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plateau | It refers to the highland with an altitude of more than 500m, flat top, small fluctuation and relatively vast area. |
Clark value | The mass fraction of elements in the crust. |
Asthenosphere | That is, the partial melting layer of upper mantle material. |
lithosphere | It is the hard rock part above the asthenosphere. |
syncline | The middle is a new stratum, and the older strata appear symmetrically on both sides. |
anticline | It is the upward bending of the rock stratum, forming the central part of the older rock stratum, and the rock strata on both sides become new symmetrically in turn. |
Normal fault | The hanging wall is relatively lower and the footwall is relatively higher. |
Reverse fault | The hanging wall is relatively rising and the footwall is relatively falling. |
Translational fault | The two walls are relatively staggered along the strike direction of the fault plane. |
plate tectonics | The lithospheric plate is floating on the asthenosphere and growing, moving and disappearing. As the plates move and interact with each other, various geological structures in the lithosphere are formed, called~ |
Joint | It refers to a kind of fracture in rock stratum and rock mass, but the rock blocks on both sides of the fracture surface have no significant displacement. |
cleavage | It refers to the characteristic of minerals splitting along a certain direction in the crystal after being subjected to mechanical force (that is, the weak points of some chemical bond links in the crystal lattice). |
Cut-in-fill terrace | There is no impact on the step surface, and bedrock can be seen at the lower part of the step dam. |
Traceable erosion | Also known as source-oriented erosion, it is the erosion that lengthens the river towards the source. |
Integrated contact | It means that the occurrence of the upper and lower strata is consistent and the age is continuous. |
Parallel unconformity | If the occurrence of the two sets of strata above and below the unconformity surface is consistent, that is, they are parallel to each other, called~ |
Angular unconformity | If the occurrence of the two sets of strata above and below the unconformity is oblique, it is~. |
Sedimentary contact | Also known as cold contact, it is a contact relationship formed by the condensation of magma into magmatic rock mass, after the crust rises and is exposed to weathering and denudation, and the new rock strata are deposited on it when the crust falls. |
Intrusive contact | Also known as thermal contact, it is a release relationship formed after the hot magma intrudes into the surrounding rock and condenses into the magmatic rock mass. |
groundwater | It refers to the water existing in the surface soil layer and underground rock voids. |
diving | The groundwater in the saturated zone above the first impermeable layer is called~. |
Geothermal heating rate | That is, geothermal gradient refers to the thermal energy generated by the decay of radioactive elements in the earth below the normal temperature layer. Usually, the value of temperature increase every 100m downward is called geothermal warming rate. |
Weathering crust | Residues and soil formed by biological weathering form a discontinuous thin shell on the land. |
Weathering | It refers to the whole process of forming loose deposits due to physical and chemical changes of hard rocks and minerals on or near the surface in contact with the atmosphere, water and organisms in situ. |
Physical weathering | The process of mechanical crushing of rocks and minerals in situ without changing their chemical composition at or near the surface. |
Metamorphism | It refers to a geological process in which the solid rock in the deep underground changes in rock structure, structure and chemical composition under the action of high temperature, high pressure and chemically active fluid, thus forming new rock. |
Karst | It refers to the corrosion, erosion-dissolution and associated accumulation of surface water and groundwater on surface and underground soluble rocks (carbonate rocks, gypsum and halogen salts, etc.), which are dominated by chemical dissolution and supplemented by mechanical erosion. |
magnitude | An amount used to measure the intensity of an earthquake. |
Isoseismal line | The connecting line of the same seismic intensity points is~. |
earthquake intensity | Indicates the extent of the ground affected and damaged by the earthquake. |
glacier | A huge natural ice body formed by years of snow and moving and existing in cold regions of the earth for a long time |
swamp | It is a place where the land surface is too wet, where a large number of hydrophilic plants grow and organic matter accumulates. |
ocean current | The water mass in the ocean flowing regularly in a certain direction is called~. |
Turbid current | It refers to a high density fluid stirred by sediment moving in the clear sea water. |
coastline | It is the boundary between the sea and the land. It is generally an intertidal zone between the high tide level and the low tide level. |
rock | A solid aggregate consisting of naturally occurring minerals or similar substances. |
Magmatic rock | The product of condensation and consolidation of magma formed by partial melting of rocks in the deep crust or upper mantle. |
sedimentary rock | The rock is formed by the weathering products of surface rocks, pyroclastic materials and bioclastic materials under the main external dynamic geological processes, such as transportation, deposition and consolidation. |
Metamorphic rock | It refers to a kind of rock formed by the change of mineral composition, chemical composition or structure under the condition of metamorphism (temperature, pressure or fluid change) and basically maintaining solid state. |
sedimentary rock | In the field, it occurs in layers and undergoes sorting; The surface of the rock layer can have ripple marks, cross layers, mud cracks and other structures; The rock strata continue greatly in the transverse direction; The shape of sedimentary rock geological body may be similar to the range of river, delta, sandbar and sandbar; The degree of consolidation of sedimentary rocks varies, and some are even unconsolidated sediments. |
Weathering | The destructive action of rocks on or near the surface under the action and influence of temperature, water, air and organisms. |
Physical weathering and chemical weathering | The rock is only formed by mechanical crushing, and its chemical composition has not changed, which is physical weathering. Chemical weathering refers to the weathering process of chemical decomposition of rocks under the action of oxygen, water and various acids and organisms dissolved in water. |
Sedimentary differentiation | The phenomenon that the weathering products of the parent rock and the sediments from other sources are deposited successively according to the differences in particle size, shape, density, mineral composition and chemical composition in the process of transportation and deposition is called sedimentary differentiation. |
Compaction | Under the heavy load pressure of the overlying sediment, the sediment discharges water, reduces porosity and increases density. |
Cementation | The process of precipitation of minerals from pore solution and binding of loose sediments into hard rocks. |
Metasomatism | During diagenesis, one mineral in the sediment (rock) is replaced by another mineral with different chemical composition. |
Recrystallization | Mineral components are dissolved and re-precipitated to make fine grains aggregate into coarse grains. |
bedding | The composition, structure, color, thickness and shape of sedimentary rocks change along the longitudinal direction and show the layering phenomenon. |
geology | The main object of the study is the solid earth. At present, it mainly studies the surface of the solid earth - the crust or lithosphere. |
continental margin | The transitional zone between the continent and the ocean basin includes the continental shelf, the continental slope and the continental base. |
lithosphere | It is composed of rocks, including the upper layer of the crust and upper mantle. (The part of the earth above the asthenosphere). |
Biofossil | The ancient biological remains and relics preserved in the stratum are generally filled or replaced by calcareous and siliceous materials. |
Sedimentation | The process in which substances transported by various agents accumulate in new places under the influence of the reduction of kinetic energy of the medium or the change of physical and chemical conditions, as well as biological action. |
Magma | Hot, viscous and volatile melting body formed in the deep crust or upper mantle and mainly composed of silicate. |
anticline | Curved upward in shape, the rock strata on its two wings are opposite to each other, with new symmetrical and repeated folds on the core and old wings. |
earthquake | A rapid tremor of the earth or crust. |
Seafloor spreading | It is assumed that the mid-ocean ridge is the place where the sea floor splits due to the rise of heat flow, and molten magma ejects from it to push the rocks on both sides to form a new sea floor. The mid-ocean ridge is the outlet of the rising mantle material. The rising mantle material condenses to form a new ocean crust, and pushes the first formed ocean floor to gradually expand symmetrically to both sides. The expansion of the seafloor at the mid-ocean ridge may cause the continents on both sides of the new ocean to gradually move away from each other, and may also cause the old oceanic crust to subduct and submerge along the Benioff zone (subduction zone) at the trench of the continental margin, and return to the mantle, thus completing the renewal of the old oceanic crust. |
petroleum | Combustible organic minerals, which exist in underground rock voids in liquid form, are a mixture of hydrocarbons with complex composition. |
Geoscience | The research object is the gas (atmosphere) around the earth, the water (hydrosphere) on the earth's surface, the earth's surface morphology and the solid earth itself. |
lithosphere | It is composed of rocks, including the upper layer of the crust and upper mantle. (Earth part above the asthenosphere) |
Cambrian | It is a geological period from about 570 million years ago to the beginning of the Paleozoic era 55 million years ago. It can be divided into three periods: early, middle and late. It is the beginning stage of modern biology and the first period of Paleozoic era. |
Intrusion | The process in which deep magma moves upward and invades the earth's crust but does not erupt until it is condensed and consolidated. |
Stratum occurrence | It refers to the spatial distribution of rock strata, which is used to indicate the strike, dip and inclination of rock strata occurrence, and is collectively referred to as the three elements of occurrence. |
Normal fault | A fault with a relatively rising footwall and a relatively falling hanging wall. |
earthquake | A rapid tremor of the earth or crust. |
plate tectonics | The lithosphere of the earth is composed of plates; The world is divided into six major plates, and the position of the sea and land is constantly changing. |
petroleum | Combustible organic minerals, which exist in underground rock voids in liquid form, are a mixture of hydrocarbons with complex composition. |
landslide | Under the action of gravity and other factors, the soil or rock mass on the slope slides down along a certain weak surface or weak zone. |
rock | A naturally formed aggregate consisting of solid minerals or rock cuttings. |
Fossil | The ancient biological remains and relics preserved in the stratum are generally filled or replaced by calcareous and siliceous materials. |
Earth science | It is one of the six basic natural sciences of mathematics, physics, chemistry, astronomy, geoscience and biology. The research objects are the gas (atmosphere) around the ball, the water (hydrosphere) on the earth's surface, the earth's surface morphology and the solid earth itself. |
continental margin | The transitional zone between the continent and the ocean basin includes the continental shelf, the continental slope and the continental base. |
lithosphere | It is composed of rocks, including the upper layer of the crust and upper mantle. (Earth part above the asthenosphere) |
Biofossil | The ancient biological remains and relics preserved in the stratum are generally filled or replaced by calcareous and siliceous materials. |
Sedimentation | The process in which substances transported by various agents accumulate in new places under the influence of the reduction of kinetic energy of the medium or the change of physical and chemical conditions, as well as biological action. |
marble | Metamorphic rock, also known as marble. It is formed by regional metamorphism or contact metamorphism of carbonate rocks. It is mainly composed of calcite and dolomite, in addition to wollastonite, talc, tremolite, diopside, plagioclase, quartz, periclase, etc. It has granular metamorphic structure and massive (sometimes banded) structure. Generally, white and gray marble is dominant. |
Thrust fault | Reverse fault with angle less than 25 degrees. Low-angle reverse fault is the main structural style of orogenic belt. |
earthquake | A rapid tremor of the earth or crust. |
Seafloor spreading | It is assumed that the mid-ocean ridge is the place where the sea floor splits due to the rise of heat flow, and molten magma ejects from it to push the rocks on both sides to form a new sea floor. The mid-ocean ridge is the outlet of the rising mantle material. The rising mantle material condenses to form a new ocean crust, and pushes the first formed ocean floor to gradually expand symmetrically to both sides; The expansion of the seafloor at the mid-ocean ridge may cause the continents on both sides of the new ocean to gradually move away from each other, and may also cause the old oceanic crust to subduct and submerge along the Benioff zone (subduction zone) at the trench of the continental margin, and return to the mantle, thus completing the renewal of the old oceanic crust; |
petroleum | Combustible organic minerals, which exist in underground rock voids in liquid form, are a mixture of hydrocarbons with complex composition. |
Earth science | The research object is the gas (atmosphere) around the earth, the water (hydrosphere) on the earth's surface, the earth's surface morphology and the solid earth itself. |
cleavage | The plane formed by the fracture of minerals in a fixed direction after external force. |
mantle | The mantle is the middle part of the earth below the Moho surface and above the Gutenberg surface. |
Archaean | The Archaean era is a long time away from us. It is the oldest period in the history of geological development, lasting for 1.5 billion years. It is the initial stage with clear geological records in the history of earth evolution. |
Oxbow lake | A lake formed by river diversion, bend cutting and straightening, or river aging. |
Delta | When the river enters the estuary, the water area suddenly widens. In addition to the blocking effect of Shanghai water or lake water on the river, the flow rate decreases, and a large amount of sediment is accumulated by mechanical handling. The shape of the formed sedimentary body looks like a triangle from the plane. |
basalt | The basalt is mainly composed of sodium aluminosilicate or calcium aluminosilicate. The content of silicon dioxide is about 45-52%. It also contains high iron oxide and magnesium oxide. It is a fine and dense black rock. It belongs to basic volcanic rock. |
Yanshan Movement | It refers to the widespread crustal movement in China during the Jurassic and Cretaceous. |
syncline | In shape, the rock strata bend downward, the rock strata on both wings tend to be opposite, the new rock strata form the core, and the old rock strata form the fold on both wings. |
natural gas | Hydrocarbon-based combustible gas stored in underground rock voids. |
continental margin | The transitional zone between the continent and the ocean basin includes the continental shelf, the continental slope and the continental base. |
Guteng (Teng) Fort Noodles | At the interface between the mantle sphere and the outer core fluid sphere, the P-wave velocity of seismic waves drops sharply at this interface. |
Karstification | In the area of soluble rock, a series of geological processes, such as chemical dissolution, mechanical erosion and collapse, are mainly carried out by groundwater on soluble rock. |
Aeolian loess | A grayish yellow or brownish yellow loose soil-like sediment formed mainly by wind deposition, mainly composed of silt and clay, with pores and vertical joints developed. |
Andesite | Neutral calc-alkaline extrusive rock, which is equivalent to diorite in composition, is a transitional rock from acidic rock to basic rock, that is, intermediate igneous rock between rhyolite and basalt. It is often porphyritic foliation, and the phenocrysts contained in it are often striped plagioclase, and one or more dark minerals, such as amphibole, pyroxene, mica, etc., among which feldspar still plays an important role. There are many colors of andesite, which are usually darker than rhyolite, but there are still more light-colored minerals in andesite than in rhyolite. |
United paleocontinent | Lighter silica-alumina continental blocks float on the heavier silica-magnesium layers like massive icebergs and drift on them. The world's continents were connected in the late Paleozoic, known as the United Paleocontinent or Pangaea. |
Earth resources | All kinds of materials used for life and production, except solar energy, which are directly obtained by human beings from nature. The most important ones include mineral resources, energy, land resources, water resources and biological resources |
Reverse fault | The hanging wall is relatively rising and the footwall is relatively falling. |
Ediacara fauna | The earliest soft-body metazoan group appeared after the end of the Neoproterozoic ice age, mainly including coelenterates, annelids, arthropods and some species with unknown classification status. It was first discovered in Edica in southern Australia. |
Small shell fauna | Many phyla of marine invertebrates with shells appeared at the end of the Ediacaran period and flourished in the early Cambrian. It includes mollusca, gastropoda, brachiopoda, monoplate, sponges and some species with unknown classification status. It is the earliest shelled animal. |
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