document_id
stringlengths 7
8
| text
stringlengths 297
5.1k
| entities
list | relations
list | events
list | coreferences
list |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
21840559 | The ethanol extract from the dried exudate of Bursera fagaroides (Burseraceae) showed significant cytotoxic activity in the HT-29 (human colon adenocarcinoma) test system. The extract provided four podophyllotoxin related lignans, identified as (7'R,8R,8'R)-(-)-deoxypodophyllotoxin (3), (7'R,8R,8'R)-(-)-morelensin (4), (8R,8'R)-(-)-yatein (5), and (8R,8'R)-(-)-5'-desmethoxyyatein (6), whose spectroscopic and chiroptical properties were compared with those of (7R,7'R,8R,8'R)-(-)-podophyllotoxin (1) and its acetyl derivative (2). Their absolute configurations were assigned by comparison of the vibrational circular dichroism spectra of 1 and 3 with those obtained by density functional theory calculations. | [
{
"id": "21840559_T1",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
137,
157
]
],
"text": [
"colon adenocarcinoma"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "21840559_T2",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
46,
64
]
],
"text": [
"Bursera fagaroides"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "21840559_T3",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
66,
77
]
],
"text": [
"Burseraceae"
],
"normalized": []
}
] | [] | [
{
"id": "21840559_E1",
"type": "Treatment_of_disease",
"trigger": {
"text": [
"cytotoxic activity"
],
"offsets": [
[
98,
116
]
]
},
"arguments": [
{
"role": "Theme",
"ref_id": "21840559_T1"
},
{
"role": "Cause",
"ref_id": "21840559_T3"
},
{
"role": "Cause2",
"ref_id": "21840559_T2"
}
]
}
] | [] |
8183725 | The action of fresh minced garlic and garlic oil on aflatoxin B1- (AFB1) induced carcinogenesis in the toad Bufo regularis was studied. Feeding toads with AFB1 induced tumors in 19% of the animals. Animals given AFB1 together with fresh garlic or garlic oil showed a significant reduction in tumor incidence. The tumor incidences were 3% and 9% in animals given AFB1 plus garlic and AFB1 plus garlic oil, respectively. In all three groups, the tumors were located in the liver (hepatocellular carcinomas), in addition to the kidney in animals treated with AFB1 alone and together with garlic. The kidney tumors were diagnosed as metastatic deposits from the primary liver tumors. It is speculated that one or more constituents of garlic may be responsible for inhibition of AFB1-induced carcinogenesis in B. regularis. | [
{
"id": "8183725_T1",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
168,
174
]
],
"text": [
"tumors"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "8183725_T2",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
292,
297
]
],
"text": [
"tumor"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "8183725_T3",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
313,
318
]
],
"text": [
"tumor"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "8183725_T4",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
444,
450
]
],
"text": [
"tumors"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "8183725_T5",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
478,
503
]
],
"text": [
"hepatocellular carcinomas"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "8183725_T6",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
597,
610
]
],
"text": [
"kidney tumors"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "8183725_T7",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
666,
678
]
],
"text": [
"liver tumors"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "8183725_T8",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
27,
33
]
],
"text": [
"garlic"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "8183725_T10",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
38,
44
]
],
"text": [
"garlic"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "8183725_T12",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
103,
107
]
],
"text": [
"toad"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "8183725_T13",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
237,
243
]
],
"text": [
"garlic"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "8183725_T16",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
247,
253
]
],
"text": [
"garlic"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "8183725_T17",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
372,
378
]
],
"text": [
"garlic"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "8183725_T19",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
393,
399
]
],
"text": [
"garlic"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "8183725_T21",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
585,
591
]
],
"text": [
"garlic"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "8183725_T23",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
730,
736
]
],
"text": [
"garlic"
],
"normalized": []
}
] | [] | [
{
"id": "8183725_E1",
"type": "Treatment_of_disease",
"trigger": {
"text": [
"reduction"
],
"offsets": [
[
279,
288
]
]
},
"arguments": [
{
"role": "Theme",
"ref_id": "8183725_T2"
},
{
"role": "Cause",
"ref_id": "8183725_T16"
},
{
"role": "Cause2",
"ref_id": "8183725_T13"
}
]
}
] | [] |
7597024 | BACKGROUND: Coffee consumption has been brought to focus as a possible risk factor for pancreas cancer. After having reviewed the available evidence, an International Agency for Research on Cancer working group concluded in 1991 that the evidence in humans that coffee drinking is carcinogenic in the pancreas is "inadequate," since the available data were considered suggestive of a weak relationship with high levels of coffee consumption, but the possibility that this was due to bias or confounding was judged tenable. METHODS: The association between coffee consumption and pancreas cancer risk was examined in a case-referent study in Finland. Data on coffee consumption 20 years prior to the diagnosis of cancer were obtained from the next of kin of 662 cases of pancreas cancer and 1,770 referent (stomach, colon, and rectum) cancers. The results were expressed as crude and age-, gender-, and tobacco smoking-adjusted odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals for three daily coffee dose categories 20 years prior to cancer diagnosis. RESULTS: The data failed to demonstrate any association between coffee consumption and risk for pancreas cancer. The crude odds ratios varied between 0.7 (95% confidence interval 0.3-1.5) and 1.3 (0.7-2.6), the adjusted ones between 0.5 (0.2-1.2) and 1.1 (0.6-2.1) in the different daily dose categories of coffee and between contrasts with the three referent cancers. The highest odds ratios were associated with the contrast between pancreas and colon cancer, the lowest between pancreas and rectum cancer. Adjustment for gender, age, and tobacco smoking slightly decreased the values of the odds ratios. The power of the study was low, however, to detect possible weak increases associated with coffee consumption. CONCLUSIONS: The results are unlikely to be negatively biased, and are compatible with the majority of epidemiologic results advanced, suggesting no positive association between coffee consumption and the risk of pancreas cancer. | [
{
"id": "7597024_T1",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
87,
102
]
],
"text": [
"pancreas cancer"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "7597024_T2",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
190,
196
]
],
"text": [
"Cancer"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "7597024_T3",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
579,
594
]
],
"text": [
"pancreas cancer"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "7597024_T4",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
712,
718
]
],
"text": [
"cancer"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "7597024_T5",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
770,
785
]
],
"text": [
"pancreas cancer"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "7597024_T6",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
815,
841
]
],
"text": [
"colon, and rectum) cancers"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "7597024_T7",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
1025,
1031
]
],
"text": [
"cancer"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "7597024_T8",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
1139,
1154
]
],
"text": [
"pancreas cancer"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "7597024_T9",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
1394,
1410
]
],
"text": [
"referent cancers"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "7597024_T10",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
1491,
1503
]
],
"text": [
"colon cancer"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "7597024_T11",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
1524,
1550
]
],
"text": [
"pancreas and rectum cancer"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "7597024_T12",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
1974,
1989
]
],
"text": [
"pancreas cancer"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "7597024_T14",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
12,
18
]
],
"text": [
"Coffee"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "7597024_T15",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
262,
268
]
],
"text": [
"coffee"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "7597024_T18",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
422,
428
]
],
"text": [
"coffee"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "7597024_T19",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
556,
562
]
],
"text": [
"coffee"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "7597024_T22",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
658,
664
]
],
"text": [
"coffee"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "7597024_T23",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
902,
909
]
],
"text": [
"tobacco"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "7597024_T24",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
984,
990
]
],
"text": [
"coffee"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "7597024_T26",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
1107,
1113
]
],
"text": [
"coffee"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "7597024_T29",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
1350,
1356
]
],
"text": [
"coffee"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "7597024_T30",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
1584,
1591
]
],
"text": [
"tobacco"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "7597024_T32",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
1741,
1747
]
],
"text": [
"coffee"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "7597024_T34",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
1939,
1945
]
],
"text": [
"coffee"
],
"normalized": []
}
] | [] | [
{
"id": "7597024_E1",
"type": "Cause_of_disease",
"trigger": {
"text": [
"risk"
],
"offsets": [
[
1966,
1970
]
]
},
"arguments": [
{
"role": "Theme",
"ref_id": "7597024_T12"
},
{
"role": "Cause",
"ref_id": "7597024_T34"
}
]
},
{
"id": "7597024_E2",
"type": "Cause_of_disease",
"trigger": {
"text": [
"risk"
],
"offsets": [
[
71,
75
]
]
},
"arguments": [
{
"role": "Theme",
"ref_id": "7597024_T1"
},
{
"role": "Cause",
"ref_id": "7597024_T14"
}
]
}
] | [] |
19994684 | OBJECTIVE: To compare the therapeutic effect of the combined method of acupuncture and ginger-partition moxibustion with that of routine western medicine on the patients with cardiac arrhythmia. METHODS: Seventy-five patients with cardiac arrhythmia were randomly divided into an observation group (38 cases) and a control group (37 cases). In the observation group, the patients were treated at Neiguan (PC 6) with acupuncture, and Xinshu (BL 15), Pishu (BL 20), Gongsun (SP 4) etc. with ginger-partition moxibustion. In the control group, the patients were given the routine western medicine for cardiac arrhythmia, such as Metoprolol, Propafenone and Aspirin (enteric solubility). Through the 2-4 courses of treatment and 1 year follow-up survey, the therapeutic effect, recurrence and complication on the patients were observed and compared between the both groups. RESULTS: The total effective rate of 97.4% in the observation group was better than that of 81.1% in the control group (P < 0.05). The serious recurrence rate and complication occurred in the observation group were lower than those of the control group (both P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: The therapeutic effect of the combined method of acupuncture and ginger-partition moxibustion on the patients with cardiac arrhythmia is obviously better than that of routine western medicine. | [
{
"id": "19994684_T1",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
175,
193
]
],
"text": [
"cardiac arrhythmia"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "19994684_T2",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
231,
249
]
],
"text": [
"cardiac arrhythmia"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "19994684_T3",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
598,
616
]
],
"text": [
"cardiac arrhythmia"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "19994684_T4",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
1267,
1285
]
],
"text": [
"cardiac arrhythmia"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "19994684_T5",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
87,
93
]
],
"text": [
"ginger"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "19994684_T6",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
489,
495
]
],
"text": [
"ginger"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "19994684_T7",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
1217,
1223
]
],
"text": [
"ginger"
],
"normalized": []
}
] | [] | [
{
"id": "19994684_E1",
"type": "Treatment_of_disease",
"trigger": {
"text": [
"effect"
],
"offsets": [
[
1168,
1174
]
]
},
"arguments": [
{
"role": "Cause",
"ref_id": "19994684_T7"
},
{
"role": "Theme",
"ref_id": "19994684_T4"
}
]
}
] | [] |
11440071 | BACKGROUND: The Goals for Health project is designed to change the cancer-related behaviors of tobacco use and dietary fat and fiber consumption. The intervention teaches health and life skills to rural, minority sixth and seventh graders in rural Virginia and New York. This article presents the results of the pilot. METHODS: Participants were 129 sixth graders at one rural middle school who were surveyed prior to and following delivery of the pilot sixth-grade intervention. RESULTS: Results include significant changes from pre- to post-intervention in several diet and smoking attitude and self-efficacy variables, dietary fat and fiber knowledge, high-fat snack consumption, and dietary fat scores. Multivariate analyses reveal important contributions of personal control over food choices and family and friend influence on change in dietary fat score from pre- to post-intervention. CONCLUSIONS: These pilot program results suggest avenues for dietary and cancer prevention interventions in high-risk, rural adolescents. | [
{
"id": "11440071_T1",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
67,
73
]
],
"text": [
"cancer"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "11440071_T2",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
966,
972
]
],
"text": [
"cancer"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "11440071_T3",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
95,
102
]
],
"text": [
"tobacco"
],
"normalized": []
}
] | [] | [
{
"id": "11440071_E1",
"type": "Cause_of_disease",
"trigger": {
"text": [
"related"
],
"offsets": [
[
74,
81
]
]
},
"arguments": [
{
"role": "Cause",
"ref_id": "11440071_T3"
},
{
"role": "Theme",
"ref_id": "11440071_T1"
}
]
}
] | [] |
12223422 | Cumulative evidence suggests a possible interaction of cooking methods with diet in the pathogenesis of breast cancer. Studies, however, are few and inconsistent. We evaluated the association of animal food intake and degree of browning by deep-frying with breast cancer risk in a population-based case-control study conducted during 1996-1998 among Chinese women in Shanghai, a population with a traditionally low risk of breast cancer. Included in the study were 1459 cases and 1556 age-frequency-matched controls with response rates of 91.1 and 90.3%, respectively. A validated food frequency questionnaire was used to obtain information on usual intake of animal foods and cooking oils and usual cooking methods. Increasing intake of red meat and freshwater fish was related to a moderately elevated risk of breast cancer risk. Stratified analyses showed that the positive association with red meat intake was primarily restricted to those who used deep-frying cooking method, particularly among those who deep-fried foods to well-done (odds ratio, 1.92; 95% confidence interval, 1.30-2.83 for the highest versus the lowest quintile; P for trend, 0.002). On the other hand, high intake of nonhydrogenated soybean cooking oil was related to a reduced risk of breast cancer among women who never deep-fried animal foods (odds ratio, 0.48; 95% confidence interval, 0.28-0.82 for the highest versus the lowest quintile; P for trend, 0.02). The positive association of breast cancer risk with red meat intake, especially well-done red meat, was more pronounced among women with a high body mass index than those without this risk factor, and the test for multiplicative interaction was statistically significant. This study suggests that high intake of deep-fried, well-done red meat may be associated with an increased risk of breast cancer, and the positive association may be modified by body weight. This study also suggests that nonhydrogenated soybean oil, if not used in high-temperature cooking, may be associated with a reduced risk of breast cancer. | [
{
"id": "12223422_T1",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
104,
117
]
],
"text": [
"breast cancer"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "12223422_T2",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
257,
270
]
],
"text": [
"breast cancer"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "12223422_T3",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
423,
436
]
],
"text": [
"breast cancer"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "12223422_T4",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
812,
825
]
],
"text": [
"breast cancer"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "12223422_T5",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
1262,
1275
]
],
"text": [
"breast cancer"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "12223422_T6",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
1468,
1481
]
],
"text": [
"breast cancer"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "12223422_T7",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
1827,
1840
]
],
"text": [
"breast cancer"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "12223422_T8",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
2044,
2057
]
],
"text": [
"breast cancer"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "12223422_T10",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
1209,
1216
]
],
"text": [
"soybean"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "12223422_T12",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
1949,
1956
]
],
"text": [
"soybean"
],
"normalized": []
}
] | [] | [
{
"id": "12223422_E1",
"type": "Treatment_of_disease",
"trigger": {
"text": [
"reduced"
],
"offsets": [
[
1246,
1253
]
]
},
"arguments": [
{
"role": "Theme",
"ref_id": "12223422_T5"
},
{
"role": "Cause",
"ref_id": "12223422_T10"
}
]
},
{
"id": "12223422_E2",
"type": "Treatment_of_disease",
"trigger": {
"text": [
"reduced"
],
"offsets": [
[
2028,
2035
]
]
},
"arguments": [
{
"role": "Theme",
"ref_id": "12223422_T8"
},
{
"role": "Cause",
"ref_id": "12223422_T12"
}
]
}
] | [] |
10485439 | BACKGROUND: Dietary wheat bran protects against colon cancer, but the mechanism(s) of this effect is not known. Butyrate, produced by colonic bacterial fermentation of dietary polysaccharides, such as wheat bran, induces apoptosis and decreases proliferation in colon cancer cell lines. Whether similar effects occur in vivo is not well defined. We hypothesized that wheat bran's antineoplastic effects in vivo may be mediated in part by butyrate's modulation of apoptosis and proliferation. METHODS: Male F344 rats were fed wheat bran-supplemented or an isocaloric, isonitrogenous fiber-free diet. Rats were treated with one dose of the carcinogen azoxymethane or vehicle with sacrifice after 5 days (tumor initiation); or two doses (days O and 7) with sacrifice after 56 days (tumor promotion). Study variables included fecal butyrate levels and the intermediate biomarkers of colon carcinogenesis, aberrant crypt foci (ACF), and changes in crypt cell proliferation and apoptosis. RESULTS: During tumor initiation, wheat bran produced greater apoptosis (p = .01), a trend toward less proliferation, and preserved the normal zone of proliferation (p = .01). At tumor promotion, wheat bran decreased the number of ACF (proximal colon, p = .005; distal colon, p = .047) and maintained the normal proliferative zone. The fiber-free diet shifted the zone of proliferation into the premalignant pattern in both studies. Wheat bran produced significantly higher fecal butyrate (p = .01; .004, .00001) levels than the fiber-free diet throughout the tumor promotion study. CONCLUSIONS: Wheat bran increased apoptosis and controlled proliferation during tumor initiation and resulted in decreased ACF. Wheat bran's antineoplastic effects occurred early after carcinogen exposure, and were associated with increased fecal butyrate levels. | [
{
"id": "10485439_T1",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
48,
60
]
],
"text": [
"colon cancer"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "10485439_T2",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
262,
274
]
],
"text": [
"colon cancer"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "10485439_T4",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
779,
784
]
],
"text": [
"tumor"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "10485439_T7",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
1162,
1167
]
],
"text": [
"tumor"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "10485439_T9",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
1543,
1548
]
],
"text": [
"tumor"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "10485439_T12",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
20,
25
]
],
"text": [
"wheat"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "10485439_T16",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
367,
372
]
],
"text": [
"wheat"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "10485439_T19",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
525,
530
]
],
"text": [
"wheat"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "10485439_T21",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
1017,
1022
]
],
"text": [
"wheat"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "10485439_T23",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
1179,
1184
]
],
"text": [
"wheat"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "10485439_T24",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
1416,
1421
]
],
"text": [
"Wheat"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "10485439_T27",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
1579,
1584
]
],
"text": [
"Wheat"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "10485439_T29",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
1694,
1699
]
],
"text": [
"Wheat"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "10485439_T30",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
201,
206
]
],
"text": [
"wheat"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "10485439_T6",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
999,
1004
]
],
"text": [
"tumor"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "10485439_T3",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
702,
707
]
],
"text": [
"tumor"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "10485439_T10",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
1646,
1651
]
],
"text": [
"tumor"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "10485439_T5",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
879,
899
]
],
"text": [
"colon carcinogenesis"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "10485439_T8",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
901,
920
]
],
"text": [
"aberrant crypt foci"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "10485439_T11",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
922,
925
]
],
"text": [
"ACF"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "10485439_T14",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
1214,
1217
]
],
"text": [
"ACF"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "10485439_T15",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
1689,
1692
]
],
"text": [
"ACF"
],
"normalized": []
}
] | [
{
"id": "10485439_R1",
"type": "Treatment_of_disease_wo",
"arg1_id": "10485439_T30",
"arg2_id": "10485439_T2",
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "10485439_R2",
"type": "Treatment_of_disease_wo",
"arg1_id": "10485439_T21",
"arg2_id": "10485439_T6",
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "10485439_R3",
"type": "Treatment_of_disease_wo",
"arg1_id": "10485439_T27",
"arg2_id": "10485439_T10",
"normalized": []
}
] | [
{
"id": "10485439_E1",
"type": "Treatment_of_disease",
"trigger": {
"text": [
"protects"
],
"offsets": [
[
31,
39
]
]
},
"arguments": [
{
"role": "Cause",
"ref_id": "10485439_T12"
},
{
"role": "Theme",
"ref_id": "10485439_T1"
}
]
}
] | [
{
"id": "10485439_1",
"entity_ids": [
"10485439_T8",
"10485439_T11"
]
}
] |
18560338 | Lonicera caerulea is a species of bush native to the Kamchatka Peninsula (Russian Far East) whose berries have been extensively studied due to their potential high antioxidant activity. The aim of our work was to investigate the in vivo effects of the antioxidant action of Lonicera caerulea berry extracts on the dynamics of experimentally-induced tumors. Our data showed that aqueous Lonicera caerulaea extracts reduced the tumor volume when administered continuously during the tumor growth and development stages, but augmented the tumor growth when the administration of extracts started three weeks before tumor grafting. Prolonged administration of Lonicera caerulaea berry extracts induced the antioxidant defense mechanism in the tumor tissues, while surprisingly amplifying the peripheral oxidative stress. | [
{
"id": "18560338_T1",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
349,
355
]
],
"text": [
"tumors"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "18560338_T2",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
426,
431
]
],
"text": [
"tumor"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "18560338_T3",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
481,
486
]
],
"text": [
"tumor"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "18560338_T4",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
536,
541
]
],
"text": [
"tumor"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "18560338_T5",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
612,
617
]
],
"text": [
"tumor"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "18560338_T6",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
739,
744
]
],
"text": [
"tumor"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "18560338_T8",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
0,
17
]
],
"text": [
"Lonicera caerulea"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "18560338_T10",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
274,
291
]
],
"text": [
"Lonicera caerulea"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "18560338_T7",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
386,
404
]
],
"text": [
"Lonicera caerulaea"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "18560338_T9",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
656,
680
]
],
"text": [
"Lonicera caerulaea berry"
],
"normalized": []
}
] | [] | [
{
"id": "18560338_E1",
"type": "Treatment_of_disease",
"trigger": {
"text": [
"induced"
],
"offsets": [
[
690,
697
]
]
},
"arguments": [
{
"role": "Theme",
"ref_id": "18560338_T6"
},
{
"role": "Cause",
"ref_id": "18560338_T9"
}
]
},
{
"id": "18560338_E2",
"type": "Treatment_of_disease",
"trigger": {
"text": [
"reduced"
],
"offsets": [
[
414,
421
]
]
},
"arguments": [
{
"role": "Theme",
"ref_id": "18560338_T2"
},
{
"role": "Cause",
"ref_id": "18560338_T7"
}
]
}
] | [] |
19487113 | BACKGROUND: Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), which has been shown to have potent antioxidant effect, comprises 80% of catechins in Chinese green tea. This study was to investigate whether cigarette smoke (CS) exposure would induce lung morphological changes and oxidative stress in the CS-exposed rat model, and whether Chinese green tea (Lung Chen tea with EGCG as its main active ingredient) consumption would alter oxidative stress in sera and lung leading to protection of CS-induced lung damage. METHODS: Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into four groups, i.e. sham air (SA), 4% CS, 2% Lung Chen tea plus SA or 4% CS. Exposure to SA or 4% CS was performed for 1h/day for 56 days in ventilated smoking chambers. Sera and lung tissues were collected 24h after last CS exposure for histology and all biochemical assays. RESULTS: Airspace enlargement and goblet cell hyperplasia were observed after 56-day CS exposure alone, which were abolished in the presence of green tea consumption. Serum 8-isoprostane level was significantly elevated (p<0.01) as well as lung superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase activities in CS-exposed rats compared to SA-exposed rats (p<0.05), which returned to the levels of SA-exposed rats after Chinese green tea consumption. CONCLUSION: These results indicate that increased levels of systemic oxidative stress after CS exposure play an important role in the induction of lung damage. Chinese green tea may have the ability to suppress CS-induced oxidative stress that leads to protection of lung injury. | [
{
"id": "19487113_T8",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
867,
890
]
],
"text": [
"goblet cell hyperplasia"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "19487113_T13",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
1538,
1549
]
],
"text": [
"lung injury"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "19487113_T14",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
141,
150
]
],
"text": [
"green tea"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "19487113_T15",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
330,
339
]
],
"text": [
"green tea"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "19487113_T16",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
977,
986
]
],
"text": [
"green tea"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "19487113_T17",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
1248,
1257
]
],
"text": [
"green tea"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "19487113_T18",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
1439,
1448
]
],
"text": [
"green tea"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "19487113_T1",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
190,
199
]
],
"text": [
"cigarette"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "19487113_T2",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
490,
501
]
],
"text": [
"lung damage"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "19487113_T3",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
842,
862
]
],
"text": [
"Airspace enlargement"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "19487113_T5",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
1418,
1429
]
],
"text": [
"lung damage"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "19487113_T6",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
1340,
1356
]
],
"text": [
"oxidative stress"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "19487113_T7",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
1493,
1509
]
],
"text": [
"oxidative stress"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "19487113_T10",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
351,
354
]
],
"text": [
"tea"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "19487113_T11",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
612,
615
]
],
"text": [
"tea"
],
"normalized": []
}
] | [] | [
{
"id": "19487113_E1",
"type": "Treatment_of_disease",
"trigger": {
"text": [
"abolished"
],
"offsets": [
[
948,
957
]
]
},
"arguments": [
{
"role": "Theme",
"ref_id": "19487113_T8"
},
{
"role": "Theme2",
"ref_id": "19487113_T3"
},
{
"role": "Cause",
"ref_id": "19487113_T16"
}
]
},
{
"id": "19487113_E2",
"type": "Treatment_of_disease",
"trigger": {
"text": [
"suppress"
],
"offsets": [
[
1473,
1481
]
]
},
"arguments": [
{
"role": "Cause",
"ref_id": "19487113_T18"
},
{
"role": "Theme",
"ref_id": "19487113_T7"
}
]
}
] | [] |
15199009 | The relationship between acculturation and smoking behavior was examined in four Asian-American groups that included recent immigrants and US-born Koreans, Chinese, Vietnamese and Cambodians residing in the Delaware Valley of Pennsylvania and New Jersey. The study was part of a community-based, comprehensive cross-sectional study designed to assess a broad array of knowledge, attitudes and behaviors on tobacco use and tobacco-related cancer issues in the target multi-ethnic and multi-lingual Asian-American community. The sample of 1374 respondents was selected using a stratified-cluster proportional sampling technique, with a response rate of 83%. Findings indicated that acculturation had a variable effect on smoking behavior: more acculturated youth and less acculturated male adults had higher smoking rates than the less acculturated youth and the more acculturated male adults. Smoking rates for all females were generally lower than those of males regardless of acculturation status; however, acculturated adult females had a higher smoking rate than the less acculturated. | [
{
"id": "15199009_T1",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
438,
444
]
],
"text": [
"cancer"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "15199009_T2",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
406,
413
]
],
"text": [
"tobacco"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "15199009_T3",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
422,
429
]
],
"text": [
"tobacco"
],
"normalized": []
}
] | [] | [
{
"id": "15199009_E1",
"type": "Cause_of_disease",
"trigger": {
"text": [
"related"
],
"offsets": [
[
430,
437
]
]
},
"arguments": [
{
"role": "Theme",
"ref_id": "15199009_T1"
},
{
"role": "Cause",
"ref_id": "15199009_T3"
}
]
}
] | [] |
17913418 | THE AIM OF THIS STUDY: was to assess the anti-inflammatory and mechanism of action of Allanblackia monticola (Guttiferae). The anti-inflammatory activity "in vivo" of the methylene chloride/methanol extract, methanol and methylene chloride fractions of stem barks of Allanblackia monticola, administered orally at doses of 37.5; 75; 150 and 300 mg/kg, was evaluated on carrageenan-induced oedema in rats to determine the most active fraction. Indomethacin, inhibitor of cyclo-oxygenase was used as reference drug. The effects of the most active fraction were then examined on the rat paw oedema caused by histamine, serotonin, arachidonic acid and dextran followed by its ulcerogenic effect. The results showed that the methylene chloride fraction of Allanblackia monticola was more effective on the oedema caused by the carrageenan. The anti-nociceptive activity of the methylene chloride fraction was assessed using the acetic acid-induced abdominal constriction model, formalin test and hot plate test. At 150 mg/kg, Allanblackia monticola caused maximum inhibitions of inflammation induced by carrageenan (83.33%), by histamine (42.10%), by dextran (40.29%) and by arachidonic acid (64.28%). Allanblackia monticola (75-300 mg/kg) did not cause significant modification of the oedema induced by serotonin. Concerning the anti-nociceptive properties of the plant, the methylene chloride fraction (75-300 mg/kg) caused a dose-dependent inhibition on abdominal contractions induced by acetic acid (32.34-77.37%) and significantly inhibited the inflammatory pain caused by formalin (40.71-64.78%). Allanblackia monticola did not increase the latency time in the hot plate test. Like indomethacin (10mg/kg), the fraction at the dose of 150 mg/kg caused ulceration of the gastric mucous membrane in treated rats. These results show that Allanblackia monticola has an anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities with gastric ulcerative side effects. | [
{
"id": "17913418_T1",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
389,
395
]
],
"text": [
"oedema"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "17913418_T2",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
588,
594
]
],
"text": [
"oedema"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "17913418_T3",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
800,
806
]
],
"text": [
"oedema"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "17913418_T4",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
1280,
1286
]
],
"text": [
"oedema"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "17913418_T6",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
86,
108
]
],
"text": [
"Allanblackia monticola"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "17913418_T7",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
110,
120
]
],
"text": [
"Guttiferae"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "17913418_T9",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
267,
289
]
],
"text": [
"Allanblackia monticola"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "17913418_T11",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
751,
773
]
],
"text": [
"Allanblackia monticola"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "17913418_T12",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
922,
933
]
],
"text": [
"acetic acid"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "17913418_T14",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
1020,
1042
]
],
"text": [
"Allanblackia monticola"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "17913418_T16",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
1196,
1218
]
],
"text": [
"Allanblackia monticola"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "17913418_T17",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
1485,
1496
]
],
"text": [
"acetic acid"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "17913418_T19",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
1597,
1619
]
],
"text": [
"Allanblackia monticola"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "17913418_T21",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
1834,
1856
]
],
"text": [
"Allanblackia monticola"
],
"normalized": []
}
] | [] | [
{
"id": "17913418_E1",
"type": "Treatment_of_disease",
"trigger": {
"text": [
"effective"
],
"offsets": [
[
783,
792
]
]
},
"arguments": [
{
"role": "Theme",
"ref_id": "17913418_T3"
},
{
"role": "Cause",
"ref_id": "17913418_T11"
}
]
}
] | [
{
"id": "17913418_1",
"entity_ids": [
"17913418_T6",
"17913418_T7"
]
}
] |
11765176 | AIMS AND BACKGROUND: To update data and statistics on cancer death certification in Italy to 1997. METHODS: Data and statistics for 1997 subdivided into 31 cancer sites are presented. Trends in age-standardized rates for major cancer sites are plotted from 1955 to 1997. RESULTS: The age-standardized (world standard) death certification rates from all neoplasms steadily declined from the peak of 199.2/100,000 males in 1988 to 174.7 in 1997 and for females from 102.5 to 93.0. The decline was larger in truncated rates, by about 26% for males since 1983 and by 24% for females since the top rate of the early 1960's. A major component of the favorable trend in males was lung cancer, which showed a 16% decline from the peak of 1987-88, to reach 50.6/100,000 in 1997, corresponding to about 5,000 avoided deaths. The decline in lung cancer was about 34% at age 35 to 64. For females, in contrast, both the absolute number of lung cancer deaths and the age-standardized rate of 7.9/100,000 were among the highest values ever registered, reflecting the different pattern of spread of the tobacco-related lung cancer epidemic in the two sexes. Intestinal cancer rates were stable for males but declined by approximately 10% for females, mostly in middle age, as did breast cancer mortality. Among neoplasms showing favorable trends, there were other tobacco-related neoplasms in men, plus the continuing fall in stomach and cervix uteri. Upward trends were observed for non Hodgkin's lymphomas. CONCLUSIONS: The fall in cancer mortality observed over the last decade in Italy is attributable to a decline in lung and other tobacco-related neoplasms in males, together with a persistent fall in stomach and uterine (cervical) cancer. In women, there were also recent falls in intestinal and breast cancer rates, and declines in both sexes in rarer neoplasms influenced by therapeutic advancements. | [
{
"id": "11765176_T1",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
54,
60
]
],
"text": [
"cancer"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "11765176_T2",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
156,
162
]
],
"text": [
"cancer"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "11765176_T3",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
227,
233
]
],
"text": [
"cancer"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "11765176_T4",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
353,
362
]
],
"text": [
"neoplasms"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "11765176_T5",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
673,
684
]
],
"text": [
"lung cancer"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "11765176_T6",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
799,
813
]
],
"text": [
"avoided deaths"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "11765176_T7",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
819,
841
]
],
"text": [
"decline in lung cancer"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "11765176_T8",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
908,
938
]
],
"text": [
"absolute number of lung cancer"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "11765176_T9",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
1104,
1115
]
],
"text": [
"lung cancer"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "11765176_T10",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
1143,
1160
]
],
"text": [
"Intestinal cancer"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "11765176_T11",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
1265,
1278
]
],
"text": [
"breast cancer"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "11765176_T12",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
1296,
1305
]
],
"text": [
"neoplasms"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "11765176_T13",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
1365,
1374
]
],
"text": [
"neoplasms"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "11765176_T14",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
1483,
1492
]
],
"text": [
"lymphomas"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "11765176_T15",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
1519,
1525
]
],
"text": [
"cancer"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "11765176_T16",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
1638,
1647
]
],
"text": [
"neoplasms"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "11765176_T17",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
1705,
1730
]
],
"text": [
"uterine (cervical) cancer"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "11765176_T18",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
1789,
1802
]
],
"text": [
"breast cancer"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "11765176_T19",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
1840,
1855
]
],
"text": [
"rarer neoplasms"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "11765176_T20",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
1088,
1095
]
],
"text": [
"tobacco"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "11765176_T21",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
1349,
1356
]
],
"text": [
"tobacco"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "11765176_T22",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
1622,
1629
]
],
"text": [
"tobacco"
],
"normalized": []
}
] | [] | [
{
"id": "11765176_E1",
"type": "Cause_of_disease",
"trigger": {
"text": [
"related"
],
"offsets": [
[
1357,
1364
]
]
},
"arguments": [
{
"role": "Theme",
"ref_id": "11765176_T13"
},
{
"role": "Cause",
"ref_id": "11765176_T21"
}
]
},
{
"id": "11765176_E2",
"type": "Cause_of_disease",
"trigger": {
"text": [
"related"
],
"offsets": [
[
1630,
1637
]
]
},
"arguments": [
{
"role": "Theme",
"ref_id": "11765176_T16"
},
{
"role": "Cause",
"ref_id": "11765176_T22"
}
]
},
{
"id": "11765176_E3",
"type": "Cause_of_disease",
"trigger": {
"text": [
"related"
],
"offsets": [
[
1096,
1103
]
]
},
"arguments": [
{
"role": "Theme",
"ref_id": "11765176_T9"
},
{
"role": "Cause",
"ref_id": "11765176_T20"
}
]
}
] | [] |
9091843 | The effectiveness of Sabal serrulata (dwarf palm) extract was evaluated in the treatment of 38 patients with symptomatic prostatic hyperplasia. During a 12-month treatment controlled by investigations the subjective symptoms decreased in nearly three fourth of the patients. Side effects were not observed. According to uroflowmetric investigations the average peak flow value increased from 10.36 ml/sec to 14.44 ml/sec (p < 0.0001) and the average mean flow value from 0.02 ml/sec to 7.45 ml/sec (p < 0.001). After treatment residual urine volume decreased or was nil in more than 9/10 of the cases. The average decrease of residue was 47 ml (p < 0.001). The average decrease in prostatic volume was 10.6% (p < 0.02). On the basis of their favorable experience the authors recommend the administration of Sabal serrulata extract in the treatment of patients with mild or moderate symptoms of prostatic hyperplasia. | [
{
"id": "9091843_T1",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
121,
142
]
],
"text": [
"prostatic hyperplasia"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "9091843_T2",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
894,
915
]
],
"text": [
"prostatic hyperplasia"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "9091843_T3",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
21,
36
]
],
"text": [
"Sabal serrulata"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "9091843_T5",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
38,
48
]
],
"text": [
"dwarf palm"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "9091843_T4",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
807,
822
]
],
"text": [
"Sabal serrulata"
],
"normalized": []
}
] | [] | [
{
"id": "9091843_E1",
"type": "Treatment_of_disease",
"trigger": {
"text": [
"treatment"
],
"offsets": [
[
838,
847
]
]
},
"arguments": [
{
"role": "Theme",
"ref_id": "9091843_T2"
},
{
"role": "Cause",
"ref_id": "9091843_T4"
}
]
}
] | [
{
"id": "9091843_1",
"entity_ids": [
"9091843_T3",
"9091843_T5"
]
}
] |
20331351 | INTRODUCTION: Garlic (Allium sativum), traditionally being used as a spice worldwide, has different applications and is claimed to possess beneficial effects in several health ailments such as tumor and atherosclerosis. Garlic is also an immunomodulator and its different components are responsible for different properties. The present work aimed to assess the effect of protein fractions of garlic on peritoneal macrophages. MATERIALS AND METHODS: 14-kDa and 47-kDa protein fractions of garlic were purified. Mice peritoneal macrophages were lavaged and cultured in a microtiter plate and exposed to different concentrations of garlic proteins. MTT assay was performed to evaluate the viability of macrophage. The amount of nitric oxide (NO) was detected in culture supernatants of macrophages by Griess reagent and furthermore, the cytotoxicity study of culture supernatants was carried out on WEHI-164 fibrosarcoma cell line as tumor necrosis factor-a bioassay. RESULTS: MTT assay results for both 14-kDa and 47-kDa protein fractions of stimulated macrophages were not significant (P > 0.05). Both 14-kDa and 47-kDa fractions significantly suppressed production of NO from macrophages (P = 0.007 and P = 0.003, respectively). Cytotoxicity of macrophages' supernatant on WEHI-164 fibrosarcoma cells was not affected by garlic protein fractions (P = 0.066 for 14-kDa and P = 0.085 for 47-kDa fractions). CONCLUSION: according to our finding, 14-kDa and 47-kDa fractions of aged garlic extract are able to suppress NO production from macrophages, which can be used as a biological advantage. These molecules had no cytotoxic effect on macrophages and do not increase tumoricidal property of macrophages. | [
{
"id": "20331351_T1",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
193,
198
]
],
"text": [
"tumor"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "20331351_T2",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
203,
218
]
],
"text": [
"atherosclerosis"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "20331351_T3",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
906,
918
]
],
"text": [
"fibrosarcoma"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "20331351_T4",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
932,
937
]
],
"text": [
"tumor"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "20331351_T5",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
1295,
1307
]
],
"text": [
"fibrosarcoma"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "20331351_T6",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
14,
20
]
],
"text": [
"Garlic"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "20331351_T8",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
22,
28
]
],
"text": [
"Allium"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "20331351_T11",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
220,
226
]
],
"text": [
"Garlic"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "20331351_T14",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
393,
399
]
],
"text": [
"garlic"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "20331351_T15",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
489,
495
]
],
"text": [
"garlic"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "20331351_T18",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
630,
636
]
],
"text": [
"garlic"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "20331351_T19",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
1334,
1340
]
],
"text": [
"garlic"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "20331351_T21",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
1500,
1506
]
],
"text": [
"garlic"
],
"normalized": []
}
] | [] | [
{
"id": "20331351_E1",
"type": "Treatment_of_disease",
"trigger": {
"text": [
"beneficial effects"
],
"offsets": [
[
139,
157
]
]
},
"arguments": [
{
"role": "Theme",
"ref_id": "20331351_T1"
},
{
"role": "Theme2",
"ref_id": "20331351_T2"
},
{
"role": "Cause",
"ref_id": "20331351_T6"
},
{
"role": "Cause2",
"ref_id": "20331351_T8"
}
]
}
] | [] |
7676710 | This study was designed to investigate the optimal dose of garlic during long-term feeding and its preventive and therapeutic effects on colon cancer in rats induced by 1,2-dimethylhydrazine (DMH). A total of 240 male Sprague-Dawley rats were grouped and fed with either a basal or a garlic diet of different concentration, and some groups were subcutaneously injected with DMH 20 mg/kg once a week for 20 weeks. The incidence of colon tumor was significantly decreased in the groups fed with 2.5%, 5%, and 10% garlic diets (p < 0.001). There was no distinct difference among these concentrations (p > 0.05). Therefore the minimal optimal dose of garlic to inhibit colon cancer was 2.5%. The equivalent dose of this concentration in humans is 4.76 g/m2 body surface/day. In a therapeutic study, the tumor-inducing interval in nude mice subcutaneously injected with colon cancer cells (CC-M2) was prolonged by a 2.5% garlic diet (p < 0.01). Thus smaller tumor volume and longer survival time were found in the garlic group than in the controls (p < 0.01). However, the growth rate of tumors was not markedly inhibited by garlic. All rats finally died within 18 weeks. This study suggested that a 2.5% garlic dose may be used mainly as an inhibitor to prevent colon cancers and improve survival time. | [
{
"id": "7676710_T1",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
137,
149
]
],
"text": [
"colon cancer"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "7676710_T2",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
430,
441
]
],
"text": [
"colon tumor"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "7676710_T3",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
665,
677
]
],
"text": [
"colon cancer"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "7676710_T4",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
799,
804
]
],
"text": [
"tumor"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "7676710_T5",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
865,
877
]
],
"text": [
"colon cancer"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "7676710_T6",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
953,
958
]
],
"text": [
"tumor"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "7676710_T7",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
1083,
1089
]
],
"text": [
"tumors"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "7676710_T8",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
1258,
1271
]
],
"text": [
"colon cancers"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "7676710_T10",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
59,
65
]
],
"text": [
"garlic"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "7676710_T12",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
284,
290
]
],
"text": [
"garlic"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "7676710_T14",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
511,
517
]
],
"text": [
"garlic"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "7676710_T16",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
647,
653
]
],
"text": [
"garlic"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "7676710_T17",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
916,
922
]
],
"text": [
"garlic"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "7676710_T19",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
1009,
1015
]
],
"text": [
"garlic"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "7676710_T21",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
1120,
1126
]
],
"text": [
"garlic"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "7676710_T23",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
1200,
1206
]
],
"text": [
"garlic"
],
"normalized": []
}
] | [] | [
{
"id": "7676710_E1",
"type": "Treatment_of_disease",
"trigger": {
"text": [
"prevent"
],
"offsets": [
[
1250,
1257
]
]
},
"arguments": [
{
"role": "Theme",
"ref_id": "7676710_T8"
},
{
"role": "Cause",
"ref_id": "7676710_T23"
}
]
}
] | [] |
21688009 | BACKGROUND: Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) consist of an uncontrolled intestinal inflammation leading to mucosal disruption. This inflammation is accompanied by an excessive production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Polyphenols are micronutrients with antioxidative and anti-inflammatory properties, and may play an interesting role in the prevention of intestinal inflammation. Lemon verbena (Aloysia triphylla) infusion is a popular herbal infusion rich in polyphenols (flavones and verbascoside). AIMS: This study evaluated the preventive effects of lemon verbena infusion consumption against mild-to-moderate dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis in rats. METHODS: Wistar rats drank water or lemon verbena infusion for 14 days. On day 15, half of the rats received DSS (4%) in their drink for 7 days. At the end of the experimental period, the colon was taken for histopathological examination and determination of myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity, antioxidant enzyme activities (superoxide dismutase [SOD], glutathione peroxidase [GPx], glutathione reductase [GR], catalase [CAT]), glutathione and lipid peroxidation. Lymphocyte populations were determined in blood, mesenteric nodes and Peyer's patches. RESULTS: Rats ingested daily 5.6 mol of polyphenols. DSS reduced food intake and induced colitis, as reflected by histological lesions and increased MPO activity. Although these alterations were not significantly counteracted by lemon verbena consumption, the herbal infusion increased colonic SOD activity and decreased lipid peroxidation (malondialdehyde). Other oxidative stress markers (GPx, GR, CAT, glutathione) were not significantly modified. CONCLUSION: Our study shows that the preventive consumption of lemon verbena infusion offered some antioxidative protection during experimental colitis by stimulating SOD activity and decreasing lipid peroxidation. | [
{
"id": "21688009_T1",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
12,
39
]
],
"text": [
"Inflammatory bowel diseases"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "21688009_T2",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
41,
44
]
],
"text": [
"IBD"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "21688009_T3",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
60,
96
]
],
"text": [
"uncontrolled intestinal inflammation"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "21688009_T4",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
108,
126
]
],
"text": [
"mucosal disruption"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "21688009_T6",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
656,
663
]
],
"text": [
"colitis"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "21688009_T10",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
1311,
1318
]
],
"text": [
"colitis"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "21688009_T11",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
1817,
1824
]
],
"text": [
"colitis"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "21688009_T13",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
385,
398
]
],
"text": [
"Lemon verbena"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "21688009_T16",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
400,
417
]
],
"text": [
"Aloysia triphylla"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "21688009_T18",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
559,
572
]
],
"text": [
"lemon verbena"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "21688009_T21",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
709,
722
]
],
"text": [
"lemon verbena"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "21688009_T24",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
1451,
1464
]
],
"text": [
"lemon verbena"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "21688009_T27",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
1736,
1749
]
],
"text": [
"lemon verbena"
],
"normalized": []
}
] | [] | [
{
"id": "21688009_E1",
"type": "Treatment_of_disease",
"trigger": {
"text": [
"protection"
],
"offsets": [
[
1786,
1796
]
]
},
"arguments": [
{
"role": "Theme",
"ref_id": "21688009_T11"
},
{
"role": "Cause",
"ref_id": "21688009_T27"
}
]
},
{
"id": "21688009_E2",
"type": "Treatment_of_disease",
"trigger": {
"text": [
"preventive effects"
],
"offsets": [
[
537,
555
]
]
},
"arguments": [
{
"role": "Cause",
"ref_id": "21688009_T18"
},
{
"role": "Theme",
"ref_id": "21688009_T6"
}
]
}
] | [
{
"id": "21688009_1",
"entity_ids": [
"21688009_T16",
"21688009_T13"
]
},
{
"id": "21688009_2",
"entity_ids": [
"21688009_T1",
"21688009_T2"
]
}
] |
1466630 | In a follow-up study the prevalence of chronic respiratory symptoms and changes in ventilatory capacity were followed over a period of three years in 38 female and 28 male hemp workers in a textile industry. The prevalence of all respiratory symptoms was found to be increased. Significant acute reductions of ventilatory capacity were recorded during the work shift. The measured ventilatory capacity values were significantly decreased in comparison to predicted normal values. The mean annual decline of FVC (range: 0.014-0.065 L), FEV1 (range: 0.041-0.068 L), FEF50 (range: 0.020-0.220 L/s) and FEF25 (range: 0.030-0.140 L/s) was considerably greater than in healthy non-exposed subjects. The mean annual decline of all tests was considerably larger in workers with the symptoms of byssinosis than in those without such symptoms. Our data suggest that long-term exposure to hemp dust may cause the development of chronic respiratory symptoms and impairment of ventilatory capacity. | [
{
"id": "1466630_T1",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
39,
67
]
],
"text": [
"chronic respiratory symptoms"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "1466630_T2",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
786,
796
]
],
"text": [
"byssinosis"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "1466630_T3",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
917,
945
]
],
"text": [
"chronic respiratory symptoms"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "1466630_T4",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
950,
984
]
],
"text": [
"impairment of ventilatory capacity"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "1466630_T5",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
172,
176
]
],
"text": [
"hemp"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "1466630_T6",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
878,
882
]
],
"text": [
"hemp"
],
"normalized": []
}
] | [] | [
{
"id": "1466630_E1",
"type": "Cause_of_disease",
"trigger": {
"text": [
"cause"
],
"offsets": [
[
892,
897
]
]
},
"arguments": [
{
"role": "Theme",
"ref_id": "1466630_T3"
},
{
"role": "Theme2",
"ref_id": "1466630_T4"
},
{
"role": "Cause",
"ref_id": "1466630_T6"
}
]
}
] | [] |
8415125 | Here we report that genistein, a soybean isoflavone, strongly inhibits tumor promoter-induced H2O2 formation both in vivo and in vitro. Genistein suppressed H2O2 production by 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate- (TPA) stimulated human polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) and HL-60 cells in a dose-dependent manner over the concentration range 1-150 microM. Human PMNs were more sensitive to the inhibitory effect of genistein than HL-60 cells (50% inhibitory concentration 14.8 and 30.2 microM, respectively). In addition, genistein moderately inhibited superoxide anion formation by HL-60 cells and scavenged exogenously added H2O2 under the same conditions as in cell culture. However, the H2O2-scavenging effect of genistein was about 50% lower than its inhibition of cell-derived H2O2 formation at all concentrations. In the CD-1 mouse skin model, genistein strongly inhibited TPA-induced oxidant formation, edema, and PMN infiltration in mouse skin. Inhibition of TPA-mediated H2O2 in vivo may result from decreased cell-derived H2O2 formation, scavenging of H2O2 produced, and/or suppression of PMN infiltration into the dermis. The antioxidant properties of genistein may be responsible for its anticarcinogenic effects, and the dietary availability of genistein makes it a promising candidate for the prevention of human cancers. | [
{
"id": "8415125_T1",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
71,
76
]
],
"text": [
"tumor"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "8415125_T2",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
1331,
1338
]
],
"text": [
"cancers"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "8415125_T4",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
33,
40
]
],
"text": [
"soybean"
],
"normalized": []
}
] | [] | [
{
"id": "8415125_E1",
"type": "Treatment_of_disease",
"trigger": {
"text": [
"inhibits"
],
"offsets": [
[
62,
70
]
]
},
"arguments": [
{
"role": "Theme",
"ref_id": "8415125_T1"
},
{
"role": "Cause",
"ref_id": "8415125_T4"
}
]
}
] | [] |
9625398 | BACKGROUND: Garlic powder tablets have been reported to lower serum cholesterol levels. There is widespread belief among the general public that garlic powder tablets aid in controlling cholesterol levels. However, much of the prior data demonstrating the cholesterol-lowering effect of garlic tablets involved studies that were inadequately controlled. OBJECTIVE: To determine the lipid-lowering effect of garlic powder tablets in patients with hypercholesterolemia. METHODS: This was a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, 12-week, parallel treatment study carried out in 2 outpatient lipid clinics. Entry into the study after 8 weeks of diet stabilization required a mean low-density lipoprotein cholesterol level on 2 visits of 4.1 mmol/L (160 mg/dL) or lower and a triglyceride level of 4.0 mmol/L (350 mg/dL) or lower. The active treatment arm received tablets containing 300 mg of garlic powder (Kwai) 3 times per day, given with meals (total, 900 mg/d). This is equivalent to approximately 2.7 g or approximately 1 clove of fresh garlic per day. The placebo arm received an identical-looking tablet, also given 3 times per day with meals. The main outcome measures included levels of total cholesterol, triglycerides, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol after 12 weeks of treatment. RESULTS: Twenty-eight patients (43% male; mean +/- SD age, 58 +/- 14 years) received garlic powder treatment and 22 (68% male; mean +/- SD age, 57 +/- 13 years) received placebo treatment. There were no significant lipid or lipoprotein changes in either the placebo- or garlic-treated groups and no significant difference between changes in the placebo-treated group compared with changes in the garlic-treated patients. CONCLUSION: Garlic powder (900 mg/d) treatment for 12 weeks was ineffective in lowering cholesterol levels in patients with hypercholesterolemia. | [
{
"id": "9625398_T1",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
446,
466
]
],
"text": [
"hypercholesterolemia"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "9625398_T2",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
1887,
1907
]
],
"text": [
"hypercholesterolemia"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "9625398_T3",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
12,
18
]
],
"text": [
"Garlic"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "9625398_T6",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
145,
151
]
],
"text": [
"garlic"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "9625398_T8",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
287,
293
]
],
"text": [
"garlic"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "9625398_T10",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
407,
413
]
],
"text": [
"garlic"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "9625398_T12",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
897,
903
]
],
"text": [
"garlic"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "9625398_T15",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
1047,
1053
]
],
"text": [
"garlic"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "9625398_T16",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
1427,
1433
]
],
"text": [
"garlic"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "9625398_T18",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
1612,
1618
]
],
"text": [
"garlic"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "9625398_T20",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
1738,
1744
]
],
"text": [
"garlic"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "9625398_T23",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
1775,
1781
]
],
"text": [
"Garlic"
],
"normalized": []
}
] | [] | [] | [] |
19353489 | Passiflora edulis, commonly known as "maracuj ", is widely cultivated in Brazil for the industrial production of juice. The species of Passiflora are popularly used as a sedative or tranquillizer, and also against intermittent fever and skin inflammation. In this study we evaluated the anti-inflammatory activity of four sub-fractions and three isolated compounds from the butanolic fraction of P. edulis var. flavicarpa leaves, using the mouse model of pleurisy induced by carrageenan. The butanolic fraction obtained from an aqueous extract of P. edulis (50 and 100 mg/kg, I. P.) showed anti-inflammatory activity by inhibiting leukocytes and neutrophils (p < 0.01). Sub-fraction C showed itself to be more effective than the other sub-fractions (p < 0.01). Isoorientin ( 1), vicenin-2 ( 2) and spinosin ( 3) were isolated from the active sub-fraction C derived from the butanolic fraction. The sub-fraction C (50 mg/kg, I. P.), as well as its major isolated compounds (25 mg/kg, I. P.), inhibited leukocytes and neutrophils (p < 0.05). Additionally, the butanolic fraction and isoorientin also inhibited myeloperoxidase activity (p < 0.05). The present study showed that the C-glucosylflavones isolated from P. edulis leaves can be responsible for the anti-inflammatory effect of P. edulis on the mouse model of pleurisy. | [
{
"id": "19353489_T1",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
238,
255
]
],
"text": [
"skin inflammation"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "19353489_T4",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
0,
17
]
],
"text": [
"Passiflora edulis"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "19353489_T5",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
136,
146
]
],
"text": [
"Passiflora"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "19353489_T3",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
228,
233
]
],
"text": [
"fever"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "19353489_T6",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
397,
422
]
],
"text": [
"P. edulis var. flavicarpa"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "19353489_T7",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
548,
557
]
],
"text": [
"P. edulis"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "19353489_T8",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
1285,
1294
]
],
"text": [
"P. edulis"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "19353489_T9",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
1213,
1222
]
],
"text": [
"P. edulis"
],
"normalized": []
}
] | [] | [
{
"id": "19353489_E1",
"type": "Treatment_of_disease",
"trigger": {
"text": [
"against"
],
"offsets": [
[
207,
214
]
]
},
"arguments": [
{
"role": "Theme",
"ref_id": "19353489_T3"
},
{
"role": "Cause",
"ref_id": "19353489_T5"
},
{
"role": "Theme2",
"ref_id": "19353489_T1"
}
]
}
] | [] |
20138903 | Epidemiological data suggest that consumption of coffee and tea is associated with a reduced risk of several chronic and degenerative diseases including cardiovascular disorders, diabetes, obesity and neurodegenerative disorders. Both coffee and tea are a rich source of phenolic compounds including chlorogenic acids in coffee; and flavan-3-ols as well as complex theaflavins and thearubigens in tea. Coffee and tea are two of the most commonly consumed beverages in the world and thus represent a significant opportunity to positively affect disease risk and outcomes globally. Central to this opportunity is a need to better understand factors that may affect the bioavailability of specific phenolic components from coffee and tea based beverages. An overview of the phenolic composition of coffee and tea is discussed in the context of how processing and composition might influence phenolic profiles and bioavailability of individual phenolic components. Specifically, the impact of beverage formulation, the extent and type of processing and the influence of digestion on stability, bioavailability and metabolism of bioactive phenolics from tea and coffee are discussed. The impact of co-formulation with ascorbic acid and other phytochemicals are discussed as strategies to improve absorption of these health promoting phytochemicals. A better understanding of how the beverage composition impacts phenolic profiles and their bioavailability is critical to development of beverage products designed to deliver specific health benefits. | [
{
"id": "20138903_T1",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
121,
142
]
],
"text": [
"degenerative diseases"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "20138903_T2",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
153,
177
]
],
"text": [
"cardiovascular disorders"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "20138903_T3",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
189,
196
]
],
"text": [
"obesity"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "20138903_T4",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
201,
228
]
],
"text": [
"neurodegenerative disorders"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "20138903_T6",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
49,
55
]
],
"text": [
"coffee"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "20138903_T7",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
235,
241
]
],
"text": [
"coffee"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "20138903_T9",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
321,
327
]
],
"text": [
"coffee"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "20138903_T11",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
402,
408
]
],
"text": [
"Coffee"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "20138903_T13",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
720,
726
]
],
"text": [
"coffee"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "20138903_T15",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
795,
801
]
],
"text": [
"coffee"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "20138903_T17",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
1157,
1163
]
],
"text": [
"coffee"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "20138903_T8",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
246,
249
]
],
"text": [
"tea"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "20138903_T10",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
60,
63
]
],
"text": [
"tea"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "20138903_T12",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
413,
416
]
],
"text": [
"tea"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "20138903_T14",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
397,
400
]
],
"text": [
"tea"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "20138903_T16",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
731,
734
]
],
"text": [
"tea"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "20138903_T18",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
806,
809
]
],
"text": [
"tea"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "20138903_T19",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
1149,
1152
]
],
"text": [
"tea"
],
"normalized": []
}
] | [] | [
{
"id": "20138903_E1",
"type": "Treatment_of_disease",
"trigger": {
"text": [
"reduced risk"
],
"offsets": [
[
85,
97
]
]
},
"arguments": [
{
"role": "Theme",
"ref_id": "20138903_T1"
},
{
"role": "Theme2",
"ref_id": "20138903_T2"
},
{
"role": "Theme3",
"ref_id": "20138903_T3"
},
{
"role": "Theme4",
"ref_id": "20138903_T4"
},
{
"role": "Cause",
"ref_id": "20138903_T6"
},
{
"role": "Cause2",
"ref_id": "20138903_T10"
}
]
}
] | [] |
20699592 | Agarwood (Aquilaria sinensis, Aquilaria crasna) is well known as an incense in the oriental region such as Thailand, Taiwan, and Cambodia, and is used as a digestive in traditional medicine. We investigated the laxative effects and mechanism of agarwood leaves extracted with ethanol (EEA-1, Aquilaria sinensis; EEA-2, Aquilaria crasna). EEA-1, EEA-2, the main constituents of EEAs (mangiferin, and genkwanin-5-O-primeveroside), and senna increased the frequency and weight of stools in loperamide-induced constipation model mice. EEA-1 and EEA-2 did not induce diarrhea as a side effect, but senna induced severe diarrhea. EEA-1 and senna increased gastro-intestinal (GI) transit in the model mice. EEA-1, but not senna, also increased the intestinal tension of isolated jejunum and ileum in guinea pigs, and the tension increase was blocked by atropine, a muscarinic receptor antagonist, but not by other inhibitors (granicetron, pyrilamine, or bradykinin-antagonist peptide). Furthermore, the increase in frequency and weight of stools induced by EEA-1 were blocked by pre-administration of atropine in the model mice. These findings indicate that EEAs exerted a laxative effect via acetylcholine receptors in the mouse constipation model. | [
{
"id": "20699592_T1",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
562,
570
]
],
"text": [
"diarrhea"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "20699592_T2",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
614,
622
]
],
"text": [
"diarrhea"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "20699592_T5",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
10,
28
]
],
"text": [
"Aquilaria sinensis"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "20699592_T6",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
30,
39
]
],
"text": [
"Aquilaria"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "20699592_T10",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
292,
310
]
],
"text": [
"Aquilaria sinensis"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "20699592_T11",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
319,
328
]
],
"text": [
"Aquilaria"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "20699592_T12",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
433,
438
]
],
"text": [
"senna"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "20699592_T13",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
593,
598
]
],
"text": [
"senna"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "20699592_T14",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
634,
639
]
],
"text": [
"senna"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "20699592_T15",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
715,
720
]
],
"text": [
"senna"
],
"normalized": []
}
] | [] | [
{
"id": "20699592_E1",
"type": "Cause_of_disease",
"trigger": {
"text": [
"induced"
],
"offsets": [
[
599,
606
]
]
},
"arguments": [
{
"role": "Theme",
"ref_id": "20699592_T2"
},
{
"role": "Cause",
"ref_id": "20699592_T13"
}
]
}
] | [] |
8805113 | The effect of a locally applied peppermint oil preparation on tension-type headache was examined in the design of a randomized, placebo-controlled double-blind crossover study for the first time. The preparation was tested against both the reference substance acetaminophen and to the corresponding placebo. The liquid test preparation contained 10 g of peppermint oil and ethanol (90%) ad 100 (test preparation LI 170, Lichtwer Pharma, Berlin); the placebo was a 90% ethanol solution to which traces of peppermint oil were added for blinding purposes. The reference preparation contained 500 mg acetaminophen; the placebo tablet was identical to the verum in size and appearance. The study included the analysis of 164 headache attacks of 41 patients of both sexes ranging between 18 and 65 years of age, suffering from tension-type headache in accordance with the IHS classification. Four headache episodes per patient were treated in a double-blind, randomized crossover design. Each headache attack was treated by the application of 2 capsules of the oral medication (1,000 mg of acetaminophen or placebo) and the cutaneous application of the oil preparation (peppermint oil or placebo solution). The oil was spread largely across forehead and temples which was repeated after 15 and 30 minutes. Using a headache diary, the headache parameters were assessed after 15, 30, 45 and 60 minutes. Compared to the application of placebo, a 10% peppermint oil in ethanol solution significantly reduced the clinical headache intensity already after 15 minutes (p < 0.01). This significant clinical reduction of the pain intensity continued over the one hour observation period. Acetaminophen, too, proved to be efficient compared to placebo (p < 0.01). There was no significant difference between the efficacy of 1,000 mg of acetaminophen and 10% peppermint oil in ethanol solution. Simultaneous application of 1,000 mg of acetaminophen and 10% peppermint oil in ethanol solution leads to an additive effect which remains below the significance threshold, however. The patients reported no adverse events. This controlled study showed for the first time that a 10% peppermint oil in ethanol solution efficiently alleviates tension-type headache. Peppermint oil thus proves to be a well-tolerated and cost-effective alternative to usual therapies. | [
{
"id": "8805113_T1",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
62,
83
]
],
"text": [
"tension-type headache"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "8805113_T2",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
821,
842
]
],
"text": [
"tension-type headache"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "8805113_T3",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
2218,
2239
]
],
"text": [
"tension-type headache"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "8805113_T4",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
32,
42
]
],
"text": [
"peppermint"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "8805113_T5",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
354,
364
]
],
"text": [
"peppermint"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "8805113_T8",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
504,
514
]
],
"text": [
"peppermint"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "8805113_T9",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
1164,
1174
]
],
"text": [
"peppermint"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "8805113_T10",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
1441,
1451
]
],
"text": [
"peppermint"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "8805113_T12",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
1842,
1852
]
],
"text": [
"peppermint"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "8805113_T14",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
1940,
1950
]
],
"text": [
"peppermint"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "8805113_T16",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
2160,
2170
]
],
"text": [
"peppermint"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "8805113_T18",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
2241,
2251
]
],
"text": [
"Peppermint"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "8805113_T6",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
720,
728
]
],
"text": [
"headache"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "8805113_T7",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
891,
899
]
],
"text": [
"headache"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "8805113_T19",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
987,
995
]
],
"text": [
"headache"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "8805113_T20",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
1308,
1316
]
],
"text": [
"headache"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "8805113_T21",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
1328,
1336
]
],
"text": [
"headache"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "8805113_T11",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
1511,
1519
]
],
"text": [
"headache"
],
"normalized": []
}
] | [] | [
{
"id": "8805113_E1",
"type": "Treatment_of_disease",
"trigger": {
"text": [
"reduced"
],
"offsets": [
[
1490,
1497
]
]
},
"arguments": [
{
"role": "Cause",
"ref_id": "8805113_T10"
},
{
"role": "Theme",
"ref_id": "8805113_T11"
}
]
},
{
"id": "8805113_E2",
"type": "Treatment_of_disease",
"trigger": {
"text": [
"alleviates"
],
"offsets": [
[
2207,
2217
]
]
},
"arguments": [
{
"role": "Cause",
"ref_id": "8805113_T16"
},
{
"role": "Theme",
"ref_id": "8805113_T3"
}
]
}
] | [] |
16500554 | OBJECTIVE: The effects of different dietary oils on the development of colitis-associated colon cancer have not been studied. The present study examined the effect of different dietary oils on the severity of chronic colitis, development of colitis-associated premalignant changes, and colonic expression of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) in interleukin-10 knockout (IL-10-/-) mice. METHODS: IL-10-/- mice were fed chow supplemented with corn oil (CO; control, n=28), olive oil (OO; n=29), or fish oil (FO; n=35) for 12 wk and their colons were studied for colitis score, premalignant changes, and COX-2 expression. RESULTS: The average colitis score was higher in the FO than in the CO group. Similarly, the incidence of severe colitis (score>or=3) was significantly higher in the FO than in the CO and OO groups (50% versus 7.7% and 3.7%, respectively, P<0.05). Dysplasia was more frequent in the FO and less frequent in the OO than in the CO group (47% and 4% versus 15%, respectively, P<0.05). Conversely, aberrant crypt foci and crypt index were significantly higher in the FO than in the CO group. Colitis score, aberrant crypt foci, and crypt index did not differ between the OO and CO groups. COX-2 immunostaining was significantly lower in the OO than in CO group (P<0.05) but not different between the FO and CO groups. CONCLUSIONS: In IL-10-/- mice, fish oil exacerbates chronic colitis and colitis-associated premalignant changes. Conversely, olive oil inhibits COX-2 immunostaining and decreases the risk of neoplasia associated with chronic colitis. | [
{
"id": "16500554_T1",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
71,
102
]
],
"text": [
"colitis-associated colon cancer"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "16500554_T2",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
209,
224
]
],
"text": [
"chronic colitis"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "16500554_T3",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
241,
248
]
],
"text": [
"colitis"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "16500554_T4",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
551,
558
]
],
"text": [
"colitis"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "16500554_T5",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
631,
638
]
],
"text": [
"colitis"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "16500554_T6",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
723,
730
]
],
"text": [
"colitis"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "16500554_T7",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
858,
867
]
],
"text": [
"Dysplasia"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "16500554_T8",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
1098,
1105
]
],
"text": [
"Colitis"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "16500554_T9",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
1376,
1391
]
],
"text": [
"chronic colitis"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "16500554_T10",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
1396,
1403
]
],
"text": [
"colitis"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "16500554_T11",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
1515,
1524
]
],
"text": [
"neoplasia"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "16500554_T12",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
1541,
1556
]
],
"text": [
"chronic colitis"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "16500554_T13",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
432,
436
]
],
"text": [
"corn"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "16500554_T14",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
462,
467
]
],
"text": [
"olive"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "16500554_T15",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
1449,
1454
]
],
"text": [
"olive"
],
"normalized": []
}
] | [] | [
{
"id": "16500554_E1",
"type": "Treatment_of_disease",
"trigger": {
"text": [
"decreases"
],
"offsets": [
[
1493,
1502
]
]
},
"arguments": [
{
"role": "Cause",
"ref_id": "16500554_T15"
},
{
"role": "Theme",
"ref_id": "16500554_T11"
},
{
"role": "Theme2",
"ref_id": "16500554_T12"
}
]
}
] | [] |
20155621 | Pomegranate fruit from the tree Punica granatum has been dubbed as the "nature's power fruit." Dating back to Biblical times, the tree itself is attributed to possess extraordinary medicinal properties. The geographical distribution of the tree, being native to the Middle East and some Asian countries, is generally attributed to a lack of interest in its medicinal properties by many western scientists. However, the unique biochemical composition of the pomegranate fruit being rich in antioxidant tannins and flavonoids has recently drawn attention of many investigators to study its exceptional healing qualities. Recent research has shown that pomegranate extracts selectively inhibit the growth of breast, prostate, colon and lung cancer cells in culture. In preclinical animal studies, oral consumption of pomegranate extract inhibited growth of lung, skin, colon and prostate tumors. An initial phase II clinical trial of pomegranate juice in patients with prostate cancer reported significant prolongation of prostate specific antigen doubling time. This review focuses on recent investigations into the effects of pomegranate fruit on cancer. | [
{
"id": "20155621_T1",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
705,
744
]
],
"text": [
"breast, prostate, colon and lung cancer"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "20155621_T3",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
966,
981
]
],
"text": [
"prostate cancer"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "20155621_T4",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
1146,
1152
]
],
"text": [
"cancer"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "20155621_T9",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
32,
47
]
],
"text": [
"Punica granatum"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "20155621_T13",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
457,
474
]
],
"text": [
"pomegranate fruit"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "20155621_T15",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
650,
661
]
],
"text": [
"pomegranate"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "20155621_T17",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
814,
825
]
],
"text": [
"pomegranate"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "20155621_T19",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
931,
942
]
],
"text": [
"pomegranate"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "20155621_T22",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
1125,
1142
]
],
"text": [
"pomegranate fruit"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "20155621_T5",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
0,
17
]
],
"text": [
"Pomegranate fruit"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "20155621_T6",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
87,
92
]
],
"text": [
"fruit"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "20155621_T7",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
27,
31
]
],
"text": [
"tree"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "20155621_T8",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
130,
134
]
],
"text": [
"tree"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "20155621_T10",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
240,
245
]
],
"text": [
"tree,"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "20155621_T2",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
854,
891
]
],
"text": [
"lung, skin, colon and prostate tumors"
],
"normalized": []
}
] | [] | [
{
"id": "20155621_E1",
"type": "Treatment_of_disease",
"trigger": {
"text": [
"inhibit"
],
"offsets": [
[
683,
690
]
]
},
"arguments": [
{
"role": "Cause",
"ref_id": "20155621_T15"
},
{
"role": "Theme",
"ref_id": "20155621_T1"
}
]
},
{
"id": "20155621_E2",
"type": "Treatment_of_disease",
"trigger": {
"text": [
"inhibited"
],
"offsets": [
[
834,
843
]
]
},
"arguments": [
{
"role": "Cause",
"ref_id": "20155621_T17"
},
{
"role": "Theme",
"ref_id": "20155621_T2"
}
]
},
{
"id": "20155621_E3",
"type": "Treatment_of_disease",
"trigger": {
"text": [
"effects"
],
"offsets": [
[
1114,
1121
]
]
},
"arguments": [
{
"role": "Cause",
"ref_id": "20155621_T22"
},
{
"role": "Theme",
"ref_id": "20155621_T4"
}
]
}
] | [] |
8865119 | While it is well-established that smoking is the predominant risk factor for lung cancer, it is clear that factors other than smoking and occupational exposure play a role in some lung cancers, and particularly adenocarcinoma. Data from a large, hospital-based case-control study are used to examine the association of smoking-related risk factors (amount smoked, filter status, mentholation, and differences in smoking habits between blacks and whites) and selected factors other than smoking (environmental tobacco smoke, previous primary cancer and radiotherapy, reproductive and endocrine factors, and body mass index) with lung cancer. Although smoking shows a dose-response relationship with all major lung cancer cell types, the strength of the relationship is weaker for adenocarcinoma, suggesting that other risk factors must play an important role for this cell type. In blacks and whites of both sexes, odds ratios for lung cancer increased with increasing cumulative tobacco tar intake and decreased with years since quitting smoking. Use of mentholated cigarettes was associated with no greater risk for lung cancer than that associated with the use of nonmentholated cigarettes. Exposure to environmental tobacco smoke generally showed little relation to lung cancer risk. In particular, exposure of nonsmoking wives to a husband's smoking showed no increase in risk. A history of a reproductive primary cancer and a history of radiotherapy were each associated with a fourfold increase in risk in female nonsmokers. An association of lean body mass with lung cancer was observed in current smokers, ex-smokers, and female never smokers. These results are discussed in the context of existing studies. In conclusion, variation in lung cancer rates between populations may be due to: (1) differences in effective exposure to tobacco smoke carcinogens; (2) differences in factors which modify the effect of tobacco smoke, including differences in host susceptibility and metabolism of carcinogens, or (3) differences in exposure to other independent risk factors for lung cancer. | [
{
"id": "8865119_T1",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
77,
88
]
],
"text": [
"lung cancer"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "8865119_T3",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
211,
225
]
],
"text": [
"adenocarcinoma"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "8865119_T4",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
541,
547
]
],
"text": [
"cancer"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "8865119_T5",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
628,
639
]
],
"text": [
"lung cancer"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "8865119_T7",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
779,
793
]
],
"text": [
"adenocarcinoma"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "8865119_T9",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
1117,
1128
]
],
"text": [
"lung cancer"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "8865119_T10",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
1269,
1280
]
],
"text": [
"lung cancer"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "8865119_T11",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
1418,
1424
]
],
"text": [
"cancer"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "8865119_T12",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
1569,
1580
]
],
"text": [
"lung cancer"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "8865119_T13",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
1744,
1755
]
],
"text": [
"lung cancer"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "8865119_T14",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
2067,
2090
]
],
"text": [
"factors for lung cancer"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "8865119_T15",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
509,
516
]
],
"text": [
"tobacco"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "8865119_T16",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
979,
986
]
],
"text": [
"tobacco"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "8865119_T17",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
1219,
1226
]
],
"text": [
"tobacco"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "8865119_T18",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
1838,
1845
]
],
"text": [
"tobacco"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "8865119_T19",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
1919,
1926
]
],
"text": [
"tobacco"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "8865119_T2",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
180,
192
]
],
"text": [
"lung cancers"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "8865119_T6",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
708,
719
]
],
"text": [
"lung cancer"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "8865119_T8",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
930,
941
]
],
"text": [
"lung cancer"
],
"normalized": []
}
] | [] | [
{
"id": "8865119_E1",
"type": "Cause_of_disease",
"trigger": {
"text": [
"increased"
],
"offsets": [
[
942,
951
]
]
},
"arguments": [
{
"role": "Cause",
"ref_id": "8865119_T16"
},
{
"role": "Theme",
"ref_id": "8865119_T8"
}
]
}
] | [] |
19638245 | BACKGROUND: Interest is rising in smokeless tobacco as a safer alternative to smoking, but published reviews on smokeless tobacco and cancer are limited. We review North American and European studies and compare effects of smokeless tobacco and smoking. METHODS: We obtained papers from MEDLINE searches, published reviews and secondary references describing epidemiological cohort and case-control studies relating any form of cancer to smokeless tobacco use. For each study, details were abstracted on design, smokeless tobacco exposure, cancers studied, analysis methods and adjustment for smoking and other factors. For each cancer, relative risks or odds ratios with 95% confidence intervals were tabulated. Overall, and also for USA and Scandinavia separately, meta-analyses were conducted using all available estimates, smoking-adjusted estimates, or estimates for never smokers. For seven cancers, smoking-attributable deaths in US men in 2005 were compared with deaths attributable to introducing smokeless tobacco into a population of never-smoking men. RESULTS: Eighty-nine studies were identified; 62 US and 18 Scandinavian. Forty-six (52%) controlled for smoking. Random-effects meta-analysis estimates for most sites showed little association. Smoking-adjusted estimates were only significant for oropharyngeal cancer (1.36, CI 1.04-1.77, n = 19) and prostate cancer (1.29, 1.07-1.55, n = 4). The oropharyngeal association disappeared for estimates published since 1990 (1.00, 0.83-1.20, n = 14), for Scandinavia (0.97, 0.68-1.37, n = 7), and for alcohol-adjusted estimates (1.07, 0.84-1.37, n = 10). Any effect of current US products or Scandinavian snuff seems very limited. The prostate cancer data are inadequate for a clear conclusion.Some meta-analyses suggest a possible effect for oesophagus, pancreas, larynx and kidney cancer, but other cancers show no effect of smokeless tobacco. Any possible effects are not evident in Scandinavia. Of 142,205 smoking-related male US cancer deaths in 2005, 104,737 are smoking-attributable. Smokeless tobacco-attributable deaths would be 1,102 (1.1%) if as many used smokeless tobacco as had smoked, and 2,081 (2.0%) if everyone used smokeless tobacco. CONCLUSION: An increased risk of oropharyngeal cancer is evident most clearly for past smokeless tobacco use in the USA, but not for Scandinavian snuff. Effects of smokeless tobacco use on other cancers are not clearly demonstrated. Risk from modern products is much less than for smoking. | [
{
"id": "19638245_T1",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
134,
140
]
],
"text": [
"cancer"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "19638245_T2",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
428,
434
]
],
"text": [
"cancer"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "19638245_T3",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
540,
547
]
],
"text": [
"cancers"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "19638245_T4",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
629,
635
]
],
"text": [
"cancer"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "19638245_T5",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
897,
904
]
],
"text": [
"cancers"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "19638245_T6",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
1311,
1331
]
],
"text": [
"oropharyngeal cancer"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "19638245_T7",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
1365,
1380
]
],
"text": [
"prostate cancer"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "19638245_T8",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
1695,
1710
]
],
"text": [
"prostate cancer"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "19638245_T10",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
1861,
1868
]
],
"text": [
"cancers"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "19638245_T11",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
1991,
2000
]
],
"text": [
"US cancer"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "19638245_T13",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
2246,
2266
]
],
"text": [
"oropharyngeal cancer"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "19638245_T14",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
2408,
2415
]
],
"text": [
"cancers"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "19638245_T15",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
44,
51
]
],
"text": [
"tobacco"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "19638245_T16",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
122,
129
]
],
"text": [
"tobacco"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "19638245_T17",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
233,
240
]
],
"text": [
"tobacco"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "19638245_T18",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
448,
455
]
],
"text": [
"tobacco"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "19638245_T19",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
522,
529
]
],
"text": [
"tobacco"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "19638245_T20",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
1016,
1023
]
],
"text": [
"tobacco"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "19638245_T21",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
1897,
1904
]
],
"text": [
"tobacco"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "19638245_T22",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
2061,
2068
]
],
"text": [
"tobacco"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "19638245_T23",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
2137,
2144
]
],
"text": [
"tobacco"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "19638245_T24",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
2204,
2211
]
],
"text": [
"tobacco"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "19638245_T25",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
2310,
2317
]
],
"text": [
"tobacco"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "19638245_T26",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
2387,
2394
]
],
"text": [
"tobacco"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "19638245_T9",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
1836,
1848
]
],
"text": [
"kidney cance"
],
"normalized": []
}
] | [] | [
{
"id": "19638245_E1",
"type": "Cause_of_disease",
"trigger": {
"text": [
"evident"
],
"offsets": [
[
2270,
2277
]
]
},
"arguments": [
{
"role": "Theme",
"ref_id": "19638245_T13"
},
{
"role": "Cause",
"ref_id": "19638245_T25"
}
]
}
] | [] |
22706885 | INTRODUCTION: People who continue to smoke after a cancer diagnosis have an increased risk for recurrences or development of new malignancies. These risks may be even higher among tobacco-related cancer survivors (TRCS). We describe tobacco use behaviors among TRCS, other cancer survivors, and people without a history of cancer. METHODS: We used 2009 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System data to describe demographic characteristics, smoking history, current smoking prevalence, and smokeless tobacco use among TRCS, other cancer survivors, and people without a history of cancer (cigarette smoking and smokeless tobacco use were calculated after adjusting for age, sex, race, and insurance status). Tobacco-related cancers were defined as lung/bronchial, pharyngeal, laryngeal, esophageal, stomach, pancreatic, kidney/renal, urinary bladder, cervical, and acute myeloid leukemia. RESULTS: A total of 20 % of all cancer survivors were TRCS. TRCS were primarily female (68 %) and white (78 %). Smoking prevalence was higher among TRCS (27 %) compared with other cancer survivors (16 %) and respondents without a history of cancer (18 %). Smokeless tobacco use was higher among respondents without a history of cancer (4 %) compared with TRCS (3 %) and other cancer survivors (3 %). CONCLUSIONS: The self-reported smoking prevalence among TRCS is higher than among other cancer survivors and people without a history of cancer. Targeted smoking prevention and cessation interventions are needed for cancer survivors, especially those diagnosed with a tobacco-related cancer. IMPLICATIONS FOR CANCER SURVIVORS: We recommend all cancer survivors be made aware of the health risks associated with smoking after a cancer diagnosis, and smoking cessation services be offered to those who currently smoke. We provide the first population-based report on demographic characteristics and tobacco use behaviors among self-reported tobacco-related cancer survivors. | [
{
"id": "22706885_T1",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
51,
57
]
],
"text": [
"cancer"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "22706885_T2",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
125,
141
]
],
"text": [
"new malignancies"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "22706885_T3",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
196,
202
]
],
"text": [
"cancer"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "22706885_T4",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
273,
279
]
],
"text": [
"cancer"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "22706885_T5",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
323,
329
]
],
"text": [
"cancer"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "22706885_T6",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
531,
537
]
],
"text": [
"cancer"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "22706885_T7",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
581,
587
]
],
"text": [
"cancer"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "22706885_T8",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
724,
731
]
],
"text": [
"cancers"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "22706885_T9",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
865,
887
]
],
"text": [
"acute myeloid leukemia"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "22706885_T10",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
921,
927
]
],
"text": [
"cancer"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "22706885_T11",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
1069,
1075
]
],
"text": [
"cancer"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "22706885_T12",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
1130,
1136
]
],
"text": [
"cancer"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "22706885_T13",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
1217,
1223
]
],
"text": [
"cancer"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "22706885_T14",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
1265,
1271
]
],
"text": [
"cancer"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "22706885_T15",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
1377,
1383
]
],
"text": [
"cancer"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "22706885_T16",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
1426,
1432
]
],
"text": [
"cancer"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "22706885_T17",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
1505,
1511
]
],
"text": [
"cancer"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "22706885_T18",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
1573,
1579
]
],
"text": [
"cancer"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "22706885_T19",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
1633,
1639
]
],
"text": [
"cancer"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "22706885_T20",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
1716,
1722
]
],
"text": [
"cancer"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "22706885_T21",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
1944,
1950
]
],
"text": [
"cancer"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "22706885_T22",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
180,
187
]
],
"text": [
"tobacco"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "22706885_T23",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
233,
240
]
],
"text": [
"tobacco"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "22706885_T24",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
501,
508
]
],
"text": [
"tobacco"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "22706885_T25",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
621,
628
]
],
"text": [
"tobacco"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "22706885_T26",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
708,
715
]
],
"text": [
"Tobacco"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "22706885_T27",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
1155,
1162
]
],
"text": [
"tobacco"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "22706885_T28",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
1557,
1564
]
],
"text": [
"tobacco"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "22706885_T29",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
1886,
1893
]
],
"text": [
"tobacco"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "22706885_T30",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
1928,
1935
]
],
"text": [
"tobacco"
],
"normalized": []
}
] | [] | [
{
"id": "22706885_E1",
"type": "Cause_of_disease",
"trigger": {
"text": [
"related"
],
"offsets": [
[
188,
195
]
]
},
"arguments": [
{
"role": "Theme",
"ref_id": "22706885_T3"
},
{
"role": "Cause",
"ref_id": "22706885_T22"
}
]
},
{
"id": "22706885_E2",
"type": "Cause_of_disease",
"trigger": {
"text": [
"related"
],
"offsets": [
[
716,
723
]
]
},
"arguments": [
{
"role": "Theme",
"ref_id": "22706885_T8"
},
{
"role": "Cause",
"ref_id": "22706885_T26"
}
]
},
{
"id": "22706885_E3",
"type": "Cause_of_disease",
"trigger": {
"text": [
"related"
],
"offsets": [
[
1565,
1572
]
]
},
"arguments": [
{
"role": "Theme",
"ref_id": "22706885_T18"
},
{
"role": "Cause",
"ref_id": "22706885_T28"
}
]
},
{
"id": "22706885_E4",
"type": "Cause_of_disease",
"trigger": {
"text": [
"related"
],
"offsets": [
[
1936,
1943
]
]
},
"arguments": [
{
"role": "Theme",
"ref_id": "22706885_T21"
},
{
"role": "Cause",
"ref_id": "22706885_T30"
}
]
}
] | [] |
22013392 | INTRODUCTION: Smoking-attributable risks for lung, esophageal, and head and neck (H/N) cancers range from 54% to 90%. Identifying areas with higher than average cancer risk and smoking rates, then targeting those areas for intervention, is one approach to more rapidly lower the overall tobacco disease burden in a given state. Our research team used spatial modeling techniques to identify areas in Florida with higher than expected tobacco-associated cancer incidence clusters. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Geocoded tobacco-associated incident cancer data from 1998 to 2002 from the Florida Cancer Data System were used. Tobacco-associated cancers included lung, esophageal, and H/N cancers. SaTScan was used to identify geographic areas that had statistically significant (P<0.10) excess age-adjusted rates of tobacco-associated cancers. The Poisson-based spatial scan statistic was used. Phi correlation coefficients were computed to examine associations among block groups with/without overlapping cancer clusters. The logistic regression was used to assess associations between county-level smoking prevalence rates and being diagnosed within versus outside a cancer cluster. Community-level smoking rates were obtained from the 2002 Florida Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS). Analyses were repeated using 2007 BRFSS to examine the consistency of associations. RESULTS: Lung cancer clusters were geographically larger for both squamous cell and adenocarcinoma cases in Florida from 1998 to 2002, than esophageal or H/N clusters. There were very few squamous cell and adenocarcinoma esophageal cancer clusters. H/N cancer mapping showed some squamous cell and a very small amount of adenocarcinoma cancer clusters. Phi correlations were generally weak to moderate in strength. The odds of having an invasive lung cancer cluster increased by 12% per increase in the county-level smoking rate. Results were inconsistent for esophageal and H/N cancers, with some inverse associations. 2007 BRFSS data also showed a similar results pattern. CONCLUSIONS: Spatial analysis identified many nonoverlapping areas of high risk across both cancer and histological subtypes. Attempts to correlate county-level smoking rates with cancer cluster membership yielded consistent results only for lung cancer. However, spatial analyses may be most useful when examining incident clusters where several tobacco-associated cancer clusters overlap. Focusing on overlapping cancer clusters may help investigators identify priority areas for further screening, detailed assessments of tobacco use, and/or prevention and cessation interventions to decrease risk. | [
{
"id": "22013392_T1",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
82,
94
]
],
"text": [
"H/N) cancers"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "22013392_T2",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
161,
167
]
],
"text": [
"cancer"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "22013392_T3",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
453,
459
]
],
"text": [
"cancer"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "22013392_T4",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
540,
546
]
],
"text": [
"cancer"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "22013392_T5",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
636,
643
]
],
"text": [
"cancers"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "22013392_T6",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
675,
686
]
],
"text": [
"H/N cancers"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "22013392_T7",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
826,
833
]
],
"text": [
"cancers"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "22013392_T8",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
997,
1003
]
],
"text": [
"cancer"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "22013392_T9",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
1160,
1166
]
],
"text": [
"cancer"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "22013392_T10",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
1387,
1398
]
],
"text": [
"Lung cancer"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "22013392_T11",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
1462,
1476
]
],
"text": [
"adenocarcinoma"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "22013392_T12",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
1584,
1616
]
],
"text": [
"adenocarcinoma esophageal cancer"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "22013392_T13",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
1627,
1637
]
],
"text": [
"H/N cancer"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "22013392_T14",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
1699,
1720
]
],
"text": [
"adenocarcinoma cancer"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "22013392_T15",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
1815,
1835
]
],
"text": [
"invasive lung cancer"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "22013392_T16",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
1938,
1964
]
],
"text": [
"esophageal and H/N cancers"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "22013392_T17",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
2145,
2151
]
],
"text": [
"cancer"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "22013392_T18",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
2233,
2239
]
],
"text": [
"cancer"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "22013392_T19",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
2295,
2306
]
],
"text": [
"lung cancer"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "22013392_T20",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
2419,
2425
]
],
"text": [
"cancer"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "22013392_T21",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
2468,
2474
]
],
"text": [
"cancer"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "22013392_T22",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
287,
294
]
],
"text": [
"tobacco"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "22013392_T23",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
434,
441
]
],
"text": [
"tobacco"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "22013392_T24",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
512,
519
]
],
"text": [
"tobacco"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "22013392_T25",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
617,
624
]
],
"text": [
"Tobacco"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "22013392_T26",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
807,
814
]
],
"text": [
"tobacco"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "22013392_T27",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
2400,
2407
]
],
"text": [
"tobacco"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "22013392_T28",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
2578,
2585
]
],
"text": [
"tobacco"
],
"normalized": []
}
] | [] | [
{
"id": "22013392_E1",
"type": "Cause_of_disease",
"trigger": {
"text": [
"associated"
],
"offsets": [
[
442,
452
]
]
},
"arguments": [
{
"role": "Theme",
"ref_id": "22013392_T3"
},
{
"role": "Cause",
"ref_id": "22013392_T23"
}
]
},
{
"id": "22013392_E2",
"type": "Cause_of_disease",
"trigger": {
"text": [
"associated"
],
"offsets": [
[
520,
530
]
]
},
"arguments": [
{
"role": "Theme",
"ref_id": "22013392_T4"
},
{
"role": "Cause",
"ref_id": "22013392_T24"
}
]
},
{
"id": "22013392_E3",
"type": "Cause_of_disease",
"trigger": {
"text": [
"associated"
],
"offsets": [
[
625,
635
]
]
},
"arguments": [
{
"role": "Theme",
"ref_id": "22013392_T5"
},
{
"role": "Cause",
"ref_id": "22013392_T25"
}
]
},
{
"id": "22013392_E4",
"type": "Cause_of_disease",
"trigger": {
"text": [
"associated"
],
"offsets": [
[
815,
825
]
]
},
"arguments": [
{
"role": "Theme",
"ref_id": "22013392_T7"
},
{
"role": "Cause",
"ref_id": "22013392_T26"
}
]
},
{
"id": "22013392_E5",
"type": "Cause_of_disease",
"trigger": {
"text": [
"associated"
],
"offsets": [
[
2408,
2418
]
]
},
"arguments": [
{
"role": "Theme",
"ref_id": "22013392_T20"
},
{
"role": "Cause",
"ref_id": "22013392_T27"
}
]
}
] | [] |
24672557 | BACKGROUND: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of the combination of vitex agnus castus extract, as a source of phytoestrogens, plus magnesium supplementation on osteogenic and angiogenic factors and callus formation in women with long bone fracture. MATERIAL AND METHODS: In a double-blind randomized placebo controlled trial, 64 women with long bone fracture, 20-45 years old, were randomly allocated to receive 1) one Agnugol tablet (4 mg dried fruit extract of vitex agnus castus) plus 250 mg magnesium oxide (VAC + Mg group (n = 10)), 2) one Agnugol tablet plus placebo (VAC group (n = 15)), 3) placebo plus 250 mg magnesium oxide (Mg group (n = 12)), or 4) placebo plus placebo (placebo group (n = 14)) per day for 8 weeks. At baseline and endpoint of the trial, serum alkaline phosphatase, osteocalcin, and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) were measured together with radiological bone assessment. RESULTS: There were no significant differences in the characteristic aspects of concern between the four groups at baseline. Despite the increased level of alkaline phosphatase in the VAC group (188.33 16.27 to 240.40 21.49, P = 0.05), administration of VAC + Mg could not increase alkaline phosphatase activity. However, treatment with VAC + Mg significantly enhanced the osteocalcin level. The serum concentration of VEGF was increased in the VAC group (269.04 116.63 to 640.03 240.16, P < 0.05). Callus formation in the VAC + Mg group was higher than the other groups but the differences between the four groups were not significant (P = 0.39). No relevant side effect was observed in patients in each group. CONCLUSION: Our results suggest that administration of vitex agnus castus plus magnesium may promote fracture healing. However, more studies need to further explore the roles of vitex agnus castus in fracture repair processes. | [
{
"id": "24672557_T1",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
184,
217
]
],
"text": [
"osteogenic and angiogenic factors"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "24672557_T2",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
258,
271
]
],
"text": [
"bone fracture"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "24672557_T3",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
369,
382
]
],
"text": [
"bone fracture"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "24672557_T5",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
1860,
1868
]
],
"text": [
"fracture"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "24672557_T6",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
91,
109
]
],
"text": [
"vitex agnus castus"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "24672557_T7",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
487,
505
]
],
"text": [
"vitex agnus castus"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "24672557_T8",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
1715,
1733
]
],
"text": [
"vitex agnus castus"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "24672557_T9",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
1838,
1856
]
],
"text": [
"vitex agnus castus"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "24672557_T4",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
1761,
1769
]
],
"text": [
"fracture"
],
"normalized": []
}
] | [] | [
{
"id": "24672557_E1",
"type": "Treatment_of_disease",
"trigger": {
"text": [
"roles"
],
"offsets": [
[
1829,
1834
]
]
},
"arguments": [
{
"role": "Cause",
"ref_id": "24672557_T9"
},
{
"role": "Theme",
"ref_id": "24672557_T5"
}
]
},
{
"id": "24672557_E2",
"type": "Treatment_of_disease",
"trigger": {
"text": [
"effects"
],
"offsets": [
[
61,
68
]
]
},
"arguments": [
{
"role": "Cause",
"ref_id": "24672557_T6"
},
{
"role": "Theme",
"ref_id": "24672557_T1"
},
{
"role": "Theme2",
"ref_id": "24672557_T2"
}
]
},
{
"id": "24672557_E3",
"type": "Treatment_of_disease",
"trigger": {
"text": [
"promote"
],
"offsets": [
[
1753,
1760
]
]
},
"arguments": [
{
"role": "Theme",
"ref_id": "24672557_T4"
},
{
"role": "Cause",
"ref_id": "24672557_T8"
}
]
}
] | [] |
11577746 | A coffee extract significantly suppressed lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced hepatitis in D-galactosamine-sensitized rats, as assessed by the plasma alanine and aspartate aminotransferase activities, when it was added to the diet (30 g/kg) and fed to rats for 14 days. Its effect was as strong as that of a green tea extract. The coffee extract suppressed LPS-induced hepatitis when singly force-fed (1.2 g/kg) 1.5 h prior to the injection of the drugs, whereas a decaffeinated coffee extract had no significant effect. The hepatoprotective effect of caffeine was stronger than that of theobromine. These results indicate that coffee can protect animals from LPS-induced hepatitis, and that the effect of coffee might be mainly due to caffeine. | [
{
"id": "11577746_T2",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
75,
84
]
],
"text": [
"hepatitis"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "11577746_T4",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
366,
375
]
],
"text": [
"hepatitis"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "11577746_T6",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
669,
678
]
],
"text": [
"hepatitis"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "11577746_T7",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
2,
8
]
],
"text": [
"coffee"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "11577746_T9",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
305,
314
]
],
"text": [
"green tea"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "11577746_T11",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
328,
334
]
],
"text": [
"coffee"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "11577746_T12",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
476,
482
]
],
"text": [
"coffee"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "11577746_T14",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
625,
631
]
],
"text": [
"coffee"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "11577746_T16",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
703,
709
]
],
"text": [
"coffee"
],
"normalized": []
}
] | [] | [
{
"id": "11577746_E1",
"type": "Treatment_of_disease",
"trigger": {
"text": [
"suppressed"
],
"offsets": [
[
31,
41
]
]
},
"arguments": [
{
"role": "Theme",
"ref_id": "11577746_T2"
},
{
"role": "Cause",
"ref_id": "11577746_T7"
}
]
},
{
"id": "11577746_E2",
"type": "Treatment_of_disease",
"trigger": {
"text": [
"suppressed"
],
"offsets": [
[
343,
353
]
]
},
"arguments": [
{
"role": "Theme",
"ref_id": "11577746_T4"
},
{
"role": "Cause",
"ref_id": "11577746_T11"
}
]
},
{
"id": "11577746_E3",
"type": "Treatment_of_disease",
"trigger": {
"text": [
"protect"
],
"offsets": [
[
636,
643
]
]
},
"arguments": [
{
"role": "Theme",
"ref_id": "11577746_T6"
},
{
"role": "Cause",
"ref_id": "11577746_T14"
}
]
}
] | [] |
23801107 | PRINCIPLES: Switzerland is divided into 26 cantons of variable population size and cultural characteristics. Although a federal law to protect against passive smoking and a national tobacco control programme exist, details of tobacco-related policies are canton-specific. This study aimed to project gender-specific tobacco-related cancer mortality in Switzerland at different geographical levels for the periods 2009-2013 and 2014-2018. METHODS: In this analysis, data on Swiss tobacco-related cancer mortality from 1984 until 2008 were used. Bayesian age-period-cohort models were formulated to assess past trends of gender-specific tobacco-related cancer mortality and to project them up to 2018 at cantonal and language region levels. Furthermore, estimates are provided on a national scale by age categories of 50-69 and >= 70 years. RESULTS: Model-based estimates at cantonal level identified regions with low and high tobacco-related cancer mortality rates for the observed and projected periods. Our analysis based on language regions showed the lowest mortality in the German-speaking part. Projections at national level, between younger (age 50-69) and older (age >= 70) males, indicated an ongoing decreasing trend for males but an upward trend for females. The gap in tobacco-related cancer mortality rates between younger and older males seems to be shrinking. In females, a stronger rise was obtained for the younger age group. CONCLUSION: Our findings indicate region-, sex- and age-related differences in tobacco-related cancer mortality in Switzerland and this could be useful for healthcare planning and for evaluating the impact of canton-specific tobacco-related policies and interventions. | [
{
"id": "23801107_T1",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
332,
338
]
],
"text": [
"cancer"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "23801107_T2",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
495,
501
]
],
"text": [
"cancer"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "23801107_T3",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
651,
657
]
],
"text": [
"cancer"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "23801107_T4",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
941,
947
]
],
"text": [
"cancer"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "23801107_T5",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
1296,
1302
]
],
"text": [
"cancer"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "23801107_T6",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
1537,
1543
]
],
"text": [
"cancer"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "23801107_T7",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
182,
189
]
],
"text": [
"tobacco"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "23801107_T8",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
226,
233
]
],
"text": [
"tobacco"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "23801107_T9",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
316,
323
]
],
"text": [
"tobacco"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "23801107_T10",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
479,
486
]
],
"text": [
"tobacco"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "23801107_T11",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
635,
642
]
],
"text": [
"tobacco"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "23801107_T12",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
925,
932
]
],
"text": [
"tobacco"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "23801107_T13",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
1280,
1287
]
],
"text": [
"tobacco"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "23801107_T14",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
1521,
1528
]
],
"text": [
"tobacco"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "23801107_T15",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
1667,
1674
]
],
"text": [
"tobacco"
],
"normalized": []
}
] | [] | [
{
"id": "23801107_E1",
"type": "Cause_of_disease",
"trigger": {
"text": [
"related"
],
"offsets": [
[
324,
331
]
]
},
"arguments": [
{
"role": "Theme",
"ref_id": "23801107_T1"
},
{
"role": "Cause",
"ref_id": "23801107_T9"
}
]
},
{
"id": "23801107_E2",
"type": "Cause_of_disease",
"trigger": {
"text": [
"related"
],
"offsets": [
[
487,
494
]
]
},
"arguments": [
{
"role": "Theme",
"ref_id": "23801107_T2"
},
{
"role": "Cause",
"ref_id": "23801107_T10"
}
]
},
{
"id": "23801107_E3",
"type": "Cause_of_disease",
"trigger": {
"text": [
"related"
],
"offsets": [
[
643,
650
]
]
},
"arguments": [
{
"role": "Theme",
"ref_id": "23801107_T3"
},
{
"role": "Cause",
"ref_id": "23801107_T11"
}
]
},
{
"id": "23801107_E4",
"type": "Cause_of_disease",
"trigger": {
"text": [
"related"
],
"offsets": [
[
933,
940
]
]
},
"arguments": [
{
"role": "Theme",
"ref_id": "23801107_T4"
},
{
"role": "Cause",
"ref_id": "23801107_T12"
}
]
},
{
"id": "23801107_E5",
"type": "Cause_of_disease",
"trigger": {
"text": [
"related"
],
"offsets": [
[
1288,
1295
]
]
},
"arguments": [
{
"role": "Theme",
"ref_id": "23801107_T5"
},
{
"role": "Cause",
"ref_id": "23801107_T13"
}
]
},
{
"id": "23801107_E6",
"type": "Cause_of_disease",
"trigger": {
"text": [
"related"
],
"offsets": [
[
1529,
1536
]
]
},
"arguments": [
{
"role": "Theme",
"ref_id": "23801107_T6"
},
{
"role": "Cause",
"ref_id": "23801107_T14"
}
]
}
] | [] |
21199169 | Green tea is now recognized as the most effective cancer preventive beverage. In one study, 10 Japanese-size cups of green tea daily supplemented with tablets of green tea extract limited the recurrence of colorectal polyps in humans to 50%. Thus, cancer patients who consume green tea and take anticancer drugs will have double prevention. We studied the effects of combining (-)-epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) and anticancer drugs, focusing on inhibition of cell growth and induction of apoptosis. Numerous anticancer drugs, such as tamoxifen, COX-2 inhibitors, and retinoids were used for the experiments, and the combination of EGCG and COX-2 inhibitors consistently induced the enhancement of apoptosis. To study the mechanism of the enhancement, we paid special attention to the enhanced expressions of DDIT3 (growth arrest and DNA damage-inducible 153, GADD153), GADD45A, and CDKN1A (p21/WAF1/CIP1) genes, based on our previous evidence that a combination of EGCG and sulindac specifically induced upregulated expression of GADD153 and p21 genes in PC-9 lung cancer cells. The synergistic enhancements of apoptosis and GADD153 gene expression in human non-small cell lung cancer cells by the combination of EGCG and celecoxib were mediated through the activation of the MAPK signaling pathway. This article reviews the synergistic enhancement of apoptosis, gene expression, and anticancer effects using various combinations of EGCG and anticancer drugs, including the combination of (-)-epicatechin (EC) and curcumin. Based on the evidence, we present a new concept: green tea catechins as synergists with anticancer drugs. | [
{
"id": "21199169_T1",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
50,
56
]
],
"text": [
"cancer"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "21199169_T2",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
248,
254
]
],
"text": [
"cancer"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "21199169_T5",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
0,
9
]
],
"text": [
"Green tea"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "21199169_T6",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
117,
126
]
],
"text": [
"green tea"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "21199169_T7",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
162,
171
]
],
"text": [
"green tea"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "21199169_T8",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
276,
285
]
],
"text": [
"green tea"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "21199169_T9",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
1575,
1584
]
],
"text": [
"green tea"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "21199169_T10",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
206,
223
]
],
"text": [
"colorectal polyps"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "21199169_T3",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
1062,
1073
]
],
"text": [
"lung cancer"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "21199169_T4",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
1175,
1186
]
],
"text": [
"lung cancer"
],
"normalized": []
}
] | [] | [
{
"id": "21199169_E1",
"type": "Treatment_of_disease",
"trigger": {
"text": [
"limited"
],
"offsets": [
[
180,
187
]
]
},
"arguments": [
{
"role": "Cause",
"ref_id": "21199169_T6"
},
{
"role": "Theme",
"ref_id": "21199169_T10"
}
]
}
] | [] |
22489319 | Oxyresveratrol is a potent antioxidant and free-radical scavenger found in mulberry wood (Morus alba L.) with demonstrated protective effects against cerebral ischemia. We analyzed the neuroprotective ability of oxyresveratrol using an in vitro model of stretch-induced trauma in co-cultures of neurons and glia, or by exposing cultures to high levels of glutamate. Cultures were treated with 25 M, 50 M or 100 M oxyresveratrol at the time of injury. Trauma produced marked neuronal death when measured 24 h post-injury, and oxyresveratrol significantly inhibited this death. Microscopic examination of glia suggested signs of toxicity in cultures treated with 100 M oxyresveratrol, as demonstrated by elevated S-100B protein release and a high proportion of cells with condensed nuclei. Cultures exposed to glutamate (100 M) for 24 h exhibited ~ 37% neuronal loss, which was not inhibited by oxyresveratrol. These results show that the two pathologies of high glutamate exposure and trauma are differentially affected by oxyresveratrol treatment in vitro. Further studies using oxyresveratrol in trauma models are warranted, as toxicity to glia could be beneficial by inhibiting reactive gliosis, which often occurs after trauma. | [
{
"id": "22489319_T1",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
150,
167
]
],
"text": [
"cerebral ischemia"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "22489319_T2",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
270,
276
]
],
"text": [
"trauma"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "22489319_T3",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
454,
460
]
],
"text": [
"Trauma"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "22489319_T4",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
856,
869
]
],
"text": [
"neuronal loss"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "22489319_T5",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
989,
995
]
],
"text": [
"trauma"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "22489319_T6",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
1102,
1108
]
],
"text": [
"trauma"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "22489319_T7",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
1228,
1234
]
],
"text": [
"trauma"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "22489319_T11",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
90,
102
]
],
"text": [
"Morus alba L"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "22489319_T8",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
75,
88
]
],
"text": [
"mulberry wood"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "22489319_T10",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
1194,
1201
]
],
"text": [
"gliosis"
],
"normalized": []
}
] | [] | [
{
"id": "22489319_E1",
"type": "Treatment_of_disease",
"trigger": {
"text": [
"protective effects"
],
"offsets": [
[
123,
141
]
]
},
"arguments": [
{
"role": "Cause",
"ref_id": "22489319_T8"
},
{
"role": "Theme",
"ref_id": "22489319_T1"
}
]
}
] | [
{
"id": "22489319_1",
"entity_ids": [
"22489319_T8",
"22489319_T11"
]
}
] |
8187734 | We examined the risk of obstructive respiratory disease associated with tobacco smoke in indoor air, independent of active smoking, ambient air pollution, and some of the other sources of residential indoor air pollution. Data came from a probability sample survey of nine neighborhoods in Philadelphia conducted in 1985-1986, leading to information on approximately 4200 individuals. While for never-smokers the prevalence of obstructive respiratory conditions was proportional to the level of environmental tobacco smoke, this second-hand smoke was not a factor in the frequency of such problems among current smokers. In a series of analyses restricted to never-smokers, each of the 219 index cases of obstructive respiratory disease was matched by age, gender, and neighborhood to three randomly selected controls where matching by neighborhood effectively controlled for ambient air pollution. Both matched and unmatched two-sample analyses showed a statistically significant difference (P = 0.019 and 0.016, respectively) between cases and controls with respect to the level of tobacco smoke in the indoor environment. A conditional logistic regression-matched analysis revealed that heating and cooking as sources of indoor air pollution were not associated with the case/control status. However, the odds ratio for passive smoking at a level of more than one pack per day in the house environment was 1.86 (95% CI, 1.21-2.86). The results show that passive smoking is a significant risk factor for obstructive respiratory disease for never-smokers in an industrialized urban population. | [
{
"id": "8187734_T1",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
36,
55
]
],
"text": [
"respiratory disease"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "8187734_T2",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
717,
736
]
],
"text": [
"respiratory disease"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "8187734_T3",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
1518,
1537
]
],
"text": [
"respiratory disease"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "8187734_T4",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
72,
79
]
],
"text": [
"tobacco"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "8187734_T5",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
509,
516
]
],
"text": [
"tobacco"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "8187734_T6",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
1084,
1091
]
],
"text": [
"tobacco"
],
"normalized": []
}
] | [] | [] | [] |
15358907 | With the highest tobacco abuse prevalence among all minorities, American Indians incur high rates of tobacco-related cancers. As a people, we have the poorest survival rate from cancer of any racial or ethnic group, due to a lack of access to specialist care and to low socioeconomic status (http://info.his.gov). With such epidemic abuse of commercial tobacco, we continuously lose our elders, adults, and children to disease and premature death. Therefore, it is essential to investigate theories of prevention, addiction, and cessation specifically related to our ethnicity. The authors of this article discuss past research wrongs and highlight culturally competent research strategies to aid Native communities in tobacco abuse prevention and education. The authors hope to contribute to bridging the gap between culturally relevant research and culturally relevant health promotion. | [
{
"id": "15358907_T1",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
117,
124
]
],
"text": [
"cancers"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "15358907_T2",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
178,
184
]
],
"text": [
"cancer"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "15358907_T3",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
324,
332
]
],
"text": [
"epidemic"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "15358907_T4",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
17,
24
]
],
"text": [
"tobacco"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "15358907_T5",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
101,
108
]
],
"text": [
"tobacco"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "15358907_T6",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
353,
360
]
],
"text": [
"tobacco"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "15358907_T7",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
719,
726
]
],
"text": [
"tobacco"
],
"normalized": []
}
] | [] | [
{
"id": "15358907_E1",
"type": "Cause_of_disease",
"trigger": {
"text": [
"related"
],
"offsets": [
[
109,
116
]
]
},
"arguments": [
{
"role": "Theme",
"ref_id": "15358907_T1"
},
{
"role": "Cause",
"ref_id": "15358907_T5"
}
]
}
] | [] |
19897839 | Effective tobacco control efforts have resulted in substantial declines in tobacco use and tobacco-related cancer deaths in the United States. Nearly 40% of reductions in male lung cancer deaths between 1991 and 2003 can be attributed to smoking declines in the last half century. Nevertheless, tobacco use still remains the single, largest preventable cause of disease and premature death in the United States. Each year, smoking and exposure to secondhand smoke result in nearly half a million premature deaths of which nearly one-third are due to cancer. In a previous report, we described youth and adult smoking prevalence and patterns and discussed policy measures that had proven effective in comprehensive tobacco control. In this report, we update trends in youth and adult smoking prevalence. We find that while adult smoking prevalence has declined overall, socioeconomic gradients in smoking still persist within race and ethnic subgroups. In addition, we describe the diffusion of tobacco-control strategies at the national, state, and community level. Although recent developments, such as the Food and Drug Administration's (FDA) regulation of tobacco products, hold promise for tobacco control, there continues to be a need for broader dissemination of sustainably funded comprehensive national and state tobacco-control programs. | [
{
"id": "19897839_T1",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
107,
113
]
],
"text": [
"cancer"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "19897839_T2",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
171,
187
]
],
"text": [
"male lung cancer"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "19897839_T3",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
550,
556
]
],
"text": [
"cancer"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "19897839_T4",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
10,
17
]
],
"text": [
"tobacco"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "19897839_T5",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
75,
82
]
],
"text": [
"tobacco"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "19897839_T6",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
91,
98
]
],
"text": [
"tobacco"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "19897839_T7",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
295,
302
]
],
"text": [
"tobacco"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "19897839_T8",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
714,
721
]
],
"text": [
"tobacco"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "19897839_T9",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
994,
1001
]
],
"text": [
"tobacco"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "19897839_T10",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
1159,
1166
]
],
"text": [
"tobacco"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "19897839_T11",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
1194,
1201
]
],
"text": [
"tobacco"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "19897839_T12",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
1321,
1328
]
],
"text": [
"tobacco"
],
"normalized": []
}
] | [] | [
{
"id": "19897839_E1",
"type": "Cause_of_disease",
"trigger": {
"text": [
"related"
],
"offsets": [
[
99,
106
]
]
},
"arguments": [
{
"role": "Theme",
"ref_id": "19897839_T1"
},
{
"role": "Cause",
"ref_id": "19897839_T6"
}
]
}
] | [] |
17894889 | BACKGROUND: Tobacco use remains the leading preventable cause of death in the US. The risk of dying from smoking-related diseases remains elevated for former smokers years after quitting. The identification of irreversible effects of tobacco smoke on airway gene expression may provide insights into the causes of this elevated risk. RESULTS: Using oligonucleotide microarrays, we measured gene expression in large airway epithelial cells obtained via bronchoscopy from never, current, and former smokers (n = 104). Linear models identified 175 genes differentially expressed between current and never smokers, and classified these as irreversible (n = 28), slowly reversible (n = 6), or rapidly reversible (n = 139) based on their expression in former smokers. A greater percentage of irreversible and slowly reversible genes were down-regulated by smoking, suggesting possible mechanisms for persistent changes, such as allelic loss at 16q13. Similarities with airway epithelium gene expression changes caused by other environmental exposures suggest that common mechanisms are involved in the response to tobacco smoke. Finally, using irreversible genes, we built a biomarker of ever exposure to tobacco smoke capable of classifying an independent set of former and current smokers with 81% and 100% accuracy, respectively. CONCLUSION: We have categorized smoking-related changes in airway gene expression by their degree of reversibility upon smoking cessation. Our findings provide insights into the mechanisms leading to reversible and persistent effects of tobacco smoke that may explain former smokers increased risk for developing tobacco-induced lung disease and provide novel targets for chemoprophylaxis. Airway gene expression may also serve as a sensitive biomarker to identify individuals with past exposure to tobacco smoke. | [
{
"id": "17894889_T1",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
1656,
1668
]
],
"text": [
"lung disease"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "17894889_T2",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
12,
19
]
],
"text": [
"Tobacco"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "17894889_T3",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
234,
241
]
],
"text": [
"tobacco"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "17894889_T4",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
1108,
1115
]
],
"text": [
"tobacco"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "17894889_T5",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
1199,
1206
]
],
"text": [
"tobacco"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "17894889_T6",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
1564,
1571
]
],
"text": [
"tobacco"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "17894889_T7",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
1640,
1647
]
],
"text": [
"tobacco"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "17894889_T8",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
1826,
1833
]
],
"text": [
"tobacco"
],
"normalized": []
}
] | [] | [
{
"id": "17894889_E1",
"type": "Cause_of_disease",
"trigger": {
"text": [
"induced"
],
"offsets": [
[
1648,
1655
]
]
},
"arguments": [
{
"role": "Theme",
"ref_id": "17894889_T1"
},
{
"role": "Cause",
"ref_id": "17894889_T7"
}
]
}
] | [] |
8824512 | Previous work has shown that the efficacy of cancer prevention by selenium-enriched garlic (Se-garlic) is primarily dependent on the action of selenium. An aqueous extract containing 43 micro Se/ml was prepared from lyophilized Se-garlic powder by the Soxhlet method. The activity of this Se-garlic extract was evaluated in a transformed mammary epithelial cell culture model for its effect on cell morphology, cell growth, cell cycle progression and the induction of single and double stranded breaks in DNA. Comparisons were also made with a similarly prepared extract from regular garlic, Se-methylselenocysteine (a major water-soluble seleno-amino acid identified in Se-garlic) and selenite (used for fertilizing Se-garlic). In contrast to the regular garlic extract which produced little or no modulation of the above parameters, treatment with the Se-garlic extract resulted in growth inhibition, GI phase cell cycle arrest and apoptotic DNA double strand breaks in the absence of DNA single strand breaks. This pattern of cellular responses was duplicated with exposure to Se-methylselenocysteine. Selenite, on the other hand, induced cell cycle blockage in the S/G2-M phase, and a marked increase in DNA single strand breaks (a measure of genotoxicity) in addition to growth suppression. The chemopreventive efficacy of the two garlic extracts was also investigated in the rat methylnitrosourea mammary tumor model. Both extracts were supplemented in the diet for 1 month immediately following carcinogen administration. Significant cancer protection was observed with treatment by the Se-garlic extract (at 3 p.p.m. Se in the diet), while little benefit was noted with treatment by the regular garlic extract. Based on the above in vitro and in vivo findings, it is hypothesized that the Se-garlic extract, in part via the action of Se-methylselenocysteine, is able to inhibit tumorigenesis by suppressing the proliferation and reducing the survival of the early transformed cells. Furthermore, the data also support the concept that the modulation of certain in vitro markers may be of value in predicting the effectiveness of novel forms of selenium for cancer prevention. | [
{
"id": "8824512_T2",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
1403,
1416
]
],
"text": [
"mammary tumor"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "8824512_T3",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
1541,
1547
]
],
"text": [
"cancer"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "8824512_T4",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
2165,
2171
]
],
"text": [
"cancer"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "8824512_T5",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
84,
90
]
],
"text": [
"garlic"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "8824512_T7",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
95,
101
]
],
"text": [
"garlic"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "8824512_T10",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
231,
237
]
],
"text": [
"garlic"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "8824512_T11",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
292,
298
]
],
"text": [
"garlic"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "8824512_T13",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
584,
590
]
],
"text": [
"garlic"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "8824512_T15",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
674,
680
]
],
"text": [
"garlic"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "8824512_T17",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
720,
726
]
],
"text": [
"garlic"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "8824512_T19",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
756,
762
]
],
"text": [
"garlic"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "8824512_T21",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
857,
863
]
],
"text": [
"garlic"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "8824512_T23",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
1336,
1342
]
],
"text": [
"garlic"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "8824512_T25",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
1597,
1603
]
],
"text": [
"garlic"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "8824512_T27",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
1703,
1709
]
],
"text": [
"garlic"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "8824512_T29",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
1800,
1806
]
],
"text": [
"garlic"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "8824512_T1",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
45,
51
]
],
"text": [
"cancer"
],
"normalized": []
}
] | [] | [
{
"id": "8824512_E1",
"type": "Treatment_of_disease",
"trigger": {
"text": [
"prevention"
],
"offsets": [
[
52,
62
]
]
},
"arguments": [
{
"role": "Cause",
"ref_id": "8824512_T5"
},
{
"role": "Theme",
"ref_id": "8824512_T1"
},
{
"role": "Cause2",
"ref_id": "8824512_T7"
}
]
}
] | [] |
23830446 | Gliadin from wheat is a common food allergen that can induce baker's asthma, wheat-dependent exercise-induced anaphylaxis, atopic dermatitis, and celiac disease. This gliadin assay focuses on rapidly screen and check for gluten contamination in raw materials and in the gluten-free food production process, not only for wheat-sensitive patients but also for the industries producing gluten-free foodstuffs. The developed assay incorporates the use of anti-gliadin antibody-conjugated immunomagnetic beads (IMBs) to capture the gliadin in samples and fluorescent dyes-loaded immunoliposomal nanovesicles (IMLNs) to produce and enhance the detection signal. Hence, a sandwich complex is formed as "IMBs-gliadin-IMLNs". Experimental results indicate that this detection platform exhibits good sensitivity for gliadin with a detection limit as low as 0.6 g mL(-1) of gliadin; as the polyclonal antibody showed slight cross-reactions with barley and rye. Excellent recovery rates were found ranging from 83.5 to 102.6% as testing the spiked samples. Moreover, the CV (%) of intra- and inter-assay of this developed assay are 4.8-10.6% and 3.5-9.9%, respectively. Based on a parallel analysis of twenty food samples, the results of this developed assay provide a good consistency with those of an AOAC-approved ELISA kit without any false-negative results. The proposed assay method is thus a highly promising alternative method for detecting the contamination of gliadin in the food industry. | [
{
"id": "23830446_T1",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
110,
121
]
],
"text": [
"anaphylaxis"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "23830446_T2",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
123,
140
]
],
"text": [
"atopic dermatitis"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "23830446_T3",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
146,
160
]
],
"text": [
"celiac disease"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "23830446_T4",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
13,
18
]
],
"text": [
"wheat"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "23830446_T6",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
77,
82
]
],
"text": [
"wheat"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "23830446_T9",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
320,
325
]
],
"text": [
"wheat"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "23830446_T11",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
935,
941
]
],
"text": [
"barley"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "23830446_T12",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
946,
949
]
],
"text": [
"rye"
],
"normalized": []
}
] | [] | [
{
"id": "23830446_E1",
"type": "Cause_of_disease",
"trigger": {
"text": [
"induced"
],
"offsets": [
[
102,
109
]
]
},
"arguments": [
{
"role": "Theme",
"ref_id": "23830446_T1"
},
{
"role": "Theme2",
"ref_id": "23830446_T2"
},
{
"role": "Theme3",
"ref_id": "23830446_T3"
},
{
"role": "Cause",
"ref_id": "23830446_T6"
}
]
}
] | [] |
17661225 | Tobacco smoke is a known human carcinogen that primarily produces malignant lesions in the respiratory tract, although it also affects multiple other sites. A reliable and practical animal model of tobacco smoke-induced lung cancer would be helpful for in studies of product modification and chemoprevention. Over the years, many attempts to reproduce lung cancer in experimental animals exposed to tobacco smoke have been made, most often with negative or only marginally positive results. In hamsters, malignant lesions have been produced in the larynx, but not in the deeper lung. Female rats and female B6C3F1 mice, when exposed over lifetime to tobacco smoke, develop tumors in the nasal passages and also in the lung. Contrary to what is seen in human lung cancers, most rodent tumors are located peripherally and only about half of them show frank malignant features. Distant metastases are extremely rare. Male and female strain A mice exposed to 5 months to tobacco smoke and then kept for another 4 months in air respond to tobacco smoke with increased lung tumor multiplicities. However, the increase over background levels is comparatively small, making it difficult to detect significant differences when the effects of chemopreventive agents are evaluated. On the other hand, biomarkers of exposure and of effect as well as evaluation of putative carcinogenic mechanisms in rats and mice exposed to tobacco smoke allow detection of early events and their modification by different smoke types or chemopreventive agents. The challenge will be to make such data broadly acceptable and accepted in lieu of having to do more and more long term studies involving larger and larger number of animals. | [
{
"id": "17661225_T1",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
66,
83
]
],
"text": [
"malignant lesions"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "17661225_T2",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
220,
231
]
],
"text": [
"lung cancer"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "17661225_T3",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
352,
363
]
],
"text": [
"lung cancer"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "17661225_T4",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
504,
521
]
],
"text": [
"malignant lesions"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "17661225_T5",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
673,
679
]
],
"text": [
"tumors"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "17661225_T6",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
758,
770
]
],
"text": [
"lung cancers"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "17661225_T7",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
784,
790
]
],
"text": [
"tumors"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "17661225_T10",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
0,
7
]
],
"text": [
"Tobacco"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "17661225_T11",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
198,
205
]
],
"text": [
"tobacco"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "17661225_T12",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
399,
406
]
],
"text": [
"tobacco"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "17661225_T13",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
650,
657
]
],
"text": [
"tobacco"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "17661225_T14",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
967,
974
]
],
"text": [
"tobacco"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "17661225_T15",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
1034,
1041
]
],
"text": [
"tobacco"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "17661225_T16",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
1413,
1420
]
],
"text": [
"tobacco"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "17661225_T8",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
1063,
1073
]
],
"text": [
"lung tumor"
],
"normalized": []
}
] | [] | [
{
"id": "17661225_E1",
"type": "Cause_of_disease",
"trigger": {
"text": [
"produces"
],
"offsets": [
[
57,
65
]
]
},
"arguments": [
{
"role": "Cause",
"ref_id": "17661225_T10"
},
{
"role": "Theme",
"ref_id": "17661225_T1"
}
]
},
{
"id": "17661225_E2",
"type": "Cause_of_disease",
"trigger": {
"text": [
"induced"
],
"offsets": [
[
212,
219
]
]
},
"arguments": [
{
"role": "Cause",
"ref_id": "17661225_T11"
},
{
"role": "Theme",
"ref_id": "17661225_T2"
}
]
},
{
"id": "17661225_E3",
"type": "Cause_of_disease",
"trigger": {
"text": [
"exposed"
],
"offsets": [
[
625,
632
]
]
},
"arguments": [
{
"role": "Cause",
"ref_id": "17661225_T13"
},
{
"role": "Theme",
"ref_id": "17661225_T5"
}
]
},
{
"id": "17661225_E4",
"type": "Cause_of_disease",
"trigger": {
"text": [
"respond"
],
"offsets": [
[
1023,
1030
]
]
},
"arguments": [
{
"role": "Cause",
"ref_id": "17661225_T15"
},
{
"role": "Theme",
"ref_id": "17661225_T8"
}
]
}
] | [] |
1423310 | In 10 separate experiments, mice with established chemically induced or UV light-induced skin papillomas were treated continuously with green tea in the drinking water or with i.p. injections of a green tea polyphenol fraction or (-)-epigallocatechin gallate three times a week for 4-10 weeks. Partial tumor regression or > 90% inhibition of tumor growth, as measured by changes in tumor volume per mouse, was observed in 5 experiments, and marked inhibition of tumor growth (46-89%) was observed in 5 additional experiments. Treatment of the mice with green tea or green tea constituents had an inhibitory effect on body weight increases in several but not all of the studies. Examination of the data from all ten experiments revealed that complete tumor regression occurred in 14 of 346 papilloma-bearing mice (4%) that were treated with green tea in the drinking water or with i.p. injections of green tea constituents, whereas none of the 220 papilloma-bearing control mice treated with only vehicle exhibited complete tumor regression. These observations indicate that oral administration of green tea, i.p. administration of a green tea polyphenol fraction, or i.p. administration of (-)-epigallocatechin gallate inhibited the growth and/or caused the regression of established experimentally induced skin papillomas. | [
{
"id": "1423310_T1",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
89,
104
]
],
"text": [
"skin papillomas"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "1423310_T2",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
302,
307
]
],
"text": [
"tumor"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "1423310_T3",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
342,
347
]
],
"text": [
"tumor"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "1423310_T4",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
382,
387
]
],
"text": [
"tumor"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "1423310_T5",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
462,
467
]
],
"text": [
"tumor"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "1423310_T6",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
750,
755
]
],
"text": [
"tumor"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "1423310_T7",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
1023,
1028
]
],
"text": [
"tumor"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "1423310_T8",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
1307,
1322
]
],
"text": [
"skin papillomas"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "1423310_T9",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
136,
145
]
],
"text": [
"green tea"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "1423310_T10",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
197,
206
]
],
"text": [
"green tea"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "1423310_T11",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
553,
562
]
],
"text": [
"green tea"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "1423310_T12",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
566,
575
]
],
"text": [
"green tea"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "1423310_T13",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
840,
849
]
],
"text": [
"green tea"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "1423310_T14",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
899,
908
]
],
"text": [
"green tea"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "1423310_T15",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
1097,
1106
]
],
"text": [
"green tea"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "1423310_T16",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
1133,
1142
]
],
"text": [
"green tea"
],
"normalized": []
}
] | [] | [
{
"id": "1423310_E1",
"type": "Treatment_of_disease",
"trigger": {
"text": [
"inhibited"
],
"offsets": [
[
1219,
1228
]
]
},
"arguments": [
{
"role": "Cause",
"ref_id": "1423310_T15"
},
{
"role": "Theme",
"ref_id": "1423310_T8"
},
{
"role": "Cause2",
"ref_id": "1423310_T16"
}
]
},
{
"id": "1423310_E2",
"type": "Treatment_of_disease",
"trigger": {
"text": [
"occurred"
],
"offsets": [
[
767,
775
]
]
},
"arguments": [
{
"role": "Theme",
"ref_id": "1423310_T6"
},
{
"role": "Cause",
"ref_id": "1423310_T13"
}
]
}
] | [] |
20011028 | Panaxytriol is a nutraceutical-based active constituent of Korean red ginseng and is reported to exhibit potent anti-tumor properties. Its activity may be in part due to its induction of phase 2 chemoprotective enzymes. Its unique properties may have important implications in cancer therapeutics. | [
{
"id": "20011028_T1",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
117,
122
]
],
"text": [
"tumor"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "20011028_T2",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
277,
283
]
],
"text": [
"cancer"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "20011028_T4",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
70,
77
]
],
"text": [
"ginseng"
],
"normalized": []
}
] | [] | [
{
"id": "20011028_E1",
"type": "Treatment_of_disease",
"trigger": {
"text": [
"exhibit"
],
"offsets": [
[
97,
104
]
]
},
"arguments": [
{
"role": "Cause",
"ref_id": "20011028_T4"
},
{
"role": "Theme",
"ref_id": "20011028_T1"
}
]
}
] | [] |
9806160 | Male and female strain A/J mice were exposed to a mixture of cigarette sidestream and mainstream smoke at a chamber concentration of total suspended particulates of 82.5 mg/m3. Exposure time was 6 h/day, 5 days/week for 5 months. The animals were allowed to recover for another 4 months in filtered air before sacrifice and lung tumor count. Male animals were fed either 0.2% N-acetylcysteine (NAC) or 0.05% phenethyl isothiocyanate (PEITC) in diet AIN-76A with 5% corn oil added. Female animals received normal laboratory chow and were given a 1.25% extract of green tea in the drinking water. Corresponding control groups were fed diets without NAC or PEITC or given plain tap water. Exposure to tobacco smoke increased lung tumor multiplicity to 1.1-1.6 tumors/lung, significantly higher than control values (0.5-1.0 tumors/lung). None of the putative chemopreventive agents (NAC, PEITC or green tea extract) had a protective effect. In positive control experiments, PEITC significantly reduced both lung tumor multiplicity and incidence in mice treated with the tobacco smoke-specific carcinogen 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK). In mice treated with three different doses of urethan and fed NAC in the diet, a significant reduction in lung tumor multiplicity was found only at one dose level. Green tea extract did not reduce lung tumor multiplicity in animals treated with a single dose of NNK. It was concluded that successful chemoprevention of tobacco smoke-induced lung tumorigenesis might require administration of several chemopreventive agents rather than just a single one. | [
{
"id": "9806160_T3",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
757,
763
]
],
"text": [
"tumors"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "9806160_T4",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
820,
826
]
],
"text": [
"tumors"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "9806160_T5",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
1003,
1013
]
],
"text": [
"lung tumor"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "9806160_T7",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
1351,
1361
]
],
"text": [
"lung tumor"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "9806160_T8",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
465,
469
]
],
"text": [
"corn"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "9806160_T9",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
562,
571
]
],
"text": [
"green tea"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "9806160_T10",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
698,
705
]
],
"text": [
"tobacco"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "9806160_T11",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
893,
902
]
],
"text": [
"green tea"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "9806160_T12",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
1066,
1073
]
],
"text": [
"tobacco"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "9806160_T13",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
1318,
1327
]
],
"text": [
"Green tea"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "9806160_T14",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
1473,
1480
]
],
"text": [
"tobacco"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "9806160_T15",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
61,
70
]
],
"text": [
"cigarette"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "9806160_T1",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
324,
334
]
],
"text": [
"lung tumor"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "9806160_T2",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
722,
732
]
],
"text": [
"lung tumor"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "9806160_T6",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
1260,
1270
]
],
"text": [
"lung tumor"
],
"normalized": []
}
] | [] | [
{
"id": "9806160_E1",
"type": "Cause_of_disease",
"trigger": {
"text": [
"increased"
],
"offsets": [
[
712,
721
]
]
},
"arguments": [
{
"role": "Theme",
"ref_id": "9806160_T2"
},
{
"role": "Cause",
"ref_id": "9806160_T10"
}
]
}
] | [] |
8391063 | PURPOSE: Vitamin A and retinoids are strong inhibitors of epithelial cancer promotion and progression in experimental carcinogenesis. This study examined whether they may prevent the occurrence of upper aerodigestive cancer in subjects heavily exposed to tobacco smoking, such as patients already cured of an early-stage lung cancer. PATIENTS AND METHODS: The adjuvant effect of high-dose vitamin A was tested on 307 patients with stage I non-small-cell lung cancer. After curative surgery, patients were randomly assigned to either a group prescribed retinol palmitate administration (orally 300,000 IU daily for 12 months) or a control group prescribed no treatment. RESULTS: After a median follow-up of 46 months, the number of patients with either recurrence or new primary tumors was 56 (37%) in the treated arm and 75 (48%) in the control arm. Eighteen patients in the treated group developed a second primary tumor, and 29 patients in the control group developed 33 second primary tumors. A statistically significant difference in favor of treatment was observed concerning time to new primary tumors in the field of prevention (P = .045, log-rank test). The treatment difference in terms of disease-free interval was close to statistical significance (P = .054, log-rank test) and just significant when adjusted for primary tumor classification (P = .038, Cox regression model). CONCLUSION: Daily oral administration of high-dose vitamin A is effective in reducing the number of new primary tumors related to tobacco consumption and may improve the disease-free interval in patients curatively resected for stage I lung cancer. The impact of such a treatment on survival needs to be further explored. | [
{
"id": "8391063_T1",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
58,
75
]
],
"text": [
"epithelial cancer"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "8391063_T2",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
217,
223
]
],
"text": [
"cancer"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "8391063_T3",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
309,
332
]
],
"text": [
"early-stage lung cancer"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "8391063_T4",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
454,
465
]
],
"text": [
"lung cancer"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "8391063_T5",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
778,
784
]
],
"text": [
"tumors"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "8391063_T6",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
908,
921
]
],
"text": [
"primary tumor"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "8391063_T7",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
988,
994
]
],
"text": [
"tumors"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "8391063_T8",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
1101,
1107
]
],
"text": [
"tumors"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "8391063_T9",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
1324,
1337
]
],
"text": [
"primary tumor"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "8391063_T10",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
1499,
1505
]
],
"text": [
"tumors"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "8391063_T11",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
1615,
1634
]
],
"text": [
"stage I lung cancer"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "8391063_T12",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
255,
262
]
],
"text": [
"tobacco"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "8391063_T13",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
1517,
1524
]
],
"text": [
"tobacco"
],
"normalized": []
}
] | [] | [
{
"id": "8391063_E1",
"type": "Cause_of_disease",
"trigger": {
"text": [
"related"
],
"offsets": [
[
1506,
1513
]
]
},
"arguments": [
{
"role": "Cause",
"ref_id": "8391063_T13"
},
{
"role": "Theme",
"ref_id": "8391063_T10"
}
]
}
] | [] |
23972241 | Extract of Myrica cerifera bark has long been fruitfully used as a hepato-protective and anti-cancer drug in various complementary and alternative systems of medicine. Myricanone, its principal bioactive compound, had also been reported to have apoptosis-promoting ability. We evaluated its anti-cancer potential in vitro in HepG2 liver cancer cells and tried to understand the signal cascades involved in accomplishing apoptosis. Further, we ascertained by using a (3-(4, 5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2, 5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay (MTT) assay if it had cytotoxic effects on normal noncancerous liver cells (WRL-68). We deployed various tools and protocols, like phase contrast, scanning electron and fluorescence microscopies, performed an annexinV-FITC/PI assay and cell cycle analysis, and estimated the reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and mitochondrial membrane depolarization through flow cytometry. Further, analyses of cytochrome-c translocation and of HSP70 and caspase expressions were also done by using immunoblota and Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Results revealed that myricanone induced apoptosis in HepG2 cells through generation of ROS, depolarization of the mitochondrial membrane, early release of cytochrome-c, down-regulation of HSP70 and activation of a caspase cascade; it had no, or insignificant, cytotoxic effects in WRL-68 cells in vitro and in mice in vivo. Thus, myricanone has great potential for use in formulating an effective drug against both hepatotoxicity and hepatocellular cancer. | [
{
"id": "23972241_T1",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
89,
100
]
],
"text": [
"anti-cancer"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "23972241_T2",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
291,
302
]
],
"text": [
"anti-cancer"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "23972241_T3",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
331,
343
]
],
"text": [
"liver cancer"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "23972241_T4",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
1521,
1542
]
],
"text": [
"hepatocellular cancer"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "23972241_T6",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
11,
26
]
],
"text": [
"Myrica cerifera"
],
"normalized": []
}
] | [] | [
{
"id": "23972241_E1",
"type": "Treatment_of_disease",
"trigger": {
"text": [
"fruitfully"
],
"offsets": [
[
46,
56
]
]
},
"arguments": [
{
"role": "Cause",
"ref_id": "23972241_T6"
},
{
"role": "Theme",
"ref_id": "23972241_T1"
}
]
}
] | [] |
21894150 | Anthocyanin-rich bilberry extract, a plant-derived antioxidant, has been utilized as a popular supplement for ocular health worldwide. However, it is unclear whether this extract has any biological effect on visual function, and the mechanism for such an effect is completely unknown. In this study, we generated a mouse model of endotoxin-induced uveitis (EIU) that shows retinal inflammation, as well as uveitis, by injecting lipopolysaccharide. We pretreated the mice with anthocyanin-rich bilberry extract and analyzed the effect on the retina. Anthocyanin-rich bilberry extract prevented the impairment of photoreceptor cell function, as measured by electroretinogram. At the cellular level, we found that the EIU-associated rhodopsin decreased and the shortening of outer segments in photoreceptor cells were suppressed in the bilberry-extract-treated animals. Moreover, the extract prevented both STAT3 activation, which induces inflammation-related rhodopsin decrease, and the increase in interleukin-6 expression, which activates STAT3. In addition to its anti-inflammatory effect, the anthocyanin-rich bilberry extract ameliorated the intracellular elevation of reactive oxygen species and activated NF-kB, a redox-sensitive transcription factor, in the inflamed retina. Our findings indicate that anthocyanin-rich bilberry extract has a protective effect on visual function during retinal inflammation. | [
{
"id": "21894150_T1",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
348,
355
]
],
"text": [
"uveitis"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "21894150_T2",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
373,
393
]
],
"text": [
"retinal inflammation"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "21894150_T3",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
406,
413
]
],
"text": [
"uveitis"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "21894150_T5",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
17,
25
]
],
"text": [
"bilberry"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "21894150_T6",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
493,
501
]
],
"text": [
"bilberry"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "21894150_T7",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
566,
574
]
],
"text": [
"bilberry"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "21894150_T8",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
833,
841
]
],
"text": [
"bilberry"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "21894150_T9",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
1112,
1120
]
],
"text": [
"bilberry"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "21894150_T10",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
1325,
1333
]
],
"text": [
"bilberry"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "21894150_T4",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
1392,
1412
]
],
"text": [
"retinal inflammation"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "21894150_T12",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
1264,
1279
]
],
"text": [
"inflamed retina"
],
"normalized": []
}
] | [] | [
{
"id": "21894150_E1",
"type": "Treatment_of_disease",
"trigger": {
"text": [
"protective effect"
],
"offsets": [
[
1348,
1365
]
]
},
"arguments": [
{
"role": "Cause",
"ref_id": "21894150_T10"
},
{
"role": "Theme",
"ref_id": "21894150_T4"
}
]
}
] | [] |
1523784 | Fungal infections of the nasal cavity are a common cause of nasal disease in the dog and cat. Aspergillus fumigatus most commonly affects the dog; Cryptococcus neoformans is the most common fungus isolated from the cat. Rhinosporidium infection causes obstructive nasal polyps in the dog but has not been reported in the cat. Several other miscellaneous fungi, including Exophiala, Alternaria, Trichosporon, Blastomyces, and Histoplasma, and the alga Prototheca occasionally cause nasal disease in dogs and cats. | [
{
"id": "1523784_T1",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
0,
37
]
],
"text": [
"Fungal infections of the nasal cavity"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "1523784_T2",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
60,
73
]
],
"text": [
"nasal disease"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "1523784_T3",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
264,
276
]
],
"text": [
"nasal polyps"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "1523784_T4",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
481,
494
]
],
"text": [
"nasal disease"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "1523784_T5",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
94,
115
]
],
"text": [
"Aspergillus fumigatus"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "1523784_T7",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
147,
170
]
],
"text": [
"Cryptococcus neoformans"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "1523784_T9",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
371,
381
]
],
"text": [
"Exophiala,"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "1523784_T10",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
382,
393
]
],
"text": [
"Alternaria,"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "1523784_T11",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
394,
407
]
],
"text": [
"Trichosporon,"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "1523784_T12",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
408,
420
]
],
"text": [
"Blastomyces,"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "1523784_T13",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
425,
436
]
],
"text": [
"Histoplasma"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "1523784_T6",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
446,
461
]
],
"text": [
"alga Prototheca"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "1523784_T15",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
354,
359
]
],
"text": [
"fungi"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "1523784_T16",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
220,
234
]
],
"text": [
"Rhinosporidium"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "1523784_T8",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
235,
244
]
],
"text": [
"infection"
],
"normalized": []
}
] | [] | [
{
"id": "1523784_E1",
"type": "Cause_of_disease",
"trigger": {
"text": [
"cause"
],
"offsets": [
[
475,
480
]
]
},
"arguments": [
{
"role": "Cause",
"ref_id": "1523784_T15"
},
{
"role": "Theme",
"ref_id": "1523784_T4"
},
{
"role": "Cause2",
"ref_id": "1523784_T9"
},
{
"role": "Cause3",
"ref_id": "1523784_T10"
},
{
"role": "Cause4",
"ref_id": "1523784_T11"
},
{
"role": "Cause5",
"ref_id": "1523784_T12"
},
{
"role": "Cause6",
"ref_id": "1523784_T13"
},
{
"role": "Cause7",
"ref_id": "1523784_T6"
}
]
}
] | [] |
7884559 | There is much evidence suggesting that compounds present in soybeans can prevent cancer in many different organ systems. The evidence for specific soybean-derived compounds having a suppressive effect on carcinogenesis in animal model systems is limited, however. There is evidence that the following isolated soybean derived products suppress carcinogenesis in vivo: a protease inhibitor, the Bowman-Birk inhibitor, inositol hexaphosphate (phytic acid) and the sterol beta-sitosterol. Other compounds that may be able to suppress carcinogenesis in animals are the soybean isoflavones. Soybean compounds reported to have other types of anticarcinogenic activity include soybean trypsin inhibitor, saponins and genistein. There is much evidence to suggest that diets containing large amounts of soybean products are associated with overall low cancer mortality rates, particularly for cancers of the colon, breast and prostate. It is believed that supplementation of human diets with certain soybean products shown to suppress carcinogenesis in animals could markedly reduce human cancer mortality rates. | [
{
"id": "7884559_T1",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
81,
87
]
],
"text": [
"cancer"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "7884559_T2",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
843,
849
]
],
"text": [
"cancer"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "7884559_T3",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
884,
891
]
],
"text": [
"cancers"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "7884559_T4",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
1080,
1086
]
],
"text": [
"cancer"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "7884559_T5",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
60,
68
]
],
"text": [
"soybeans"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "7884559_T7",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
147,
154
]
],
"text": [
"soybean"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "7884559_T8",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
310,
317
]
],
"text": [
"soybean"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "7884559_T11",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
565,
572
]
],
"text": [
"soybean"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "7884559_T12",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
586,
593
]
],
"text": [
"Soybean"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "7884559_T15",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
670,
677
]
],
"text": [
"soybean"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "7884559_T16",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
794,
801
]
],
"text": [
"soybean"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "7884559_T18",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
991,
998
]
],
"text": [
"soybean"
],
"normalized": []
}
] | [] | [
{
"id": "7884559_E1",
"type": "Treatment_of_disease",
"trigger": {
"text": [
"prevent"
],
"offsets": [
[
73,
80
]
]
},
"arguments": [
{
"role": "Theme",
"ref_id": "7884559_T1"
},
{
"role": "Cause",
"ref_id": "7884559_T5"
}
]
}
] | [] |
11117612 | Coffee consumption was recently shown to protect against symptomatic gallbladder disease in men. The authors examined the relation of ultrasound-documented gallbladder disease with coffee drinking in 13,938 adult participants in the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1988-1994. The prevalence of total gallbladder disease was unrelated to coffee consumption in either men or women. However, among women a decreased prevalence of previously diagnosed gallbladder disease was found with increasing coffee drinking (p = 0.027). These findings do not support a protective effect of coffee consumption on total gallbladder disease, although coffee may decrease the risk of symptomatic gallstones in women. | [
{
"id": "11117612_T1",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
69,
88
]
],
"text": [
"gallbladder disease"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "11117612_T2",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
156,
175
]
],
"text": [
"gallbladder disease"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "11117612_T3",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
324,
343
]
],
"text": [
"gallbladder disease"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "11117612_T4",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
472,
491
]
],
"text": [
"gallbladder disease"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "11117612_T5",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
628,
647
]
],
"text": [
"gallbladder disease"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "11117612_T6",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
0,
6
]
],
"text": [
"Coffee"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "11117612_T8",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
181,
187
]
],
"text": [
"coffee"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "11117612_T11",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
361,
367
]
],
"text": [
"coffee"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "11117612_T12",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
518,
524
]
],
"text": [
"coffee"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "11117612_T14",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
600,
606
]
],
"text": [
"coffee"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "11117612_T16",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
658,
664
]
],
"text": [
"coffee"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "11117612_T10",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
702,
712
]
],
"text": [
"gallstones"
],
"normalized": []
}
] | [
{
"id": "11117612_R1",
"type": "Treatment_of_disease_wo",
"arg1_id": "11117612_T12",
"arg2_id": "11117612_T4",
"normalized": []
}
] | [
{
"id": "11117612_E1",
"type": "Treatment_of_disease",
"trigger": {
"text": [
"protect"
],
"offsets": [
[
41,
48
]
]
},
"arguments": [
{
"role": "Theme",
"ref_id": "11117612_T1"
},
{
"role": "Cause",
"ref_id": "11117612_T6"
}
]
},
{
"id": "11117612_E2",
"type": "Treatment_of_disease",
"trigger": {
"text": [
"protective effect"
],
"offsets": [
[
579,
596
]
]
},
"arguments": [
{
"role": "Cause",
"ref_id": "11117612_T14"
},
{
"role": "Theme",
"ref_id": "11117612_T5"
}
]
}
] | [] |
2996118 | Fasting and postprandial intragastric bile acid concentrations were determined in healthy subjects and in patients with gastric and duodenal ulcer. The results showed great interindividual variation and wide overlapping between groups. Mean bile acid concentrations, fasting and postprandially, were significantly higher in patients with gastric ulcer than in healthy subjects. The differences between gastric and duodenal ulcer patients and between duodenal ulcer patients and healthy subjects were not significant. Fiber-enriched wheat bran reduced bile acid concentrations significantly in patients with gastric ulcer disease. | [
{
"id": "2996118_T1",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
120,
146
]
],
"text": [
"gastric and duodenal ulcer"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "2996118_T2",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
338,
351
]
],
"text": [
"gastric ulcer"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "2996118_T3",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
402,
428
]
],
"text": [
"gastric and duodenal ulcer"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "2996118_T4",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
450,
464
]
],
"text": [
"duodenal ulcer"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "2996118_T5",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
607,
628
]
],
"text": [
"gastric ulcer disease"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "2996118_T6",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
532,
537
]
],
"text": [
"wheat"
],
"normalized": []
}
] | [] | [
{
"id": "2996118_E1",
"type": "Treatment_of_disease",
"trigger": {
"text": [
"reduced"
],
"offsets": [
[
543,
550
]
]
},
"arguments": [
{
"role": "Cause",
"ref_id": "2996118_T6"
},
{
"role": "Theme",
"ref_id": "2996118_T5"
}
]
}
] | [] |
23317220 | Onions (Allium cepa L.) are widely used in the food industry for its nutritional and aromatic properties. Our studies showed that ethyl acetate extract of onion (EEO) had potent inhibitory effects on animal fatty acid synthase (FAS), and could induce apoptosis in FAS over-expressing human breast cancer MDA-MB-231 cells. Furthermore, this apoptosis was accompanied by reduction of intracellular FAS activity and could be rescued by 25 mM or 50 mM exogenous palmitic acids, the final product of FAS catalyzed synthesis. These results suggest that the apoptosis induced by EEO occurs via inhibition of FAS. We also found that EEO could suppress lipid accumulation during the differentiation of 3T3-L1 adipocytes, which was also related to its inhibition of intracellular FAS activity. Since obesity is closely related to breast cancer and obese patients are at elevated risk of developing various cancers, these findings suggested that onion might be useful for preventing obesity-related malignancy. | [
{
"id": "23317220_T1",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
290,
303
]
],
"text": [
"breast cancer"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "23317220_T2",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
790,
797
]
],
"text": [
"obesity"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "23317220_T3",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
820,
833
]
],
"text": [
"breast cancer"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "23317220_T4",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
838,
843
]
],
"text": [
"obese"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "23317220_T5",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
888,
903
]
],
"text": [
"various cancers"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "23317220_T6",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
972,
979
]
],
"text": [
"obesity"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "23317220_T10",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
8,
21
]
],
"text": [
"Allium cepa L"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "23317220_T11",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
155,
160
]
],
"text": [
"onion"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "23317220_T12",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
935,
940
]
],
"text": [
"onion"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "23317220_T8",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
988,
998
]
],
"text": [
"malignancy"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "23317220_T9",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
0,
6
]
],
"text": [
"Onions"
],
"normalized": []
}
] | [] | [
{
"id": "23317220_E1",
"type": "Treatment_of_disease",
"trigger": {
"text": [
"preventing"
],
"offsets": [
[
961,
971
]
]
},
"arguments": [
{
"role": "Theme",
"ref_id": "23317220_T8"
},
{
"role": "Cause",
"ref_id": "23317220_T12"
}
]
},
{
"id": "23317220_E2",
"type": "Treatment_of_disease",
"trigger": {
"text": [
"apoptosis"
],
"offsets": [
[
251,
260
]
]
},
"arguments": [
{
"role": "Theme",
"ref_id": "23317220_T1"
},
{
"role": "Cause",
"ref_id": "23317220_T11"
}
]
}
] | [
{
"id": "23317220_1",
"entity_ids": [
"23317220_T9",
"23317220_T10"
]
}
] |
19552815 | BACKGROUND: Garlic or Allium sativum (As) shows therapeutic effects such as reduction of blood pressure or hypercholesterolemia but side-effects on reproductive functions remain poorly investigated. Because of garlic's chemical complexity, the processing methods and yield in preparations differ in efficacy and safety. In this context, we clarify the mechanisms of action of crushed crude garlic on testicular markers. METHODS: During one month of treatment, 24 male rats were fed 5%, 10% and 15% crude garlic. RESULTS: We showed that crude garlic-feeding induced apoptosis in testicular germ cells (spermatocytes and spermatids). This cell death process was characterized by increased levels of active CASP3 but not CASP6. Expression of the caspase inhibitors BIRC3 and BIRC2 was increased at all doses of As while expression of XIAP and BIRC5 was unchanged. Moreover, expression of the IAP inhibitor DIABLO was increased at doses 10% and 15% of As. The germ cell death process induced by As might be related to a decrease in testosterone production because of the reduced expression of steroidogenic enzymes (Star, Cyp11a, Hsd3b5 and Hsd17b). Evaluation of Sertoli markers showed that TUBB3 and GSTA2 expression was unchanged. In contrast, AMH, RHOX5 and CDKN1B expression was decreased while GATA4 expression was increased. CONCLUSION: In summary, we showed that feeding with crude garlic inhibited Leydig steroidogenic enzyme expression and Sertoli cell markers. These alterations might induce apoptosis in testicular germ cells. | [
{
"id": "19552815_T1",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
107,
127
]
],
"text": [
"hypercholesterolemia"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "19552815_T2",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
12,
18
]
],
"text": [
"Garlic"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "19552815_T7",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
210,
216
]
],
"text": [
"garlic"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "19552815_T9",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
390,
396
]
],
"text": [
"garlic"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "19552815_T12",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
504,
510
]
],
"text": [
"garlic"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "19552815_T13",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
542,
548
]
],
"text": [
"garlic"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "19552815_T16",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
1386,
1392
]
],
"text": [
"garlic"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "19552815_T3",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
22,
36
]
],
"text": [
"Allium sativum"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "19552815_T4",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
38,
40
]
],
"text": [
"As"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "19552815_T5",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
948,
951
]
],
"text": [
"As."
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "19552815_T6",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
991,
993
]
],
"text": [
"As"
],
"normalized": []
}
] | [] | [
{
"id": "19552815_E1",
"type": "Treatment_of_disease",
"trigger": {
"text": [
"effects"
],
"offsets": [
[
60,
67
]
]
},
"arguments": [
{
"role": "Cause",
"ref_id": "19552815_T4"
},
{
"role": "Theme",
"ref_id": "19552815_T1"
},
{
"role": "Cause2",
"ref_id": "19552815_T2"
}
]
}
] | [] |
20001818 | Tobacco use exerts a huge toll on persons with mental illnesses and substance abuse disorders, accounting for 200,000 of the annual 443,000 annual tobacco-related deaths in the United States. Persons with chronic mental illness die 25 years earlier than the general population does, and smoking is the major contributor to that premature mortality. This population consumes 44% of all cigarettes, reflecting very high prevalence rates plus heavy smoking by users. The pattern reflects a combination of biological, psychosocial, cultural, and tobacco industry-related factors. Although provider and patient perspectives are changing, smoking has been a historically accepted part of behavioral health settings. Additional harm results from the economic burden imposed by purchasing cigarettes and enduring the stigma attached to smoking. Tailored treatment for this population involves standard cessation treatments including counseling, medications, and telephone quitlines. Further progress depends on clinician and patient education, expanded access to treatment, and the resolution of existing knowledge gaps. | [
{
"id": "20001818_T1",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
68,
93
]
],
"text": [
"substance abuse disorders"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "20001818_T2",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
205,
227
]
],
"text": [
"chronic mental illness"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "20001818_T3",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
0,
7
]
],
"text": [
"Tobacco"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "20001818_T4",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
147,
154
]
],
"text": [
"tobacco"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "20001818_T5",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
542,
549
]
],
"text": [
"tobacco"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "20001818_T7",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
47,
63
]
],
"text": [
"mental illnesses"
],
"normalized": []
}
] | [] | [
{
"id": "20001818_E1",
"type": "Cause_of_disease",
"trigger": {
"text": [
"exerts"
],
"offsets": [
[
12,
18
]
]
},
"arguments": [
{
"role": "Theme",
"ref_id": "20001818_T7"
},
{
"role": "Theme2",
"ref_id": "20001818_T1"
},
{
"role": "Cause",
"ref_id": "20001818_T3"
}
]
}
] | [] |
17012261 | The use of tobacco products is associated with an increased incidence of periodontal disease, poor response to periodontal therapy, and a high risk for developing head and neck cancer. Nicotine and tobacco-derived nitrosamines have been shown to exhibit their pathobiologic effects due in part to activation of the nicotinic acetylcholine (ACh) receptors (nAChRs), mainly alpha7 nAChR, expressed by oral keratinocytes (KCs). This study was designed to gain mechanistic insight into alpha7-mediated morbidity of tobacco products in the oral cavity. We investigated the signaling pathways downstream of alpha7 nAChR in monolayers of oral KCs exposed for 24 h to aged and diluted sidestream cigarette smoke (ADSS) or an equivalent concentration of pure nicotine. By both real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and In-cell Western, the KCs stimulated with ADSS or nicotine showed multifold increases of STAT-3. These effects could be completely blocked or significantly (P<0.05) diminished if the cells were pretreated with the alpha7 antagonist alpha-bungarotoxin (alphaBTX) or transfected with anti-alpha7 small interfering RNA (siRNA-alpha7). The use of pathway inhibitors revealed that signaling through the Ras/Raf-1/MEK1/ERK steps mediated alpha7-dependent up-regulation of STAT-3. Targeted mutation of the alpha7 gene prevented ERK1/2 activation by nicotine. Using the gel mobility shift assay, we demonstrated that an increased protein binding activity of STAT-3 caused by ADSS or pure nicotine was mediated by janus-activated kinase (JAK)-2. Activation of JAK-2/STAT-3 pathway could be prevented by alphaBTX or siRNA-alpha7. Thus, nuclear transactivation of STAT-3 in KCs exposed to tobacco products is mediated via intracellular signaling downstream from alpha7, which proceeds via two complementary pathways. The Ras/Raf-1/MEK1/ERK cascade culminates in up-regulated expression of the gene encoding STAT-3, whereas recruitment and activation of tyrosine kinase JAK-2 phosphorylates it. Elucidation of this novel mechanism of nicotine-dependent nuclear transactivation of STAT-3 identifies oral alpha7 nAChR as a promising molecular target to prevent, reverse, or retard tobacco-related periodontal disease and progression of head and neck cancer by receptor inhibitors. | [
{
"id": "17012261_T1",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
73,
92
]
],
"text": [
"periodontal disease"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "17012261_T2",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
163,
183
]
],
"text": [
"head and neck cancer"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "17012261_T4",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
2196,
2215
]
],
"text": [
"periodontal disease"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "17012261_T5",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
2235,
2255
]
],
"text": [
"head and neck cancer"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "17012261_T6",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
11,
18
]
],
"text": [
"tobacco"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "17012261_T7",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
198,
205
]
],
"text": [
"tobacco"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "17012261_T8",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
511,
518
]
],
"text": [
"tobacco"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "17012261_T9",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
1691,
1698
]
],
"text": [
"tobacco"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "17012261_T10",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
2180,
2187
]
],
"text": [
"tobacco"
],
"normalized": []
}
] | [] | [
{
"id": "17012261_E1",
"type": "Cause_of_disease",
"trigger": {
"text": [
"increased incidence"
],
"offsets": [
[
50,
69
]
]
},
"arguments": [
{
"role": "Theme",
"ref_id": "17012261_T1"
},
{
"role": "Cause",
"ref_id": "17012261_T6"
}
]
},
{
"id": "17012261_E2",
"type": "Cause_of_disease",
"trigger": {
"text": [
"related"
],
"offsets": [
[
2188,
2195
]
]
},
"arguments": [
{
"role": "Theme",
"ref_id": "17012261_T4"
},
{
"role": "Cause",
"ref_id": "17012261_T10"
}
]
},
{
"id": "17012261_E3",
"type": "Cause_of_disease",
"trigger": {
"text": [
"progression"
],
"offsets": [
[
2220,
2231
]
]
},
"arguments": [
{
"role": "Cause",
"ref_id": "17012261_T10"
},
{
"role": "Theme",
"ref_id": "17012261_T5"
}
]
},
{
"id": "17012261_E4",
"type": "Cause_of_disease",
"trigger": {
"text": [
"risk"
],
"offsets": [
[
143,
147
]
]
},
"arguments": [
{
"role": "Theme",
"ref_id": "17012261_T2"
},
{
"role": "Cause",
"ref_id": "17012261_T6"
}
]
}
] | [] |
19579948 | In this study, the neuroprotective effect of the extract of ginger (Zingiber officinale) was investigated against MSG-induced neurotoxicity of male albino rat. The daily dose (4 mg kg(-1) b.wt.) i.p. injection of pure monosodium glutamate (MSG) for 30 days and subsequent withdrawal caused a significant decrease in epinephrine (E), norepinephrine (NE), dopamine (DA) and serotonin (5-HT) content all tested areas (cerebellum, brainstem, striatum, cerebral cortex, hypothalamus and hippocampus) at most of the time intervals studied. This is may be due to activation of glutamate receptors, which led to increased the intracellular concentration of Ca(+2) ions, so the release of neurotransmitters is increased and the content of monoamines is decreased. After the withdrawal, the decrease in monoamines levels remained in striatum, cerebral cortex and hypothalamus, this may be due to the region specific effect of monosodium glutamate whereas, daily dose (100 mg kg(-1) b.wt.) i.p., injection of Ginger (Zingiber officinale) root extract for 30 days and subsequent withdrawal caused a significant increased in epinephrine (E), norepinephrine (NE), dopamine (DA) and serotonin (5-HT) content all tested areas at most of the time intervals studied. This is may be due to inhibition of 5HT-3-receptor effects at the same time the extract blockade of Ca(+2) channel, as result the release of neurotransmitter is decreased and the content is increased. After the extract withdrawal, the increase in monoamine levels remained in brainstem, striatum and hippocampus, this may be due to the region specific effect of the extract. The coadminisration of monosodium glutamate and ginger root extract caused increased in monoamine content in most of the tested brain areas at different time intervals. This is may be due to partly attributable to an antagonistic action of ginger root extracts on monosodium glutamate effect, so the monoamines content was increased. From these results, we can say that the ginger extract has a neuroprotective role against monosodium glutamate toxicity effect. | [
{
"id": "19579948_T1",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
126,
139
]
],
"text": [
"neurotoxicity"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "19579948_T4",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
2069,
2077
]
],
"text": [
"toxicity"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "19579948_T5",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
60,
66
]
],
"text": [
"ginger"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "19579948_T7",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
68,
87
]
],
"text": [
"Zingiber officinale"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "19579948_T10",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
998,
1004
]
],
"text": [
"Ginger"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "19579948_T11",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
1006,
1014
]
],
"text": [
"Zingiber"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "19579948_T15",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
1672,
1678
]
],
"text": [
"ginger"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "19579948_T16",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
1864,
1870
]
],
"text": [
"ginger"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "19579948_T17",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
1998,
2004
]
],
"text": [
"ginger"
],
"normalized": []
}
] | [] | [
{
"id": "19579948_E1",
"type": "Treatment_of_disease",
"trigger": {
"text": [
"role"
],
"offsets": [
[
2035,
2039
]
]
},
"arguments": [
{
"role": "Cause",
"ref_id": "19579948_T17"
},
{
"role": "Theme",
"ref_id": "19579948_T4"
}
]
}
] | [] |
7586181 | We reported previously that garlic cultivated with selenite fertilization showed powerful chemopreventive activity in the rat dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA)-induced mammary tumor model (Carcinogenesis 15, 573-576, 1994). In order to ascertain that the efficacy of the high-selenium garlic in cancer protection is primarily dependent on the action of selenium we compared the effects of two batches of garlic powder with marked differences in their level of selenium enrichment, 112 or 1355 p.p.m. Se dry weight. Both products were added to the diet to achieve the same final concentration of 2 p.p.m. Se. The supplementation protocol was designed to evaluate the efficacy during either the initiation phase or post-initiation phase of DMBA mammary carcinogenesis. Significant tumor reduction was observed with either treatment protocol. Furthermore, the magnitude tumor suppression, as well as the extent of DMBA-DNA adduct inhibition, were very similar with the two batches of garlic, even though the amounts of garlic in the diet varied considerably between them (1.8% for the 112 p.p.m. Se garlic versus 0.15% for the 1355 p.p.m. Se garlic). This suggests that the anti-cancer activity of the high-selenium garlic was likely to be accounted for by the effect of selenium, rather than the effect of garlic per se. A continuous feeding of the high-selenium garlic produced a modest increase in total selenium in various tissues. In general the profile of selenium accumulation was comparable in rats ingesting either the 112 or the 1355 p.p.m. Se garlic. Thus, based on the results of several biological responses, it appears that the ability of the high-selenium garlic to protect against tumorigenesis is primarily dependent on increased intake of selenium provided by the vegetable. Future research will be focused on the chemical form of selenium in the garlic. | [
{
"id": "7586181_T1",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
167,
180
]
],
"text": [
"mammary tumor"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "7586181_T2",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
294,
300
]
],
"text": [
"cancer"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "7586181_T3",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
778,
783
]
],
"text": [
"tumor"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "7586181_T4",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
866,
871
]
],
"text": [
"tumor"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "7586181_T5",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
1175,
1181
]
],
"text": [
"cancer"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "7586181_T6",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
1693,
1706
]
],
"text": [
"tumorigenesis"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "7586181_T7",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
28,
34
]
],
"text": [
"garlic"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "7586181_T10",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
284,
290
]
],
"text": [
"garlic"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "7586181_T11",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
403,
409
]
],
"text": [
"garlic"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "7586181_T13",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
980,
986
]
],
"text": [
"garlic"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "7586181_T16",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
1015,
1021
]
],
"text": [
"garlic"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "7586181_T17",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
1095,
1101
]
],
"text": [
"garlic"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "7586181_T20",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
1138,
1144
]
],
"text": [
"garlic"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "7586181_T21",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
1212,
1218
]
],
"text": [
"garlic"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "7586181_T23",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
1303,
1309
]
],
"text": [
"garlic"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "7586181_T25",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
1360,
1366
]
],
"text": [
"garlic"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "7586181_T27",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
1550,
1556
]
],
"text": [
"garlic"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "7586181_T29",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
1667,
1673
]
],
"text": [
"garlic"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "7586181_T31",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
1861,
1867
]
],
"text": [
"garlic"
],
"normalized": []
}
] | [] | [
{
"id": "7586181_E1",
"type": "Treatment_of_disease",
"trigger": {
"text": [
"protect"
],
"offsets": [
[
1677,
1684
]
]
},
"arguments": [
{
"role": "Cause",
"ref_id": "7586181_T29"
},
{
"role": "Theme",
"ref_id": "7586181_T6"
}
]
}
] | [] |
22648725 | BACKGROUND: Olive oil consumption is associated with a decreased risk of several chronic diseases, in particular cardiovascular disease (CVD). However, data on the effects of olive oil on overall mortality are scarce. OBJECTIVE: We evaluated the association between olive oil and overall and cause-specific mortality in the Spanish population in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC-Spain). DESIGN: A total of 40,622 participants (62% female) aged 29-69 y were recruited from 5 Spanish regions in 1992-1996. The association between olive oil (analyzed as a categorical and continuous variable) and overall and cause-specific mortality (CVD, cancer, and other causes) was analyzed by using Cox proportional hazards regression models adjusted for potential confounders. RESULTS: A total of 1915 deaths were reported during 13.4 y of follow-up: 416 CVD deaths, 956 cancer deaths, and 417 deaths from other causes (for 126 deaths the cause was not available). In comparison with nonconsumers, the highest quartile of olive oil consumption was associated with a 26% (95% CI: 13%, 36%) reduction in risk of overall mortality and a 44% (95% CI: 21%, 60%) reduction in CVD mortality. For each increase in olive oil of 10 g 2000 kcal d , there was a 7% (95% CI: 3%, 10%) decreased risk of overall mortality and a 13% (95% CI: 6%, 20%) decreased risk of CVD mortality. No significant association was observed between olive oil and cancer mortality. CONCLUSIONS: Olive oil was associated with a decreased risk of overall mortality and an important reduction in CVD mortality in this large Mediterranean cohort. This provides further evidence on the beneficial effects of one of the key Mediterranean dietary components. | [
{
"id": "22648725_T1",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
81,
97
]
],
"text": [
"chronic diseases"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "22648725_T4",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
670,
673
]
],
"text": [
"CVD"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "22648725_T5",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
675,
681
]
],
"text": [
"cancer"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "22648725_T6",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
880,
890
]
],
"text": [
"CVD deaths"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "22648725_T7",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
896,
909
]
],
"text": [
"cancer deaths"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "22648725_T8",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
1195,
1198
]
],
"text": [
"CVD"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "22648725_T9",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
1393,
1396
]
],
"text": [
"CVD"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "22648725_T10",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
1470,
1476
]
],
"text": [
"cancer"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "22648725_T11",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
1599,
1602
]
],
"text": [
"CVD"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "22648725_T12",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
12,
17
]
],
"text": [
"Olive"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "22648725_T13",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
175,
180
]
],
"text": [
"olive"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "22648725_T14",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
266,
271
]
],
"text": [
"olive"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "22648725_T15",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
566,
571
]
],
"text": [
"olive"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "22648725_T16",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
1047,
1052
]
],
"text": [
"olive"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "22648725_T17",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
1231,
1236
]
],
"text": [
"olive"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "22648725_T18",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
1456,
1461
]
],
"text": [
"olive"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "22648725_T19",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
1501,
1506
]
],
"text": [
"Olive"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "22648725_T2",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
113,
141
]
],
"text": [
"cardiovascular disease (CVD)"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "22648725_T3",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
390,
396
]
],
"text": [
"Cancer"
],
"normalized": []
}
] | [] | [
{
"id": "22648725_E1",
"type": "Treatment_of_disease",
"trigger": {
"text": [
"associated"
],
"offsets": [
[
1515,
1525
]
]
},
"arguments": [
{
"role": "Cause",
"ref_id": "22648725_T19"
},
{
"role": "Theme",
"ref_id": "22648725_T11"
}
]
},
{
"id": "22648725_E2",
"type": "Treatment_of_disease",
"trigger": {
"text": [
"associated"
],
"offsets": [
[
1073,
1083
]
]
},
"arguments": [
{
"role": "Cause",
"ref_id": "22648725_T16"
},
{
"role": "Theme",
"ref_id": "22648725_T8"
}
]
}
] | [] |
15042305 | Chronic consumption of alcohol is an accepted social custom worldwide. In the upper aerodigestive tract, local morphologic, metabolic and functional alterations can be present due such consumption. Gastroesophageal reflux or alterations in sleep structure are typical examples of functional disorders. While alcohol was initially described as a risk enhancer only in smokers, a number of epidemiological studies have now shown that chronic alcohol consumption increases the risk of head and neck cancer independently of exposure to tobacco smoke. In addition, alcohol leads to an accumulation of pathologic microbes within the mucosa, leading to chronic infection. Susceptibility to carcinogens and cell proliferation in the mucosa are increased, resulting in genetic changes with the development of dysplasia, leucoplakia and carcinoma. Chronic alcohol consumption is correlated with an increased risk of cancer and increased mortality in a dose-dependent relationship. A number of biologically plausible mechanisms exist by which alcohol may cause cancer. | [
{
"id": "15042305_T1",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
198,
221
]
],
"text": [
"Gastroesophageal reflux"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "15042305_T2",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
268,
300
]
],
"text": [
"examples of functional disorders"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "15042305_T3",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
482,
502
]
],
"text": [
"head and neck cancer"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "15042305_T4",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
646,
663
]
],
"text": [
"chronic infection"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "15042305_T5",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
800,
809
]
],
"text": [
"dysplasia"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "15042305_T6",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
827,
836
]
],
"text": [
"carcinoma"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "15042305_T7",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
838,
865
]
],
"text": [
"Chronic alcohol consumption"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "15042305_T8",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
906,
912
]
],
"text": [
"cancer"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "15042305_T9",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
1050,
1056
]
],
"text": [
"cancer"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "15042305_T10",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
532,
539
]
],
"text": [
"tobacco"
],
"normalized": []
}
] | [] | [] | [] |
8634537 | As part of a comprehensive risk assessment study for fumonisins, reliable data on exposure of populations to these dietary toxins must be obtained. To assess the extent of worldwide exposure, the published literature on the contamination of food and feed supplies has been reviewed and supplemented with unpublished material from various international sources. Fumonisin contamination of corn and corn-based products occurs in many countries. Animal mycotoxicoses such as equine leukoencephalomalacia and porcine pulmonary edema are caused by heavily contaminated animal feeds. For example, as much as 330 micrograms/g fumonisin B1 (FB1) has been found in swine feed. Although commercially available refined corn products for human consumption are generally contaminated at levels below 1 microgram/g FB1, individual products in certain countries can reach far higher levels. Health risks associated with consumption of these products depend on the extent to which they are consumed in a varied diet. Home-grown corn in certain rural areas, where it also constitutes the staple diet, can be contaminated at > 100 micrograms/g. Consumption of corn contaminated at these high levels has been associated with a high incidence of esophageal cancer in these areas. | [
{
"id": "8634537_T1",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
443,
463
]
],
"text": [
"Animal mycotoxicoses"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "8634537_T2",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
523,
528
]
],
"text": [
"edema"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "8634537_T3",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
1226,
1243
]
],
"text": [
"esophageal cancer"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "8634537_T4",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
388,
392
]
],
"text": [
"corn"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "8634537_T5",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
397,
401
]
],
"text": [
"corn"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "8634537_T6",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
708,
712
]
],
"text": [
"corn"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "8634537_T7",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
1012,
1016
]
],
"text": [
"corn"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "8634537_T8",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
1142,
1146
]
],
"text": [
"corn"
],
"normalized": []
}
] | [] | [
{
"id": "8634537_E2",
"type": "Cause_of_disease",
"trigger": {
"text": [
"incidence"
],
"offsets": [
[
1213,
1222
]
]
},
"arguments": [
{
"role": "Theme",
"ref_id": "8634537_T3"
},
{
"role": "Cause",
"ref_id": "8634537_T8"
}
]
}
] | [] |
10743678 | Based on the previously suggested hypothesis that the generation of free radicals leading to lipid peroxidation is involved in the genesis of vasospasm and vasculopathy following subarachnoid hemorrhage, the therapeutic effect of EGb 761 as an antioxidant on experimental vasospasm and vasculopathy was evaluated in a double hemorrhage dog model of chronic cerebral vasospasm. For this study 14 dogs were randomly assigned to two groups, a control and a Ginkgo biloba group. The control group was only administered saline in a volume equivalent to a dose of 100 mgEGb 761/kg while the treatment group was given 100 mg EGb 761/kg. The diameter of the basilar artery decreased from 1.95 +/- 0.16 mm at day 0 to 1.11 +/- 0.07 mm at day 8 in the control group, while in the treatment group the vessel diameter decreased from 2.01 +/- 0.17 mm at day 0 to 1.72 +/- 0.16 mm at day 8. These results correspond a decrease in vessel diameter of 15.1% in the treatment group and of 43.1% in the control group (P < 0.05). Histopathological studies of the specimens obtained from basilar arteries showed that pathological signs of proliferative vasculopathy, including narrowing of the vessel lumen, corrugation of the lamina elastica and subendothelial thickening, were present in all the animals in the control group, while they could not be demonstrated in the Ginkgo biloba group. These results suggest that Ginkgo biloba may have a protective effect against subarachnoid hemorrhage-induced vasospasm and vasculopathy as a result of antioxidants. | [
{
"id": "10743678_T1",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
142,
168
]
],
"text": [
"vasospasm and vasculopathy"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "10743678_T2",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
179,
202
]
],
"text": [
"subarachnoid hemorrhage"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "10743678_T3",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
272,
298
]
],
"text": [
"vasospasm and vasculopathy"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "10743678_T4",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
349,
375
]
],
"text": [
"chronic cerebral vasospasm"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "10743678_T5",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
1118,
1144
]
],
"text": [
"proliferative vasculopathy"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "10743678_T6",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
1450,
1473
]
],
"text": [
"subarachnoid hemorrhage"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "10743678_T11",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
454,
467
]
],
"text": [
"Ginkgo biloba"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "10743678_T15",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
1351,
1364
]
],
"text": [
"Ginkgo biloba"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "10743678_T19",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
1399,
1412
]
],
"text": [
"Ginkgo biloba"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "10743678_T7",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
1482,
1491
]
],
"text": [
"vasospasm"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "10743678_T9",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
1496,
1508
]
],
"text": [
"vasculopathy"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "10743678_T10",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
325,
335
]
],
"text": [
"hemorrhage"
],
"normalized": []
}
] | [] | [
{
"id": "10743678_E1",
"type": "Treatment_of_disease",
"trigger": {
"text": [
"effect"
],
"offsets": [
[
1435,
1441
]
]
},
"arguments": [
{
"role": "Theme",
"ref_id": "10743678_T6"
},
{
"role": "Cause",
"ref_id": "10743678_T19"
},
{
"role": "Theme2",
"ref_id": "10743678_T7"
},
{
"role": "Theme3",
"ref_id": "10743678_T9"
}
]
}
] | [] |
15308586 | Increased consumption of tomato products is associated with a decreased risk of cancer. The present study was performed to investigate whether consumption of a tomato oleoresin extract for 2 weeks can affect endogenous levels of DNA single strand breaks in peripheral blood lymphocytes in healthy non-smokers and smokers. We also assessed, the effect of the tomato oleoresin extract on various immunological functions of peripheral blood mononuclear cells. A double-blinded, randomized, placebo-controlled study design was used. Over a period of 2 weeks 15 non-smokers and 12 smokers were given three tomato oleoresin extract capsules daily (each containing 4.88 mg lycopene, 0.48 mg phytoene, 0.44 mg phytofluene and 1.181 mg alpha-tocopherol). The control group received placebos. The baseline level of endogenous DNA damage for non-smokers was slightly (13%) and non-significantly (P = 0.44) lower than that of smokers. Placebo supplementation of non-smokers and smokers for 2 weeks did not significantly affect lycopene plasma levels or DNA damage in either group. Intervention with tomato oleoresin extract resulted in significant increases in total plasma lycopene and resulted in decreased levels of DNA strand breaks of approximately 32 (non-smokers) and 39% (smokers). However, this effect was not statistically significant in either group (P = 0.09 for non-smokers and P = 0.12 for smokers). Analysis of the distribution pattern of DNA strand breaks showed a statistically significant (P < 0.05) increase in the number of comets in class 0 (undamaged) and a decrease in classes 1 and 2 (damaged) after the tomato oleoresin extract intervention in non-smokers. The changes in the smoker group were not statistically significant. Treatment with the tomato extract had no effect on lymphocyte proliferation, NK cell activity, interleukin (IL)-2 production and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)alpha production, but it significantly reduced IL-4 production in smokers (P = 0.009). | [
{
"id": "15308586_T1",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
80,
86
]
],
"text": [
"cancer"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "15308586_T2",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
1867,
1872
]
],
"text": [
"tumor"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "15308586_T4",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
25,
31
]
],
"text": [
"tomato"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "15308586_T6",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
160,
166
]
],
"text": [
"tomato"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "15308586_T7",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
358,
364
]
],
"text": [
"tomato"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "15308586_T10",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
601,
607
]
],
"text": [
"tomato"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "15308586_T12",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
1087,
1093
]
],
"text": [
"tomato"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "15308586_T13",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
1616,
1622
]
],
"text": [
"tomato"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "15308586_T15",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
1757,
1763
]
],
"text": [
"tomato"
],
"normalized": []
}
] | [] | [
{
"id": "15308586_E1",
"type": "Treatment_of_disease",
"trigger": {
"text": [
"associated"
],
"offsets": [
[
44,
54
]
]
},
"arguments": [
{
"role": "Cause",
"ref_id": "15308586_T4"
},
{
"role": "Theme",
"ref_id": "15308586_T1"
}
]
}
] | [] |
15770206 | We investigated whether tobacco use causes cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (CSCC) in a large cohort study with complete and long-term follow-up. A total of 756 incident cases occurred in a cohort of 337,311 men during a 30-year follow-up period, but no association was found between any kind of smoking tobacco use and CSCC risk, nor any risk change with increasing dose, duration or time since smoking cessation. Snuff use was associated with a decreased risk of CSCC. Overall, our study provides no evidence that tobacco use increases the risk of CSCC. | [
{
"id": "15770206_T1",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
43,
76
]
],
"text": [
"cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "15770206_T2",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
24,
31
]
],
"text": [
"tobacco"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "15770206_T3",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
305,
312
]
],
"text": [
"tobacco"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "15770206_T4",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
517,
524
]
],
"text": [
"tobacco"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "15770206_T6",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
551,
555
]
],
"text": [
"CSCC"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "15770206_T7",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
466,
470
]
],
"text": [
"CSCC"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "15770206_T8",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
321,
325
]
],
"text": [
"CSCC"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "15770206_T10",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
78,
82
]
],
"text": [
"CSCC"
],
"normalized": []
}
] | [] | [] | [
{
"id": "15770206_1",
"entity_ids": [
"15770206_T1",
"15770206_T10"
]
}
] |
End of preview. Expand
in Dataset Viewer.
Dataset Card for PDR
The corpus of plant-disease relation consists of plants and diseases and their relation to PubMed abstract. The corpus consists of about 2400 plant and disease entities and 300 annotated relations from 179 abstracts.
Citation Information
@article{kim2019corpus,
title={A corpus of plant--disease relations in the biomedical domain},
author={Kim, Baeksoo and Choi, Wonjun and Lee, Hyunju},
journal={PLoS One},
volume={14},
number={8},
pages={e0221582},
year={2019},
publisher={Public Library of Science San Francisco, CA USA}
}
- Downloads last month
- 37