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Denudation | The destructive effect of various exogenous forces on the ground rocks and weathering products under the state of movement. |
Lateral erosion | The river continuously erodes and damages the riverbed in the horizontal direction, making the valley slope recede and widening the valley. |
Scour action | The destructive effect of the flood flow on the rocks in the valley with its own power and the sediment it carries. |
Diluvium | When the flood flows out of the portal, a large amount of debris is accumulated to form diluvium. |
Diluvial fan | The diluvium is mostly fan-shaped on the plane. |
Slope deposit | The slope flow carries the debris washed down from the upper part of the slope to the lower part of the slope for accumulation. |
Alluvium | Sediments formed by mechanical sedimentation of rivers. |
river flat | Due to the lateral erosion of the river, the original riverbed gradually becomes floodplain |
groundwater | Water buried in the soil layer or rock gap below the ground (water body existing in rocks and loose deposits). |
Karst | The dissolution and destruction of groundwater on soluble rock. [The destructive effect of groundwater on surrounding rocks in the process of movement. It can be divided into mechanical subsurface erosion (only visible in underground rivers) and chemical subsurface erosion (also known as karstification). The soluble rock distribution area formed under the action of groundwater is called karst topography or karst topography.] The wave movement of sea water: the wave movement of sea water caused by wind and other reasons is called wave movement. |
glacier | A moving ice body formed by snow on land |
Snowline | The area covered with snow all year round is called snow field, and its lower limit is called snow line |
Glacial valley | Valley formed by glacial denudation. Ice bucket: a three-sided steep wall formed by glacial denudation. |
Fin ridge | A jagged ridge between two adjacent cirques. |
Angular peak | If multiple cirques share the remaining peaks. |
wave | The regular wavy movement of the sea water. |
tide | The periodic fluctuation of sea water is caused by the tidal force generated by the moon - earth system. |
Erosive flow | It is the high-density underwater weight containing a large amount of suspended substances in the ocean or lake. |
lagoon | A bay that is isolated from the sea due to the expansion of the sand bar or sand mouth. |
Marine erosion | The dissolution of seawater is more obvious on the carbonate coast. Seawater contains more carbon dioxide, so it has strong corrosion effect. |
lake | A waterlogged depression of continental water. |
swamp | An area on the land where extremely humid, hygrophilic plants grow in large numbers and peat accumulates. |
Wind erosion | The process of rock damage caused by the impact and abrasion of the wind on the ground with its own kinetic energy and the sand carried by it. Chapter 5 Fossils: Paleontological remains and traces preserved in the stratum due to natural effects. |
Magmatic differentiation | Without the addition of foreign materials, the original magma with uniform composition relies on its own evolution to form the whole process of magma with different composition. |
Metamorphism | Internal force geological processes such as crustal movement, magmatic movement and geothermal flow change cause changes in material and chemical conditions, so that the composition, structure and structure of the original rock can be transformed while the rock formed in the crust is basically solid. |
Recrystallization | It is a process in which the minerals in the original rock are dissolved, the components are migrated, and then precipitated and crystallized in the process of rock metamorphism. |
Metasomatism | In the process of metamorphism, when the material components are brought in and out due to the fluid phase migration, the interaction between the components is caused. |
Contact metamorphism | It is caused by magmatic activity and is a small-scale local metamorphism that occurs near the contact zone between magmatic rocks and surrounding rocks. |
Pneumatolytic hydrothermal metamorphism | It is a kind of metamorphism caused by the metasomatism of the surrounding rock by the gas-water solution with chemical mobility, which changes the mineral composition of the rock, structure, etc. |
Dynamic metamorphism | Under the stress generated by tectonic movement, rocks or constituent minerals are deformed, broken and even recrystallized. |
Regional metamorphism | It refers to a kind of metamorphism with large area distribution and complex action factors. |
Migmatization | It is on the basis of regional metamorphism that the internal heat flow in the crust continues to rise, resulting in the infiltration, metasomatism and penetration of deep hydrothermal fluid and local remelting slurry, which make the rock metamorphism. Chapter VII |
tectonic movement | The internal force causes the deformation and displacement of the crust and even the lithosphere. |
Fault structure | The rocks (rock or rock mass) in the crust, especially the rocks with greater brittleness and close to the surface, are prone to fracture and dislocation under stress, which is generally called fault structure. |
fold | The bending phenomenon of rock stratum. |
syncline | It refers to the downward protruding bend of the rock stratum, and the rock strata on both wings incline from both sides to the center. |
anticline | It refers to the upward protruding bend of the rock stratum, and the rock strata on both wings incline outward from the center. |
fault | The rock block has obvious displacement along the fracture surface. |
Reverse fault | Fault with relatively rising hanging wall and relatively falling footwall |
Parallel unconformity | The boundary of rock strata is roughly parallel, and there is a significant lack of stratum. |
attitude of stratum | The spatial distribution and occurrence status of geological bodies (rock strata, rock masses, ore bodies, etc.) in the crust. |
Horst | Two or two groups of roughly parallel faults, in which the rock block is a common rising wall and its two sides are falling walls, are such fault combinations. |
Graben | Two or two groups of roughly parallel faults, in which the rock block is the common falling wall, and its two sides are the rising wall, such a fault combination. Stratum: a layer or group of strata with a certain horizon, that is, strata have the meaning of age and sequence. |
Stratigraphic unconformity | A part of the stratum is missing between the two sets of strata deposited successively. Resulting in the discontinuity of the ages of the upper and lower strata. |
Magnitude of earthquake | A measure of the magnitude of energy released by an earthquake. |
earthquake intensity | The degree of damage to the surface and buildings caused by the earthquake. |
Occurrence | It refers to the shape and size of the rock mass, the contact relationship with the surrounding rock, and the geological tectonic environment in which it was formed (it refers to the output state of the geological body in three-dimensional space). Chapter VIII |
mineral | It is only a rock containing a certain amount of useful minerals. |
mineral products | Natural mineral resources that exist in the lithosphere and can be used by the national economy. |
deposit | The enrichment section of useful minerals formed under certain geological processes that can meet the current mining and utilization requirements in both quality and quantity. |
ore deposit | Block in the deposit that can be exploited. |
grade | The unit content of the constituent (element, compound or mineral) contained in the ore. Generally expressed in percentage. |
Metallic minerals | Useful mineral resources from which metal elements can be extracted. |
Non-metallic minerals | Minerals from which non-metallic products can be extracted or whose properties can be directly used. |