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Fingerfacies fossil | It refers to fossils that can reflect certain specific environmental conditions. |
sedimentary facies | The material performance of a specific sedimentary environment is the synthesis of rock characteristics and biological characteristics formed in a specific sedimentary environment. |
phase transition | The lateral (spatial) change of sedimentary facies. |
Walther's Law | Only those phases and phase areas that can be observed to be adjacent to each other can be overlapped. (The sequential change of adjacent sedimentary facies in the vertical direction is consistent, that is, the change in the horizontal or vertical direction can be predicted according to the change in the vertical or horizontal direction of adjacent sedimentary facies. |
Vertical accumulation | It refers to the sedimentation of sediments falling from top to bottom in the water body and depositing at the bottom of the sedimentary basin in turn. |
Original levelness principle | The strata formed by sedimentation are nearly horizontal at the time of sedimentation, and all the strata are parallel to this horizontal plane. The non-horizontal strata that people see now are transformed by later tectonic action. |
Stratum overlap principle | The original state of sedimentary strata is from old to new from bottom to top. If this order is changed, it indicates that there is tectonic transformation. |
Lateral accumulation | It refers to the horizontal displacement of sediment particles in the process of medium transportation and the deposition when the medium energy decays. |
Overlap | In the process of transgression, the strata form an upward superimposition towards the continental direction, and the sediment particles from bottom to top change from coarse to fine, and the distribution area of new strata is larger than that of old strata. |
Retrogradation | It refers to the phenomenon of transgressive migration of the lithofacies belt to the land direction in the coastal zone during transgression (it refers to that the rock cuttings are sent back to the source area). Especially in the delta development area. |
Retrogression | In the process of regression, the strata form a retreat or undershoot towards the ocean, and the particles of sediment from bottom to top change from fine to coarse, and the distribution area of new strata is smaller than that of old strata. |
Progradation | It refers to the phenomenon of regression migration of the lithofacies belt to the sea during regression (it refers to that the rock debris on the land is sent back to the sedimentary area). |
High-water system tract | It is a system tract deposited during the high water level period of the global sea level, and it is deposited during the late rising, stable and early falling of the sea level. |
Cyclic sedimentation | It refers to the sedimentary process in which the change of the environmental unit in a certain sedimentary environment or the change of the mode of action in a certain sedimentary process results in the vertical regular repetition of the stratigraphic sedimentary unit. |
Universal principle of chronology | The rock strata formed in the process of all lateral accumulation must be diachronic. |
Stratigraphic structure | It refers to the spatiotemporal fabric mode of the strata that make up the stratum. |
rock stratum | Stratified rock with the same or similar lithology restricted by two parallel or nearly parallel interfaces. |
stratum | It refers to the synthesis of layered rocks preserved on the earth's surface, including sedimentary rock strata, volcanic rock strata and metamorphic rock strata. |
Stratigraphic division | Similar and similar stratigraphic groups are formed into different stratigraphic units according to different stratigraphic material properties. |
Stratigraphic correlation | The strata in different areas are spatially correlated and extended. |
Lithostratigraphic unit | According to the difference in vertical direction of lithologic characteristics of the strata, the strata are stratified and the stratigraphic units are divided by establishing the stratigraphic system and sequence. |
group | The basic unit of the lithostratigraphic unit system is the stratigraphic body with relatively consistent lithology and certain structural types. |
group | According to the principle of similar lithology, genetic correlation and similar structural type, the formation is combined to form a stratigraphic unit higher than the formation. |
paragraph | The stratigraphic unit that is one level lower than the formation is the subdivision of the formation. It is generally a stratigraphic unit composed of strata with the same or similar lithology, one structural type and related genesis. |
layer | The smallest lithostratigraphic unit. There are two types: one is the combination of rock strata with the same or similar lithology, or the combination of basic sequences with the same structure, which can be used for layering in field profile research; The second is the rock or ore layer with special lithology and obvious signs, which can be used as the sign layer or the special layer for regional geological mapping. |
Chronostratigraphic unit | It refers to the strata formed within a specific geological time interval. This unit represents all the strata formed within a certain time range in the geological history, and only represents the strata formed within this period. |
Yu | The largest chronostratigraphic unit, corresponding to the time "universe", is divided according to the largest stage of biological evolution, that is, the existence and mode of living matter. |
circles | The second-level chronostratigraphic unit, corresponding to the time "generation", is divided according to the overall outlook of the development of the biological world and the stages of the crustal evolution. |
system | The chronostratigraphic unit below the boundary corresponds to the "period", and the main division is based on the stages of the evolution of the biosphere. |
System | The secondary stratigraphic unit in the system corresponds to the "epoch". Generally, one epoch can be divided into two to three epochs according to the biological interface. |
rank | The most basic unit of chronostratigraphy, corresponding to "period", is mainly divided according to the biological evolution characteristics of family and genus. |
Time band | The lowest unit in the chronostratigraphic unit, corresponding to the geological chronostratigraphic unit "time", refers to all stratigraphic records within a "time", and is divided according to the evolution of genera and species. |
Biostratigraphic unit | Stratigraphic units divided according to the biological fossils preserved in the stratum are characterized by the same fossil content and distribution, and have different three-dimensional stratigraphic bodies with the adjacent unit fossils. |
Extended zone | It refers to the stratigraphic body represented by any biological taxonomic unit within the whole continuous range. It represents the stratum occupied by the biological classification unit from "occurrence" to "extinction". |
Pinnacle zone | It refers to a section of strata in the most prosperous period of some fossil genera and species, excluding the strata in which such fossils first appeared and finally disappeared. |
Composite band | It refers to the stratum occupied by the unique fossil assemblage. The fossils contained in this stratum or a certain kind of fossils constitute a natural combination as a whole, and are significantly different from the biological fossil combination in the adjacent stratum. |
Septum | It refers to the stratum between two specific biological surfaces. This zone is not necessarily the distribution range of one or several biological taxons, but is defined by the biological surface defined by these biological interfaces. |
Spectral frenum | It is a stratum containing a specific fossil representing the evolutionary lineage. It can be either the extension of a fossil taxon in an evolutionary pedigree or the extension before the emergence of the descendant taxon of the fossil taxon. |
Dumb layer | Strata where biostratigraphic units cannot be established due to lack of fossils. |
Layer type | In the process of stratigraphic division and establishment of stratigraphic units, a stratigraphic model representing the new stratigraphic unit is specified, which is called stratigraphic type. |
Unit layer type | It refers to the model profile on which a stratigraphic unit is based. Its upper and lower limits are defined by the boundary layer type. |
Boundary layer type | A specific point in a special stratigraphic sequence defined by the stratigraphic boundary between two stratigraphic units. |
Diachronic | It is also called time invasion, which refers to the phenomenon that the boundary between the lithostratigraphic unit and the chronostratigraphic unit is inconsistent, or the boundary between the lithostratigraphic unit and the chronostratigraphic unit is oblique. |
Sedimentary assemblage | Also known as sedimentary formation, it is a sedimentary rock symbiosis complex formed in a certain geological period and can reflect the main structural background of its sedimentary process. |
Compensation basin | It refers to the sedimentary basin in which the decline rate of sedimentary basement is generally consistent with the deposition rate, resulting in the unchanged paleowater depth and no major changes in the lithofacies type. |
Uncompensated basin | It refers to the sedimentary basin where the decline rate of sedimentary basement is higher than the deposition rate, resulting in the increase of water depth and the lack of sediment compensation filling. Although the geological time is very long, the sediment is very thin. |
Hypercompensated basin | It refers to the sedimentary basin in which the deposition rate of sediment is higher than the decline rate of sedimentary base, resulting in shallow water depth and sediment thickness greater than the decline rate of sedimentary base. |
Foreland basin | A sedimentary basin between the craton and the front of the orogenic belt. It is also called piedmont depression and foredeep. |
Polar shift curve | The curve formed by the position of the paleomagnetic poles obtained from different geological ages of the same plate is called the pole shift curve. |
Biota | It refers to the geographical division with important differences in biological classification and evolution system formed over a long period of time under the influence of temperature control and geographical isolation. |
Wallace line | The dividing line between the two biological divisions of the Eastern Ocean Boundary Region and the Australian Boundary Region between Asia and Australia. |
Wilson cycle | The development cycle model of continental plate separation and ocean basin evolution. |
Caozhuang rock series | The era belongs to ancient Archaean. It is mainly distributed in the supracrustal xenoliths of the Neo-Archean granitoids in Xingshan, Huangbaiyu, Naoyumen Dongshan and other places in Qian'an, Hebei Province. It belongs to the layered disordered rock body. The main rocks are various gneiss, schist, plagioclase amphibolite and felsic. The metamorphic degree reaches high amphibolite facies to granulite facies. |
Fuping Movement | It refers to the tectonic movement that occurred in North China at the end of the Archean (2.6-25 billion years), accompanied by a large number of magmatic activities and metamorphism, and strong folding and denudation of the crust. This movement solidified the Archean active sediments in the area, increased the siliceous and aluminous crust, and formed the ancient land core of North China. |
Luliang Movement | It refers to the tectonic movement that occurred in North China at the end of the Paleoproterozoic era, accompanied by a large number of magmatism and metamorphism, and a strong folding and denudation of the crust. This movement further solidified and united the dispersed Archean continental core into a larger continental block: the original platform of North China - the embryonic form of the North China plate. |
Jinning movement | The tectonic movement occurred in South China at the end of the Mesoproterozoic and late Neoproterozoic, which made both sides of the Yangtze plate, the southeast margin and the lower Yangtze region form a stable zone with the Yangtze ancient plate, thus forming a stable Yangtze continental plate. |
Jixian Group | It belongs to the middle Proterozoic, distributed in North China, and represents the sedimentation of shore-shallow sea, lagoon and intertidal environment. |
Nantuo Formation | It belongs to the upper series of the South China System and is distributed on both sides of the Kangdian ancient land in China. It is grayish purple to purplish red sandy argillaceous conglomerate, with complex gravel composition, non-separated particles, massive bedding or cross-flow bedding, and glacial scratches on the gravel, representing continental glaciers and nearshore glacial sea deposits. |
Doushantuo Formation | It belongs to the middle part of the upper Sinian system in southern China and is distributed in eastern Yunnan, northern Guangxi, eastern Guizhou, western Sichuan, northern Hunan, western Hubei and Daba Mountains. It is dominated by carbonates. The rocks are gray-grey black medium-layer, with less internal debris, generally containing pyrite and flint, and containing tri-river calcareous sponge bone needles, reflecting a relatively deep-water stagnant sedimentary feature. |
Lantern shadow group | It belongs to the upper part of the upper Sinian system and is mainly distributed in western Hubei, central Guizhou, eastern Yunnan, western Sichuan, southern Shaanxi and other places. It is dominated by carbonate. The lower part represents the shallow beach deposits at the edge of the high-energy and oxygen-enriched carbonate platform, the middle part contains dark asphalt limestone and siliceous limestone, and the upper part represents the carbonate tidal flat and lagoon environment, which is the deposition under dry climate conditions. |
Caledonian movement | Caledonian movement is the general term of the early Paleozoic crustal movement, which generally refers to the crustal movement between the Silurian and Devonian in the early Paleozoic, and belongs to the main orogenic episode in the early Paleozoic. |
Mantou Group | It belongs to the lower Cambrian system and is distributed in North China. It is purplish red calcareous shale mixed with argillaceous limestone. Sedimentary structures such as mud cracks, rain marks, rock salt pseudo-crystals, ripple marks and fishbone cross-bedding are developed. It belongs to shore-shallow sea deposits under thermal climate conditions. |
Longmaxi Formation | It belongs to the lower part of the Lower Silurian and is distributed in Hubei, Hunan, Yunnan, Guizhou, Sichuan and Shaanxi. The lower part of the formation is black graptolite shale, representing stagnant and non-compensated sea basin; The upper part is blue-gray, yellow-green argillaceous or silty shale, containing a small amount of graptolites, reflecting the accelerated sedimentation and gradually transforming into a compensation basin. |
Angaran floral province | In the Carboniferous, it was distributed in North Asia, the the Junggar Basin in Xinjiang, and the flora in the north of Northeast China. It was dominated by herbaceous true ferns and seed ferns. Woody plants had obvious growth rings, representing the northern temperate climate, and its representatives were spoon leaves, etc. |
Gondwana flora province | In the Carboniferous, the flora represented by the tongue fern flora distributed in Gondwana is characterized by monotonous plant species, reflecting the colder climate in the middle and high latitudes of the southern hemisphere. |
Cathaysian floral province | During the Permian, it was mainly distributed in the flora of East Asia and Southeast Asia, and can be divided into the northern subregion and the southern subregion, characterized by a large number of large feathery ferns and single-mesh ferns. |
European and American flora | During the Permian, it was mainly distributed in the flora of Europe and the eastern part of North America, and there was no trace of the large feathery fern flora. |
Hercynian movement | It refers to the late Paleozoic orogeny. The Hercynian movement caused the Hercynian geosyncline in Western Europe, the Appalachian geosyncline in eastern North America, the Ural geosyncline at the Eurasian border, the Kazakh geosyncline in Central Asia, and the Tianshan, South Qinling and Great Khingan Mountains in China to fold back, forming a huge mountain system. At this time, the geosyncline zone between the ancient platforms in the northern hemisphere became denuded mountains, and the completion of Hercynian tectonic stage marked the end of the Paleozoic era. |
Devonian Xiangzhou type | It is a shallow marine sedimentary type of the marine Devonian system in the nearshore and oxygen-enriched environment in southern China, distributed in the platform area, represented by the Middle Devonian series along the coast of the Yujiang River and the Upper Devonian series in the central part of Hunan. |
Devonian Nandan type | It is a farshore, anoxic and calm marine basin sedimentary type of marine Devonian in southern China, developed in the platform area, represented by the Middle and Upper Devonian in Nandan and Luofu, Guangxi. |
Shanxi Formation | It belongs to the Middle Permian and is distributed in North China. The lower part is gravelly quartz sandstone with cross bedding, and the upper part is sand shale with minable coal seams. It contains abundant plant fossils and has a marine interlayer with only 2.6m thick fossils such as tongue shellfish. It represents the delta plain peat swamp environment and tropical humid climate conditions under the background of regression. |
Soochow Movement | A tectonic movement occurred in South China in the early Late Permian, which triggered the transgression and regression of seawater, sedimentary cycles, lithofacies changes, biological changes and volcanic activities in South China. |
Indosinian Movement | A tectonic movement occurred in China and its surrounding areas between the Middle and Late Permian and Triassic, which changed the situation of China's "South China Sea and North China" before the middle of Triassic, and caused all the folds in western Sichuan, Gansu and southern Qinghai to rise; The sea water retreated to southern Xinjiang, Tibet and western Yunnan; Most of the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River and South China have changed from shallow sea to land. Since then, China's northern and southern lands have been linked together, and most of the country is in a land environment. |
Yanshan Movement | The tectonic movement widely occurred in China from the late Triassic to the Cretaceous, also known as the old Alps stage. It is mainly manifested by fold and fault movement, magma eruption, intrusion and metamorphism in some areas. |
Himalayan movement | It refers to the tectonic movement in China in the Cenozoic era, which caused the docking and collision of the Indian plate and the Asian plate, and the uplift of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau; Trench-arc-basin system was formed in the eastern margin of the ancient Asian continent, and active back-arc or intracontinental rifting occurred within the continent. |
Extended group | It belongs to the late Middle Triassic to the late Triassic, and is mainly distributed in the Ordos Basin, mainly composed of gray-green and yellow-green sandstone and shale, with black oil shale at the bottom, and coal seams at the top, with a total thickness of 2000m. It is a large depression basin in the temperate semi-humid climate environment. |
Yan'an Formation | It belongs to the Middle Jurassic and is mainly distributed in the Ordos Basin. The lower part is the Baotashan sandstone section, which is mainly composed of gray white and flesh red massive oblique bedding coarse sandstone and fine sandstone, the bottom part is coarse sandstone with fine gravel, and the upper part is mainly fine sandstone with gray black argillaceous siltstone and shale; Rich in coal. |
Songhua River Group | The age is from the late Early Cretaceous to the late Cretaceous, which is widely distributed in the Songliao Plain area and belongs to freshwater lacustrine deposits. |
Shanwang Formation | It belongs to the middle Miocene and can only be seen in the east of Linqu, Shandong Province. It is a crater lake deposit, and the upper part is yellow coarse sandstone with conglomerate; The lower part is black, white and brown paper shale with diatomite. |
Red soil of three-toed horse | The Pliocene brownish red and bright red clay widely accumulated in the north, especially in the area of Shanxi and Shaanxi, contains fossils such as tridactylus and rhinoceros, formerly known as tridactylus laterite. Because Baode is the most typical in Shanxi, it is also known as Baode laterite. |
Gondwana | Also known as the southern continent, the Carboniferous-Permian joint ancient land is located in the southern hemisphere, including modern South America, Africa, the Arabian Peninsula, India, China's Tibet, Australia and Antarctica. |
Lauria | Also known as the northern continent, the Carboniferous-Permian joint ancient land is located in the northern hemisphere, including modern North America, Europe and most of Asia. |
Sandstone with tabular cross-bedding | The sediments are mainly composed of coarse sand and medium sand, which are well sorted and rounded, and the bedding is inclined in one direction. The inclined direction indicates the direction of water flow, which is a unique sedimentary feature of river environment. |
Shale rich in terrestrial biological assemblage | The rock composition is clayey (sometimes diatomite), with horizontal lamina development, rich in fresh water bivalves, fish, phylloptera, insects and frogs fossils, as well as plant stem and leaf fossils, which are well preserved. Freshwater biological assemblage indicates that it is a sedimentary environment of continental water body. Fossils are well preserved, and even some fine structures are preserved, indicating that it is a still water environment. The sediment is fine and has horizontal lamination, which also indicates that the water body is calm and the transportation distance is far. Generally, it should be the sediment from the deeper part of the shallow lake area to the deep lake area (the center of the lake) under the humid climate. |
Black shale containing plant fossils | The rock is black, fine-grained, clayey and rich in plant fossils. The massive preservation of plant fossils shows that the climate was warm and humid and the plants grew luxuriantly. After burial, after dehydration, the carbonaceous material is preserved, resulting in black rock. The fine-grained sediments reflect the flat terrain and the long transportation distance. Therefore, the black shale containing plant fossils represents the plain marsh deposits under warm and humid climate conditions. |
Bamboo leaf limestone | The rock has long and flat carbonate gravels. The gravels are similar to bamboo leaves from the longitudinal section, and are well rounded. Some bamboo leaves can be oxidized to yellow or brown on the surface. Non-oriented or slightly oriented, calcareous cementation. The cause of formation of bamboo-like limestone is generally believed to be that the first deposited calcium carbonate is broken due to the impact of storm waves when it is not consolidated or just consolidated, and is rounded by the impact of waves (it is easy to be rounded because it is not hard), and then cemented into rock by the newly deposited calcium carbonate, which has the nature of syngenetic conglomerate. The brownish yellow halo on the gravel surface usually reflects that these gravels were once exposed to the water surface for oxidation, and the surface Fe2+was oxidized to Fe3+, showing a brownish yellow, which reflects the coastal environment with shallow water and high energy. |
Purplish red siltstone or silty mudstone with halite pseudolite | The rock is purplish red and red, composed of silty sand or clay, and cubic rock salt pseudolite can be seen on the layer. The formation of halite is closely related to the arid climate. Under dry climate conditions, due to massive evaporation of water and increasing salinity in the water body, rock salt crystallizes when the salinity reaches saturation. Most of the halite pseudocrystals seen in the rocks are isolated and scattered crystals. It is speculated that the halite was not dried up in the whole basin when it was formed, but only occurred in some shallow water sections. The rock salt crystals are covered by sediments after growing, and dissolved due to the reduction of salinity of seawater. The remaining voids are filled with clay components, thus preserving the crystal form of rock salt, so it is called rock salt pseudo-crystal. The rocks are mainly fine-grained sediments, indicating that the terrain was flat at that time, representing the deposition of coastal or lakeside areas under dry climate conditions. The environment is usually judged according to the fossils contained in this set of rocks and its upper and lower strata. If there are marine fossils, it may be coastal sediments. If there are terrestrial lacustrine biological assemblages, it should be coastal sediments. |
Oolitic hematite | The rock is iron red, the basic composition is hematite (Fe2O3), with oolitic structure, and the diameter of oolite is about 0.5~2mm, sometimes containing biofossil fragments. Oolitic hematite represents that under warm and humid climate conditions, iron can exist in acidic water as a colloid (the water body contains humic acid and is acidic), and then be brought to the beach and shallow sea by the river. Under the condition of water turbulence, the iron can be condensed and precipitated with gravel or bone chips as the core. It is speculated that it represents the turbulent shallow sea high-energy environment under humid, hot and humid climate conditions. |
Oolitic limestone containing trilobite fragments | There are different contents of oolites in limestone, with grain size of about 1mm. There are many trilobite fragments associated with it. When the calcium carbonate content in the warm sea basin reaches supersaturation, once the waves stir up the sand particles and biological debris on the sea floor, the calcium carbonate will condense and deposit around them in a concentric manner and form an oolitic structure. The trilobite debris is also the result of wave impact. It represents the warm and turbulent shallow sea high-energy environment. |
Reef limestone | The rock body is composed of reef building organisms. The biological content generally accounts for more than 50%. Reef-forming organisms include corals, stromatoporoids, algae and calcareous sponges, and some reef-loving and reef-attached organisms fill in the gap of the reef-forming organisms together with plaster. Reef-forming organisms generally live in the tropical clear and normal shallow water with a water temperature of about 20 degrees. The water depth is not more than 50~70m, and the highest is 30m. Therefore, the reef limestone reflects the tropical warm and clear shallow water environment. |
Sandstone with impression or groove pattern on the bottom | It is rhythmically interbedded with mudstone, and the thickness of each rhythmic layer is not large, ranging from tens of centimeters to tens of centimeters. The content of sandstone matrix is high, with progressive bedding. On the bottom of the sandstone, impression and deep-water trace fossils, such as trough mold, trench mold, tool mold, etc., are often developed, and obvious or less obvious Baoma sequence can be seen, and plankton fossils (such as graptolites, etc.) can be seen in the mudstone. It represents typical turbidity current (gravity current) deposition. |
Siliceous and argillaceous rocks containing swimming ammonites | Black-brown, maroon, gray-black thin-layer to medium-layer ferromanganese siliceous rock, siliceous mudstone (shale), gray-black thin-layer marlstone and carbonaceous calcareous shale, horizontal bedding, ammonites and other plankton fossils, no benthic fossils. It represents deeper water and lower energy environment. |
Graptolite shale facies | Mainly black shale and siliceous shale, rich in graptolites and other plankton fossils, but no or rare benthic fossils. It represents the water depth, stagnant current and non-compensated sea environment. |
Shell phase | The biofacies formed by the dense accumulation of benthos with thick shells, such as brachiopods, bivalves, gastropods, trilobites, etc., are called shell facies. It reflects the coastal and shallow sea environment with warm climate, low water depth and turbulence. |
Neotectonic movement | Generally, it refers to the crustal tectonic changes (2 points) that occurred in the Neogene and since, which are represented by vertical uplift (1 point) and horizontal movement (1 point). |
Weathering crust | The sign of unconformity (2 points), due to long-term weathering and denudation, remains of refractory substances, generally iron and siliceous substances (2 points). |
Moho surface | It is a first level discontinuous interface. At 33 km underground (1 point), it is the interface between the crust and mantle 2 (3 points). |
Standard fossil | The fossils with the fastest evolution speed and the widest distribution (1 point) can identify the age of the stratum (3 points). |
lithosphere | The crust and the top of the upper mantle (above the asthenosphere) are composed of solid rocks, collectively known as the lithosphere. |
mineral | It is a homogeneous object with relatively fixed chemical composition and physical properties formed under various geological processes (1 point), and is the basic unit of rock composition (2 points). |