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BigScience Biomedical Datasets 123

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The reality of the XXXX who make our lives easier: experience in a company that assemblies electric motors in Venezuela.

multiple_choice

OBJECTIVE: intervene a workline throughout ergonomic approach to diminish incidence of @entity923 ( @entity923 ). METHODS AND MATERIALS: an ergonomic intervention study was developed in workstations with highest index of @entity85 ( @entity85 ) associated to cumulative @entity130 . The Deparis method, Reba and Ocra check list methods were used, also morbility reviewes. National and international ethics criteria were carried out. RESULTS: workers identified 3 fundamental issues using the Deparis method: repetitive activities, postures adopted and uncomfortable furniture. The analysis of the workstation with Reba and Ocra methods before the changes, evidenciated that 56% of postures adopted were high risk postures, the 44% remaining were medium and low-risk. Following the active pause program (APP), furniture changes and work rhythm decrease, was noted that the risk of suffering @entity85 decreased. The morbility review, drop in consults of @entity85 ( @entity85 ) related to @entity923 observed. The APP was well accepted by @entity1 , but not initially @entity1 . DISCUSSION: the research show that when the work rhythm decreases, the symptom of @entity85 related to @entity923 have a remarkable decrease, also that changes in the furniture, generate great ergonomic differences and changes in the work environment are not possible if workers don't empower the tools to make-it.

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Brazilian physiotherapy services in the 2007 Pan-American Games: XXXX , their anatomical location and physiotherapeutic procedures.

multiple_choice

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to assess the profile of the treatments performed at the physiotherapy department of the Brazilian Olympic Committee during the 2007 Pan-American Games. STUDY DESIGN: Observational study. @entity1 AND DESIGN: @entity1 in this study included 434 athletes from the Brazilian Olympic Committee who were referred by the Brazilian medical department to the Brazilian physiotherapy department. The treatment registers were done in a standard form and stored for computer analysis and descriptive statistics calculation. RESULTS: Most athletes of the Brazilian delegation needed physiotherapeutic treatment (n=434, 65.7%), and approximately one quarter of the athletes went to the Games with a previous injury (n=146, 22.1%). The main complaints observed during the treatments were spine-related pathologies ( @entity158 , @entity158 ) (n=89, 25.3%), @entity924 (n=79, 22.4%), and @entity121 (n=43, 12.2%), among others. There were 2523 physiotherapeutic treatments performed, and the most utilized procedures were kinesiotherapy, which represented 24.9% (n=969) of all the procedures performed, ultrasound (n=757, 19.4%) and cryotherapy (n=670, 17.2%). CONCLUSIONS: A large number of athletes required physiotherapy services during the Games. Approximately one quarter of the athletes were injured before the competition started. The main pathologies were spine-related @entity130 , @entity924 and @entity121 . The most frequently utilized procedures were kinesiotherapy, ultrasound and cryotherapy.

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Principle component analysis of exposure variation analysis during computer work at presence of delayed onset XXXX .

multiple_choice

Eleven healthy volunteers took part in three sessions where computer work was performed for 10 min in each session. The recordings were made on two consecutive days. After the first session, the subjects underwent a series of high intensity eccentric exercises of shoulder elevation to induce @entity925 . The second session was performed immediately after the exercises and third session 24 hours after the exercise. Surface electromyography (EMG) of descending and ascending trapezius, deltoideus anterior and serratus anterior was recorded. @entity926 ( @entity926 ) centroid and marginal distribution was computed. Principle component analysis (PCA) was performed on both cases. Describing more than 80% of variance, first eight components for @entity926 marginal distributions and first four ones for @entity926 centroid were picked to be investigated. The sole @entity926 amplitude levels played a practically significant role to describe the variation in @entity926 marginal distribution. However, a significant pattern of load redistribution to superficial muscles was not found. This may suggest investigating the role of deep muscles in redistribution of load during computer work in response to high level eccentric contractions.

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Treatment of intracerebral hemorrhage with XXXX after thrombolysis with tissue plasminogen activator.

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BACKGROUND: Thrombolytic treatment with intravenous tissue plasminogen activator (i.v. tPA) is the only FDA-approved therapy for acute @entity385 . There are risks associated with thrombolytics, including intracranial and extracranial @entity548 and @entity56 reactions. Established treatment for post-tPA @entity548 includes administration of blood products including cryoprecipitate, fresh frozen plasma, and platelets which have poorly established efficacy. @entity927 ( @entity928 ) and @entity929 ( @entity930 ) have been studied as hemostatic therapies in post-operative @entity548 , @entity931 , @entity932 ( @entity932 ), @entity510 , and @entity130 @entity1 . There is no reported literature on the use of @entity928 to reverse thrombolytic therapy with tPA. METHODS: This is a case report of a Jehovah's Witness @entity1 who was unwilling to receive blood products after developing symptomatic @entity932 following i.v. tPA. He consequently received @entity928 for reversal of thrombolytic therapy. RESULTS: The @entity1 received a total of 1.675 g of i.v. @entity928 within 3 h of finishing the iv tPA. Repeat brain imaging with computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging revealed no further expansion of @entity548 . CONCLUSION: @entity928 is an inexpensive medication which competitively inhibits the activation of plasminogen and can be given to reverse thrombolysis in the setting of @entity548 after i.v. thrombolytic therapy.

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XXXX : risk factors and management: continuing professional development.

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PURPOSE: @entity260 often remains undiagnosed and therefore untreated. The purpose of this continuing professional development module is to identify @entity1 at high risk of developing @entity933 following non-cardiac surgery and to provide tools to aid in the diagnosis of @entity933 at the bedside. Optimal prevention and treatment strategies are recommended. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: @entity933 is characterized by an acute onset and a fluctuating course, inattention, disorganized thinking and an altered level of consciousness, and occurs in up to 40% of @entity1 in the perioperative period. The pathophysiology of @entity933 is multifactorial, but it is believed to be related to @entity32 , altered neurotransmission, and stress in the @entity1 who has had surgery. @entity934 and @entity935 appear to play a significant role. There is an increased risk of a poor outcome in @entity1 who develop @entity933 , including a longer hospital stay and @entity204 . Surgical and @entity1 factors play a significant role in predicting who will subsequently develop @entity933 . Prevention is much more effective than treatment in the management of @entity933 . The most effective prevention strategies include proactive geriatric assessment and care of the @entity1 on a geriatrics surgical ward as well as prophylactic low-dose antipsychotic agents. From an anesthetic perspective, evidence in some surgical populations would support the use of regional techniques and minimal sedation. If @entity933 develops, treatment with low-dose oral antipsychotics appears to be most effective. CONCLUSIONS: @entity933 is a serious condition that must be recognized early and treated promptly to minimize deleterious outcomes. In order to institute prevention strategies and treat the condition effectively when it occurs, the anesthesiologist must be vigilant in identifying @entity1 at risk and in screening for this condition.

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Corneal surface regularity and the effect of artificial tears in XXXX .

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PURPOSE: To evaluate corneal surface regularity and the effect of artificial tears on the regularity of the corneal surface in @entity936 . DESIGN: A prospective, clinic-based, case-control study. @entity1 : A total of 64 eyes of 33 normal subjects and 42 eyes of 22 @entity1 with @entity937 were evaluated. METHODS: Indices of the @entity938 corneal topography instrument (Tomey Technology, Cambridge, MA) were used to evaluate corneal surface regularity and potential visual acuity ( @entity939 ) in @entity1 with @entity936 before and after the instillation of artificial tears and in normal subjects. The @entity938 topographic maps were classified into round, oval, symmetric bow-tie, asymmetric bow-tie, and irregular patterns. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The surface regularity index (SRI), surface asymmetry index (SAI), @entity939 index, and topographic pattern of the @entity938 were compared between normal and @entity936 and in @entity936 before and after the instillation of artificial tears. RESULTS: The SRI and SAI were significantly elevated and the @entity939 was significantly reduced in @entity936 @entity1 compared with normal subjects: 0.31+/-0.22, 0.30+/-0.16, and 20/17.89+/-20/3.04, respectively, in normal subjects and 1.28+/-0.73, 1.05+/-1.17, and 20/33.45+/-20/13.99, respectively, in @entity1 with @entity936 (P<0.001 for all indices). The average amount of @entity940 was also increased in @entity936 (2.10+/-1.96 prism diopters) compared with normal eyes (1.13+/-0.53 prism diopters, P = 0.02). In @entity936 , the SRI and SAI were positively correlated with corneal @entity941 staining scores (P = 0.005 for SRI and P = 0.016 for SAI). The mean @entity939 was not significantly different from the mean actual corrected visual acuity. The @entity936 had a significantly lower percentage of symmetric bow-tie patterns and a greater percentage of irregular patterns on topographic maps than normal eyes. After the instillation of artificial tears, the SRI, SAI, and mean @entity940 all decreased significantly (P<0.001 for SRI, P<0.002 for SAI, P = 0.04 for @entity940 ) and the @entity939 improved (P<0.001) in @entity936 . An irregular topographic pattern was observed in 45.24% of @entity936 , and this decreased to 30.95% after the instillation of artificial tears (P<0.005). CONCLUSIONS: @entity1 with @entity942 have an irregular corneal surface that may contribute to their visual difficulties. The SRI and SAI could be used as objective diagnostic indices for @entity936 as well as for evaluating the severity of this disease and the effect of artificial tears. Artificial tears have the secondary benefit of smoothing the corneal surface in @entity936 .

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The impact of XXXX on Mini-Mental State Examination Scores in the Newcastle 85+ study.

multiple_choice

BACKGROUND: cognitive test scores and visual acuity are strongly associated in older @entity1 . This may be due to poor vision limiting performance on cognitive tasks specifically requiring vision, or an association between @entity227 . OBJECTIVE: to explore, using data from the Newcastle 85+ cohort study, the impact of @entity73 ( @entity73 ) on Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) scores and whether reduced scores among @entity73 @entity1 are limited to tasks requiring vision. RESULTS: of 839 @entity1 aged 85 years, 44 (5.2%) were registered @entity73 . Median (inter-quartile range) sMMSE scores were 25 (22-29) for @entity73 and 28 (25-29) for non- @entity73 @entity1 (P=0.006). @entity73 @entity1 had lower subscale scores on tasks requiring vision (P<0.001 for each) but also for some subscale scores not obviously requiring vision: orientation (P=0.018) and repetition (P=0.030). Excluding visual items, there was no significant difference in MMSE scores between those with/without @entity73 . CONCLUSION: @entity73 may be an obstacle to older @entity1 completing cognitive assessments including tasks requiring vision. @entity1 with @entity73 also scored lower on some tasks not obviously requiring vision. An association between @entity73 and @entity73 may exist beyond simply being unable to see the test material in cognitive tests.

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Heart rate as a risk factor for XXXX and cardiovascular mortality: the effect of antihypertensive drugs.

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The aim of this review is to highlight the importance of heart rate (HR) as a risk factor for @entity65 , and to discuss the classes of drugs which can be potentially useful in clinical conditions in which an elevated HR may be present. Numerous studies have shown that high resting HR is prospectively related to the development of @entity731 and of cardiovascular events. This relationship was independent of other major risk factors for @entity731 and was observed in the general population, in elderly @entity1 , in @entity101 cohorts and in @entity1 with @entity583 or @entity712 . The clustering of several risk factors in individuals with fast heart rate may explain why @entity65 is higher in individuals with @entity591 . Sympathetic overactivity seems to be responsible for both the @entity101 and the @entity209 . Experimental studies in monkeys have shown that HR can also exert a direct atherogenetic action on the arteries through increased wall stress. Moreover, @entity591 can favour the occurrence of @entity943 and @entity944 . Reduction of HR appears as an additional goal of antihypertensive therapy. If fast HR in @entity101 is a marker of increased sympathetic tone, agents which decrease HR through a decline of sympathetic outflow should be particularly efficacious. Beta-blockers retard the development of @entity453 in @entity165 -fed monkeys and have proven to be beneficial in @entity1 with @entity583 or with @entity712 , but their efficacy appear limited in @entity101 , probably on account of their unfavourable metabolic profile. @entity945 are devoid of this untoward effect, and seem to act also through inhibition of sympathetic discharge from the CNS. @entity946 , a more recent @entity460 antagonist that selectively blocks voltage-dependent T-type @entity460 channels decreases HR without affecting left ventricular contractility. New drugs with agonistic properties at the I1- @entity947 receptors of the rostral ventrolateral medulla are effective in reducing blood pressure and HR by inhibiting the sympathetic outflow and improved metabolic parameters in @entity28 or @entity948 -fed @entity35 . The goal of antihypertensive therapy in the future will be to prevent or reverse those functional abnormalities which accompany the @entity101 condition. In @entity1 with @entity591 the reduction of HR appears a desirable additional goal of therapy.

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Photographic assessment of head shape following XXXX surgery.

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A photographic assessment of the head shape of @entity1 who had undergone surgical correction of @entity91 was performed to determine (a) whether this subset could be delineated from an age-matched normal subpopulation and (b) whether two operative procedures differed in achieving normalization of head shape. This retrospective study included 8 @entity1 who underwent extended strip craniectomy, 12 @entity1 who underwent subtotal calvarectomy and @entity949 , and 12 age-matched subjects with no @entity854 , for a total of 32 subjects. Criteria for inclusion in this study included surgery for @entity91 within the first year of life and postoperative photographs at ages 4 to 8 years (mean, 4.5 years). Each set of images (frontal and lateral profile) were ranked from most to least normal by five lay observers and four professional observers. The rankings were analyzed with statistics designed for ordinal data. Differences in ranking between treatment groups were examined with Kruskal-Wallis rank sums tests. Mean ranks were calculated for lay and professional observers in an attempt to produce simpler and more generalizable results; these means were also analyzed using statistics designed for ordinal data. There was no statistical difference in the ranks of @entity1 who had undergone a surgical correction and the normal subpopulation. In the mean rankings of the lay observers, the normal groups had the highest score mean (15.6), the group with extended strip craniectomy was second (16.0), and the subtotal calvarectomy with calvarial remodeling group was last (17.8) (p = 0.84). In the mean rankings of the professional observers, the normal groups again had the highest score mean (15.8), the subtotal calvarectomy group was second (15.9), and the extended craniectomy group was last (18.6) (p = 0.77). These results suggest that @entity1 who have undergone correction of @entity91 in @entity950 are indistinguishable from their peers, on the basis of fully haired head shape on frontal and lateral photographs, when they begin primary school, irrespective of the type of calvarial surgery.

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Compliance mismatch between stenotic and distal reference segment is associated with XXXX instability.

multiple_choice

OBJECTIVE: Inflammation and structural factors such as a thin fibrous cap, positive remodeling and large lipid pool have been established as factors associated with coronary plaque instability. This study aimed to investigate the hypothesis that the differential in coronary artery compliance between stenotic and adjacent arterial segments is another factor associated with unstable @entity301 . METHODS: Forty-one @entity1 undergoing a percutaneous coronary intervention were classified as unstable coronary syndrome (n=19) or stable @entity951 (n=22). Intravascular ultrasound was used to assess external elastic lamina (EEL) cross-sectional area at diastole and systole. Aortic pressure was determined from the coronary guiding catheter. Coronary cross-sectional compliance (C) was calculated as the quotient of systolic-to-diastolic area differential and pulse pressure. C was measured within the @entity850 and the adjacent reference segments. RESULTS: EEL cross-sectional area was greater in systole than in diastole in the reference segments, but did not differ within the lesion site. C was greater in the distal reference than the stenotic segments (7.7+/-13.1 vs. 0.0+/-12.3mm(2)mmHg(-1)x10(3), p=0.003). When dichotomized by clinical presentation, the distal-to- @entity850 compliance difference was only significant in the unstable coronary syndrome group (stable: distal 4.1+/-13.3 vs. @entity850 -0.3+/-13.2mm(2)mmHg(-1)x10(3), ANOVA p=0.48; unstable: distal 11.9+/-11.9 vs. @entity850 0.1+/-11.6mm(2)mmHg(-1)x10(3), ANOVA p=0.006, distal-to- @entity850 difference p=0.001). CONCLUSIONS: A difference between stenotic and distal reference segment coronary compliance was evident in unstable, but not stable @entity453 @entity1 . Coronary compliance differential would increase cyclical forces in the plaque shoulder region, which may contribute to @entity952 .

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Endothelial cell dysfunction and arterial wall hypertrophy are associated with disturbed carbohydrate metabolism in XXXX at risk for cardiovascular disease.

multiple_choice

To investigate the effects of fasting and postprandial @entity413 on endothelial cell function and intima-media thickness, we studied 60 @entity1 with cardiovascular risk factors. Postischemic, endothelium-dependent vasodilatation was measured after 3 minutes of @entity63 at the radial artery with high-resolution echo tracking. Common carotid artery intima-media thickness was measured by B-mode ultrasound. @entity413 tolerance was determined by a 75-g oral @entity413 load. Fasting @entity413 levels were inversely correlated with postischemic, endothelium-dependent vasodilatation (r=-0.24, P<0.05) and directly correlated with intima-media thickness (r=0.26, P<0.05). However, postischemic, endothelium-dependent vasodilatation and intima-media thickness were not correlated. All subjects with normal postischemic, endothelium-dependent vasodilatation also had a normal intima-media thickness, whereas some subjects with impaired postischemic, endothelium-dependent vasodilatation also had a normal intima-media thickness. Multiple regression analysis revealed a profound influence of age on intima-media thickness to the exclusion of all other variables. The same age-adjusted analysis for postischemic, endothelium-dependent vasodilatation accepted fasting @entity413 , followed by 2-hour postprandial @entity413 , as variables, but no others. Subjects with fasting @entity413 values >100 mg/dL showed reduced postischemic, endothelium-dependent vasodilatation (59 versus 120 microm, P<0.05) and a higher intima-media thickness (right: 0.76 versus 0.62 mm, P<0.05; left: 0.78 versus 0.63 mm, P<0. 05) compared with those with fasting @entity413 values <100 mg/dL. Subjects with 2-hour postprandial @entity413 values >125 mg/dL had no reduced postischemic, endothelium-dependent vasodilatation compared with subjects with a 2-hour postprandial @entity413 <125 mg/dL; however, their intima-media thickness (right: 0.66 versus 0.62 mm; left: 0. 68 versus 0.62 mm; P<0.05 for both) was greater. Thus, high fasting rather than postprandial @entity413 values are associated with both postischemic, endothelium-dependent vasodilatation and increased intima-media thickness. Postischemic endothelium-dependent vasodilatation may precede increased intima-media thickness.

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Laparoscopy for sigmoid XXXX in septuagenarians: a retrospective, comparative study.

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BACKGROUND: The aim of the study is to analyze the results of laparoscopy in septuagenarians with sigmoid @entity694 . METHODS: @entity1 who underwent laparoscopic or hand-assisted laparoscopic sigmoid or rectal resections for @entity5 were retrospectively selected from the database of our institution. The study group ( @entity953 group), contained the @entity5 @entity1 over 70 years old who were treated with laparoscopy. @entity1 less than 70 years old who underwent a laparoscopic procedure ( @entity953 group), and those over than 70 years old who underwent conventional surgery (Open > 70 group), were assigned to control groups. Demographics, information @entity5 , perioperative data, pathological results, and survival in the three groups were compared. RESULTS: There were 56, 166, and 34 @entity1 in the @entity953 , @entity953 , and Open > 70 groups, respectively. @entity1 in the @entity953 group were significantly older than other groups. The American Society of Anesthesiologists scores were higher, and the presence of the studied risk factors was more common in the @entity953 group than the @entity953 group. @entity954 and the amount and number of perioperative transfusions required were less in the @entity953 group than in the Open > 70 group. The number of harvested lymph nodes was less in the @entity953 group than both study groups. Five-year survival in the @entity953 group was similar to that in the @entity953 group and significantly better than in the Open > 70 group. CONCLUSIONS: Laparoscopy for sigmoid colon and @entity5 in @entity1 over 70 may be feasible and safe as it is in younger @entity1 . The present study has revealed that laparoscopy in the elderly may be superior to conventional techniques as regards some intraoperative findings and survival.

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Prospective clinical evaluation of a programmed atrial stimulation protocol for induction of sustained XXXX .

multiple_choice

We sought to define a minimum standardized protocol for induction of @entity955 [ @entity955 ] and/or @entity956 . In contrast to ventricular stimulation protocols, a stimulation protocol for induction of @entity955 or @entity956 has not been critically evaluated. Since suppression of inducible @entity955 or @entity956 is used as one of the endpoints of success of pharmacologic and ablation therapies, there is an obvious need to define a minimally appropriate electrical stimulation protocol for induction of @entity955 or @entity956 . We prospectively evaluated 70 @entity1 , 44 with spontaneous @entity956 or @entity955 and 26 controls without documented @entity943 . A standardized programmed stimulation protocol, which employed up to three atrial extrastimuli delivered at two atrial sites at two atrial drive pacing lengths, was used in attempt to reproduce sustained @entity955 and @entity956 . The study endpoint was induction of sustained (> 30 s) @entity955 or @entity956 . Sustained @entity955 or @entity956 was induced in 39/44 (89%) @entity1 and 2/26 (7%) of controls (p < 0.01). The @entity943 induced was @entity956 in 19/21 (91%) of @entity956 @entity1 , @entity955 in 17/18 (94%) @entity955 @entity1 , both @entity956 and @entity955 in 5 @entity955 / @entity956 @entity1 (100%). Two @entity1 with @entity956 had both @entity955 / @entity956 @entity1 with @entity955 had @entity956 induced. The @entity943 was induced from first stimulation site in 37 @entity1 (85%) using a single extrastimuli in 9 (20%) @entity1 , double extrastimuli 18 (41%) @entity1 and triple extrastimuli in 10 (23%) @entity1 . Two @entity1 (5%) required stimulation from second site with two and three extrastimuli, respectively. The overall sensitivity and specificity of this stimulation protocol were 89% and 92%, respectively with a positive predictive accuracy of 95%. CONCLUSIONS: 1. Up to three atrial extrastimuli and two atrial sites are needed to increase yield of @entity955 / @entity956 induction at electrophysiologic study. 2. Induction of either @entity955 or @entity956 well with the presence of a similar spontaneous @entity943 . 3. A baseline determination of the induction mode may be desirable prior to evaluation of interventions directed at @entity955 or @entity956 .

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[Experience of surgical treatment for primary XXXX in Geneva 1977-1996].

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INTRODUCTION: In Switzerland, primary @entity2 is the leading cause of @entity5 death among males and the third cause of @entity5 death after @entity189 of the breast and colon in females. Surgical resection is the only potentially curative treatment but only in 20-25% of the @entity1 . METHODS: Between January 1, 1977 and December 31, 1996, 1079 consecutive @entity1 (877 males, 202 females) underwent surgery for primary @entity2 at the University Hospital of Geneva. RESULTS: Lobectomy was performed in the majority of @entity1 (n = 558, 51.7%), followed by pneumonectomy (n = 319, 29.6%), exploratory thoracotomy (n = 73, 6.8%), segmentectomy (n = 68, 6.3%), and bilobectomy (n = 61, 5.6%). Most @entity5 were @entity957 (n = 613, 57%) and @entity420 (n = 327, 30.3%). @entity151 were diagnosed in 33 @entity1 (3%). The overall operative mortality rate was 6.6%. However, over the period studied, the operative mortality decreased from 9% in 1977-1980 to 4% in 1993-1996. Survival according to the new staging system was 61% at 5 years in stage IA, 43% in stage IB, 37% in stage IIA, 19% in stage IIB, 14% in stage IIIA, 0% in stage IIIB, and 4% in stage IV. CONCLUSIONS: In future, improvement in long-term survival will require earlier @entity2 and better adjuvant and neoadjuvant therapies for advanced @entity5 .

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Reconstitution of @entity958 SUMO pathways in XXXX : functional evaluation of SUMO machinery proteins and mapping of SUMOylation sites by mass spectrometry.

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Recent studies have revealed various functions for the small ubiquitin-related modifier (SUMO) in diverse biological phenomena, such as regulation of cell division, DNA repair and transcription, in @entity375 and animals. In contrast, only a limited number of proteins have been characterized in plants, although plant SUMO proteins are involved in many physiological processes, such as stress responses, regulation of flowering time and defense reactions to pathogen attack. Here, we reconstituted the @entity958 SUMOylation cascade in @entity526 . This system is rapid and effective for the evaluation of the SUMOylation of potential SUMO target proteins. We tested the ability of this system to conjugate the @entity958 SUMO isoforms, @entity959 , to a model substrate, @entity960 , which is an @entity958 transcription factor. All four SUMO isoforms tested were able to SUMOylate @entity960 . Furthermore, SUMOylation sites of @entity960 were characterized by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) followed by mutational analysis in combination with this system. Using this reconstituted SUMOylation system, comparisons of SUMOylation patterns among SUMO isoforms can be made, and will provide insights into the SUMO isoform specificity of target modification. The identification of SUMOylation sites enables us to investigate the direct effects of SUMOylation using SUMOylation-defective mutants. This system will be a powerful tool for elucidation of the role of SUMOylation and of the biochemical and structural features of SUMOylated proteins in plants.

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Reconstitution of XXXX SUMO pathways in @entity526 : functional evaluation of SUMO machinery proteins and mapping of SUMOylation sites by mass spectrometry.

multiple_choice

Recent studies have revealed various functions for the small ubiquitin-related modifier (SUMO) in diverse biological phenomena, such as regulation of cell division, DNA repair and transcription, in @entity375 and animals. In contrast, only a limited number of proteins have been characterized in plants, although plant SUMO proteins are involved in many physiological processes, such as stress responses, regulation of flowering time and defense reactions to pathogen attack. Here, we reconstituted the @entity958 SUMOylation cascade in @entity526 . This system is rapid and effective for the evaluation of the SUMOylation of potential SUMO target proteins. We tested the ability of this system to conjugate the @entity958 SUMO isoforms, @entity959 , to a model substrate, @entity960 , which is an @entity958 transcription factor. All four SUMO isoforms tested were able to SUMOylate @entity960 . Furthermore, SUMOylation sites of @entity960 were characterized by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) followed by mutational analysis in combination with this system. Using this reconstituted SUMOylation system, comparisons of SUMOylation patterns among SUMO isoforms can be made, and will provide insights into the SUMO isoform specificity of target modification. The identification of SUMOylation sites enables us to investigate the direct effects of SUMOylation using SUMOylation-defective mutants. This system will be a powerful tool for elucidation of the role of SUMOylation and of the biochemical and structural features of SUMOylated proteins in plants.

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Ontogeny of expression of insulin-like growth factor (IGF) and IGF binding protein mRNAs in the XXXX placenta and uterus.

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To determine the temporal and spatial distribution of insulin-like growth factor (IGF) and its family of binding proteins (IGFBPs), @entity840 yolk sac and chorioallantoic placentae were collected at 15, 20, 25, 29, 44-45, 55 and 65-66 days of gestation. Messenger RNAs for @entity961 , @entity962 and @entity963 -6 were identified in tissue sections by in situ hybridization, using 35S-cRNA probes. Epithelial and mesenchymal cell types were identified by immunohistochemistry for cytokeratin and @entity964 , respectively. At 15 days of gestation, @entity962 mRNA was expressed in ectoplacental mesoderm, cytotrophoblasts and syncytiotrophoblast, and @entity965 mRNA was detected in the syncytiotrophoblast. In the mid-gestation placenta, @entity965 mRNA was expressed in the marginal and interlobular syncytium and @entity962 mRNA in the labyrinth. Near term, when expansion of the labyrinth was complete, @entity965 mRNA was coexpressed with @entity962 mRNA in the marginal and interlobular syncytium. These observations suggest that interaction between @entity962 and @entity965 plays a role in the vascularization of the placenta by fetal vessels. @entity962 mRNA was not expressed in the maternal tissues at any gestational age. @entity966 mRNAs were expressed in the endometrial stroma at 7-12 days of gestation but, following establishment of the placenta, IGFBP mRNAs were more abundant in the myometrium than in the decidua. @entity962 mRNA was detected in trophoblasts invading the walls of maternal vessels, and the endothelium of the preplacental vessels expressed @entity967 mRNA, while @entity966 and @entity965 mRNAs were present in the tunica media of mesometrial arteries that had not been invaded by trophoblast. These findings suggest that @entity962 produced by the trophoblast acts in an autocrine and/or paracrine fashion to promote trophoblast invasion and that this process is modulated by interaction with IGFBPs present in maternal tissues.

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Acute repair of crushed XXXX spinal cord by @entity968 .

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Acute repair of crushed @entity840 spinal cord by @entity968 . We have studied the responses of adult @entity840 spinal cord white matter to a standardized compression within a @entity969 gap recording chamber. This injury eliminated compound action potential (CAP) conduction through the lesion, followed by little or no recovery of conduction by 1 h postinjury. We tested the ability of @entity968 ( @entity970 ) to repair the injured axons and restore physiological function. Local application of @entity970 (1,800 MW, 50% by weight in water) for approximately 2 min restored CAP conduction through the injury as early as 1 min post @entity970 application. The recovery of the @entity971 h was significantly greater in treated compared with control spinal cords (controls = 3.6% of the preinjury amplitude; @entity970 treated = 19%; P < 0.0001, unpaired Student's t-test). Stimulus-response analysis indicated that the susceptibility for recovery was similar for all calibers of axons after @entity970 application. The enhanced recovery of conduction after @entity970 treatment was associated with an early alteration in conduction properties relative to control spinal cords. This included increased refractoriness and sensitivity to @entity972 channel blockade using @entity973 ( @entity974 ). Normally 4-AP enhanced the amplitude of the recovering CAPs by approximately 40% in control spinal cords; however this effect was nearly doubled to approximately 72% in @entity970 treated spinal cords. Because severe clinical injuries to the spinal cord (and some peripheral nerves) are both resistant to medical treatment and usually produced by compression, we discuss the possible clinical benefits of @entity970 application.

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Acute repair of crushed @entity840 spinal cord by XXXX .

multiple_choice

Acute repair of crushed @entity840 spinal cord by @entity968 . We have studied the responses of adult @entity840 spinal cord white matter to a standardized compression within a @entity969 gap recording chamber. This injury eliminated compound action potential (CAP) conduction through the lesion, followed by little or no recovery of conduction by 1 h postinjury. We tested the ability of @entity968 ( @entity970 ) to repair the injured axons and restore physiological function. Local application of @entity970 (1,800 MW, 50% by weight in water) for approximately 2 min restored CAP conduction through the injury as early as 1 min post @entity970 application. The recovery of the @entity971 h was significantly greater in treated compared with control spinal cords (controls = 3.6% of the preinjury amplitude; @entity970 treated = 19%; P < 0.0001, unpaired Student's t-test). Stimulus-response analysis indicated that the susceptibility for recovery was similar for all calibers of axons after @entity970 application. The enhanced recovery of conduction after @entity970 treatment was associated with an early alteration in conduction properties relative to control spinal cords. This included increased refractoriness and sensitivity to @entity972 channel blockade using @entity973 ( @entity974 ). Normally 4-AP enhanced the amplitude of the recovering CAPs by approximately 40% in control spinal cords; however this effect was nearly doubled to approximately 72% in @entity970 treated spinal cords. Because severe clinical injuries to the spinal cord (and some peripheral nerves) are both resistant to medical treatment and usually produced by compression, we discuss the possible clinical benefits of @entity970 application.

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XXXX screening in the United States and the Netherlands: a tale of two countries.

multiple_choice

CONTEXT: This article compares @entity5 screening intensity and @entity5 mortality trends in the United States and the Netherlands to illustrate the potential of cross-national comparative studies. We discuss the lessons that can be learned from the comparison as well as the challenges in each country to effective and efficient screening. METHODS: We used nationally representative data sources in the United States and the Netherlands to estimate the number of @entity975 smears and the @entity5 mortality rate since 1950. The following questions are addressed: How do differences in intensity of @entity975 smear use between the countries translate into differences in mortality trends? Can population coverage rates (the proportion of eligible @entity1 who had a @entity975 smear within a specified period) explain the mortality trends better than the total intensity of @entity975 smear use? FINDINGS: Even though three to four times more @entity975 smears per @entity1 were conducted in the United States than in the Netherlands over a period of three decades, the two countries' mortality trends were quite similar. The five-year coverage rates for @entity1 aged thirty to sixty-four were quite comparable at 80 to 90 percent. Because screening in the Netherlands was limited to ages thirty to sixty, screening rates for @entity1 under thirty and over sixty were much higher in the United States. These differences had consequences for age-specific mortality trends. The relatively good coverage rate in the Netherlands can be traced back to a nationwide invitation system based on municipal population registries. While both countries followed a "policy cycle" involving evidence review, surveillance of screening practices and outcomes, clinical guidelines, and reimbursement policies, the components of this cycle were more systematically linked and implemented nationwide in the Netherlands than in the United States. To a large extent, this was facilitated by a public health model of screening in the Netherlands, rather than a medical services model. CONCLUSIONS: Cross-country studies like ours are natural experiments that can produce insights not easily obtained from other types of study. The @entity5 screening system in the Netherlands seems to have been as effective as the U.S. system but used much less screening. Adequate coverage of the female population at risk seems to be of central importance.

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Incidence, etiology and mortality of XXXX : a population-based cohort study.

multiple_choice

OBJECTIVE: Knowledge on the prognosis among @entity1 with @entity82 is mainly based on clinical trials with selected @entity1 groups as well as population-based register studies with suboptimal diagnostic reliability. The aim of the study was to describe incidence, etiology, and mortality of well-validated cirrhotic cases in a population-based cohort at Funen (population 470,000) between 1996 and 2006. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A population-based cohort study with case identification from discharge diagnosis followed by manual validation of @entity1 records with inclusion of cases that fulfilled predefined diagnostic criteria. RESULTS: 4010 possible cases were identified. 1369 @entity1 were included, 67% males, mean age 56.4 years, 75% had cirrhotic complications at entry. Mean follow-up was 3.6 years with a total of 4976 years of follow-up. The incidence was 33/100,000 @entity1 -years (95% confidence interval CI 28-40). Stratified for age and sex, the incidence was twice as high for @entity1 compared with @entity1 in all age groups. The five-year mortality was 62% (95% CI 59-65). A multivariate analysis showed a high mortality associated with male gender (HR 1.24, 95% CI 1.08-1.42), ages above 70 years (HR 2.01 95% CI 1.65-2.47) compared with ages 50-59 years, complications present at diagnosis (HR 1.28, 95% CI 1.09-1.50) and etiology of @entity988 or cryptogenic @entity82 (HR 2.38, 95% CI 1.22-4.67 and 2.26, 95% CI 1.13-4.53). CONCLUSIONS: Incidence of @entity82 is higher among @entity1 than among @entity1 . High age, male gender, alcoholic @entity82 , cryptogenic @entity82 , and complications at the time of diagnosis increased mortality.

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Childhood maltreatment and differential treatment response and recurrence in adult XXXX .

multiple_choice

OBJECTIVE: A substantial number of @entity1 with @entity308 ( @entity308 ) do not respond to treatment, and recurrence rates remain high. The purpose of this study was to examine a history of severe childhood abuse as a moderator of response following a 16-week acute treatment trial, and of recurrence over a 12-month follow-up. METHOD: @entity1 included 203 adult outpatients with @entity308 (129 @entity1 ; age 18-60). The design was a 16-week single-center randomized, open label trial of interpersonal psychotherapy, cognitive-behavioral therapy, or antidepressant medication, with a 12-month naturalistic follow-up, conducted at a university psychiatry center in Canada. The main outcome measure was Hamilton Depression Rating Scale scores at treatment end point. Childhood maltreatment was assessed at the completion of treatment using an interview-based contextual measure of childhood physical, @entity458 . Multiple imputation was adopted to estimate missing values. RESULTS: @entity1 with severe maltreatment were significantly less likely to respond to interpersonal psychotherapy than to cognitive-behavioral therapy or medication (OR = 3.61), whereas no differences among treatments were found in those with no history of maltreatment (ORs < 1.50). Furthermore, maltreatment significantly predicted a shorter time to recurrence over follow-up across treatment conditions (OR = 3.04). These findings were replicated in the sample with complete case data. CONCLUSIONS: @entity1 with a history of childhood abuse may benefit more from antidepressant medication or cognitive-behavioral therapy than from interpersonal psychotherapy. However, these @entity1 remain vulnerable to recurrence regardless of treatment modality.

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The internalization of posterior subcapsular XXXX (PSCs) in Royal College of Surgeons (RCS) @entity35 . I. Morphological characterization.

multiple_choice

PURPOSE: To document lens ultrastructure during and after internalization of posterior subcapsular @entity231 (PSCs) in Royal College of Surgeons (RCS) @entity35 , a model for @entity1 @entity989 . METHODS: RCS @entity35 lenses at 2, 2.5, 3, 4, 6, 9, 12, and 15 months old were enucleated and fixed. For light and transmission electron microscopy (TEM), lenses were embedded in @entity990 and sectioned along the @entity227 . For scanning electron microscopy, lenses were dissected to expose the posterior fibers in concentric growth shells down to the internalized @entity991 plaques. RESULTS: Overgrowth of the plaque began between 8 and 9 weeks postnatal and proceeded from the periphery to the posterior pole. This is in contrast to @entity991 formation which begins centrally and enlarges radially between 4-6 weeks postnatal. Peripheral-to-central overgrowth resulted in the formation of a convexo-concave, disk-shaped suture plane oriented parallel to the capsule. The initial fibers overlying the plaque were extremely flattened at their posterior ends. However, by 3 months postnatal, fiber ultrastructure was relatively normal and displayed only minor morphological irregularities. These temporal and structural changes were used to create 3-dimensional computer assisted-drawing (3D-CAD) reconstructions and animations. TEM examination of plaques revealed scattered fiber defects such as membrane whorls, globular aggregates and intracellular voids in both the internalized plaques and the initial overgrowth. The internalized @entity991 plaques had comparable morphology in all animals, regardless of age. Specifically, the posterior segments of fibers were enlarged and curved abnormally toward the capsule. CONCLUSIONS: @entity991 plaques are not internalized and broken down in the classical cell biological sense (i. e. via lysosomal degradation). Rather the plaques retain their structure indefinitely as lens growth proceeds (albeit not entirely normally). This demonstrates that the lens has a restricted ability to respond to growth defects and effect a limited recovery after @entity991 formation.

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The internalization of posterior subcapsular @entity231 (PSCs) in Royal College of Surgeons (RCS) XXXX . I. Morphological characterization.

multiple_choice

PURPOSE: To document lens ultrastructure during and after internalization of posterior subcapsular @entity231 (PSCs) in Royal College of Surgeons (RCS) @entity35 , a model for @entity1 @entity989 . METHODS: RCS @entity35 lenses at 2, 2.5, 3, 4, 6, 9, 12, and 15 months old were enucleated and fixed. For light and transmission electron microscopy (TEM), lenses were embedded in @entity990 and sectioned along the @entity227 . For scanning electron microscopy, lenses were dissected to expose the posterior fibers in concentric growth shells down to the internalized @entity991 plaques. RESULTS: Overgrowth of the plaque began between 8 and 9 weeks postnatal and proceeded from the periphery to the posterior pole. This is in contrast to @entity991 formation which begins centrally and enlarges radially between 4-6 weeks postnatal. Peripheral-to-central overgrowth resulted in the formation of a convexo-concave, disk-shaped suture plane oriented parallel to the capsule. The initial fibers overlying the plaque were extremely flattened at their posterior ends. However, by 3 months postnatal, fiber ultrastructure was relatively normal and displayed only minor morphological irregularities. These temporal and structural changes were used to create 3-dimensional computer assisted-drawing (3D-CAD) reconstructions and animations. TEM examination of plaques revealed scattered fiber defects such as membrane whorls, globular aggregates and intracellular voids in both the internalized plaques and the initial overgrowth. The internalized @entity991 plaques had comparable morphology in all animals, regardless of age. Specifically, the posterior segments of fibers were enlarged and curved abnormally toward the capsule. CONCLUSIONS: @entity991 plaques are not internalized and broken down in the classical cell biological sense (i. e. via lysosomal degradation). Rather the plaques retain their structure indefinitely as lens growth proceeds (albeit not entirely normally). This demonstrates that the lens has a restricted ability to respond to growth defects and effect a limited recovery after @entity991 formation.

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Prognostic value of argyrophilic nucleolar organizer region (AgNOR) staining in feline XXXX .

multiple_choice

Limited information is available on prognostic factors for @entity468 with @entity706 . The quantity of argyrophilic nucleolar organizer region (AgNOR) proteins can be used as a measurement of cellular proliferative activity. To determine if AgNORs were of prognostic value for feline @entity706 , the @entity575 staining technique was performed on paraffin-embedded sections of 31 cases. Mean number of AgNORs per nucleus ranged from 1.02 to 4.32. Twenty-four (78%) @entity468 had small AgNORs and 7 (22%) had large AgNORs. All @entity468 were treated identically with a combination chemotherapy protocol. Response to chemotherapy was 87%. Median remission duration and survival times were 120 days and 201 days, respectively. No significant correlation was found between mean number of AgNORs per nucleus or AgNOR size and remission rate, remission duration, or survival time. This study indicates that AgNOR staining is not a useful prognostic factor for @entity468 with @entity706 .

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Epidemiology and cost analysis of XXXX in Italy: results of a sentinel study in the pediatric practice. Italian Sentinel Group on Pediatric Infectious Diseases.

multiple_choice

BACKGROUND: Describing the epidemiology of @entity992 is relevant to the development of specific prevention strategies and to building up of economic models evaluating the cost:efficiency ratios of these strategies. AIM: Our study was designed to describe the epidemiology of chickenpox among Italian @entity1 and to assess the resulting economic and health burden on the country. METHODS: Thirty-nine Italian pediatricians participated in a sentinel network on pediatric @entity166 representing a total pediatric population of 30 168 @entity1 . Each case of @entity992 observed from January through December, 1997, was recorded. Economic analysis was conducted from the societal point of view. All costs were broken down into two groups: direct and indirect costs. RESULTS: A total of 1599 cases of @entity992 were reported among @entity1 0 to 14 years old. There were 1266 primary cases (mean age, 4.5 +/- 2 years) and 333 secondary cases (mean age, 3.6 +/- 3.2 years). The global incidence of chickenpox was 51.01/1000/year. Complications were seen in 56 cases (3.5%). Drugs were prescribed in 672 cases. A group of adults (364 susceptible and 193 with uncertain status) were exposed to primary cases. Seventy (12.5%) were eventually infected among whom there were 4 pregnant @entity1 . For pediatric @entity1 an average cost of 146.90 (250 400 lire) was estimated; this is largely accounted for by indirect costs. CONCLUSIONS: The epidemiology of @entity992 in Italy is consistent with that found in previous studies in industrialized countries. Severe complications did not occur in our population. We believe that the health arguments in favor of universal vaccination of @entity1 > 18 months of age do not differ in our own country from those of other industrialized nations. Our data could now be incorporated into pharmacoeconomic models to establish cost-efficient strategies for Italy.

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Cyclin E dependent kinase activity in human @entity0 in relation to cyclin E, @entity993 and XXXX expression and @entity995 protein phosphorylation.

multiple_choice

The cell cycle machinery is regulated by cyclin dependent kinases and sets of activating and inhibitory proteins. The G1-S control mechanism is often deregulated in @entity5 supposedly leading to increased kinase activity, phosphorylation of substrates and subsequent S phase entrance. Increased kinase activity has been proposed to be essential in cell cycle aberrations, but few studies have actually shown enhanced kinase activity related to specific cell cycle defects in primary @entity5 . In the present study we have determined the cyclin E dependent kinase activity (cyclin E(kinase)) in 59 primary @entity0 , using an H1-kinase assay, and related the activity to the expression of cyclin E, @entity993 and @entity994 . In a subgroup of 48 @entity5 , we further characterized the association between cyclin E(kinase), in vivo phosphorylation of the @entity995 protein ( @entity996 ) and proliferation. The cyclin E(kinase) correlated significantly with cyclin E content and inversely with @entity993 and @entity994 expression. @entity993 , but not @entity994 , was associated with low cyclin E(kinase) in specimens with normal/low levels of cyclin E. At elevated cyclin E levels, suppression of cyclin E(kinase) seemed to require high levels of both @entity994 and @entity993 . The cyclin E(kinase) correlated with the phosphorylation status of @entity996 as well as with proliferation. Surprisingly, @entity996 phosphorylation did not correlate with proliferation. Our results support that @entity996 is a substrate for cyclin E(kinase) in primary @entity0 and that deregulation of cyclin E and @entity993 act through increased CDK-kinase activity, but cyclin E associated events beside @entity996 phosphorylation might be rate-limiting for entrance into S phase.

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Cyclin E dependent kinase activity in human XXXX in relation to cyclin E, @entity993 and @entity994 expression and @entity995 protein phosphorylation.

multiple_choice

The cell cycle machinery is regulated by cyclin dependent kinases and sets of activating and inhibitory proteins. The G1-S control mechanism is often deregulated in @entity5 supposedly leading to increased kinase activity, phosphorylation of substrates and subsequent S phase entrance. Increased kinase activity has been proposed to be essential in cell cycle aberrations, but few studies have actually shown enhanced kinase activity related to specific cell cycle defects in primary @entity5 . In the present study we have determined the cyclin E dependent kinase activity (cyclin E(kinase)) in 59 primary @entity0 , using an H1-kinase assay, and related the activity to the expression of cyclin E, @entity993 and @entity994 . In a subgroup of 48 @entity5 , we further characterized the association between cyclin E(kinase), in vivo phosphorylation of the @entity995 protein ( @entity996 ) and proliferation. The cyclin E(kinase) correlated significantly with cyclin E content and inversely with @entity993 and @entity994 expression. @entity993 , but not @entity994 , was associated with low cyclin E(kinase) in specimens with normal/low levels of cyclin E. At elevated cyclin E levels, suppression of cyclin E(kinase) seemed to require high levels of both @entity994 and @entity993 . The cyclin E(kinase) correlated with the phosphorylation status of @entity996 as well as with proliferation. Surprisingly, @entity996 phosphorylation did not correlate with proliferation. Our results support that @entity996 is a substrate for cyclin E(kinase) in primary @entity0 and that deregulation of cyclin E and @entity993 act through increased CDK-kinase activity, but cyclin E associated events beside @entity996 phosphorylation might be rate-limiting for entrance into S phase.

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Cyclin E dependent kinase activity in human @entity0 in relation to cyclin E, XXXX and @entity994 expression and @entity995 protein phosphorylation.

multiple_choice

The cell cycle machinery is regulated by cyclin dependent kinases and sets of activating and inhibitory proteins. The G1-S control mechanism is often deregulated in @entity5 supposedly leading to increased kinase activity, phosphorylation of substrates and subsequent S phase entrance. Increased kinase activity has been proposed to be essential in cell cycle aberrations, but few studies have actually shown enhanced kinase activity related to specific cell cycle defects in primary @entity5 . In the present study we have determined the cyclin E dependent kinase activity (cyclin E(kinase)) in 59 primary @entity0 , using an H1-kinase assay, and related the activity to the expression of cyclin E, @entity993 and @entity994 . In a subgroup of 48 @entity5 , we further characterized the association between cyclin E(kinase), in vivo phosphorylation of the @entity995 protein ( @entity996 ) and proliferation. The cyclin E(kinase) correlated significantly with cyclin E content and inversely with @entity993 and @entity994 expression. @entity993 , but not @entity994 , was associated with low cyclin E(kinase) in specimens with normal/low levels of cyclin E. At elevated cyclin E levels, suppression of cyclin E(kinase) seemed to require high levels of both @entity994 and @entity993 . The cyclin E(kinase) correlated with the phosphorylation status of @entity996 as well as with proliferation. Surprisingly, @entity996 phosphorylation did not correlate with proliferation. Our results support that @entity996 is a substrate for cyclin E(kinase) in primary @entity0 and that deregulation of cyclin E and @entity993 act through increased CDK-kinase activity, but cyclin E associated events beside @entity996 phosphorylation might be rate-limiting for entrance into S phase.

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Cyclin E dependent kinase activity in human @entity0 in relation to cyclin E, @entity993 and @entity994 expression and XXXX protein phosphorylation.

multiple_choice

The cell cycle machinery is regulated by cyclin dependent kinases and sets of activating and inhibitory proteins. The G1-S control mechanism is often deregulated in @entity5 supposedly leading to increased kinase activity, phosphorylation of substrates and subsequent S phase entrance. Increased kinase activity has been proposed to be essential in cell cycle aberrations, but few studies have actually shown enhanced kinase activity related to specific cell cycle defects in primary @entity5 . In the present study we have determined the cyclin E dependent kinase activity (cyclin E(kinase)) in 59 primary @entity0 , using an H1-kinase assay, and related the activity to the expression of cyclin E, @entity993 and @entity994 . In a subgroup of 48 @entity5 , we further characterized the association between cyclin E(kinase), in vivo phosphorylation of the @entity995 protein ( @entity996 ) and proliferation. The cyclin E(kinase) correlated significantly with cyclin E content and inversely with @entity993 and @entity994 expression. @entity993 , but not @entity994 , was associated with low cyclin E(kinase) in specimens with normal/low levels of cyclin E. At elevated cyclin E levels, suppression of cyclin E(kinase) seemed to require high levels of both @entity994 and @entity993 . The cyclin E(kinase) correlated with the phosphorylation status of @entity996 as well as with proliferation. Surprisingly, @entity996 phosphorylation did not correlate with proliferation. Our results support that @entity996 is a substrate for cyclin E(kinase) in primary @entity0 and that deregulation of cyclin E and @entity993 act through increased CDK-kinase activity, but cyclin E associated events beside @entity996 phosphorylation might be rate-limiting for entrance into S phase.

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[The surgical treatment of chronic XXXX ].

multiple_choice

BACKGROUND: Operative correction of chronic @entity339 (CIMR) is associated with a high-risk approach. The objective of this retrospective study was to evaluate the short- and long-term results of surgical treatment of CIMR. METHODS: From 1989 to 1997, mitral valve replacement or repair was performed on 46 @entity1 with CIMR. The average age range was 63.7 +/- 6.9; 8 @entity1 were females; 30 @entity1 (65.2%) were in New York Heart Association (NYHA) functional class III or IV; 4 @entity1 (8.6%) were in chronic @entity955 and preoperative @entity583 was lower in 23 @entity1 (50%). Preoperative echo-Doppler analysis showed severe @entity339 in 15 @entity1 (32.6%). Preoperative mean pulmonary artery pressure (PAP) was 33.6 +/- 13.6 mmHg, mean ejection fraction (EF) 37.8 +/- 13.5%. Mitral valve replacement was performed in 12 @entity1 (26%). Mitral valve repair was performed in 34 @entity1 (73.9%). Myocardial revascularization was performed in 42 @entity1 (91.3%) (mean graft/ @entity1 2.2 +/- 0.8); aneurysmectomy was performed in 5 @entity1 (10.8%), and in 2 @entity1 (4.3%) @entity997 was corrected by performing annuloplasty. RESULTS: The overall operative mortality was 8.6% (4 @entity1 ). The operative mortality for repair was 5.8% (2 @entity1 ) and for replacement was 16.6% (2 @entity1 ). One @entity1 was reoperated three days after first operation due to annuloplasty dehiscence. Postoperative morbidity included @entity998 in 7 @entity1 (15.2%), @entity548 in 2 @entity1 (4.3%), and @entity999 in 2 @entity1 (4.3%). The mean length of stay in intensive care was 6.5 +/- 10.5 days. Follow-up (mean 27.6 +/- 3.3 months) was 88% complete and revealed good functional and clinical results: 86.4% of the @entity1 in I-II NYHA class. One @entity1 was reoperated due to @entity339 progression. Two late deaths occurred, one due to @entity583 and the other to @entity2 . CONCLUSION: While long-term follow-up is mandatory, our results suggest that: a) surgical treatment of CIMI is feasible with acceptable operative risks; b) mid-term functional and clinical results are favorable; c) the choice of treatment--valve replacement or repair--is still debatable.

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Prevalence of ventricular discordance and its relation to functional capacity in XXXX .

multiple_choice

INTRODUCTION: Although left ventricular (LV) dilatation is the most distinguishing morphologic feature of @entity1000 ( @entity1000 ), right ventricular (RV) dilatation may variably contribute to total @entity299 . The prevalence and functional importance of the relative degree of left and @entity1001 has not been comprehensively studied using cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). METHODS: Our prospective study included 58 consecutive @entity1000 @entity1 with a LV ejection fraction <40% and NYHA functional class > or =2. MRI was performed with a 1.5 Tesla scanner for RV and LV dimensional and functional analysis. Cardiopulmonary exercise testing was used for evaluation of exercise capacity. @entity1 were grouped into tertiles based on the distribution of LV end-diastolic volume. RESULTS: Compared to control subjects a considerable heterogeneity in the relative degree of left and @entity1001 was noted in @entity1000 @entity1 . Within the entire @entity1 group, a strong correlation between the degree of ventricular volume discordance and the extent of LV enlargement was observed (r = 0.8; P < 0.001). Tertile analysis revealed that the LV/RV volume ratio significantly differed in the three subgroups of @entity1 (1.0 +/- 0.3 vs. 1.5 +/- 0.4 vs. 2.1 +/- 0.9; P < 0.001). Only weak correlations between MRI data and @entity1 ' functional capacity were found. LV ejection fraction was identified as the only independent predictor of maximum @entity26 consumption in our setting. CONCLUSION: In @entity1000 @entity1 the degree of ventricular volume discordance is strongly related to the extent of @entity1002 . However, comprehensive biventricular assessment of cardiac function by MRI adds little to our understanding of the cardiac mechanisms limiting exercise tolerance when compared to exclusive left ventricular measurements.

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The visceral perfusion system and distal bypass during thoracoabdominal XXXX surgery: an alternative for physiological blood flow?

multiple_choice

There are potential benefits to addition of visceral organ perfusion, by means of a 9-Fr. catheter system (octopus), to distal aortic perfusion during thoracoabdominal @entity439 surgery. However, in the literature there are reports of adverse effects. The authors therefore compared two groups of @entity1 who underwent thoracoabdominal @entity439 surgery with and without visceral organ perfusion. In the group in which the visceral perfusion was applied, the use of platelets (26 versus 11 units; P < 0.05), fresh frozen plasma (3.4 versus 1.5 units; P < 0.05) and packed cells (20 versus 8 units, P < 0.05) was significantly increased. An equal number of @entity1 in both groups developed @entity177 postoperatively. An explanation for this adverse effect can be found in the high shear rates in the catheters used, mainly as a result of the small diameter. High shear rates cause haemolysis. Also, the flow through the catheters is insufficient to maintain adequate perfusion of the visceral organs. A higher flow in these catheters would result in an even higher shear rate. It is therefore concluded that @entity1003 and insufficient bloodflow is caused by the small internal diameter of the catheters, which renders the device insufficient.

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@entity1 reporting intimate partner violence in India: associations with @entity1005 and XXXX .

multiple_choice

@entity1004 ( @entity1004 ) is prevalent worldwide and often has mental health sequelae. The aims of this study were (a) to describe the prevalence and the nature of @entity1005 symptoms among Indian @entity1 reporting @entity1004 , (b) to study the relationship between symptoms of @entity1005 and @entity308 , and (c) to examine the relationship between @entity458 and @entity1005 symptoms. Consecutive @entity1 (n = 105) presenting to an adult psychiatry outpatient unit of National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences in South India were recruited. These @entity1 were assessed for @entity1004 , @entity458 , @entity1005 symptoms, and @entity308 . Fifty-nine @entity1 (56%) reported a history of @entity1004 , of whom 41 (70%) also reported @entity458 . Among @entity1 reporting @entity1004 , seven (14%) exceeded cut-off scores for @entity1005 and twelve (20%) exceeded cut-off scores for sub-threshold @entity1005 . The majority of those reporting @entity1004 exceeded cut-off scores for a @entity308 . Compared to @entity1 without a history of @entity1004 , @entity1 reporting @entity1004 had higher scores on @entity1005 and @entity308 . Severity of violence and @entity458 correlated positively (r = 0.39) with @entity1005 severity. The findings highlight the importance of screening @entity1 for @entity1004 and its sequelae, in mental health settings.

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@entity1 reporting intimate partner violence in India: associations with XXXX and @entity308 .

multiple_choice

@entity1004 ( @entity1004 ) is prevalent worldwide and often has mental health sequelae. The aims of this study were (a) to describe the prevalence and the nature of @entity1005 symptoms among Indian @entity1 reporting @entity1004 , (b) to study the relationship between symptoms of @entity1005 and @entity308 , and (c) to examine the relationship between @entity458 and @entity1005 symptoms. Consecutive @entity1 (n = 105) presenting to an adult psychiatry outpatient unit of National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences in South India were recruited. These @entity1 were assessed for @entity1004 , @entity458 , @entity1005 symptoms, and @entity308 . Fifty-nine @entity1 (56%) reported a history of @entity1004 , of whom 41 (70%) also reported @entity458 . Among @entity1 reporting @entity1004 , seven (14%) exceeded cut-off scores for @entity1005 and twelve (20%) exceeded cut-off scores for sub-threshold @entity1005 . The majority of those reporting @entity1004 exceeded cut-off scores for a @entity308 . Compared to @entity1 without a history of @entity1004 , @entity1 reporting @entity1004 had higher scores on @entity1005 and @entity308 . Severity of violence and @entity458 correlated positively (r = 0.39) with @entity1005 severity. The findings highlight the importance of screening @entity1 for @entity1004 and its sequelae, in mental health settings.

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XXXX reporting intimate partner violence in India: associations with @entity1005 and @entity308 .

multiple_choice

@entity1004 ( @entity1004 ) is prevalent worldwide and often has mental health sequelae. The aims of this study were (a) to describe the prevalence and the nature of @entity1005 symptoms among Indian @entity1 reporting @entity1004 , (b) to study the relationship between symptoms of @entity1005 and @entity308 , and (c) to examine the relationship between @entity458 and @entity1005 symptoms. Consecutive @entity1 (n = 105) presenting to an adult psychiatry outpatient unit of National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences in South India were recruited. These @entity1 were assessed for @entity1004 , @entity458 , @entity1005 symptoms, and @entity308 . Fifty-nine @entity1 (56%) reported a history of @entity1004 , of whom 41 (70%) also reported @entity458 . Among @entity1 reporting @entity1004 , seven (14%) exceeded cut-off scores for @entity1005 and twelve (20%) exceeded cut-off scores for sub-threshold @entity1005 . The majority of those reporting @entity1004 exceeded cut-off scores for a @entity308 . Compared to @entity1 without a history of @entity1004 , @entity1 reporting @entity1004 had higher scores on @entity1005 and @entity308 . Severity of violence and @entity458 correlated positively (r = 0.39) with @entity1005 severity. The findings highlight the importance of screening @entity1 for @entity1004 and its sequelae, in mental health settings.

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Increased expression of @entity1006 on the aortic valve in the hypercholesterolemic XXXX model.

multiple_choice

BACKGROUND: @entity886 is associated with increased risk of @entity65 and @entity583 . However, the relevance of @entity1006 in @entity886 remains unclear. We hypothesized that the mechanism regulating @entity886 is associated with the alteration of cell-to-cell communication. METHODS: Twenty male @entity95 were divided into two groups. Group 1 (n = 10) were fed a normal chow diet, while those in group 2 (n = 10) received a diet containing 1% @entity165 for 12 weeks. After utanizing the animals, the aortic valves were excised for analysis. RESULTS: Myofibroblasts and macrophages were more highly expressed in the @entity165 diet group. Osteopontin and @entity1006 were found to concentrate within the endothelial layer on the aortic side of the valve leaflets in the @entity165 diet group. A real-time polymerase chain reaction revealed increased @entity1006 and osteopontin mRNA levels in the @entity886 . CONCLUSIONS: The present study demonstrates that @entity1007 increases the expression of @entity1006 in the @entity95 aortic valve. The results suggest that alterations in gap junctional intercellular communication via @entity1006 gap junctions may play a role in the development of @entity886 .

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Increased expression of XXXX on the aortic valve in the hypercholesterolemic @entity95 model.

multiple_choice

BACKGROUND: @entity886 is associated with increased risk of @entity65 and @entity583 . However, the relevance of @entity1006 in @entity886 remains unclear. We hypothesized that the mechanism regulating @entity886 is associated with the alteration of cell-to-cell communication. METHODS: Twenty male @entity95 were divided into two groups. Group 1 (n = 10) were fed a normal chow diet, while those in group 2 (n = 10) received a diet containing 1% @entity165 for 12 weeks. After utanizing the animals, the aortic valves were excised for analysis. RESULTS: Myofibroblasts and macrophages were more highly expressed in the @entity165 diet group. Osteopontin and @entity1006 were found to concentrate within the endothelial layer on the aortic side of the valve leaflets in the @entity165 diet group. A real-time polymerase chain reaction revealed increased @entity1006 and osteopontin mRNA levels in the @entity886 . CONCLUSIONS: The present study demonstrates that @entity1007 increases the expression of @entity1006 in the @entity95 aortic valve. The results suggest that alterations in gap junctional intercellular communication via @entity1006 gap junctions may play a role in the development of @entity886 .

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[The number of circulating fibrocytes of skeletal muscle in XXXX after contusion].

multiple_choice

OBJECTION: To investigate the time-dependent appearance of circulating fibrocytes of skeletal muscle in @entity35 after contusion. METHODS: The model of skeletal muscle wound was established in @entity35 . The circulating fibrocytes in contused skeletal muscle were detected by @entity1008 and procollagen I double immunofluorescence staining method. RESULTS: In the control group, @entity1008 - and procollagen I-positive cells were not detected in skeletal muscle. A few @entity1008 cells were observed aged from 6 h to 1 d after contusion. A few @entity1008 - and procollagen I-positive cells (fibrocytes) initially gathered in injury area 3d after injury. The ratio of positive fibrocytes significantly increased 5 d after injury. The ratio of fibrocytes was highest at 7 d after contusion and then decreased. The volume of fibrocytes showed bigger with injury time increase compared with 3 d group. The expression of procollagen I and @entity1008 were weakened at 14d after injury. CONCLUSION: The circulating fibrocytes are detected in contused skeletal muscle in time-dependent pattern. Circulating fibrocytes may be a marker in the wound age determination for contused skeletal muscle.

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The association of XXXX with @entity75 on MRI or CT: a systematic review.

multiple_choice

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: This review reports on the association between @entity740 ( @entity740 ) established with glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and @entity75 established with MRI or CT. METHODS: Literature was searched combining synonyms of kidney function, @entity75 and terms for the definitions thereof, and MRI or CT. This resulted in 1507 articles, of which 20 were finally included. RESULTS: Cross-sectional studies found an association between GFR and @entity62 ( @entity62 ) with 7 out of 11 associations significant (odds ratios (OR) GFR, continuous variable: 0.84-0.89 per 10 ml/ @entity1009 .73 m(2)). Most significant results were found in studies including subjects from the general population. GFR was associated with @entity385 ( @entity385 ) with 9 out of 12 associations significant (OR GFR, continuous variable: 0.96-0.99 per ml/ @entity1009 .73 m(2)). @entity1010 was reported significant 4 out of 5 associations (OR GFR, continuous variable: 0.64 per 10 ml/ @entity1009 .73 m(2)). Additionally, 2 follow up studies were included. One established that serum @entity1011 at baseline is a significant predictor of the presence of @entity385 ; the other that the presence of @entity385 at baseline is a significant predictor of a decrease in GFR. CONCLUSION: The results from this review show that @entity740 is associated with @entity75 . These @entity75 include @entity62 , @entity385 and @entity1010 . This finding is of clinical importance because these @entity75 are predictive of @entity64 , @entity73 and @entity303 . Additional follow up studies should be performed to better understand the causative pathway and to establish whether screening and preventive programs are beneficial.

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1321

1322

The association of @entity740 with XXXX on MRI or CT: a systematic review.

multiple_choice

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: This review reports on the association between @entity740 ( @entity740 ) established with glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and @entity75 established with MRI or CT. METHODS: Literature was searched combining synonyms of kidney function, @entity75 and terms for the definitions thereof, and MRI or CT. This resulted in 1507 articles, of which 20 were finally included. RESULTS: Cross-sectional studies found an association between GFR and @entity62 ( @entity62 ) with 7 out of 11 associations significant (odds ratios (OR) GFR, continuous variable: 0.84-0.89 per 10 ml/ @entity1009 .73 m(2)). Most significant results were found in studies including subjects from the general population. GFR was associated with @entity385 ( @entity385 ) with 9 out of 12 associations significant (OR GFR, continuous variable: 0.96-0.99 per ml/ @entity1009 .73 m(2)). @entity1010 was reported significant 4 out of 5 associations (OR GFR, continuous variable: 0.64 per 10 ml/ @entity1009 .73 m(2)). Additionally, 2 follow up studies were included. One established that serum @entity1011 at baseline is a significant predictor of the presence of @entity385 ; the other that the presence of @entity385 at baseline is a significant predictor of a decrease in GFR. CONCLUSION: The results from this review show that @entity740 is associated with @entity75 . These @entity75 include @entity62 , @entity385 and @entity1010 . This finding is of clinical importance because these @entity75 are predictive of @entity64 , @entity73 and @entity303 . Additional follow up studies should be performed to better understand the causative pathway and to establish whether screening and preventive programs are beneficial.

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Clinic and radiological improvement of XXXX with multiple bronchoalveolar lavages.

multiple_choice

OBJECTIVE: To assess the potential role of multiple bronchoalveolar lavages (BALs) in the treatment of @entity1 with @entity55 ( @entity55 ). MATERIALS AND METHODS: This prospective study included 10 @entity1 (7 female, 3 male) with @entity55 secondary to mineral oil aspiration. The age ranged from 3 months to 7 years and 1-60 days history of mineral oil intake, with a 6 months clinic follow-up. High-resolution computer tomography (CT) was performed 1-7 days prior to treatment and 2-20 days after the last therapeutic BAL, and reviewed by two experienced chest radiologists. @entity26 saturation was measured with digital oximetry. Therapeutic BAL was performed weekly until BAL fluid was nearly transparent and the cell count returned to normal range values. RESULTS: In all @entity1 , the initial CT scans showed multifocal bilateral consolidation involving mainly the dorsal and central regions. The areas of consolidation had foci of decreased attenuation in eight @entity1 . Following a total of 4-10 therapeutic BALs, the CT scans returned to normal in 3 @entity1 , improved considerably in 5, and showed only slight improvement in 2. @entity26 saturation increased from 88.8 +/- 3.4% at presentation to 96.2 +/- 0.8% after treatment (P < 0.0001). Multiple lavages reduced (P < 0.003) numbers of lipid-laden macrophages and restored BAL cellularity to normal range values. CONCLUSION: Multiple therapeutic BAL of @entity1 with @entity55 results in significant improvement of CT findings, @entity26 saturation, restoration of BAL fluid cellularity and clinical recover without any evidence of respiratory distress at the end of treatment and 6 months after the last BAL.

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[A case of XXXX treated effectively with 5'-DFUR].

multiple_choice

A 79-year-old male was admitted to our hospital for further examination on @entity356 (1' type) in the @entity418 . The histology of biopsied tissue was moderately differentiated @entity420 (tub2). The @entity1 refused a gastrectomy and received three cycles of local injection therapy with @entity1012 + Beriplast into the @entity5 . However, the @entity5 showed no decrease in size. Considering the quality of life, the @entity1 was given out @entity1 treatment with @entity1013 (Furtulon, 800 mg/day). Three months later, the @entity1 showed a partial response (PR) on the basis of gastric X-ray and endoscopic findings. No adverse reactions to the drug were seen. The @entity1 has been receiving the same drug since then, and has continued to show PR for 15 months. Biopsied tissues were checked immunohistochemically for expression of @entity1014 phosphorylase ( @entity1015 ), and changes in tissue @entity1015 level were examined by ELISA. The @entity1015 level decreased with shrinking of the @entity5 . These results suggest that the shrinking of @entity5 following 5'-DFUR therapy is closely related to @entity1015 .

1329

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Regional distribution in XXXX of a novel aortic collagen-associated microfibrillar protein.

multiple_choice

We have reported two hypothetical proteins of @entity1 aorta, based on sequences cloned from a cDNA library constructed from mRNAs purified from the adventitia. These sequences have immunoglobulin-kappa ( @entity1016 )-like domains, and we have shown that microfibrils of the aortic adventia are immunoreactive with antibodies against @entity1016 . The present study was performed to characterize more specifically the regional distribution in @entity1 of one of these proteins in particular and the distribution of matrix proteins with @entity1016 -like motifs in general. An antibody was raised in @entity95 against a synthetic peptide based on a unique sequence in one of the hypothetical proteins (NPSNRVTPQKNFP), which has not been reported in the sequence of any other known protein. This antibody and a rabbit anti-human @entity1016 antibody were used as first antibodies in the staining reactions. A monoclonal mouse anti-smooth muscle cell alpha-actin antibody was also used. Immunoreactivity with the sequence-specific antibody was limited to the aorta and large vessels. Adventitial microfibrillar staining was more conspicuous in the abdominal aorta than in the thoracic aorta and in the internal iliac than in the external iliac artery. The immunoreactive protein was associated with fibroblasts and not smooth muscle cells. Immunoreactivity coated the collagen fibers diffusely, while elastin fibers were not stained. Further studies using antibodies against @entity1016 demonstrated immunoreactivity of collagen and fibroblasts in a variety of tissues: spleen, ovary, testicle, cervix, prostate, skin, and breast (but not brain). Immunoglobulin motifs may be a feature of matrix proteins produced by fibroblasts in many tissues, but the first motif that we identified from a cDNA library of aortic adventitia appears to be specific to aorta and large vessels.

1332

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A randomised controlled trial of specialist health visitor intervention for XXXX to thrive.

multiple_choice

AIMS: To determine whether home intervention by a specialist health visitor affects the outcome of @entity1 with @entity177 to thrive. METHODS: @entity1 referred for @entity177 to thrive were randomised to receive conventional care, or conventional care and additional specialist home visiting for 12 months. Outcomes measured were growth, diet, use of health care resources, and Bayley, HAD (hospital @entity148 and @entity308 ), and behavioural scales. RESULTS: Eighty three @entity1 , aged 4-30 months, were enrolled, 42 received specialist health visitor intervention. @entity1 in both groups showed good @entity1017 (mean (SD) increase in weight SD score for the specialist health visitor intervention group 0.59 (0.63) v 0.42 (0.62) for the control group). @entity1 < 12 months in the intervention group showed a higher mean (SD) increase in weight SD score than the control group (0.82 (0.86) v 0.42 (0.79)). Both groups improved in developmental score and energy intake. No significant differences were found for the primary outcome measures, but controls had significantly more dietary referrals, social service involvement, and hospital admissions, and were less compliant with appointments. CONCLUSIONS: The study failed to show that specialist health visitor intervention conferred additional benefits for the @entity1 . However, the specialist health visitor did provide a more coordinated approach, with significant savings in terms of health service use. Problems inherent to health service research are discussed.

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XXXX : a rare association of the Valsalva manoeuvre ( @entity1020 ).

multiple_choice

A 22-year-old @entity1 complained of sudden, @entity1018 (vague @entity1019 in central vision) in his right eye. The @entity1 became symptomatic following a session of weight training at a gymnasium the previous day. There was no history trauma. Medical, ocular and familial history were unremarkable. The inferior and temporal aspect of the @entity548 was darker due to gravitation, but the rest of the fundus was normal. The appearance of the right fundus, combined with an associated unequivocal history of physical exertion, was consistent with a diagnosis of @entity1020 (holding breath while bench pressing). Systemic examination and all relevant blood tests were normal. Fluorescein angiography (FFA) was done which confirmed the diagnosis. The @entity1 recovered a vision of 6/6 in his right eye after 2 months. FFA was again done, which showed no sequelae of the problem.

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@entity1020 : a rare association of the Valsalva manoeuvre ( XXXX ).

multiple_choice

A 22-year-old @entity1 complained of sudden, @entity1018 (vague @entity1019 in central vision) in his right eye. The @entity1 became symptomatic following a session of weight training at a gymnasium the previous day. There was no history trauma. Medical, ocular and familial history were unremarkable. The inferior and temporal aspect of the @entity548 was darker due to gravitation, but the rest of the fundus was normal. The appearance of the right fundus, combined with an associated unequivocal history of physical exertion, was consistent with a diagnosis of @entity1020 (holding breath while bench pressing). Systemic examination and all relevant blood tests were normal. Fluorescein angiography (FFA) was done which confirmed the diagnosis. The @entity1 recovered a vision of 6/6 in his right eye after 2 months. FFA was again done, which showed no sequelae of the problem.

1341

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1343

Ultrasound therapy for XXXX of the shoulder.

multiple_choice

BACKGROUND AND METHODS: Although ultrasound therapy is used to treat @entity730 of the shoulder, its efficacy has not been rigorously evaluated. We conducted a randomized, double-blind comparison of ultrasonography and sham insonation in @entity1 with symptomatic @entity730 verified by radiography. @entity1 were assigned to receive 24 15-minute sessions of either pulsed ultrasound (frequency, 0.89 MHz; intensity, 2.5 W per square centimeter; pulsed mode, 1:4) or an indistinguishable sham treatment to the area over the calcification. The first 15 treatments were given daily (five times per week), and the remainder were given three times a week for three weeks. Randomization was conducted according to shoulders rather than @entity1 , so a @entity1 with @entity924 might receive either or both therapies. RESULTS: We enrolled 63 consecutive @entity1 (70 shoulders). Fifty-four @entity1 (61 shoulders) completed the study. There were 32 shoulders in the ultrasound-treatment group and 29 in the sham-treatment group. After six weeks of treatment, @entity460 deposits had resolved in six shoulders (19 percent) in the ultrasound-treatment group and decreased by at least 50 percent in nine shoulders (28 percent), as compared with respective values of zero and three (10 percent) in the sham-treatment group (P=0.003). At the nine-month follow-up visit, @entity460 deposits had resolved in 13 shoulders (42 percent) in the ultrasound-treatment group and improved in 7 shoulders (23 percent), as compared with respective values of 2 (8 percent) and 3 (12 percent) in the sham-treatment group (P=0.002). At the end of treatment, @entity1 who had received ultrasound treatment had greater decreases in @entity158 and greater improvements in the quality of life than those who had received sham treatment; at nine months, the differences between the groups were no longer significant. CONCLUSIONS: In @entity1 with symptomatic @entity730 of the shoulder, ultrasound treatment helps resolve @entity730 and is associated with short-term clinical improvement.

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1346

Generation of rhythmic patterns of activity by ventral interneurones in XXXX organotypic spinal slice culture.

multiple_choice

1. In the presence of certain excitatory substances the @entity35 isolated spinal cord generates @entity1021 believed to be an in-built locomotor programme (fictive locomotion). However, it is unknown whether a long-term culture of the same tissue can express rhythmic activity. Such a simplified model system would provide useful data on the minimal circuitry involved and the cellular mechanisms mediating this phenomenon. For this purpose we performed patch clamp recording (under whole-cell voltage or current clamp conditions) from visually identified ventral horn interneurones of an organotypic slice culture of the @entity35 spinal cord. 2. Ventral horn interneurones expressed rhythmic bursting when the extracellular [K+] was raised from 4 to 6-7 mM. Under voltage clamp this activity consisted of composite synaptic currents grouped into bursts lasting 0.9 +/- 0.5 s (2.8 +/- 1.5 s period) and was generated at network level as it was blocked by @entity1022 or low- @entity141 -high-Mg2+ solution and its periodicity was unchanged at different potential levels. 3. In current clamp mode bursting was usually observed as episodes comprising early depolarizing potentials followed by hyperpolarizing events with tight temporal patterning. Bursting was fully suppressed by @entity1023 ( @entity1023 ) and reduced in amplitude and duration by @entity1024 ( @entity143 ) receptor antagonism without change in periodicity. Extracellular field recording showed bursting activity over a wide area of the ventral horn. 4. Regular, rhythmic activity similar to that induced by K+ also appeared spontaneously in @entity1025 -free solution. The much slower rhythmic pattern induced by @entity1026 and @entity1027 was also accelerated by high-K+ solution. 5. The fast and regular rhythmic activity of interneurones in the spinal organotypic culture is a novel observation which suggests that the oversimplified circuit present in this culture is a useful model for investigating spinal rhythmic activity.

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Two-stage operation for multiple XXXX of the thoracic aorta, abdominal aorta, and left common iliac artery in an octogenarian.

multiple_choice

@entity449 are well described in the surgical literature. However, there are many problems related to surgical treatment of elderly @entity1 with such @entity439 . This report presents the case, an octogenarian with multiple @entity449 that were successfully treated by graft replacement. An 82-year-old @entity1 with a descending aortic @entity439 was referred to our institution for surgery. In addition to the previously diagnosed @entity439 , computed tomography and aortography showed an @entity1028 and a @entity1029 . Since the @entity1 was an elderly @entity1 with @entity1030 , a two-stage operation was performed. The @entity1028 and @entity1029 were resected first due to the risk of @entity1031 from the @entity1028 during surgery involving replacement of the descending aorta under femoro-femoral (F-F) bypass. Fifty-two days after the first operation, a second operation was performed to repair the descending aortic @entity439 . The postoperative course was uneventful. Angiography after the operation showed satisfactory replacement of the multiple @entity449 . The @entity1 was discharged 25 days after the second operation.

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[Local anesthesia in meatoplasty with pediculated flap, an efficient technique in the treatment of XXXX ].

multiple_choice

Meatal stricture is not an uncommon condition in the clinical practice, the classical treatment being meatotomy. The failure of the technique and the changes in the quality of the urinary stream have forced us to perform a meatoplasty procedure with pedicle flap from penial skin as described by Jordan, using intravenous local anaesthetics, thus avoiding hospitalization and reducing the overall cost of the procedure. From a total of 23 @entity1 who (between May 1995 and April 1998) required surgery due to meatal stricture, 11 @entity1 underwent meatoplasty and the rest meatotomy. None of the @entity1 in the former group developed @entity850 , and achieved a mean improvement of Q max in the flowmetry performed three months after the procedure of 23 mL/sg. vs the 10.5 mL/sg. of @entity1 undergoing meatotomy. This difference is statistically significant at p = 0.02. Cost saving when surgery is conducted in the day hospital is 122,302 pts/procedure vs 215,182 pts/procedure if the @entity1 had to remain in hospital for 3 or 7 days. Compared to the lower cost of meatotomy (39,308 pts/proc.) or meatoplasty (57,525 pts/proc.), it must be emphasised that the management of complications in the first case is 6,816 pts/ @entity1 vs 1,724 pts/ @entity1 required for cures in the case of Jordan's technique. It was concluded that pedicle flap meatoplasty is an efficient and definitive technique in the treatment of meatal stricture.

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Psychotherapy use in a privately insured population of @entity1 diagnosed with a XXXX .

multiple_choice

PURPOSE: Although there is growing evidence demonstrating the effectiveness of psychotherapy in the treatment of @entity146 , the use of psychotherapy in privately insured populations has not been examined. This study examines utilization rates and correlates of the receipt of psychotherapy. METHODS: A large claims database of US private sector claims was used to examine utilization rates and correlates of receipt of psychotherapy. Altogether, 860,090 adults who received mental health services in 2005 were identified from the database. Multivariate binary regression and general linear models were used to assess the association of @entity1 characteristics with use of psychotherapy, use of group or family therapy and the number of psychotherapy visits based on current procedural terminology (CPT) codes. RESULTS: Only 32.4% of @entity1 diagnosed with a @entity1032 received CPT codes indicating receipt of psychotherapy, and of these 96.5% received individual psychotherapy. Almost 75% of individuals diagnosed with @entity1005 , 62% with @entity308 , and 54% with @entity162 received psychotherapy. Larger numbers of psychotherapy visits were associated with @entity1005 ( @entity1005 ), @entity167 use and mild @entity308 . Larger numbers of psychotherapy visits were associated with @entity1005 , @entity167 use and mild @entity308 . Drug use, @entity161 , @entity162 and @entity308 ( @entity308 ) were associated with fewer psychotherapy visits. CONCLUSIONS: Substantial differences in use of psychotherapy were observed across diagnoses, perhaps reflecting the availability of alternative drug therapies. Greater use of psychotherapy in @entity1 with @entity1005 may reflect weaker evidence of the effectiveness of pharmacological treatment, while less use in @entity308 may reflect greater evidence of drug benefits.

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Psychotherapy use in a privately insured population of XXXX diagnosed with a @entity146 .

multiple_choice

PURPOSE: Although there is growing evidence demonstrating the effectiveness of psychotherapy in the treatment of @entity146 , the use of psychotherapy in privately insured populations has not been examined. This study examines utilization rates and correlates of the receipt of psychotherapy. METHODS: A large claims database of US private sector claims was used to examine utilization rates and correlates of receipt of psychotherapy. Altogether, 860,090 adults who received mental health services in 2005 were identified from the database. Multivariate binary regression and general linear models were used to assess the association of @entity1 characteristics with use of psychotherapy, use of group or family therapy and the number of psychotherapy visits based on current procedural terminology (CPT) codes. RESULTS: Only 32.4% of @entity1 diagnosed with a @entity1032 received CPT codes indicating receipt of psychotherapy, and of these 96.5% received individual psychotherapy. Almost 75% of individuals diagnosed with @entity1005 , 62% with @entity308 , and 54% with @entity162 received psychotherapy. Larger numbers of psychotherapy visits were associated with @entity1005 ( @entity1005 ), @entity167 use and mild @entity308 . Larger numbers of psychotherapy visits were associated with @entity1005 , @entity167 use and mild @entity308 . Drug use, @entity161 , @entity162 and @entity308 ( @entity308 ) were associated with fewer psychotherapy visits. CONCLUSIONS: Substantial differences in use of psychotherapy were observed across diagnoses, perhaps reflecting the availability of alternative drug therapies. Greater use of psychotherapy in @entity1 with @entity1005 may reflect weaker evidence of the effectiveness of pharmacological treatment, while less use in @entity308 may reflect greater evidence of drug benefits.

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1361

Efficacy of low-dose and long-term oral XXXX therapy after penetrating keratoplasty for herpes simplex heratitis.

multiple_choice

PURPOSE: To evaluate the efficacy of long-term and low-dose prophylactic oral @entity1033 therapy in preventing the recurrence of @entity281 and increasing graft survival in @entity1 who undergo penetrating keratoplasty (PK) for @entity1034 ( @entity1034 ). @entity1 AND METHODS: Nineteen @entity1 were included in the study, who underwent PK for herpes keratitis from July 1993 to November 1995, received oral @entity1033 , and were followed at least 12 months. Group 1 included 12 @entity1 with @entity267 without perforation. These @entity1 were free of @entity32 for a mean of 4.1+/-2.2 months preoperatively, and received oral @entity1033 400 mg/day postoperatively for one year. Seven @entity1 (Group 2) who developed @entity1035 due to @entity39 were treated with tissue adhesives, therapeutic contact lenses, and topical antiviral and oral @entity1033 therapy for the resolution of active @entity32 followed by PK after a mean of 3.8+/-2.1 months follow-up. They received oral @entity1033 400 mg/day postoperatively for one year in addition to standard postoperative therapy. The control group consisted of 16 @entity1 (Groups 3 and 4) who underwent PK for @entity1034 and did not receive oral @entity1033 . The indication for PK was corneal @entity231 and @entity227 in 12 @entity1 (Group 3) and @entity1035 in four (Group 4). RESULTS: After an average of 25 months follow-up, there was only one recurrence (8.3%) in Group 1 and two cases (28.6%) of herpetic recurrence in Group 2. Recurrence occurred at two months in one @entity1 while he was taking oral @entity1033 . Two of these recurrences followed the withdrawal of oral @entity1033 therapy after one year of therapy. In contrast, in control groups there were four cases of herpetic recurrence (33.3%) in Group 3 and two (50%) in Group 4 after a mean of 30.5 months postoperative follow-up. In the study groups, a rejection episode was seen in three @entity1 (15.8%) which was successfully treated with medical therapy. One @entity1 from Group 2 developed @entity1036 which subsequently resulted in graft failure. All grafts remained clear in the other @entity1 (94.7%). In the control groups, rejection developed in seven @entity1 . Three rejection episodes were treated successfully. The other four developed graft failure in spite of intensive medical therapy. CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest that postoperative oral @entity1033 therapy is effective in preventing the recurrence of @entity281 . However, the recurrence may develop after cessation of oral @entity1033 therapy, especially in @entity1 who underwent PK for @entity1035 due necrotizing @entity1034 .

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Predictors of antidepressant prescription and early use among XXXX outpatients.

multiple_choice

OBJECTIVE: The rates of antidepressant recommendation and use were determined in outpatients with major @entity308 receiving services in mental health clinics. Site of service and the @entity1 ' sociodemographic and clinical characteristics were investigated as possible predictors. METHOD: @entity1 admitted to six outpatient clinics were recruited through a two-stage sampling procedure. @entity1 with @entity308 (N = 124) according to the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV-- @entity1 Edition were assessed at admission and 3 months later. RESULTS: Drug therapy was recommended for most @entity1 (71%), and minimal use (at least 1 week) was recorded for 59% of the subjects. White @entity1 were nearly three times as likely to receive a recommendation for antidepressants. Antidepressant recommendation was also associated with severity of @entity308 mood, recent medication use, and clinic type. Recent antidepressant use was the only variable that predicted whether the @entity1 actually took the recommended medication. CONCLUSIONS: Many @entity1 with @entity308 seeking treatment at community mental health clinics do not receive antidepressant drug therapy. The offer of medication is predicted by @entity1 ethnicity, clinic type, and symptom severity. Minority @entity1 are less likely to be offered antidepressant treatment.

1365

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1367

Development and validation of a GC-EI-MS method with reduced adsorption loss for the quantification of XXXX in @entity1 plasma.

multiple_choice

A simple and sensitive GC-EI-MS method using solvent extraction and evaporation was developed for the determination of @entity1037 concentrations in plasma samples. Because @entity1037 and @entity1038 , which was used as the internal standard (IS), are nitrogenous bases, they can adsorb to the weakly acidic @entity1039 groups on the surfaces of glass centrifuge tubes during solvent extraction and evaporation. Silylation of the glass tubes, addition of @entity1040 ( @entity1041 ), and use of a sample solution with a basic pH could prevent adsorption loss. The extraction method involved mixing plasma (500 L) in a silylated glass tube with a @entity1038 solution (2 g/mL, 25 L) in @entity1042 containing 1% @entity1041 . After addition of aqueous @entity1043 (0.5 mol/L, pH 11.1, 1 mL) and extraction into 3 mL of @entity1044 / @entity1045 (1:1, v/v) containing 1% @entity1041 , the organic phase was evaporated to dryness in a silylated glass tube. The residue was dissolved in @entity1046 containing 1% @entity1041 (50 L). For GC-EI-MS analysis, the calibration curves of @entity1037 in @entity1 plasma were linear from 0.5 to 100 ng/mL. Intra- and interday precisions in plasma were both less than 7.36% (coefficient of variation), and the accuracy was between 94.6 and 110% for solutions with concentrations greater than 0.5 ng/mL. The limit of quantification was 0.5 ng/mL in plasma. The assay was applied to therapeutic drug monitoring in samples from three @entity161 @entity1 .

1368

1369

1370

Development and validation of a GC-EI-MS method with reduced adsorption loss for the quantification of @entity1037 in XXXX plasma.

multiple_choice

A simple and sensitive GC-EI-MS method using solvent extraction and evaporation was developed for the determination of @entity1037 concentrations in plasma samples. Because @entity1037 and @entity1038 , which was used as the internal standard (IS), are nitrogenous bases, they can adsorb to the weakly acidic @entity1039 groups on the surfaces of glass centrifuge tubes during solvent extraction and evaporation. Silylation of the glass tubes, addition of @entity1040 ( @entity1041 ), and use of a sample solution with a basic pH could prevent adsorption loss. The extraction method involved mixing plasma (500 L) in a silylated glass tube with a @entity1038 solution (2 g/mL, 25 L) in @entity1042 containing 1% @entity1041 . After addition of aqueous @entity1043 (0.5 mol/L, pH 11.1, 1 mL) and extraction into 3 mL of @entity1044 / @entity1045 (1:1, v/v) containing 1% @entity1041 , the organic phase was evaporated to dryness in a silylated glass tube. The residue was dissolved in @entity1046 containing 1% @entity1041 (50 L). For GC-EI-MS analysis, the calibration curves of @entity1037 in @entity1 plasma were linear from 0.5 to 100 ng/mL. Intra- and interday precisions in plasma were both less than 7.36% (coefficient of variation), and the accuracy was between 94.6 and 110% for solutions with concentrations greater than 0.5 ng/mL. The limit of quantification was 0.5 ng/mL in plasma. The assay was applied to therapeutic drug monitoring in samples from three @entity161 @entity1 .

1371

1372

1373

The experience of providing young XXXX attending general practice with an online risk assessment tool to assess their own sexual health risk.

multiple_choice

BACKGROUND: Targeted @entity1047 screening has been advocated to reduce @entity1047 associated reproductive sequelae. General practitioners are well positioned to play a major role in @entity1047 control. The primary aim of this pilot study was to measure the effect of offering an online sexual health assessment tool, Youth Check Your Risk, on @entity1047 testing rates among young @entity1 attending general practices. The secondary aim was to test the acceptability of the tool among general practitioners and young @entity1 . METHODS: General practitioners at three practices in Melbourne, Australia, referred @entity1 aged 16 to 24 years to Youth Check Your Risk http://www.checkyourrisk.org.au for use post-consultation between March to October 2007. The proportion of young @entity1 tested for @entity1047 before and during the implementation of the tool was compared. Acceptability was assessed through a structured interviewer-administered questionnaire with general practitioners, and anonymous online data provided by Youth Check Your Risk users. RESULTS: The intervention did not result in any significant increases in the proportion of 16 to 24 year old males (2.7% to 3.0%) or females (6.3% to 6.4%) tested for @entity1047 . A small increase in the proportion of 16 to 19 year old females tested was seen (4.1% to 7.2%). Of the 2997 @entity1 seen during the intervention phase, 871 (29.1%) were referred to Youth Check Your Risk and 120 used it (13.8%). Major reasons for low referral rates reported by practitioners included lack of time, discomfort with raising the issue of testing, and difficulty in remembering to refer @entity1 . CONCLUSION: Offering an online sexual risk assessment tool in general practice did not significantly increase the proportion of young @entity1 tested for @entity1047 , with GPs identifying a number of barriers to referring young @entity1 to Youth Check Your Risk. Future interventions aimed at increasing @entity1047 screening in general practice with the aid of an online risk assessment tool need to identify and overcome barriers to testing.

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XXXX with familial incidence.

multiple_choice

Multifocal or @entity421 ( @entity421 ) has been described as @entity5 occurrence at two or more sites in a @entity1 without visceral @entity3 . These may be synchronous (more than one lesion at presentation) or metachronous (new @entity5 developing after the initial treatment). The incidence of multifocal @entity421 has ranged from 1.5 to 5.4% in large series, with the synchronous type being rarer. Similarly, periosteal @entity421 is another rare subtype of surface @entity421 and constitutes less than 2% of all @entity421 . An 11-year-old female was diagnosed with bilateral synchronous tibial periosteal @entity421 , which were confirmed by CT-guided biopsies. After neoadjuvant chemotherapy, the @entity1 underwent a staged wide local resection of the @entity5 . The defect was reconstructed with a proximal tibial replacement on the left side and autologous bone grafting on the right side. The @entity1 did well after surgery and is free of disease at 5.5 years of follow-up. However, her brother also developed a right tibial @entity1048 4 years after her index surgery. Genetic analysis of blood sample from both @entity1 showed a similar missense mutation in at least one allele of @entity876 gene (exon 8). To the best of our knowledge, a case of @entity1048 with a familial incidence has not been reported before.

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Adherence to a simplified management algorithm reduces morbidity and mortality after penetrating XXXX : a 15-year experience.

multiple_choice

BACKGROUND: Our previous experience with @entity1049 suggested that operative decisions based on a defined algorithm improve outcomes. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the validity of this algorithm in the face of an increased incidence of destructive injuries observed in recent years. STUDY DESIGN: Consecutive @entity1 with full-thickness penetrating @entity1049 over an 8-year period were evaluated. Per algorithm, @entity1 with nondestructive injuries underwent primary repair. Those with destructive wounds underwent resection plus @entity254 in the absence of comorbidities or large pre- or intraoperative transfusion requirements (more than 6 units packed RBCs); otherwise they were diverted. Outcomes from the current study ( @entity1050 group) were compared with those from the previous study (PS group). RESULTS: There were 252 @entity1 who had full-thickness penetrating @entity1049 : 150 (60%) @entity1 had nondestructive colon wounds treated with primary repair and 102 @entity1 (40%) had destructive wounds ( @entity1050 ). Demographics and intraoperative transfusions were similar between @entity1050 and PS groups. Of the 102 @entity1 with destructive injuries, 75% underwent resection plus @entity254 and 25% underwent diversion. Despite more destructive injuries managed in the @entity1050 group (41% vs 27%), abscess rate (18% vs 27%) and colon-related mortality (1% vs 5%) were lower in the @entity1050 . Suture line failure was similar in @entity1050 compared with PS (5% vs 7%). Adherence to the algorithm was >90% in the @entity1050 (similar to PS). CONCLUSIONS: Despite an increase in the incidence of destructive @entity1049 , our management algorithm remains valid. @entity130 associated with pre- or intraoperative transfusion requirements of more than 6 units packed RBCs and/or significant comorbidities are best managed with diversion. By managing the majority of other destructive injuries with resection plus @entity254 , acceptably low morbidity and mortality can be achieved.

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Measuring changes after multidisciplinary rehabilitation of XXXX individuals.

multiple_choice

BACKGROUND: In 2009, the Italian Society of Obesity developed the short-form questionnaire for Obesity-related Disabilities ( @entity1051 -OC). AIMS: To stage the degree of disability in @entity28 @entity1 using @entity1051 -OC; to verify its sensitivity to change after rehabilitation. SUBJECTS: Three hundred and fifty-five @entity28 individuals [body mass index (BMI) >30 kg/m2] undergoing rehabilitation. Exclusion criteria were severe @entity65 , @entity16 . Sensitivity to change of @entity1051 -OC was evaluated in 194 @entity1 out of the initial sample. METHODS: To define the disability levels according to @entity1051 -OC, the method of interquartile range was applied to the initial sample. The 194 in- @entity1 were assessed with Roland-Morris Disability Questionnaire, Functional Independence Measure (FIM), Functional Visual Analogue Scale, and @entity1051 -OC before (S0) and after 4 weeks (S1) of intensive (3 h daily) rehabilitation multidisciplinary program. Individuals were grouped according to age (1: age 30-59 yr; 2: age over 60 yr) and degree of @entity28 (BMI: A, 30-40 kg/m2; B, 40-50 kg/m2). RESULTS: At S1, BMI and all the clinical scores improved significantly in the whole study sample. The younger individuals with higher level of @entity28 showed a higher functional improvement (-51.3%). In the older subjects, improvement was not statistically different when varying BMI (A2 -13.7% vs B2 -14.6%). In the whole group, the @entity1051 -OC improvement was statistically greater than the physical @entity1017 (-25.9% vs +5.4%, p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Our data evidenced that the @entity1051 -OC is a sensitive measure of short-term changes in disability status of @entity28 individuals after rehabilitation.

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A pure case of @entity1052 with a XXXX .

multiple_choice

The four symptoms composing @entity1052 were postulated to result from a common cognitive denominator (Grundst rung) by Gerstmann himself. He suggested that it is a @entity74 restricted to the hand and fingers. The existence of a Grundst rung has since been contested. Here we suggest that a common psychoneurological factor does exist, but should be related to transformations of mental images rather than to the @entity1053 . A @entity1 (H.P.) was studied, who presented the four symptoms of @entity1052 in the absence of any other @entity74 . MRI showed a focal @entity75 , situated subcortically in the inferior part of the left angular gyrus and reaching the superior posterior region of T1. The cortical layers were @entity75 was seen to extend to the callosal fibres. On the basis of an extensive cognitive investigation, language, praxis, memory and intelligence disorders were excluded. The four remaining symptoms (finger @entity1054 , @entity1055 , @entity911 and @entity1056 ) were investigated thoroughly with the aim of determining any characteristics that they might share. Detailed analyses of the tetrad showed that the impairment was consistently attributable to disorders of a spatial nature. Furthermore, cognitive tests necessitating mental rotation were equally shown to be impaired, confirming the essentially visuospatial origin of the disturbance. In the light of this report, the common cognitive denominator is hypothesized to be an impairment in mental manipulation of images and not in @entity1053 .

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A pure case of XXXX with a @entity75 .

multiple_choice

The four symptoms composing @entity1052 were postulated to result from a common cognitive denominator (Grundst rung) by Gerstmann himself. He suggested that it is a @entity74 restricted to the hand and fingers. The existence of a Grundst rung has since been contested. Here we suggest that a common psychoneurological factor does exist, but should be related to transformations of mental images rather than to the @entity1053 . A @entity1 (H.P.) was studied, who presented the four symptoms of @entity1052 in the absence of any other @entity74 . MRI showed a focal @entity75 , situated subcortically in the inferior part of the left angular gyrus and reaching the superior posterior region of T1. The cortical layers were @entity75 was seen to extend to the callosal fibres. On the basis of an extensive cognitive investigation, language, praxis, memory and intelligence disorders were excluded. The four remaining symptoms (finger @entity1054 , @entity1055 , @entity911 and @entity1056 ) were investigated thoroughly with the aim of determining any characteristics that they might share. Detailed analyses of the tetrad showed that the impairment was consistently attributable to disorders of a spatial nature. Furthermore, cognitive tests necessitating mental rotation were equally shown to be impaired, confirming the essentially visuospatial origin of the disturbance. In the light of this report, the common cognitive denominator is hypothesized to be an impairment in mental manipulation of images and not in @entity1053 .

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Reasons for variability in the reported rate of occurrence of unilateral @entity1057 after XXXX .

multiple_choice

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: We sought to determine the frequency of occurrence of contralesional unilateral @entity1057 (USN) after @entity64 and to investigate the effect of side of lesion, nature of assessment tool used, and timing of assessment relative to @entity64 onset. METHODS: We performed a systematic review of published reports, identified by a search of electronic databases (MEDLINE 1966-1997, PSYCHLIT 1974-1996, and CINAHL 1982-1997) and by searching reference lists of the reports selected. Excluded were unpublished, non-English language, and nonhuman studies. RESULTS: Thirty published reports met the selection criteria, 17 of which directly compared right @entity75 (RBD) and @entity75 ( @entity75 ). Contralesional USN appeared to occur more frequently after RBD than @entity75 in 16 of these. Both the assessment tool used and the time of assessment relative to @entity64 onset affected the reported rate of occurrence, although recovery rate data were inadequate (4 reports). CONCLUSIONS: The clinical belief that USN occurs more frequently after RBD than @entity75 was apparently supported by a systematic review of published data. However, an accurate estimate of the rates of occurrence and recovery after @entity64 could not be derived. Four reasons for the variability among studies were discussed, including subject selection, lesion localization, and nature and timing of assessment. Different @entity1057 may exist, which may require type-specific rehabilitation approaches. This may have implications for epidemiological studies and for the development of new treatments. Theoretically driven epidemiological studies are required before adequately powered randomized controlled trials of rehabilitation can be conducted.

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Reasons for variability in the reported rate of occurrence of unilateral XXXX after @entity64 .

multiple_choice

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: We sought to determine the frequency of occurrence of contralesional unilateral @entity1057 (USN) after @entity64 and to investigate the effect of side of lesion, nature of assessment tool used, and timing of assessment relative to @entity64 onset. METHODS: We performed a systematic review of published reports, identified by a search of electronic databases (MEDLINE 1966-1997, PSYCHLIT 1974-1996, and CINAHL 1982-1997) and by searching reference lists of the reports selected. Excluded were unpublished, non-English language, and nonhuman studies. RESULTS: Thirty published reports met the selection criteria, 17 of which directly compared right @entity75 (RBD) and @entity75 ( @entity75 ). Contralesional USN appeared to occur more frequently after RBD than @entity75 in 16 of these. Both the assessment tool used and the time of assessment relative to @entity64 onset affected the reported rate of occurrence, although recovery rate data were inadequate (4 reports). CONCLUSIONS: The clinical belief that USN occurs more frequently after RBD than @entity75 was apparently supported by a systematic review of published data. However, an accurate estimate of the rates of occurrence and recovery after @entity64 could not be derived. Four reasons for the variability among studies were discussed, including subject selection, lesion localization, and nature and timing of assessment. Different @entity1057 may exist, which may require type-specific rehabilitation approaches. This may have implications for epidemiological studies and for the development of new treatments. Theoretically driven epidemiological studies are required before adequately powered randomized controlled trials of rehabilitation can be conducted.

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Antidepressant-like synergism of extracts from magnolia bark and ginger rhizome alone and in combination in XXXX .

multiple_choice

Magnolia bark and ginger rhizome is a drug pair in many prescriptions for treatment of @entity146 in @entity1058 ( @entity1058 ). However, compatibility and synergism mechanism of two herbs on antidepressant actions have not been reported. The aim of this study was to approach the rationale of the drug pair in @entity1058 . We evaluated antidepressant-like effects of mixture of @entity1059 and @entity1060 (HMM), polysaccharides (PMB) from magnolia bark, essential oil (OGR) and polysaccharides ( @entity1061 ) from ginger rhizome alone, and the possibility of synergistic interactions in their combinations in the @entity19 forced swimming @entity1062 (FST) and @entity1062 ( @entity1062 ). @entity750 ( @entity750 ) and @entity1063 (NE) levels in prefrontal cortex, hippocampus and striatum were also examined. 30 mg/kg HMM decreased immobility in the FST and @entity1062 in @entity19 after one- and two-week treatment. OGR (19.5 or 39 mg/kg) alone was ineffective. The combination of an ineffective dose of 39 mg/kg OGR with 15 mg/kg HMM was the most effective and produced a synergistic action on behaviors after two-week treatment. Significant increase in @entity750 and synergistic increase in NE in prefrontal cortex were observed after co-administration of HMM with OGR. These results demonstrated that HMM was the principal component of this drug pair, whereas OGR served as adjuvant fraction. Compatibility of HMM with OGR was suggested to exert synergistic antidepressant actions by attenuating abnormalities in serotonergic and noradrenergic system functions. Therefore, we confirmed the rationality of drug pair in clinical application and provided a novel perspective in drug pair of @entity1058 researches.

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Early detection of colon cancer-the kaiser permanente northwest 30-year history: how do we measure success? Is it the test, the number of tests, the stage, or the percentage of screen-detected XXXX ?

multiple_choice

INTRODUCTION: @entity14 ( @entity14 ) is the fourth most common @entity5 in the Kaiser Permanente Northwest (KPNW) Region. The goals of @entity14 screening are early diagnosis of @entity5 in the preclinical state, down-staging of @entity5 , and increasing survival. This historical review summarizes the screening strategies since 1980 and their impact on early diagnosis, stage, and survival. During this period, the KPNW Tumor Registry documented the stage and survival, and screen-detection status of @entity1 . We have observed that the percentage of screen-detected case measure has provided critical information that has contributed to the present success. @entity14 screening efforts by the end of 2010 had provided early diagnosis for one-third of @entity1 . METHODS: KPNW membership has undergone more than 540,000 fecal blood tests, an estimated 130,000 flexible sigmoidoscopies (FS), and more than 100,000 colonoscopies. Since 1980 members older than age 50 years have increased from 48,627 to 137,617. This report represents a review of 5458 @entity1 . Since 1980, 5 distinct periods of @entity14 screening have been compared. In 1980, the @entity14 screening practice was primarily office-based fecal occult blood testing (FOBT) and proctosigmoidoscopy. Data from the initial home-based FOBT testing initiative (1985), transitioning to an FS program (1995), adoption of colonoscopy (2005), and subsequent reintroduction of FOBT testing (2006) allows examination of results by period. After ever-increasing promotion of endoscopy, the goal of screening shifted from "screen detection to prevention by polypectomy." RESULTS: By reexamining the outcomes of the @entity14 strategies from 1980-2005, the nature of the colonoscopy label of "gold standard" was questioned leading to a return to FOBT testing. Since then, the percentage of screen-detected @entity1 exceeded expectations with a 6-fold increase (5% to 33%) allowing KPNW to reach its highest level of early detection. DISCUSSION: By examining the KPNW experience, we have come to better understand the significance of effectiveness measures: number of tests, stage of disease, percentage of screen-detected @entity5 and their relationship to survival. We examined the measures used to assess success and conclude that the current metrics-the number of examinations and disease stage-do not accurately reflect the effectiveness of screening efforts. Early detection of @entity14 saves lives when a program tests the most at-risk @entity1 . Using a good test (FOBT/fecal immunochemical test) that is able to reach more @entity1 , rather than the "perfect test" that reaches fewer @entity1 , transforms an ineffective program into a successful one. A critical element was the transition of the individual testing to population screening.

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Two recent cases of XXXX .

multiple_choice

@entity1064 is now a rare disease in Europe, mainly as a result of occasional antibiotherapy for concomitant @entity281 . However @entity1065 is rising in USA and Germany, and it is necessary to maintain an high level of knowledge and suspicion to achieve a diagnosis in the tertiary stage of the disease. In this report two @entity1 with benign @entity1064 are described. The first one is a 55-year-old female with erythemato-violaceous annular scaling plaques on the right buttock and scapula and on both thighs, which had a negative and then a low VDRL titer. The second case is a 33-year-old @entity1032 female with @entity527 , with psoriasiform scaling in the trunk and well defined crusted @entity1066 on the face, which also had negative VDRL. Biopsy of the @entity272 revealed plasmocytic infiltrate with endothelial swelling without @entity738 and with negative @entity575 stains in both @entity1 . The investigation for cardiovascular and neurological involvement was negative in both @entity1 . Diagnosis of @entity1064 can be difficult as clinical pictures can be misleading, similar to other @entity738 , and serological titers can be low or negative. We recall the necessity of ruling out neurological and cardiac involvement in this stage of syphilis. These cases are reported as a reminder of the possibility of syphilis, so that new cases are not misdiagnosed and mistreated as other diseases.

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XXXX injection therapy of the prostate for @entity1067 : preliminary report on application of a new technique.

multiple_choice

PURPOSE: We evaluate the efficacy of a new technique of minimally invasive treatment for @entity1067 involving direct injection of dehydrated @entity1068 . MATERIALS AND METHODS: Dehydrated @entity1068 was injected transurethrally with lumbar or sacral and urethral anesthesia in 10 @entity1 with @entity1067 . Endoscopic injection was performed at 4 to 8 sites in the prostate and 3.5 to 12.0 ml. @entity1068 were used. RESULTS: There were no intraoperative complications but postoperative urinary retention occurred transiently in all @entity1 which required catheterization for a mean of 8.8 days. Mean symptom score plus or minus standard deviation was 12.2+/-5.8 at 3 months postoperatively, which was significantly improved from 23.1+/-7.0 preoperatively (p<0.01). Mean quality of life score also improved significantly from 5.1+/-0.6 preoperatively to 3.2+/-1.5 at 3 months postoperatively (p<0.01), mean peak urinary flow rate increased from 8.0+/-2.2 (9 @entity1 ) to 13.1+/-3.6 ml. per second (p<0.05) and mean residual urine volume decreased from 129.1+/-55.3 (9 @entity1 ) to 49.3+/-34.7 ml. (p<0.05). There was no significant change in prostate volume. @entity697 and @entity1069 occurred in 1 @entity1 each. CONCLUSIONS: This technique can be performed as an outpatient procedure and appears to be safe and cost-effective. Retrograde ejaculation can be avoided.

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@entity1068 injection therapy of the prostate for XXXX : preliminary report on application of a new technique.

multiple_choice

PURPOSE: We evaluate the efficacy of a new technique of minimally invasive treatment for @entity1067 involving direct injection of dehydrated @entity1068 . MATERIALS AND METHODS: Dehydrated @entity1068 was injected transurethrally with lumbar or sacral and urethral anesthesia in 10 @entity1 with @entity1067 . Endoscopic injection was performed at 4 to 8 sites in the prostate and 3.5 to 12.0 ml. @entity1068 were used. RESULTS: There were no intraoperative complications but postoperative urinary retention occurred transiently in all @entity1 which required catheterization for a mean of 8.8 days. Mean symptom score plus or minus standard deviation was 12.2+/-5.8 at 3 months postoperatively, which was significantly improved from 23.1+/-7.0 preoperatively (p<0.01). Mean quality of life score also improved significantly from 5.1+/-0.6 preoperatively to 3.2+/-1.5 at 3 months postoperatively (p<0.01), mean peak urinary flow rate increased from 8.0+/-2.2 (9 @entity1 ) to 13.1+/-3.6 ml. per second (p<0.05) and mean residual urine volume decreased from 129.1+/-55.3 (9 @entity1 ) to 49.3+/-34.7 ml. (p<0.05). There was no significant change in prostate volume. @entity697 and @entity1069 occurred in 1 @entity1 each. CONCLUSIONS: This technique can be performed as an outpatient procedure and appears to be safe and cost-effective. Retrograde ejaculation can be avoided.

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[The treatment strategy of special distal landing zones in endovascular repair of XXXX ].

multiple_choice

OBJECTIVE: To study the assessment and management for @entity1028 ( @entity1028 )'s special distal landing zones in endovascular repair (EVAR). METHODS: The clinic data of 66 @entity1028 @entity1 with complicated distal landing zones From January 2007 to December 2010 was retrospectively analyzed. There were 45 male and 21 female @entity1 , aged from 53 to 87 years with a mean of 62 years. All @entity1 underwent the CT angiography examination (1 to 2 mm interval) to obtain the necessary anatomical data. In this group, there were 20 cases with type I and IIA lesions, including 10 cases with narrow common iliac arteries/external iliac arteries (> 50%), 6 cases with seriously distorted common iliac arteries/external iliac arteries, 4 cases with the characters of the above, 16 cases with bilateral common @entity1029 , 46 cases with bilateral common @entity1029 combined @entity1029 (unilateral 32 cases, bilateral 14 cases). The vascular stent-grafts' usage was as follow: Metronic 46 cases, COOK 14 cases, Microport 4 cases, Lifetech 2 cases. RESULTS: The mean operative time was 90 min. There were significant stent-graft shortening in 22 cases (33.3%), @entity1070 in 18 cases (27.3%), @entity1070 in 5 cases (7.6%), iliac stents' stenosis (> 50%) in 2 cases (3.0%), type II combined with @entity1070 in 5 cases (7.6%), iliac stents' stenosis combined with @entity1070 in 4 cases (6.1%). @entity1 were followed for a mean of 22 months (range from 3 to 36 months), during the time of follow-up, the following conditions were observed: stent-graft displacement (to the remote < 10 mm) in 2 cases (3.0%), @entity1029 (> 50%) 2 cases, @entity1070 healed in 18 cases (18/23, 78.3%), and no @entity1070 remained. The fatality rate was 3.0% (2/66). CONCLUSIONS: Special distal landing zones increased the operative complication rate in EVAR. Being familiar with the features of stent-graft and appropriate use of various surgical management can increase the success ratio of EVAR.

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[Expression of microRNA-223 and its clinical value in XXXX ].

multiple_choice

OBJECTIVE: To detect the expression of microRNA-223 and analyze its clinical value in @entity1071 . METHODS: Peripheral blood samples (n = 78) and bone marrow samples (n = 9) were collected from @entity1 with @entity1072 ( @entity1072 , n = 53), @entity1073 ( @entity1073 , n = 13), @entity1074 ( @entity1074 , n = 9) and healthy donors (n = 12) at our hospital from 2003 to 2010. Mononuclear cells were isolated and B cells purified with a @entity1075 (+) magnetic-bead system. Total RNA was extracted from purified @entity1075 (+) cells and the expression of microRNA-223 measured by TaqMan microRNA quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The clinical data of these @entity1 were collected and their outcomes analyzed with SPSS 16.0 software. RESULTS: (1) The levels of microRNA-223 in @entity1072 , @entity1073 and @entity1074 were 4.58 0.62, 4.03 0.54 and 4.63 0.57 respectively. And they were significantly lower than that in normal B cells (5.69 0.60, P < 0.01). The expression of microRNA-223 decreased significantly in @entity1073 and @entity1074 (P < 0.05). There was no statistical difference between @entity1072 and @entity1074 (P > 0.05). (2) The down-regulation of microRNA-223 was associated with @entity146 in @entity1072 . @entity1 with unmutated immunoglobulin heavy chain variable region (IgVH) expressed significantly a lower level of microRNA-223 (4.05 0.69 vs 4.67 0.51, P = 0.003). In 13q-negative @entity1 , the expression of microRNA-223 decreased more significantly than that in 13q-positive @entity1 (4.25 0.67 vs 4.76 0.45, P = 0.044). (3) Using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis, the microRNA-223 cutoffs were defined according to the IgVH mutational status. The @entity1 were divided into the positive and negative subgroups. The median progression-free survival (PFS) of microRNA-223 positive @entity1 subgroup was 48 months. It was significantly longer than the negative subgroup (P = 0.001). In the microRNA-223 positive subgroup, no @entity1 died at the end of follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: MicroRNA-223 may play an important role in the pathogenesis of @entity1071 . The down-regulation of microRNA-223 is associated with @entity146 and poor prognostic factors in @entity1072 . It may become a new reliable prognostic predictor.

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Colonic pouch vs. side-to-end XXXX in low anterior resection.

multiple_choice

PURPOSE: @entity694 have gained increasing popularity in reconstruction after low anterior resection. In this prospective, randomized trial colonic pouch reconstruction is compared with side-to-end @entity254 for functional outcome. METHODS: From October 1995 to October 1996, 29 @entity1 had colonic pouch and 30 @entity1 had side-to-end @entity254 reconstruction after low anterior resection. @entity1 were matched for age, gender, and @entity5 stage and localization. All @entity1 underwent functional evaluation preoperatively and at three and six months postoperatively. RESULTS: There was no difference in preoperative anorectal function. The operating time was higher in the colonic pouch group (167 vs. 149 minutes). Twenty-three @entity1 (79.3 percent) with colonic pouch had a protective stoma compared with 21 @entity1 (70 percent) with side-to-end @entity254 . @entity260 were 10.3 and 13.3 percent, respectively. There was no difference in manometric pressure of the anus, in anorectal angle, and in continence status after three and six months. Stool frequency was higher in the side-to-end @entity254 group, with 2.2 vs. 5.4 per day at three months and 2.3 vs. 3.1 per day at six months. Constipation was noted in two @entity1 with colonic pouch (7 percent) and none in the side-to-end @entity254 group at three months and two vs. none at six months. Maximum tolerated volume and threshold volume was higher in the colonic pouch group at three and at six months. CONCLUSION: Both forms of reconstruction have similar satisfactory long-term functional results. The major advantage of colonic pouch was seen in the immediate postoperative phase.

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XXXX 5-kinase is indispensable for @entity19 spermatogenesis.

multiple_choice

The lipid kinase @entity1076 5-kinase ( @entity1077 ) produces a versatile signaling phospholipid, @entity1078 . Three @entity1077 isozymes, @entity1079 , @entity1080 , and @entity1081 , have been identified in mammals so far. Although the functions of these three @entity1077 isozymes have been extensively studied in vitro, the in vivo physiological roles of these @entity1077 isozymes remain largely unknown. In this study, we examined the functions of @entity1079 and @entity1080 in spermatogenesis, using @entity1079 -knockout (KO), @entity1080 -KO, and @entity1079 / @entity1080 double (D)-KO @entity19 . @entity1079 -KO and D-KO males were subfertile and completely sterile, respectively. F-actin in the seminiferous epithelium was disorganized in the D-KO @entity19 , although F-actin bundles at the apical ectoplasmic specialization was not affected. D-KO seminiferous tubules contained a greatly decreased number of elongated spermatids. Flagella of sperm from @entity1079 -KO and D-KO @entity19 remarkably underwent morphological change, whereas @entity1080 -KO sperm were morphologically normal. Notably, the flagellar shape of D-KO sperm was more severely impaired than that of @entity1079 -KO sperm. These results suggest that @entity1079 and @entity1080 may coordinately and/or redundantly function in the maintenance of sperm number and morphology during spermatogenesis.

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@entity1076 5-kinase is indispensable for XXXX spermatogenesis.

multiple_choice

The lipid kinase @entity1076 5-kinase ( @entity1077 ) produces a versatile signaling phospholipid, @entity1078 . Three @entity1077 isozymes, @entity1079 , @entity1080 , and @entity1081 , have been identified in mammals so far. Although the functions of these three @entity1077 isozymes have been extensively studied in vitro, the in vivo physiological roles of these @entity1077 isozymes remain largely unknown. In this study, we examined the functions of @entity1079 and @entity1080 in spermatogenesis, using @entity1079 -knockout (KO), @entity1080 -KO, and @entity1079 / @entity1080 double (D)-KO @entity19 . @entity1079 -KO and D-KO males were subfertile and completely sterile, respectively. F-actin in the seminiferous epithelium was disorganized in the D-KO @entity19 , although F-actin bundles at the apical ectoplasmic specialization was not affected. D-KO seminiferous tubules contained a greatly decreased number of elongated spermatids. Flagella of sperm from @entity1079 -KO and D-KO @entity19 remarkably underwent morphological change, whereas @entity1080 -KO sperm were morphologically normal. Notably, the flagellar shape of D-KO sperm was more severely impaired than that of @entity1079 -KO sperm. These results suggest that @entity1079 and @entity1080 may coordinately and/or redundantly function in the maintenance of sperm number and morphology during spermatogenesis.

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Fate of individuals with XXXX amputations in the REACH Registry: three-year cardiovascular and limb-related outcomes.

multiple_choice

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate systemic and limb @entity63 event rates of PAD @entity1 with prior leg amputation and determine predictors of adverse outcomes. METHODS: The REduction of Atherothrombosis for Continued Health (REACH) Registry provided a prospective multinational cohort of 7996 outpatients with PAD enrolled from primary medical clinics in 44 countries in 2003-2004. 1160 @entity1 (14.5%) had a prior leg amputation at any level. Systemic ( @entity583 [ @entity583 ], @entity64 , @entity65 ) and limb (angioplasty, surgery, amputation) @entity63 event rates were determined in a 3-year follow-up. RESULTS: PAD @entity1 with leg amputations on entry had a 5-fold higher rate of a subsequent amputation (12.4% vs. 2.4%, P<.001), lower rate of peripheral angioplasty (8.3% vs. 10.7%, P = .005), and similar rates of surgical revascularization procedures compared with PAD @entity1 without amputation. A nearly 2-fold increase in rates of @entity65 (14.5% vs. 7.7%, P<.001) and all-cause mortality (21.8% vs. 12.6%, P<.001) and an increase in the composite outcome of @entity583 , @entity64 , @entity65 , or hospitalization (48.7% vs. 40.0%, P<.001) were noted. Recent ( <= 1 year) amputation was associated with higher rates of worsening PAD, subsequent lower extremity surgical revascularization procedures, re-amputation, non-fatal @entity583 , and the composite outcome, including hospitalization. Adverse systemic and limb @entity63 outcomes were similar regardless of amputation level. CONCLUSIONS: Individuals with a history of leg amputations have markedly elevated rates of systemic and limb-related outcomes. PAD @entity1 with recent @entity63 amputation have the highest risk of adverse events. A history of "minor" @entity63 amputation may confer an identical systemic risk as "major" leg amputation.

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XXXX vaccine intent and uptake among female college students.

multiple_choice

OBJECTIVE: To examine @entity1082 ) vaccine intent and the effect of an educational intervention on vaccine uptake among female college students. @entity1 : Females aged 18 to 26 attending a university health service gynecology clinic (n = 256). METHODS: @entity1 were randomized to receive either HPV-specific education with a mailed reminder or standard care. Predictors of HPV vaccine intent and uptake at 6 months following enrollment were identified. RESULTS: At baseline, 41% intended to undergo HPV vaccination. @entity1 who were currently sexually active and lacked supplemental health insurance had decreased intent. Perceived parental approval regarding HPV vaccination, perceived vulnerability to @entity1083 , and belief in health benefits of HPV vaccine were associated with increased intent. HPV vaccine uptake was low (5.5%) and did not differ by study group. However, baseline intent was significantly associated with HPV vaccine uptake. CONCLUSIONS: Interventions to increase HPV vaccine uptake in college students should address HPV-related beliefs and broader barriers to vaccination.

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XXXX in @entity1086 .

multiple_choice

BACKGROUND: @entity1084 is occasionally reported to occur in advanced @entity1085 and may require palliative surgery. A review of 39 @entity1 who required gastroenterostomy for symptomatic or incipient @entity1084 in @entity1086 is presented. METHODS: This retrospective review included 24 @entity1 and 15 @entity1 over nine years who underwent gastrojejunostomy for locally advanced @entity150 . RESULTS: Twenty two @entity1 with @entity1086 had symptomatic @entity1084 whereas in 17 @entity1 gastrojejunostomy had been performed for intraoperatively assessed impending obstruction. Thirty-four @entity1 had concomitant @entity1087 . In most cases, there was obstruction of the first two parts of the duodenum, mostly by direct tumoral infiltration (64%). All @entity1 underwent anterior gastrojejunostomy, with billoenteric bypass in 15 @entity1 . There were two postoperative deaths. Eight @entity1 developed postoperative delayed @entity356 ; all settled on conservative management, though two @entity1 had recurrent @entity391 . Thirty @entity1 had no vomiting till a follow up ranging from 36 days to 11 months. CONCLUSIONS: @entity1084 may frequently complicate @entity1086 and a satisfactory palliation can be achieved in most @entity1 by gastrojejunostomy.

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@entity1084 in XXXX .

multiple_choice

BACKGROUND: @entity1084 is occasionally reported to occur in advanced @entity1085 and may require palliative surgery. A review of 39 @entity1 who required gastroenterostomy for symptomatic or incipient @entity1084 in @entity1086 is presented. METHODS: This retrospective review included 24 @entity1 and 15 @entity1 over nine years who underwent gastrojejunostomy for locally advanced @entity150 . RESULTS: Twenty two @entity1 with @entity1086 had symptomatic @entity1084 whereas in 17 @entity1 gastrojejunostomy had been performed for intraoperatively assessed impending obstruction. Thirty-four @entity1 had concomitant @entity1087 . In most cases, there was obstruction of the first two parts of the duodenum, mostly by direct tumoral infiltration (64%). All @entity1 underwent anterior gastrojejunostomy, with billoenteric bypass in 15 @entity1 . There were two postoperative deaths. Eight @entity1 developed postoperative delayed @entity356 ; all settled on conservative management, though two @entity1 had recurrent @entity391 . Thirty @entity1 had no vomiting till a follow up ranging from 36 days to 11 months. CONCLUSIONS: @entity1084 may frequently complicate @entity1086 and a satisfactory palliation can be achieved in most @entity1 by gastrojejunostomy.

1437

1438

1439

Psychotropic drug-induced XXXX in a Swiss @entity146 population.

multiple_choice

PURPOSE: To describe the weight gain-related side-effects of psychotropic drugs and their consequences on metabolic complications ( @entity1007 , @entity28 ) in a Swiss cohort of @entity146 @entity1 . METHOD: This cross-sectional observational study was performed in an out- @entity1 @entity146 division with @entity1 having received for more than 3 months the following drugs: @entity1088 , @entity1037 , @entity1089 , @entity1090 , @entity1091 , and/or valproate. Clinical measures and lifestyle information (smoking behaviour, physical activity) were recorded. RESULTS: 196 inclusions were completed. @entity1017 (>= 10% of initial weight) following drug treatment was reported in 47% of these @entity1 . Prevalence of @entity28 (BMI >= 30), @entity1007 (>= 6.2 mmol/L) and low HDL- @entity165 (<1.0 mmol/L in @entity1 , <1.3 mmol/L in @entity1 ) were present in 38%, 21%, and 27% of @entity1 , respectively. A higher standardised dose, an increase of appetite following medication introduction, the type of medication ( @entity1088 or @entity1037 > @entity1089 or @entity1090 > @entity1091 or @entity1092 ), and the gender were shown to be significantly associated with evolution of BMI. CONCLUSION: High prevalence of @entity28 and @entity1007 was found in an out- @entity1 @entity146 population and confirms drug-induced @entity1017 during long-term treatment. The results support the recently published recommendations of monitoring of metabolic side-effects during treatment with atypical antipsychotics. Moreover, the weight gain predictors found in the present study could help to highlight @entity1 with special health care management requirement.

1440

1441

1442

Psychotropic drug-induced @entity1017 in a Swiss XXXX population.

multiple_choice

PURPOSE: To describe the weight gain-related side-effects of psychotropic drugs and their consequences on metabolic complications ( @entity1007 , @entity28 ) in a Swiss cohort of @entity146 @entity1 . METHOD: This cross-sectional observational study was performed in an out- @entity1 @entity146 division with @entity1 having received for more than 3 months the following drugs: @entity1088 , @entity1037 , @entity1089 , @entity1090 , @entity1091 , and/or valproate. Clinical measures and lifestyle information (smoking behaviour, physical activity) were recorded. RESULTS: 196 inclusions were completed. @entity1017 (>= 10% of initial weight) following drug treatment was reported in 47% of these @entity1 . Prevalence of @entity28 (BMI >= 30), @entity1007 (>= 6.2 mmol/L) and low HDL- @entity165 (<1.0 mmol/L in @entity1 , <1.3 mmol/L in @entity1 ) were present in 38%, 21%, and 27% of @entity1 , respectively. A higher standardised dose, an increase of appetite following medication introduction, the type of medication ( @entity1088 or @entity1037 > @entity1089 or @entity1090 > @entity1091 or @entity1092 ), and the gender were shown to be significantly associated with evolution of BMI. CONCLUSION: High prevalence of @entity28 and @entity1007 was found in an out- @entity1 @entity146 population and confirms drug-induced @entity1017 during long-term treatment. The results support the recently published recommendations of monitoring of metabolic side-effects during treatment with atypical antipsychotics. Moreover, the weight gain predictors found in the present study could help to highlight @entity1 with special health care management requirement.

1443

1444

1445

XXXX integrin--a promiscuous integrin involved in vascular pathology.

multiple_choice

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether @entity1093 integrin is present in blood vessels involved by @entity731 , M nckeberg's medial calcinosis, vein graft @entity731 , transplant graft @entity455 and @entity1094 . DESIGN: Retrospective histological and immunohistochemistry examination of tissues obtained from autopsy and surgery. SETTING: Tertiary care hospital. @entity1 : The @entity1 had surgical excisions of limbs, grafts, veins and arteries for the treatment of @entity741 and @entity1095 . Other tissues were derived from autopsies of the same @entity1 populations. MAIN RESULTS: @entity1093 integrin was found in the blood vessels involved in all of the @entity455 examined. The location of the integrin varied among the diseases. @entity1096 , a bone sialoprotein involved in @entity731 and vascular repair, was also commonly detected. CONCLUSIONS: @entity1093 integrin expression noted in the present study confirms the presence of this integrin in arteries with @entity256 and @entity731 , which expands its involvement to the processes of transplant graft @entity455 , @entity1095 and vein graft disease. The integrin may influence cell migration and adhesion by its interaction with noncollagenous matrix proteins, including @entity1096 .

1446

1447

1448

Peripheral blood gene expression changes during allergen inhalation challenge in XXXX individuals.

multiple_choice

OBJECTIVES: (1) To investigate the effects of globin mRNA depletion in detecting differential gene expression in peripheral blood and (2) to investigate changes in peripheral blood gene expression in @entity1097 individuals undergoing allergen inhalation challenge. METHODS: Asthmatic subjects (20-60 years of age, with stable, mild @entity56 , n = 9) underwent allergen inhalation challenges. All had an early asthmatic response of >= 20% fall in forced expiratory volume in 1 second. Blood was collected immediately prior to and 2 hours after allergen challenge using PAXgene tubes (n = 4) and @entity1098 tubes (n = 5). Aliquots of the PAXgene blood samples were subjected to globin reduction (PAX-GR). Transcriptome analysis was performed using Affymetrix GeneChip( ) @entity1 Gene 1.0 ST arrays. Data were preprocessed using factor analysis for robust microarray summarization and analyzed using linear models for microarrays. Pathway analyses were performed using Ingenuity Pathway Analysis. RESULTS: Globin reduction uncovered probe sets of lower abundance. However, it significantly reduced the ability to detect differentially expressed genes (DEGs) when compared to non-globin-reduced PAXgene samples (PAX- @entity1099 ). Combined transcriptional analysis of four PAX- @entity1099 and five @entity1098 sample pairs identified 1595 DEGs associated with allergen inhalation challenge (false discovery rate <= 5%), with the top-ranked network of perturbed biological functions consisting of inflammatory response, cellular movement, and immune cell trafficking. CONCLUSIONS: While we have demonstrated a diminished ability to detect DEGs after globin reduction, we have nevertheless identified significant changes in the peripheral blood transcriptome of @entity1 with mild @entity565 2 hours after allergen inhalation challenge.

1449

1450

1451

Biological conversion assay using XXXX to estimate plant feedstock quality.

multiple_choice

BACKGROUND: There is currently considerable interest in developing renewable sources of energy. One strategy is the biological conversion of plant biomass to liquid transportation fuel. Several technical hurdles impinge upon the economic feasibility of this strategy, including the development of energy crops amenable to facile deconstruction. Reliable assays to characterize feedstock quality are needed to measure the effects of pre-treatment and processing and of the plant and microbial genetic diversity that influence bioconversion efficiency. RESULTS: We used the anaerobic bacterium @entity1100 to develop a robust assay for biomass digestibility and conversion to biofuels. The assay utilizes the ability of the microbe to convert biomass directly into @entity1068 with little or no pre-treatment. Plant samples were added to an anaerobic minimal medium and inoculated with @entity1100 , incubated for 3 days, after which the culture supernatant was analyzed for @entity1068 concentration. The assay detected significant differences in the supernatant @entity1068 from wild-type @entity1101 compared with brown midrib @entity1101 mutants previously shown to be highly digestible. Compositional analysis of the biomass before and after inoculation suggested that differences in xylan metabolism were partly responsible for the differences in @entity1068 yields. Additionally, we characterized the natural genetic variation for conversion efficiency in @entity1102 and shrub willow (Salix spp.). CONCLUSION: Our results agree with those from previous studies of lignin mutants using enzymatic saccharification-based approaches. However, the use of @entity1100 takes into consideration specific organismal interactions, which will be crucial for simultaneous saccharification fermentation or consolidated bioprocessing. The ability to detect such phenotypic variation facilitates the genetic analysis of mechanisms underlying plant feedstock quality.

1452

1453

1454

XXXX : risk factors and concomitants.

multiple_choice

PURPOSE: To investigate the systemic and ocular factors associated with @entity1103 in @entity1 with @entity6 ( @entity6 ) and compare with @entity1 with focal or no macular @entity4 . METHODS: From 160 consecutive @entity1 with @entity6 , we obtained medical and ocular histories, blood pressure and visual acuity. @entity1103 was determined by biomicroscopy and stereoscopic fundus photography. Fluorescein angiography was used in the characterization of its leakage, and the vitreoretinal relationship was performed by preset lens biomicroscopy. RESULTS: Among adult-onset @entity6 ( @entity6 ) @entity1 , 55% had diffuse, 23.5% had focal and 21.5% had no macular @entity4 (p=0.01). The risk of developing @entity1103 was 3.2 times greater in @entity1 with @entity101 ( @entity101 ) (95% confidence interval (CI), 1.5 to 6.9). @entity1 with @entity65 ( @entity65 ) had a higher prevalence of diffuse (58.0%) than focal (26.0%) or no @entity1020 (16.0%) (p=0.01). The odds for development of @entity1103 was 3.4 times greater in @entity1 with @entity1104 (95% CI, 1.15 to 13.30) than in those with @entity1105 . The odds for development of @entity1103 were 6.2 (95% CI, 1.83 to 21.04) and 7.7 times greater (95% CI, 3.12 to 19.12) in @entity1 with PPDR and @entity1106 , respectively, in comparison with those with NPDR. CONCLUSIONS: In this study, adult-onset @entity6 , @entity101 , @entity65 , @entity1104 and advanced @entity989 were associated with increased risk of development of diffuse @entity1103 .

1455

1456

1457

Variable threshold of trigeminal cold-thermosensitive neurons is determined by a balance between XXXX and Kv1 potassium channels.

multiple_choice

Molecular determinants of threshold differences among cold thermoreceptors are unknown. Here we show that such differences correlate with the relative expression of I( @entity573 ), a current dependent on Shaker-like Kv1 channels that acts as an excitability brake, and I( @entity1107 ), a cold-activated excitatory current. Neurons responding to small temperature changes have high functional expression of @entity1107 ( @entity1107 ) and low expression of I( @entity573 ). In contrast, neurons activated by lower temperatures have a lower expression of @entity1107 and a prominent I( @entity573 ). Otherwise, both subpopulations have nearly identical membrane and firing properties, suggesting that they belong to the same neuronal pool. Blockade of I( @entity573 ) shifts the threshold of cold-sensitive neurons to higher temperatures and augments cold-evoked nocifensive responses in @entity19 . Similar behavioral effects of I( @entity573 ) blockade were observed in @entity1108 (-/-) @entity19 . Moreover, only a small percentage of trigeminal cold-sensitive neurons were activated by @entity1108 agonists, suggesting that @entity1108 does not play a major role in the detection of low temperatures by uninjured somatic cold-specific thermosensory neurons under physiological conditions. Collectively, these findings suggest that @entity1109 and cold discomfort are signaled by specific low- and high-threshold cold thermoreceptor neurons, differing primarily in their relative expression of two ion channels having antagonistic effects on neuronal excitability. Thus, although @entity1107 appears to function as a critical cold sensor in the majority of peripheral sensory neurons, the expression of Kv1 channels in the same terminals seem to play an important role in the peripheral gating of cold-evoked discomfort and @entity158 .

1458

1459

1460

Prenatal diagnosis of XXXX in a male fetus.

multiple_choice

Mutations in any of four known @entity1110 -oxidase components lead to @entity1111 . @entity1112 ( @entity1112 ) is caused by defects in @entity1113 , the gene that encodes gp91-phox. Autosomal recessive (AR) @entity1111 is caused by defects in the genes for @entity1114 phox, @entity1115 or @entity1116 -phox. The aim of this study was to screen the molecular defect in the fetus of an @entity1112 carrier mother and postnatal confirmation of the results. In a family whose first-born @entity1 died from @entity1112 , fetal DNA was obtained from an ongoing pregnancy by chorionic villus sampling (CVS). Direct sequencing was used to detect the previously identified @entity1113 gene mutation. The @entity1110 oxidase activity in the neutrophils from the carrier mother and from the newborn was analyzed by the DHR assay. Our studies predicted that the fetus in question was not affected by @entity1117 , which was demonstrated to be correct at birth. For prenatal screening in a pregnant @entity1112 carrier, direct sequencing is a good method for detecting the mutation in the fetal DNA. Postnatal confirmation of results with the DHR assay is more practical than mutation screening to show whether the newborn have normal @entity1110 oxidase activity or does not.

1461

1462

1463

The course of XXXX with and without @entity146 : a 6-year follow-up study from childhood to adolescence and young adulthood.

multiple_choice

OBJECTIVE: @entity146 are common in @entity1 with @entity1118 , but their course and impact when @entity1 grow up are unknown. This study examines the 6-year clinical outcome of @entity1 referred for @entity1118 with and without comorbid @entity146 . METHOD: In 91 @entity1 and adolescents (aged 8 to 17 years) referred to a university outpatient clinic for @entity1118 , @entity1 @entity146 were assessed using the Diagnostic Interview Schedule for @entity1 -parent version (DISC-P) between 2000 and 2002. @entity1 (aged 13 to 24 years) were reassessed on average 6-years later. Outcome measures were @entity1118 and @entity146 assessed with the Diagnostic Interview Schedule for @entity1 - @entity1 version (DISC-C) or the Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI) and Diagnostic Interview Schedule IV (DIS). RESULTS: After 6 years, 75% of the @entity1 still experienced @entity1118 and 15% were in complete remission of both @entity1118 and @entity146 . The prevalence of @entity146 (both persistent and new @entity74 ) at follow-up was 32%. Baseline @entity146 was a predictor of @entity146 at follow-up (OR = 2.6, 95% CI = 1.1-6.5, P = .04; adjusted OR = 2.8, 95% CI = 1.1-7.1, P = .03) but did not predict persistence of @entity1118 . CONCLUSIONS: @entity1 referred for @entity1118 frequently continue to suffer from @entity1118 and @entity146 in adolescence and young adulthood. In this population, comorbid @entity146 at study entry was a predictor of @entity146 , but not of persistent @entity1118 , in adolescence and young adulthood.

1464

1465

1466

The course of @entity1118 with and without XXXX : a 6-year follow-up study from childhood to adolescence and young adulthood.

multiple_choice

OBJECTIVE: @entity146 are common in @entity1 with @entity1118 , but their course and impact when @entity1 grow up are unknown. This study examines the 6-year clinical outcome of @entity1 referred for @entity1118 with and without comorbid @entity146 . METHOD: In 91 @entity1 and adolescents (aged 8 to 17 years) referred to a university outpatient clinic for @entity1118 , @entity1 @entity146 were assessed using the Diagnostic Interview Schedule for @entity1 -parent version (DISC-P) between 2000 and 2002. @entity1 (aged 13 to 24 years) were reassessed on average 6-years later. Outcome measures were @entity1118 and @entity146 assessed with the Diagnostic Interview Schedule for @entity1 - @entity1 version (DISC-C) or the Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI) and Diagnostic Interview Schedule IV (DIS). RESULTS: After 6 years, 75% of the @entity1 still experienced @entity1118 and 15% were in complete remission of both @entity1118 and @entity146 . The prevalence of @entity146 (both persistent and new @entity74 ) at follow-up was 32%. Baseline @entity146 was a predictor of @entity146 at follow-up (OR = 2.6, 95% CI = 1.1-6.5, P = .04; adjusted OR = 2.8, 95% CI = 1.1-7.1, P = .03) but did not predict persistence of @entity1118 . CONCLUSIONS: @entity1 referred for @entity1118 frequently continue to suffer from @entity1118 and @entity146 in adolescence and young adulthood. In this population, comorbid @entity146 at study entry was a predictor of @entity146 , but not of persistent @entity1118 , in adolescence and young adulthood.

1467

1468

1469

T2-T3 sympathectomy versus sympathicotomy for XXXX : comparison of effects on cardio-respiratory function.

multiple_choice

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to determine cardio-respiratory changes after endothoracic sympathetic denervation and their correlation with the extent of denervation. METHODS: A total of 45 @entity1 with @entity1119 were randomized into two groups: the conventional group (CG; 23 @entity1 ) and the simplified group (SG; 22 @entity1 ). In the CG, excision of T2 and T3 ganglia was performed, whereas in the SG only separation of the sympathetic chain was performed at the same level. @entity1 underwent respiratory and cardiovascular exercise tests before, at 2 weeks and again at 6 months after the procedure. The postoperative values were then compared with the preoperative values to assess the statistical difference. RESULTS: Twenty-one @entity1 in each group completed the study. In the SG, forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV 1; P < 0.01) and forced vital capacity (FVC; P < 0.01) were significantly reduced at 2 weeks, but returned to similar baseline values 6 months after the procedure. No significant cardiac changes were observed. In the CG, both FEV 1 and FVC were significantly reduced at 2 weeks (P < 0.01) and at 6 months after operation (P < 0.05). A significant reduction in forced expiratory flow between 25 and 75% of vital capacity (P < 0.01) and a relevant increase in airway resistance (P < 0.05) during the entire postoperative course were also observed. Heart rates at rest and at peak exercise were significantly reduced at 2 weeks (P < 0.01) and significantly decreased 6 months after the procedure (P < 0.05). No other changes were registered. The cardio-respiratory alterations remained at a sub-clinical level; all @entity1 completed the exercise test without symptoms. CONCLUSION: Sympathectomy may result in a disturbance of bronchomotor tone and cardiac function. Such changes remained at a sub-clinical level and seemed directly correlated with the extension of denervation.

1470

1471

1472

Echocardiographic assessment of XXXX in @entity1120 .

multiple_choice

BACKGROUND: Enzyme therapy has been shown to decrease the signs and symptoms of @entity1120 . A few @entity1 , however, develop @entity120 on such treatment. We investigated the frequency of @entity120 in @entity1120 . METHODS: We studied 134 adults with type 1 @entity1120 , including 73 @entity1 on enzyme replacement, with echocardiography. We measured @entity997 ( @entity997 ) with continuous-wave doppler. @entity120 was indicated by a @entity997 gradient of more than 30 mm Hg. FINDINGS: Nine (7%) @entity1 had @entity120 : all were treated and six had undergone splenectomy. Chest radiographs confirmed the presence of @entity120 in these @entity1 as well as in most @entity1 with @entity997 gradients of 25-29 mm Hg. INTERPRETATION: The confounding effects of disease severity and splenectomy in many treated @entity1 precluded definitive conclusion of cause and effect. Nonetheless, we found an unexpectedly high rate of @entity120 and recommended routine echocardiographic monitoring of all treated and untreated @entity1 with type 1 @entity1120 . We also suggest consideration of treatment withdrawal if the @entity997 gradient progresses to more than 30 mm Hg.

1473

1474

1475

Echocardiographic assessment of @entity120 in XXXX .

multiple_choice

BACKGROUND: Enzyme therapy has been shown to decrease the signs and symptoms of @entity1120 . A few @entity1 , however, develop @entity120 on such treatment. We investigated the frequency of @entity120 in @entity1120 . METHODS: We studied 134 adults with type 1 @entity1120 , including 73 @entity1 on enzyme replacement, with echocardiography. We measured @entity997 ( @entity997 ) with continuous-wave doppler. @entity120 was indicated by a @entity997 gradient of more than 30 mm Hg. FINDINGS: Nine (7%) @entity1 had @entity120 : all were treated and six had undergone splenectomy. Chest radiographs confirmed the presence of @entity120 in these @entity1 as well as in most @entity1 with @entity997 gradients of 25-29 mm Hg. INTERPRETATION: The confounding effects of disease severity and splenectomy in many treated @entity1 precluded definitive conclusion of cause and effect. Nonetheless, we found an unexpectedly high rate of @entity120 and recommended routine echocardiographic monitoring of all treated and untreated @entity1 with type 1 @entity1120 . We also suggest consideration of treatment withdrawal if the @entity997 gradient progresses to more than 30 mm Hg.

1476

1477

1478

Angiogenesis and microvascularization after cryothermia-induced XXXX : a quantitative fluorescence microscopic study in @entity35 .

multiple_choice

OBJECTIVE: Microvascularization of @entity583 may be a prerequisite for successful therapeutic interventions, including cardiomyoblast or satellite cell transplantation. Because little is known on microvascular restitution within infarcted tissue, we studied angiogenesis and microvascularization after cryothermia-induced @entity583 using intravital fluorescence microscopic techniques. METHODS: In anesthetized, orally intubated and ventilated @entity35 (n = 20), a sternotomy was performed and a standardized cryolesion was induced to the right ventricle by freezing for 5 min to -160 degrees C. @entity296 and microvascularization were analyzed quantitatively after rethoracotomy on days 7 (n = 6) or 28 (n = 8). Sham-operated animals (n = 6) served as controls. RESULTS: Seven days after cryothermia, the central tissue area of the injured myocardium (28.4 +/- 9.2 mm2) was characterized by complete lack of capillary perfusion, while the periphery of the cryolesion (27.6 +/- 5.7 mm2) revealed a heterogeneous capillary perfusion pattern with a density of 300.9 +/- 38.9 cm-1. Adjacent @entity296 showed intact capillary perfusion (density: 563.0 +/- 44.4 cm-1) comparable with that of sham-operated controls. After 28 d the area with lack of capillary perfusion was found significantly reduced to 7.3 +/- 3.7 mm2 (P < 0.05); however, it was still surrounded by a heterogeneously perfused area of @entity296 of 57.7 +/- 19.2 mm2 (density: 271.1 +/- 52.7 cm-1), indicating partial restitution of capillary perfusion. Although at day 7 within the central zone of the cryolesions, capillary perfusion was completely shut down, perfusion of microvessels larger than capillaries, i.e., arterioles and venules, were found maintained, however, with a density markedly lower (1.96 +/- 1.04 mm-1) when compared with that of sham-controls (4.28 +/- 1.52 mm-1). After 28 d the number of these larger-sized microvessels increased significantly with values of density even higher compared with those observed in controls (6.89 +/- 1.71 mm-1; P < 0.05), indicating new vessel formation. CONCLUSIONS: Our study indicates partial restitution and function of the microvascular network within @entity583 , which may serve as an appropriate prerequisite for successful application of novel therapeutic strategies to improve myocardial function.

1479

1480

1481

Angiogenesis and microvascularization after cryothermia-induced @entity583 : a quantitative fluorescence microscopic study in XXXX .

multiple_choice

OBJECTIVE: Microvascularization of @entity583 may be a prerequisite for successful therapeutic interventions, including cardiomyoblast or satellite cell transplantation. Because little is known on microvascular restitution within infarcted tissue, we studied angiogenesis and microvascularization after cryothermia-induced @entity583 using intravital fluorescence microscopic techniques. METHODS: In anesthetized, orally intubated and ventilated @entity35 (n = 20), a sternotomy was performed and a standardized cryolesion was induced to the right ventricle by freezing for 5 min to -160 degrees C. @entity296 and microvascularization were analyzed quantitatively after rethoracotomy on days 7 (n = 6) or 28 (n = 8). Sham-operated animals (n = 6) served as controls. RESULTS: Seven days after cryothermia, the central tissue area of the injured myocardium (28.4 +/- 9.2 mm2) was characterized by complete lack of capillary perfusion, while the periphery of the cryolesion (27.6 +/- 5.7 mm2) revealed a heterogeneous capillary perfusion pattern with a density of 300.9 +/- 38.9 cm-1. Adjacent @entity296 showed intact capillary perfusion (density: 563.0 +/- 44.4 cm-1) comparable with that of sham-operated controls. After 28 d the area with lack of capillary perfusion was found significantly reduced to 7.3 +/- 3.7 mm2 (P < 0.05); however, it was still surrounded by a heterogeneously perfused area of @entity296 of 57.7 +/- 19.2 mm2 (density: 271.1 +/- 52.7 cm-1), indicating partial restitution of capillary perfusion. Although at day 7 within the central zone of the cryolesions, capillary perfusion was completely shut down, perfusion of microvessels larger than capillaries, i.e., arterioles and venules, were found maintained, however, with a density markedly lower (1.96 +/- 1.04 mm-1) when compared with that of sham-controls (4.28 +/- 1.52 mm-1). After 28 d the number of these larger-sized microvessels increased significantly with values of density even higher compared with those observed in controls (6.89 +/- 1.71 mm-1; P < 0.05), indicating new vessel formation. CONCLUSIONS: Our study indicates partial restitution and function of the microvascular network within @entity583 , which may serve as an appropriate prerequisite for successful application of novel therapeutic strategies to improve myocardial function.

1482

1483

1484

Altered force-frequency relation in XXXX .

multiple_choice

The present study was designed to test the hypothesis that in hypertrophied myocardium of @entity1 with @entity1121 ( @entity1121 ) a reduced contractile reserve provided by frequency dependent potentiation of force of contraction contributes to the @entity296 . Myectomy was performed in 8 @entity1121 @entity1 with normal systolic left ventricular function at rest. Nonfailing myocardium from the hearts of three multiorgan donors was investigated for comparison. In thin myocardial strips we measured the inotropic effects of different stimulation frequencies (0.5-3.0 Hz) at different extracellular @entity141 concentrations (1.8-16.2 mmol/l). At 1.8 mmol/l extracellular @entity141 concentration, increasing stimulation rates had no positive inotropic effect in @entity1121 myocardium, whereas in nonfailing myocardium force of contraction increased up to 3 Hz. Increasing extracellular @entity141 concentrations induced a positive force-frequency relation in @entity1121 with a maximum at 5.4 mmol/l @entity141 . A further increase to 16.2 mmol/l @entity141 resulted in a negative force-frequency relation in these specimens. The time to peak tension and the time to relaxation decreased at increasing stimulation frequencies at all @entity141 concentrations investigated. In conclusion, in hypertrophied myocardium of @entity1121 @entity1 increasing stimulation frequencies failed to have a positive inotropic effect at physiological extracellular @entity141 concentrations. The induction of a positive force-frequency relation by higher @entity141 concentrations suggests that an abnormal cellular @entity141 handling may play an important pathophysiological role.

1485

1486

1487

Comparison between angiotensin receptor antagonism and converting enzyme inhibition in XXXX . Differential acute effects according to the @entity1122 -angiotensin system activation.

multiple_choice

This study was designed to assess the influence of the activation status of the @entity1122 angiotensin system (RAS) on the hemodynamic effects of @entity1123 (an angiotensin AT1 receptor antagonist) and enalaprilat (an angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor) in @entity591 -induced @entity712 . Thirteen @entity235 were chronically instrumented to measure left ventricular (LV) pressure, its first time derivative (LV dP/dt), @entity998 . @entity1123 (0.1 mg/kg, i.v.) or enalaprilat (1 mg/kg, i.v.) were administered in conscious @entity235 with @entity712 induced by right ventricular pacing (250 beats/min, 3 weeks). @entity1123 and enalaprilat produced significant vasodilation but the effects of @entity1123 on mean aortic pressure (MAP), cardiac output, and total peripheral resistance (TPR) were only 50% of those produced by enalaprilat. When @entity235 were grouped according to their baseline plasma @entity1122 activity (PRA) values, in @entity235 with normal PRA (0.5 +/- 0.1 ng/ml/h) @entity1123 did not produce significant change in MAP and TPR, while enalaprilat decreased significantly MAP and TPR. In contrast, in @entity235 with high PRA (6.7 +/- 3.2 ng/ml/h), @entity1123 produced significant reductions in MAP and TPR, which were similar to those produced by enalaprilat. Thus, in conscious @entity235 with @entity712 , enalaprilat is effective whether the RAS is activated or not. In contrast, @entity1123 is effective only when the RAS is activated. These results may help in the choice of inhibitors of the RAS in @entity712 .

1488

1489

1490

Comparison between angiotensin receptor antagonism and converting enzyme inhibition in @entity712 . Differential acute effects according to the XXXX -angiotensin system activation.

multiple_choice

This study was designed to assess the influence of the activation status of the @entity1122 angiotensin system (RAS) on the hemodynamic effects of @entity1123 (an angiotensin AT1 receptor antagonist) and enalaprilat (an angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor) in @entity591 -induced @entity712 . Thirteen @entity235 were chronically instrumented to measure left ventricular (LV) pressure, its first time derivative (LV dP/dt), @entity998 . @entity1123 (0.1 mg/kg, i.v.) or enalaprilat (1 mg/kg, i.v.) were administered in conscious @entity235 with @entity712 induced by right ventricular pacing (250 beats/min, 3 weeks). @entity1123 and enalaprilat produced significant vasodilation but the effects of @entity1123 on mean aortic pressure (MAP), cardiac output, and total peripheral resistance (TPR) were only 50% of those produced by enalaprilat. When @entity235 were grouped according to their baseline plasma @entity1122 activity (PRA) values, in @entity235 with normal PRA (0.5 +/- 0.1 ng/ml/h) @entity1123 did not produce significant change in MAP and TPR, while enalaprilat decreased significantly MAP and TPR. In contrast, in @entity235 with high PRA (6.7 +/- 3.2 ng/ml/h), @entity1123 produced significant reductions in MAP and TPR, which were similar to those produced by enalaprilat. Thus, in conscious @entity235 with @entity712 , enalaprilat is effective whether the RAS is activated or not. In contrast, @entity1123 is effective only when the RAS is activated. These results may help in the choice of inhibitors of the RAS in @entity712 .

1491

1492

1493

Activation of telomerase and its diagnostic application in biopsy specimens from XXXX .

multiple_choice

BACKGROUND: Telomerase activity has been reported to have potential as a useful diagnostic marker for @entity5 in various organs. The authors previously reported that telomerase activity in pancreatic juice differentiates @entity1124 from @entity652 and @entity788 . In the current study, the usefulness of semiquantitatively determined telomerase activity in the diagnosis of @entity1125 was investigated. METHODS: The samples examined included 61 surgically resected biliary tract tissues (11 @entity1086 , @entity1126 , 1 @entity652 , 30 cholecytitis cases, 7 @entity165 @entity1127 , 1 normal gallbladder, and 6 normal common bile duct tissues), 42 bile samples from @entity1 with biliary tract or @entity660 (19 cases of @entity253 , 11 cases of @entity253 , 10 cases of malignant @entity660 , and 2 cases of benign @entity660 ), and 14 bile duct biopsy specimens collected by percutaneous transhepatic choledochoscopy or endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (8 @entity1126 specimens, 1 bile duct @entity652 specimen, and 5 hepatolithiasis specimens). RESULTS: In biliary tract tissues, a telomerase ladder was detected in 73% of @entity1086 , 40% of @entity1126 , and none of the other biliary tract tissues. One @entity652 showed a weak telomerase ladder. The telomerase ladder was detected in the bile sample from 1 @entity1 (5.3%) with @entity253 , none of the @entity1 with @entity253 , 5 @entity1 (50%) with malignant @entity660 , and none of the @entity1 with benign @entity660 . In biopsy specimens, the telomerase ladder was detected in 75% of @entity1 with @entity1126 but not in any of the @entity1 with hepatolithiasis. The median value of relative telomerase activity in the @entity1 with @entity1126 was significantly higher than that in the @entity1 with hepatolithiasis. The diagnosis of @entity1126 was confirmed preoperatively by histopathologic examination in only 25% of the biopsy specimens. CONCLUSIONS: The results of the current study indicate that telomerase is highly activated in @entity1125 and that the detection of a telomerase ladder in biopsy samples is an excellent tool for the diagnosis of @entity1126 .

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Effect of central XXXX depletion on performance in the free-operant psychophysical procedure: facilitation of switching, but no effect on temporal differentiation of responding.

multiple_choice

This experiment examined the effect of destroying the ascending 5-hydroxytryptaminergic (5-HTergic) pathways on timing and switching behaviour in the free-operant psychophysical procedure. @entity35 received injections of @entity1128 into the dorsal and median raphe nuclei or sham lesions. They were trained to press levers for @entity969 reinforcement; sessions consisted of fifty 50-s trials in which reinforcers were available on a variable-interval 30-s schedule. In the first 25 s, of each trial, reinforcement was only available for responses on @entity1129 ; in the last 25 s, it was available only for responses on lever B. In phase 1 (70 sessions) repetitive switching between the levers was prevented by withdrawal of @entity1129 after the first response on lever B in each trial; in phase 2 (40 sessions) this constraint on switching was removed; in phase 3 (40 sessions) the constraint was reinstated. Data were collected from probe trials (four per session) in which no reinforcers were delivered, during the last ten sessions of each phase. In all phases, both groups showed declining response rates on @entity1129 and increasing response rates on lever B as a function of time from the onset of the trial. Response rate on lever B, expressed as percentage of overall response rate, could be described by a two-parameter logistic function. Removal of the constraint on switching reduced the slope of the function without changing the indifference point (time corresponding to 50% responding on lever B). The parameters of the timing function did not differ between the groups in any of the phases. However, the lesioned group showed a greater enhancement of switching rate during phase 2 than the control group. The levels of @entity750 and @entity1130 were reduced in the brains of the lesioned @entity35 , but the levels of @entity1063 and @entity935 were not altered. The results provide further evidence for the involvement of the ascending @entity750 ergic pathways in switching between response alternatives, but cast doubt on our previous suggestion that the effects of @entity750 depletion on temporal differentiation of behaviour are mediated by facilitated switching.

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Effects of increasing amounts of hempseed cake in the diet of dairy XXXX on the production and composition of milk.

multiple_choice

This study explored the potential for using seed cake from hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) as a protein feed for dairy @entity291 . The aim was to evaluate the effects of increasing the proportion of hempseed cake (HC) in the diet on milk production and milk composition. Forty Swedish Red dairy @entity291 were involved in a 5-week dose-response feeding trial. The @entity291 were allocated randomly to one of four experimental diets containing on average 494 g/kg of grass silage and 506 g/kg of concentrate on a @entity62 ( @entity62 ) basis. Diets containing 0 g (HC0), 143 g (HC14), 233 g (HC23) or 318 g (HC32) HC/kg @entity62 were achieved by replacing an increasing proportion of compound pellets with cold-pressed HC. Increasing the proportion of HC resulted in dietary @entity1131 ( @entity1131 ) concentrations ranging from 126 for HC0 to 195 g @entity1131 /kg @entity62 for HC32. Further effects on the composition of the diet with increasing proportions of HC were higher fat and NDF and lower starch concentrations. There were no linear or quadratic effects on @entity62 intake, but increasing the proportion of HC in the diet resulted in linear increases in fat and NDF intake, as well as @entity1131 (P < 0.001), and a linear decrease in starch intake (P < 0.001). The proportion of HC had significant quadratic effects on the yields of milk, energy-corrected milk (ECM) and milk protein, fat and @entity1132 . The curvilinear response of all yield parameters indicated maximum production from @entity291 fed diet HC14. Increasing the proportion of HC resulted in linear decreases in both milk protein and milk fat concentration (P = 0.005 and P = 0.017, respectively), a linear increase in milk @entity1133 (P < 0.001), and a linear decrease in @entity1131 efficiency (milk protein/ @entity1131 ; P < 0.001). In conclusion, the HC14 diet, corresponding to a dietary @entity1131 concentration of 157 g/kg @entity62 , resulted in the maximum yields of milk and ECM by dairy @entity291 in this study.