the idea and say Grace is far too young to have the operation - but Elizabeth knows how it feels not to be believed and she knows how different life can be on the other side of effective treatment. All that, she says, gives her the steel to fight her daughter's corner in a way nobody ever fought for hers. "I don't dismiss her," she says. "To dismiss her feelings about her hormones and the effect that they have on her life is also to dismiss how bad it is for her." Elizabeth is aware that how well her daughter does in her GCSEs will really depend on where she is in her cycle. Elizabeth believes her own life would have turned out differently if her hormones had been taken into consideration sooner. "I look back on the rages I used to have and I wince," she says. "I ended up quitting a lot of things over the years because I felt immobilised by depression caused by my hormones." When your hormones dictate so much it has a domino-effect on your life and how much you can achieve, she explains. She recalls having to plaster on a smile to hide the pain she was feeling, and wondered how other people were able to push on when she couldn't. "I used to look at my peers and think I was being particularly feeble and lazy and unambitious - and that all played into my low self-esteem," she says. She loves being a stay-at-home mum, but had long harboured ambitions to be a writer and thinks perhaps if she'd had her hysterectomy sooner, she might have made that happen. "I do feel sad that it took so long for my hormones to be taken into consideration, but things have worked out in the end," she says. Help and support Her monthly battles also had an impact on relationships, but she has been married to her second husband for 10 years now. She describes the rugby player as "lovely and extremely supportive - he's learned to keep a low profile when the hormones in the household are on the rampage". On a Friday night he will tentatively say: "Oh, is it time to change your [HRT] patch, dear?" "Of course, I shout at him before I do it and then I feel much calmer after I change the patch," Elizabeth says. Now her focus is on finding a path out of it all for Grace. At the moment, Grace is having slightly more good days than bad - it used to be the other way around. "That's probably the best I can hope for until I can get a hysterectomy - I wish someone would just give me a hysterectomy," she says. "I just want to experience 'normal'." Illustrations by Emma Russell *Names have been changed Follow Natasha Lipman and Kirstie J Brewer on Twitter You may also like: For a couple of weeks every month, Lucie seemed to become a different person - one suffering from countless mental and physical problems - and she couldn't understand why. She spent years looking for a doctor who could provide an answer. My periods made me suicidal so I had a hysterectomy at 28 Join the conversation - find us on Facebook, Instagram, YouTube and Twitter.
Senegal hosted a landmark global science forum this week, the first of its kind in Africa, bringing together more than 700 leading scientists, mathematicians, entrepreneurs and other key figures from the world of politics and civil society.	You are an expert at summarizing long articles. Proceed to summarize the following text: The Next Einstein Forum wants to turn Africa into a global hub for science and technology by bringing the continent's top brains together with investors and policymakers. As part of their quest to ensure the next Einstein comes from the continent, young African scientists were asked to come up with innovations that could "solve a big problem for humanity". No pressure, then. Here is a summary of the top three ideas, as chosen by the NEF's panel of expert judges. Winner: Moses Bangura, Engineer, Sierra Leone Innovation: Medical drone network Mr Bangura wants to use a fleet of electrically powered drones, which could be used to deliver treatment to patients in hard-to-reach areas. The unmanned aerial vehicles could serve a double purpose, both delivering essentials like medicine or emergency fluids, and also taking away blood or other samples for testing. The drones would be able to bypass traffic congestion, a major problem in many African cities, as well as reach rural areas with poor road networks. They would be able to fly with an 8kg (17lb) payload for 40 minutes, covering a radius of 40km (25 miles). "We believe that the geographical location of someone cannot determine whether they receive an available life-saving drug," Mr Bangura says. Runners-Up: Moussa Thiam, Mali Innovation: Transforming rubbish into building materials Mr Thiam's plan is take plastic waste, the build-up of which is a massive problem for so many cities across the continent, and turn it into something that can be used for the public good, such as building roads or pavements. Many of the plastics that end up in African landfills or clog up urban drainage systems take more than 100 years to biodegrade naturally. The project would build on existing research showing that plastic waste can be used to create materials that act as a substitute or part-substitute for cement, when combined with sand and gravel. "[The innovation would lead to] a healthier environment, with a reduction in both pollution and the cost of building materials," Mr Thiam says. Sylvia Mukasa, Kenya Innovation: Mobile health information service for mothers Ms Mukasa's idea, named Afya Mama, is to use mobile phones to provide women with better information about health issues surrounding pregnancy, immunisation, family planning and HIV/Aids. Pregnant women, healthcare workers and others would get health advice by SMS, or by making a phone call and selecting pre-recorded audio content. The messages could be pre-recorded in any language and selected using Interactive Voice Response technology, meaning the service could cover the more than 40 ethnic dialects in Kenya. "Our objective is to consistently sensitise mothers with information on healthcare and best practices, linking them up with an expert in the case of emergency," Ms Mukasa says.
Thousands of comic fans are descending on a small Cumbrian town this weekend for an international festival. Among them will be a growing number of academics who are now taking the art form - previously regarded by many as "throwaway" - as seriously as other literature.	You are an expert at summarizing long articles. Proceed to summarize the following text: By Simon ArmstrongBBC News With Batman, Superman and The Avengers dominating box offices after making the leap from the page to the big screen, comic-inspired characters have been making a comeback for years. But it is not just cinema-goers who are drawn to the exploits of cartoon creations. Academics are also taking an increasing interest in the world of comics and graphic novels. There are now thought to be about 150 comic scholars in the UK - university lecturers, PhD students and independent researchers. They are exploring how subjects such as gender, feminism, history and mental and physical health are portrayed. Dr Mel Gibson, a comic book expert at Northumbria University, said the genre had "matured" in the 1980s, mainly thanks to British writers such as Bryan Talbot, Alan Moore and Grant Morrison. "That's also when academics got involved. But it's not ivory tower stuff, it's rooted in the real world. It has practical applications," she said. Dr Gibson is one of 50 leading figures from the world of graphic novels who will be appearing at the inaugural Lakes International Comic Art Festival in Kendal from Friday until Sunday. With writers, artists and industry figures coming from as far afield as Japan, the United States and Scandinavia, the event promises to transform the picturesque Cumbrian market town. While there are still only a handful of courses across the UK dedicated solely to comics and graphic novels, Dr Gibson says they find their way into many traditional undergraduate subjects. "Some of my final-year students are looking at children's literature and as part of that they will explore comics and graphic novels," she said. "They can even be included in social work studies and paediatric nursing - Bryan Talbot's The Tale of One Bad Rat has been used by health professionals around the world dealing with people who have suffered childhood abuse. "The victims might not want to or be able to talk about their situation, but through the story they can begin a discussion. That's a valuable tool for a health worker to have in their arsenal." The Tale of One Bad Rat, written in 1994, tells the story of a girl who flees London to escape sexual abuse at the hands of her father. "That is the graphic novel I'm most proud of," said Talbot. "I still get people today writing to me to say they were abused and that the book helped them cope." The 61-year-old - a founding patron of the Lakes event - is a doyen of the comic art world. Originally from Wigan, he has lived in Sunderland for the past 15 years with his wife Mary, an academic-turned-graphic novelist, and the pair won the Costa 2012 biography prize after teaming up for Dotter of Her Father's Eyes. It was with one of the first British graphic novels, The Adventures of Luther Arkwright, that Talbot made his name in the late 1970s. A story of parallel worlds, it features several nods to the poet William Blake. More recently, 2007's Alice in Sunderland explored the links between the North East city and author Lewis Carroll, mixing myth and history along the way. In recognition of his work, Bryan was given an honorary doctorate by Sunderland University in 2009 while last year he was presented with an honorary degree of doctor of letters by Northumbria University. "Academic interest has grown over the years and I'm proud," he said. "Someone once sent me a PhD thesis they had written about Luther Arkwright and its historical elements. "When I started working in comics it was almost like working at the bottom of the artistic barrel. To most people they were only just more interesting than patterned toilet paper. "Steadily they gained credibility, but that's down to the talent of the writers and illustrators. If the novels weren't any good then no one would be taking any notice of them." Taking inspiration from the annual Angouleme International Comics Festival in France - which draws 250,000 fans - the Lakes event will feature ticketed exhibitions, workshops and panels, as well as a programme of free family-friendly events. Venues across the town will stage sessions, shops are displaying artwork by schoolchildren and college students while the town hall will even replace its Union flag with one bearing the Batman logo. Talbot's latest work, again in partnership with his wife Mary, as well as illustrator Kate Charlesworth, is Sally Heathcote: Suffragette - a tale following a maid-of-all-work and the fight for the vote in Edwardian Britain. For academics such as Dr Gibson, gender is a key area of study. "Sally Heathcote is an example of a strong central female character - something comics are now very good at," she said. "For a while it was forgotten that girls read comics, much less that they were represented within them. "In the 1960s publications such as Jackie featured comic strips, but they disappeared over a period of 20 years and those titles began to steer girls towards magazines like Cosmopolitan rather than comics, which is different to the way boys' reading patterns were shaped." For Dr Gibson the move from a niche, underground offering to graphic novels being seen by many as having mainstream educational appeal is a welcome one. "Graphic novels were once seen as throwaway, but now they are more highly valued and viewed as things which deserve space on the bookshelf."
A man has been arrested on suspicion of murder after the body of a 78-year-old woman was found at a home in Monmouthshire.	You are an expert at summarizing long articles. Proceed to summarize the following text: Gwent Police say officers were called to an address in the Usk area at about 18:50 GMT on Saturday. The force confirmed the woman was local to the area and her cause of death was being investigated. Her family has been informed while a 48-year-old man is in custody and helping police with their inquiries. Det Ch Insp Richard Williams said: "This is a tragic incident and our thoughts are with the family of the deceased at this very difficult time. "Our investigation will establish exactly what happened and I can confirm that we are not looking for anyone else in connection with this incident."
A man has been rescued from rocks after a catamaran he was onboard capsized off the south Devon coast.	You are an expert at summarizing long articles. Proceed to summarize the following text: The man, who was in his 50s, swam a "short distance" from the craft to rocks at Wembury, a spokesman for Brixham Coastguards said. He was rescued by the RNLI Plymouth lifeboat following a number of emergency calls on Saturday morning. The man was unhurt and the craft, which was no longer than 20ft (6m) long, was taken to Wembury, the spokesman added.
Huawei has denied that it has any links to the Chinese government.	You are an expert at summarizing long articles. Proceed to summarize the following text: By Mary-Ann RussonBusiness reporter, BBC News Huawei's cyber-security chief John Suffolk told MPs on Monday that the tech giant had never been asked by China or any other government to "do anything untoward". Mr Suffolk said Huawei welcomed outsiders to analyse its products and detect engineering or coding flaws. "We stand naked in front of the world, but we would prefer to do that, because it enables us to improve our products." He added: "We want people to find things, whether they find one or one thousand, we don't care. We are not embarrassed by what people find." Huawei was invited to the Technology and Science Select Committee to answer questions from MPs on the security of its equipment, and its links to the Chinese government. The US has encouraged allies to block Huawei - the world's largest maker of telecoms equipment - from their 5G networks, saying the Chinese government could use its products for surveillance. "We've never had a request from the Chinese government to do anything untoward at all," said Mr Suffolk. "We have never been asked by the Chinese government or any other government, I might add, to do anything that would weaken the security of a product." MPs raised concerns about Chinese human rights abuses, such as reports that up to a million Muslims are in detention centres in Xinjiang province. They asked whether Huawei was required to provide equipment to Xinjiang province, especially in light of the 2017 Chinese intelligence law, which requires individuals and associations to comply with Chinese intelligent agencies. Mr Suffolk said: "We have had to go through a period of clarification with the Chinese government, that has come out and made it quite clear that that is not the requirement of any company. "We've had that validated via our lawyers and revalidated by Clifford Chance...according to our legal advice, that does not require Huawei to undertake anything that weakens Huawei's position in terms of security." Remote access MPs asked whether Huawei would be able to remotely access the UK's 5G mobile networks via its equipment. In reply, Mr Suffolk stressed that Huawei is a provider of telecommunications equipment to mobile network operators. "We don't run networks, and because we don't run the network, we have no access to any of the data that is running across that network," he said. He also explained that Huawei is only one of about 200 vendors who would be providing various different bits of equipment that would eventually make up a 5G network in the UK. However, if an operator were to have a problem with Huawei equipment, a support centre based in Romania would be able to remotely access the equipment to fix the problem. MPs wanted to know whether it would be possible for a 5G network to be used to track an individual user. In response, Mr Suffolk explained that mobile phone technology requires the mobile operator to constantly track a user's phone, in order to be able to connect them to the mobile network. By that logic, the operator is constantly tracking all of its customers, all the time. He also told MPs that only about 30% of the the components in Huawei products are actually made by the company - the rest of the components are obtained from a global supply chain that Huawei closely monitors in order to prevent security breaches.
Ten people, all believed to be victims of slavery, have been rescued by police in Wiltshire since August after a specialist unit was set up.	You are an expert at summarizing long articles. Proceed to summarize the following text: Seven were victims of domestic servitude, one of criminal exploitation, and two others were found to be working in a cannabis garden. Wiltshire Police has arrested three people on suspicion of slavery offences but none have yet been charged. Operation HEET was set up to increase awareness of human trafficking.
The mental health of children is a rising area of concern and one which schools are trying to combat. Emma Jane Kirby reports from south London about a scheme that involves teaching primary schoolchildren about mental health through fun games and workbooks.	You are an expert at summarizing long articles. Proceed to summarize the following text: By Emma Jane KirbyThe World at One, BBC Radio 4 The children are half out of their chairs, hands straining in the air, knees jiggling with excitement as they beg to be picked. The smiling lady at the front of the class repeats her question. "Can I see your thoughts? Can I smell them or touch them?" she asks. Managing moods Dr Anna Redfern is clearly a gifted communicator as well as a clinical psychologist. It is not everyone who can persuade a class of eight- and nine-year-olds to talk about their innermost feelings in front of each other. Yet here are the children of Class 4S at the Oliver Goldsmith Primary School, Peckham, south-east London, openly admitting that they have days when they feel down or angry or just very sad. "No-one can see our thoughts," says a little girl confidently. "And that's why we need to talk about them." Dr Redfern and her colleague Dr Debbie Plant are delivering a new programme called Cues-Ed, funded by the South London and Maudsley Trust. The programme teaches children to recognise the signs when things aren't right, and some behavioural techniques to help them manage low mood. "We all have feelings," says Dr Redfern. "And we will all have difficulties in our lives which will make us feel and think things that are very challenging. "And rather than being fearful about talking about these things, we want children to have the language that allows them to get the right help and to say, 'Actually this is how I am feeling, these are the things I am thinking and I need some extra support.'" In today's lesson the children are looking at the difference between helpful and unhelpful thoughts. Specially designed cartoon characters help the children relate to how different situations might make them feel - all the children sympathise when one of the cartoon characters is feeling left out and imagines that his friends are laughing at him. 'We should be worried' The whole programme is carefully couched in fun and child-friendly terms. Adult words such as "depression" are never used. "Do you ever have one of those really bad days when everything seems to be against you," asks Dr Redfern with a big smile. "Like when you go downstairs for breakfast and there are no more Coco Pops, there's only Weetabix?" The class groans in horror, and the children start chatting to each other about their own bad days. According to the Association of School and College Leaders, 65% of head teachers say they struggle to get mental health services for pupils. Over three-quarters of teachers surveyed said they had seen an increase in self-harm or suicidal thoughts among students. Yet, at the moment, Cues-Ed is available only in south London and generally has to be funded by the participating schools themselves. A package of classes costs £3,950. As she helps a child with his workbook, Dr Plant, whose team leads the project, says it is vital that children get mental health education early and all together. She would like to see the programme rolled out nationwide. "I think we should be worried about young people's mental health," she tells me. "The last time the government took statistics it showed one in every 10 children suffered a mental health difficulty - that's three in every class." 'Believe in yourself' We watch her colleague calming a little boy who's got himself worked up because he doesn't think he can do the writing exercise he's been tasked with. The child next to him offers some positive advice. "If you're upset, you could try meditation or breathing deeply," she says. "And you should believe in yourself." Dr Plant smiles as we watch them, happy to see last week's lesson on positive thinking has sunk in. "You know, we worked in adolescent mental health for so long," she says "And we thought we were doing so well. But the young people said to us, 'Why didn't you teach us all of this when we were seven, eight and nine? That would have really made a difference.'" The children are extremely excited now as they're handed fishing nets and told to catch little pieces of coloured paper on which are written helpful and unhelpful thoughts and which are being blown across the classroom. The class teacher, Sophia Campbell-Whitfield, selects a little boy to pass round the class with a bin. I ask him what he's doing. "Putting all the unhelpful thoughts in the bin," he says, "because they're rubbish." 'Big changes' There is no doubt the children are all engaged in the lesson, but does it make any practical difference to their behaviour? Mrs Campbell-Whitfield nods emphatically. "Definitely," she says. "This class had a lot of issues last year - but now with the Cues-Ed programme, I have seen some big changes. "I see children use strategies to calm themselves, whereas before they would have stormed off… and they now have a proper conversation with each other about behaviour and sometimes they even say, 'Come on now, did you catch that thought?'" One nine-year-old boy appears emotionally very fluent as he tells me how he gets very angry and sad when he is told off at school. But he remembers what he has been taught in Cues-Ed about trying to dispel his low mood and unhelpful thoughts by doing something he finds fun and likes doing. I ask him what that is in his case, and he doesn't hesitate. "I like to enjoy my lunch."
Should parents be told if their children are members of gay-straight alliances - student-run peer support groups for LGBT students and allies in their school? In one Canadian province, that question has sparked fierce debate.	You are an expert at summarizing long articles. Proceed to summarize the following text: By Jessica MurphyBBC News, Toronto Gay-straight alliances - or GSAs - were first established in the US in the 1980s. The student-run clubs are meant to be a place where LGBT and other students can socialise and offer peer support. Research on GSAs suggests they create a "safe space" for students at a greater risk of mental health issues and discrimination, and can reduce bullying and harassment in schools where they're established. Some 30 years after the first one was founded by a history teacher and a student at Concord Academy in Massachusetts in 1988, thousands of GSAs exist in middle and high schools across North America. Despite their proliferation, these peer support groups have also faced resistance. One protracted battle over GSAs has been playing out in the Canadian province of Alberta - an issue debated in the provincial legislature, in the courts, and in the media. The latest flare up began during the recent provincial election in the province. At issue was a policy proposed by United Conservative Party (UCP) leader Jason Kenney to undo some legal protections for the school clubs, notably one that bars school officials from telling parents if their child has joined such a group. Critics of Kenney's plan say school staff could "out" LGBT students to parents who might not be supportive of, or might even be discriminatory of, their sexuality or gender identity - with potentially damaging consequence. Kenney - whose UCP swept the election and who will soon be premier - argues his proposal is a compromise between supporting GSAs and respecting parental authority. In his election night victory speech, he said that "parents know better than politicians what is best for their kids". GSA lawsuits in the US Alberta is not the only place GSAs have caused social friction. In the United States, where the federal Equal Access Act guarantees that public school students have a right to form GSAs, the American Civil Liberties Union says the groups have prevailed in at least 17 federal lawsuits under the act between 1998 and 2015. Most of the US lawsuits were over obstacles put in place by school officials opposed to the clubs, like making last minute changes to school rules to prevent a GSA from being established. Concerns about the activities in GSAs has also cropped up in the US, with one California student battling his school telling the BBC in 2000: "This whole thing has stopped being about my club. It's become this debate about sex". Albertan Dylan Chevalier, executive director of Sexual and Gender Acceptance Edmonton, says GSAs are about "having a place where you can be safe, relax, and take your walls down for half an hour". Chevalier was the president of a GSA at his former high school, and he said the club hosted discussions and pizza parties, held bake sales to fund LGBT awareness campaigns and once organised a "drag and dance show". Local skirmishes over the clubs have also been seen in the UK and in the Canadian provinces of Ontario and Manitoba, which also protect a student's right to start a GSA. University of Calgary's Darren Lund, who teaches social justice education, says that the issue has always had "the potential to be polarising". He says there's been a rapid cultural shift towards a greater acceptance of LGBT issues in the last 15 years or so - one that makes some people feel "discomfort". "And then politicians are quick to jump on that fear and use that fear to play into people's insecurities about these issues," he says. What's the controversy in Alberta? In 2014, legislation was first proposed to require all the province's public schools to establish a GSA on the request of a student. The right-leaning provincial government at the time eventually passed a law - Bill 10 - establishing that protection. It received support from all the provincial political parties. Some cheered the move, but it also led to protests. Advocates argued the law didn't do enough to protect LGBT students. Others called it an infringement on freedom of religion and parental rights. In 2015, the left-leaning NDP swept to power in Alberta and added more protections for GSAs. It passed Bill 24, which required schools, both public and private, to have a policy in place to allow for it to comply "immediately" with a student's GSA request. Further, school officials would not be allowed to disclose a student's involvement such a club. "No students will be outed for joining a GSA or a QSA [queer-straight alliance] in the province - it's against the law," the provincial education minister said at the time. Schools were put on notice - if they don't follow the law they risk having accreditation and funding stripped. Lindsay Peace, who has a son who is transgender and who is an advocate for trans youth in the province, has been a vocal supporter of protecting GSAs. "I think it's important for kids to know that they belong," she says "And sometimes it's the only place [where they do]." And as for parents who want to know what their children are up to at school: "they should ask them", she says. What are gay-straight alliances? In Alberta, the second GSA law was contentious from the get-go. "This legislation would create a void of care for our children, into which anyone can set up shop, without proper oversight or accountability," one parents rights group stated in an op-ed. The Calgary-based Justice Centre for Constitutional Freedoms (JCCF) filed a court challenge on behalf of a coalition of parents and 26 faith-based independent schools, arguing bills 10 and 24 breach multiple constitutional rights, including by failing to protect a parent's right to educate based on his or her own conscience and religious beliefs. It says the law further "undermines parental rights by prohibiting parents from knowing if their child is being exposed to sexual content through a GSA". Court documents filed by the legal group warn that "the parents are alarmed and frightened at the climate of secrecy that the School Act has created around ideological sexual clubs and related activities". JCCF president John Carpay summed up the tension up way: "The fuss is about making these clubs mandatory in schools where the parents disagree completely with the perspective or the belief system that is being advocated by these clubs". "It's the difference between voluntary versus coercive." The fight continues Kenney's proposed policy - to roll back some GSA protections but to keep Bill 10 in place - looks unlikely to satisfy either side. Says Chevalier: "He's playing a game. He's pandering to the social conservative side of his base and playing a fast one [with everyone else]." The JCCF is waiting for a court decision on whether an interim injunction it's seeking on Bill 24 will be granted. Carpay told the BBC he's uncertain whether the schools his organisation represents will want to continue with the court challenge and fight the 2015 GSA protections that would remain in place if Kenney's government does roll back Bill 24. Meanwhile, campaigners like Peace and Chevalier say they'll continue to fight for GSA protections in all Alberta schools. Peace says she thinks it's students themselves who will end up creating more inclusive schools, regardless of how fierce the GSA fight might get between parents and politicians. Calgary high school students are now organising a province-wide school walkout next month - a few days after Kenney is to take office - to protest his party's GSA plans.
Jeremy Corbyn's election in September 2015 as Labour leader, at the age of 66, counted as one of the biggest upsets in British political history.	You are an expert at summarizing long articles. Proceed to summarize the following text: By Brian WheelerPolitical reporter His re-election to the post almost a year later was not such a surprise but could prove even more momentous in terms of Labour's direction in the coming years and the future course of British politics. Seeing off the challenge of Owen Smith, who had the backing of the majority of Labour MPs, has made Mr Corbyn, for the time being at least, seemingly unassailable and increased the likelihood that he will lead the opposition into the next general election - scheduled for 2020. If that is the case, Mr Corbyn will be a highly influential figure during one of the most important political periods of the past 50 years - as the clock ticks down to the UK's exit from the EU following the Brexit referendum vote. To his critics, he is almost a caricature of the archetypal "bearded leftie", an unelectable throwback to the dark days of the 1980s, when Labour valued ideological purity more than winning power. But to his army of supporters he is the only honest man left in politics, someone who can inspire a new generation of activists, and make them believe that there is an alternative to the neo-liberal Thatcherite consensus that has let them down so badly. A fixture on the British left for more than 40 years, he has been an almost ever-present figure at demos and marches, a joiner of committees, a champion of controversial causes, a tireless pamphleteer, handy with a megaphone. But not even his most ardent admirers would have had him down as a future leader of Her Majesty's opposition. And not just because he believes in the abolition of the Monarchy. Corbyn's brand of left-wing politics was meant to have been consigned to the dustbin of history by New Labour. He belongs to what had been a dwindling band of MPs, which also includes Diane Abbott and John McDonnell, who held fast to their socialist principles as their party marched moved right - and into power - under Tony Blair. 'My turn' At the start of the 2015 leadership contest, after scraping on to the ballot paper at the last minute, thanks to charity nominations from Labour MPs who wanted a token left-wing candidate to "broaden the debate", he explained to The Guardian why he had decided to run. "Well, Diane and John have done it before, so it was my turn." Asked if he had taken some persuading, he replied: "Yeah. I have never held any appointed office, so in that sense it's unusual, but if I can promote some causes and debate by doing this, then good. That's why I'm doing it." He added: "At my age I'm not likely to be a long-term contender, am I?" That view was quickly revised as Corbynmania took hold. Something about the Islington North MP struck a chord with Labour leadership voters in a way that his three younger, more polished, more careerist, rivals patently did not. Despite, or perhaps because, of his unassuming, low-key style, he seemed able to inspire people who had lost faith in Labour during the Blair/Brown years and bring hope to young activists fired up by his anti-austerity message. His entry into the contest also prompted a surge in people - many from the left of the existing Labour membership - joining the party or paying £3 to become registered supporters. His perceived integrity and lifelong commitment to the socialist cause made him an attractive option to many left-wing voters jaded by the spin and soundbites of the Westminster political classes. Over the course of a year or so since becoming leader he has become something of a cult figure - ironic for someone who always insisted he didn't do personality politics and had never tried to cultivate a following among MPs. Legendary frugality Instead of amusing anecdotes about youthful indiscretions, or tales of climbing Westminster's greasy pole, his political biography is dominated by the list of the causes he has championed and committees he has served on. He once confessed he had never smoked cannabis - practically unheard of in the left-wing circles he grew up in, but the mark of a man who is known for his austere, almost ascetic, approach to life. His frugality is legendary. He usually has the lowest expenses claims of any MP. "Well, I don't spend a lot of money, I lead a very normal life, I ride a bicycle and I don't have a car," he told The Guardian. Asked what his favourite biscuit was during a Mumsnet Q&A , he answered: "I'm totally anti-sugar on health grounds, so eat very few biscuits, but if forced to accept one, it's always a pleasure to have a shortbread." Jeremy Bernard Corbyn had an impeccable middle-class upbringing. He spent his early years in the picturesque Wiltshire village of Kington St Michael. When he was seven, the family moved to a seven-bedroomed manor house in the hamlet of Pave Lane, in Shropshire. The youngest of four boys, he enjoyed an idyllic childhood in what he himself has called a rural "Tory shire". Corbyn off-duty Personal life: Lives with third wife. Has three sons from earlier marriage. Food and drink: A vegetarian who rarely drinks alcohol. According to The Guardian, his favourite restaurant is Gaby's diner in London's West End, where he likes to eat hummus after taking part in demonstrations in Trafalgar Square. Hobbies: Running, cycling, cricket and Arsenal football club. According to the Financial Times: "He loves making jam with fruit grown on his allotment, belongs to the All Party Parliamentary Group for Cheese and is a borderline trainspotter." He does not own a car. He is known for having an unusual hobby - an interest in the history and design of manhole covers. Culture: A lover of the works of Irish poet WB Yeats. His favourite novelist is said to be the late Nigerian writer Chinua Achebe, whose most famous work, Things Fall Apart, is about the tensions between colonialism and traditional societies. He is a fluent Spanish speaker and enjoys Latin American literature. His favourite films are said to be The Great Gatsby and Casablanca. His brother Piers, now a meteorologist known for denying climate change is a product of human activity, has described the Corbyn boys as "country bumpkins". Corbyn disagrees with his brother on climate change but they remain close. They both learned their politics at the family dinner table, where left-wing causes and social justice were a frequent topic of debate. Their maths teacher mother Naomi and electrical engineer father David were peace campaigners who met at a London rally for supporters of Spain's Republicans in the fight against Franco's fascists. Piers, who would go on to be a well-known squatters leader in 1960s London, was even further to the left than Jeremy. Both boys joined the local Wrekin Labour Party and the Young Socialists while still at school. Corbyn had begun his education at the fee-paying preparatory school, Castle House, in Newport, before moving into the state sector, after passing his 11-plus. He was one of only two Labour-supporting boys at Adams Grammar School, in Newport, when his class held a mock election in 1964. In an interview with The Sun, his friend Bob Mallett recalls Corbyn being jeered by his right-wing schoolmates: "Jeremy was the Labour candidate and I his campaign manager because at a middle-class boarding grammar school in leafy Shropshire, there weren't many socialists. We were trounced." Corbyn left Adams with two A levels, both at grade E, and an enduring hatred of selective education. Corbyn in quotes "It was an illegal war and therefore [Tony Blair] has to explain to that. Is he going to be tried for it? I don't know. Could he be tried for it? Possibly," on the Iraq war. "Are super-rich people actually happy with being super-rich? I would want the super rich to pay properly their share of the needs of the rest of the community," on Channel 4 News. "He was a fascinating figure who observed a great deal and from whom we can learn a great deal," on Karl Marx to the BBC's Andrew Marr. "Without exception, the majority electricity, gas, water and railway infrastructures of Britain were built through public investment since the end of WW2 and were all privatised at knockdown prices for the benefit of greedy asset-strippers by the Thatcher and Major-led Tory governments," in his column for the Morning Star newspaper. "Some people say to me, are we still worried about Hiroshima. My reply is that the weapons were used specifically against civilians and while 'fireworks' compared to what is now available, killed and have killed for the past 59 years. Nuclear weapons have saved no lives, killed thousands and maimed many more and impoverished the poor nations who have them," on his website. "I started wearing a beard when I was 19 and living in Jamaica; they called me 'Mr Beardman,'" on winning the Beard Liberation Front's Beard of the Year award in 2002. He reportedly split up with his second wife Claudia after she insisted on sending their son Ben - now a football coach with Premier League Watford - to Queen Elizabeth Grammar School, in Barnet, instead of an Islington comprehensive. After leaving school, Corbyn spent two years in Jamaica, with Voluntary Service Overseas, something he has described as an "amazing" experience. Back in the UK he threw himself into trade union activism, initially with now long defunct National Union of Tailors and Garment Makers. He started a course in Trade Union Studies at North London Polytechnic but left after a series of arguments with his tutors over the curriculum. "He probably knew more than them," Piers told The Sun. A successful career as a trade union organiser followed, with the Amalgamated Engineering and Electrical Union (AEEU) and then the National Union of Public Employees (NUPE). But his real passion was for Labour Party politics - and in 1974 he was elected to Haringey District Council, in North London. In the same year he married fellow Labour councillor, Jane Chapman, a university lecturer. Chapman says she married Corbyn for his "honesty" and "principles" but she soon grew weary of his intense focus on politics. "Politics became our life. He was out most evenings because when we weren't at meetings he would go to the Labour headquarters, and do photocopying - in those days you couldn't print because there were no computers,' she told The Mail on Sunday. What others say "Jeremy is a saintly figure of enormous personal integrity. He is a man who lives his life according to his beliefs," former Labour MP Chris Mullin, speaking to Panorama. "If Jeremy Corbyn becomes leader it won't be a defeat like 1983 or 2015 at the next election. It will mean rout, possibly annihilation", former Labour leader and prime minister Tony Blair. "The showbiz glitz of New Labour temporarily hid the hole where the heart of Labour was supposed to be. Now the 'Corbynites' (whoever expected to use that phrase?) are trying to hide that hole behind some old banners and a bloke with a beard," left-wing commentator Mick Hume. "There is something inherently virtuous about him, and that is a quality that can rally the support of a lot of people, and most importantly, a lot of young people," singer and activist Charlotte Church (pictured). "While most of his chums have all moderated their views, dumped their corduroy jackets and grey suits, shaved their beards and quietly cancelled their CND subscriptions, [he] has hardly changed a bit; he is the Fidel Castro of London N1," Telegraph journalist Robert Hardman. They shared a love of animals, they had a tabby cat called Harold Wilson, and enjoyed camping holidays together in Europe on Corbyn's motorbike. But fun was in short supply at home, recalls Chapman, who remains in touch with Corbyn and backed his leadership bid. During their five years together he never once took her dinner, she told The Mail, preferring instead to "grab a can of beans and eat it straight from the can" to save time. In 1987, Corbyn married Claudia Bracchita, a Chilean exile, with whom he had three sons. The youngest, Tommy, was born while Corbyn was lecturing NUPE members elsewhere in the same hospital. Twenty-five-year-old Seb has been helping out on his father's leadership campaign. The couple separated in 1999, but remained on good terms. Corbyn got married for a third time last year, to his long term partner Laura Alvarez, a 46-year-old Mexican fair trade coffee importer. In the bitter internal warfare that split Labour in the late 1970s and early eighties, Corbyn was firmly on the side of the quasi-Marxist hard left. A Labour man to his fingertips - he was no Militant "entryist" trying to infiltrate the party by stealth - he nevertheless found common cause with former Trotskyists such as Ted Knight, and joined them in their battle to push the party to the left. He became a disciple of Tony Benn, sharing his mentor's brand of democractic socialism, with its belief in worker controlled industries and state planning of the economy, as well as Benn's commitment to unilateral nuclear disarmament and a united Ireland. Corbyn's causes Here is just a small selection of the campaigns Jeremy Corbyn has been involved with over the past 50 years. Nuclear disarmament: Joined CND as a schoolboy in 1966 Irish Republicanism: Organised Sinn Fein leader Gerry Adams' visit to the Commons in 1983. Once employed Irish Republican dissident Ronan Bennett as a member of staff at Westminster Miners' strike: Invited striking miners into Commons gallery in 1985 who were expelled for shouting "Coal not Dole" Anti-Apartheid: serving on the National Executive of the Anti-Apartheid Movement, and was arrested in 1984 for protesting outside South Africa House Palestinian solidarity: A member of the Palestine Solidarity Campaign and campaigns regularly against the conflict in Gaza Miscarriages of justice: Worked on on behalf of the Guildford Four and Birmingham Six, who were eventually found to be have been wrongly convicted of IRA bombings in England in the mid-1970s Animal rights: Joined the League Against Cruel Sports at school, became a vegetarian at 20, after working on a pig farm Iraq war: Chaired the Stop the War coalition Gay rights: Spoke out in 1983 on a "No socialism without gay liberation" platform and continued to campaign for Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and Transgender rights Corbyn was never seen as a great orator like Benn, or a firebrand like miners' leader Arthur Scargill, but he worked tirelessly behind the scenes, his trousers stained with purple ink from the copying machines that produced the pamphlets and newspapers that were the lifeblood of the British Left in the pre-internet era. He ran the London Labour Briefing newspaper, which helped propel Ken Livingstone to power on the Greater London Council. He was elected to Parliament in 1983, to represent his home patch of Islington North, a seat he has held ever since and where he has increased his majority from 5,600 to 21,000, and as a back benchers was by most accounts a popular and hard-working MP. The Bennite faction that Corbyn belonged to was already in retreat, following their leader's failure to capture the deputy leadership of the party in 1981. 'Modernisation' After fighting and losing the 1983 election on arguably the most left-wing manifesto it had ever put before the British public, with its commitment to renationalising the utilities just privatised by the Thatcher government, pulling out of the EU, nuclear disarmament and the creation of a "national investment bank" to create jobs, Labour began the painful process of "modernisation" that led to the birth of New Labour. And Corbyn would spend the next 32 years on the backbenches fighting a rearguard action against his party's abandonment of the radical policies and values contained in the '83 manifesto in the name of electability, under Neil Kinnock, John Smith and, most notably, Tony Blair. Corbyn might have hailed from the same North London district as Blair and entered Parliament in the same year but that is where the similarity ended. He abhorred Blair's embrace of free market economics and did his best to be a thorn in the younger man's side throughout his time in Downing Street, although Blair's large majorities ensured the damage was barely noticeable. He would always vote with his conscience, rather than be dictated to by the party whips. It earned him the accolade of being Labour's most rebellious MP, defying the party managers more than 500 times. It also meant he and his allies became increasingly isolated, with their views and interventions ignored by the mainstream media and most of their colleagues on the Labour benches. Blair's dire warnings that Labour would face "annihilation" if it elected Corbyn during the leadership contest were met by Corbyn with a suggestion that his predecessor as Labour leader should probably face trial for war crimes over his role in the Iraq war. Corbyn and his comrades - unlike their modernising colleagues they would use the term without irony - routinely attached themselves to any cause that felt like it would strike a blow against British and American "imperialism" or the Israeli state. Internationalist in outlook, they would proclaim solidarity with socialist campaigns and governments in places like Cuba, Chile, Nicaragua, El Salvador and attack US policies that, in Corbyn's view, enslaved the Latin American world. He incurred the wrath of the Labour leadership early on his career when he invited two former IRA prisoners to speak at Westminster, two weeks after the Brighton bomb that had nearly killed Margaret Thatcher and her cabinet. Later on it would be his willingness to share platforms with representatives of Hamas and Hezbollah that would put him at the centre of controversy. When challenged, he insists he does not share their views but that peace will never be achieved without talking to all sides. Rock star status He may have been largely sidelined in the House of Commons, respected but too much of a known quantity to have an impact, but Corbyn's stature and profile outside Parliament continued to grow. He chaired the Stop the War Coalition and became a leading figure in the anti-austerity movement, which began to attract large crowds of young activists eager for something to believe in and to take the fight to then Prime Minister David Cameron. Still, no one gave Corbyn a prayer when he entered the contest to succeed Ed Miliband as Labour leader, with bookmakers offering a price of 200-1. His elevation to rock star status, among the crowds who flocked to his leadership campaign meetings, must have been as much of a shock to Corbyn as it was to his opponents, but he never showed it. He carried on, just as he always had, railing against inequality, talking about hope, promising to renationalise industries, tax the rich and scrap Trident, and wearing the same white, open-necked shirt with pens sticking out of the top pocket. Only now people were listening. During that leadership campaign Jeremy Corbyn is understood to have rejected pleas from some supporters for him to stand aside, having made his point and injected new life into Labour's left, to leave the field clear for a younger candidate who might have more electoral appeal. He appeared determined to make a go of the leadership. Many "moderate" shadow cabinet members returned to the backbenches rather than serve under him but he was able to put together a top team that reflected a broad range of opinion within the party. He sought to bring a new approach to leadership, adopting a less confrontational and more conversational tone at Prime Minister's Questions and generally refraining from either sound bites or photo opportunities - to the exasperation of what his supporters call the "mainstream media" and the derision of some commentators. Leadership challenge The coalition behind Mr Corbyn held together for nine months, despite growing discontent among Labour MPs who had never wanted him as leader and could not accept either his style of leadership or his policies. The EU referendum brought things to a head. Corbyn, who had been a Eurosceptic as a backbencher, was accused of mounting a half-hearted campaign to keep Britain in the EU and of not appearing to care too much that his side had lost. Labour MPs, some of whom had been plotting to topple Corbyn at some point, saw this as the chance to make their move to try and force him to stand down, amid fears they would be wiped out at a snap election they expected to follow the referendum with him as leader. He faced a mass walkout from the shadow cabinet and then a vote of no confidence, which he lost by 172 votes to 40, as Labour MPs - enemies and previously loyal shadow ministers alike - urged him to quit. He refused to budge, pointing to the huge mandate he had received from Labour members and arguing that he had done better than many had expected in the electoral tests he had faced since becoming leader. MPs selected Owen Smith, a former member of his shadow cabinet who claimed to share the same left wing values, to take him on in another leadership election. So Jeremy Corbyn, the reluctant leader who had to be persuaded to stand in 2015, now found himself fighting to hold on to a position he never expected to hold, this time as favourite rather than as outsider. And, back on the campaign trail among his own supporters, he seemed to rather enjoy himself. As was the case a year earlier, thousands of people flocked to hear Mr Corbyn speak at rallies across the country - 10,000 turned up at a single event in Liverpool - as he sought to tap directly into grassroots support for his message as a counterweight to the perceived hostility of the "mainstream media". In an unconventional campaign which saw him endorsed by UB40 but vilified by JK Rowling, the only genuine moment of discomfort came during "traingate" - when his claims that a train was so "ram-packed" that he had to sit on the floor came into question after Virgin Trains released footage showing him passing empty seats. Mr Corbyn's re-election has strengthened his position, with signs some of his critics are willing to serve under him again despite their differences. But it remains to be seen whether his commitment to reach out to his opponents and focus squarely on winning the next election will act as springboard to a new phase of his leadership or prove only a temporary respite in what some have said is an existential battle for control of the party.
Canal boat owners with "continuous cruiser" licences must keep moving to a new place every 14 days. Many people who live on their boats are complaining that the way the rule is being interpreted - having to travel in one direction - means their children can't go to school.	You are an expert at summarizing long articles. Proceed to summarize the following text: By Andrew BomfordBroadcasting House, BBC Radio 4 It's a scene of very normal domesticity. Mum is preparing the evening meal in the kitchen. Dad is sitting with his seven-year-old son, reading a book of Greek myths together. The two-year-old daughter is playing with a toy, and Pan, the dog, is lying snoozing on the floor. But for mum Jassy Easby and dad Ted Powles, and children Jem and Alba, home is not bricks and mortar. Home is a 70ft canal boat called Pathfinder and built in 1893. "We didn't choose to live on boats because it's an easy lifestyle. We chose to live on boats because we love the canal," says Powles. The family is currently moored at Bradford on Avon, Wiltshire, on the Kennet and Avon Canal. It's a picturesque town they know well, and it's where Jem goes to school and Alba to nursery. And that's the problem. Like 5,000 of the 32,000 canal boats (more than during the Industrial Revolution) their boat is licensed as a "continuous cruiser", without a home mooring - which can be very hard to come by. Find out more You can listen to Andrew Bomford's report on Broadcasting House, BBC Radio 4 on Sunday 17 April at 09:00 or catch up afterwards on the iPlayer. Under the British Waterways Act 1995 such boats must be used - in the words of the legislation - "bone fide for navigation… without remaining continuously in any one place for more than 14 days or such longer period as is reasonable in the circumstances". Interpretation of this legal clause is controversial. The Canal and River Trust (CRT), which took over control of the 2,000-mile English and Welsh canal network in 2012 from the old British Waterways, takes it to mean that boaters must be on a continuous journey, mostly in one direction, from one place to another. According to CRT they must travel at least 15-20 miles a year, and usually much further. Many boaters are falling foul of this ruling when, instead, they shuttle backwards and forwards over one relatively short stretch of the same canal, because of the need to get to a job or school. For some years the family has been navigating along a 15-mile stretch of the Kennet and Avon Canal between Semington in Wiltshire and Bath. Powles works in Bath and the children are at school and nursery in Bradford on Avon. "We have various ways of getting to school," explains Easby, "Sometimes we walk, and sometimes we cycle." "Sometimes I cycle three miles," interjects Jem. "The furthest cycle Jem can do is about three-and-a-half miles, but it's a stretch," she adds, "You can see he's puffed out at the end of it." The result of their limited travelling is that over the last year they've been refused a new annual boat licence by CRT, and instead given a restricted licence lasting six months. They are now on their second six-month licence, which effectively serves as a warning that their cruising pattern is not acceptable. Without a marked improvement, they risk losing their licence altogether. They are not alone. CRT has so far issued 652 restricted licences to boaters it believes are not operating within the spirit of the legislation. "I've been on this canal for 10 years," says Powles, "I've never felt as unwelcome as this before, as un-listened to, as ill-informed by the people running the canal as to what they actually want." Is he worried they will lose their licence altogether? "Of course - to have a grey area around what may or may not have your home taken from you is worrying," he says. Easby is more forthright. "It feels like anything we do will not be good enough and that they just want us gone. I feel like they are trying to threaten people because they don't want us here, and they will keep threatening people until they move on. "The first people to go will be the families, and if you take the families off this canal you are ripping the heart out of this community. I think it's very sad." The Canal and Rivers Trust is currently carrying out enforcement proceedings against 45 boat owners who have been refused further licences because of repeated failures to travel sufficiently. According to CRT, it is currently instructing solicitors to seek court orders to seize the boats in 15 cases. Two canal boats have already been removed from the water and destroyed. CRT believes the education of children or the need to travel to work are not good enough reasons to allow a reduction in cruising distances. Published CRT guidance to boaters specifically states: "Unacceptable reasons for staying longer than 14 days in a neighbourhood or locality are a need to stay within commuting distance of a place of work or of study (eg a school or college)." Info on costs Easby says as parents they have a duty to give their children the best education they can. "We love living on the boat - that's the frustrating thing because we love taking it out and we love the open fields. But we have our commitments and Jem's education has to come first." According to CRT, lots of people do manage to raise children on canal boats and successfully get them to school, but it just takes more organisation and planning than normal. Spokesman Matthew Symonds says they can't make exceptions for one group of barge dwellers. "We try and support boaters where we can, and we try and listen to individual circumstances," he says, "And we make lots of reasonable adjustments - for example if people are unwell. "But when you're looking at something like education that could go on for 15 years that a child might be in school, then it wouldn't be reasonable to bend the rules for one group. We have to apply them to everybody and be fair." The canal network is more popular than ever. CRT calls it a "golden age" for canals. In the last 10 years the numbers of licensed boats have increased from 25,745 to 32,733. On some canals, particularly in cities like London, this has caused great congestion, and prompted the organisation to police the waterways much more proactively than before. Enforcement officers actively log the position of boats, and those that are not cruising "in good faith" are given advice and warnings. Only after repeated warnings, does CRT begin the enforcement process which could ultimately result in a canal boat being seized and removed from the canal network. In most parts of the country there are severe shortages of permanent moorings. Apart from places at private marinas, many boaters rent moorings from CRT. But few are available. Currently there are only seven residential moorings available from CRT in the whole of England and Wales. In London and parts of the south east of England, the housing crisis has prompted some people to look to canal boats as a cheap housing solution because apart from the annual licence, boaters pay nothing for mooring temporarily in one place. CRT, though, is keen to disabuse people of this idea, saying that canal boats are very much a lifestyle choice and can be difficult to operate successfully at the same time as holding down a full-time job. Many boaters have been objecting to the current enforcement process, and claim it is in part an attempt to cleanse the waterways of a counter-culture of canal boat dwellers in favour of more use of the canals by visitors and holiday-makers. Members of the National Bargee Travellers Association are planning a protest in London against CRT. And in the absence of new waterways, the jostle for space will continue. Subscribe to the BBC News Magazine's email newsletter to get articles sent to your inbox.
A body has been found in the search for a 50-year-old man who fell into a river in Hertfordshire.	You are an expert at summarizing long articles. Proceed to summarize the following text: Kevin Wilkinson was walking with friends near Wiggenhall Road in Watford at about 04:00 GMT on Saturday when he stumbled into the River Colne. His friends had lost sight of him in the darkness and fog. A body, believed to be that of Mr Wilkinson, was found in the river on Saturday afternoon following "extensive searches", police said. It had been hoped that Mr Wilkinson, from Homerton, east London, had managed to get out of the water.
As Thomas Mair is sentenced to life with a whole life term for the murder of Jo Cox, the Labour MP's friends and colleagues pay tribute to the 41-year-old mother of two and give their reaction to the trial's verdict.	You are an expert at summarizing long articles. Proceed to summarize the following text: Jeremy Corbyn, Labour leader Jeremy Corbyn said the murder of Labour MP Jo Cox by Thomas Mair was "an attack on democracy, and has robbed the world of an ambassador of kindness and compassion". "Jo Cox believed passionately that all people can achieve their full potential given the opportunity," he said. "Jo's values were lived out in her last moments, when she bravely put the safety of her staff before her own. Jo is someone the Labour Party will forever be extremely proud of. "The single biggest tribute we can pay to Jo and her life will be to confront those who wish to promote the hatred and division that led to her murder." Home Secretary Amber Rudd Home Secretary Amber Rudd said Jo Cox was a "committed and passionate politician". "The shocking and senseless murder of Jo was an attack on all of us and the values we share of democracy and tolerance," she said. "As home secretary I am determined that we challenge extremism in all its forms including the evil of far right extremism and the terrible damage it can cause to individuals, families and communities. "Jo knew that tackling hatred and division is not something that can be done by government alone but only by working in partnership with local people and groups, getting involved and speaking up for the values that make us the country we are proud to be. "Jo's life was brutally taken away. It falls on all of us to redouble our efforts to make sure the principles that she stood for live on." Labour MP Stephen Kinnock Labour MP Stephen Kinnock was a close friend of Mrs Cox and said he welcomed the sentence. "I think that it is the right and due and fit punishment for this heinous, twisted crime, and I hope that as you say the family will feel some sense of justice," he said. "The trial has been an awful process of hearing in detail, which of course Thomas Mair forced us to do by refusing to plead guilty. He forced the family to go through this." Labour peer Lady Glenys Kinnock Mrs Cox worked for the Labour peer, Lady Glenys Kinnock, before she became an MP. Lady Kinnock told BBC Radio 4's World At One programme: "I'm afraid that there's a growing willingness and encouragement in some ways of terrible violence and undermining of the rights, the fundamental rights of people to a quiet, peaceful life or a life that involves political advocacy such as was Jo's life." Fellow West Yorkshire Labour MP and friend Hilary Benn Hilary Benn, the MP for Leeds Central, said: "This was a political assassination of a public servant who was going about her work. "Jo was turning up for one of her constituency surgeries where she would sit and people would come and see her and she would do her best to help them." He added: "I think it is the right sentence, reflecting the horror and brutality and as we've just heard the cowardice of this crime. "But I don't really want to dwell on the man who did this. I think today above all is a day to remember Jo and the person that she was." Labour's shadow chancellor, John McDonnell Speaking to the House of Commons after the verdict and sentencing, Mr McDonnell said: "Jo Cox's murder robbed this House of a fierce advocate for social justice and a passionate campaigner. "Her killing was an attack on democracy itself. "Our thoughts are with her family." Other Labour MPs Anna Turley, MP for Redcar, tweeted: Lucy Powell, MP for Manchester Central, tweeted: Yvette Cooper, MP for Normanton, Pontefract and Castleford, tweeted: Dan Jarvis, MP for Barnsley Central, tweeted: Stephen Doughty, MP for Cardiff South and Penarth, tweeted: Helen Hayes, MP for Dulwich and West Norwood, tweeted: Former colleague Nick Grono, chief executive, Freedom Fund Nick Grono said Jo Cox helped him set up the Freedom Fund organisation to help fight modern slavery. "Jo was deeply committed to humanitarian causes and to human rights causes and deeply, passionately believed in our mission about fighting slavery," he said. "Jo's legacy is one of this outpouring of love and tolerance against an act of utter hatred and intolerance. "It has been just remarkable, for us that are close to Jo and her family , to see how people across the country and across the world have responded to this act of hatred - and Jo would have been so desperately proud of that response."
A year ago, the Chinese government locked down the city of Wuhan. For weeks beforehand officials had maintained that the outbreak was under control - just a few dozen cases linked to a live animal market. But in fact the virus had been spreading throughout the city and around China.	You are an expert at summarizing long articles. Proceed to summarize the following text: By Jane McMullenBBC News This is the story of five critical days early in the outbreak. By 30 December, several people had been admitted to hospitals in the central city of Wuhan, having fallen ill with high fever and pneumonia. The first known case was a man in his 70s who had fallen ill on 1 December. Many of those were connected to a sprawling live animal market, Huanan Seafood Market, and doctors had begun to suspect this wasn't regular pneumonia. Samples from infected lungs had been sent to genetic sequencing companies to identify the cause of the disease, and preliminary results had indicated a novel coronavirus similar to Sars. The local health authorities and the country's Center for Disease Control (CDC) had already been notified, but nothing had been said to the public. Although no-one knew it at the time, between 2,300 and 4,000 people were by now likely infected, according to a recent model by MOBS Lab at Northeastern University in Boston. The outbreak was also thought to be doubling in size every few days. Epidemiologists say that at this early part of an outbreak, each day and even each hour is critical. 30 December 2019: Virus alert At around 16:00 on 30 December, the head of the Emergency Department at Wuhan Central Hospital was handed the results of a test carried out by sequencing lab Capital Bio Medicals in Beijing. She went into a cold sweat as she read the report, according to an interview given later to Chinese state media. At the top were the alarming words: "SARS CORONAVIRUS". She circled them in bright red, and passed it on to colleagues over the Chinese messaging site WeChat. Within an hour and a half, the grainy image with its large red circle reached a doctor in the hospital's ophthalmology department, Li Wenliang. He shared it with his hundreds-strong university class group, adding the warning, "Don't circulate the message outside this group. Get your family and loved ones to take precautions." When Sars spread through southern China in late 2002 and 2003, Beijing covered up the outbreak, insisting that everything was under control. This allowed the virus to spread around the world. Beijing's response invoked international criticism and - worryingly for a regime deeply concerned about stability - anger and protests within China. Between 2002 and 2004, Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (Sars) went on to infect more than 8,000 people and kill almost 800 worldwide. Over the coming hours, screen shots of Li's message spread widely online. Across China, millions of people began talking about Sars online. It would turn out that the sequencers made a mistake - this was not Sars, but a new coronavirus very similar to it. But this was a critical moment. News of a possible outbreak had escaped. The Wuhan Health Commission was already aware that there was something going on in the city's hospitals. That day, officials from the National Health Commission in Beijing arrived, and lung samples were sent to at least five state labs in Wuhan and Beijing to sequence the virus in parallel. Now, as messages suggesting the possible return of Sars began flying over Chinese social media, the Wuhan Health Commission sent two orders out to hospitals. It instructed them to report all cases direct to the Health Commission, and told them not to make anything public without authorisation. Within 12 minutes, these orders were leaked online. It might have taken a couple more days for the online chatter to make the leap from Chinese-speaking social media to the wider world if it wasn't for the efforts of veteran epidemiologist Marjorie Pollack. The deputy editor of ProMed-mail, an organisation which sends out alerts on disease outbreaks worldwide, received an email from a contact in Taiwan, asking if she knew anything about the chatter online. Back in February 2003, ProMed had been the first to break the news of Sars. Now, Pollack had deja vu. "My reaction was: 'We're in trouble,'" she told the BBC. Three hours later, she had finished writing an emergency post, requesting more information on the new outbreak. It was sent out to ProMed's approximately 80,000 subscribers at one minute to midnight. 31 December: Offers of help As word began to spread, Professor George F Gao, director general of China's Center for Disease Control [CDC], was receiving offers of help from contacts around the world. China revamped its infectious disease infrastructure after Sars - and in 2019, Gao had promised that China's vast online surveillance system would be able to prevent another outbreak like it. But two scientists who contacted Gao say the CDC head did not seem alarmed. "I sent a really long text to George Gao, offering to send a team out and do anything to support them," Dr Peter Daszak, the president of New York-based infectious diseases research group EcoHealth Alliance, told the BBC. But he says that all he received in reply was a short message wishing him Happy New Year. Epidemiologist Ian Lipkin of Columbia University in New York was also trying to reach Gao. Just as he was having dinner to ring in the New Year, Gao returned his call. The details Lipkin reveals about their conversation offer new insights into what leading Chinese officials were prepared to say at this critical point. "He had identified the virus. It was a new coronavirus. And it was not highly transmissible. This didn't really resonate with me because I'd heard that many, many people had been infected," Lipkin told the BBC. "I don't think he was duplicitous, I think he was just wrong." Lipkin says he thinks Gao should have released the sequences they had already obtained. My view is that you get it out. This is too important to hesitate." Gao, who refused the BBC's requests for an interview, has told state media that the sequences were released as soon as possible, and that he never said publicly that there was no human-to-human transmission. That day, the Wuhan Health Commission issued a press release stating that 27 cases of viral pneumonia had been identified, but that there was no clear evidence of human to human transmission. It would be a further 12 days before China shared the genetic sequences with the international community. The Chinese government refused multiple interview requests by the BBC. Instead, it gave us detailed statements on China's response, which state that in the fight against Covid-19 China "has always acted with openness, transparency and responsibility, and … in a timely manner." BBC This World's 54 Days: China and the pandemic can be seen on BBC Two at 21:00 GMT on Tuesday 26 January, or 23:30 on Monday 1 February (except BBC Two Northern Ireland). Or watch on BBC iPlayer. Part two - 54 Days: America and the Pandemic - will be on BBC Two on Tuesday 2 February at 21:00. A BBC/PBS Frontline co-production. 1 January 2020: International frustration International law stipulates that new infectious disease outbreaks of global concern be reported to the World Health Organization within 24 hours. But on 1 January the WHO still had not had official notification of the outbreak. The previous day, officials there had spotted the ProMed post and reports online, so they contacted China's National Health Commission. "It was reportable," says Professor Lawrence Gostin, Director of the WHO Collaborating Center on national and global health law at Georgetown University in Washington DC, and a member of the International Health Regulations roster of experts. "The failure to report clearly was a violation of the International Health Regulations." Dr Maria Van Kerkhove, a WHO epidemiologist who would become the agency's Covid-19 technical lead, joined the first of many emergency conference calls in the middle of the night on 1 January. "We had the assumptions initially that it may be a new coronavirus. For us it wasn't a matter of if human to human transmission was happening, it was what is the extent of it and where is that happening." It was two days before China responded to the WHO. But what they revealed was vague - that there were now 44 cases of viral pneumonia of unknown cause. China says that it communicated regularly and fully with the WHO from 3 January. But recordings of internal WHO meetings obtained by the Associated Press (AP) news agency some of which were shared with PBS Frontline and the BBC, paint a different picture, revealing the frustration that senior WHO officials felt by the following week. "'There's been no evidence of human to human transmission' is not good enough. We need to see the data," Mike Ryan WHO's health emergencies programme director is heard saying. The WHO was legally required to state the information it had been provided by China. Although they suspected human to human transmission, the WHO were not able to confirm this for a further three weeks. "Those concerns are not something they ever aired publicly. Instead, they basically deferred to China," says AP's Dake Kang. "Ultimately, the impression that the rest of the world got was just what the Chinese authorities wanted. Which is that everything was under control. Which of course it wasn't." 2 January: Silencing the doctors The number of people infected by the virus was doubling in size every few days, and more and more people were turning up at Wuhan's hospitals. But now - instead of allowing doctors to share their concerns publicly - state media began a campaign that effectively silenced them. On 2 January, China Central Television ran a story about the doctors who spread the news about an outbreak four days earlier. The doctors, referred to only as "rumour mongers" and "internet users", were brought in for questioning by the Wuhan Public Security Bureau and 'dealt with' 'in accordance with the law'. One of the doctors was Li Wenliang, the eye doctor whose warning had gone viral. He signed a confession. In February, the doctor died of Covid-19. The Chinese government says that this is not evidence that it was trying to suppress news of the outbreak, and that doctors like Li were being urged not to spread unconfirmed information. But the impact of this public dressing down was critical. For though it was becoming apparent to doctors that there was, in fact, human-to-human transmission, they were prevented from going public. A health worker from Li's hospital, Wuhan Central, told us that over the next few days "there were so many people who had a fever. It was out of control. We started to panic. [But] The hospital told us that we were not allowed to speak to anyone." The Chinese government told us that "it takes a rigorous scientific process to determine if a new virus can be transmitted from person to person". The authorities would continue to maintain for a further 18 days that there was no human-to-human transmission. 3 January: Secret memo Labs across the country were racing to map the complete genetic sequence of the virus. Among them was a renowned virologist in Shanghai, Professor Zhang Yongzhen who began sequencing on 3 January. After having worked for two days straight, he obtained a complete sequence. His results revealed a virus that was similar to Sars, and therefore likely transmissible. On 5 January, Zhang's office wrote to the National Health Commission advising taking precautionary measures in public places. "On that very day, he was working to try and get information released as soon as possible, so the rest of the world could see what it was and so we could get diagnostics going", says Zhang's research partner, Professor Edward Holmes an evolutionary virologist at the University of Sydney. But Zhang could not make his findings public. On January 3, the National Health Commission had sent a secret memorandum to labs banning unauthorised scientists from working on the virus and disclosing the information to the public. "What the notice effectively did," says AP's Dake Kang, "is it silenced individual scientists and laboratories from revealing information about this virus and potentially allowing word of it to leak out to the outside world and alarm people." None of the labs went public with the genetic sequence of the virus. China continued to maintain it was viral pneumonia with no clear evidence of human-to-human transmission. It would be six days before it announced that the new virus was a coronavirus, and even then, it did not share any genetic sequences to allow other countries to develop tests and begin tracing the spread of the virus. Three days later, on 11 January, Zhang decided it was time to put his neck on the line. As he boarded a plane between Beijing and Shanghai, he authorised Holmes to release the sequence. The decision came at a personal cost - his lab was closed the next day for "rectification" - but his action broke the deadlock. The next day state scientists released the sequences they had obtained. The international scientific community swung into action, and a toolkit for a diagnostic test was publicly available by 13 January. Despite the evidence from scientists and doctors, China would not confirm there was human-to-human transmission until 20 January. At the beginning of any emerging disease outbreak, says health law expert Lawrence Gostin, it's always chaotic. "It was always going to be very difficult to control this virus, from day one. But by the time we knew [the international community] it was transmissible human to human, I think the cat was already out the bag, it already spread. "That was the shot we had, and we lost it." As Wang Linfa, a bat virologist at Duke-Nus Medical School in Singapore, says: "January 20th is the dividing line, before that the Chinese could have done much better. After that, the rest of the world should be really on high alert and do much better."
A three-year project is under way in Cornwall to design sea walls which can be colonised by marine life such as mussels and barnacles.	You are an expert at summarizing long articles. Proceed to summarize the following text: Staff and students at Cornwall's university want to produce rough and patterned concrete walls as habitats. Traditionally, many harbour walls and breakwaters are constructed with smooth surfaces. University College Falmouth said it was looking for a harbour where experiments could be conducted. Daniel Metcalfe, a PhD student involved in the project, said: "The idea is that the concrete pattern has meaning for marine life, so it is protected from predators and the waves." The research also involves the universities of Exeter and Plymouth and a Cornish concrete company.
Reports of sexual assaults by children on other children are rising, according to police figures seen by BBC Panorama. But those reported cases are only the "tip of the iceberg", according to one police child abuse expert.	You are an expert at summarizing long articles. Proceed to summarize the following text: Emily - not her real name - was 15 when she was sexually assaulted by a boy in her class, unnoticed by her teacher, who was at the front of the room. But after reporting the ordeal to the police, she says she was bullied by her classmates. "About 10 to 15 pupils were all swearing and shouting at me, like 'you're a grass'… I got some comments like 'he should have raped you'. I was tagged in photos. I was called a liar." She says her head teacher was unsympathetic. "He'd say 'well, maybe this isn't the school for you. You can leave, you know, we suggest you do and make a fresh start'." The number of reported sexual offences by under-18s against other under-18s in England and Wales rose by 71% from 4,603 from 2013-14 to 7,866 from 2016-17, according to figures from a Freedom of Information request. A total of 38 out of the 43 forces in England and Wales responded. The number of reported rapes among under-18s rose 46% from 1,521 to 2,223 over the same period, according to 32 police forces that supplied a breakdown of figures. Reports of sexual offences on schools premises also increased from 386 in 2013-14 to 922 in 2016-17, according to 31 police forces - including 225 rapes on school grounds over the four years. Simon Bailey, the national police chief lead for child protection, said: "We are dealing unequivocally with the tip of the iceberg ... we are seeing an increasing number of reports, we are seeing significant examples of harmful sexual behaviour and the lives of young people blighted and traumatically affected by sexual abuse." James and Anna's daughter, Bella, was six when they discovered she had been sexually assaulted in the playground for six weeks by two boys. "She burst into tears, she just dissolved in front of me," Anna says. Anna and James went straight to the police, but were told that as the boys were under the age of criminal responsibility they could not be charged. The family say they had to fight to get the police to make a record of the incident. They are now taking legal action against the local authority, as they say the school failed in its duty of care. "We have all of these unheard victims... and they're unheard because there's no register, because there's no crime," Anna says. Since March 2013 a total of 1,852 children under the age of 10 were reported to police for sexual offences. The youngest was a four-year-old accused of attacking another boy, aged five, in Northumbria. Teachers have a duty to report an alleged assault by an adult, according to the Department for Education, but there is no such obligation if a child is accused - schools are advised to follow their own child protection procedures. "School leaders and schools want to get it right, but they're not always getting the help and support they need," Sarah Hannafin, policy adviser for the National Association of Headteachers, told Panorama. "There needs to be some more clarity in terms of the specific procedures that schools must take." Of the sexual offences perpetrated by under-18s, 74% resulted in no further action, according to responses from 36 out of 43 police forces in England and Wales. Mr Bailey said such cases are very difficult to prosecute. "You're dealing with people who'll be reluctant; you're dealing with cases whereby there's been a relationship in the past. "It's very much a case of the Crown Prosecution Service deciding to charge, invariably on the word of one person against another." The Department for Education said: "Sexual assault is a crime and any allegation should be reported to the police. "Schools should be safe places and they have a duty to protect all pupils and listen to any concerns." You can see more on this story on Panorama on BBC One on Monday at 20:30 BST.
Two ospreys have returned to a wildlife reserve in the Highlands for their ninth breeding season.	You are an expert at summarizing long articles. Proceed to summarize the following text: Female EJ and male Odin are the most successful breeding pair at RSPB Scotland's Loch Garten site near Grantown on Spey. Over previous seasons 17 of their chicks have fledged. EJ, who is 20-years-old this year, has been visiting the loch for 15 years and has reared 25 chicks over that time with Odin and other males. Ospreys migrate from west Africa to Scotland to breed and can be seen hunting for fish from rivers and lochs.
The visit of Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdogan to the White House this week reignited the controversy over his country's actions against Syria's Kurds. And it spurred Kurdish-American activists to take up their cause with renewed vigour, writes journalist Deborah Bloom.	You are an expert at summarizing long articles. Proceed to summarize the following text: A country-music loving, beer-drinking, gun enthusiast with a southern drawl, Nejeer Zebari is like any red-blooded southern American male. But ever since US President Donald Trump abruptly pulled US troops from the Syria-Turkey border, the 44-year-old Tennessean's focus has been 10,000km (6,200 miles) away in Kurdistan. "We never expected this to happen after one phone call," says Zebari, referring to Trump's controversial October phone call with Mr Erdogan that paved the way for a Turkish military offensive against US-backed Kurdish forces. "It was a complete betrayal." Zebari was driving from Nashville to a demonstration in Washington to protest against Mr Erdogan's visit to the White House earlier this week. It was a cold day and he was irritable. "I'm sick of these protests," he says. Three weeks ago, right after the White House announced it would withdraw troops in the region ahead of Turkey's "long-planned operation" into northern Syria, he'd left his wife and three children in Nashville to drive north to protest outside the White House. "But then Turkey is going to attack us, and Trump is gonna roll out the red carpet for him?" he said angrily, driving into the night. After the announcement of Erdogan's visit to the White House - following weeks of air strikes on Kurdish villages - Zebari was moved to act. He's one of several Kurdish-American activists across the US that has stepped into leadership roles meant to give a stateside voice to the Kurdish plight. Individually, they support the Kurds in their own ways - through clothing drives, social media campaigns, phone banks, meetings with Congress, and beyond. Collectively, they hope to meet the increasingly obvious need for Kurdish support and influence in the United States. What is the Turkey-Syria story about? Though Zebari emigrated to the US when he was a young child, he'd heard about the misery of cold winters in refugee camps from friends who'd experienced them firsthand - stories of people fighting over food and clothing, their hopes dwindling of ever being resettled. His own family fled the Second Iraqi-Kurdish War to a refugee camp in Iran, where he was born. After US troops left the Turkey-Syria border, "we knew Turkey was going to attack. We all knew there would be refugees running away with nothing," Zebari said. "I just felt like I had to do something." He started a clothing drive, and enlisted the help of a handful of local Kurdish Americans to help organise it. With Nashville housing the largest population of Kurds in the United States, Zebari soon found himself flooded with contributions coming in locally. Then boxes started flooding in from all over the country. So far they have collected more than 650 boxes of humanitarian supplies, including baby formula, winter clothes, toothbrushes, medical supplies, and blankets to ship to a refugee camp near the Iraqi border, where Syrian Kurds have been fleeing Turkish bombardment. The shipment will weigh over 18 tonnes. Of those boxes, 247 came from Dallas, Texas, which also houses a sizable number of Kurdish Americans. That's where Saman Gardy, 37, co-founded the Kurdish Community of Dallas-Fort Worth in the immediate aftermath of the troop pullout. He and four other Kurdish-American community members created a Facebook page for the group, which quickly ballooned to 1,000 likes within the first week. From there, they shared a flier about Zebari's clothing drive and began immediately accumulating donations of winter clothes and baby formula. "We've got family and friends that are currently in those camps," Gardy said. "We're keeping in touch with them constantly." Gardy says he and his fellow advocates are in the midst of starting a non-profit to fundraise for non-governmental organisations on the ground in Kurdistan Region. "When I saw these children getting killed, I saw myself and my son and I thought, 'what if that was my son in that situation?' Especially knowing that I've been down that road." Gardy's family fled Saddam Hussein's brutality following the Kurdish uprising of 1991, crossing into Turkey and living in a displacement camp there for three years. At 13 years old, Gardy came to the US and joined a growing community of Kurdish refugees immigrating to the Dallas-Fort Worth area. "Many of us are first-generation [Americans]. We barely understand the system, the way things work," he said. "But this was a wake-up call," he added, referring to Trump's abrupt shift in foreign policy. "We realised we needed to be networking with other Kurds, and connecting with different Kurdish communities." American Kurds are a relatively new phenomenon, immigrating in waves starting in the 1970s after the First Iraqi-Kurdish War. Today, some estimates place the number of Kurds living in the United States at 40,000. The Kurdish National Congress of North America, the nation's oldest and largest umbrella organisation representing American Kurds, held its 30th annual conference less than a month after Turkey started its invasion of northeast Syria. The event was hosted in a small city outside of Ann Arbor, Michigan, and was sparsely attended. On the other hand, Gardy and his crew of Kurdish-American activists saw hundreds of Kurdish-Americans turn out to demonstrate against Trump's foreign policy moves on the same day the president was scheduled to hold a campaign rally across the road. "For the first time ever, I saw Kurds unite and become one voice," Gardy recalled. In southern California, where tens of thousands of American Kurds reside, Yara Ismael and her best friend started planning protests immediately after the White House announcement. They created fliers and circulated them on social media, and days later throngs of protesters took to the streets to demonstrate in Los Angeles and San Diego. "Stand with Kurds! Stand with Kurds!" Ismael shouted into a bull-horn, draped in a Kurdish flag, outside the Turkish Consulate in Los Angeles. Already interested in a career in public service, Ismael seized on the opportunity to represent the Kurdish voice, and so she booked a flight to Washington to meet lawmakers. Over a few days, she met several foreign policy aids for members of the House Foreign Services Affairs Committee, urging them to fight against Trump's betrayal of the Kurds. As a Kurdish American, "I want to know how you are going to help stop the innocent killing of civilians in Kurdistan," she said. Today, she says she has several ongoing conversations with congressional staffers. "I feel like I was heard" she said, responding to a question about whether her efforts had been productive. "This is a complex situation and the staffers wanted to learn more about it, so I definitely felt like I was filling in where there was a need." That's where 28-year-old Diliman Abdulkader comes in. The Washington-based consultant came to the US after his family fled the first Gulf War and spent seven years at a refugee camp in Syria. After troops started leaving Syria, Abdulkader immediately began executing a plan he'd had long in the making - to form the American Friends of Kurdistan, an organization that "strengths, protects, and promotes American-Kurdish relations and supports policies that advance the national security and prosperity of Americans, Kurds, and our other allies," according to its mission statement. "This is a critical moment for Kurds to not allow another genocide," Abdulkader said. "The cycle of Kurdish refugees must end." Abdulkader joined hundreds of protesters at the White House to demonstrate about Erdogan's visit. Wearing a black pea coat, he looked straight into the camera to record the first ever dispatch for the new group's Twitter page. "We urge President Trump to reconsider his decision," he said on video. "The Kurds have been our most reliable and trustworthy ally on the ground," Elsewhere in the crowd, Nejeer Zebari held a large Kurdish flag over his left shoulder. After hearing of Erdogan's imminent visit, Zebari had wanted to bus all of Nashville's Kurdish community to protest at the White House, but logistics quickly became too complicated. Zebari ultimately abandoned that idea in favour of starting a clothing drive, one that would bring in far more supplies than he could have ever imagined. Still, he felt compelled to make the trip, opting to instead rent a 15-passenger van and drive to DC with a several other Kurdish-American activists. "I couldn't just not come," he said.
Hundreds of hardy New Year revellers have defied the chills of the Firth of Forth to take part in the annual Loony Dook in South Queensferry.	You are an expert at summarizing long articles. Proceed to summarize the following text: Some people took to the water in fancy dress while other brave souls opted for swimwear. Charities including the RNLI benefit from the parade and plunge, which is part of Edinburgh's Hogmanay. Similar new year swims took place across Scotland, including at Castle Douglas, Portobello and Loch Ness. Images subject to copyright
Two men have been questioned by police after a man believed to be on his way to an FA Cup game was left with a fractured skull in an attack.	You are an expert at summarizing long articles. Proceed to summarize the following text: The victim, 22, was "knocked to the floor" on Cattell Road, Birmingham, about 15 minutes before the game at St Andrews on Saturday, police said. Officers said the area had been busy with Coventry and Birmingham City fans. The men, 25 and 45, were arrested on suspicion of assault and released under investigation as inquiries continue. The victim remains in a stable condition in hospital. A spokesman for West Midlands Police said officers understood the victim was a fan on his way to the game, but were still exploring the full circumstances. The force appealed for witnesses to come forward. Follow BBC West Midlands on Facebook, on Twitter, and sign up for local news updates direct to your phone.
"At this very moment there may be a dozen climbers on the buildings of Cambridge. They do not know each other; they are unlikely to meet. And inadvertently they will find what we found, a love for the buildings and the climbs upon them, a love for the night and the thrill of darkness."	You are an expert at summarizing long articles. Proceed to summarize the following text: By Orla MooreBBC News This is the passage that concludes The Night Climbers of Cambridge, a 1937 book that remains an influence on those with a head for heights in this famously low-lying city. The tome describes a familiar skyline: the four piercing spires of King's College Chapel, the tower of St John's, the pale Portland stone of the Senate House. And for decades, a clandestine group has sought distraction from the monotony of study by scaling some of these landmarks. "If you like mountaineering or rock climbing, Cambridge is probably the worst place in the whole of Britain to be," says Tom Whipple - now science editor at The Times - who tiptoed across the rooftops as a restless maths student in 2000. "I'm used to modern plastic drainpipes, but these were really sturdy cast-iron ones - you could get your hands behind them and climb. "Sitting up there in the fog, the clocks are chiming midnight; you cannot see anything of the modern world. "You flatter yourself; you feel part of this secret society, this continuum. I was hooked." Whipple talks of abseiling into the Trinity Ball in a dinner jacket - and the kudos to be gained from "leaving a wheelie bin on New Hall dome". "The fear of getting caught was more intense than the fear of injury," says Rebecca Wetten, who studied history of art between 2010 and 2014. She says her favourite climbs were at the New Museums Site and the Faculty of History, which is noted for its resemblance to an open book. "None of the climbs needed special equipment but you worked out a pattern to them; you needed someone who knew the way and would help you figure out shortcuts. That's why it was good to do it as a pair." And although membership of a club isn't necessary to partake in this renegade pastime, it does appear there is a shadowy group dedicated to night climbing. A reporter with Cambridge student newspaper The Tab, who in March 2016 followed a small group on the rooftops, claimed to have seen a list of 24 initiation questions for night climbers who hoped to join a secret society dedicated to the practice. These ranged from "How close have you come to dying?", "Do you ever have to consciously prevent yourself from deliberately jumping when you find yourself standing on a cliff or rooftop?", to the apparently irrelevant: "What do you know about central banking and currency laws?" Looking up at the rooftops, tourist Leo Hayes, 70, who is visiting Cambridge from Ireland, is incredulous to learn of the activity. "Just one word: mad," he says. "Risk your life for nothing except a dare? Jumping between buildings? Crazy." In 1899, British mountaineer and poet Geoffrey Winthrop Young was the first person to document the activity in his book The Roof-Climber's Guide to Trinity, written in part as a parody of an alpine guidebook. The third edition in 1960, edited by Richard Williams, describes the practice as "like cat burglary, but without the robberies". But 1937's The Night Climbers of Cambridge, by Whipplesnaith - the pseudonym of the author Noël Howard Symington - is the publication that is credited with inspiring generations of night climbers. It describes in detail the routes up particular colleges - and indeed the routes off them: the "Senate House leap" is achieved by jumping across the 6ft (1.8m) gap between the roof of Gonville and Caius College and the neighbouring Senate House. Jon Gifford, of Oleander Press, which reprinted later editions of Whipplesnaith's guide, says the work has "great literary appeal", with language that's "evocative of another age". "It is melodious and romantic," he says. "The thrill of being alive and one with nature, in many ways. "But it was also about civil disobedience, letting off steam, about risking lives." Tom Whipple, who was given a copy by his father, remembers a particular passage with fondness: "As furtively as the bats of twilight, they shun the eyes of the world, going on their mysterious journeys and retiring as quietly as they set out." Whipplesnaith also writes of injured backs and torn trousers, of near misses and scorched hands - although no-one is known to have been seriously injured or killed. Two students were rusticated, or dismissed, by their colleges for climbing King's College Chapel in June 1937. Another two were also "sent down" in the early 1960s after they were caught by police trying to scale the Senate House. "One moment we were protected, isolated students, the next we had been abandoned, jobless, penniless in the last stages of a degree course," one of them wrote. The Fleet Street photographer and filmmaker John Bulmer - an engineering undergraduate between 1957 and 1960 - was "asked to leave" King's College six weeks before his finals after one of his images "caused upset" when it appeared on the front of The Sunday Times. "It was a photo of a climber on King's College Chapel window. I was hauled up before the proctors," he remembers. "The college was dissatisfied that I was spending more time on photography than my studies." The image was part of a feature written for Life magazine, which saw Bulmer, armed with a Canon 35mm and "big old-fashioned flashbulbs", following Cambridge's night climbers. "It was challenging, but the aim with any photograph is always to kick the viewer in the gut," he says. These days, Cambridgeshire Police "strongly discourages" the practice on safety grounds, however the force says that no crime is being committed by night climbers, as long as damage isn't caused to the buildings. The Royal Society for the Prevention of Accidents has previously warned urban climbers not to let an "appetite for adventure" override safety concerns. It points out that any accident affects not only the climber, but their family, the emergency services and staff who work on the sites. Trespassing, police say, is mostly a civil offence, although night climbing can be considered a "public nuisance". That's certainly how it must have seemed to the university over the years - although it declined to comment for this article. In June 1958, a battered Austin 7 appeared on the roof of the Senate House overnight. Seven years later, a banner reading "Peace in Vietnam" was attached to the lightning rods on the spires of King's College Chapel. And in November 2009, climbers scaled an 80ft (24m) external wall of the chapel to fix four Santa hats on the pinnacles. Ian Gray, the porter at King's at the time, says he and the college chaplain went up on to the roof to try to poke off the festive headgear with a stick. "As it transpired the hats were on the very top of the spires and there was no way us less daring types were going to go up there and get them down," he says. "I remember at the time just saying, 'wow - that is quite a feat'." In the end, a steeplejack had to "rescue each one in turn at great expense". Andy Buckley, now a particle physicist at the European Organization for Nuclear Research, was a night climber during his time as a physics student between 1997 and 2005. By the time he had arrived at Cambridge, the contours of the colleges had barely changed from the days of Winthrop Young, although CCTV cameras have been installed, as have wall-top spikes in a bid to deter nocturnal ascents. "I was secretary of the climbing club at the university, and it had this old book about night climbing, and I thought it was a good yarn," he says. "A lot of the building work was decaying and I felt bad about the possibility of damaging them. But you could shinny up the drainpipe and get a fantastic view into the inner sanctum of the university. "You feel very exposed up there but you see the structures very differently." You may also like: For Rebecca Wetten, scaling the heights of the Faculty of History is an enduring memory of her time in Cambridge. "I threw off my shoes and climbed it in my May Ball gown, in my bare feet, and saw the most wonderful sunrise," she says. "It was an amazing send-off for my final year. "No-one can take that from me." You can hear more about Cambridge night climbing and other stories on the theme of "Secrets" on the BBC Multi Story podcast on the BBC Sounds app or on the podcast's website.
Refurbishment plans for an electric railway station on the east coast of the Isle of Man, are set to cost almost £700,000, says the Manx government.	You are an expert at summarizing long articles. Proceed to summarize the following text: The money will be spent "renewing ballast, sleepers and rails" at the station in Laxey, a spokesman said. The department of community, culture and leisure (DCCL) will apply for funding at the next sitting of Tynwald. "It is essential to ensure the railway can continue to operate safely," DCCL Minister Graham Cregeen said. "It is a necessary investment to improve standards and ensure that we maintain the railway for future generations." Construction of the Manx Electric Railway began in the late 1800s and typically its season runs between March and August every year - although special events are arranged during the winter months. If funding is approved during the October sitting of Tynwald, the DCCL said work will begin in November and be completed by March 2014.
Virgin Money has delayed its planned October stock market flotation.	You are an expert at summarizing long articles. Proceed to summarize the following text: The company now expects admission to the London Stock Exchange's official list to happen when the markets are less volatile. "Virgin Money continues to perform strongly and we remain focused on delivering a successful initial public offering as soon as market conditions allow," said boss Jayne-Anne Gadhia. Virgin Money is hoping to raise £150m from the initial public offering. The financial services provider part-owned by entrepreneur Sir Richard Branson announced on 2 October that it would apply for a stock market listing, and expected the flotation to occur in the same month. But the FTSE 100 index of blue-chip shares has fallen 10% since September, wiping about £175bn off company valuations. Global stock markets have also been very volatile, making Virgin Money think investors may not have much appetite for buying its shares in the current climate. Virgin's move follows that of UK bank Aldermore, which also scrapped its flotation plans because of the recent stock market turbulence. It had been planning to raise about £75m through the flotation, which was set to value the bank at about £800m.
It is 50 years since the Cuban Missile Crisis and more than 20 years since the break-up of the Soviet Union marked the end of the Cold War . So, why are underground nuclear bunkers from that time still in use today?	You are an expert at summarizing long articles. Proceed to summarize the following text: By Steven McKenzieBBC Scotland Highlands and Islands reporter During the Cold War, the UK government ordered the construction of thousands of underground complexes. Almost 1,600 nuclear monitoring posts and 36 control posts for military and civil defence purposes were built across the UK between 1955 and 1965. In the 1980s, the government also funded a programme to create emergency centres that led to some local authorities building bunkers. Following the collapse of the Soviet Union, the majority of the monitoring posts were locked up. Today, some are museums, others vandalised and flooded ruins while many more have been filled in, or remain locked and untouched since the day they were abandoned. However, more than 20 years on there are nuclear shelters that are still being actively put to uses by Scottish local authorities. Aberdeenshire Council has two, one below its Gordon House offices in Inverurie that was built in 1982 and another constructed in 1988 below Arduthie Road in Stonehaven. Dumfries and Galloway's bunker under Carruthers House in Dumfries dates from 1963 and Orkney Islands Council's was built in 1986 as part of an extension to existing offices. The old Stirling council built a civil defence centre under a social work building in Buchanan Street, Balfron, in the early 1960s. But Highland Council's bunker is the granddaddy of them all. The Raigmore bunker, in Inverness, started life in 1941 as part of a secret RAF radar station. During World War II, it was what was known as a filter block where air force personnel processed information gathered by radar stations strung along the Scottish coast. The council structures share similar features and designs - reinforced concrete, steel blast doors, decontamination chambers, communication rooms, dormitories and generators to provide electricity. But they have been put to different uses. Aberdeenshire's Stonehaven bunker is now storage space, while the one under Gordon House is used by working groups and for committee meetings. The thick blast doors on the entrance to the Inverurie complex were permanently fixed in an open position in 1992, a clear sign at the time of the relaxation in tensions between the East and West. Orkney Islands Council also uses its bunker as a meeting room and has kitted it out with video conferencing equipment. Both Highland and Dumfries and Galloway run their subterranean complexes as emergency centres. Council and emergency services officers met at the Dumfries bunker during the 1988 Lockerbie disaster. It was also used during 2001's foot and mouth crisis and for contingency planning when severe winter weather hit in 2010 and 2011. Highland Council's Raigmore facility is where the local authority, police, fire, ambulance service, coastguard and the military can come together to co-ordinate responses to disasters. In recent times, personnel met at the bunker when flash flooding struck Inverness in 2002, also after a freighter carrying 84 tonnes of diesel and 3,300 of zinc concentrate ran aground on the Summer Isles in 2003 and in 2010 after a container holding detonators exploded in Inverness. Andrew Denovan, an emergency planning officer at Highland Council, said the bunker, which today is surrounded by housing developments, remained an asset in modern times. He said: "The bunker - as an ex-Cold War facility - lends itself very well to being the council's emergency centre in the 21st Century. "For a start, and with business continuity in mind, it is important that the council's emergency centre is not co-located with the main council offices, for if an incident were to affect these buildings it would also make any emergency centre situated there unusable. "Located on the other side of Inverness, on land that cannot flood, and with easy access from both the A9 and A96, the bunker provides the council with resilient, alternative accommodation." The Raigmore bunker has 60 rooms, generators if there is a power cut and its own radio mast. If digital communications are disrupted, the site can switch to analogue technology with assistance from the Radio Amateurs' Emergency Network. Mr Denovan added: "It is discreet and yet well-known by those need to attend it. "Although there is no reason to keep the bunker secret today, it is very well hidden by the trees that surround it."
The most powerful Atlantic storm in a decade has caused widespread destruction across the Caribbean and the southern US, leaving 55 people dead. Irma, at times a category five hurricane, packed winds of up to 295km/h (185mph).	You are an expert at summarizing long articles. Proceed to summarize the following text: The storm cut a devastating trail across Caribbean countries and territories before moving up through the US states of Florida, Georgia and South Carolina, weakening into a tropical depression. An estimated 1.2 million people have been affected. Irma broke weather records At its peak, Irma was a category five storm with winds topping 295km/h (185mph). According to Phil Klotzbach, research scientist at Colorado State University's Department of Atmospheric Science, Irma's top wind speeds were tied with the second-strongest maximum winds of all time for an Atlantic hurricane. Irma matches a 1935 storm in the Florida Keys, Hurricane Gilbert in 1988 and Wilma in 2005. Only one hurricane, Allen in 1980, has recorded stronger winds, at 190 mph, he said. However, Irma broke Allen's record for sustained winds. It maintained maximum wind speeds of 295km/h for longer than any other Atlantic Hurricane. Irma grew in strength over a few days The remnants of Hurricane Harvey, which hit in late August, could still be seen by satellite when Irma made its way across the Atlantic towards the Caribbean. Irma and remnants of Hurricane Harvey, 2 September Irma was just a category two storm on 2 September, but soon became category three. Irma grew stronger quickly because of a combination of very warm water, high levels of mid-level relative humidity, and vertical wind conditions, meteorologists say. Between 2 and 5 September, Irma strengthened from a category three to a category five storm, the highest possible level. By 7 September, Irma was being followed by storm Jose, which was also upgraded to hurricane status. Also present was Storm Katia in the Gulf of Mexico, which became a hurricane before it hit the Mexican state of Veracruz. Two people died in a mudslide caused by the extreme weather. Katia, Irma and Jose, 7 September Irma's clouds were very, very cold Infrared data from the Nasa-National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's Suomi NPP satellite on 7 September revealed very cold, very high, powerful thunderstorms stretching around Irma's northern, eastern and southern sides. Storms with cloud tops reaching very low temperatures have the capability to generate "very heavy rainfall", according to Nasa. Infrared image of Irma, 7 September Cloud-top temperatures at the centre of the storm were as cold as 190 Kelvin (minus 83.1C/117.7F), Nasa said. Irma generated vast amounts of rain The eye of the storm measured about 35 miles across and generated "extreme rainfall". Nasa rainfall analysis of Irma's eye, 5 September . Nasa's rainfall analysis showed rain falling at a rate of more than 274mm (10.8in) per hour on 5 September in the solid ring of storms within Irma's eye. The powerful storms rotating around the eye were really tall, reaching altitudes greater than 12.5km (7.75 miles). But the tallest thunderstorms were found south west of Irma's eye, reaching heights of more than 16.2km (10 miles), Nasa said. Sea temperatures contributed to Irma's power Warm oceans, along with wind speed and direction, are the two key ingredients that fuel and sustain hurricanes. As Irma approached Florida, it passed over waters that are warmer than 30C (86F) - hot enough to sustain a category five storm, according to Nasa scientists. Atlantic Ocean, Caribbean Sea, and Gulf of Mexico temperatures The green line on the map tracks Irma's path between 3 and 6 September. Understanding the impact Hurricane Irma has hit many of the Caribbean's islands, and made landfall in Florida on Sunday. Places hit: Storm surges Huge volumes of water are pushed by hurricane-force winds. When they meet land, the water surges inshore at levels far exceeding normal tides. Storm surges were caused across the south of Florida. Hurricanes A guide to the world's deadliest storms Hurricanes are violent storms that can bring devastation to coastal areas, threatening lives, homes and businesses. Hurricanes develop from thunderstorms, fuelled by warm, moist air as they cross sub-tropical waters. Warm air rises into the storm. Air swirls in to fill the low pressure in the storm, sucking air in and upwards, reinforcing the low pressure. The storm rotates due to the spin of the earth and energy from the warm ocean increases wind speeds as it builds. When winds reach 119km/h (74mph), it is known as a hurricane - in the Atlantic and Eastern Pacific - or a typhoon in the Western Pacific. "Everybody has a plan until they get punched in the face. Well, we're about to get punched in the face." Florida Mayor Bob Buckhorn, ahead of Hurricane Irma (2017) The central eye of calmer weather is surrounded by a wall of rainstorms.This eyewall has the fastest winds below it and violent currents of air rising through it. A mound of water piles up below the eye which is unleashed as the storm reaches land. These storm surges can cause more damage from flooding than the winds. "Urgent warning about the rapid rise of water on the SW FL coast with the passage of #Irma's eye. MOVE AWAY FROM THE WATER!"Tweet from the National Hurricane Center The size of hurricanes is mainly measured by the Saffir-Simpson scale - other scales are used in Asia Pacific and Australia. Winds 119-153km/hSome minor flooding, little structural damage. Storm surge +1.2m-1.5m Winds 154-177km/hRoofs and trees could be damaged. Storm surge +1.8m-2.4m Winds 178-208km/hHouses suffer damage, severe flooding Storm surge +2.7m-3.7m Hurricane Sandy (2012) caused $71bn damage in the Caribbean and New York Winds 209-251km/hSome roofs destroyed and major structural damage to houses. Storm surge +4m-5.5m Hurricane Ike (2008) hit Caribbean islands and Louisiana and was blamed for at least 195 deaths Winds 252km/h+Serious damage to buildings, severe flooding further inland. Storm surge +5.5m Hurricane Irma (2017) caused devastation in Caribbean islands, leaving thousands homeless "For everyone thinking they can ride this storm out, I have news for you: that will be one of the biggest mistakes you can make in your life." Mayor of New Orleans Ray Nagin ahead of Hurricane Gustav, 2008 Click arrow to proceed Loading ... Swipe to progress
Joe Biden's plan to tackle climate change has been described as the most ambitious of any mainstream US presidential candidate yet. Our environment correspondent Matt McGrath considers what he wants to do, and how he might get it done.	You are an expert at summarizing long articles. Proceed to summarize the following text: By Matt McGrathEnvironment correspondent Much will be made about Joe Biden's pledge to re-join the Paris climate agreement, the international pact designed to avoid dangerous warming of the Earth. President Trump pulled out of the deal after the Obama administration had signed up in 2016, and during the drawn-out election count, Mr Biden confirmed that reversing the decision would be one of his first acts as president. But key to his credibility on the international stage will be his domestic policies on cutting carbon emissions. More radical Democrats such as congresswoman Alexandria Ocasio Cortez have put forward a proposal called the Green New Deal, which would eliminate carbon emissions from most sources over a decade. The Biden climate plan is more moderate. However, if enacted, it would still be the most progressive climate strategy the US has ever attempted. Net zero by 2050 Mr Biden is proposing to make US electricity production carbon-free by 2035 and to have the country achieve net zero emissions by the middle of the century. Reaching net zero requires that any carbon emissions are balanced by absorbing an equivalent amount from the atmosphere by, for example, planting trees. Once in office, Joe Biden wants to spend $2 trillion over four years to drive down emissions by upgrading four million buildings to make them more energy efficient. He wants to spend heavily on public transport, to invest in electric vehicle manufacturing and charging points and give consumers financial incentives to trade up to cleaner cars. All of these options have one additional component apart from cutting carbon: they put people back to work. Andrew Light, a former senior climate official in the Obama administration, says Mr Biden is focused on what lowers emissions and increases jobs at the same time. "There will be a big push on electric vehicles, a big push on efficient buildings, both residential and offices, a big push on creating a new kind of civilian conservation corps and doing a lot of nature-based solutions on climate change. "You've got a really good menu to choose from in all of these different sectors." Mr Biden has also said he will not allow fracking on federal land. Fracking is a drilling process in which chemicals are injected into rocks to liberate natural gas and oil, and is controversial because of its environmental impact. However, since about 90% of it occurs on state or private land, the vast majority of fracking will be unaffected. Global temperature target 'within striking distance' The Paris deal sought to keep global temperatures "well below" 2.0C (3.6F), but in 2018 UN scientists clarified how much of a difference it would make to limit the rise to 1.5C. The 1.5C target could prevent small island states from sinking beneath the waves, it could ensure that millions of people avoid the disasters of extreme weather, it could limit the chances of an ice-free Arctic in the Summer. Scientists say that Mr Biden's goal of reaching net zero emissions by mid-century could have significant implications for the 1.5C target. "With Biden's election, China, the USA , EU, Japan, South Korea - two thirds of the world economy and over 50% of global greenhouse gas emissions - would have [commitments toward reaching] net zero greenhouse gas emissions by mid-century," says Bill Hare, who's part of the Climate Action Tracker, which monitors the world's carbon cutting plans. "This could be an historic tipping point." For the first time ever, this puts the Paris Agreement's 1.5C limit within striking distance, he says. More compromise There will be a Democrat in the White House, but the Republican party currently controls the US Senate and has so far shown a marked reluctance to spend money on stimulating the economy, despite the pandemic. That position might change if - as some have forecast - a January run-off election in Georgia gives Democrats control of the Senate. But if not, there are still grounds for President-elect Biden to believe the upper house may be open to some of his climate plans. While President Trump has taken a strident anti-climate approach, there has been a softening of rhetoric from some Republicans in the last couple of years. There are already precedents of co-operation to point to. In September, Democrats and Republicans co-operated on a bill to cut the use of hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), a family of gases commonly used as refrigerants. They include some of the most powerful greenhouse gases known to science. The same month, the Senate also passed a bill called the Bipartisan Wildlife Conservation Act, intended to improve species conservation and protect vital ecosystems. Joe Biden also knows better than many how navigate the upper house; he was elected to the senate six times before serving as vice-president under Barack Obama. If the president-elect can structure his plans so that they create jobs and new infrastructure, while also tackling carbon emissions, he may be able to find a way forward that works for both sides of the aisle. "I think you could get a lot of common ground just around good policies that also have climate implications," says Katie Tubb, a senior policy analyst from the conservative think tank, the Heritage Foundation. A Supreme Court problem? If he fails to agree legislation with the Senate, President-elect Biden will have to issue executive orders, similar to the way that Presidents Obama and Trump overcame such obstacles. President Trump used them to roll back dozens of environmental regulations on the production of oil and gas, and on mileage standards for cars and trucks. It's expected that many of those Trump rollbacks will themselves be rolled back at the start of the Biden administration. But the weakness of the executive approach is that it is open to legal challenges. President Obama had to use executive orders to try and implement a key climate policy, the Clean Power Plan, but they were blocked by the Supreme Court. If President-elect Biden goes down this route, the Supreme Court could present a potential stumbling block. The court would ultimately rule on any litigation over his climate proposals, and with the court's strong conservative majority, that could be a significant problem for Joe Biden. Glasgow becoming the new Paris President Trump's decision to withdraw from the Paris accords took effect on 4 November - the day after the election. A month after the Biden administration informs the United Nations of its decision to re-join, the US will once again be part of the global effort to curb climate change - much to the delight of climate diplomats. "It would definitely be a positive move, not only because they are a big player, but I think because it really emphasises the fact that the US believes in the science of climate change," says Carlos Fuller, the lead negotiator for the Alliance of Small Island States (Aosis) in annual UN climate meetings. These annual COP - conference of the parties - meetings are the mechanism by which countries agree to lower their carbon emissions. And US leadership is absolutely critical for this process. With China, Japan and South Korea having set long-term goals to cut carbon, expectations are rising that the UN's COP26 climate summit, which convenes in Glasgow in November 2021, may turn out to be a success. The UK government, which will run the Glasgow talks, will want every country to update their national carbon cutting plans with tougher targets than they submitted in in 2015. They will also want as many nations as possible to commit to net zero emissions by 2050. The return of the US to the climate fold, under President-elect Biden, will bring both goals within reach. Follow Matt on Twitter.
An estimated one in four pregnancies ends in miscarriage - although there are no official statistics and the true figure could be lower or even higher. Many couples will never reveal they have had a miscarriage, but here, three women and one man describe the shock, guilt and distress they felt after losing their babies.	You are an expert at summarizing long articles. Proceed to summarize the following text: By Caroline LowbridgeBBC News When Emily Daft described being left heartbroken by a miscarriage and her treatment by the hospital it prompted many other women to share their own experiences. Mrs Daft started bleeding but was told she could not be seen by the hospital that day, and the miscarriage was only confirmed by a scan at a private IVF clinic. She later passed her baby "in agony" at home. Many couples suffer "silent grief" after losing their babies, according to Ruth Bender Atik, national director of the Miscarriage Association. "It's the loss of a baby however early in the pregnancy it was, and they sometimes carry that around with them, either because they are embarrassed or because they feel like they must have done something to cause it," she says. Partly because of this silence, Ms Bender Atik believes many couples do not realise how likely miscarriage is. "When you start learning about biology and pregnancy - you may learn for example about how not to get pregnant - there's not often much talked about what happens when pregnancies go wrong," she says. "Few people know how common it is and most people are really shocked if it happens to them, really, really shocked." However, people cope with miscarriage differently. "For some people miscarriage is absolutely devastating, and for some people at the other extreme miscarriage is just a blip in their pregnancy history and they move on," says Ms Bender Atik. "But it also has to be said there are some people for whom miscarriage might be a relief if this is a pregnancy they really didn't want and they were thinking of terminating." Here, one woman describes the devastation of her first miscarriage, another explains how a miscarriage contributed to the breakdown of her marriage, and a couple explain how talking openly has helped them both. 'I thought it might come back alive' "Some people say it's not really a baby if it's not fully grown but it is. It is still a child. It still had a heartbeat. It was still inside me growing." Jackie Fretwell was 18 years old when she had her first of seven miscarriages in 1999. When she became pregnant Jackie did not consider the possibility of losing her baby. Nobody talked about miscarriage back then, she says. Even when she started bleeding from her vagina Jackie did not think she might be having a miscarriage. Even when she had a scan, and was told her baby had no heartbeat, Jackie refused the offer of surgery to remove it. "Even though I was 10 weeks pregnant its heart had stopped at nine," she says. "They offered to remove the baby. I think I actually thought it might come back alive and I said 'No, not yet'." Jackie left the hospital and went home with her baby still inside her. It would have been her first child and she was utterly devastated to lose it. "I had already chosen my pushchair and my Moses basket. I had gone overboard because I had never thought about miscarriage ever," she says. "Your world falls apart right there and then. Things go through your head, like you are worthless, you can't do anything, you can't even carry children." Jackie says she received no support from the health system because she was "just classed as miscarrying a foetus", but she found that talking to family and friends helped her get through it. "It took a lot because I was a mess. I would cry and cry," she says. "You think that there might be something wrong with you as a person." Jackie became pregnant again and had a daughter, now 17, and despite having a further six miscarriages she has given birth to a further four healthy children. She now makes a conscious effort to talk more openly about miscarriage, and she no longer blames herself. "I think you get stronger and you just want to be there for people because then some of my friends went through miscarriages," she says. "I knew what they were feeling so I could relate to them and speak to them about it. And it helps, it helps to talk." Miscarriage: The loss of about one in four pregnancies Source: Miscarriage Association 'I just felt like it was my fault' Laura Bellamy says she still does not know how her ex-husband feels about the loss of their baby. They separated two years later, in March 2015, and she feels the miscarriage contributed to this. "We didn't talk about it at all," she says. "It felt like I had done something wrong - I ate something, I lifted something heavy I shouldn't have. I just felt like it was my fault, that I lost our baby. "I know he cried because he came home and did have a cry and then as he said he 'manned up and got on with stuff'." The couple already had a son together, now aged 11, but had been trying for another child for at least two years. "It just felt like I couldn't carry another child for him," Laura says. "It got to the point where I couldn't stand him in the room. I couldn't stand him touching me or anything. "It was like a delayed reaction to what happened." 10 miscarriages in 10 years: One couple's heartbreak Are men forgotten in miscarriage? Losing a pregnancy in Iraq changed how I see miscarriage Research has suggested that the standard of care for mothers experiencing the end of a pregnancy varies widely, and academics have called for a "standardised approach". Laura feels her miscarriage was more distressing because of how she was treated by the hospital. "I was stuck in A&E for eight hours while I was heavily bleeding and all they gave me was two paracetamols for the pain," she says. She was six to seven weeks pregnant at that point. The hospital did a test which indicated she was still pregnant, so she was sent home to rest. "Two days after I went home I went to the toilet and that's when I miscarried because it landed in the toilet and like the silly girl that I was I scooped it up and put it in a box," she says. "My friend took me back to the hospital and they said it was a blood clot, but I knew in my mind that was my baby." She returned to the hospital again the following day for a scan, but the woman who called her name was heavily pregnant. "I didn't think that was right at all," she says. "I stood there and said I wanted somebody else to scan me, and they got somebody else to scan me, and that's when they told me I had miscarried." Before her miscarriage, Laura did not know how common they are. "I would have been able to talk to people if I'd known what other people had gone through," she says. "I felt very sad, I had a couple of weeks off work. I had a son to look after so I just put it in the back of my mind and got on with things and cried privately. "I didn't go to any support groups or anything, I just carried on." 'This is a possibility, not a pregnancy' Phill Johnson should have been celebrating his birthday when his wife Alice was lying in a hospital bed, having lost their baby and almost bled to death. He found the experience in December so "horrific" he does not want Alice to tell him if she becomes pregnant again. "Personally it kind of tore me apart inside but you can't show your missus that because you've got to be strong for her." "I don't want to know until she's at least four months," says Phill. "I don't want to get excited about having a new baby and then something like that happens. I can't deal with that again." Alice's experience was particularly difficult because she had to make her own way to hospital by tram, after being told she could not get an ambulance. "The tram was covered in blood," says Alice. "I had got members of the public trying to keep their eyes down trying to avert their attention. "It was incredibly embarrassing. The pain was nothing in comparison. It felt like my dignity had been torn away from me. "It was the blood and where it was coming from. It's just undignified. Childbirth isn't the most dignified thing in the world, but I wasn't having a child, I was losing one." Alice had lost five pints of blood by the time she got to hospital, due to a tear in her womb, but despite the huge physical trauma she has coped surprisingly well emotionally. She attributes this to already having known about the risk of miscarriage. "My sister has been through miscarriage a few times," she says. "So as soon as I had that little bit of bleeding I knew there was something going wrong. Then when it completely burst I knew that was it. There was no chance that a child was surviving that." She believes miscarriage would be "less devastating" for younger women in particular if they were aware of how common it is. "They would be less anxious about their pregnancy knowing that you've got to think of it as 'this is a possibility, not a pregnancy'," she says. Phill has talked to "maybe one friend" about the miscarriage. "Men should be able to talk about these sort of things but society has kind of groomed you not to," he says. "I've seen young men where the loss of a child has made them lose the plot. It sends them mad upstairs, they become disconnected from friends, from family, from their girlfriend, wife. "Men shut down and it's not a good thing for a man to shut down because it's very difficult for a man to open up again. "A loss of a child is obviously a horrible thing to feel, but men don't talk about this sort of thing and it drives you crazy in your head, simply because you have to be tough, you can't show emotion." He also believes it's crucial for couples to support each other through it. "Families break up because of this and it shouldn't be like that at all," he says. "She becomes depressed because the closest person to her would have been her husband and he probably doesn't talk. He probably shut down, switched off, didn't want to talk about it because it's too painful. But you can't do that. "You have to talk about these things, no matter how much it hurts. Cry on each other's shoulders. Hug each other until you fall asleep. Both of you have got to remain and stick with each other and keep that close bond with one another, otherwise you will drift apart."
Police have praised revellers at the Tartan Heart Festival at Belladrum after making only six arrests.	You are an expert at summarizing long articles. Proceed to summarize the following text: Officers said despite more than 20,000 people making the trip to Beauly for the two day event, the crime rate was very low. The six arrests were in relation to assaults, disorder and the supply of drugs. One person is expected to appear at Inverness Sheriff Court on Monday.
Donald Trump campaigned for president as the ultimate outsider, promising to unseat a corrupt and atrophied Washington establishment. Now, after two months in office, has he become the establishment? Are Trump and his team the insiders now?	You are an expert at summarizing long articles. Proceed to summarize the following text: Anthony ZurcherNorth America reporter@awzurcheron Twitter One thing the recent collapse of healthcare reform efforts in the House of Representatives has revealed is just how quickly attitudes and alliances can shift in Washington, DC. Last year Mr Trump and members of the House Freedom Caucus, a collection of 30 or so libertarian-leaning fiscal conservatives in Congress, were singing from the same anti-government hymnal. Now, however, Mr Trump is the government - and he teamed up with congressional leadership to back a healthcare bill that conservative hard-liners believe didn't go far enough in undoing the 2009 Democratic-designed system. The effort's failure set off back-and-forth sniping between Mr Trump and the Freedom Caucus that morphed into a classic insider-outsider faceoff, with Mr Trump cast as the new voice of the powers that be. Freedom Caucus - Do these 29 white men run America? Congressman Justin Amash said the White House has become part of the hated status quo - the "Trumpstablishment", he called it in a Saturday tweet. That line drew the ire of Mr Trump's director of social media, Dan Scavino Jr, who tweeted that Mr Amash was a "big liability" and encouraged Michigan voters to unseat him in next year's Republican primary. (The tweet has since been criticised as a possible violation of a federal law preventing executive branch officials from attempting to influence election campaigns.) If Mr Trump's conservative critics are trying to make the case that the president has become the establishment he campaigned against, their arguments have been buttressed by the financial disclosure documents released by the White House on Friday evening, which revealed exactly how well-heeled and connected many of the top White House staff are. According to the Washington Post, 27 members of Mr Trump's team have combined assets exceeding $2.3bn (£1.84bn). Presidential daughter Ivanka Trump and her husband, Jared Kushner - both unpaid presidential advisers - are worth roughly $740m. Senior White House strategist Steve Bannon earned as much as $2.3 million in 2017. Gary Cohn, a former Goldman Sachs executive who is one of Mr Trump's top economics advisers, has a net worth approaching $611m. The New York Times points out that many in the inner circle of the putatively anti-establishment Mr Trump drew significant sums from the network of big-money political donors, think tanks and associated political action committees that populate the Washington insider firmament. "The figures reveal the extent to which private political work has bolstered the financial fortunes of Trump aides, who have made millions of dollars from Republican and other conservative causes in recent years," the paper reported. Already there are signs that conservative true-believers - some of whom were never fully sold on Mr Trump to begin with - are questioning Mr Trump's anti-establishment bona fides. "That's the dirty little secret," writes conservative columnist Ben Shapiro. "Trump isn't anti-establishment; he's pro-establishment so long as he's the establishment." Even conservative radio host Laura Ingraham, an early Trump supporter, is having some doubts. "I think it is really, really unhelpful to Donald Trump's ultimate agenda to slam the very people who are going to be propping up his border wall, all the things he wants to do on immigration, on trade," she said on Fox News."I don't know where he thinks he's going to get his friends on those issues." Perhaps of greatest concern to Mr Trump is that the failure to enact promised healthcare reform, along with his recent feud with members of his own party, have been accompanied by a softening of his core support in recent polls. In a Rasmussen survey, the number of Americans who "strongly approve" of the president has dropped from 44% at shortly after his inauguration to 28% today. While the Republican base is largely sticking with Mr Trump so far, they may be starting to have some doubts. For much of 2016 Donald Trump was the barbarian at the gate, threatening to rain fire on the comfortable Washington power elite. Even in his January inaugural address, he condemned an establishment that "protected itself" at the cost of average Americans. "Their victories have not been your victories; their triumphs have not been your triumphs; and while they celebrated in our nation's capital, there was little to celebrate for struggling families all across our land," he said. Now, however, Mr Trump and his team of formerly angry outsiders meet in the Oval Office. They fly on Air Force One. They host events in the White House rose garden. They issue tweets warning apostates of harsh political consequences. They walk the halls of power and call the shots. It doesn't get any more "insider" than that.
It's midnight at 3,500m (11,000ft) above sea level, the coldest time of the day, in one of the coldest places on the planet. In the middle of winter, temperatures here plunge to -30C (-22F).	You are an expert at summarizing long articles. Proceed to summarize the following text: By Shivaani KohokInnovators, BBC World Service A group of 10 volunteers are gathering; putting into place a plan to solve a water crisis in Ladakh, the northern most region of India, in the high Himalayas. They are building manmade ice structures, more than 30m tall, that they hope will melt early in the spring and give villagers and their farms the water they need. The ice structures are the brainchild of engineer Sonam Wangchuk. Born in Ladakh, he has worked for several years to find innovative solutions to everyday problems facing the local communities. "We tend to get the solutions created in New York or New Delhi, but they don't work for us here in the mountains. I believe mountain people have to find solutions for themselves," he says. Villagers in Ladakh face harsh living conditions. Road blockages in the winter months mean they are cut off from the rest of the country for most of winter. Mr Wangchuk says the effects of climate change are adding to the problem. He says there are signs that global warming is damaging the delicate climatic water balance in the Hindu Kush Himalayan range. "We can see that the glaciers are receding, to higher altitudes. There is less water in spring, but in the summer months we have experienced dangerous flooding. The water flow in the valley has become erratic," he explains. Mr Wangchuk was inspired by a fellow engineer working in the region, Chewang Norphel. Mr Norphel had created flat artificial glaciers at heights of 4,000m (13,123ft) and above. But the villagers were reluctant to climb up to those levels. Mr Wangchuk says he was crossing a bridge when the idea for his ice structures crystallised. "I saw that there was ice under the bridge, which at 3,000m (9,842ft) was the warmest and lowest altitude in the whole area," he recalls. "And this was in May. So I thought - direct sunlight makes the ice melt, but if we protect it from the sun, we can store ice right here." Ladakh And so, in 2013, he and his students from the Secmol Alternative School began to create prototypes of the ice structures near the village of Phyang. They call the structures "stupas" because they bear resemblance to Tibetan religious stupas - elegant hemispherical or conical structures with pointed tops that contain relics, such as the remains of Buddhist monks. The technology behind the ice structures is simple. Pipes are initially buried under the ground, below the frost line, before the final section of the pipe then rises vertically. Due to the difference in height, temperature, and the gravitational force, pressure builds up in the pipe. The stream water eventually flows up and out from the pipe's raised tip like a fountain. The sub-zero air freezes the water to gradually form a pyramid like structure. "We are freezing water that goes unused in winter and, because of the geometric shape it doesn't melt till late spring," says Mr Wangchuk. In late spring the artificial glacier starts to melt and water can be used for drip-irrigation of crops. The BBC's Innovators series reveals innovative solutions to major challenges across South Asia. Ever heard of the concept of "jugaad"? It's a Hindi term meaning cheap innovation. If you have created a life hack or innovation that you are proud of, or spotted one while out and about on your travels, then share your picture with us by emailing yourpics@bbc.co.uk, use the hashtags #Jugaad and #BBCInnovators and share your picture with @BBCWorldService, or upload your submission here. Learn more about BBC Innovators. As the ice structures look like the familiar religious stupas, Mr Wangchuk believes that this leads to a better sense of ownership amongst the locals. After some initial success with one ice structures in 2014 the nearby Phyang Monastery got involved. The Buddhist monks asked the team to build 20 ice stupas. A successful crowd funding campaign raised $125,200 (£96,500). This money funded a 2.3km (1.43 mile) pipeline which brought water down to Phyang. Mr Wangchuk claims this pipeline can support at least 50 ice stupas. Mr Wangchuk is also now helping to build ice stupas near the winter sports resort town of St Moritz in Switzerland. After an initial prototype is built and tested, the Swiss want to expand the project to counter the phenomenon of fast-melting glaciers in the upper reaches of the Swiss mountains. "In exchange for the ice stupa technology, the Swiss will share their expertise and experience in sustainable tourism development with the people of Phyang, to revive the dying economy of the village," says Mr Wangchuk. But he feels positive about the future. "We want to train enthusiastic youth through our university, and eventually we are hoping to create a whole generation of ice or glacier entrepreneurs.''
Bioluminescence describes the light that some living creatures such as fireflies and jellyfish emit from their cells. Harnessing these reactions has already transformed key areas of clinical diagnosis and medical research. But scientists are now looking at whether this "living light" could help enhance food crops, detect pollution or even illuminate our journeys home.	You are an expert at summarizing long articles. Proceed to summarize the following text: By Paul RinconScience editor, BBC News website On a night in January 1832, off the coast of Tenerife, a young Charles Darwin wandered up on to the deck of the HMS Beagle. As the young naturalist looked out to sea, he was struck by the unearthly glow emanating from the ocean. "The sea was luminous in specks and in the wake of the vessel, of a uniform, slightly milky colour," he wrote. "When the water was put into a bottle, it gave out sparks for some minutes after having been drawn up." Darwin was almost certainly describing the light emitted by tiny marine organisms called dinoflagellates. His accounts of this phenomenon, known as bioluminescence, were unearthed by Prof Anthony Campbell in hand-written notebooks stored at Cambridge University. While Darwin was one of the first modern scientists to document the phenomenon, it would be more than a century before it was put to practical use. Prof Campbell, from Cardiff University, carried out pioneering research throughout the 1970s and 1980s leading to the discovery that living creatures produce this light using special proteins called luciferases. The proteins take part in a chemical reaction in the cells, which is responsible for the light emission. "When I started researching bioluminescence 40 years ago at the [Cardiff University] medical school, a lot of people raised their eyebrows and said: 'What the devil is this guy doing working on animals in the sea? He was brought from Cambridge to do medical research'," Prof Campbell explains. Huge market But he was able to spot the phenomenon's potential. Having discovered the proteins involved in bioluminescence, he realised that by combining luciferases with other molecules, it was possible to harness this light emission to measure biological processes. This would pave the way for something of a revolution in medical research and clinical diagnosis. For example, by attaching a luminescent protein to an antibody - a protective molecule produced by the body's immune system - it could be used to diagnose disease. This allowed clinicians to dispense with the radioactive markers that had previously been used in such tests. "This market is now worth about £20bn. If you go into a hospital and have a blood test which measures viral proteins, cancer proteins, hormones, vitamins, bacterial proteins, drugs, it will almost certainly use this technique," Prof Campbell told BBC News. Bioluminescent proteins are also tools in drug discovery and have found widespread applications in biomedical research, where they are used to study biological processes in live cells. "If you've got a university department that doesn't use these techniques, they are not at the cutting edge," says Campbell. Contamination problem Other applications are on the horizon. At the University of Lausanne in Switzerland, Prof Jan van der Meer has developed a test for the presence of arsenic in drinking water using genetically modified bacteria. Arsenic contamination of groundwater is a pernicious problem in some parts of the world, especially in Bangladesh, India, Laos and Vietnam. Prof van der Meer's microbes have been engineered to emit light when they come into contact with arsenic-containing compounds. Potentially contaminated water is injected into vials, activating the dormant GM bacteria. The extent to which the microbes emit light is then measured to provide an indication of arsenic concentrations in the water. The work is now being commercialised by the German firm Arsolux. Prof van der Meer says the bacterial-based kits cope well with multiple samples, require fewer materials than standard chemical testing field kits, and are easy to prepare. But regulatory hurdles remain to the take-up of bacteria-based tests in these countries. And, Prof van der Meer adds: "In the end it comes down to market things… things you cannot control as a scientist." So called rainbow proteins (a spin-off from work into bioluminescence), which change colour in response to particular compounds, are also an option for detecting environmental toxins, or the potential agents of terrorism. Plant potential There are already several consumer applications of bioluminescence: one US firm has made use of it to manufacture luminous drinks for sale in nightclubs. And researchers have even modified plants so that they emit light. Bioluminescent crops could indicate when they require water and nutrients, or warn of disease and infestation. However, the controversy surrounding GM foods has so far prevented these ideas from taking hold. A few years ago, a team of undergraduates at Cambridge University researched the idea of luminescent trees that would act as natural "street lamps". "What we achieved in that project was to put together some DNA which allowed bioluminescence, to show that it worked in [the bacterium] E. coli, and to submit it to the 'parts registry' which holds this DNA so anyone else can use it in future," team member Theo Sanderson told BBC News. "We were approached about a year ago and offered funding to continue developing the project, but we have all gone on to other things and so it wasn't really an option." Previous efforts to create light-emitting plants in the lab have made use of a luciferase gene derived from fireflies. But these plants can only glow when supplemented with an expensive chemical called luciferin. The method used by the Cambridge team is attractive because it is based on bacterial systems which produce their own fuels for luminescence and so can be fed normal nutrients. In 2010, a separate team published a study in which they were able to demonstrate that such methods could be used to create plants that glowed without the need for chemical supplements. The US-Israeli team of scientists inserted light-emitting genes from bacteria into the plants' chloroplasts - the structures in their cells which convert light energy from the Sun into chemical fuel. Mr Sanderson, who now works at the Sanger Institute near Cambridge, said this was a good choice because chloroplasts are essentially bacteria that have become incorporated into plant cells, so they can easily express the microbe-derived gene without the need for other modifications. But researchers will need to find ways to boost the light emission from such lab organisms if GM trees are ever to light our way through the urban jungle. Prof Campbell says the potential of luminescent proteins in drug discovery and medical research has not yet been fully exhausted and he is currently collaborating on a project to use luciferases to research Alzheimer's disease. Bioluminescent creatures might also provide a convenient means of studying environmental changes in the sea. Some animals obtain the light-emitting chemicals they need from the organisms they eat. So studying the interactions between these species might allow scientists to detect changes in marine food webs. Despite the impact on clinical diagnosis and research, Prof Campbell points out that he has only ever received one grant to research bioluminescence. Nevertheless, he says it is a "beautiful example of how curiosity - quite unexpectedly - has led to major discoveries in biology and medicine. And it has created several billion dollar markets". Paul.Rincon-INTERNET@bbc.co.uk
A teenager who was arrested on suspicion of attempted murder after a man was stabbed outside a pub has been released on bail.	You are an expert at summarizing long articles. Proceed to summarize the following text: The injured 21-year-old remains in a critical condition in hospital following the stabbing on Forge Road, Darlaston, Walsall, on Wednesday night. A 19-year-old handed himself into West Midlands Police on Friday, the force said. A man arrested on suspicion of affray has also been released. The victim was injured in the leg during a fight, according to police. Follow BBC West Midlands on Facebook, on Twitter, and sign up for local news updates direct to your phone.
A wealthy undergraduate from the University of Exeter has been accused of stealing from shops during the riots in London.	You are an expert at summarizing long articles. Proceed to summarize the following text: Laura Johnson, 19, has appeared before magistrates in Bexley on five counts of burglary. Miss Johnson, who is reading English and Italian, is reported to be the daughter of a millionaire businessman from Orpington, south-east London. She was released on bail, to return to court on 21 September. A statement released by the University of Exeter said: "We can confirm that Laura Johnson is an undergraduate student at the University of Exeter. "The university will await the outcome of the court case before deciding on whether to take any action."
Families of children with special educational needs and disabilities (SEND) are challenging a council's decision to send their children to mainstream schools, because of a shortage of places at special schools. Three parents whose children are due to start school in September explain why they feel a regular school would not be right for them.	You are an expert at summarizing long articles. Proceed to summarize the following text: 'Crisis for hundreds of children' Vanessa Vasey from Bradwell near Great Yarmouth is seeking to reverse a decision by Norfolk County Council to place her son in mainstream education. Her son, four-year-old Jesse, has Down's syndrome. He has difficulty with his vision and hearing, which also causes problems with his speech. Ms Vasey said he needed the environment of a special school, where classes are smaller and staff regularly deal with complex needs. "He's an amazing little boy, I'm absolutely blessed to be his mummy. He loves nothing more than to put a microphone in his hand and have a singalong to the telly," she said. "He's not toilet trained, he's unable to regulate his emotions so he can get quite bad tempered - he throws things, he hits things." Jesse can speak and sign a few words but is unable to express exactly what he means, his mother said. He was also born with just one nasal passage which has to be kept clear and requires suctioning every few hours. "Most of his levels are between eight months and 26 months," said Ms Vasey. "I've been told by the special educational needs coordinator at the school that Jesse would be better placed in a complex needs school. "I've been told by the local authority that he meets the criteria to go to that school, but he cannot go to that school because there isn't enough space. "This is a crisis for my child and for hundreds of other children and their families and I don't know what the answers are but somebody needs to find them, and fast," said Ms Vasey. Petition for more places In nearby Filby, Carly Bowler, mother of four-year-old Jamie, has launched a petition to get some 400 places for children with special educational needs and disabilities (SEND). Her son is severely autistic and is still in nappies. "He's very happy, loving, very sensory-orientated. He loves to be cuddled and kissed, tickled, but is very, very nervous," she said. "He will smash his head against a hard surface if he's trying to get someone to understand what it is he needs or wants and they're not grasping it quick enough. "With his autism he is hyper-sensitive to noises, and very nervous around other children. "He doesn't say Mum. He doesn't say yes or no. So at the moment Jamie is eight to 20 months in all of his developmental areas." She said the council had not kept up with demand for SEND school places and should have planned for demand. "The spaces that they are creating are not enough to cover those children [already in education] let alone those children that are due to start this September," said Ms Bowler. "I read horror stories of children not wanting to live, that are so frightened, are being bullied, are being singled out are made to feel they are difficult [at mainstream schools]," she said. 'New schools don't help us' Hayley Dudzinski, who lives in Mulbarton, is the mother of four-year-old Zephyr who is non-verbal and has a range of limiting conditions. He has difficulty walking and uses a mobility pushchair when outside. "It's a bit of a guessing game as to what Zephyr needs," said Ms Dudzinski. "We are starting to introduce signs but at the moment Zephyr isn't responding too well to that." Zephyr currently attends a special needs nursery and a local nursery where he receives one-to-one support. Ms Dudzinski is also going through the tribunal process to appeal the local authority decision to send Zephyr to a mainstream school in September. "The school offered is not suitable for his needs. Zephyr doesn't just need an adapted curriculum," she said. "He needs things like sensory rooms, he needs access to hydrotherapy pools for his physio needs, specialist help with his speech and language." An educational psychologist report has confirmed Zephyr requires specialist provision, said Ms Dudzinski. "I blame the council. They're building schools but they've let it get to a point in Norfolk where it doesn't help parents like me," she said. She is hoping that by going to tribunal the council will be forced to create a place for Zephyr at a special school. "The other outcome is that they would offer Zephyr what they class as a bespoke package, which would be potentially where the local authority pays for him to attend nursery until a [special school] space becomes available," she added. '£120m spent on new special schools' Michael Bateman is in charge of Norfolk County Council's SEND provision and agreed more places are needed. "The difficulty is current vacancies, which is why we're building so many new special schools and other specialist provision," said he said. "So we don't disagree with the families and hope that at some point in the future we can make that specialist provision for them." The authority has spent £120m building new special schools, but the earliest any children could attend would be Christmas. "If we had those special school places right now, those boys would be going there. If we could expand overnight of course we would do that," said Mr Bateman. "We have had a lot of experience of this over the years, but families, after that first half-term [at a mainstream school] are reassured. But of course, when going to special school, it's even better," he added. Three new schools for children with SEND are being built in Norfolk - in Great Yarmouth, Fakenham and Easton - to provide up to 450 places over the next two years, and places at some existing schools will also be extended. Find BBC News: East of England on Facebook, Instagram and Twitter. If you have a story suggestion email eastofenglandnews@bbc.co.uk
A group has flagged down an RAF rescue helicopter on a training mission after getting in trouble about 2,500ft (760m) up a Snowdonia ridge.	You are an expert at summarizing long articles. Proceed to summarize the following text: The two men and a woman were on Crib Goch early on Saturday afternoon when they got into difficulty. They waved to the helicopter which is based at RAF Valley on Anglesey and were winched aboard before being flown to safety. Ice and snow remain on the peak's higher slopes. It follows a series of rescues in Snowdonia in poor weather at the end of March and over the Easter weekend.
Former SAS soldier Bob Paxman - who served in Iraq as well as other hostile environments - is one of a growing number of former servicemen who say they have suffered with the mental health condition Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD).	You are an expert at summarizing long articles. Proceed to summarize the following text: After a number of years in the military, Paxman retrained as a private security contractor, on protection contracts in Africa and Iraq. He says as a result of being constantly in a dangerous environment and witnessing colleagues being killed and maimed he was diagnosed with PTSD. The stress disorder is thought to affect up to 20% of military personnel who have served in conflict zones, according to research published by the National Center for PTSD in the US. What is not known is the impact among those who work in the armed private security sector, many of whom are drawn from the military. Yet the condition, says Paxman, led to him having flashbacks and becoming violent and paranoid. "I was a danger to the public, a danger to myself," Paxman says. "A danger to whoever was perceived as being the enemy." Paxman says he would wake up several times a night with severe nightmares about incidents he was involved in through his military history and working in hostile environments. "After a period of time, those nightmares crept into my daily life as well," Paxman says. "I'd be trying to relax and a movie screen would come down and I'd start reliving the feelings and the images of things that had happened; traumatic incidents in the past." As his mental health deteriorated, Paxman turned to drugs and alcohol. But through his own efforts, he says, his health gradually improved. Appalled by what he saw as a lack of specialist help, he set up the charity, Talking2Minds, to help others suffering from PTSD. Now, every year about 200 people come through his door looking for help, and the numbers are increasing. But Paxman says he is now seeing more clients with mental health problems who work within the burgeoning private security sector. Loose cannons He points to the incident involving Danny Fitzsimons - who shot dead Scottish security contractor Paul McGuigan and another colleague in Iraq in 2009 while suffering from PTSD - as evidence that the condition is a very real risk factor for those working as private security contractors. And, in his experience, he says, there are many private security contractors still working in the field who are failing to get the help they need. "There's some people running around that really should not be working in a hostile environment. "There's loads of loose cannons running around. "Now I know that companies have started to close down on some of them. And a lot of people have been sent home. However, it's quite easy to go and jump into another company because there's a need." Paxman predicts that the numbers coming through his doors, both from the military and the private security industry, will rise. "Certainly we're going to see more numbers of people coming through with PTSD and severe stress-related conditions. "We're going to see that because on average it takes around 14 years to come up with a diagnosis of PTSD, post service. And we've only been in Afghanistan for 10 years. "I do believe it is timebomb waiting to go off." In the past few weeks, one of the world's largest private security companies approached Paxman about running a pre-deployment pilot project. It aims to identify and treat employees with severe stress related conditions such as PTSD. "Once we've got these people, they'll be encouraged to come through our programme, and we'll be able to give them a clean bill of health," Paxman says. BBC Scotland Investigates: Britain's Private War, BBC Two Scotland on Monday 1 October at 21:00 and soon after on the BBC iplayer.
Matt Groening, the creator of The Simpsons and Futurama, is to curate a British music festival next year.	You are an expert at summarizing long articles. Proceed to summarize the following text: The Portland cartoonist will choose all of the artists playing the All Tomorrow's Parties festival held at Butlins Holiday Centre, Minehead between 7-9 May. Bands for the event are yet to be confirmed but tickets for the weekender go on sale on Friday 16 October. As previously reported, reunited Californian cult rockers Pavement will also curate a version of the festival the following weekend, 14-16 May. Groening has previously curated the US version of the holiday camp festival in California back in 2003.
Cutting VAT on the tourism industry is a "non-runner" while there is such a large budget deficit, according to the new Wales Office minister Lord Bourne.	You are an expert at summarizing long articles. Proceed to summarize the following text: By Brian MeechanBBC Wales business correspondent The Cut Tourism VAT campaign calculates almost 6,000 jobs would be created in Wales if the tax was reduced to levels similar to other parts of the EU. Dropping the rate from 20% to 5% would boost the Welsh economy by almost £170m a year, it added. But Lord Bourne said tourist attractions need to be better promoted. The former Welsh Conservative leader has recently been appointed as a minister in the Wales Office. He told the Wales at Work programme that the focus should not be on tax cuts for businesses operating in the tourism sector. "What is important is that people are aware of the fantastic things that exist in Cardiff and throughout Wales," he said. "We have free entry to national museums for example... many countries don't have that free entry."
Non-essential shops in Leicester have closed suddenly as the government imposed the first local lockdown in the UK. Pubs and restaurants hoping to reopen at the weekend also have to delay plans for at least two weeks, while schools will be shut for most pupils.	You are an expert at summarizing long articles. Proceed to summarize the following text: By Liam Barnes & David PittamBBC News, East Midlands Health Secretary Matt Hancock said the city had "10% of all positive cases in the country over the past week", while the city mayor Sir Peter Soulsby urged people to "stick together" as Leicester tackles a rise in confirmed coronavirus cases. Shoppers in the city centre had been enjoying a brief return to a sense of normality before the announcement and many were anticipating a visit to a pub or restaurant this weekend. The news that social plans have to be delayed was greeted with dismay but also a sense of inevitability. "Out of all the cities why here?" asked Achayla Carr-Brown, who said she had been left flabbergasted. "I was so excited to go shopping and sit down for food, go out for a drink, but I can't," she said. "It's upsetting, but in a sense it is better to be safe than sorry, prevention is better than the cure." Sophie Gill, a 22-year-old student nurse, said she had been keeping safe anyway so would not be too impacted by the new measures, but was frustrated at how little some people in Leicester had been following rules. "I didn't see any change in behaviour after they announced there had been a spike," she said. "People did not take it seriously, they got so close in shops. "[They] might not get ill themselves but they can pass it on to people they don't know." Nader Abouhun owns the Falafel Land takeaway in Leicester city centre. Despite the lockdown being a blow to businesses like his, which relies on passing trade, the 39-year-old supported the move. "I've been expecting it," he said. "I could see people were not respecting social distancing. "I'm always safe, but this news makes me nervous to come in to the city." Wayne Loydall works in a DIY store in the city centre, and said he had frequently seen people not following social distancing guidelines and "pushing by" others. "I can only speak for Leicester, but the amount of infections comes as no surprise," the 57-year-old said. "You are asked to marshal the store and when you ask some people to go down the one-way system, you get shouted at." However, Dharmesh Lakhani, who runs a restaurant in the Golden Mile area of Leicester, said he was "very disappointed" by extended lockdown measures, and questioned figures quoted by Mr Hancock. "[Leicester having 10% of new cases] seems like an astronomical number," he said. "Are we not doing testing in other cities? It just makes you wonder." With Leicester now set to follow different guidance from the rest of England, Mr Lakhani said extra effort was needed to reinforce the rules. "Are people being briefed in enough languages?," he asked. "We all know we have a fantastic, diverse city, but are the messages getting across?" Follow BBC East Midlands on Facebook, Twitter, or Instagram. Send your story ideas to eastmidsnews@bbc.co.uk.
Nigeria celebrates 50 years of independence on Friday 1 October.	You are an expert at summarizing long articles. Proceed to summarize the following text: BBC News website readers in Nigeria and those who have moved to other countries share their plans to mark the anniversary. Afam Onyema, Los Angeles, US As a young Nigerian American, I regard this anniversary as an opportunity to challenge people's negative perceptions about Nigeria. Most Americans know very little about Nigeria, and that which they do know is extraordinarily negative. Nigeria is viewed as a nation of corruption, violence in its oil-producing region, and as the source of endless email scams. These anniversary celebrations present an opportunity to get people's attention and tell them about what Nigeria and Nigerians have to offer in the field of the arts, literature and culture and also science and athletics. Nigerians have flourished in the US, and increasingly young Nigerians armed with degrees from schools like Harvard, Princeton and Yale are returning home to help transform our parents' homeland. People love anniversaries and occasions like this - they invite us to look to the future. I think this anniversary will act as a springboard for future projects and encourage us to work towards developing the country's infrastructure. Gillian Nduoma, Lagos, Nigeria I was born after independence, so these celebrations really mean nothing to me. I'll be staying at home on Friday with my children, we'll probably just buy some DVDs and watch TV. Of course I appreciate my nation's independence. However it has become meaningless because we have not made use of our natural and human resources to create a nation where "no man is oppressed." I don't trust the government's motives for spending this money on the celebrations. The average Nigerian would rather the money went towards fixing the bad roads, water supply and so forth. I don't want to sound too negative about Nigeria, some things have changed for the better - like telecommunications. But apart from that, I really feel that the infrastructure of this country is poor. Nigerians aren't difficult people, we just want the basics so we don't have to lead such a stressful life. Hadiza Abdulrahman, Lincolnshire, UK On Friday my family and I will be glued to the Nigerian TV channel, watching the news and celebrations taking place in the country. Although we have cause for celebration, I feel that printing banners and having parties is a waste of money. The common man on the road won't be celebrating, he'll be thinking about basic necessities, like lighting and food. I live in Grantham where there is a small Nigerian community. Most of us feel very helpless about what has gone wrong in our country, but we are determined to help in any way we can. Increasingly I hear of people - friends and family - who are going back to Nigeria to improve things. I myself am trying to set up a school with my sister, who is over there at the moment. Nigerians do believe that things will get better and my generation is determined to make sure it does. Aderinsola Omotola Adebanjo, Lagos, Nigeria I am a journalist, so I will be monitoring the celebrations here in Lagos. There are many activities and ceremonies planned, including banquets and exhibitions. I refuse to be pessimistic about the future of Nigeria. I've been to some developing and developed countries of the world and they all have their issues. I do believe that corruption has affected the country over the years, but I think collectively we can overcome it. We all have to take responsibility - not just the leaders. Those querying the celebrations need to remember how we have survived a civil war and long years of military rule. Not being at war is enough for us to be grateful for - we should be celebrating. However, I do have some reservations about the huge amount of money that has been put into the celebration. It doesn't have to be so expensive to be interesting. Olumide Abimbola, Berlin, Germany I'm from Nigeria but have been living in Germany for four years. I'm not planning to celebrate on Friday, but the website I co-edit, called Nigerians talk, is publishing a series of articles leading up to the anniversary. Fifty years sounds like a landmark, which is something to celebrate. And the fact that we are still a unified country is an achievement. It's difficult to get in the spirit of the celebrations if you're not in Nigeria, but intellectually I think it's a good thing. As to the money spent on the celebrations, it probably would have landed in some politician's account anyway. At least this way it's been spent on public activities. Celebrations are a part of nation-building, that's how people get a sense of togetherness. People tend to focus on the negative in Nigeria, but we've been through a lot, and worse could have happened. I think we are doing well, and I would certainly move back to Nigeria if I could get the right kind of job. Ozo-Eson Omosigho, Abuja, Nigeria I am Nigerian and I live in the capital. I'm not planning to participate in the celebrations but would rather spend a quiet night in. The money that is being spent on the celebrations should really be channelled into addressing some of the challenges and difficulties faced by Nigerians. In some ways I think it's understandable to celebrate. The anniversary is significant because it's a reminder of the change that Nigeria has gone through. But this anniversary should also remind us that we have to get back on track. The people are not feeling overjoyed. Really we should focus on getting rid of the widespread suffering and abject poverty in Nigeria.
Freelance journalist Hamza Mohamed recounts the day he was able to put a human face to the Somali Islamist insurgent group al-Shabab, in this article published in the latest issue of the BBC's Focus on Africa magazine.	You are an expert at summarizing long articles. Proceed to summarize the following text: There is shelling not far from the hotel where I am staying. At the break of dawn I will be making my way out of Mogadishu and into al-Shabab-controlled Elasha Biyaha, to meet the group's media coordinator. There I will request access to report from areas under al-Shabab's control. Earlier in the day I made a call to see if the coordinator could meet me the next day. Surprisingly, he agreed to a 09:00 meeting. Al-Shabab are notorious for denying access to foreign media - let alone granting a meeting at such short notice. It is just after 06:00 when Nur, my driver, turns up at the hotel, but there is no sight of Awiil, my fixer. Nur tells me that Awiil, who has a young family, did not want to risk being caught in Somalia's ever-changing front lines. After about 15 minutes of driving at break-neck speed and negotiating two chaotic government checkpoints manned by nervous-looking skinny soldiers, we reach Elasha Biyaha. This is a "pop-up" town that came into being when Mogadishu's residents left the anarchy of the city for the relative calm of its outskirts. Checkpoints and tinted windows In the distance we see a black flag hanging from a dried tree branch. Unlike the previous two checkpoints, there is no heavy presence of soldiers manning this one. It quickly becomes clear that this is one of the frontiers of the conflict: On one side the transitional government and African Union troops and on the other al-Shabab fighters. From the shade of an acacia tree two seemingly teenage boys - the younger-looking one with a shiny AK47 rifle hanging from his left shoulder - wave our 4x4 to the side of the road. What seems to be the elder of the two has a headscarf wrapped around his face. He stands back, letting the younger one approach our car. The tint on our car windows has attracted their attention. In Somalia, most 4x4s are tinted to keep the occupants' profile as low as possible. He is not impressed. Nur acknowledges our "fault" and explains that we have our camera kit on the backseat and leaving expensive gear in a car with non-tinted window in Mogadishu is calling for it to be stolen. In a soft and polite voice, the teenager explains to us that tinting is not allowed and walks towards a house 500 metres away, telling us he is going to seek advice from what we think are his superiors. Nur and I turn to each other asking what other rules we might be breaking. I notice Nur still has his shirt firmly tucked. He quickly untucks it. Out of anxiety, I ask whether the al-Shabab youth might also take exception to my Nike trainers and we both break into nervous laughter. All this time the elder of the two boys is standing not far from our car - listening but not responding to our small talk. After waiting for about five minutes, while replays of press reports of al-Shabab's notoriously harsh justice system run through my head, he comes back and tells us we are free to continue our journey but must wind down the tinted windows. Beehive of commerce We are at the frontline, but there is no sight of men in trenches. There is also no sight of pick-up trucks mounted with anti-aircraft guns. It is hard to imagine how this very lightly armed checkpoint was stopping the heavily armed government and African Union troops. Perhaps there were more fighters with superior weapons waiting in the nearby bushes. After a short drive we reach the centre of Elasha Biyaha, a beehive of commerce and trade. Unlike the battle-scarred buildings of Mogadishu all the buildings here are new, with their tin roofs glowing in the mid-morning sun. On both sides of the only tarmac road in the town, stores sell goods from matchsticks to sacks of rice. Also noticeably different from Mogadishu is the absence of men with guns in the streets of the town - even though this is a "front line". People stop and stare at us, only for them to smile and resume their activities when I greet them in Somali. We head to the hotel where our meeting is scheduled to take place. We get there in time but there is no sign of our contact. A quick call and we find out to our surprise he is in fact in Mogadishu, a city controlled by government and AU soldiers, attending a funeral for two religious elders who died in the shelling the night before. Facebook profile After two hours' wait a tall, slim figure with a goatee and a broad smile comes walking towards us. With arms outstretched, he says my name and gives me a hug as if I am an old friend. I ask how he picked me out of the crowd in the hotel. He says: "You look like the picture on your Facebook profile." My heart goes into overdrive. How much more could he possibly know about me? What about my Twitter account? Does he read my tweets? After a few seconds of nervous silence, he gives a broad smile and soft pat on my shoulder saying: "Don't worry you look better in real life." Over freshly made mango smoothies, he apologises for not being on time. Probably in his late 20s, he looks nothing like you may imagine a typical Islamist insurgent to be. There are no robes or heavy beards. He is wearing a crisply ironed shirt and trousers with the Islamic scarf loosely resting upon his head, protecting it from the intense morning sun. As the main man of al-Shabab's media campaign you would think he would be escorted by heavily-armed and masked bodyguards - but there are no signs of security or even a pistol for protection. 'No stealing' As we are having drinks he notices I do not wear a wedding ring. The conversation changes to what kind of women I prefer, and why I have not married. He offers to assist me in finding a potential wife and he adds that if I cannot afford the dowry he will happily contribute. I had expected to be asked whether I pray five times a day, not about my taste in women. We talk until the midday call for prayers goes out, and I suggest we go to the mosque. Somalia brings out the fear of God in everyone. Nur and I are used to carrying our kit with us wherever we go, but he suggests we leave it in the car. Remembering that we were told to keep the tinted windows down, I say we are happy carrying the kit with us. He insists, assuring us if anything happened he would personally pay for our kit. After prayers we go to a restaurant for a lunch of boiled camel meat, rice and stew. Between chewing the tough camel meat and the soft basmati rice he gives me the news I have been hoping for - the freedom to report from al-Shabab-controlled areas. We return to our car after lunch; our kit is still there, albeit dusty from the strong wind and in full display to all the locals. "This is an al-Shabab area, nobody touches what's not theirs," the man tells me. As we begin our drive back to Mogadishu he reassures us of our safety. Feeling a bit more confident, I retort with a smile that while this may be true, we cannot be safe from drone strikes.
Three Highland cattle are being used to conserve a wetland habitat in County Durham.	You are an expert at summarizing long articles. Proceed to summarize the following text: Hope, Betty and Kate will graze on Wanister Bog, near Chester-le-Street, which is part of the Waldridge Fell Site of Special Scientific Interest. It has been drying out and is in danger of losing some of its plants. The weight of the cattle and their grazing breaks up grass, allowing the area to become wetter. The cows will graze on the bog over the winter.
Jamie Stiehm is a US political columnist who was in the Capitol building in Washington DC when it was stormed by pro-Trump rioters. Here's what she saw from the press gallery in the House of Representatives.	You are an expert at summarizing long articles. Proceed to summarize the following text: I had told my sister earlier: "Something bad is going to happen today. I don't know what, but something bad will happen." Outside the Capitol, I encountered a group of very boisterous supporters of President Donald Trump, all waving flags and pledging their allegiance to him. There was a sense that trouble was brewing. I went inside to the House of Representatives and up into the press gallery, where we were assigned seats, looking down at the rather sombre gathering. Speaker Nancy Pelosi was holding the gavel, and keeping people to their five-minute statements. As we went into the second hour, all of a sudden we heard breaking glass. The air began getting fogged. An announcement from the Capitol Police said, "An individual has breached the building". So everyone looked around and then it was business as usual. But after that, the announcements kept coming. And they were getting more and more urgent. They announced that the intruders had breached the rotunda, which is under the famed marble dome. The sacred house of democracy was under fire. Many of us are hardened journalists - I've seen my share of violence covering homicides in Baltimore - but this was very unpredictable. The police didn't seem to know what was happening. They weren't coordinated. They locked the chamber doors but at the same time, they told us we would have to evacuate. So there was a sense of panic. I was afraid. I'll tell you that. And I've spoken to other journalists who said they were a little ashamed of themselves for feeling afraid. There was a sense of "nobody's in charge here, the Capitol Police have lost control of the building, anything can happen". If you think back to the September 11 attacks in 2001, there was one plane that went down and didn't hit its target. That target was the Capitol. There were echoes of that. I made a call to my family, just to let them know that I was here and it was a dangerous situation. There was a shot. We could see there was a standoff in our chamber. Five men were holding guns at the door. It was a frightening sight. Men were looking through a broken glass window and looked like they could shoot at any second. Thankfully there was no gunfire inside the chamber. But for a while there, it felt like it would be a real possibility. Because things were going downhill very fast. We had to crawl under railings to get out of the way. I was not dressed to do that. A lot of women were dressed up, wearing heels, because they had come for a formal ritual. I sheltered in the House cafeteria alongside others. I'm still shaking now. I have seen a lot as a journalist, but this was something more. This was the collective public sphere being undermined, assaulted, degraded. And I think this was why the Speaker wanted to return and hold the gavel again and go on. Afterwards I had to decide whether I was going to go back to the chamber too. I decided l probably would, because the message that is sending is: "You can incite a mob, but we're going to go on". I think that is a very important political message.
According to the United Nations, 2.5 billion people do not have access to proper sanitation, including toilets. To mark World Toilet Day on 19 November, photographers from Panos Pictures have been working with Water & Sanitation for the Urban Poor (WSUP) to produce an exhibition that documents women and girls with their toilets, showing the effect this has on their lives.	You are an expert at summarizing long articles. Proceed to summarize the following text: Australia Renee is an artist. She left her former home in the densely populated suburbs of Sydney to live a quieter life in bush surrounds, a one-hour drive north of the city. She has built a shed on 10 acres of land and has an outside toilet. Renee has no concerns about privacy as she is not overlooked by neighbours. Bangladesh Sukurbanu, 65, has lived in Rupnagar slum, in Dhaka, since her childhood. She uses a hanging toilet - a platform built over water - from which she recently fell. She says she often suffers from illnesses that she believes are caused by using these toilets. She lives with three daughters, who face long queues to use the toilets before they go to work in the mornings. Brazil Isabela, 33, lives alone in a penthouse in Rio de Janeiro. She has an MBA in environmental law and works as a fine artist. "My toilet means comfort to me. But I know what is behind it: water supply, sewerage, pollution of lakes and oceans. "The fact is that I do like to have a good shower, and for a Brazilian girl like me, it means at least 10 minutes of clean water being wasted. It's a privilege. I have a clean water supply, hot water and a comfortable toilet seat." Ecuador Fabiola, 69, lives in Cumbaya, a valley near Quito. Between the ages of seven and 21, she shared a toilet with 20 other people who lived in her condominium. Now she lives in an apartment, which has five bathrooms. Her bathroom is the biggest one and she is very proud of it. Ethiopia Meseret, a restaurant manager in Addis Ababa, shares a one-bedroom government house with her two children, two sisters and mother. She was widowed nine years ago when her husband was shot during the aftermath of the 2005 elections. Her shared toilet is a long way away, so for safety the family use the side yard next to their house. Ghana Ima, 47, is a toilet attendant in Kumasi. She lives in a rented room with her husband and four children aged 14-22. She is a very dedicated worker and relies on the income from her job to fund her children's education. She does not have a toilet at home. During the day, she uses the public toilet where she works, but at night she uses a plastic bag as it is not safe to go outside. Haiti Martine is 27 years old. She lives near a river in Cayimithe. "I don't have an enclosed toilet. My toilet is a hole in the ground by my house, which is now full and has become really dangerous. I only use it at night when I can have some privacy. In the daytime, I use a community toilet which is about 15 minutes away from my house." India Sangita, 35, moved to Delhi City 10 years ago. Before that she lived in a village where she used to go to the toilet in the fields, and says she felt ashamed of it. This made her adamant that she would have her own toilet in Delhi. Japan Eiko, 61, lives in Tokyo. "Since this department store is close to my home, I often come here for shopping. When I was a child, the public toilets were not clean and smelled bad, but every time I use the bathroom here, I feel so relaxed. I could spend many hours here." In this department store, the toilet is called a switch room to describe a special place where people can switch their mood and feel relaxed. The toilets have features like surround-sound music and heated seats. In the powder room next to the toilets, Eiko can charge her mobile phone, watch TV and have a foot massage. Kenya Eunice is the co-founder of Kasarani Academy in Naivasha. Previously, the school had only two toilets for 250 pupils. Tenants living nearby used the toilets as well and left them in a poor condition. Because of this, Eunice found that the children preferred to go in the open. Eunice and her husband Paul have now invested in child-friendly toilets. These tiny toilets have prevented adults using them as they cannot fit through the doors. "Parents will enrol their children here because of our child-friendly toilets," she said. Mozambique Flora, 19, is a high school student. She lives in Chamanculo C in Maputo with her mother, sister and niece. She shares a toilet with several other families living nearby. "I hate using the toilet. Sometimes men peek over the fence. There is no privacy." Romania Pana, 49, lives in Buzescu. Like almost half of the Romanian population, she lives in the countryside where there is no running water or sewerage supplied by the municipality. Pana does have a toilet inside her house, but it is used only by her nephews when they visit. She uses the outside toilet, even in the winter. South Africa Nombini has two porta-potties, which are used by the 12 people who live in her home. When she first moved to Khayelitsha in 2005, she did not have a toilet so she had to go in the bush, across a main road. "It was terrible in the bush - the cars hit you. When we were given a porta-potty in 2009, it was much better than going in the bush. Flush toilets are first class compared to the porta-potty though. My dream is to have a flush toilet." United States Mary is a writer who lives in New York City. "Living with two housemates, it is important to schedule our bathroom time and take turns cleaning it. I used to live in Beijing, where I had to use a public bathroom as my apartment didn't have a private toilet. While it was safe and relatively clean, I used to hate putting my coat on just to go to the bathroom in the middle of night during winter. That experience made me really appreciate the privacy and comfort of having a clean toilet at home." Zambia Susan, 46, is the founder of a community school for children with physical and mental disabilities. "It makes me proud and happy to teach disabled children so that in the future they can have a better life and not just stay at home. I was attacked by polio at the age of two. It's not easy being disabled in Lusaka. Using the toilet is a challenge, especially in the rainy season, as I have to crawl to the toilets on my hands." My Toilet: Global Stories from Women and Girls can be seen at the Royal Opera Arcade Gallery, London, from 17 to 22 November 2014.
A 17-year-old boy has suffered "potentially life-changing" injuries in a two-car crash.	You are an expert at summarizing long articles. Proceed to summarize the following text: The teenager, from Merthyr Tydfil, was taken to University Hospital of Wales in Cardiff after a crash involving his Renault Clio and a Toyota Landcruiser. It happened on the A465 between Hirwaun and the former Baverstock's Hotel in Rhondda Cynon Taf. A man, 57, who was driving the Toyota, was taken to Prince Charles Hospital in Merthyr as a precaution.
At least four people died and dozens more were injured when a train derailed near Morocco's capital Rabat, reports say.	You are an expert at summarizing long articles. Proceed to summarize the following text: Reuters news agency quotes an official who says up to eight people may have died, with 80 more injured. The incident occurred in Bouknadel, on the Atlantic coast between the capital and the city of Kenitra. Social media images after the crash show a train carriage flipped on its side, with debris strewn on the tracks. Earlier reports in the Moroccan press suggested that two trains had collided.
The new president of the National Library of Wales has been named as Rhodri Glyn Thomas.	You are an expert at summarizing long articles. Proceed to summarize the following text: Mr Thomas is stepping down from his seat as Plaid Cymru AM for Carmarthen East and Dinefwr before May's assembly election. He described his appointment as a "huge privilege". Mr Thomas will start work at the Aberystwyth library on 6 April and will be in post for four years.
An injured seal pup, thought to have been bitten by a dog, has been rescued from a beach on Anglesey.	You are an expert at summarizing long articles. Proceed to summarize the following text: The three-week-old was found close to a public footpath at the back of the beach at Rhosneigr and has since been transferred to a rehabilitation centre. RSPCA has urged people to keep their dogs away from seal pups. Inspector Mike Pugh said: "Dog walkers should also be vigilant if they walk their dogs near seal hotspots."
The Queen and Prince Philip are visiting towns and cities all over the United Kingdom to mark the Diamond Jubilee. Other members of the Royal Family will be representing The Queen overseas, visiting Commonwealth countries, Crown Dependencies and British Overseas Territories throughout the year.	You are an expert at summarizing long articles. Proceed to summarize the following text: 8 March, Leicester 23 March, Manchester 29 March, North London 26/27 April, Wales 1/2 May, South West England 15 May, South London 16/17 May, North West England 13/14 June, East Midlands 25 June, South East England 26/27 June, Northern Ireland 2/6 July, Scotland (Holyrood Week) 11/12 July, West Midlands 18/19 July, North East England 25 July, South East England 2/6 July, Scotland (Holyrood Week) 18/19 July, North East England 16/17 May, North West England 23 March, Manchester 8 March, Leicester 11/12 July, West Midlands 13/14 June, East Midlands 26/27 April, Wales 25 June, South East England 15 May, South London 29 March, North London 1/2 May, South West England 25 July, South East England 26/27 June, Northern Ireland 26/27 June, Northern Ireland Belize, 3 March: Prince Harry names road after Queen Jamaica, 6 March: Prince Harry 'races' Ussain Bolt The Bahamas, 5 March: Prince Harry's boat breaks down South Africa, 15-18 April: Princess Royal's visit Mozambique, 19-21 April: Princess Royal marks Olympics Canada, 21-25 May: Prince Charles and Camilla The Isle of Man, 26 April: Prince Charles and Camilla The Duke and Duchess of Cambridge arrive in Singapore The Duke and Duchess of Cambridge visit the Solomon Islands India, 30 April-6 May: Prince Andrew's seven-day tour Gibraltar, 11-13 June: The Earl and Countess of Wessex Australia, 5 November: Prince Charles and Camilla Dates for individual royal overseas trips will be published nearer the time. Explore our Diamond Jubilee interactives
For those standing at the back of the crammed Casablanca Jazz Club in Brighton trying to catch a glimpse of one of the most hotly tipped teens in UK music, they are rewarded by the occasional glimpse of a bouncing head of hair above the sea of similarly nodding heads.	You are an expert at summarizing long articles. Proceed to summarize the following text: By Kev GeogheganArts and entertainment reporter At just 16, Bedfordshire singer-songwriter Alfie Templeman, our latest Newbie Tuesday artist, has already notched up a few bucket list items of which an artist 10 years his senior would be proud. Play an iconic London venue? Check. Play a session at the BBC's Maida Vale studios? Check. "It's incredible, man," says the visibly buzzing and heavily perspiring young man after his show at the The Great Escape festival of new music on England's south coast. "The atmosphere feels like it's insane. Basically, everyone has shown so much support, it was such a great gig." A great gig it might have been for Alfie and the 200 or so people squeezed into a low-ceilinged, red-walled music venue. But Alfie's tender age has brought its own issues. "Most people my age aren't even allowed in," says Templeman - whose first London show was at the Brixton Academy - so I'm lucky to be here and it's a great experience for everyone in my band who are all really young. "I actually had some trouble getting in here in the first place. "They let us sound check, and then the bouncer came over and said, 'Sorry, we're not actually allowed to let you in here. We're like, 'Wait, what?' So we had to go through a bit of trouble to get in. "Got here eventually." Along with requiring a responsible adult to accompany him to his own shows, it's also meant Templeman has had to fit in time to rehearse between schoolwork. "I just finished, so it's a bit easier now, just got exams left," he explains. "There's been less focus at school because I'm so excited about the music and now I'm doing it full time but the teachers are happy about it as well. "My parents are cool with it, they were a bit worried at first that I was doing it at such an early age but they grew to really support it." Templeman has already picked up some high profile fans including Radio 1 indie show presenter Jack Saunders. With more than a passing resemblance to a young Jeff Buckley, his video for Like An Animal - recorded when Templeman was just 15 - sees the young singer wander around a deserted town dressed in a bear suit. While the promo for Yellow Flowers, shot in his own living room at home, sees him display his musicianship, picking up and playing instruments artfully scattered around the room. There are nods to the likes of Tame Impala and indie hipster Mac Demarco as well as 60s revival bands like The La's and The Stone Roses. "And Oasis," he agrees. "A lot of Oasis and a bit of The Smiths." Raised in the small town of Carlton, Templeman, whose father is an avid guitar collector, learned to play the drums at age seven. "My dad showed me the guitar but I always wanted to play drums. But he always didn't want that amount of noise, so he bought me a guitar instead. Eventually, he got to the point where he was like, 'Right, he makes enough noise and whacks stuff all the time. So he got me a drum kit." The young Templeman matched his enthusiasm for music with an equal enthusiasm for poetry, though he admits his early lyrical efforts don't slip well into a modern indie pop live set. "I think when I was about seven I wrote something about the war, World War One, about like, war sirens or something. I can't really remember but it rings a bell in my head." Signed to Chess Club Records, home to artists like Mumford and Sons and MØ, Templeman says he still insists on writing alone. "Just because I like being honest about myself," he says assuredly, "and not letting anyone else kind of put in their two cents. To give a slice of myself because at the end of the day, it is about Alfie Templeman." With future plans for an EP, or his preferred "mini-album" of around seven or eight songs, Templeman says his next single is called Don't Go Wasting Time. "It's just about not wasting time on things that were meant to be, basically. Just to ignore the things that didn't work out, silly mistakes and just move on. Spoken like a 16-year-old music prodigy with a recording contract and a bright future. And the hair. Mustn't forget the hair. Follow us on Facebook, on Twitter @BBCNewsEnts, or on Instagram at bbcnewsents. If you have a story suggestion email entertainment.news@bbc.co.uk.
A pastoral theologian who combines a lifelong affection for traditional liturgy with a desire to commend the Christian faith to the unchurched, Stephen Cottrell has been appointed the 98th Archbishop of York, the second most senior cleric in the Church of England.	You are an expert at summarizing long articles. Proceed to summarize the following text: By Martin BashirReligion editor Currently the Bishop of Chelmsford, he succeeds John Sentamu, the highest ranking BAME cleric, who retires as Archbishop of York next summer. Educated at a non-selective secondary school in Essex, Stephen Cottrell went on to to secure a BA at the Polytechnic of Central London before undergoing ordination training at St Stephen's House in Oxford. He was ordained priest in 1985 before beginning his ministry at Christchurch, Forest Hill in south east London, and then moved onto the dioceses of Chichester and Wakefield. His emphasis upon evangelism and outreach to the unchurched brought him to the attention of senior clergy and he was nominated area Bishop of Reading in 2004 after Jeffrey John controversially withdrew his nomination to the post. John was pressured to stand aside by then Archbishop of Canterbury Rowan Williams, who feared that elevating an openly gay priest to the position of bishop was likely to split the Anglican Communion. Stephen Cottrell had supported Jeffrey John's original appointment. After serving as Bishop of Reading for six years, he became Bishop of Chelmsford in 2010 and will take up his new post in June 2020. 'Nurture your inner slob' He has written widely on evangelism, discipleship and spirituality, including a series of meditations on Holy Week entitled The Things He Carried (2008) and a book of reflections on the paintings of Stanley Spencer, called Christ In The Wilderness (2012). His approach to prayer and contemplation was emphasized in his book Do Nothing To Change Your Life (2007) in which he challenged the notion that meaning and value can only be found in activity and productivity. Instead, he offered a blunt alternative. "Switch off the TV," he wrote, "put this book down; shut your eyes; breathe deeply; do nothing but listen to the things you can't hear. Nurture your inner slob. You might even find you begin to pray - by enjoying the intimacy of God's presence and the fragile beauty of each passing moment." One area in which he has been outspoken is the issue of nuclear weapons. During the General Synod last year, Bishop Stephen said there were "no circumstances" in which the use of modern-day Trident missiles could be justified given the destruction they would cause. "The argument," he said, "that they have worked as a deterrent is no argument at all. Our holding them only makes them seem more attractive to other nation states." In April this year, he was signatory to a letter signed by 25 priests and bishops who opposed a service at Westminster Abbey, designed to mark 50 years of constant patrols by the UK's nuclear deterrent. Bishop Stephen said: "While I do not doubt Westminster Abbey's good intentions to make this a celebration of those men and women who serve in the Royal Navy… it is impossible not to view this service as appearing also to celebrate the weapons themselves." Despite protests, the service went ahead as planned. Bishop Stephen says he's humbled and honoured to have been appointed Archbishop of York. But friends say that, when he takes up his post at York Minster, he is likely to regret the increased distance from his other favourite place of worship. He is a lifelong supporter of north London's Tottenham Hotspur Football Club.
Covid vaccinations have been administered at pace in Bradford, as in the rest of the UK. But data for December and January indicates a high level of refusal among those aged 80 or over in the Pakistani community. Dr John Wright of Bradford Royal Infirmary asks why, and considers the implications.	You are an expert at summarizing long articles. Proceed to summarize the following text: By the end of January 67,000 people had received at least one Covid vaccination in Bradford including 82.5% of those aged 80 and above. It's an important achievement and a big step towards protecting the most vulnerable. However, dig a little deeper and there are some concerning numbers in the data. While within the White British and Mixed-race British ethnic groups 87% of people in this age bracket have been vaccinated, only 46% of the 1,800 people aged 80 and over in the Pakistani community have been vaccinated - and 23% have refused the vaccine. These figures are provided by GPs who have been calling people at home, and inviting them to come and get vaccinated. Among the 30% of those aged 80 or over in the Pakistani community who have neither been vaccinated nor refused the vaccine, it's likely that some - perhaps many - are undecided. I hope that we will yet persuade them to have the jab, because anyone who doesn't remains at risk as long as the virus is circulating, which is likely to be for some months yet. It's too early to say whether the same pattern will be repeated for those in their 70s. Vaccine hesitancy is nothing new. On the website of the Science Museum you can see a framed reproduction of some data about smallpox cases, published in the Times in July 1923. "Convincing Facts!" it reads. "Those who disbelieve in vaccination should ponder the following figures issued by the health committee of Gloucester." Below there is a small table. "Total admissions to hospital for smallpox - 350," reads the first line. And, under that, the key piece of information: "Unvaccinated - 319". It is sad that the people refusing the vaccine today will be some of the patients with severe Covid in hospital tomorrow. The over-80s - the highest-risk group in society - will be in particular danger if they live in homes with younger people, who go back to work or resume social contacts when lockdown is lifted. We were already aware, thanks to a survey by researchers at Born in Bradford and the Bradford Institute for Health Research, that South Asian and Eastern European communities were more likely to be unsure about the vaccine, or opposed to it, than others. Socio-economic status also plays a role, the researchers discovered, with these hesitant or sceptical attitudes more common in less well-off households. Overall they found that 30% of people were ready for the vaccine and 10% would refuse it, with the majority undecided. Interviews to explore these attitudes further showed that much of the hesitancy was nuanced and understandable. In many cases people realised that the vaccine was the only way out of this pandemic, but still had concerns. Front-line diary Prof John Wright, a doctor and epidemiologist, is head of the Bradford Institute for Health Research, and a veteran of cholera, HIV and Ebola epidemics in sub-Saharan Africa. He is writing this diary for BBC News and recording from the hospital wards for BBC Radio. Some worried about safety, aware that this vaccine had been developed at speed - in 10 months rather than 10 years, which would be a more typical timeframe. Maurice Hilleman, the famous microbiologist responsible for developing over 40 vaccines - including vaccines for Asian and Hong Kong flu - famously said that he only breathed a sigh of relief when three million doses of a vaccine had been given. Our respondents echoed his anxiety. But now that nearly 12 million doses have been given in the UK alone, the evidence is overwhelming: the vaccine is safe. We need to find a way of getting this information across. Another group of people told the researchers that as they were young and healthy, and so unlikely to get serious illness from the virus, they didn't feel they needed the vaccine any more than they needed the annual flu vaccine. But while it's true that in most cases young people do not suffer badly with Covid, this ignores the risk of transmission to older relatives. The researchers also found a loss of trust in the government due to mixed-messages and contradictory rules - and worryingly this mistrust appears to have crept over to the NHS. Traditional media outlets were also thought to be acting as government messengers, with the result that people turned to other less reputable sources of information. The spread of misinformation was more prevalent in the South Asian and Eastern European communities, perhaps because they have strong internal links. To combat this misinfo-demic, we are working with people from within BAME communities. Faith leaders have endorsed the Covid vaccine by having the injection themselves. On Thursday a pop-up vaccination centre will open in a mosque in Keighley. Hopefully it will be the first of many. We have also set up a fantastic network of bright, young ambassadors from within the BAME community, to fight misinformation with truth. Very often those who are vaccine-hesitant have a limited grasp of the science; our ambassadors can help fill in the gaps in their knowledge, and provide reassurance. Jordan Lee, a 20-year-old studying clinical sciences at the university of Bradford, is one of them. He notes that his own family are more inclined to trust rumours they find on social media than information from their GP's surgery. If anyone can persuade them to change their mind, it will be Jordan. Sarah Hamaway, a student of pharmacy, has found that even colleagues in the chemist's where she has a part-time job have said they don't intend to have the vaccination. They've heard the rumours about the vaccine containing microchips, for example, and they are scared. She is trying to reassure them, and to correct these misconceptions. With convinced anti-vaxxers the chances of success may be slim, but the ambassadors could have some influence with that large group of waverers. Tom Ratcliffe, a GP in Keighley, north-west of Bradford, points out that there's a risk that Covid will remain endemic in pockets of the population where there is a low uptake of vaccination. Nearly a fifth of the population of the area covered by the Bradford District and Craven Clinical Commissioning Group (which provided the data above about vaccine refusal) falls into the Pakistani/British Pakistani category, and it's a group, Ratcliffe notes, that has been more vulnerable to the virus than some others. "This is a population at high risk and yet also at high risk of not being vaccinated," as he puts it. One plan is to hold single-sex vaccine clinics, which may encourage women in the Pakistani community to get vaccinated. He is also putting some faith in the pop-up vaccination clinic that will be held in the Keighley mosque. "In multi-generational households we find that everyone needs to reach consensus. In our Pakistani communities we have to try and persuade key people in those family networks. We need to gain the trust in families and we hope that the clinics in the mosque will help with that," he says. It could be that if the children of elderly first-generation immigrants can be convinced the vaccine is safe, then some of those in their 70s and 80s who have not so far responded to their GP's invitation will finally come forward. One of the least-expected pockets of vaccine hesitancy Ratcliffe has discovered is within a group of about 50 street drinkers. "They are largely living on the streets so they are very vulnerable," he says. "We run a clinic for them but again we have issues - they're refusing the vaccine and have bought into the crazy myths. Even though some of them inject all sorts of things, they won't have the vaccine." Regular readers of this diary may remember Abdul Majid, a science graduate whose father, Abdul Saboor, has been in intensive care since October. He says a great variety of conspiracy theories are swirling around, generating much discussion in Bradford's Pakistani community. Some are saying they will have the vaccination, others that they won't. "At this present time I'm scared to take the vaccine," he says. "So, you know, I'm just waiting to see what reaction people get." We must hope that as more people have the vaccination and show no ill effects, vaccine hesitancy will decline. And we must also continue with initiatives to reassure the undecided. Follow @docjohnwright and radio producer @SueM1tchell on Twitter
Much of the news in the UK this week has been driven by allegations by a former Czechoslovak spy that the opposition Labour leader Jeremy Corbyn was a paid informer for the country's communist era secret police, the StB. Mr Corbyn emphatically denies the claims. Indeed all the evidence suggests he was never anything more than a person of interest to the StB. But as Rob Cameron reports from Prague, while the Cold War is over, a few sheaves of yellowing paper still have the power to throw lives into turmoil.	You are an expert at summarizing long articles. Proceed to summarize the following text: By Rob CameronBBC News, Prague As I sat at my computer, poring over secret police files, I felt a sudden tug of nostalgia. The files were digital copies of reports written by StB officer Jan Sarkocy, sent to Britain in 1986 under diplomatic cover. When he met first Jeremy Corbyn, in November of that year, his business card read "Jan Dymic, Third Secretary to the Czechoslovak Embassy in London". They were fascinating documents, cryptic and - for me - strangely evocative. Especially the references to North London landmarks I knew well, such as Seven Sisters Road, where the Labour MP for Islington had an office. But my task was not to dredge up my own memories of Labour politics while the party was in opposition in the 1980s. Rather it was to examine the six documents in dossier number 12801/subsection 326, codename "COB", for traces of anything incriminating. And believe me, I couldn't find them. Nothing in Agent Dymic's descriptions of three meetings with the Labour MP - two in the House of Commons, one on Seven Sisters Road - suggest the StB ever regarded him as anything other than a potential source. A young leftist with good contacts in the peace movement. An internationalist with a Chilean wife who kept dogs and goldfish. The only document he appears to have passed on to Agent Dymic was a photocopy of an article in the Sunday People about a bungled MI5 raid on the East German Embassy. And each meticulous report ended with a little note of expenses incurred; parking, two pounds; underground ticket, one pound. Signed: Jan Dymic. For clarity I spent a morning with the woman who is now the custodian of millions of documents still marked "TOP SECRET": the Director of the Czech Security Services Archive. For research purposes these dossiers - once jealously guarded by the Communist-era secret police and intelligence services - are now freely available to anyone; all you have to do is ask for them. The director had also given me Dymic's own personnel file. But his Slovak was littered with arcane abbreviations and jargon, and I was having trouble understanding them. "COB" was Jeremy Corbyn's codename, that much was obvious. Nothing sinister in that, she told me; the StB used them for everyone, including people they were interested in cultivating. OK, but what were "GREENHOUSE I" and "GREENHOUSE II" - mentioned repeatedly in the files? The Czechoslovaks seemed obsessed with trying to penetrate these targets, and many of Dymic's approaches to British politicians - Jeremy Corbyn among them - were initiated with the aim of gaining access to them. "GREENHOUSE…" the director frowned, peering at the screen. "I'm sorry...." she admitted, after a few minutes. "I've really got no idea." Two days later, speeding down the motorway to Slovakia, I made a mental note to ask Agent Dymic - now just Jan Sarkocy - what this "GREENHOUSE" was. I had mixed feelings about this meeting, secured after many emails and texts. At home, the StB were the praetorian guard of Czechoslovak communism, responsible for hounding dissidents, torturing priests, and spying on a cowed population. Today, the epithet "estebak" - an StB officer - is still a term of abuse. They also had several high-profile successes abroad; recruiting two Labour MPs from the UK in the 1950s and 60s. Their rivals in military intelligence even recruited a Conservative one. After a huddle outside his house with Slovak reporters - where he made his explosive claims - Sarkocy had gone to ground, and was no longer talking. But finally, he relented, and so I now found myself outside his home in the village of Limbach, about half an hour north of Bratislava. A thick layer of snow lay on the ground as we waited for him to answer the door. Lines from John Le Carre novels filled my head. "It is cold in Limbach at this time of the year," I said in an exaggerated East European accent, to ease the tension. My Czech colleague - there to film the interview - laughed. In the end Jan Sarkocy was garrulous and friendly, still regarding his brief tenure in London with great affection. Most of what he told me, about an array of people and institutions, was so libellous - not to mention confusing - that I cannot even begin to repeat it here. But oddly not even he could remember what GREENHOUSE I and GREENHOUSE II were. The answer finally came from a BBC colleague. "I've made some calls," he wrote. "The main effort of the StB abroad, as directed by their Russian masters, was to penetrate the UK's intelligence agencies. So GREENHOUSE I was probably Century House, the former headquarters of the SIS, more commonly known as MI6." Ah. And GREENHOUSE II was, I suppose, the headquarters of MI5. The GREENHOUSE mystery solved, and the Corbyn frenzy dying down in London, I boarded a train back to Prague. As the 12:10 from Bratislava sped through the frozen fields, my head still spinning, I did what any journalist does at the end of a story: my expenses. Parking; two euros. Tram ticket: one. I suddenly had an image of Jan Sarkocy doing his in London 30 years ago. A different job. A different era. But some things, I suppose, never change.
BBC News has obtained a full copy of the post-Brexit trade deal agreed by the UK and the EU, setting out the shape of their relationship for years to come. Parliament will vote on the plan next week, but so far Downing Street has published only a short summary, rather than the full document. Our economics editor, Faisal Islam, has been looking at the details.	You are an expert at summarizing long articles. Proceed to summarize the following text: Faisal IslamEconomics editor@faisalislamon Twitter Late into Christmas Eve, UK government and European lawyers were hard at work completing the process of updating the text of the post-Brexit trade deal into formal language, a process known as legally scrubbing. Because whatever the general relief over the broad outline of this deal, there are nearly 1,300 pages of legal text that will determine every aspect of the hundreds of billions in trade between the UK and EU. Some of the thorniest negotiation points have made it into the final text. Innocuous and arcane sounding articles and annexes could have a huge impact on industry and government policy. For example, the restrictions compensation for unfair subsidies to companies "do not apply" in situations such as natural disasters, exempting the EU's huge current pandemic support package for aviation, aerospace, climate change and electric cars. A late compromise On electric cars, an annexe reveals a late compromise. The EU had sought to offer tariff-free access only to those British cars that are made mostly with European parts. That will now be phased in over six years, but is less generous than the UK ask. This should be just about enough for Japanese owners of massive UK plants Nissan and Toyota's current production, but raises questions about future rounds of investment. There is a clear commitment not to lower standards on the environment, workers' rights and climate change from those that exist now and mechanisms to enforce it. But there is also a mutual right to "rebalance" the agreement if there are "significant divergences" in future that is capable of "impacting trade". These go way beyond standard free-trade agreements such as those between the EU and Canada or Japan, reflecting the UK's history in the single market. The text reads like these mechanisms are designed to be used, and created to ensure that both sides remain close to each other's regulatory orbit. Follow Faisal on Twitter.
Just what is the right age to start talking about masturbation?	You are an expert at summarizing long articles. Proceed to summarize the following text: By Sam GruetBBC Newsbeat It very much depends who you ask and this week, it's caused something of a row - involving the hugely popular YouTuber Zoella. An exam board decided to stop linking to her content for a GCSE media studies course - citing "a whole range of adult-focused content" published on her website. Some of that content includes a list of the year's best sex toys. AQA says conversation about this on social media has led to "misunderstandings" about the context of its decision, made about the younger end of GCSE media studies students, to remove "sexual content aimed at adults". Zoella, whose real name is Zoe Sugg, says her site is aimed at people over 25 - but is worried the AQA thinks 16-year-olds aren't exploring their own bodies. The exam board says: "Effective Relationships and Sex Education in schools is vitally important and we completely support it. "All we're saying is that we don't think studying adult-focused lifestyle websites in GCSE Media Studies is the best way to do it." It's still got a lot of people talking about when is the right time to talk honestly about sex. "I left school knowing men needed to wear condoms and got erections. I knew absolutely nothing about myself." You've probably heard of Emily Clarkson's TV presenter dad Jeremy. She has 141K Instagram followers herself - and normally uses her platform to talk about stuff like body positivity. But this weekend she says she had "a really honest conversation" with her followers about masturbation. "I just thought back to my own sex education. It never included female pleasure in the narrative at all. Not in biology, not in sex ed, never," she tells Newsbeat. "I knew I'd have a period and one day, I'd maybe have a baby, that's it." Emily says she remembers seeing porn aged 12. "All parents know that boys watch porn, and everyone rolls their eyes and sticks their fingers in their ears." The problem, she says, is if "girls aren't being taught that they're going to like sex - then what sort of sex are they consenting to as teenagers? Because they're not going in there expecting to enjoy it and I think that's quite distressing." In an Instagram post, Zoella says female pleasure is nothing to be ashamed about. "None of this is a judgement on Zoe Sugg, her work, or the suitability of her material for her target audience. As she's pointed out herself, she wasn't aware that children were studying her work for our course and we've never had any kind of relationship with her," the AQA statement says. "The decision was due to the whole range of adult-focused content that the website has started publishing since we added it for in-depth study in 2017". The statement continues that "it isn't appropriate for us to ask children as young as 14 to study a website that includes sexual content aimed at adults", and that this view "is shared by teachers and parents". 20-year-old Grace says she grew up watching Zoella and has recently started watching her videos again. "I thinks it's great she's using her platform to discuss taboo subjects," she says "but it's also difficult because she's grown up with her audience." "I'm glad she's normalising this, but I'm also like go back and show me your lush collection." Aged 14, Grace says she "knew more than what my parents thought I knew" but at school sex education was "very basic". She says the boys and girls were split up for sex ed - with the boys "taught about masturbation and the girls left to talk about periods". "I think that set the tone for males being socially acceptable to do that kind of stuff. That's where the problem stems from." Grace also worries about the effect this has had on people her age. "It leads people to go online to places like Pornhub. This generation is being raised thinking sex should be this rough, nasty thing and it's not." Amelia Jenkinson runs the School of Sexuality Education - and has recently finished teaching a group of 14 to 18-year-olds about sending unwanted sexual images. "From year seven, we might get questions from students like, 'What's a vibrator, what's a dildo?'" It's these questions that pupils "really want answered" and Amelia says "it's important we don't shut that down and create a sense of shame". Before the most recent lockdown, Amelia's lessons involved pupils making penises and vaginas out of modelling clay. "When it comes to women and girls it's still seen as shameful and taboo" when in fact, she says, it's "something very natural". "We often share with young people that lots of animals masturbate. Camels masturbate into the sand -it's nothing to be ashamed of." Follow Newsbeat on Instagram, Facebook, Twitter and YouTube. Listen to Newsbeat live at 12:45 and 17:45 weekdays - or listen back here.
Notorious Australian con artist Samantha Azzopardi has been sentenced to prison in Melbourne for child stealing. Having created a trail of false identities around the world, she has a history that runs deep.	You are an expert at summarizing long articles. Proceed to summarize the following text: By Vicky BakerBBC News Emily Peet, Lindsay Coughlin, Dakota Johnson, Georgia McAuliffe, Harper Hernandez, Harper Hart. Behind all these names - and many more - was just one woman: serial fraudster Azzopardi, 32, from Sydney. Over the past decade, she has been caught under assumed names in Ireland, Canada and various states within her home nation. She was sentenced to two years in prison on Friday, having faked qualifications to get a job as a live-in nanny and taken the two small children across the state of Victoria without permission. Melbourne Magistrate Johanna Metcalf said the motive behind the "bizarre crime" remains unclear. In the past, Azzopardi has posed as a victim of sex trafficking. She has claimed to be Swedish royalty and a Russian gymnast whose whole family died in a murder-suicide incident. Throughout her 20s and early 30s, she repeatedly pretended to be a young teenager. And with her slight figure, soft voice and a tendency to nervously chew her fingers, she often got away with it. For years she has been running into trouble with authorities. She has been deported from foreign countries, she has been jailed for short periods. Yet, the saga seemed never-ending. As the magistrate pointed out, there has been no monetary motivation for her actions and she does not appear to be actively seeking fame. During the trial, the court heard that she had been diagnosed with a severe personality disorder and a rare condition called pseudologia fantastica, which manifests itself in compulsive lying. Care issues have delayed the trial repeatedly. The fake au pair The latest court case hinged on a 2019 incident in Victoria involving a French couple, who have remained anonymous. Azzopardi told them she was an 18-year-old au pair called Sakah. During her brief period of employment, she asked to take the children out on a picnic, but instead of staying locally in Geelong, she took them to Bendigo, some 200km (120 miles) away, where she was eventually spotted by a police detective. Before she was intercepted in a department store, she had visited a nearby counselling service and presented herself as a pregnant teenager. She had dressed in school uniform and even arranged for an unknown person to call the service, pretending to be her father. Previously, Azzopardi also spent almost a year working as a nanny for Tom Jervis, a Australian professional basketball player, and his wife, Jezze, an ex-lawyer turned life coach. The couple said they found her through a web service for au pairs and trusted her at first. She moved into their house and relocated with them from Brisbane to Melbourne. But her story started to unravel when the couple received reports about her using Mrs Jervis's identity to pretend to be a casting agent. She had befriended a 12-year-old girl, telling her she could get her a job as a voiceover artist in a Pixar movie. "I treated her like my daughter," Mrs Jervis told Australian website MamaMia, saying she felt violated when she found out the truth. "We knew she'd lied to us. It just didn't make any sense." Playing mute in Dublin Irish police detective David Gallagher also had a strange encounter with Azzopardi, when she turned up in Dublin in October 2013. He did not know her name then. No-one did. In the local media, she later became known as GPO girl, because she had been found outside Dublin's General Post Office, which is often referred to by its initials. The Garda Síochána (Irish police force) found her pacing back and forth, looking distressed, but refusing to speak. Two officers took her to hospital and for weeks she did not say a word, leading authorities to fear she was a victim of human trafficking. Though she never told them her age, she indicated through hand signals that she was 14. Police investigators examined CCTV footage and carried out door-to-door enquiries. They worked with child welfare specialists and reached out to missing persons services, Interpol, a forensic science laboratory, the immigration bureau, the domestic violence and sexual assault unit. Noticing that braces on her teeth had been recently fitted, they contacted paediatric orthodontists across the country to see if they remembered her. Det Supt Gallagher said there were always questions over her age but he never expected her to be entirely ungenuine. "There was no endgame," he told the BBC. "She was put in a children's hospital, not eating, not talking. It wasn't fun." His investigations unit ended up seeking special permission from the high court to share her picture during a public plea for information, as she was deemed a minor. Nonetheless, someone recognised her: a family contact she had been staying with at the start of her trip to Ireland. Azzopardi was identified and put back on a flight to Australia, escorted by police. She never spoke on the journey. "When the truth of her situation and age became known, this divided opinion within those on the investigation team and those managing this investigation," said Det Supt Gallagher. "There were calls from some to move to a criminal investigation for wasting police time by making a false report, while others, including myself, felt that in a legal sense she in fact never made any statement or false report as she had never spoken. The matter should be treated as a mental health and welfare issue." She under went a mental health assessment but her issues were not deemed to be of a level to require intervention. An invented kidnapping in Calgary The following year, Azzopardi turned up in Calgary, Canada. A similar story played out but this time she vocalised it. She claimed she was Aurora Hepburn, 14-year-old victim of abuse, who had escaped a kidnapper. She was 26 at the time. Again, investigators and health care workers spent weeks on the case, until someone discovered the Dublin story and made a connection. This time she was convicted on a mischief charge for misleading Calgary police. Kelly Campbell, of the police's child abuse unit, said: "There was considerable impact to a lot of the professionals that were working on this investigation as we were led to believe that this was an actual occurrence and our concern was that there were victims that were out there, more victims." The Calgary Herald reported that documents submitted at the hearing showed that, just six months after Azzopardi was deported from Ireland, she was back in that country again working as an au pair, after managing to get another passport from Australian authorities. Azzopardi was deported from Canada and, again, given a police escorted flight back to Australia. There have been countless other stories, countless other identities. A US backpacker, Emily Bamberger, told the Courier newspaper how Azzopardi manipulated her in Sydney in 2014, just before the Canadian episode. She told her she was a Swedish royalty, Annika Dekker, and she had been kidnapped when she was a young girl. On another occasion, Azzopardi led a Perth family to believe she was a Russian gymnast, whose entire family had died in murder-suicide incident in France. In one of the most extraordinary incidents, she convinced social services in Sydney that she was a teen victim, and managed to get enrolled in a school and put into a foster home. The sentencing Wearing prison blue clothes and a matching face mask, her blonde hair piled on her head in a bun, Azzopardi looked at the ground as her sentencing played out via video link, due to Covid restrictions. This time, she had pleaded guilty. Defence lawyer Jessica Willard said her client had not planned to keep the two children - aged four and 10 months - from their parents, or to harm them. The magistrate agreed that they had not been harmed physically, but expressed concerns about emotional damage to the family and the separate 12-year-old, whom she had manipulated and promised a film role. She also acknowledged the concerns over Azzopardi's mental health. The court had heard how she had been subjected to severe trauma and abuse in her past. Psychiatrist Jacqueline Rakov recommended she be released if she received voluntary treatment and case management under specialist services, yet the prison refused to give the necessary referral. Azzopardi has already spent more than a year and a half in pre-trial detention, meaning she may be eligible for parole. The prosecution claimed there was high potential for reoffending. Det Supt Gallagher said he had been following her case from afar for the past eight years. People sent him clips every so often, whenever she turned up somewhere new. On the huge, costly hunt she sparked in Ireland, he said: "If I was involved in a similar type situation again, I would take the same approach again and err on the side of a person being a traumatised and vulnerable victim of crime." "The problem," he said, "is whether prison is a suitable place for her. Is a mental health institute? Is she a danger to herself, or is she a danger to others? In Ireland, she wasn't a danger to herself or others, albeit she was a considerable nuisance."
The inventor and maker of what was regarded as the world's first superbike - the Brough Superior - a motorbike made famous by Lawrence of Arabia and playwright George Bernard Shaw is finally being honoured with two plaques at houses in which he lived in Nottingham.	You are an expert at summarizing long articles. Proceed to summarize the following text: By Neil HeathBBC News, Nottingham Nicknamed the "Rolls Royce of motorcycles" in The Motor Cycle newspaper because of George Brough's attention to detail and quality, the Brough Superior SS100 motorcycle was built between 1924 and 1940 at his factory in the city's Haydn Road. Each machine was certified to reach 100mph (160km/h) and one was used to set a motorcycle land-speed record, when British racer Eric Fernihough reached 163.82mph (263.64 km/h) over a mile, in 1936, before hitting a speed of 169.79mph (263km/h), a year later. But, despite the popularity and fame of the motorbikes, George Brough's memory has been largely forgotten. The Haydn Road factory, where he worked his magic, and which was used to make Spitfire engines during World War Two, no longer exists and a small housing estate stands in its place. Hilary Sylvester, from the Nottingham Civic Society, said it was a shame there had been no recognition for Brough until now. "He was a local boy who found worldwide fame," she said. "A son of Nottingham who stayed here all his life." "George Brough's bikes were the Harley Davidson's of the day and were taken up by all sorts of people like Orson Welles and George Bernard Shaw. "It's rumoured that Bernard Shaw even introduced the Brough Superior to TE Lawrence." World War One British army officer TE Lawrence, also known as Lawrence of Arabia, owned seven of the bikes and was killed riding one in Dorset, in 1935. The Sheriff of Nottingham is due to unveil a plaque on the birthplace of George Brough at 10 Mandalay Street, Basford, before being driven in a Brough Superior car to a second venue at 101 Arnold Road, where Mr Brough lived when he was first married. Terry Hobden, from the Brough Superior Motorcycle Club, who helped arrange the tributes, said: "George was an engineer, a showman, and entrepreneur. "He set out to make something significantly different." Mr Hobden added that as part of Mr Brough's marketing strategy he would enter races like the Land End Trial, a timed run from London to Lands End and back. He said: "Everything he did was done with a great flourish, he was larger than life." Brough Superiors continue to capture the imaginations of enthusiasts and command high prices at auction, one of the vehicles which dated back to 1934 sold for £166,500 in April 2008. Of the 3,000 made there are thought to be about 1,100 models left worldwide that are still on the road, according to the Brough Superior Motorcycle Club. However, in 2008, a British man Mark Upham bought the rights to the Brough Superior name and started building new bikes. The bikes live on and so does the name George Brough who will finally be honoured in his home city.
The ancestors of modern Britons saw something special in certain parts of the land and deemed them more sacred than others. Neil Oliver explains why they are so special.	You are an expert at summarizing long articles. Proceed to summarize the following text: The rich and varied landscape of Britain inspired our ancestors to express their beliefs. In the flint mines of Norfolk, Stone Age miners carried their religion deep underground and at Flag Fen near Peterborough a vast ancient causeway was built across the fens with sacred objects placed among its timbers. People are still drawn back to these places today and the belief and ritual that surround them. So what places did our ancestors deem more sacred than others and why are they so special? 1. Goat's Hole Cave, Paviland, Gower Peninsula In a sea cave near the base of a cliff on the Gower Peninsula, known locally as Yellow Top (on account of the lichen that grows on its face) a 19th Century archaeologist named William Buckland found an ancient human burial. Noticing at once that the bones were stained with red ochre and the grave also contained items of ivory "jewellery", he assumed it to be the remains of a woman. The find was known thereafter as The Red Lady of Paviland and Victorian minds assumed "she" had been a woman of easy virtue, buried far from polite society in a grave in a cave. In fact, the Red Lady was a man and recent radiocarbon dates obtained from the remains reveal he lived and died around 33,000 years ago, when the last Ice Age was beginning to exert its grip on northern Europe. He was buried close by the skull of a mammoth and modern archaeologists have imagined he may have died while hunting the beast and his companions saw fit to bury hunter and prey together. Whatever the truth of his life and death, his send-off was marked with great imagination and perhaps even love. I am always touched by evidence that, however much we are separated from our ancestors by great voids of time, in so many ways they were exactly like us. Only their circumstances were different. 2. Creswell Crags/ChurchHole and Robin Hood's Cave Near Sheffield is a truly awe-inspiring set of caves at the bases of cliffs facing each other across a wide gorge. Archaeological evidence shows they were used for shelter not just by our modern human ancestors but also by our Neanderthal cousins who occupied northern Europe and Britain before the coming of the last Ice Age more than 30,000 years ago. One of the caves, known as Church Hole, has become famous as the location for the most northerly Palaeolithic cave art found so far. The work of hunters who penetrated the British peninsula of northern Europe as the Ice Age waxed and waned around 13,000 years ago, they are wonders to behold. Animals like bison and ibex, as well as birds like the ibis, and other abstract forms were etched into the limestone walls of the cave by an artist (or artists) living within a few miles of the nose of the glacier itself. It was a world unimaginably different from ours, and much colder and tougher, and yet some of the hunters travelling in pursuit of the reindeer herds upon which their lives depended set aside time to make works of art. In another of the caves, the one known as Robin Hood's Cave, archaeologists found a sliver of horse bone on to which had been etched an exquisite rendering of a horse's head. The caves, and the gorge itself, clearly mattered to fully modern people - homo sapiens like us - living in that part of the world as much as 13,000 years ago. Woven into their daily lives of hunting and foraging was the need to express some connection they felt to the animals they saw around them, or that their parents and grandparents had told them about. 3. Goldcliff, near Newport in south Wales On the mudflats of the Severn Estuary, at Goldcliff near Newport in south Wales, the tides are revealing footprints made by Mesolithic hunter-gatherers perhaps 8,000 years ago. Trails of prints, made by men, women and children as well as by animals and birds, were preserved by chance and for millennia beneath layers of mud, silt and peat. Now being exposed once more, thanks to more recent changes in the route of River Severn, they are the most ephemeral traces of humanity imaginable. They are not fossils - the mud is still mud and has not been turned to stone - they are exactly as they would have looked when those long ago hunters made them. However slight they are, each print is nonetheless the proof of a life. While not perhaps "sacred" in the way that a burial chamber might seem, or a stone circle or a church, the sight and feel of those footprints affected me deeply. The fact I could place my own hand into the still-soft print left in silt by a Mesolithic hunter - his partner or his child - made me feel like I was eaves-dropping on a moment in time. 4. Ness of Brodgar, Orkney Two of the most famous Neolithic stone circles in Britain, Orkney's Stones of Stenness and the Ring of Brodgar, are within easy walking distance of each other. Along with the great burial mound of Maes Howe they sit within a natural amphitheatre, a flattened bowl of low-lying land surrounded by hills. The walk between the two circles is across a narrow finger of land between two lochs - Harray and Stenness - and the isthmus itself is dominated by a whaleback shaped ridge that rises several metres above the water level. Until very recently the ridge was assumed to be natural, a product of geology. But survey and excavation have revealed the whaleback shape is the result of layer upon layer of ancient building work. For centuries during the Neolithic period, around 5,000 years ago, the community expended huge amounts of effort and imagination creating what archaeologists are calling a temple complex. Two huge walls were built across the isthmus, cutting off a huge area of land. Between the walls - several football pitches worth of ground - the people built all manner of stone structures. Most appear like houses to the untrained eye but in fact it seems unlikely they were lived in. Rather they were the setting for rituals and practices associated with some or other ancient religion. For generation after generation the community built, used and then demolished the structures and over time the layers built up to create the ridge. The religious use of the site seems to have culminated in the demolition of all the separate buildings and then the construction of one, solitary and huge temple. Its walls were several metres thick and supported a roof of great stone slabs. It must have been stunning. Sometime relatively soon after its completion, that building too was demolished and the whole site abandoned forever. 5. Avebury Stone Circle, Wiltshire The great stone circle of Avebury, perhaps the most impressive monument of its kind anywhere in the world, is a place to strike wonder into every heart and mind. Built during the third millennium BC it is technically a henge monument - a circular area of ground contained by a bank and ditch - containing three stone circles. The great ditch that encircles the whole is itself more than 10m deep and the towering outer bank created from the digging of the ditch would have concealed all activity within from prying eyes. The sheer effort involved in creating the monument - digging the ditch by hand, moving and raising the giant sarsen stones that form the circles - all but beggars belief. That many generations of a community worked so hard for so long to make a reality of their vision makes us shake our heads as we wonder what belief or thought motivated such labour. Even the sober and scientific archaeologists who study the site today will usually admit to being dumbstruck with admiration about such a work of creativity and imagination. 6. West Kennet longbarrow, Wiltshire One of the most famous early Neolithic tombs, West Kennet long barrow, is a giant of its kind. The mound that encloses the internal, stone-built passage and chambers is well over 100m long and dominates the ridge of high ground upon which it sits. The passage within is tall enough to let a person stand upright, while the chambers offer more of a crouched space. No more than 40 or so individuals, or the skeletal remains of those individuals, were placed inside the chambers. At some point in ancient times a decision was taken to close the tomb, to put it out of use. This was achieved by hauling into position and then erecting a facade of huge sarsen "blocking stones" that ceremonially barred entrance to the interior. Archaeologists believe tombs like West Kennet were built by the early farmers as part of a means of laying claim to the land. By being able to point to the tomb and say "my father's bones are in there and those of my father's father and my father's father's father", the community could feel entitled to defend their territory. 7. St Nectan's Glen, Cornwall Until the making of Sacred Wonders, I had never heard of St Nectan's Glen in Cornwall. It is an astonishingly beautiful, even magical spot, like a fairy glen made real. The glen has been cut by water and erosion during who knows how many millennia. What greets the visitor now is a waterfall that drops around 20m into a natural bowl and then emerges through a circular hole cut by the endless stream. Moss and lichen cloak the sheer sides, along with precariously perched trees, so the whole place has a mysterious, otherworldly atmosphere. Once revered by pre-Roman Celts, who venerated the spirit of the water, and later associated with the 6th Century Saint Nectan, it is still visited today by thousands of people from all over the world. The Arthur myth too has been bolted on and folk thereabouts believe the king and his knights came to the glen to be blessed, before heading out in search of the Holy Grail. Christians, Buddhists, pagans and curious visitors with no religious beliefs of any kind are drawn to the place to this day. Many leave little souvenirs of their visit - single coins wedged into tree trunks, old train tickets from the journey, photos and keepsakes of loved ones. 8. Iona, to the west of Mull, Scotland St Columba, the man credited with converting the Scottish Gaels to Christianity, fled or was driven out of Ireland in 563 AD. He was likely a high-born son of the O'Neill clan and so able to use his status to befriend the great and the good of western Scotland. He attended the inauguration of King Aedan mac Gabhrain in 574 and for his efforts was awarded the island of Iona. It was there that he and his followers established a Christian community, which in time became one of the brightest beacons of European Christianity. As well as the faith, Columba and his ilk brought literacy to the tribes. The community on Iona brought stability to much of the west of Scotland and the life of the saint was made immortal by the hand of Adomnan, a later abbot of Iona who wrote, The Life of Saint Columba. A visit to Iona nowadays is all it takes to make a person understand why the place might have appealed to those early Christians. The island is undoubtedly a place of quiet peace. Whatever the weather the landscape is beautiful and restful to eye and heart both. Religious belief is not required, Iona simply has the magic. 9. Glastonbury Tor, Somerset Archaeologists and historians are usually people with a scientific approach to their chosen subject. Facts matter and any and all claims and statements ought to be backed up with proof. That being said, who can resist the entertainment provided by a good legend? Glastonbury Tor sits at the heart of one of the best of the bunch. The Tor itself is captivating, rising abruptly from a level plain much given, in ancient times at least, to seasonal inundation by the sea. It was for this reason that adherents of the Arthur legend allowed themselves to see the Tor as Avalon, the island to which the king was carried so that he might recover from wounds suffered while fighting Mordred. Other folk myths have Joseph of Arimathea arrive at Glastonbury with the Holy Grail. His staff is supposed to have taken root as the Glastonbury thorn - that flowers at Christmas time - and the grail itself is said to be buried nearby. In 1191, monks at Glastonbury Abbey claimed to have found the graves of Arthur and his queen Guinevere and the site became a place of pilgrimage for ever after. In short, it is all there. Sacred or not, anyone in search of pleasing legend will find plenty to be going on with at Glastonbury. 10. Canterbury Cathedral, Kent One of the oldest Christian structures in England - and perhaps the most famous - Canterbury Cathedral is undoubtedly one of Britain's sacred wonders. The first church there was founded by Saint Augustine, sent by Pope Gregory the Great to convert the Anglo Saxons to Christianity towards the end of the 6th Century. It has been a focal point for Christians ever since but earned a special notoriety following the murder, in 1170, of Archbishop Thomas Becket, apparently on the orders of King Henry II. The grisly act of butchery horrified the Christian world. Soon after there were reports of miracles and Becket's grave became the foremost destination for pilgrims seeking help for whatever ailed them. For those approaching on horseback it was deemed unseemly to travel too quickly. Rather than gallop towards the shrine, riders adopted the Canterbury Pace, or Canterbury Trot. This has been remembered as "cantering" - a suitably respectful speed. Sacred Wonders of Britain is broadcast on BBC Two at 20:30 GMT on Monday 30 December, or catch up with iPlayer On a tablet? Read 10 of the best Magazine stories from 2013. Follow @BBCNewsMagazine on Twitter and on Facebook
A 43-year-old murderer has been arrested after absconding from an open prison in Derbyshire.	You are an expert at summarizing long articles. Proceed to summarize the following text: Darran Heywood, from Rochdale, was caught by Greater Manchester Police on Monday. He had failed to return to HMP Sudbury, a category D open prison, on Saturday and police had warned the public not to approach him. Heywood was sentenced to life for murder in 1999. He was arrested in Manchester.
As many as 40 tonnes of heroin could be passing through Mozambique every year, making it the country's second biggest export, in a trade that is boosted by the use of mobile phone apps, writes Mozambique analyst Joseph Hanlon.	You are an expert at summarizing long articles. Proceed to summarize the following text: Mozambique is now an important stop for heroin traders who are using circuitous routes for their product to reach Europe from Afghanistan, as tighter enforcement has closed off the more direct paths. The heroin goes from Afghanistan to Pakistan's south-west coast, and from there it is taken by motorized 20m wooden dhows to close to northern Mozambique's coast. The dhows anchor offshore and smaller boats take the heroin from the dhow to the beach, where it is collected and moved to warehouses. It is then packed onto small trucks and is driven 3,000 km (1,850 miles) by road to Johannesburg, and from there others ship it to Europe. Each dhow carries a tonne of heroin, and one arrives every week except during in the monsoon season, which makes about 40 arrivals a year. Heroin also comes in by container into the country's Nacala and Beira ports where it is hidden among other goods, such as washing machines. Overall, this means that at least 40 tonnes of heroin pass through through the country each year, according to experts. I estimate that the drug is worth $20m (£15m) per tonne at this point in the trade, making it the country's second most valuable export, after coal. Mozambique's biggest exports: Source: Mozambique government; Joseph Hanlon Out of the export's total value, about $100m is estimated to stay in Mozambique as profits, bribes, and payments to members of the governing Frelimo party. Since 2000 the heroin trade has been carried out by established import businesses, which hide the drugs in legitimate consignments and use their own warehouses, staff and vehicles to facilitate their movement. At ports, workers are told not to scan containers of certain trading companies so the drugs are not discovered. Political involvement Senior Frelimo figures have an overview of the business, meaning that there has been no conflict between trading families and little heroin remains in Mozambique. Police spokesman Inacio Dina said the authorities were investigating these findings. He said the police were doing their best to stop the drugs trade but admitted it was a huge challenge. "We must understand that the country's geographical location, with a lengthy coastline, and long land borders, opens various scenarios." On its part, the international community has largely chosen to ignore the heroin transit trade, because it wanted concessions and reforms in others areas, such as an ever larger role for the private sector. But a second, less structured, arm of the drugs trade has also emerged, borrowing ideas from the "gig" economy, where freelance workers are contacted through mobile phone apps to see if they are available. This has been facilitated by the improved mobile phone coverage in northern Mozambique, the growth of WhatsApp and its encrypted message system, and increasing corruption in Mozambique. In the case of Mozambique's heroin trade, a driver or boat owner will receive a WhatsApp message telling them where to pick up and deliver a package of heroin, and how to be paid. Secret network No-one knows the identity of the person who sent the message or their location. For those people coordinating the trade, ordering the movement of 20kg (44lb) of heroin is as easy as ordering an Uber taxi, and totally secret. Two decades ago, corrupt police officers would have accompanied drivers with shipments of heroin on the north-to-south-Mozambique leg of the journey, to ensure they were not stopped at the numerous police checkpoints. You may also like: Then as mobile telephone coverage improved, drivers were given a number to call if they were stopped. But the extent of the corruption has changed that and drivers are now given a pile of money to pay bribes at checkpoints. Whatever is left of this money when they arrive in Johannesburg is their pay for the trip. No heroin is seized in Mozambique, but there are confiscations near the border in South Africa, because authorities there are worried about rising use of heroin in Cape Town and other big cities. Those seizures show that heroin is often branded and sealed in 1kg packages in Afghanistan, apparently to prevent it from being adulterated along the long travel route. Among the brand names that have come to light are 555, Tokapi and Africa Demand. In this new world of encrypted messaging apps, a buyer in Europe can place an order for 100kg of 555 with a distributor who may be anywhere. The distributor puts together enough orders to make up one tonne on a dhow, and arranges collection in Mozambique and delivery to a warehouse, contacting local coordinators using WhatsApp or a similar app. In the warehouse, the tonne is broken up again into the different orders which are sent to Johannesburg. Indeed, Mozambique's heroin trade looks like the trade in any other commodity - just another product moving through Mozambique and coordinated by multinational organisations. Joseph Hanlon is a visiting senior fellow at the London School of Economics and editor of Mozambique Political Process Bulletin. This is a shorter version of his full report which can be read here.
It's easy to list some of the many everyday items invented and patented by women - the dishwasher, windscreen wipers, the board game Monopoly, to name but a few - but the world is still failing to take full advantage of women's innovative ideas, a report suggests.	You are an expert at summarizing long articles. Proceed to summarize the following text: By Clara Guibourg and Nassos StylianouData journalists, BBC News Women inventors account for just under 13% of patent applications globally, according to the study, by the UK's Intellectual Property Office (IPO). That's one female inventor for every seven male ones. And although the proportion among patent applications is increasing, at the current rate it won't reach gender parity until 2070. So, why are there so few women in the world of inventing? Researchers attribute the gap to a lack of women working in science, technology, engineering and maths (Stem). According to Penny Gilbert, partner at intellectual property law firm Powell & Gilbert, it's simply a pipeline issue. "If we want to see more women filing patents, then we need to see more women taking up Stem subjects at university and going on to careers in research," she says. Currently only about a quarter of the UK workforce in Stem industries is female and fewer girls and women study these subjects at secondary school and university, despite efforts to diagnose and solve this imbalance. Two-thirds of applications still all-male Patents are granted to the owner of an invention, allowing the creator and subsequent owners to prevent others from using their invention. In order to qualify as an "invention" patent, the filing must contain a new, useful idea - that would not be obvious to a skilled person in that field. They can be filed individually, or by teams of inventors. The gender disparity among inventors grows even starker when you take into account most female inventorship takes the form of a lone female on a male-dominated team. More than two-thirds of all patents come from all-male teams or individual male inventors - and just 6% from individual female inventors. All-female teams are nearly non-existent, making up just 0.3% of applications, according to the IPO. Even when they apply for patents, women may be less likely to receive them, according to a study of US patent applications, by Yale University researchers. They found applicants with an obviously female name were less likely to have their patent approved. And of course, not everyone involved in an invention is credited with a patent. All in all, female scientists are less than half as likely to obtain a patent for their research, according to a previous World Intellectual Property Organisation study, suggesting women may be less likely than men to think about commercialising their inventions. Biotech the most gender equal In 1991, Ann Tsukamoto developed a way to isolate stem cells. Her innovation led to great advancements in understanding the blood systems of cancer patients and could lead to a cure for the disease. Dr Tsukamoto, who is currently conducting further research into stem cell growth, is also the co-patentee on more than seven other inventions. Biotechnology, the use of living organisms to produce useful products such as medicine and food, is the sector with the highest proportion of female inventors. Some 53% of biotechnology-related patents have at least one female inventor. In second place, 52% of pharmaceutical-related patents have at least one female inventor. Electrical engineering was at the bottom of the list, with fewer than one in 10 applications having at least one female inventor. Parity by 2070 The proportion of women inventors has doubled in the past 20 years, according to the IPO, from just 6.8% in 1998 to 12.7% in 2017, the latest year for which full data is available. During the same period, the proportion of applications naming at least one woman among the inventors rose from 12% to 21%. Dr Gilbert says stereotypes around women's educational and career choices need to be tackled - by encouraging women to choose Stem areas, introducing mentoring schemes, and celebrating female role models. "We should applaud the fact that some of the greatest scientists and inventors throughout history have been women - from Marie Curie and Rosalind Franklin to Grace Hopper, [a computer programming pioneer], and Stephanie Kwolek, the inventor of Kevlar," she says. "We should tell their stories." Russia tops the list Although female inventorship in the UK has increased, from 8% in 1998 to 11% in 2017, other countries are well ahead. With 17% of patent applications including at least one woman over the past 20 years, Russia had the highest proportion of female inventors, out of the 10 countries with the most patent applications, followed by France. At the other end of the scale, in Japan and South Korea fewer than one in 20 patent applications included a female inventor during the time period. How was the data collected? The gender of inventors is usually not included in patent applications, so the IPO inferred gender based on inventors' first names, using data from the European Patent Office Worldwide Patent Statistical Database (PATSTAT). Inventors' names were matched to a gender using birth data from the UK's Office for National Statistics and the US Social Security Administration, which lists the names of all babies born, and the number of male and female entries, as well as by crawling Facebook profiles to create a larger list of names and their likely gender. Only names for which at least 95% of entries were male or female were included, so gender-neutral names such as "Robin" have been excluded. A total of 75% of inventors' names were matched to a gender, although this success rate varies country by country. The name lists used were biased towards Western names, so the UK has the highest "success rate", while countries in East Asia, including South Korea and China, have a lower rate. What is 100 Women? BBC 100 Women names 100 influential and inspirational women around the world every year and shares their stories. Find us on Facebook, Instagram and Twitter and use #100Women.
Two men accused of attempting to manufacture a remote-controlled explosive device are to face a retrial after jurors failed to reach a verdict.	You are an expert at summarizing long articles. Proceed to summarize the following text: A Sheffield Crown Court jury deliberated for almost 17 hours on the case of Andy Star and Farhad Salah. Both men denied preparing to commit acts of terrorism. After the foreman told Judge Paul Watson QC jurors had been unable to reach a verdict, the court heard prosecutors would seek a fresh trial. During the four-week trial, jurors were told Mr Star, 32, and Mr Salah, 23, worked on the device above Mr Star's chip shop in Chesterfield. More Yorkshire stories Prosecutors said the pair, both Iraqi-Kurds, had hoped to cause harm to "infidels" with the weapon, which they intended to place within a driverless car so they did not have to martyr themselves.
A man has been charged with murder after the body of a woman was found in her east London home.	You are an expert at summarizing long articles. Proceed to summarize the following text: The body of Sandra Samuels, 44, was found in her flat in Herrick House, Hackney, following a welfare check on Saturday, police said. A post-mortem examination proved inconclusive but her death is being treated as suspicious. Gavin Shane Carl Lewis, 40, of no fixed abode, will appear at the Old Bailey on 9 September charged with murder. A 47-year-old man also arrested on suspicion of murder was released under investigation.
Two Tyne and Wear Metro stations are to be refurbished as part of a £385m modernisation programme.	You are an expert at summarizing long articles. Proceed to summarize the following text: The work at South Gosforth and West Jesmond, will see the platforms, buildings and approaches to the stations improved. New ticket machines will also be installed during the modernisation work. Nexus, which owns the Metro, said the work would start on Monday and was expected to last about 15 weeks. Both stations will remain open, but there will be limited platform closures on some evenings, Nexus said.
At a union-organised event in Seattle former McDonald's worker Martina Phelps recounts how she walked out three years ago in protest at how little she and her colleagues were getting paid. It was the first time she had ever taken part in a strike.	You are an expert at summarizing long articles. Proceed to summarize the following text: By Edwin LaneBusiness reporter, BBC World Service, Seattle "It was the experience of a lifetime," she says, as the audience whoops and cheers. "After seeing my co-workers literally struggling and not having enough money to take care of their children, it was set in my mind that I can do something about this." The strike was part of the Fight for 15 campaign - a nationwide movement to raise the minimum wage to $15 (£10) an hour. 'Wage stagnation' It began with fast-food workers in New York, but it was on America's west coast that it saw early success - two years ago Seattle became the first major city in the United States to pass a $15 minimum wage into law. It will come in gradually. This year larger companies started paying employees $13 an hour. It will go up to $15 next year. By 2021, the new $15 minimum will be rolled out to everyone. Since then Fight for 15 has gained momentum. This year both California and New York approved state laws bringing in a $15 an hour minimum wage, along with more than a dozen other cities and counties. Listen to Edwin Lane's report on Seattle's $15 minimum wage on Business Daily, BBC World Service "We've had 40 years of wage stagnation in the US at a moment when the county has gotten richer and richer," says union leader David Rolf, who helped bring in the Seattle law. "Half of Americans now make less than $17 an hour. Forty-three per cent make less than $15 an hour. A quarter make less than $10 an hour. The reality is the American dream is at its moment of greatest risk." 'Supply and demand' But not everyone thinks paying people more is a good idea. The current federal minimum wage is just $7.25 an hour and some economists warn that raising it to $15 will more than double the cost of labour and discourage businesses from hiring people altogether. "It all goes back to supply and demand," says Jacob Vigdor, professor of public policy and governance at the University of Washington in Seattle. He has been tasked by the city to monitor the economic impact of the new minimum wage as it is phased in. "So far as we can tell right now, Seattle is still open for business and we haven't seen a large increase in unemployment," he says. "But that's not to say everything will be just fine forever." He says low-paid workers themselves are concerned about the prospect of prices rising as a result of higher wages, in a city they already find expensive. Businesses have also told him they want more experienced staff for the higher wages they are now paying. "Younger workers who are just starting out in the labour force may find it more difficult to find work," he says. 'Blend jobs' Restaurateur and chef Jason Wilson is among the small business owners with reservations about the new minimum wage. He's already raised the prices on his menu and changed the way staff are paid - getting rid of tipping in favour of a standard service charge. He says he will also expect more of his staff. "We're going to have to look at everyone's job and what they do and start to blur the lines of responsibility, blend those jobs together and get higher levels of efficiency," he says. But he's also sympathetic to the plight of workers stuck in low-paid jobs for long periods. "I grew up earning minimum wage as a kid. I worked extra hours at a bar for tips, and that would incentivise me to work harder and find greater opportunities. That's what a minimum wage job is meant for. It's not meant to support a family." 'No compelling evidence' David Neumark is an economics professor at the University of California who has studied the impact of past minimum wage increases in the US. His main criticism is that higher minimum wages do very little to help the poorest in society, because many minimum wage workers aren't actually poor, but are using low-wage jobs to access the labour market. "In the US data, you really can't find any compelling evidence that the minimum wage reduces poverty, and the reason is a lot of minimum wage workers are not in poor families," he says. He argues that a much more effective action would be to reduce income inequality by simply taxing the rich more and redistributing to the poor. "A politician can legislate a higher minimum wage and they don't have to look at their budget or raise anyone's taxes. A much more effective tool would be to raise taxes, but in the US it's virtually impossible to talk about raising taxes." Back in Seattle union leader David Rolf says the city's implementation of the $15 minimum wage remains an important example to the rest of the country. When the first increases came in a year ago "the sky did not fall in", he says. "That really captured the imagination of the public in this city."
A man has died after being found in a serious condition at a house in west Edinburgh.	You are an expert at summarizing long articles. Proceed to summarize the following text: Emergency crews went to the address on North Bughtlin Brae at about 06:50 following reports of concern for a person. The 47-year-old man was pronounced dead a short time later. A spokesperson for Police Scotland said: "Inquiries into the circumstances leading to the man's death are ongoing."
The outbreak of a virus has closed a ward to new patients at Guernsey's Princess Elizabeth Hospital.	You are an expert at summarizing long articles. Proceed to summarize the following text: Five patients on Victoria Wing, the private ward, and one member of staff have contracted gastroenteritis, which causes diarrhoea and vomiting. A hospital spokesman said samples had been sent to the UK to try to discover the cause of the sickness. He said visitors were advised to consider the risk of contracting it before visiting those in the ward.
A man has been charged with attempted murder following an alleged hit-and-run in Swindon, police said.	You are an expert at summarizing long articles. Proceed to summarize the following text: A 26-year-old man was hit by a car outside the Dolphin pub on Rodbourne Road at about 15:30 GMT on 6 March. He was taken to Southmead Hospital in Bristol where he remains in a life-threatening condition. Mohammed Shajeed Ali, 20, of Warneford Close, Toothill, has been remanded in custody and is due to appear at Swindon Magistrates' Court on Monday.
Juliane Koepcke was flying over the Peruvian rainforest with her mother when her plane was hit by lightning. She survived a two-mile fall and found herself alone in the jungle, just 17. More than 40 years later, she recalls what happened.	You are an expert at summarizing long articles. Proceed to summarize the following text: It was Christmas Eve 1971 and everyone was eager to get home, we were angry because the plane was seven hours late. Suddenly we entered into a very heavy, dark cloud. My mother was anxious but I was OK, I liked flying. Ten minutes later it was obvious that something was very wrong. There was very heavy turbulence and the plane was jumping up and down, parcels and luggage were falling from the locker, there were gifts, flowers and Christmas cakes flying around the cabin. When we saw lightning around the plane, I was scared. My mother and I held hands but we were unable to speak. Other passengers began to cry and weep and scream. After about 10 minutes, I saw a very bright light on the outer engine on the left. My mother said very calmly: "That is the end, it's all over." Those were the last words I ever heard from her. The plane jumped down and went into a nose-dive. It was pitch black and people were screaming, then the deep roaring of the engines filled my head completely. Suddenly the noise stopped and I was outside the plane. I was in a freefall, strapped to my seat bench and hanging head-over-heels. The whispering of the wind was the only noise I could hear. I felt completely alone. I could see the canopy of the jungle spinning towards me. Then I lost consciousness and remember nothing of the impact. Later I learned that the plane had broken into pieces about two miles above the ground. I woke the next day and looked up into the canopy. The first thought I had was: "I survived an air crash." I shouted out for my mother in but I only heard the sounds of the jungle. I was completely alone. I had broken my collarbone and had some deep cuts on my legs but my injuries weren't serious. I realised later that I had ruptured a ligament in my knee but I could walk. Before the crash, I had spent a year and a half with my parents on their research station only 30 miles away. I learned a lot about life in the rainforest, that it wasn't too dangerous. It's not the green hell that the world always thinks. I could hear the planes overhead searching for the wreck but it was a very dense forest and I couldn't see them. I was wearing a very short, sleeveless mini-dress and white sandals. I had lost one shoe but I kept the other because I am very short-sighted and had lost my glasses, so I used that shoe to test the ground ahead of me as I walked. Snakes are camouflaged there and they look like dry leaves. I was lucky I didn't meet them or maybe just that I didn't see them. I found a small creek and walked in the water because I knew it was safer. At the crash site I had found a bag of sweets. When I had finished them I had nothing more to eat and I was very afraid of starving. It was very hot and very wet and it rained several times a day. But it was cold in the night and to be alone in that mini-dress was very difficult. On the fourth day, I heard the noise of a landing king vulture which I recognised from my time at my parents' reserve. I was afraid because I knew they only land when there is a lot of carrion and I knew it was bodies from the crash. When I turned a corner in the creek, I found a bench with three passengers rammed head first into the earth. I was paralysed by panic. It was the first time I had seen a dead body. I thought my mother could be one of them but when I touched the corpse with a stick, I saw that the woman's toenails were painted - my mother never polished her nails. I was immediately relieved but then felt ashamed of that thought. By the 10th day I couldn't stand properly and I drifted along the edge of a larger river I had found. I felt so lonely, like I was in a parallel universe far away from any human being. I thought I was hallucinating when I saw a really large boat. When I went to touch it and realised it was real, it was like an adrenaline shot. But [then I saw] there was a small path into the jungle where I found a hut with a palm leaf roof, an outboard motor and a litre of gasoline. I had a wound on my upper right arm. It was infested with maggots about one centimetre long. I remembered our dog had the same infection and my father had put kerosene in it, so I sucked the gasoline out and put it into the wound. The pain was intense as the maggots tried to get further into the wound. I pulled out about 30 maggots and was very proud of myself. I decided to spend the night there. The next day I heard the voices of several men outside. It was like hearing the voices of angels. When they saw me, they were alarmed and stopped talking. They thought I was a kind of water goddess - a figure from local legend who is a hybrid of a water dolphin and a blonde, white-skinned woman. But I introduced myself in Spanish and explained what had happened. They treated my wounds and gave me something to eat and the next day took me back to civilisation. The day after my rescue, I saw my father. He could barely talk and in the first moment we just held each other. For the next few days, he frantically searched for news of my mother. On 12 January they found her body. Later I found out that she also survived the crash but was badly injured and she couldn't move. She died several days later. I dread to think what her last days were like. Juliane Koepcke told her story toOutlookfrom theBBC World Service. Listen to the programmehere.
"If I'd been almost anywhere else on the planet, I'd be dead. They would have flicked the switch after 30 days," says Stephen Cameron from his hospital bed.	You are an expert at summarizing long articles. Proceed to summarize the following text: By Oliver Barnes & Bui ThuBBC News The 42-year-old Scottish pilot spent 68 days on a ventilator, thought to be a longer stretch of time than any patient in the UK. He did so not in a hospital in his hometown of Motherwell, but in Vietnam's sprawling and hectic Ho Chi Minh City, with no close friends or family for thousands of miles. Cameron, the last Covid-19 patient in an intensive care unit in Vietnam, has been the sickest doctors have had to deal with during the outbreak. The country, home to 95 million people, has seen only a few hundred confirmed cases, single-digit ICU admissions and not a single recorded death. So rare was a case of Cameron's severity in Vietnam, every minute detail of his recovery was reported in national newspapers and on TV news bulletins. He's now known nationwide as Patient 91, the moniker given to him by public health officials when he fell ill in March. "I'm very humbled by how I've been taken into the hearts of the Vietnamese people," says Cameron, speaking exclusively to the BBC. "And most of all I'm grateful for the bloody-mindedness of the doctors in not wanting me to die on their watch." '10% chance of survival' Dozens of Vietnam's intensive care specialists held regular conference calls to discuss Cameron's condition. "The very small number of critical care patients meant anyone who was severely ill got the attention of all the country's top-level clinicians," explains Dr Kidong Park, the World Health Organization (WHO) representative to Vietnam. For much of Cameron's two-and-a-half months in a medically induced coma, he depended on an Ecmo machine, a form of life support only used in the most extreme cases, to survive. The machines extract blood from a patient's body and infuse it with oxygen, before pumping it back in. "I'm lucky that the only lasting effect seems to be that my legs aren't yet strong enough to hold me, but I'm doing physiotherapy twice a day," says Cameron. "At one point, my friend Craig was told by the Foreign Office I had a 10% chance of survival, so he planned for the worst - he gave up my apartment and started doing things somebody would do if I was coming home in a box." Since he regained consciousness, he describes several tearful phone conversations with friends back home, who "didn't think [he'd] ever come back". Doctors had to contend with multiple complications while Cameron was in a coma. His blood became extremely sticky leading to clots. His kidneys failed meaning they required dialysis and his lung capacity plummeted to 10%. "When it came out in the press here that I needed a lung transplant, apparently loads of people offered their lungs, including a 70-year-old Vietnam war veteran," he smiles. "But it would have been a double lung transplant so that wouldn't have ended well for him." Despite the outpouring of support from the Vietnamese people and the hundreds of thousands of dollars spent on Stephen Cameron's care, the reaction when he first tested positive for the virus was less welcoming. The Buddha bar cluster Cameron became ill only a few weeks after arriving in Vietnam in early February. Like many Western pilots, he'd headed to Asia to ply his trade for higher pay in the booming regional air travel industry. Two nights before he was due to pilot his first flight for Vietnam Airlines, and the night before most bars and clubs were set to shut in Ho Chi Minh City to contain the virus, he headed to meet a friend in an expat bar in an upmarket district of the city. At the time, Vietnam had had fewer than 50 confirmed cases but, according to Prof Guy Thwaites, director of the Oxford University Clinical Research Unit based in Ho Chi Minh City and a government advisor on infectious diseases, the population "already had a healthy amount of respect for and fear of the virus". It was the weekend before St Patrick's Day, so the Buddha Bar and Grill was packed with revellers wearing Irish fancy dress when Cameron arrived just after 22:00. "I don't drink, I largely kept myself to myself in the corner, played a few rounds of pool and went home at around 3.15am," he recalls. However, when he developed a fever, the day after his maiden flight, and 12 others at the bar tested positive in the days following, sympathy for him among locals was in short supply. The Buddha bar cluster, as it became known in the local press, was the single biggest outbreak of coronavirus in south Vietnam, infecting nearly 20 people both indirectly and directly. And for some on social media, Cameron, who had criss-crossed the city taking in the sights, was to blame. Despite there being no proof he was the source of the outbreak, one prominent businessman, Luong Hoai Nam, labelled Patient 91 a "time bomb". He called for foreigners breaking the rules to be deported, earning plaudits from his followers on social media "There seemed to be a desire to pin it on me coming from abroad, as I did a visa run to Bangkok a week earlier," says Cameron, who's convinced he too was infected at the Buddha bar, and was not the source of the outbreak. "I was the first person to put my hands up and say: 'Look I don't feel well'. It was inevitable I would be blamed." Rapid decline On 18 March, Cameron was admitted to hospital after testing positive for the virus, and authorities moved swiftly to shut down the bar and quarantine everyone in his apartment building. In total, 4,000 people linked to the Buddha bar outbreak were tested. "Patient 91's condition got worse very quickly," recalls Prof Luong Ngoc Khue, who serves on the Vietnamese health ministry's Covid-19 taskforce and advised on Cameron's treatment. "There was a worrying decrease in the function of not just his lungs, but his kidneys, liver and blood flow." With his condition deteriorating, Cameron remembers taking the bold decision of asking to be ventilated. "I was exhausted as I couldn't sleep and I just thought: 'Oh, put me under and get it sorted'," he says. He was then comatose for weeks and weeks on end, as doctors agonised over his treatment. Meanwhile, the small number of other ICU patients in Vietnam recovered and went home. All the while, his case gained prominence, with top politicians promising to put every effort into keeping him alive, as the hospital temporarily footed the bill for the spiralling costs of his care. "There's a lot of political kudos that Vietnam can take from my recovery," he observes, "and it keeps their record, which is pretty phenomenal on Covid, very, very low." Prof Khue insists everyone - foreign or Vietnamese - had access to good quality care. "We focused on treating sick people at the highest level, both in terms of facilities and human resources, regardless of whether they were Vietnamese or from abroad," he says. But he gleefully reports that "49 out of 50 foreign patients have recovered and been discharged from hospital". Waking up was a 'blur' When Stephen Cameron was first ventilated in early April, there were just over a million cases of coronavirus around the world. When doctors woke him up, on 12 June, there were in excess of seven million. But Vietnam had avoided the worst of the virus. There has not been a recorded case of community transmission since 16 April. "I never thought it would take as long as 10 weeks to wake me up. I remember being roused, I remember getting my tracheotomy, I remember being wheeled through hospital corridors - and then the next few days are a blur." From his recovery bed in a private room in Cho Ray Hospital on the other side of Ho Chi Minh City, where he was transferred after being taken off a ventilator and testing negative for the virus, Cameron is feeling the fallout of several months being motionless and severely ill. He's lost 20kg (3.1 stone) and his muscles are so wasted it's an effort to swing his leg up even a few inches. He's also suffered from severe fatigue and depressive lows since waking up, in addition to the nagging fear that post-traumatic stress could be just around the corner. "I've been through a lot mentally. Right now, all I want to do is return home. It's the lack of noise and heat I miss the most. There's such a buzz here from all the scooters' horns and it's monsoon season. Fifteen degrees back home for me is just nice." 'I need to get back to Scotland' In the past few weeks, he's been visited at his bedside by not just a procession of doctors and nurses, but also high-ranking diplomats, government officials and politicians. Most recently, his hospital room played host to the British consul general and the chairman of Ho Chi Minh City's People's Committee. He recalls the mayor promising he'll "be back in England soon", before being swiftly corrected. "I told him, if I get dumped in England, I won't be too happy," he jokes. "I need to get home to Scotland, it's 400 miles away." There's also a practical side to Cameron's desire to return home as soon as possible. The twice-daily rehab sessions he receives are made more difficult by the language barrier as very few medical staff speak good English. Rehabilitation for the most severely ill patients after ICU is always a delicate dance. Progress and pitfalls are faced in equal measure, and it can be dragged out over several years. The hospital, in which Cameron is a patient, dates back to Vietnam's French colonial era - it's one of the country's leading medical facilities "I feel like I'm taking up a bed that somebody who is really ill could take." Beating the odds But his care hasn't come free. An Ecmo machine costs $5,000-10,000 (£4,000 - £8,000) a day to operate and he was reliant on one for eight-and-a-half weeks. The ongoing wrangling over who will cover the costs are causing him stress and diverting attention away from his recovery. At first, the Hospital for Tropical Diseases paid out of its own pocket for his treatment. Then, it seemed the British embassy would intervene. His work insurance eventually covered the cost. But the funds for his stay in Cho Ray Hospital are still up in the air. "It's become really, really frustrating. At the beginning, I'd send the insurance company an email and they would say: 'Yeh, we'll sort that'. Now, the response is 'We'll deal with this shortly' and nothing seems to happen." There's a place for Cameron on a Vietnam Airlines flight back to the UK on 12 July. Meanwhile, planes continue to shuttle Vietnamese nationals back from Europe, and having been declared fit to fly a week ago, Cameron is confused why he can't return home sooner. "As I'm such a well-known public figure here now, everything about my case is controlled by the government." The politics of his return are a reminder that the miraculous recovery of Patient 91 is not just a story of a Scottish pilot who recovered from Covid-19 and overcame the odds. It is the story of how a developing Southeast Asian country with a turbulent recent history beat the odds too.
India has entered full election mode: voting began on 11 April, and the final ballot will be cast more than five weeks later on 19 May. Every day, the BBC will be bringing you all the latest updates on the twists and turns of the world's largest democracy.	You are an expert at summarizing long articles. Proceed to summarize the following text: On Friday, Narendra Modi filed his nomination in Varanasi What happened? India Prime Minister Narendra Modi filed his nomination on Friday amid huge crowds. He is contesting from Varanasi constituency in the northern state of Uttar Pradesh. He travelled to the local district office in a procession of cars that stretched for several kilometres. President of the governing Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP), Amit Shah, Home Minister Rajnath Singh and several cabinet ministers joined Mr Modi on the roadshow. Why does this matter? Mr Modi won the seat in 2014 with a huge margin of more than 300,000 votes. There was speculation that opposition parties would field a common candidate to take on the prime minister in the high-profile constituency. But the main opposition Congress party and prominent regional heavyweights like the Samajwadi Party and the Bahujan Samaj Party failed to form a coalition. And on Thursday Congress announced its own candidate for the seat, putting an end to rumours that Priyanka Gandhi herself would run against Mr Modi. Analysts say the triangular contest will help Mr Modi retain the seat. Varanasi is strategically important because the BJP hopes that Mr Modi's campaign there will help the party repeat their thumping win in the 2014 elections when it won 71 out of 80 seats in Uttar Pradesh. On Thursday, Priyanka Gandhi ended speculation that she would run against PM Modi What happened? The main opposition Congress party on Thursday named Ajay Rai to take on Prime Minister Narendra Modi in his Varanasi constituency in the northern state of Uttar Pradesh. The announcement ended weeks of speculation that Priyanka Gandhi, the charismatic sister of Congress chief Rahul Gandhi, was going be the party's candidate for the seat. Mr Modi won the seat by a huge margin of more than 300,000 votes in 2014, ahead of Aam Admi Party chief Arvind Kejriwal. Mr Rai was in the third spot. Why does this matter? Ms Gandhi has always been considered the more popular of the Gandhi siblings with many blaming her brother's "lacklustre leadership" for a string of Congress defeats between 2014 and 2018. In previous elections, she campaigned in Amethi and Rae Bareli - the parliamentary constituencies of her brother and mother, Sonia Gandhi, respectively - and is held in high esteem by voters there. But she formally joined politics only in January after she was appointed the party's general secretary for eastern part of Uttar Pradesh. India votes 2019 Many in the party were hoping that she would be a formidable challenger against Mr Modi. Ms Gandhi herself had hinted that she would contest against the PM if her party asked her to do so. But the Congress' announcement ended the possibility of a so-called "mega contest". The party gained some ground in recent state elections and Mr Gandhi's stock has risen, but Congress still faces a tough challenge to beat the BJP and regain power. On Wednesday, Bollywood star Akshay Kumar interviewed PM Modi What happened? Prime Minister Narendra Modi sat down with Bollywood star Akshay Kumar for a "candid" interview, where the two discussed everything - except politics. It's unclear when the interview actually took place but it aired on the ANI television channel on Wednesday. It was filmed at the prime minister's residence in Delhi. The "completely non-political" - as Kumar put it - conversation led to jokes on Twitter and #ModiwthAskhay was one of the top trends in India. Why does this matter? It's surprising because Mr Modi is known to avoid spontaneous interactions with the media. Televised interviews have been rare; and he has not held a single press conference in his five years as prime minister. The casual tone aside, the interview was not really freewheeling because Kumar steered clear of anything remotely political or controversial. And it spawned some snarky humour on Twitter. We learnt a few new things about the otherwise reticent Mr Modi - he "enjoys" watching memes on himself; former US president Barack Obama repeatedly advised him to sleep longer; his very own remedy for a cold involves fasting for two days and putting mustard oil in his nostrils; and West Bengal chief minister and arch rival Mamata Banerjee sends him sweets and kurtas every year. He also said he had never aspired to be prime minister; instead he wanted to join the army and "serve the nation". One user commented on how Mr Modi appeared to have narrated his biography to Kumar considering the Election Commission had held back the release of a biopic on him during the election. Mr Modi is, of course, hugely popular so there were also those who enjoyed the interview. On Tuesday, Shah Rukh Khan urged fans to vote in a music video What happened? Well, Prime Minister Narendra Modi put out a barrage of tweets on 13 March asking famous Indians to "creatively" encourage voting. And Bollywood superstar Shah Rukh Khan obliged...on Monday, some five weeks later. He said he was sorry for the delay - but Mr Modi did ask for "creativity". The Indian election kicked off on 11 April but it's so long - it's staggered over five weeks - that Khan's appeal to voters may still work. Why is this important? Khan is a huge celebrity in India and one of the few that did not immediately respond to Mr Modi's string of tweets in March. So his tweet on Monday, although late, quickly made news. And Mr Modi was certainly impressed. It's worth mentioning that the prime minister had gone all out when he tweeted at celebrities, even channelling his inner Bollywood. Our personal favourite is the tweet in which he punned on the iconic tagline from the early noughties Bollywood blockbuster Kabhi Kushi Kabhie Gham: "It's all about loving your family." He tagged the film's two male leads, Khan and Amitabh Bachchan, and its director Karan Johar, and ended with "It's all about loving your... democracy". On Monday, any chance of a Congress-AAP alliance was doomed... What happened? The main opposition Congress party named its candidates for six out of seven parliamentary seats in Delhi, ending the possibility of a coalition with the Aam Aadmi Party (AAP). The AAP, which is the ruling party in the Delhi legislative assembly, and the Congress had earlier talked about forming an alliance to fight Prime Minister Narendra Modi's Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP). But with the Congress going ahead with its list, we will now see a three-cornered contest in Delhi. The Congress named former Delhi Chief Minister, Sheila Dikshit, as its candidate for the North East Delhi seat. Why is this important? The AAP and the Congress both oppose the BJP, and analysts say a coalition would have avoided the splitting of opposition votes in Delhi. But both parties couldn't agree to a seat sharing agreement. The first signs that their talks were failing came when Congress President Rahul Gandhi accused Delhi Chief Minister Arvind Kejriwal of making a U-turn in a tweet on 15 April. In response, Mr Kejriwal had tweeted: "What U-Turn? The talks were still on. Your tweet shows that having an alliance is not your wish. I am saddened by your comment. Today it is important to save the country from the threat of Modi-Shah [BJP chief Amit Shah]. It is unfortunate that in UP [Uttar Pradesh state] and other states you are helping Modi by splitting the anti-Modi vote." ...And PM Modi's 'nuclear button' remark sparked outrage What happened? At a rally in the northern state of Rajasthan on Sunday, Prime Minister Narendra Modi referred to India's nuclear arsenal, sparking a storm on social media. "Pakistan keeps threatening us every now and then by saying, 'We have a nuclear button'. Even if they do, they should know that India also has one. Do they think our button is for Diwali?" the PM said. Diwali is a Hindu festival of lights and firecrackers. India is no longer scared of "Pakistan's threats", he added. He also attacked the main opposition Congress party, saying that they were unable to curb terrorism when they were in power. "It is the Congress that has weakened the country. The BJP, however, is in a process to strengthen it," he said. Why is this important? Mr Modi and the governing Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) have drawn flak for including India's recent strikes in Pakistan in their election campaign. Earlier this month, a row erupted over a letter from retired military officers urging President Ram Nath Kovind to ensure that political parties do not use the armed forces to "further their political agendas". Mr Modi has made national security the BJP's number one campaign plank ahead of the vote, continuously accusing the Congress of being weak on terrorism. National security has traditionally never been an election issue in India, but some analysts say that this strategy by the BJP could help galvanise voters and boost the party's chances. But Mr Modi's remarks prompted outrage on Twitter, with many calling them "flippant" and "unfortunate". Coverage from previous weeks: How do you vote in the election? Here's a video explaining everything that happens inside a polling station - and what happens to your vote after that: Ask a question
Norwegian Prime Minister Jens Stoltenberg has said his country will "not be intimidated or threatened" by Friday's bomb and gun attacks. Tuva Elise Akersveen Bo survived the shootings on Utoeya island and shared her story with the BBC.	You are an expert at summarizing long articles. Proceed to summarize the following text: "I've been to the camp in Utoeya twice, so this was my third time. It was supposed to be fun - I was looking forward to it. Then this happened. When we first heard the shooting, we ran to the window. My friends and I looked outside and a man dressed in a police uniform yelled: "Get away from the windows, get in the hall." I panicked and lay on the ground. I then heard the shots in the hall. I got up and saw his face and that image of him was imprinted on my mind - I see it all the time. He shot the boy in front of him and started reloading. I was just staring at him until my friend grabbed my arm and dragged me down. For a moment we started laughing, out of shock. Then another friend ran in and shouted at us to run. I was frustrated and shouted: "I don't have shoes". I don't know why I said that. Then my friend shook me and I thought "screw it" and we ran outside. We then decided we needed to make a plan about where we were going to run. My friend and I took charge and shouted out a plan to about 50 people: we would go towards the woods. As we were running, we ran into the woods and saw a boy who was shot in his leg. We didn't stop and I feel so guilty about that now. We ran for 10 minutes and then hid in long grass. We took our colourful clothes off so he wouldn't see us and we turned our phones on silent. There was an eight-year-old boy with us - I felt so sorry for him. He should be playing, I thought, not running away. Every time we started running, we dispersed and lost members of the group. Some went in different directions, others at the back got shot. In the end, I was with two friends. We went to the back of the building, ran inside and locked ourselves in a room. We hid under bunk beds. It was then that I realised that my hip was dislocated and my feet were all cut from running on rocks. I hadn't even felt the pain before. For two hours we were texting people we loved, our families and friends, saying that if something happened we loved them and we'd remember them. We were almost saying goodbye. Mixed feelings In the end a friend rang us and told us the police had arrived. When we were sure it was her, we told her where we were and the police got us. When we walked past dead bodies, the police told us to look the other way. But I couldn't help it. I looked each time, and saw dead people, shot in their backs as they were crawling into their tents. Others were still holding their mobile phones. There was so much blood, I could smell it. Finally I met with some friends and we cried. We had mixed feelings: everyone was extraordinarily happy because they had survived but also devastated because many of us were dead. Sondre, my very very good friend, was missing. I loved that boy with all my heart. I met him in the camp last year - Utoeya is the reason why I found him and now I fear it's the reason why I lost him. I'm going to go back to Utoeya next year. I want to show that horrible person that he can't hurt us anymore."
A 13-year-old boy has been sentenced to four years in custody for the rape of a nine-year-old boy and sexual assault of two others when he was 11. How does the system deal with such young sexual offenders and their victims?	You are an expert at summarizing long articles. Proceed to summarize the following text: By Claire HealdBBC News Put yourself in the position of a child counsellor who has been assigned the task of meeting a young person who has been convicted of committing sexual abuse crimes so grave they are being held in a secure unit. Is this young person a monster with nothing to redeem them? Or a vulnerable child with their own problems to be fixed? That is the kind of scenario that Professor Simon Hackett has often found himself in. He is an expert in child protection and acts as chairman for the National Organisation for the Treatment of Abusers (Nota). He says of the children convicted of sex crimes: "We sometimes have this image of them as demons, paedophiles. We have to deal with those things that they have done and protect others. "But, by and large, these are vulnerable and abused children. "I always used to feel a sense of anxiety on sitting down in a room with the child or young person. "But, when I met them, I was often struck by how normal they seemed. They need our help for the horrific things they have done, but we shouldn't forget that they are, first and foremost, children." The kind of issues Prof Hackett has faced are highlighted by the case of a Blackpool boy sentenced in Preston on Friday. The boy admitted multiple rapes of a nine-year-old boy and sexual touching of two boys aged seven and 11. The age of the perpetrator and his victims is strikingly young. But there are only a few such convictions for rape or sexual assault each year in the UK: In reality, however, these convictions are a tiny fraction of the actual number of incidents. Children's charity the NSPCC says about a third of sexual abuse is committed by minors. In many instances children are not prosecuted - either because the case results in a caution, or the abuser is below the age of criminal responsibility (10 in England, Wales and Northern Ireland; 12 in Scotland). "Only a small proportion are convicted," says Prof Hackett, "but a significant amount of child sexual abuse is perpetrated by children and this also includes those under the age of 10". His research has found the average age of child sex abusers is dropping, perhaps partly because the teachers, social workers, police - the professionals working in child protection - are better at detecting it. His 2013 study of 700 cases of children referred to professionals because of their sexually abusive behaviour found one third were aged 13 or under; more than 100 were 11 or under. The youngest studied was four years old. Prof Hackett says: "Half of the group had themselves been sexually abused, more than half were physically abused or neglected. In the Blackpool case, the court heard the boy was a "high" risk for committing further offences. So, how does the criminal justice system proceed? The NSPCC has developed a national framework to guide local areas as they work with children who display harmful sexual behaviour (HSM). It runs Turn the Page, a service providing therapy for children, and family support. Work takes place in stages. A first step is to try to ensure the offender and the victim are safe - from reoffending or from the community. Adults working with the children set out a safety plan and monitor their behaviour. They assess the offence - was it normal behaviour, or not? A single or multiple incident? Was there consent, or violence? Via social workers and the justice system there may be help at home for low level offences. In the most serious cases, removal and custody to a foster placement or a secure unit. Offenders have therapy, from a psychiatrist, psychologist or social worker, be that general help or specialist therapists working with highly deviant offenders. Prof Hackett has sat down to counsel child offenders many times, often in secure units. He explains to them why their behaviour is harmful to other people, so they realise the impact. Abusers are taught to manage risks and triggers for their behaviour. How long the therapy continues varies. There might be a court order, for a given period of time; short doses of three to six months; or treatment over several years. Despite cases like the one in Blackpool, he says, there is "a hopeful message" for families whose children have a sexual behaviour problem. In his study of 69 children followed up in adulthood "the vast majority were not offending sexually" a result borne out by other international studies. Support and the passage of time means the majority grow up and out of the behaviour. It is a small proportion who go on to be prolific sex offenders.
Five Lancashire museums under the threat of closure could survive after the local council received "robust" business plans for their futures.	You are an expert at summarizing long articles. Proceed to summarize the following text: Lancashire County Council will close the five as part of budget cuts and said in March they would shut at the end of September. The council said they could now reopen in 2017 after four organisations submitted "encouraging" plans for them. However, councillor Marcus Johnstone said there was "a lot of work to do". The five affected museums include Burnley's Queen Street Mill, the Museum of Lancashire in Preston and Judges' Lodgings in Lancaster. Funding was also cut for Rossendale's Helmshore Mills Textile Museum and Fleetwood's Maritime Museum. The council has to make savings of £65m over the next two years.
Security forces have ended a siege by Islamist militants of the Splendid Hotel in Burkina Faso's capital Ouagadougou. Edward Bunker, an American health worker for an NGO, was staying at the hotel. He spent the night hunkered down in his room and was rescued in the early hours of Saturday morning:	You are an expert at summarizing long articles. Proceed to summarize the following text: "At about 19:30 on Friday the fire alarm went off. I went out of the room and saw other guests milling about, and no one seemed to be really concerned. So I went back to my room to get ready to leave for the airport. I went downstairs to settle the bill around 20:30 and it was like a scene out of a movie with smoke, gunfire noise, explosions - but all outside of the walls. And a very, very empty and dark lobby. I saw someone carrying a gun just outside the hotel and a burning car across the street. and that was my 'oh sh**' moment. I hid near the pool for about five minutes and figured I might just want to plan to spend the night down there. Some cooks and kitchen staff walked by, and I made some inquires as best as I could in French. They said I should go back to my room. That was probably the best piece of advice I got that night. I turned on the news to see what was happening. I ended up spending the night in my bathroom with my computer and - luckily - a good wifi connection. I was able to get in touch with family and friends and crucially also a security consultant from my organisation as well as the US embassy. It was amazing how quickly the night passed and I was thankful to have the internet for the whole time. In fact, it was a great distraction to catch up on emails and pretend it was a normal working day. Staying in the bathroom was one piece of advice from the security consultant - to put as many doors between me and the militants. Another was to make as little sound as possible and turn the lights off. As the security forces approached my room at around 04:00 I was pretty certain they were in fact soldiers - and not militants. I heard voices that sounded rational and it appeared they were giving instructions in French. They seemed to be making their way methodically through the building. Again, our security consultant was able to advise me that there were French forces in the building and the sounds they were making fitted with the likely pattern of events. They approached my door and I announced myself - as I had been advised. They told me to open the door slowly and there I saw three French troops with rifles pointing at me, along with some US soldiers. As they led me out we passed the lobby. I noticed furniture had been tossed around and there was a clear trail of destruction. Suddenly there was another round of gunfire, and we were told to get down for five to 10 minutes. Lying on the floor with incoming fire and protected by soldiers, I felt it was the closest I was ever going to get to experiencing combat. Just as the sun was coming up I was led into an armoured personnel carrier and driven down the road to meet US embassy staff." Interview by Nathan Williams, BBC News
Russia has been repeatedly accused of interfering in recent elections. But Sweden is determined it won't fall victim to any such meddling - with millions of leaflets being distributed and propaganda-spotting lessons for students.	You are an expert at summarizing long articles. Proceed to summarize the following text: By Erik Brattberg & Tim MaurerCarnegie Endowment for International Peace As campaigning intensified in the French election, the team of now President Emmanuel Macron said it was a target for "fake news" by Russian media and the victim of "hundreds if not thousands" of cyber-attacks from inside Russia. In Washington, sanctions were recently imposed on 19 Russians accused of interference in the 2016 US election and "destructive" cyber-attacks. While the Kremlin denies interfering in foreign elections - with Vladimir Putin saying there is "nothing to discuss" - concerns remain. With a new prime minister and parliament to be elected in September, Sweden is already working hard to make sure its polls are free from any meddling. If successful, its efforts could serve as a guide for other elections, including the US mid-terms in November. Sweden, a country of 10 million people, has good reason to take action. In 2014, it moved further from its historic position of neutrality to officially become an "enhanced partner" of Nato, which considers Russia's annexation of Crimea to be illegal. Officials have reported an increase in hacking and dissemination of fake news. The aim, they say, is to undermine the stability of Swedish society and spread falsehoods. A study by researchers at the Swedish Institute of International Affairs reported a "wide array" of Russian actions to influence public opinion. It suggested there had been misleading media reports and that fake news was being used to "frame Nato as an aggressor and military threat, the EU as in terminal decline, and Russia as under siege from hostile Western governments". And earlier this year Anders Thornberg, head of Sweden's security service, spoke to the BBC about its fears of foreign political interference, saying: "The biggest threat to our security in that perspective is Russia." Having seen elections elsewhere in the West targeted by cyber-attacks and disinformation, Swedish officials are taking the possibility of Russian meddling seriously. Protecting the democratic system has been placed at the heart of its national security objectives. Sweden's approach involves government working with the private sector, social media companies, broadcasters and newspapers. A "Facebook hotline" has been created to allow officials to quickly report fake Swedish government Facebook pages. Facebook itself has pledged to report suspicious behaviour around the election to Swedish authorities. A nationwide education programme has been launched to teach high school students about propaganda and a leaflet distributed to 4.7 million homes includes tips on spotting such misinformation. Some 7,000 government officials have received basic training in spotting "influence operations" and how they could put the elections at risk. Public awareness has been raised further by the willingness of Swedish officials at all levels of government to discuss openly the threat of interference. Prime Minister Stefan Lofven has called attempts to meddle in the elections "completely unacceptable" and has pledged to expose them "without mercy". Cyber-security is being improved across government and work is under way to raise awareness of the risks of hacking and disinformation. It is not only Sweden that is taking action, with other countries drawing similar conclusions about the possibility of Russian interference. During Europe's "super election year" of 2017, the governments of the Netherlands, France and Germany all made significant efforts to protect themselves. Dutch officials decided to abandon electronic counting of ballots for fears over hacking, for example. The German and French governments are considering new laws to make social media and technology companies responsible for tackling fake news. It could be that such efforts are having an impact. Despite the hack of the German parliament in 2015, no significant attempts to interfere in the country's September 2017 elections were reported. Other countries have warned Russia against election meddling, with UK Prime Minister Theresa May arguing that it was trying to "undermine free societies" by "planting fake stories". Nevertheless, the possibility of Russian interference remains a serious challenge, both in Europe and the US, as well as other parts of the world such as Latin America. Dan Coats, the US director of national intelligence, has warned: "There should be no doubt that Russia perceives its past efforts as successful and views the 2018 US mid-term elections as a potential target." Countries might want to consider sharing best practices and lessons learned if they are to ensure their polls are free and fair. The possibility of Russian interference in elections is likely to remain a serious challenge for some time. The world will be watching to see whether Sweden's tactics work and what can be learned from them. About this piece This analysis piece was commissioned by the BBC from experts working for an outside organisation. Erik Brattberg is director of the Europe Program at the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, while Tim Maurer is co-director of its Cyber Policy Initiative. This article is based on their report "Russian Election Interference: Europe's Counter to Fake News and Cyber Attacks". More details about the work of the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace can be found here. Edited by Duncan Walker
Getting into Aung Mingalar as a journalist is relatively simple. We visited a couple of government offices, had a letter written for us and then after having our documents forensically examined, were allowed in.	You are an expert at summarizing long articles. Proceed to summarize the following text: By Jonah FisherBBC News, Aung Mingalar, Rakhine state For the Buddhists who dominate the Rakhine capital, Sittwe, it is even easier. Their buses, rickshaws and motorbikes just get waved through by the police. Many even use the main road as a short cut just to reach another part of town. For the residents of Aung Mingalar, however, things are very different. The 4,000 Muslim Rohingya who live inside are effectively prisoners - restricted first by the police checkpoints and then by the Rakhine Buddhist community that surrounds them on all sides and constantly looks on. "The police will not allow us out, because if they do, they know we will be beaten by the Rakhine [Buddhists]," a young Rohingya man said. Three years ago the Muslim and Buddhist communities in Sittwe lived fairly amicably side by side. Then in 2012 there were several outbreaks of sectarian violence and most of Sittwe's Muslims fled into camps to the north-west of the town. Both communities were affected, but the vast majority of those killed and displaced were Rohingya. Stateless and unwanted by either Myanmar (also known as Burma) or Bangladesh, it is thought that about 800,000 of them live in Rakhine state, their movements and rights heavily restricted. When violence swept through Sittwe, the people of Aung Mingalar were among the few Muslims who decided to stay in their homes. Their neighbourhood quickly turned into a Rohingya ghetto, wrapped in barbed wire and over-run by security. Cut off from the outside world, it is now a miserable open-air prison. Despite its central location, there are no regular aid deliveries here and just getting money to buy food is a struggle for many. Prior to the violence, Maung Ni was a successful tailor working mainly for Buddhist customers. Now he sits in a shack with a leaky roof, sewing on a machine that a friend has kindly lent him. "I've sold everything I can," he said. "My bicycle, my rickshaw - I just don't know what to do next." Healthcare 'backbone' Twice a week, the people of Aung Mingalar club together to make a shopping trip. On Wednesdays and Sundays, six Rohingya pay 20,000 kyat ($20, £12) each in return for a security escort from the police. There is a big market just round the corner, but such is the local animosity that they must leave Sittwe and go to the camps for displaced Rohingya to buy more supplies. There is also a hospital, Sittwe General, just a few blocks away. But for now the residents of Aung Mingalar have no access to doctors or healthcare. The medical aid agency Medecins sans Frontieres (MSF) used to visit regularly and, if necessary, would arrange an escort to one of the 10 beds in the hospital designated for Rohingya patients. That has now stopped after a well-organised campaign by Buddhist groups led to the government suspending MSF across Rakhine state. It has left a big hole in the international aid effort. "MSF has been the backbone of the entire international health response in Rakhine. They have been providing healthcare to over half a million people," said Mark Cutts, head of the United Nations Office for the Co-ordination of Humanitarian Affairs Myanmar office. Few of the aid agencies operating in Rakhine will speak openly about their work. MSF's "crimes" in the eyes of their critics are two-fold. Firstly, by stressing that they assist people on the basis of needs rather than over simple even-handedness, many Buddhists believe the charity has favoured the Muslims over them. Secondly, in what may have been the final straw, MSF released information corroborating reports that Rohingya communities had been under attack. In January the government vehemently denied that there had been violence near the border town of Maungdaw, only for MSF to contradict them by saying their clinic had treated 22 people fleeing the area. "If MSF were just doing their job - they wouldn't have to leave," said Than Thun, one of the organisers of the anti-MSF demonstrations. "But MSF kept getting the wrong information about these Bengalis, or Rohingya, and giving it to the international community. They have inflamed the conflict here." During the day we spent in Aung Mingalar, we saw a sick baby girl, her ailing mother and several elderly people badly in need of medicine. For now there is no one to see them or offer treatment. The Burmese government say they will send medics from outside Rakhine state to fill the gap left by MSF's suspension. But after years as one the world's most poorly-funded healthcare systems, it is not equipped to move quickly, and the doctors may still not be accepted in Muslim communities. Thoughts are now turning as to whether the suspension might in fact be temporary and once emotions have cooled, MSF could be quietly allowed back. It is far from certain that the Buddhists will allow it to happen. Segregation has brought a degree of stability, but the deep scars from recent violence remain raw and show little sign of healing.
An "Islamic caliphate" has been declared in the Middle East and the group behind it, Isis, has now rebranded itself simply "the Islamic State". Panorama has spoken to a defector about life inside the feared jihadist group.	You are an expert at summarizing long articles. Proceed to summarize the following text: By Paul WoodBBC Panorama Isis is not an organisation it is easy to leave. We met a man who had - and he was terrified of the consequences. "The brutality of Isis terrifies everyone," he said. "My family, my cousins, my siblings are all still there. I fear for them. If they can't reach me, they will reach my family." He was nervous, agreeing to record an interview only after several hours of discussion, over customary tiny glasses of scalding hot, sweet tea. He would talk to us only if we would not reveal his identity. He wrapped himself in a keffiyeh for our camera and we promised not to use his name. He summed up the jihadists' tactics like this: "If you're against me, then you'll be killed. If you're with me, you work with me. You submit to my will and obey me, under my power in all matters." 'Heart impassioned' There are few accounts of how Isis works. That is no surprise when Isis says it will detain as spies any foreign journalists who enter its territory. So we travelled to Turkey's border with Syria to meet the defector. The border is a hinterland of safe houses and supply lines for the rebels in the Syrian uprising. Turkey has made clear that Isis is no longer welcome here, so it is possible to meet people who have sought refuge from the Islamic State. The defector had initially joined an Islamist brigade of the Free Syrian Army to fight the Assad regime. He joined Isis when his whole tribe pledged allegiance to the group - and because he believed in creating an Islamic state. His first orders, as an Isis fighter, were to attend a course on Sharia, or Islamic law. "Not the principles of Islam, the principles of the Islamic State. So they teach you the Islam they want," he said. "It appeals to the heart and not to the mind, so that your heart becomes impassioned with their words. This is the first stage. The second stage is military exercises, military training." He explained that Isis had learned the lessons from Iraq in the early days on the anti-American insurgency. Then, it alienated the Sunni population. In Syria, the defector said, Isis tried to do things differently as it entered each new town. "In the beginning Isis used goodness with the population in order to attract the people and they provided them with what they needed in order to attract them quickly, because they suffered so much under Bashar and his regime," he said. "Once Isis succeeded in attracting people they changed dramatically, from being good to being cruel and harsh. You're either with me or against me! There is nothing in between." Sharia law In all the towns and villages it controls, Isis has implemented its very conservative version of Sharia. Rules on appearance are strictly enforced: a beard for men, the full veil for women, this is required for the whole population. "Anything that contradicts their beliefs is forbidden. Anyone who follows what they reject is an apostate and must be killed," the defector said. Our producer met one woman who had fled with her husband and children to Turkey from Raqqa in Syria. She said an Isis fighter policing the streets had threatened her after she had accidentally shown one centimetre of her trousers. "I was wearing it [abaya, or cloak] but I just forgot to lift it up, that's while I was getting out of the car. I don't know how he saw me, I really don't know. And he was Egyptian, unfortunately. He is not a Syrian worrying about a woman from his nation." The defector said it was a deliberate Isis strategy to use outsiders to police the towns it took over. "The Islamic State have brought in people from other countries, different nationalities who are quite young in age so that they can brainwash or indoctrinate them with their Isis ideology," he said. "And so they control the areas, not through the local people but with their own forces and their own men whom they prepare for this task." The jihadists of Isis wish to go back to what they see as a more pure form of Islam from the time of the Prophet and his companions. They believe in a literal interpretation of the Koran. The lslamic State's leader, Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi has now proclaimed himself "Caliph", a descendant of Muhammad and of his tribe. He has demanded that all Muslims, everywhere, swear loyalty to him -a ruling condemned by other religious scholars around the region. But Baghdadi is also spoken of as a cunning tactician. Some reports from Mosul, for instance, speak of confidence-building measures. Security barriers have been torn down to open roads, electricity lines restored, municipal salaries paid… if this does not work, Isis can rely on the whip and the sword, as it has done many times in the past. Panorama: Isis: Terror in Iraq is broadcast on BBC One at 20:30 BST on Monday, 14 July.
A 13-year-old boy has been arrested on suspicion of arson following a blaze at a derelict building in Lancashire.	You are an expert at summarizing long articles. Proceed to summarize the following text: Crews tackled the fire on High Street, Skelmersdale, which started at about 19:30 BST on Tuesday. The blaze has been brought under control, but firefighters remained at the scene for the rest of the night. Lancashire Police said the teenager from Skelmersdale was arrested shortly after the fire was reported and remains in custody. Why not follow BBC North West on Facebook, Twitter and Instagram? You can also send story ideas to northwest.newsonline@bbc.co.uk
More than 1.6 million prescriptions for ADHD medication were dispensed in the UK last year - double the figure of a decade ago. With adults now the fastest growing patient group, what is it like for those living with the condition?	You are an expert at summarizing long articles. Proceed to summarize the following text: By Jim ReedReporter, Victoria Derbyshire programme "I'd always put it down to just not having any willpower, and not being able to cope in stressful situations," Sam Sykes tells the BBC's Victoria Derbyshire programme. "I thought I was a bit of a lesser human, frankly." Sam was diagnosed with ADHD last year at the age of 44. Her seven-year-old son also has the condition, which often has a genetic link. Sam says she has lived life with "almost constant anxiety", and finds it hard to stay in a job for any length of time. "I get to the point where I can't cope anymore," she says. "Either I'm too bored, or too frustrated, or I genuinely believe that I'm doing such a terrible job that I need to put my employer out of their misery." When diagnosed, her doctor prescribed pills - slow-acting stimulants - which she now takes once a day. "I was a bit scared because it occurred to me quite quickly this could be something I was going to have to be on for the rest of my life," she says. "But from the perspective of everyday survival it's turned my life around." Most common behavioural disorder Even among doctors, ADHD is still often thought of as a childhood disorder. It was only officially recognised as an adult condition in the UK in 2008. There are no official figures for the numbers affected, but academic studies suggest up to 204,000 British adults could benefit from treatment - making it the most common behavioural disorder in the country. The NHS lists the symptoms as impulsiveness, hyperactivity and inattentiveness. It can often lead to connected mental health problems, like severe anxiety or depression. It is possible to develop ADHD as an adult, after a brain injury for example, but the majority of those diagnosed later in life will have been living with it since birth. "There is still a great deal of ignorance," says Tony Lloyd, chief executive of the charity ADHD Foundation. "Many adults who are coming to me now are saying, 'I just thought ADHD was about naughty children'." He adds: "We're really just beginning to understand that undiagnosed, untreated ADHD can have a very significant impact on somebody's health, wellbeing, employability and their life chances." The exact causes of the disorder are still not fully understood but there is a growing consensus that biology is to blame. A complex mix of mainly genetic but also environmental factors appears to lead to a shortage of the chemical messengers dopamine and noradrenaline in the brain. Find out more Watch Jim Reed's full film on the rise in ADHD pills on the Victoria Derbyshire programme's website. Medication has been around for decades in different forms. Most of the drugs are stimulants designed to artificially boost the levels of those chemicals. "It takes an hour to metabolise and - click - it just kicks in," says Sam. "There is no anxiety and you just get on with your day, that's it." But there can be side-effects. Sam says taking the pills can make it more difficult to eat and sleep during the day. "To be honest those side effects are small in comparison the difference the medication has made to my life," she says. The most commonly-prescribed drug, methylphenidate, is also said to be associated with an increased risk of heart defects in infants whose mothers take the medication during pregnancy, according to a 2017 study in the journal JAMA. 'Mind-altering substance' Figures compiled by the BBC's Victoria Derbyshire programme show NHS prescriptions for ADHD medications have more than doubled over the last decade, rising from 761,763 items in 2007 to 1,654,694 in 2017 across England, Wales and Scotland. The data suggests that adults are now the fastest-growing patient group. In Scotland, the only nation that records age groups, one in every four on medication is now at least 20 years old. The huge rise in medication has proved controversial, especially in the US where more than six million children are now diagnosed. "I am really worried about it," says Dr Joanna Moncrieff, a senior clinical lecturer at University College London. "It's important for people to realise they're taking a mind-altering substance, basically a low dose of amphetamine or a drug that's similar to amphetamine." Many other psychiatrists reject that argument, saying that stimulant pills alone often allow people with ADHD to control the disorder. "The actual effect of giving somebody with ADHD medication is that they just feel normal," says Dr Helen Read, a NHS psychiatrist who specialises in adults with the condition. "That might sound like a small thing but for somebody who's struggled all their life to do the things that everybody else finds easy, that is absolutely incredible for them." Zoe Twin, 21, from Orpington in Kent, was first diagnosed in the middle of her GCSE exams six years ago. "It's mentally debilitating," she says. "You get overwhelmed and you just go into this paralysed state because you don't know what the most important thing is." She says she was unable to concentrate on her work, and was suffering from depression. Aged 16, she fell off the radar of the local Child and Adolescent Mental Health Services (CAMHS) provider and, after a bad experience, stopped taking her medication. But the symptoms did not go away. After a struggle she was eventually seen by doctors as an adult and put on a different slow-acting stimulant. "It's a bit like blinkers for my brain, it just allows me to focus and sort out my priorities." she says. "I'd like to say I wouldn't need it for all my life because we don't know the actual effects of that, but at the moment it's what I need." The Victoria Derbyshire programme is broadcast weekdays between 09:00 and 11:00 on BBC Two and the BBC News channel.
Charlotte Church has taken to Twitter to turn down an alleged request to perform at US President-elect Donald Trump's inauguration ceremony.	You are an expert at summarizing long articles. Proceed to summarize the following text: The singer tweeted: "Your staff have asked me to sing at your inauguration, a simple internet search would show I think you're a tyrant. Bye." Reports from the US suggest Donald Trump is struggling to find A-list stars to perform at his inauguration. Beyonce and Aretha Franklin performed at Barack Obama's inauguration in 2009. Ms Church sang at George W. Bush's inauguration celebration when she was 15 years old. America's next president will be sworn in on 20 January. Mr Trump's team has been asked to comment.
Chief justice Sarath N Silva has expressed his disappointment in open courts as to how a large sum of money has been allocated from next year's budget for former President Chandrika Kumaratunge.	You are an expert at summarizing long articles. Proceed to summarize the following text: Rs.29 million has been allocated for President Kumaratunge front the budget for 2006. Chief Justice aired his views when he took up a petition filed by President Mahinda Rajapakse asking to verify the legality of the supplementary budget with relevance to the budget for 2006. Chief Justice Sarath N.Silva said he was surprised to see Rs.29 million is set a part to former president alone where as only Rs.29 million is allocated for the ten judges of the Supreme Court Chief Justice said he could not approve such a huge amount of money going out from the budget to a single person. Only six million rupees have been allocated for the former president D.B.Wijetunge, the chief justice added. "This is an unequal treatment", he said. The secret decision of the Supreme Court on the legality of the supplementary budget will be conveyed to the President Mahinda Rajapakse and the speaker of parliament.
When there is severe weather a list of schools that are being affected in Leicester and Leicestershire will appear below.	You are an expert at summarizing long articles. Proceed to summarize the following text: For information related to school closures in Rutland, please refer to the county council website. The BBC relies on schools and local education authorities to notify it of closures. We advise you to contact your child's school during periods of extreme weather to find out if it has been affected. The page will be manually updated between 06:30 and 21:00 GMT on severe weather days. Please note this page does not auto-update. If no schools are listed below then the BBC has not been made aware of any closures in the region. School closures for [insert date]
Here is a round up of the key points around the country so far:	You are an expert at summarizing long articles. Proceed to summarize the following text: English councils: Welsh councils: Mayoral referendums: Scottish councils: London: • All the latest election results are available at bbc.co.uk/vote2012
Twelve of London's "most evasive" burglary suspects, including a man who stole more than £10,000 worth of Asian gold, are being hunted by the Met.	You are an expert at summarizing long articles. Proceed to summarize the following text: The force has released images of the suspects and said the stolen gold, worth a lot for sentimental reasons, is "irreplaceable". A 39-year-old man is being hunted in connection with the crime. More than 1,400 people were arrested over burglary offences from 21 September to 14 December, the Met said. Suspects photographed, left to right: Top row Second row Third row Simon Letchford at the Met's Territorial Policing arm said he was stepping up efforts to find and arrest "outstanding wanted suspects" to tackle burglary in the run up to Christmas. He asked anyone with information to get in touch. Mr Letchford added: "We will use every means at our disposal to catch those wanted so they can face justice, so our message is clear, 'if your face is on this list, hand yourself in - don't ruin Christmas for your family'."
A man serving a 12-year sentence for manslaughter has absconded from an open prison in Derbyshire.	You are an expert at summarizing long articles. Proceed to summarize the following text: Ashley Squires, 27, failed to return to HMP Sudbury over the weekend. In 2006 he admitted the manslaughter of farmer Michael Boffey who died during the theft of a vehicle in Withybrook, Warwickshire, in August 2005. Squires is described as white, 5ft 10ins tall, of medium build, with short blond hair and green eyes. He has an East Anglian accent. His last known address was in Leicester. Mr Boffey, 61, was struck by a Land Rover at his farm moments after Squires had tried to run over another farm worker.
Three men have appeared in court charged with conspiracy to commit modern slavery offences.	You are an expert at summarizing long articles. Proceed to summarize the following text: The offences are alleged to have taken place between 2016 and 2017 at two car washes in Carlisle and one in Penrith. Defrim Paci, 39, of Sutton-in-Ashfield, Nottinghamshire, Jetmir Paci, 35, of Minimum Terrace, Chesterfield and Sitar Ali, 30, of Adelaide Street, Carlisle, entered no plea. Magistrates bailed them to appear at Carlisle Crown Court on 7 January.
About 100 jobs have been saved at a Denbighshire hotel after it was taken over by new owners a week after it went into administration.	You are an expert at summarizing long articles. Proceed to summarize the following text: They say all posts at Ruthin Castle hotel in Ruthin are secure and future bookings will be honoured. The 60 bedroom hotel, which has a spa and restaurant, will continue to be run by the existing management. It has been bought in a joint venture with private equity firm and Prima Hotel Group, based in Cheshire. Former owner Anthony Saint-Claire is now acting as a director of the new company, called Ruthin Castle Estates.
A man and a woman from Chester have been led to safety by mountain rescue team members after they became crag-fast on Tryfan in Snowdonia.	You are an expert at summarizing long articles. Proceed to summarize the following text: Ogwen Valley Mountain Rescue team said they were inadequately equipped and had no map or compass. They had scrambled up part of the north ridge and were unable to find the footpath when they turned back. A rescue team spokesman said they were discovered sitting 10 feet (3m) from the path. Tryfan, one of the best known mountains in the Ogwen Valley, appears on the map at 3,002 ft, or 915m. Last year it was re-measured and came in at 3,010 ft (917.51m) - 8 ft (2.43m) taller than its official measurement. The project's result was verified by a member of the Ordnance Survey (OS).
A mass brawl erupted in Brighton on the eve of lockdown involving a group of about 20 people.	You are an expert at summarizing long articles. Proceed to summarize the following text: Sussex Police were called to Montpelier Place at 22:15 GMT on Wednesday. One man suffered serious injuries and was taken to Royal Sussex County Hospital for treatment, where he remains in a serious condition. Four men have been arrested and remain in custody. The force is appealing for witnesses. Det Insp Owen Radley said: "The incident happened in what would have been a busy area and we are sure someone would know what happened."
A selection of your pictures of Scotland sent in between 27 November and 4 December. Send your photos to scotlandpictures@bbc.co.uk. Please ensure you adhere to the BBC's rules regarding photographs which can be found here.	You are an expert at summarizing long articles. Proceed to summarize the following text: Please also ensure you follow current coronavirus guidelines and take your pictures safely and responsibly. Conditions of use: If you submit an image, you do so in accordance with the BBC's terms and conditions. Please ensure that the photograph you send is your own and if you are submitting photographs of children, we must have written permission from a parent or guardian of every child featured (a grandparent, auntie or friend will not suffice). In contributing to BBC News you agree to grant us a royalty-free, non-exclusive licence to publish and otherwise use the material in any way, including in any media worldwide. However, you will still own the copyright to everything you contribute to BBC News. At no time should you endanger yourself or others, take any unnecessary risks or infringe the law. You can find more information here. All photos are subject to copyright.
A gunman killed four Marines in Chattanooga, Tennessee, in front of military recruitment centres on Thursday. Three of the men had done numerous tours serving the US across the globe while another was just getting started with his career in the military. On Saturday, a sailor who was seriously injured in the shootings died in hospital. Here is what we know about the five victims.	You are an expert at summarizing long articles. Proceed to summarize the following text: Gunney Sgt Thomas J Sullivan Sullivan grew up in Springfield, Massachusetts, and served two tours in Iraq, earning a Purple Heart. Mayor of Springfield Dominic Sarno said in a statement that Sullivan's death is "a tragic loss not just for the Springfield community but for our entire nation". He was enlisted in the military for nearly 18 years. Tributes poured in for Sullivan, 40, on the Facebook page for Massachusetts eatery Nathan Bill's Bar and Restaurant, of which Sullivan's brother Joe is a part owner. "He was our hero and he will never be forgotten. Please keep his family and friends in your thoughts and prayers. Thank you Tommy for protecting us," one post read. Lance Cpl Squire K "Skip" Wells Wells grew up in Georgia an graduated high school in 2012. The 21-year-old had been enrolled as a student at Georgia Southern University in 2013, but ultimately dropped out to enter the Marine Corps. He enlisted in 2014 and was a field artillery cannoneer. The university said in a statement: "The community is saddened by the news that former student and Marine Skip Wells was killed yesterday in the Chattanooga tragedy along with three fellow Marines... The Eagle Nation offers our deepest condolences to his family and the families of those killed and wounded during this incident." He had recently left home for a three-week commitment in Chattanooga. His family friend Andy Kingery told the AP Wells "died doing what he wanted to do and had chosen to do." Caroline Dove, his girlfriend, was texting him the day of the shooting. She had just booked a trip to Chattanooga to see him. He texted her "ACTIVE SHOOTER" and it was the last she heard from him. The two met at Georgia Southern University. He dreamed of being a drill sergeant, Ms Dove said. Staff Sgt David A Wyatt Wyatt was a Burke County, North Carolina resident who served in both Iraq and Afghanistan, serving as a Marine for more than 11 years. He enlisted in 2004 and was deployed three times. He was married with two children. Neighbours packed his home on Thursday to pay their respects, The Tennessean reports. Family members posted on Facebook that there was "no sleep tonight" following the attacks. Tony Ward, who was Wyatt's Boy Scouts supervisor when he was in high school in Russellville, Arkansas, said Wyatt enjoyed life, was a "hard charger" and that he cared deeply about his job and his colleagues serving with him. "He's the kind of man that this country needs more of," Ward said. Sgt Carson A Holmquist Carson hailed from Grantsburg, Wisconsin and served in Afghanistan. He was very proud to be a Marine, even visiting his high school after boot camp wearing his "formal blues". His high school principal Josh Watt described him as a strong football player and someone who loved to hunt and fish. Holmquist enlisted in the military in January 2009 and had been serving as an automotive maintenance technician, completing two deployments in Afghanistan. "It's a very tough day in Grantsburg," Watt said. Reached by phone by the AP, Holmquist's father and grandfather said they were not ready to talk yet. Navy Petty Officer 2nd Class Randal Smith In a brief statement on Saturday, the Navy said a petty officer died from his wounds overnight. It did not identify the sailor, but he was later named by his family members. Smith - from Paulding, Ohio - leaves behind a wife and three daughters. "It's hard to understand how somebody can hurt somebody that's serving for you, for your freedom, for you safety," his step-grandmother Darlene Proxmire told WANE television. Smith joined the service after attending college in Ohio, his grandmother Linda Wallace told the Associated Press news agency. He had reportedly recently re-enlisted and was transferred to Chattanooga.
The relaxation of Covid-19 restrictions in Wales on Christmas Day will allow many people to form a two-household bubble with loved ones. But thousands of people who have been shielding during the pandemic won't have that luxury.	You are an expert at summarizing long articles. Proceed to summarize the following text: By Caleb SpencerBBC News About 130,000 people in Wales deemed extremely vulnerable due to underlying health conditions have once again been told to stay home by the Welsh Government. Although government-advised shielding previously ended in August, many haven't been able to truly stop shielding since the start of the pandemic. BBC Wales has spoken to a number of people who are facing the prospect of not seeing their nearest and dearest this Christmas. 'Covid would kill our nine-year-old son' By any metric, Matthew and Lisa Williams and their sons Macsen and Ioan, from Swansea, have had a very difficult time during the pandemic. Nine-year-old Macsen has multiple neurological disorders caused by a rare genetic mutation, including quadriplegic cerebral palsy, uncontrolled epilepsy, cortical visual impairment and respiratory conditions. It means he cannot sit, stand, roll or walk unaided, can have up to 40 seizures per day, has vision "like looking through Swiss cheese" and is fed through a tube. The family have been effectively shielding since January after Macsen became so unwell with chest infections that anaesthetists had to hold his head manually for hours at a time to help him breathe. "We kind of had a preview of what he would be like if he had Covid - if he had that now, I'm not sure he would be able to fight it," says Matthew. Although Christmas Day is usually spent together without guests, Matthew said the family would normally see grandparents and friends in the days before and after - but will be unable to this year. "It's really sad for the kids - both worship their grandparents as well, so it's really sad knowing they are not going to physically see them," he explained. "The biggest thing I'm thinking of is that Macsen loves Christmas in school. He's had a whole year without school and it's his favourite place in the world." 'I was at such a low point' The demands of raising a child with needs as complex as Macsen's during a pandemic are unimaginable to most people, but both Matthew and Lisa also have health challenges of their own. Matthew has Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease, a genetic condition which means he is losing strength in his limbs and is often physically exhausted. Lisa suffers with both chronic migraines - up to 25 a month without treatment - and endometriosis, which can cause debilitating pain and extremely heavy periods. Earlier in the pandemic, Ioan, who is 12 and in secondary school, had a cold which meant he had to isolate in his own bedroom for two weeks to avoid passing it on to Macsen. Lisa was looking after Ioan while Matthew looked after Macsen in another part of the house. Towards the end of the two weeks, Lisa caught a cold which meant Matthew had to continue looking after Macsen alone for another two weeks. "I was at such a low point at the end of the four weeks that I broke down," said Matthew. Tŷ Hafan, a charity which cares for children with life-limiting conditions, stepped in and took Macsen in to give the family respite for a week or so. "That's been our lives for nine years - when you think you are at the lowest point, something else happens," Matthew added. 'Ostracised by Covid' Rhiannon Jones, 21, has cerebral palsy and has been living in a Leonard Cheshire care home for disabled people near Newport since she left her family home in October. Because her condition can affect her breathing, she has been forced to shield as she waits to be housed with her 22-year-old sister in Bridgend. "I'm a very sociable person, so not seeing people has definitely impacted my mental health," she said. "I was diagnosed with depression and PTSD so it has not been a very good time for me, but the care staff here have been so supportive." Rhiannon said she has been shielding since the first lockdown was announced in March, and accepts "there's not much likelihood" of seeing family over Christmas. "It has felt like an eternity because I haven't been able to see my family," she said. "Covid has made everything so impersonal. I thrive off my family support. I feel like I have been ostracised by Covid." 'I'm used to my family being there' Dot Gallagher, 72, is full-time carer for her sons Gary, 47, who has learning disabilities and muscular dystrophy, and Michael, 32, who has Down's syndrome. Along with another son Martin, 53, the family have been shielding at their home in Holyhead since March. "It's difficult. I'm used to most of my family being there," said Dot, who is chairwoman of learning disability charity Mencap on Anglesey. In total, Dot has five sons and a daughter who usually spend Christmas together. "We would all normally be together, and everyone would bring something to the table on Christmas Day," she said. But the sacrifices Dot and her family have already made have only stiffened her resolve to avoid letting their guard down. "I'm not going to waste what I consider to be a year of our lives keeping them safe, just to enjoy two days at Christmas," she explained. 'The loneliness and isolation goes on' Deborah Ho, director of care at Tŷ Hafan, said: "This year, families are balancing the wish to see their families with the need to protect their child from the risks that Covid-19 presents. "Many families have made the difficult decision to see families from a distance as opposed to face to face, meaning the loneliness and isolation they have felt throughout 2020 goes on." The Leonard Cheshire charity urged people who are shielding "to adhere to guidelines and use their own personal discretion to ensure they remain safe from the virus".
A man has been arrested over an incident which led to homes being evacuated and the Army bomb squad being called.	You are an expert at summarizing long articles. Proceed to summarize the following text: Wiltshire Police said a suspicious item was found at an address in Anzio Road, Devizes, on Wednesday afternoon. A local man in his 20s was arrested on suspicion of possessing an explosive substance. A cordon that was in place was lifted late on Wednesday evening and people were allowed back into their homes.
Fish could reach traditional spawning grounds in South Yorkshire for the first time in over a century through a "fish pass", experts have said.	You are an expert at summarizing long articles. Proceed to summarize the following text: Work has been completed on a £300,000 project on the River Don at Meadowhall allowing fish to swim over a previously impassable weir. Don Catchment Rivers Trust said fish have not been able to swim upstream since the weir was built 150 years ago. The new pass could lead to greater diversity in the fish population. Karen Eynon, from the trust, said: "Fish have been returning to the Don over the last 30 years thanks to huge improvements in water quality." Fish and eel passes act like watery staircases allowing fish and eels to swim or wriggle their way over a weir. Ms Eynon said the pass would help a range of fish species, including salmon, to swim further up the Don.
For the first time ever, the winner of the Mercury Prize will be revealed on The One Show this Thursday.	You are an expert at summarizing long articles. Proceed to summarize the following text: By Mark SavageBBC music reporter The prize, which recognises the best British or Irish album of the year, is normally announced at a lavish awards ceremony in London. But with Covid making that impossible, Radio 1's Annie Mac will deliver the judge's verdict live on BBC One. This year's nominees include pop stars like Dua Lipa and Charli XCX, alongside Stormzy and folk singer Laura Marling. The bookmaker's favourite, however, is Michael Kiwanuka - whose soulful exploration of identity and self-doubt is one of the most acclaimed albums of the last 12 months. The BBC has also put together a special Mercury Prize show featuring specially-filmed performances from many of the 12 nominated acts. Laura Marling performed music from her nominated album, Song For Our Daughter, at the Royal Albert Hall, while indie band Porridge Radio filmed their contribution at Brighton's Rialto Theatre. Charli XCX has shot an exclusive performance in LA, while Dua Lipa has made a previously unseen performance available, and Stormzy will be seen in an excerpt of his historic Glastonbury set last year. As well as The One show, BBC 6 Music will present live coverage of the award from 19:00 BST, including the first interview with the winner. The winner will also appear for an extended interview on a special edition of Later… With Jools Holland on Friday at 22:00 BST on BBC Two. Read about all 12 of this year's nominees below. Anna Meredith - Fibs Scottish composer Anna Meredith has been a composer-in-residence with the BBC Scottish Symphony Orchestra, made music for park benches in Hong Kong, opened the first night of the Proms with a piece commemorating the end of World War 1, and created orchestral arrangements for Laura Marling and Sigur Ros. The songs on her second solo album, Fibs, are in perpetual motion, skipping deftly between moods and sounds, whether she's layering up arpeggiated synths, thrashing a hair metal guitar, or making "bangery pop pop" on the elegaic Inhale Exhale. The critics say: "It's a frankly overwhelming listen first time around, with everything tearing along at 100 miles an hour, but it's all fizzing and crackling so exhilaratingly that you're happy to let her sweep you along." [DIY Magazine] Listen to this: Inhale Exhale Charli XCX - How I'm Feeling Now "Staying positive goes hand in hand with being creative," said Charli XCX, announcing that she intended to write and record an album from scratch during the Covid-19 lockdown. Six weeks later, How I'm Feeling Now emerged, fusing her pop melodies with fidgety electronic production. Understandably, it simmers with anxiety and stress - but also finds space to celebrate the relationship that sustained Charli through self-isolation. "I don't know why I haven't made an album like this before'," she told the BBC. "It's so fun and nice to work like this." The critics said: "While not life-altering, How I'm Feeling Now is fun, fast and thoroughly listenable. It's absorbing as a document from a strange period, and its diaristic, vloggy aspects provide an intriguing peek into artistry under pressure." [The Quietus] Listen to this: Claws Dua Lipa - Future Nostalgia "I've time-travelled quite a lot on this record," said Dua Lipa of her second album, which draws on 70s disco, 80s workout-pop and 90s club jams. The retro-futuristic sound was a deliberate step away from her debut album, as Lipa resisted the pressure to make a "New Rules Pt. II" and revisited the music that inspired her, growing up in London and Kosovo. The result is almost defiantly happy - a sweat-glistened hymn to the dancefloor that cements her position as Britain's top pop star. The critics said: "A breathtakingly fun, cohesive and ambitious attempt to find a place for disco in 2020." [Rolling Stone] Listen to this: Don't Start Now Georgia - Seeking Thrills Growing up, Georgia Barnes' bedroom doubled as a recording studio for dance mavericks and two-time Mercury nominees Leftfield. "It was keyboards, drum machines, wires, bits of percussion, microphones," said the singer, whose father was the band's producer Neil Barnes. She started playing one of those drum machines when she was five, and her love of rhythm permeates her propulsive second album, Seeking Thrills. Like Dua Lipa's record, Seeking Thrills is a euphoric tribute to dancefloor deliverance. Or, to use Georgia's own words, "ultrasound light, consumed by night". The critics said: "It's a spectacularly physical and restless album... The embodiment of what it means to come alive on the dancefloor." [Popmatters] Listen to this: Never Let You Go Kano - Hoodies All Summer One of the legends of grime's first wave, Kano's fifth album, Made In The Manor, landed him a Mercury nomination in 2017. His sixth record is, if anything, sharper and more focused - a lean, 10-track survey of social and racial injustice, that addresses everything from knife crime and Windrush to gentrification and, crucially, the importance of good times. "I feel like we're resilient people and there's always room for a smile and to celebrate the small wins and the big wins," he told Apple Music. The critics said: "This is the album grime has been crying out for." [The Telegraph] Listen to this: Can't Hold We Down Lanterns On The Lake - Spook The Herd On their atmospheric fourth album, Newcastle's Lanterns On The Lake sing about environmental crisis, internet extremism, social media addiction and bereavement. "Don't look now," sings Hazel Wilde on the opening track, "Here come the baddies/ On a wave of hate." The topics are urgent and frequently upsetting, but Wilde infuses her lyrics with empathy, exploring how compassion could deliver us from disaster. The music is a balm, too, with shimmering guitars and dreamy soundscapes that draw you deeper with every listen. The critics said: "A spectacular, rich and luscious album that many listeners will have etched into their minds and hearts forever." [Music OMH] Listen to this: Every Atom Laura Marling - Song For Our Daughter Laura Marling's seventh album was inspired by Maya Angelou's book, Letter to My Daughter - a series of essays to a younger generation of women, full of wisdom and lessons in compassion and fortitude. Marling is also passing down some hard-won wisdom. "Stay alone, be brave," she sings on Strange Girl. Later, on For You, she advises: "Love is not the answer / But the line that marks the start." For an artist who's frequently hidden behind characters and metaphor, it's her most straightforward record yet, full of rich string arrangements and melodic Laurel Canyon harmonies, and earning the singer her fourth Mercury nomination. The critics said: "Marling's seventh solo LP has the clarity, mastery and quiet strength of a folk-rock classic." [Q Magazine] Listen to this: Strange Girl Michael Kiwanuka - Kiwanuka Michael Kiwanuka joins rarefied company, as only the third artist to receive a Mercury nomination for each of their first three albums (the others being Coldplay and Anna Calvi). Despite that track record, his latest album emerged from a period of crippling self-doubt. "I've always had imposter syndrome," he told the BBC last year. "I was always waiting for someone to find me out and go, 'You're not actually that good and it's all going to crumble'." After conquering his demons, Kiwanuka re-emerged with a record that bears his name as a badge of pride and self-belief. Across 13 interwoven tracks, it showcases his talents as a melodicist and arranger, steering effortlessly through gospel-rock, melancholy soul and trippy psychedelia - while never losing sight of his grace and humanity. The critics said: "Kiwanuka is loaded with memorable songs, but the best way to experience them is by listening to the album from start to finish." [Uncut] Listen to this: Hero Moses Boyd - Dark Matter Moses Boyd made his name as a drummer, winning two Mobo Awards as part of the free-jazz duo Binker and Moses. His solo debut is a foundation-shaking collision of West African and Caribbean rhythms, incorporating elements of UK garage and experimental electronica for good measure. Aimed squarely at the dancefloor, it's also a subtly political album, written as a reaction to Windrush, Grenfell and Brexit. "I didn't sit down to write political songs," he told All About Jazz, "but I was turning on my TV and seeing tower blocks burning and people being deported [so] I was responding to what was around me. There's a lot of darkness." The critics said: "Cool, relevant, and vital in pulling together the threads of London's often disparate musical communities." [Allmusic] Listen to this: Stranger Than Fiction Porridge Radio - Every Bad "I'm bored to death / Let's argue," sings Porridge Radio's singer, songwriter and guitarist Dana Margolin in the opening seconds of the band's second album. Those feelings of frustration and uncertainty appear across the whole album, as Margolin attempts to figure out her place in a world that doesn't allow space for self-reflection. The chaos is reflected in the itchy guitar lines and agitated drums, helping the Brighton-based band burn off some of that nervous energy. The critics said: "Porridge Radio have not only written the album of their careers but possibly of the year too." [Clash] Listen to this: Circling Sports Team - Deep Down Happy Last month, Sports Team achieved the highest first-week sales for a debut album by a British band in four years, narrowly missing out on the number one slot after a week-long showdown with Lady Gaga. It's easy to see why: Deep Down Happy is a compact, playful blast of indie-rock, combining the spirit of Britpop with the scuzzed-up swagger of post-punk. Frontman Alex Rice's lyrics, meanwhile, take a sardonic look at middle England - "I wanna be a lawyer, or someone who hunts foxes," he sneers on Lander - placing them alongside previous Mercury-winners Pulp and Arctic Monkeys, albeit with the added privilege of a Cambridge education. The critics said: "This is the sound of a band who are done being the underdogs." [NME] Listen to this: Here's The Thing Stormzy - Heavy Is The Head Stormzy's debut won multiple Brit awards, landed him a headline slot at Glastonbury and established the 26-year-old as one of Britain's most compelling new voices. The pressure on the follow-up was immense - hence the title - but the rapper kept a level head and focused on the music. The result is an eclectic album that caters both to his mainstream audience and the grime scene that built him, without feeling like he's pandering to either. Indeed, the intended target appears to be Stormzy himself. Throughout the album, he questions how to use his fame - to crush the competition, or elevate his community? He usually errs towards the latter, seeking humility and forgiveness (particularly from his ex, Maya Jama) while turning to God for guidance. The critics said: "Not only is it a drastic step up from his impressive debut, but it shows an artist keen to test himself emotionally, as well as artistically." Listen to this: Crown Follow us on Facebook, or on Twitter @BBCNewsEnts. If you have a story suggestion email entertainment.news@bbc.co.uk.

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