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syncline | The two wings are basically symmetrical, the core stratum is younger (2 points), and the two wings stratum is older (2 points). |
Conversion fault | It refers to a special translation fault (2 points) occurring at the mid-ocean ridge (2 points). |
Graben | It is mainly composed of two normal faults with basically the same strike and opposite dip, and there is a common falling wall between the two normal faults. P271 |
Horst | It is mainly composed of normal faults with basically the same strike and opposite dip direction, and there is a common early rising wall between the two normal faults. P272 |
Ground temperature level | It is expressed in ℃, and the depth increased when the temperature increases by 1 ℃. P22 |
Ground temperature rate | We increase the temperature for every 100 meters of depth. P22 |
Laminated structure | That is, stromatolite, which is formed by the slime secreted by blue-green algae that binds and hardens the fine material. Its growth forms two basic laminae due to seasonal changes: the first is algae-rich laminae, also known as dark layer or dark zone, which is dark because of the high content of algae components and rich in organic matter; The other is rich in carbonate laminae, with less algae content and less organic matter, so the color is light. Two basic laminations appear alternately, forming a laminated structure. P2072 |
Metamorphism | It refers to the geological process in which the composition, structure and structure of the original rock change basically in a fixed state due to the change of physical and chemical conditions in the specific geological environment below. The new rocks formed by metamorphism are called metamorphic rocks. The original rocks of metamorphism can be sedimentary rocks, magmatic rocks and metamorphic rocks. P185 |
Rock-forming mineral | Silicate minerals (plagioclase, K-feldspar, pyroxene, hornblende, mica, olivine, clay minerals, etc.) and quartz in oxygen-bearing salt minerals account for the most of the chemical composition of minerals, accounting for about 91% of the total amount of minerals. These minerals are the main common minerals that make up rocks and are called authigenic minerals. P35 |
cleavage | The phenomenon of regular cracking of minerals along the crystal lattice after external force. The smooth plane of cleavage is called cleavage surface. It can be divided into one, two and three groups. If the fracture surface of the grain is a flash plane on the specimen, it is the cleavage surface. P335 |
sedimentary facies | It refers to the combination of a certain sedimentary environment and the characteristics of sedimentary rocks deposited in the environment. P209 |
Phase marker | Sedimentary rock characteristics (such as rock type, color, material composition, structure, structure, lithologic combination, etc.), paleontological characteristics (such as species, ecology, biological traces, etc.) and geochemical characteristics. These elements of sedimentary rock characteristics are the material records of the corresponding environmental conditions, which are the basis for our analysis of sedimentary facies |
geology | A natural science with the earth as its research object. At present, geology mainly studies the surface of the solid earth - the lithosphere, and its material composition, formation, distribution and evolution; Study the internal structure of the earth, surface morphology and the regularity of its development and evolution. |
Discuss the present and the ancient | Through the geological phenomena and results left over by various geological events, the conditions, processes and characteristics of the occurrence of ancient geological events are inversely deduced by using the laws of current geological processes. |
lithosphere | A part of the upper mantle composed of solid rocks above the asthenosphere and the crust are collectively referred to as the lithosphere. It is a rigid shell of the earth, "floating" on the plastic asthenosphere. |
mineral | Minerals are simple substances or compounds formed by geological processes. |
Geological process | Various natural processes that cause the continuous movement, change and development of the material composition, internal structure and surface morphology of the crust are called geological processes. |
Double metamorphic zone | The double metamorphic belts caused by the subduction of the oceanic plate along the Benioff belt between the island arc and the continental margin, one is the high-pressure and low-temperature metamorphic belt distributed on the side of the ocean, and the other is the high-temperature and low-pressure metamorphic belt parallel to it. |
Weathering crust | It refers to the discontinuous thin shell (layer) formed on land by residual and soil layer formed by biological weathering. |
Rock porosity | It refers to the ratio of total pore volume in rock to rock volume. |
groundwater | It refers to the water buried in the ground, that is, the water in the loose deposits and rock voids below the surface. |
glacier | A large body of slowly flowing ice on the continent. |
crystal | The solid with regular arrangement of internal particles in three-dimensional space is called crystal. |
Clark value | The average content percentage of various elements in the crust is called Clark value internationally. |
Isomorphism | It refers to the phenomenon that other ions or atoms with similar properties occupy the position of the original ions or atoms in the mineral crystal structure without causing qualitative change in chemical bonding and crystal structure type. However, it can cause changes in chemical composition and other related properties. |
sedimentary rock | Also known as "hydrous rock", it is a kind of rock formed under the surface or near-surface conditions by the weathering products formed by a series of external geological processes such as weathering and denudation of the previously formed rock (parent rock), and then transported, deposited and consolidated. |
Occurrence of magmatic rock | It refers to the shape and scale of magmatic rock mass in space, the relationship between magmatic rock mass and surrounding rock, and the depth and geological tectonic environment at the time of formation. |
Metamorphism | Metamorphism is the process of changing the mineral composition, structure and structure of rocks due to internal force geological process. |
Mechanical deposition differentiation | In the process of deposition, the original coarse, fine, light and heavy materials mixed together are deposited in a certain order, which is called mechanical deposition differentiation. |
Ripple mark | Ripple marks are sand ripples or sand waves formed when sandy sediments move under the action of water (or wind). |
Pyroclastic rock | It refers to the rock formed by the accumulation of various clastic materials formed by volcanism. |
sedimentary facies | It refers to the sum of sedimentary environment and sediment (rock) characteristics formed in the environment (including rock, biological and geochemical characteristics). |
Delta | When the river with mud and sand enters the impounding basin, the sediment accumulates in the estuarine area due to the decrease of flow velocity, and leads to the irregular progradation of the shoreline towards the basin. |
Turbid current | It refers to the gravity flow of sediment particles supported by eddy current (turbulence) and transported in the fluid in a suspended state. |
Clear water sedimentation of carbonate rocks | It refers to the carbonate deposition in the epicontinental sea environment where there is no or little inflow of terrigenous materials. |
Stratigraphic sequence law | For layered strata, the old strata are formed first, and the new strata are stacked layer by layer. The higher the strata are, the newer the strata are. |
Standard fossil | In a stratigraphic unit, select a few unique biological fossils, which have the characteristics of short survival time, wide geographical distribution, large number, and well preserved rivers that are easy to identify. They are called standard fossils. |
geological structure | It refers to the deformation products of rocks formed by various internal and external geological processes, specifically manifested as bending deformation (plastic deformation products) and fracture deformation (brittle deformation products) of rocks. |
Angular unconformity contact relationship | It refers to the unconformity contact relationship between the upper and lower strata of the unconformity surface with different occurrence and angular intersection. |
Synsedimentary fold | It refers to the folds formed by gradual deformation during the formation of rock strata, namely, the formation of sedimentation. |
Fault structure | It refers to the structure formed by fracture deformation when the stress borne by the rock reaches or exceeds its fracture strength. |
Petroliferous basin | It refers to the sedimentary basin where industrial oil and gas flow has been discovered. |
Integrated contact | The occurrence of the new and old strata is consistent, the lithological changes and paleontological evolution are gradual and continuous, the ages of the new and old strata are continuous, and there is no stratum missing. During the formation of the stratum, the stable sedimentary environment is basically maintained, and the tectonic movement is mainly the slow decline of the crust, even if it rises, it does not make the sedimentary surface rise above the water surface and suffer denudation. |
Moho surface | It is a first level discontinuous interface, 33 km underground (1 point), and the interface between the crust and mantle 14 (3 points). |
Standard fossil | The fossils with the fastest evolution rate (2 points) and the most widespread distribution (2 points). |
lithosphere | The crust (2 points) and the top of the upper mantle (above the asthenosphere) (2 points) are both composed of solid rocks, collectively known as the lithosphere. |
mineral | It is a homogeneous object with relatively fixed chemical composition and physical properties formed under various geological processes (1 point), and is the basic unit of rock composition (2 points). |
syncline | The two wings are basically symmetrical, the core stratum is younger (2 points), and the two wings stratum is older (2 points). |
Stratum strike | The strike line refers to the intersection line of the rock layer and any horizontal plane (any horizontal line on the rock layer). Direction refers to the direction indicated at both ends of the line. It is expressed in azimuth. It indicates the horizontal extension direction of the rock stratum. |
geology | A natural science with the earth as its research object. At present, geology mainly studies the surface of the solid earth - the lithosphere, and its material composition, formation, distribution and evolution; Study the internal structure of the earth, surface morphology and the regularity of its development and evolution. |
Discuss the present and the ancient | Through the geological phenomena and results left over by various geological events, the conditions, processes and characteristics of the occurrence of ancient geological events are inversely deduced by using the laws of current geological processes. |
lithosphere | A part of the upper mantle composed of solid rocks above the asthenosphere and the crust are collectively referred to as the lithosphere. It is a rigid shell of the earth, "floating" on the plastic asthenosphere. |
mineral | Minerals are simple substances or compounds formed by geological processes. |
Geological process | Various natural processes that cause the continuous movement, change and development of the material composition, internal structure and surface morphology of the crust are called geological processes. |
Double metamorphic zone | The double metamorphic belts caused by the subduction of the oceanic plate along the Benioff belt between the island arc and the continental margin, one is the high-pressure and low-temperature metamorphic belt distributed on the side of the ocean, and the other is the high-temperature and low-pressure metamorphic belt parallel to it. |
Weathering crust | It refers to the discontinuous thin shell (layer) formed on land by residual and soil layer formed by biological weathering. |
Rock porosity | It refers to the ratio of total pore volume in rock to rock volume. |
groundwater | It refers to the water buried in the ground, that is, the water in the loose deposits and rock voids below the surface. |
glacier | A large body of slowly flowing ice on the continent. |
crystal | The solid with regular arrangement of internal particles in three-dimensional space is called crystal. |
Clark value | The average content percentage of various elements in the crust is called Clark value internationally. |
Isomorphism | It refers to the phenomenon that other ions or atoms with similar properties occupy the position of the original ions or atoms in the mineral crystal structure without causing qualitative change in chemical bonding and crystal structure type. However, it can cause changes in chemical composition and other related properties. |
sedimentary rock | Also known as "hydrous rock", it is a kind of rock formed under the surface or near-surface conditions by the weathering products formed by a series of external geological processes such as weathering and denudation of the previously formed rock (parent rock), and then transported, deposited and consolidated. |
Occurrence of magmatic rock | It refers to the shape and scale of magmatic rock mass in space, the relationship between magmatic rock mass and surrounding rock, and the depth and geological tectonic environment at the time of formation. |
Metamorphism | Metamorphism is the process of changing the mineral composition, structure and structure of rocks due to internal force geological process. |
Mechanical deposition differentiation | In the process of deposition, the original coarse, fine, light and heavy materials mixed together are deposited in a certain order, which is called mechanical deposition differentiation. |
Ripple mark | Ripple marks are sand ripples or sand waves formed when sandy sediments move under the action of water (or wind). |
Pyroclastic rock | It refers to the rock formed by the accumulation of various clastic materials formed by volcanism. |
sedimentary facies | It refers to the sum of sedimentary environment and sediment (rock) characteristics formed in the environment (including rock, biological and geochemical characteristics). |
Delta | When the river with mud and sand enters the impounding basin, the sediment accumulates in the estuarine area due to the decrease of flow velocity, and leads to the irregular progradation of the shoreline towards the basin. |
Turbid current | It refers to the gravity flow of sediment particles supported by eddy current (turbulence) and transported in the fluid in a suspended state. |
Clear water sedimentation of carbonate rocks | It refers to the carbonate deposition in the epicontinental sea environment where there is no or little inflow of terrigenous materials. |
Stratigraphic sequence law | For layered strata, the old strata are formed first, and the new strata are stacked layer by layer. The higher the strata are, the newer the strata are. |
Standard fossil | In a stratigraphic unit, select a few unique biological fossils, which have the characteristics of short survival time, wide geographical distribution, large number, and well preserved rivers that are easy to identify. They are called standard fossils. |
geological structure | It refers to the deformation products of rocks formed by various internal and external geological processes, specifically manifested as bending deformation (plastic deformation products) and fracture deformation (brittle deformation products) of rocks. |
Angular unconformity contact relationship | It refers to the unconformity contact relationship between the upper and lower strata of the unconformity surface with different occurrence and angular intersection. |
Synsedimentary fold | It refers to the folds formed by gradual deformation during the formation of rock strata, namely, the formation of sedimentation. |
Fault structure | It refers to the structure formed by fracture deformation when the stress borne by the rock reaches or exceeds its fracture strength. |
Petroliferous basin | It refers to the sedimentary basin where industrial oil and gas flow has been discovered. |
geology | A natural science with the earth as its research object. At present, geology mainly studies the surface of the solid earth - the lithosphere, and its material composition, formation, distribution and evolution; Study the internal structure of the earth, surface morphology and the regularity of its development and evolution. |
Discuss the present and the ancient | Through the geological phenomena and results left over by various geological events, the conditions, processes and characteristics of the occurrence of ancient geological events are inversely deduced by using the laws of current geological processes. |
Geoid | The closed surface formed by the extension of the average sea level through the continent. |
Island arc and trench | The island arc is an arc-shaped distribution of volcanic islands, which extends for hundreds to thousands of kilometers and is often developed at the edge of the continental shelf; Long strip of land with a depth of more than 6km, called trench, is often developed on the side of the island which is isolated from the ocean. |
lithosphere | A part of the upper mantle composed of solid rocks above the asthenosphere and the crust are collectively referred to as the lithosphere. It is a rigid shell of the earth, "floating" on the plastic asthenosphere. |
mineral | Minerals are simple substances or compounds formed by geological processes. |
Geological process | Various natural processes that cause the continuous movement, change and development of the material composition, internal structure and surface morphology of the crust are called geological processes. |
Endodynamic geological process | The geological process caused by the internal energy of the earth and affecting the whole crust and even the lithosphere. |
Weathering crust | It refers to the discontinuous thin shell (layer) formed on land by residual and soil layer formed by biological weathering. |
Weathering | Weathering refers to the destruction of surface rocks under various geological agents. |
Denudation | The destruction of ground rocks and weathering products by various external geological agents is called denudation. |
Transport action | The product of weathering and denudation is transferred from its original position by water, ice, sea, wind, gravity, etc., which is called transportation. |
Sedimentation | During the transportation of parent rock weathering and denudation products by external forces, due to the reduction of flow velocity or wind speed, the melting of glaciers and other factors, it will lead to the gradual deposition of transported materials, which is called sedimentation. |
Mechanical deposition differentiation | In the process of deposition, the original coarse, fine, light and heavy materials mixed together are deposited in a certain order, which is called mechanical deposition differentiation. |
Diagenesis | Diagenesis refers to the process of turning loose sediment into consolidated rock after sediment deposition. |
crystal | The solid with regular arrangement of internal particles in three-dimensional space is called crystal. |
Clark value | The average content percentage of various elements in the crust is called Clark value internationally. |
Isomorphism | It refers to the phenomenon that other ions or atoms with similar properties occupy the position of the original ions or atoms in the mineral crystal structure without causing qualitative change in chemical bonding and crystal structure type. However, it may cause qualitative changes in the chemical composition and other related properties, page 1 of 8. |
Crystal habit | When the growth conditions are fixed, the same kind of crystal can always develop into a certain shape. This property is called crystal habit. |
rock | Rock is a naturally occurring mineral aggregate with certain structure, structure and stable shape, and is the product of geological process. |
Magmatic rock | Also known as "igneous rock", it is formed by the magma in the depth of the crust invading the crust or ejecting from the surface to condense and crystallize. |