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] | <p>Parsons’s intimate paintings depict remembered and imagined spaces. This empty, pared-down room features a disorientating arrangement of walls and corners. It appears both open-ended and claustrophobic. Parsons is interested in the idea of a room as an extension of the self. Her work draws comparisons between physical and mental spaces.</p><p><em>Gallery label, May 2019</em></p> | false | 1 | 18149 | painting oil paint board | [
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This is one of a group of small oil paintings by Parsons in Tate’s collection, dating from between 2005 and 2012, which suggest pared down architectural interiors (see Tate <a class=\"acno-pop\" data-gtm-destination=\"page--artwork\" data-gtm-name=\"body_text_link\" href=\"https://www.tate.org.uk/art/artworks/parsons-untitled-t13940\" title=\"View the details of this artwork\"><span>T13940</span></a>–<a class=\"acno-pop\" data-gtm-destination=\"page--artwork\" data-gtm-name=\"body_text_link\" href=\"https://www.tate.org.uk/art/artworks/parsons-untitled-t13942\" title=\"View the details of this artwork\"><span>T13942</span></a>, <a class=\"acno-pop\" data-gtm-destination=\"page--artwork\" data-gtm-name=\"body_text_link\" href=\"https://www.tate.org.uk/art/artworks/parsons-untitled-t14110\" title=\"View the details of this artwork\"><span>T14110</span></a>–<a class=\"acno-pop\" data-gtm-destination=\"page--artwork\" data-gtm-name=\"body_text_link\" href=\"https://www.tate.org.uk/art/artworks/parsons-untitled-t14112\" title=\"View the details of this artwork\"><span>T14112</span></a>).</p>\n<p>Parsons’s interior paintings of borders and edges tread a fine line between representing a place and painterly abstraction. Her compositions are articulated by spare charcoal line drawings overlaid with washes of thinned oil paint, often in a muted palette. They usually have little extraneous details and use a vocabulary of ambiguous corners, passageways, doorways, tilted floors, tipped planes, apertures, screens, tunnels and low ceilings. Shifting perspectives challenge the stability of perception and simultaneously invite and occasionally prevent the viewer from imaginatively exploring the rooms depicted. The rooms are a combination of fictional and partially recalled places, including the artist’s studio but Parson’s omits any objects, inhabitants or recognisable features concentrating instead on the essential architectural skeleton of an interior. However, a sense of presence is conveyed through the use of light and shadow, although they are emitted or cast from unseen sources. These elements lend the paintings an atmosphere of intimacy and mystery as well as pictorial depth. The luminosity and translucency of the muted tonal range of the thinned oils which Parsons uses, accentuated by rare bursts of intense colour, and the thick plywood supports give the works a sculptural quality.</p>\n<p>Until the late 1990s Parsons primarily made figurative paintings, yet despite the absence of objects or people in this series they still reference the body. The spaces depicted are those that might be inhabited. Parsons is interested in the idea of a room as an extension of the self, as a chamber for feelings and sensations and she often draws comparisons between physical and mental spaces. The art historian Anna Moszynska has gone as far to compare Parsons’s rooms to bodies, writing that:</p>\n<p class=\"cttext\">\n</p><blockquote>The walls are comparable to skin; they breathe, resonate and contain the feeling of being inside them. While the body is always in a fixed place, the mind roams free and cannot be contained. Thus, the space which appears in the paintings is not a representation of a real room but an abstraction which pays tribute to the imagination and the power of memory to absorb and filter experience. What we find in the work is always a <i>sensation</i> of the room, felt through the body and altered beyond recognition in the act of its [re]creation as painting.<br/>(Moszynska 1999, unpaginated.)</blockquote>\n<p>Concurrent with this group of work Parsons has also painted sparse land and seascapes, often dominated by high or low horizon lines (for example, <i>Untitled</i> 2010, reproduced in Alan Cristea Gallery 2012, pl.14). Inspired by barren Icelandic environments and the ambiguous qualities of northern light, these works are expansive and without borders. 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"type": "art.Classification"
}
} | 7012857 7017168 7003687 7000084 | Sabine Moritz | 1,992 | [] | false | 1 | 17832 | paper unique coloured pencil | [] | 14 (Lift) | 1,992 | Tate | 1992–4 | CLEARED | 5 | support: 560 × 420 mm | accessioned work | Tate | Presented by <a href="/search?gid=999999973" data-gtm-name="tombstone_link_bequest" data-gtm-destination="list-page--search-results">Tate Members</a> 2013 | [] | [] | null | false | false | artwork |
|||||||||||||||
Coloured pencil on paper | [
{
"append_role_to_name": false,
"date": "born 1969",
"fc": "Sabine Moritz",
"prepend_role_to_name": false,
"role_display": "artist",
"url": "https://www.tate.org.uk/art/artists/sabine-moritz-17832"
}
] | 118,636 | [
{
"id": 999999779,
"shortTitle": "Tate Collection"
},
{
"id": 999999782,
"shortTitle": "Works with images"
},
{
"id": 999999961,
"shortTitle": "General Collection"
},
{
"id": 999999973,
"shortTitle": "Tate Members"
},
{
"id": 999999956,
"shortTitle": "Collection"
}
] | 1,992 | <a href="https://www.tate.org.uk/art/artists/sabine-moritz-17832" aria-label="More by Sabine Moritz" data-gtm-name="header_link_artist" data-gtm-destination="page--artist">Sabine Moritz</a> | 119 Living Room | 2,014 | 119 (Wohnzimmer) | [] | Presented by Tate Members 2013 | T13951 | {
"id": 5,
"meta": {
"type": "art.Classification"
}
} | 7012857 7017168 7003687 7000084 | Sabine Moritz | 1,992 | [] | false | 1 | 17832 | paper unique coloured pencil | [] | 119 (Living Room) | 1,992 | Tate | 1992–4 | CLEARED | 5 | support: 560 × 420 mm | accessioned work | Tate | Presented by <a href="/search?gid=999999973" data-gtm-name="tombstone_link_bequest" data-gtm-destination="list-page--search-results">Tate Members</a> 2013 | [] | [] | null | false | false | artwork |
|||||||||||||||
Coloured pencil on paper | [
{
"append_role_to_name": false,
"date": "born 1969",
"fc": "Sabine Moritz",
"prepend_role_to_name": false,
"role_display": "artist",
"url": "https://www.tate.org.uk/art/artists/sabine-moritz-17832"
}
] | 118,637 | [
{
"id": 999999779,
"shortTitle": "Tate Collection"
},
{
"id": 999999782,
"shortTitle": "Works with images"
},
{
"id": 999999961,
"shortTitle": "General Collection"
},
{
"id": 999999973,
"shortTitle": "Tate Members"
},
{
"id": 999999956,
"shortTitle": "Collection"
}
] | 1,992 | <a href="https://www.tate.org.uk/art/artists/sabine-moritz-17832" aria-label="More by Sabine Moritz" data-gtm-name="header_link_artist" data-gtm-destination="page--artist">Sabine Moritz</a> | 123 Bookcase and Stove | 2,014 | 123 (Bücherschrank u. Ofen) | [] | Presented by Tate Members 2013 | T13952 | {
"id": 5,
"meta": {
"type": "art.Classification"
}
} | 7012857 7017168 7003687 7000084 | Sabine Moritz | 1,992 | [] | false | 1 | 17832 | paper unique coloured pencil | [] | 123 (Bookcase and Stove) | 1,992 | Tate | 1992–4 | CLEARED | 5 | support: 560 × 420 mm | accessioned work | Tate | Presented by <a href="/search?gid=999999973" data-gtm-name="tombstone_link_bequest" data-gtm-destination="list-page--search-results">Tate Members</a> 2013 | [] | [] | null | false | false | artwork |
|||||||||||||||
Coloured pencil on paper | [
{
"append_role_to_name": false,
"date": "born 1969",
"fc": "Sabine Moritz",
"prepend_role_to_name": false,
"role_display": "artist",
"url": "https://www.tate.org.uk/art/artists/sabine-moritz-17832"
}
] | 118,638 | [
{
"id": 999999779,
"shortTitle": "Tate Collection"
},
{
"id": 999999782,
"shortTitle": "Works with images"
},
{
"id": 999999961,
"shortTitle": "General Collection"
},
{
"id": 999999973,
"shortTitle": "Tate Members"
},
{
"id": 999999956,
"shortTitle": "Collection"
}
] | 1,992 | <a href="https://www.tate.org.uk/art/artists/sabine-moritz-17832" aria-label="More by Sabine Moritz" data-gtm-name="header_link_artist" data-gtm-destination="page--artist">Sabine Moritz</a> | 122 Removal | 2,014 | 122 (Umzug) | [] | Presented by Tate Members 2013 | T13953 | {
"id": 5,
"meta": {
"type": "art.Classification"
}
} | 7012857 7017168 7003687 7000084 | Sabine Moritz | 1,992 | [] | false | 1 | 17832 | paper unique coloured pencil | [] | 122 (Removal) | 1,992 | Tate | 1992–4 | CLEARED | 5 | support: 560 × 420 mm | accessioned work | Tate | Presented by <a href="/search?gid=999999973" data-gtm-name="tombstone_link_bequest" data-gtm-destination="list-page--search-results">Tate Members</a> 2013 | [] | [] | null | false | false | artwork |
|||||||||||||||
Coloured pencil on paper | [
{
"append_role_to_name": false,
"date": "born 1969",
"fc": "Sabine Moritz",
"prepend_role_to_name": false,
"role_display": "artist",
"url": "https://www.tate.org.uk/art/artists/sabine-moritz-17832"
}
] | 118,639 | [
{
"id": 999999779,
"shortTitle": "Tate Collection"
},
{
"id": 999999782,
"shortTitle": "Works with images"
},
{
"id": 999999961,
"shortTitle": "General Collection"
},
{
"id": 999999973,
"shortTitle": "Tate Members"
},
{
"id": 999999956,
"shortTitle": "Collection"
}
] | 1,992 | <a href="https://www.tate.org.uk/art/artists/sabine-moritz-17832" aria-label="More by Sabine Moritz" data-gtm-name="header_link_artist" data-gtm-destination="page--artist">Sabine Moritz</a> | 120 Cabinet in Childrens Room | 2,014 | 120 (Kinderzimmerschrank) | [] | Presented by Tate Members 2013 | T13954 | {
"id": 5,
"meta": {
"type": "art.Classification"
}
} | 7012857 7017168 7003687 7000084 | Sabine Moritz | 1,992 | [] | false | 1 | 17832 | paper unique coloured pencil | [] | 120 (Cabinet in Children’s Room) | 1,992 | Tate | 1992–4 | CLEARED | 5 | support: 560 × 420 mm | accessioned work | Tate | Presented by <a href="/search?gid=999999973" data-gtm-name="tombstone_link_bequest" data-gtm-destination="list-page--search-results">Tate Members</a> 2013 | [] | [] | null | false | false | artwork |
|||||||||||||||
Coloured pencil on paper | [
{
"append_role_to_name": false,
"date": "born 1969",
"fc": "Sabine Moritz",
"prepend_role_to_name": false,
"role_display": "artist",
"url": "https://www.tate.org.uk/art/artists/sabine-moritz-17832"
}
] | 118,640 | [
{
"id": 999999779,
"shortTitle": "Tate Collection"
},
{
"id": 999999782,
"shortTitle": "Works with images"
},
{
"id": 999999961,
"shortTitle": "General Collection"
},
{
"id": 999999973,
"shortTitle": "Tate Members"
},
{
"id": 999999956,
"shortTitle": "Collection"
}
] | 1,992 | <a href="https://www.tate.org.uk/art/artists/sabine-moritz-17832" aria-label="More by Sabine Moritz" data-gtm-name="header_link_artist" data-gtm-destination="page--artist">Sabine Moritz</a> | 202 Entrance | 2,014 | 202 (Eingang) | [] | Presented by Tate Members 2013 | T13955 | {
"id": 5,
"meta": {
"type": "art.Classification"
}
} | 7012857 7017168 7003687 7000084 | Sabine Moritz | 1,992 | [] | false | 1 | 17832 | paper unique coloured pencil | [] | 202 (Entrance) | 1,992 | Tate | 1992–4 | CLEARED | 5 | support: 560 × 420 mm | accessioned work | Tate | Presented by <a href="/search?gid=999999973" data-gtm-name="tombstone_link_bequest" data-gtm-destination="list-page--search-results">Tate Members</a> 2013 | [] | [] | null | false | false | artwork |
|||||||||||||||
Coloured pencil on paper | [
{
"append_role_to_name": false,
"date": "born 1969",
"fc": "Sabine Moritz",
"prepend_role_to_name": false,
"role_display": "artist",
"url": "https://www.tate.org.uk/art/artists/sabine-moritz-17832"
}
] | 118,641 | [
{
"id": 999999779,
"shortTitle": "Tate Collection"
},
{
"id": 999999782,
"shortTitle": "Works with images"
},
{
"id": 999999961,
"shortTitle": "General Collection"
},
{
"id": 999999973,
"shortTitle": "Tate Members"
},
{
"id": 999999956,
"shortTitle": "Collection"
}
] | 1,992 | <a href="https://www.tate.org.uk/art/artists/sabine-moritz-17832" aria-label="More by Sabine Moritz" data-gtm-name="header_link_artist" data-gtm-destination="page--artist">Sabine Moritz</a> | 203 Grate | 2,014 | 203 (Gitter) | [] | Presented by Tate Members 2013 | T13956 | {
"id": 5,
"meta": {
"type": "art.Classification"
}
} | 7012857 7017168 7003687 7000084 | Sabine Moritz | 1,992 | [] | false | 1 | 17832 | paper unique coloured pencil | [] | 203 (Grate) | 1,992 | Tate | 1992–4 | CLEARED | 5 | support: 560 × 420 mm | accessioned work | Tate | Presented by <a href="/search?gid=999999973" data-gtm-name="tombstone_link_bequest" data-gtm-destination="list-page--search-results">Tate Members</a> 2013 | [] | [] | null | false | false | artwork |
|||||||||||||||
Coloured pencil and charcoal on paper | [
{
"append_role_to_name": false,
"date": "born 1969",
"fc": "Sabine Moritz",
"prepend_role_to_name": false,
"role_display": "artist",
"url": "https://www.tate.org.uk/art/artists/sabine-moritz-17832"
}
] | 118,642 | [
{
"id": 999999779,
"shortTitle": "Tate Collection"
},
{
"id": 999999782,
"shortTitle": "Works with images"
},
{
"id": 999999961,
"shortTitle": "General Collection"
},
{
"id": 999999973,
"shortTitle": "Tate Members"
},
{
"id": 999999956,
"shortTitle": "Collection"
}
] | 1,992 | <a href="https://www.tate.org.uk/art/artists/sabine-moritz-17832" aria-label="More by Sabine Moritz" data-gtm-name="header_link_artist" data-gtm-destination="page--artist">Sabine Moritz</a> | 211 House with Car Park | 2,014 | 211 (Haus m. Parkplatz) | [] | Presented by Tate Members 2013 | T13957 | {
"id": 5,
"meta": {
"type": "art.Classification"
}
} | 7012857 7017168 7003687 7000084 | Sabine Moritz | 1,992 | [] | false | 1 | 17832 | paper unique coloured pencil charcoal | [] | 211 (House with Car Park) | 1,992 | Tate | 1992–4 | CLEARED | 5 | support: 560 × 420 mm | accessioned work | Tate | Presented by <a href="/search?gid=999999973" data-gtm-name="tombstone_link_bequest" data-gtm-destination="list-page--search-results">Tate Members</a> 2013 | [] | [] | null | false | false | artwork |
|||||||||||||||
Coloured pencil on paper | [
{
"append_role_to_name": false,
"date": "born 1969",
"fc": "Sabine Moritz",
"prepend_role_to_name": false,
"role_display": "artist",
"url": "https://www.tate.org.uk/art/artists/sabine-moritz-17832"
}
] | 118,643 | [
{
"id": 999999779,
"shortTitle": "Tate Collection"
},
{
"id": 999999782,
"shortTitle": "Works with images"
},
{
"id": 999999961,
"shortTitle": "General Collection"
},
{
"id": 999999973,
"shortTitle": "Tate Members"
},
{
"id": 999999956,
"shortTitle": "Collection"
}
] | 1,992 | <a href="https://www.tate.org.uk/art/artists/sabine-moritz-17832" aria-label="More by Sabine Moritz" data-gtm-name="header_link_artist" data-gtm-destination="page--artist">Sabine Moritz</a> | 208 Two Houses | 2,014 | 208 (Zwei Häuser) | [] | Presented by Tate Members 2013 | T13958 | {
"id": 5,
"meta": {
"type": "art.Classification"
}
} | 7012857 7017168 7003687 7000084 | Sabine Moritz | 1,992 | [] | false | 1 | 17832 | paper unique coloured pencil | [] | 208 (Two Houses) | 1,992 | Tate | 1992–4 | CLEARED | 5 | support: 560 × 420 mm | accessioned work | Tate | Presented by <a href="/search?gid=999999973" data-gtm-name="tombstone_link_bequest" data-gtm-destination="list-page--search-results">Tate Members</a> 2013 | [] | [] | null | false | false | artwork |
|||||||||||||||
Coloured pencil on paper | [
{
"append_role_to_name": false,
"date": "born 1969",
"fc": "Sabine Moritz",
"prepend_role_to_name": false,
"role_display": "artist",
"url": "https://www.tate.org.uk/art/artists/sabine-moritz-17832"
}
] | 118,645 | [
{
"id": 999999779,
"shortTitle": "Tate Collection"
},
{
"id": 999999782,
"shortTitle": "Works with images"
},
{
"id": 999999961,
"shortTitle": "General Collection"
},
{
"id": 999999973,
"shortTitle": "Tate Members"
},
{
"id": 999999956,
"shortTitle": "Collection"
}
] | 1,992 | <a href="https://www.tate.org.uk/art/artists/sabine-moritz-17832" aria-label="More by Sabine Moritz" data-gtm-name="header_link_artist" data-gtm-destination="page--artist">Sabine Moritz</a> | 207 Street I | 2,014 | 207 (Straße I) | [] | Presented by Tate Members 2013 | T13959 | {
"id": 5,
"meta": {
"type": "art.Classification"
}
} | 7012857 7017168 7003687 7000084 | Sabine Moritz | 1,992 | [] | false | 1 | 17832 | paper unique coloured pencil | [] | 207 (Street I) | 1,992 | Tate | 1992–4 | CLEARED | 5 | support: 560 × 420 mm | accessioned work | Tate | Presented by <a href="/search?gid=999999973" data-gtm-name="tombstone_link_bequest" data-gtm-destination="list-page--search-results">Tate Members</a> 2013 | [] | [] | null | false | false | artwork |
|||||||||||||||
Coloured pencil on paper | [
{
"append_role_to_name": false,
"date": "born 1969",
"fc": "Sabine Moritz",
"prepend_role_to_name": false,
"role_display": "artist",
"url": "https://www.tate.org.uk/art/artists/sabine-moritz-17832"
}
] | 118,647 | [
{
"id": 999999779,
"shortTitle": "Tate Collection"
},
{
"id": 999999782,
"shortTitle": "Works with images"
},
{
"id": 999999961,
"shortTitle": "General Collection"
},
{
"id": 999999973,
"shortTitle": "Tate Members"
},
{
"id": 999999956,
"shortTitle": "Collection"
}
] | 1,992 | <a href="https://www.tate.org.uk/art/artists/sabine-moritz-17832" aria-label="More by Sabine Moritz" data-gtm-name="header_link_artist" data-gtm-destination="page--artist">Sabine Moritz</a> | 204 Blue House | 2,014 | 204 (Blaues Haus) | [] | Presented by Tate Members 2013 | T13960 | {
"id": 5,
"meta": {
"type": "art.Classification"
}
} | 7012857 7017168 7003687 7000084 | Sabine Moritz | 1,992 | [] | false | 1 | 17832 | paper unique coloured pencil | [] | 204 (Blue House) | 1,992 | Tate | 1992–4 | CLEARED | 5 | support: 560 × 420 mm | accessioned work | Tate | Presented by <a href="/search?gid=999999973" data-gtm-name="tombstone_link_bequest" data-gtm-destination="list-page--search-results">Tate Members</a> 2013 | [] | [] | null | false | false | artwork |
|||||||||||||||
Coloured pencil on paper | [
{
"append_role_to_name": false,
"date": "born 1969",
"fc": "Sabine Moritz",
"prepend_role_to_name": false,
"role_display": "artist",
"url": "https://www.tate.org.uk/art/artists/sabine-moritz-17832"
}
] | 118,649 | [
{
"id": 999999779,
"shortTitle": "Tate Collection"
},
{
"id": 999999782,
"shortTitle": "Works with images"
},
{
"id": 999999961,
"shortTitle": "General Collection"
},
{
"id": 999999973,
"shortTitle": "Tate Members"
},
{
"id": 999999956,
"shortTitle": "Collection"
}
] | 1,992 | <a href="https://www.tate.org.uk/art/artists/sabine-moritz-17832" aria-label="More by Sabine Moritz" data-gtm-name="header_link_artist" data-gtm-destination="page--artist">Sabine Moritz</a> | 197 Home Elderly | 2,014 | 197 (Altersheim) | [] | Presented by Tate Members 2013 | T13961 | {
"id": 5,
"meta": {
"type": "art.Classification"
}
} | 7012857 7017168 7003687 7000084 | Sabine Moritz | 1,992 | [] | false | 1 | 17832 | paper unique coloured pencil | [] | 197 ( Home for the Elderly) | 1,992 | Tate | 1992–4 | CLEARED | 5 | support: 560 × 420 mm | accessioned work | Tate | Presented by <a href="/search?gid=999999973" data-gtm-name="tombstone_link_bequest" data-gtm-destination="list-page--search-results">Tate Members</a> 2013 | [] | [] | null | false | false | artwork |
|||||||||||||||
Coloured pencil on paper | [
{
"append_role_to_name": false,
"date": "born 1969",
"fc": "Sabine Moritz",
"prepend_role_to_name": false,
"role_display": "artist",
"url": "https://www.tate.org.uk/art/artists/sabine-moritz-17832"
}
] | 118,651 | [
{
"id": 999999779,
"shortTitle": "Tate Collection"
},
{
"id": 999999782,
"shortTitle": "Works with images"
},
{
"id": 999999961,
"shortTitle": "General Collection"
},
{
"id": 999999973,
"shortTitle": "Tate Members"
},
{
"id": 999999956,
"shortTitle": "Collection"
}
] | 1,992 | <a href="https://www.tate.org.uk/art/artists/sabine-moritz-17832" aria-label="More by Sabine Moritz" data-gtm-name="header_link_artist" data-gtm-destination="page--artist">Sabine Moritz</a> | 212 House with Garages | 2,014 | 212 (Haus m Garagen) | [] | Presented by Tate Members 2013 | T13962 | {
"id": 5,
"meta": {
"type": "art.Classification"
}
} | 7012857 7017168 7003687 7000084 | Sabine Moritz | 1,992 | [] | false | 1 | 17832 | paper unique coloured pencil | [] | 212 (House with Garages) | 1,992 | Tate | 1992–4 | CLEARED | 5 | support: 560 × 420 mm | accessioned work | Tate | Presented by <a href="/search?gid=999999973" data-gtm-name="tombstone_link_bequest" data-gtm-destination="list-page--search-results">Tate Members</a> 2013 | [] | [] | null | false | false | artwork |
|||||||||||||||
Coloured pencil on paper | [
{
"append_role_to_name": false,
"date": "born 1969",
"fc": "Sabine Moritz",
"prepend_role_to_name": false,
"role_display": "artist",
"url": "https://www.tate.org.uk/art/artists/sabine-moritz-17832"
}
] | 118,652 | [
{
"id": 999999779,
"shortTitle": "Tate Collection"
},
{
"id": 999999782,
"shortTitle": "Works with images"
},
{
"id": 999999961,
"shortTitle": "General Collection"
},
{
"id": 999999973,
"shortTitle": "Tate Members"
},
{
"id": 999999956,
"shortTitle": "Collection"
}
] | 1,992 | <a href="https://www.tate.org.uk/art/artists/sabine-moritz-17832" aria-label="More by Sabine Moritz" data-gtm-name="header_link_artist" data-gtm-destination="page--artist">Sabine Moritz</a> | 200 Big House 1 | 2,014 | 200 (Großes Haus I) | [] | Presented by Tate Members 2013 | T13963 | {
"id": 5,
"meta": {
"type": "art.Classification"
}
} | 7012857 7017168 7003687 7000084 | Sabine Moritz | 1,992 | [] | false | 1 | 17832 | paper unique coloured pencil | [] | 200 (Big House 1) | 1,992 | Tate | 1992–4 | CLEARED | 5 | support: 560 × 420 mm | accessioned work | Tate | Presented by <a href="/search?gid=999999973" data-gtm-name="tombstone_link_bequest" data-gtm-destination="list-page--search-results">Tate Members</a> 2013 | [] | [] | null | false | false | artwork |
|||||||||||||||
Coloured pencil on paper | [
{
"append_role_to_name": false,
"date": "born 1969",
"fc": "Sabine Moritz",
"prepend_role_to_name": false,
"role_display": "artist",
"url": "https://www.tate.org.uk/art/artists/sabine-moritz-17832"
}
] | 118,654 | [
{
"id": 999999779,
"shortTitle": "Tate Collection"
},
{
"id": 999999782,
"shortTitle": "Works with images"
},
{
"id": 999999961,
"shortTitle": "General Collection"
},
{
"id": 999999973,
"shortTitle": "Tate Members"
},
{
"id": 999999956,
"shortTitle": "Collection"
}
] | 1,992 | <a href="https://www.tate.org.uk/art/artists/sabine-moritz-17832" aria-label="More by Sabine Moritz" data-gtm-name="header_link_artist" data-gtm-destination="page--artist">Sabine Moritz</a> | 217 Eiskeller Street II | 2,014 | 217 (Eiskeller Straße II) | [] | Presented by Tate Members 2013 | T13964 | {
"id": 5,
"meta": {
"type": "art.Classification"
}
} | 7012857 7017168 7003687 7000084 | Sabine Moritz | 1,992 | [] | false | 1 | 17832 | paper unique coloured pencil | [] | 217 (Eiskeller Street II) | 1,992 | Tate | 1992–4 | CLEARED | 5 | support: 560 × 420 mm | accessioned work | Tate | Presented by <a href="/search?gid=999999973" data-gtm-name="tombstone_link_bequest" data-gtm-destination="list-page--search-results">Tate Members</a> 2013 | [] | [] | null | false | false | artwork |
|||||||||||||||
Coloured pencil on paper | [
{
"append_role_to_name": false,
"date": "born 1969",
"fc": "Sabine Moritz",
"prepend_role_to_name": false,
"role_display": "artist",
"url": "https://www.tate.org.uk/art/artists/sabine-moritz-17832"
}
] | 118,655 | [
{
"id": 999999779,
"shortTitle": "Tate Collection"
},
{
"id": 999999782,
"shortTitle": "Works with images"
},
{
"id": 999999961,
"shortTitle": "General Collection"
},
{
"id": 999999973,
"shortTitle": "Tate Members"
},
{
"id": 999999956,
"shortTitle": "Collection"
}
] | 1,992 | <a href="https://www.tate.org.uk/art/artists/sabine-moritz-17832" aria-label="More by Sabine Moritz" data-gtm-name="header_link_artist" data-gtm-destination="page--artist">Sabine Moritz</a> | 206 Big House IV | 2,014 | 206 (Gr. Haus IV) | [] | Presented by Tate Members 2013 | T13965 | {
"id": 5,
"meta": {
"type": "art.Classification"
}
} | 7012857 7017168 7003687 7000084 | Sabine Moritz | 1,992 | [] | false | 1 | 17832 | paper unique coloured pencil | [] | 206 (Big House IV) | 1,992 | Tate | 1992–4 | CLEARED | 5 | support: 560 × 420 mm | accessioned work | Tate | Presented by <a href="/search?gid=999999973" data-gtm-name="tombstone_link_bequest" data-gtm-destination="list-page--search-results">Tate Members</a> 2013 | [] | [] | null | false | false | artwork |
|||||||||||||||
Coloured pencil on paper | [
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} | 7012857 7017168 7003687 7000084 | Sabine Moritz | 1,992 | [] | false | 1 | 17832 | paper unique coloured pencil | [] | 205 (Big House II) | 1,992 | Tate | 1992–4 | CLEARED | 5 | support: 560 × 420 mm | accessioned work | Tate | Presented by <a href="/search?gid=999999973" data-gtm-name="tombstone_link_bequest" data-gtm-destination="list-page--search-results">Tate Members</a> 2013 | [] | [] | null | false | false | artwork |
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Coloured pencil on paper | [
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} | 7012857 7017168 7003687 7000084 | Sabine Moritz | 1,992 | [] | false | 1 | 17832 | paper unique coloured pencil | [] | 198 (Store) | 1,992 | Tate | 1992–4 | CLEARED | 5 | support: 560 × 420 mm | accessioned work | Tate | Presented by <a href="/search?gid=999999973" data-gtm-name="tombstone_link_bequest" data-gtm-destination="list-page--search-results">Tate Members</a> 2013 | [] | [] | null | false | false | artwork |
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Coloured pencil on paper | [
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} | 7012857 7017168 7003687 7000084 | Sabine Moritz | 1,992 | [] | false | 1 | 17832 | paper unique coloured pencil | [] | 126 (Schelling Street) | 1,992 | Tate | 1992–4 | CLEARED | 5 | support: 560 × 420 mm | accessioned work | Tate | Presented by <a href="/search?gid=999999973" data-gtm-name="tombstone_link_bequest" data-gtm-destination="list-page--search-results">Tate Members</a> 2013 | [] | [] | null | false | false | artwork |
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Coloured pencil on paper | [
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} | 7012857 7017168 7003687 7000084 | Sabine Moritz | 1,992 | [] | false | 1 | 17832 | paper unique coloured pencil | [] | 201 (Big House II) | 1,992 | Tate | 1992–4 | CLEARED | 5 | support: 560 × 420 mm | accessioned work | Tate | Presented by <a href="/search?gid=999999973" data-gtm-name="tombstone_link_bequest" data-gtm-destination="list-page--search-results">Tate Members</a> 2013 | [] | [] | null | false | false | artwork |
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Coloured pencil on paper | [
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} | 7012857 7017168 7003687 7000084 | Sabine Moritz | 1,992 | [] | false | 1 | 17832 | paper unique coloured pencil | [] | 210 (Façade) | 1,992 | Tate | 1992–4 | CLEARED | 5 | support: 560 × 420 mm | accessioned work | Tate | Presented by <a href="/search?gid=999999973" data-gtm-name="tombstone_link_bequest" data-gtm-destination="list-page--search-results">Tate Members</a> 2013 | [] | [] | null | false | false | artwork |
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Coloured pencil on paper | [
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} | 7012857 7017168 7003687 7000084 | Sabine Moritz | 1,992 | [] | false | 1 | 17832 | paper unique coloured pencil | [] | 214 (Skyscraper) | 1,992 | Tate | 1992–4 | CLEARED | 5 | support: 560 × 420 mm | accessioned work | Tate | Presented by <a href="/search?gid=999999973" data-gtm-name="tombstone_link_bequest" data-gtm-destination="list-page--search-results">Tate Members</a> 2013 | [] | [] | null | false | false | artwork |
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Coloured pencil on paper | [
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|||||||||||||||
Photograph, gelatin silver print with paint on paper | [
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] | <p>This is one of a large group of photograms and studies in modernist photography in Tate’s collection by the Hungarian-born photographer, painter, designer, teacher and writer, Gyorgy Kepes (see Tate P80532–P80568, T13973–T13975). They date from 1938 to the early 1940s and were made in the United States, where Kepes had emigrated in 1937. Kepes made his earliest photograms in Budapest, taking nature as his starting point, directly recording the process without a camera onto photosensitized surfaces. In the late 1920s Kepes joined the Berlin studio of the Hungarian artist and modernist photographer László Moholy-Nagy (1895–1946). Moholy-Nagy had been a teacher at the Bauhaus School in Germany and was one of the principals in promoting the values of the Bauhaus movement, as well as a pioneer who experimented with a multitude of materials and techniques. Kepes was introduced to the ‘new vision’ provided by the possibilities of modern art techniques while collaborating alongside Moholy-Nagy. He began to experiment with photograms himself – photographic prints made in the darkroom by placing objects directly onto light sensitive paper and exposing the paper to light. Later, he made prints he called ‘photo-drawings’, in which he applied paint to a glass plate that he then used as though it were a negative. Only a few of Kepes’s works from this earlier period survived the artist’s many moves in the 1930s and the Second World War.</p> | true | 1 | 18710 | paper unique photograph gelatin silver print paint | [
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"content": "<div class=\"text\">\n<p>This is one of a large group of photograms and studies in modernist photography in Tate’s collection by the Hungarian-born photographer, painter, designer, teacher and writer, Gyorgy Kepes (see Tate <a class=\"acno-pop\" data-gtm-destination=\"page--artwork\" data-gtm-name=\"body_text_link\" href=\"https://www.tate.org.uk/art/artworks/kepes-gears-p80532\" title=\"View the details of this artwork\"><span>P80532</span></a>–<a class=\"acno-pop\" data-gtm-destination=\"page--artwork\" data-gtm-name=\"body_text_link\" href=\"https://www.tate.org.uk/art/artworks/kepes-untitled-p80568\" title=\"View the details of this artwork\"><span>P80568</span></a>, <a class=\"acno-pop\" data-gtm-destination=\"page--artwork\" data-gtm-name=\"body_text_link\" href=\"https://www.tate.org.uk/art/artworks/kepes-r-with-compass-t13973\" title=\"View the details of this artwork\"><span>T13973</span></a>–<a class=\"acno-pop\" data-gtm-destination=\"page--artwork\" data-gtm-name=\"body_text_link\" href=\"https://www.tate.org.uk/art/artworks/kepes-collage-egg-collage-t13975\" title=\"View the details of this artwork\"><span>T13975</span></a>). They date from 1938 to the early 1940s and were made in the United States, where Kepes had emigrated in 1937. Kepes made his earliest photograms in Budapest, taking nature as his starting point, directly recording the process without a camera onto photosensitized surfaces. In the late 1920s Kepes joined the Berlin studio of the Hungarian artist and modernist photographer László Moholy-Nagy (1895–1946). Moholy-Nagy had been a teacher at the Bauhaus School in Germany and was one of the principals in promoting the values of the Bauhaus movement, as well as a pioneer who experimented with a multitude of materials and techniques. Kepes was introduced to the ‘new vision’ provided by the possibilities of modern art techniques while collaborating alongside Moholy-Nagy. He began to experiment with photograms himself – photographic prints made in the darkroom by placing objects directly onto light sensitive paper and exposing the paper to light. Later, he made prints he called ‘photo-drawings’, in which he applied paint to a glass plate that he then used as though it were a negative. Only a few of Kepes’s works from this earlier period survived the artist’s many moves in the 1930s and the Second World War.</p>\n<p>Essentially abstract images, the photograms exist metaphorically between science and art: as dematerialised light recordings of natural objects they have close links with Kepes’s later interest in scientific records. In 1937 Kepes emigrated to the United States at the invitation of Moholy-Nagy to run the Color and Light Department at the recently founded New Bauhaus in Chicago, which would become the Institute of Design. The photograms he produced during this time, including the ones in Tate’s collection, demonstrate the fundamental aspects of his artistic personality, such as social consciousness, an interest in the formal qualities of light and the sensuousness of surfaces, and an exploration of an abstraction derived from nature and real objects. The imagery in these works includes studies with geometric forms such as prisms and cones, mechanical forms such as gears, domestic objects including sieves and string, more organic forms such as leaves, rocks, feathers and bone, and typography. Although Kepes did not himself view photography per se as a central concern, it formed a link between his painting, films and technological and environmental art projects. Light, the essence of photography, is at the heart of his practice. </p>\n<p>\n<b>Further reading</b>\n<br/>Judith Wechsler, <i>Gyorgy Kepes, The MIT Years: 1945–1977</i>, Cambridge, Massachusetts 1978.</p>\n<p>Juliet Bingham<br/>August 2013</p>\n</div>\n",
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Photograph, gelatin silver print with ink on paper | [
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] | Gears 2 (Gears and Inked Carton) | 1,939 | Tate | 1939–40 | Prints and Drawings Rooms | CLEARED | 5 | support: 355 × 286 mm | accessioned work | Tate | Purchased with funds provided by the Russia and Eastern European Acquisitions Committee and the Photography Acquisitions Committee 2013 | [
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"content": "<div class=\"text\">\n<p>This is one of a large group of photograms and studies in modernist photography in Tate’s collection by the Hungarian-born photographer, painter, designer, teacher and writer, Gyorgy Kepes (see Tate <a class=\"acno-pop\" data-gtm-destination=\"page--artwork\" data-gtm-name=\"body_text_link\" href=\"https://www.tate.org.uk/art/artworks/kepes-gears-p80532\" title=\"View the details of this artwork\"><span>P80532</span></a>–<a class=\"acno-pop\" data-gtm-destination=\"page--artwork\" data-gtm-name=\"body_text_link\" href=\"https://www.tate.org.uk/art/artworks/kepes-untitled-p80568\" title=\"View the details of this artwork\"><span>P80568</span></a>, <a class=\"acno-pop\" data-gtm-destination=\"page--artwork\" data-gtm-name=\"body_text_link\" href=\"https://www.tate.org.uk/art/artworks/kepes-r-with-compass-t13973\" title=\"View the details of this artwork\"><span>T13973</span></a>–<a class=\"acno-pop\" data-gtm-destination=\"page--artwork\" data-gtm-name=\"body_text_link\" href=\"https://www.tate.org.uk/art/artworks/kepes-collage-egg-collage-t13975\" title=\"View the details of this artwork\"><span>T13975</span></a>). They date from 1938 to the early 1940s and were made in the United States, where Kepes had emigrated in 1937. Kepes made his earliest photograms in Budapest, taking nature as his starting point, directly recording the process without a camera onto photosensitized surfaces. In the late 1920s Kepes joined the Berlin studio of the Hungarian artist and modernist photographer László Moholy-Nagy (1895–1946). Moholy-Nagy had been a teacher at the Bauhaus School in Germany and was one of the principals in promoting the values of the Bauhaus movement, as well as a pioneer who experimented with a multitude of materials and techniques. Kepes was introduced to the ‘new vision’ provided by the possibilities of modern art techniques while collaborating alongside Moholy-Nagy. He began to experiment with photograms himself – photographic prints made in the darkroom by placing objects directly onto light sensitive paper and exposing the paper to light. Later, he made prints he called ‘photo-drawings’, in which he applied paint to a glass plate that he then used as though it were a negative. Only a few of Kepes’s works from this earlier period survived the artist’s many moves in the 1930s and the Second World War.</p>\n<p>Essentially abstract images, the photograms exist metaphorically between science and art: as dematerialised light recordings of natural objects they have close links with Kepes’s later interest in scientific records. In 1937 Kepes emigrated to the United States at the invitation of Moholy-Nagy to run the Color and Light Department at the recently founded New Bauhaus in Chicago, which would become the Institute of Design. The photograms he produced during this time, including the ones in Tate’s collection, demonstrate the fundamental aspects of his artistic personality, such as social consciousness, an interest in the formal qualities of light and the sensuousness of surfaces, and an exploration of an abstraction derived from nature and real objects. The imagery in these works includes studies with geometric forms such as prisms and cones, mechanical forms such as gears, domestic objects including sieves and string, more organic forms such as leaves, rocks, feathers and bone, and typography. Although Kepes did not himself view photography per se as a central concern, it formed a link between his painting, films and technological and environmental art projects. Light, the essence of photography, is at the heart of his practice. </p>\n<p>\n<b>Further reading</b>\n<br/>Judith Wechsler, <i>Gyorgy Kepes, The MIT Years: 1945–1977</i>, Cambridge, Massachusetts 1978.</p>\n<p>Juliet Bingham<br/>August 2013</p>\n</div>\n",
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Photograph, gelatin silver print on paper, on photograph, gelatin silver print on paper | [
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} | prints_and_drawings | 7006352 7006278 2215680 1003038 7007517 7012149 | György Kepes | 1,939 | [] | <p>This is one of a large group of photograms and studies in modernist photography in Tate’s collection by the Hungarian-born photographer, painter, designer, teacher and writer, Gyorgy Kepes (see Tate P80532–P80568, T13973–T13975). They date from 1938 to the early 1940s and were made in the United States, where Kepes had emigrated in 1937. Kepes made his earliest photograms in Budapest, taking nature as his starting point, directly recording the process without a camera onto photosensitized surfaces. In the late 1920s Kepes joined the Berlin studio of the Hungarian artist and modernist photographer László Moholy-Nagy (1895–1946). Moholy-Nagy had been a teacher at the Bauhaus School in Germany and was one of the principals in promoting the values of the Bauhaus movement, as well as a pioneer who experimented with a multitude of materials and techniques. Kepes was introduced to the ‘new vision’ provided by the possibilities of modern art techniques while collaborating alongside Moholy-Nagy. He began to experiment with photograms himself – photographic prints made in the darkroom by placing objects directly onto light sensitive paper and exposing the paper to light. Later, he made prints he called ‘photo-drawings’, in which he applied paint to a glass plate that he then used as though it were a negative. Only a few of Kepes’s works from this earlier period survived the artist’s many moves in the 1930s and the Second World War.</p> | true | 1 | 18710 | paper unique photograph gelatin silver print | [
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Oil paint on hardboard | [
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] | <p>In <span>Composition</span> Abboud used thick paint, applied with a palette knife. The irregular grid gives the work a sense of movement. It is characteristic of his abstract work of the 1950s. At that time he was living in Paris, but the painting carries memories of the light and colours of Lebanon, where Abboud was born. There may even be the suggestion of an aerial view of rural landscape. He wrote: ‘I like pursuing the work up to the abstract picture without letting go of the real origin’.</p><p><em>Gallery label, June 2020</em></p> | false | 1 | 18834 | painting oil paint hardboard | [
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] | Composition | 1,957 | Tate | c.1957–8 | CLEARED | 6 | support: 1460 × 1140 mm | accessioned work | Tate | Purchased with funds provided by the Middle East North Africa Acquisitions Committee 2014 | [
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"content": "<div class=\"text\">\n<p>\n<i>Composition </i>c.1957–8 is an abstract painting on hardboard. The support is characteristic of the artist, who regularly painted on similar panels. The composition is dynamic, conveying a sense of movement through its structure of abstracted, rectangular shapes, which were applied with a palette knife. The work exemplifies Abboud’s often relatively monochromatic tonal system, here using a range of blues and greys. The painting was created during the late 1950s when Abboud was based in Paris, the city in which he lived from 1947 to 1969. However, as in many of his artworks, <i>Composition</i> also evokes the landscape, light and colour of his native Lebanon, whose scenery and colours were an ongoing source of inspiration for him.</p>\n<p>Having studied in Paris since 1947 and worked in the ateliers of Jean Metzinger, Othon Friesz, Fernand Léger and André Lhote, Abboud began by creating abstract compositions and figurative works using techniques that owe much to cubism. He went on to develop a distinctive style that continued to employ cubist elements, but with thick layers of paint that resulted in rough, densely worked surfaces. In <i>Composition </i>the lines and contours, and the almost sculptural structure of the painting, are suggestive of an aerial view of a rural landscape featuring fields. In his notebooks, the artist wrote: ‘It is very hard to explain, but I like pursuing the work up to the abstract picture without letting go of the real origin … It is possible, I have already done it’ (Shafic Abboud, ‘Notebook, 1996–2003’, unpublished, courtesy of the artist’s estate).</p>\n<p>The different coloured shapes in this painting, although seemingly irregular, have their own internal order. Liberated from the rigidity of a grid structure, their forms tilt away from any centre, creating an effect of gentle motion. The palette of blues, greys, and lighter tones is typical of Abboud’s paintings from this period. Upon close inspection, the work is a force of painterly gestures. Thick paint, lines and colours play on the morphological possibilities of the primary material and create a formal language based on the perception of its detailed surface. The forms of <i>Composition </i>present a constant juxtaposition of brushstrokes and colour fields, an interacting system of richly coloured moments. <i>Composition </i>is an unusually large-scale work for Abboud and exemplifies his distinctive take on European <i>informel </i>painting of the 1950s, combining European, Arabic and traditional Byzantine influences.</p>\n<p>\n<b>Further reading</b>\n<br/>\n<i>Shafic Abboud: Rétrospective: Peintures 1948–2003</i>, exhibition catalogue, Institut du Monde Arabe, Paris 2011.<br/>Pascale Le Thorel, <i>Shafic Abboud</i>, Milan 2015.</p>\n<p>Vassilis Oikonomopoulos<br/>July 2013</p>\n</div>\n",
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Wood, perspex and paint | [
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] | <p>In 1961 Ascott became interested in cybernetic theory and adopted cybernetic approaches into his formulation of the Ground course at Ealing College of Art (1961–4). For Ascott, cybernetics represented a process of communication and behaviour from which observations of the world could be made. Here, the combination of multiple possibilities achieved by the interrelation of the panels and solid wooden elements, combined with a transparent moveable central panel, allows the work to be created by the viewer whose interaction brings the object into being.</p><p><em>Gallery label, September 2016</em></p> | false | 1 | 17818 | sculpture wood perspex paint | [
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] | Video-Roget | 1,962 | Tate | 1962 | CLEARED | 8 | object: 1270 × 895 × 75 mm | accessioned work | Tate | Presented by <a href="/search?gid=999999973" data-gtm-name="tombstone_link_bequest" data-gtm-destination="list-page--search-results">Tate Members</a> 2014 | [
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"content": "<div class=\"text\">\n<p>\n<i>Video-Roget</i> 1962 is a wall-mounted work made up of five horizontal panels or discrete areas positioned above each other. The top two and bottom two panels are wooden and each has machined abstract shapes suggestive of organic forms mounted on it. Three of the panels contain three such forms, while the one second from bottom has four. The central panel is made out of blue Plexiglas and covers a painted scale, over which a moveable glass calibrator can be made to slide and so make connections to the fields above and below it. <i>Video-Roget</i> was included in Ascott’s second solo exhibition in London, held at Molton Gallery in 1963. In the accompanying catalogue to this show entitled <i>Diagram Boxes and Analogue Structures</i>, Ascott described his interest in Cybernetics – defined by the Oxford English Dictionary as ‘the science of communications and automatic control systems in both machines and living things’ – stating that: </p>\n<p class=\"cttext\">\n</p><blockquote>Cybernetics has provided me with a starting point from which observations of the world can be made. There are other points of departure: the need to find patterns of connection in events and sets of objects; the need to make ideas solid (working in wood, etc.) but interfusable (transparent panels, hinged sections), an awareness of change as fundamental to our experience of reality; the intention to make movement a subtle but essential part of an artefact.<br/>(Quoted in Molton Gallery 1963, unpaginated.) </blockquote>\n<p>\n<i>Video-Roget</i> encapsulates many of the ideas expressed in this statement which were also key to the development of Ascott’s art practice: the combination of multiple possibilities of meanings achieved by the interrelation of the panels, and solid wooden elements combined with a transparent moveable central panel that allows for ‘change’. The work is completed by a behavioural process in which the viewer participates and, through this interaction, brings the object into being – the participation being as much mental as physical. Ascott further explored the relationships between the elements of <i>Video-Roget</i> in the catalogue to the Molton Gallery exhibition by placing tracing paper with text over a reproduction of the work. This printed ‘Thesaurus’ (designed by Noel Forster, a tutor on the ‘Groundcourse’ which Ascott introduced when he was a tutor at Ealing School of Art between 1961 and 1964) defines the different elements of the work and how they might interact or embody change. Where the Plexiglas and glass ‘Calibration Unit’ is described in the Thesaurus as a ‘linkage device’ between the two fields both above and beneath it, each of those areas are themselves separated from the other by a raised bar of wood that marks a ‘shift potential’ between them. Thus the three ‘Metaforms for organic growth’ in the upper panel can each shift through the different formal strategies exerted on them to form a ‘flap’, ‘wedge’ or ‘split-pitch’ shape. Such a shift in potential can then be registered through feedback by the six shapes in the lower two registers or layers of shape that communicate ‘items of intention’. For instance, the ‘wedge’ or ‘split-pitch’ forms in the upper register can be linked to a ‘source’ or ‘forming potential’ shape and the ‘pulse energy potential’ shape. The development of form could thus be shown, through feedback loops, to lead to different behavioural results in which a ‘bottle/container’ shape could be analogous to a ‘claw/holding’ shape; in both cases the shape can be read as an object and an action. An untitled diagram (also designed by Forster) that occupies the following page spread in the Molton Gallery catalogue situates <i>Video-Roget</i> within a cybernetic system of information and communication flow as ‘a statement of my intention to use any assembly of diagrammatic and iconographic forms within a given construct as seems necessary’. </p>\n<p>The machined wooden relief forms in <i>Video-Roget</i> directly relate to the organicist constructionist language that underpinned the work of Victor Pasmore (1908–1998), under whom Ascott had studied, and that derived in part from his indebtedness to D’Arcy Wentworth Thompson’s examination of organic form and structure revealed in his book <i>On Growth and Form</i> (1915), a publication widely circulated among artists in the mid to late 1950s. The dominant form in Pasmore’s relief <i>Black Abstract</i> 1963 (Tate <a class=\"acno-pop\" data-gtm-destination=\"page--artwork\" data-gtm-name=\"body_text_link\" href=\"https://www.tate.org.uk/art/artworks/pasmore-black-abstract-t00587\" title=\"View the details of this artwork\"><span>T00587</span></a>) or his print <i>Points of Contact No. 2</i> 1964 (Tate <a class=\"acno-pop\" data-gtm-destination=\"page--artwork\" data-gtm-name=\"body_text_link\" href=\"https://www.tate.org.uk/art/artworks/pasmore-points-of-contact-no-2-p04888\" title=\"View the details of this artwork\"><span>P04888</span></a>) demonstrates a correspondence with the ‘metaforms’ in <i>Video-Roget. </i>This shape language (machined yet organic in source) is, in <i>Video-Roget</i>, positioned within a cybernetic system embodying dialogue and participation in its flows of information and communication. Instead of being physically transformable (as were Ascott’s <i>Change Paintings</i> of 1960 which were made up of moveable panels of painted glass and Plexiglas), they offer a kit or ‘thesaurus’ of possibilities as to how the work can be read, calling for a projection and transformation between different registers. </p>\n<p>In 1961 Ascott had become interested in Cybernetic theory through the writing of F.H. George, especially <i>Automation, Cybernetics and Society</i> (1959), Norbert Weiner and his<i> The Human Use of Human Beings: Cybernetics and Society</i> (1948) and W. Ross Ashby’s<i> Design for a Brain </i>1952. He adopted these cybernetic approaches into his formulation of the Groundcourse at Ealing College of Art, and especially following a lecture that Gordon Pask gave at Ealing in its first year. Through this course Ascott integrated his art and pedagogical practices and encouraged his students to explore processes of interaction, to continually challenge their preconceptions about making art, and to respect their responsibility towards their materials and society. Ideas of theory and problem-solving occupied a primary position within the course, unlike other foundation courses that were based in a manipulation of media. Ascott’s use of the cybernetic language within his work led him in the later 1970s to a use of computer networking as a way of creating a wider matrix of participation, dialogue and feedback. Through his pioneering use of computers he evolved, from the late 1970s on, what he termed a ‘Telematic’ practice that led him to concentrate on the ethical concerns regarding the use made of computer and telecommunications networks.</p>\n<p>\n<b>Further reading </b>\n<br/>\n<i>Diagram-Boxes & Analogue Structures</i>, exhibition catalogue, Molton Gallery, London 1963, reproduced, unpaginated.<br/>Roy Ascott, <i>Telematic Embrace: Visionary Theories of Art, Technology and Consciousness</i>, London 2003, reproduced pp.12–13.</p>\n<p>Jenny Powell <br/>September 2013 </p>\n</div>\n",
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] | Reborn Sounds of Childhood Dreams I | 1,961 | Tate | 1961–5 | CLEARED | 6 | support: 2588 × 2600 mm | accessioned work | Tate | Purchased from the artist with assistance from the Africa Acquisitions Committee, the Middle East North Africa Acquisitions Committee, Tate International Council and <a href="/search?gid=999999973" data-gtm-name="tombstone_link_bequest" data-gtm-destination="list-page--search-results">Tate Members</a> 2013 | [
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"content": "<div class=\"text\">\n<p>In <i>Reborn Sounds of Childhood Dreams I </i>1961–5 ghostly figures with stretched heads and hollow eyes emerge from a yellow ground. The figures merge into, and out of, one another. Limbs blend into arabesques and heads are topped with crescents, while white over-painting blurs the distinction between abstract form, pattern and figure. The square format, sober palette, deliberate drips and intentional wrinkling of the paint surface are all characteristic of El-Salahi’s work from this period. While the heads of the figures recall African masks, the artist has also suggested that the ‘elongated, black-eyed, glittering facial shapes might represent the veils our mothers and grandmothers used to wear in public, or the faces of the drummers and tambourine players I had seen circling wildly during funeral ceremonies and chants in praise of <i>Allah</i>’ (Ibrahim El-Salahi, ‘The Artist in His Own Words’, in Hassan 2013, p.84).</p>\n<p>\n<i>Reborn Sounds of Childhood Dreams I </i>is painted in oil and enamel on damouriya, a narrow textile that is hand-woven in Sudan. Three horizontal strips of cloth were stitched together to form a very large sheet of fabric on which El-Salahi sketched his initial composition. He then invited Sudanese poet, painter and filmmaker Hussein Shariffe to work on the middle section of the painting in his studio in Khartoum. The two artists, finding themselves unable to work collaboratively on such a large surface, quickly resolved to cut the fabric vertically into three sections. El-Salahi continued to work extensively on the right panel (which became <i>Reborn Sounds of Childhood Dreams I</i>), initially in Sudan and later in New York, where he travelled in the early 1960s on UNESCO and Rockefeller Foundation Fellowships.</p>\n<p>Completed in 1965, this painting was rolled and shipped from New York to Khartoum where it was stored for approximately thirty-five years. During this period El-Salahi established the Ministry of Culture in his native Sudan and played an influential role in developing the country’s cultural policies. However, he was later accused of anti-government activities and imprisoned without trial (see Salah M. Hassan, ‘Prison Notebook: A Visual Memoir’, in Hassan 2013, p.93). On his release El-Salahi chose exile, and has since divided his time between Qatar, the United Kingdom and Sudan. <i>Reborn Sounds of Childhood Dreams I </i>was rediscovered in 2000 and included in El-Salahi’s exhibition at Dara Gallery in Khartoum, his first exhibition in Sudan in more than thirty years (see El-Salahi, ‘The Artist in His Own Words’, in Hassan 2013, p.89). The whereabouts of the smaller left panel completed by El-Salahi and the central panel painted by Shariffe are not currently known.</p>\n<p>El-Salahi frequently draws on childhood memories and visions experienced during meditation for inspiration. In his words, he seeks to ‘register and describe what I perceive through the senses while remaining tightly bound to an elusive, indecipherable, metaphysical essence’ (El-Salahi, ‘The Artist in His Own Words’, in Hassan 2013, p.89). In <i>Reborn Sounds of Childhood Dreams I</i> the lines and forms are infused with spirituality and social consciousness. For El-Salahi, sound and line are closely connected. He has explained that lines form letters, which in turn inform sound and thereby enable communication (in conversation with Tate curator Kerryn Greenberg, 24 May 2012). Historian Salah Hassan has noted that El-Salahi ‘was fascinated by the visual spaces created in Arabic calligraphy, whose influence on his work is inextricably interwoven with memories of his childhood and early schooling at the hands of his own father, who ran a Qur’anic school in his house’ (Salah M. Hassan, ‘Ibrahim El-Salahi and the Making of African and Transnational Modernism’, in Hassan 2013, p.21). This connection is explicit in El-Salahi’s title <i>Reborn Sounds of Childhood Dreams I</i>, in which he captures the fleeting, and often dramatic, moments when memory and dreams, past and present, collide. Another work in which El-Salahi combines calligraphy with the painted image is <i>Untitled </i>1967 (Tate <a class=\"acno-pop\" data-gtm-destination=\"page--artwork\" data-gtm-name=\"body_text_link\" href=\"https://www.tate.org.uk/art/artworks/el-salahi-untitled-t13736\" title=\"View the details of this artwork\"><span>T13736</span></a>).</p>\n<p>El-Salahi is widely regarded as one of the pioneers of modern art in Africa. In Sudan he is credited with developing a new visual vocabulary drawing on traditional Arabic calligraphic forms and religious iconography. After completing his initial studies at the Gordon Memorial College in Khartoum, El-Salahi travelled to London where he studied painting and calligraphy at the Slade School of Art (1954–7), experimenting with Western techniques and styles, but not accepting them uncritically. After graduating, El-Salahi returned to Sudan where he taught for many years and was one of the leaders of a distinct new movement, which came to be known as the Khartoum School (see ‘Ibrahim El-Salahi Interviewed by Ulli Beier’, in Hassan 2013, p.111). While a prominent figure in the Khartoum School, he also played an important role in imagining a broader Africanist aesthetic in the 1960s, engaging with the Mbari Artists and Writers Club in Ibadan in Nigeria and participating in the First World Festival of Black Arts in Senegal in 1966 and Second World African Festival of Arts and Culture in Lagos in 1977.</p>\n<p>When El-Salahi returned to Khartoum in 1957, he rapidly realised that the conditions in Sudan, a newly independent country in the throes of the First Sudanese Civil War (1955–72), required a different approach to the colourful gestural portraits and abstract paintings he had been making in London. He recalls: ‘I came to see that … if I was to have a relationship with an audience, I had to examine the Sudanese environment, identify what it offered, assess its potential as an artistic resource, and explore its possibilities as a complementary element in artistic creation’ (El-Salahi, ‘The Artist in His Own Words’, in Hassan 2013, p.84). By the early 1960s El-Salahi’s paintings were comprised of simple forms and strong lines inspired by Arabic and African sensibilities, forms and iconography. He had also reduced his palette to sombre tones (black, white, grey, yellow ochre, burnt sienna and deep red) referencing the colours of the Sudanese landscape.</p>\n<p>\n<b>Further reading</b>\n<br/>Ulli Beier, ‘The Right to Claim the World: Conversation with Ibrahim El Salahi’, <i>Third Text</i>, vol.7, Summer 1993, pp.23–30.<br/>Salah M. Hassan, ‘The Khartoum and Addis Connections’, in Clementine Deliss (ed.), <i>Seven Stories about Modern Art in Africa</i>, Paris and New York 1995, pp.109–25.<br/>Salah M. Hassan (ed.), <i>Ibrahim El-Salahi: A Visionary Modernist</i>, exhibition catalogue, Tate Modern, London 2013.</p>\n<p>Kerryn Greenberg<br/>August 2012</p>\n</div>\n",
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] | <p><span>Red, Yellow and Blue 2</span> 1967 is a large landscape-format painting in acrylic on canvas by the British artist Noel Forster. The painting consists of a lattice or grid of red, yellow, blue and white lines or blocks of colour drawn freehand on the canvas. While the horizontal lines near the top of the composition are, broadly speaking, level, the lines gradually curve slightly downwards tracing the natural arc of the sweep of an arm over the canvas. Similarly, the vertical lines at the left edge of the composition are perpendicular but, moving towards the right edge, they start to curve out to the bottom right for similar reasons. Although the grid is complete at the bottom right hand corner of the painting, there are increasing areas both up the right edge of the painting and along the bottom edge of the painting towards its left corner which are just made up of horizontal lines or vertical lines. The painting is thus essentially formed according to a system, but with the inbuilt error of the natural curvature of the movement of the painter’s arm.</p> | false | 1 | 18984 | painting acrylic paint canvas | [] | Red, Yellow and Blue 2 | 1,967 | Tate | 1967 | CLEARED | 6 | support: 2440 × 3050 mm | accessioned work | Tate | Presented by the artist's estate 2014 | [
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"content": "<div class=\"text\">\n<p>\n<i>Red, Yellow and Blue 2</i> 1967 is a large landscape-format painting in acrylic on canvas by the British artist Noel Forster. The painting consists of a lattice or grid of red, yellow, blue and white lines or blocks of colour drawn freehand on the canvas. While the horizontal lines near the top of the composition are, broadly speaking, level, the lines gradually curve slightly downwards tracing the natural arc of the sweep of an arm over the canvas. Similarly, the vertical lines at the left edge of the composition are perpendicular but, moving towards the right edge, they start to curve out to the bottom right for similar reasons. Although the grid is complete at the bottom right hand corner of the painting, there are increasing areas both up the right edge of the painting and along the bottom edge of the painting towards its left corner which are just made up of horizontal lines or vertical lines. The painting is thus essentially formed according to a system, but with the inbuilt error of the natural curvature of the movement of the painter’s arm.</p>\n<p>Through the 1950s Forster made paintings that were the result of observation and records of the play of natural light. During the period in which he was teaching on the Ealing College of Art ‘Groundcourse’ with Roy Ascott (born 1934), this developed into a manipulation of light itself, using light projection and coloured gels. Forster explained that the area of the course at Ealing that he was responsible for was ‘defined as light-handling and behaviour studies. This represented for me an attempt to study physical performance and to make light concrete in an environmental way.’ (‘Artist’s statement’, in Camden Arts Centre 1971, unpaginated.)</p>\n<p>In paintings made after leaving Ealing in 1964, Forster continued with his aim of painting evocations of light by using what he described as a ‘unit of behaviour’ (untitled note, Kunsthalle Basel 1975, unpaginated) as the basis for each work – this unit being a line painted freehand across a canvas with other lines adjoining or crossing to create a grid, with the grid incorporating the creative error of a natural swing, as seen here. He explained, ‘The colour showed where performance had departed from idea, and these pictures seemed to approach the natural condition of standardisation without loss of individuality, in which for example each leaf on a single tree or every blade of grass from a single species grow differently.’ (‘Artist’s statement’, in Camden Arts Centre 1971, unpaginated.) This ‘unit of behaviour’ was a direct development from his time teaching on the Groundcourse, which was itself largely structured through ideas of behaviourism, cybernetics, linguistics and an approach to learning through problem-solving. </p>\n<p>Although Forster’s non-figurative painting springs from a deep study of past artistic traditions since the Renaissance – for example, his paintings in the 1950s that were his first to be concerned with light also emerged from a study of the seventeenth-century painter Rembrandt (1606–1669) – his concern with behaviour, performance and the material illusion of systematic abstract painting to evoke natural effects also place him close to European and American artists such as Alan Charlton, Brice Marden, Agnes Martin, Gerhard Richter and Robert Ryman. From another perspective, a correspondence can also be discerned between Forster’s paintings and the serial music of Terry Riley, in which complexity is achieved through the repetition of a sequence of simple motifs. Throughout his career Forster maintained a close relationship with contemporary music, most especially with John Tilbury, and through him with Morton Feldman, Christian Wolff and Cornelius Cardew. Tilbury and Forster taught together at Walthamstow School of Art in the 1960s, and Forster recalled how Tilbury ‘held lunchtime concerts there, where the musical performance was considerably extended into the scoring of common-life behaviour’ (David Ryan, ‘Noel Foster’, <a href=\"http://www.matchlessrecordings.com/book/%20export/html/327\">http://www.matchlessrecordings.com/book/</a><a href=\"http://www.matchlessrecordings.com/book/%20export/html/327\"> </a><a href=\"http://www.matchlessrecordings.com/book/%20export/html/327\">export</a><a href=\"http://www.matchlessrecordings.com/book/%20export/html/327\">/</a><a href=\"http://www.matchlessrecordings.com/book/%20export/html/327\">html/327</a>, accessed 30 October 2013). </p>\n<p>\n<i>Red, Yellow and Blue 2</i> 1967 was exhibited in Forster’s second solo exhibition, which was held at the Greenwich Theatre Gallery, London in 1967. The painting was subsequently exhibited in solo exhibitions at Camden Arts Centre, London in 1971, Kunsthalle, Basel in 1975 and Museum of Modern Art, Oxford in 1976.</p>\n<p>\n<b>Further reading</b>\n<br/>\n<i>Noel Forster Survey 71</i>, exhibition catalogue, Camden Arts Centre, London 1971.<br/>\n<i>Noel Forster</i>, exhibition catalogue, Kunsthalle Basel 1975, reproduced, unpaginated.<br/>Stephen Bann, ‘A Propos of Noel Forster’, <i>Artscribe</i>, no.21, January 1980, reproduced p.28.</p>\n<p>Andrew Wilson<br/>October 2013 </p>\n</div>\n",
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] | <p>This is a life-size bust, carved in white Carrara marble, depicting an elderly gentleman leaning slightly forward. The truncation is faintly classical, consisting of a single drapery wrapped around the neck and falling across the left shoulder. The bust is mounted on an original and separate marble socle, and signed across the reverse ‘CHANTREY Sculptor 1816.’</p> | false | 1 | 90 | sculpture marble | [] | Bust of ‘Mr Warp’ (probably John Wauchope of Edinburgh, 1751-1828) | 1,816 | Tate | 1816 | CLEARED | 8 | object: 610 × 360 × 260 mm | accessioned work | Tate | Presented by <a href="/search?gid=999999973" data-gtm-name="tombstone_link_bequest" data-gtm-destination="list-page--search-results">Tate Members</a> 2014 | [
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"content": "<div class=\"text\">\n<p>This is a life-size bust, carved in white Carrara marble, depicting an elderly gentleman leaning slightly forward. The truncation is faintly classical, consisting of a single drapery wrapped around the neck and falling across the left shoulder. The bust is mounted on an original and separate marble socle, and signed across the reverse ‘CHANTREY Sculptor 1816.’</p>\n<p>The bust was made by Francis Leggatt Chantrey, one of the most celebrated British artists of the early nineteenth-century. Born in Norton, Derbyshire, he had only cursory training in a Sheffield plaster-cast shop, before setting up as a portraitist in oils and pastels in and around Sheffield. After moving to London he devoted himself to sculpture and made a name as a modeller of portrait busts, shown at the Royal Academy exhibition from 1809. His staunch naturalism, coupled with innovative but believable poses, convinced some (such as the author Walter Scott) that Chantrey had radically changed the medium of sculpture, and especially the portrait bust.</p>\n<p>This is a signed and dated bust from the first decade of Chantrey’s career, and a good example of his early naturalistic style. The sitter leans forward, his eyes – which are incised – are slightly raised, and his lips slightly open. This unforced, and presumably characteristic, pose gives the face a believable versimilitude. Chantrey’s carving skill is revealed in the undercutting of the wispy eyebrows, above more undercutting of the eyelids, and deeply incised eyes, creating the sunken, elderly, effect around the eyes. The hair (or possibly a hairpiece – Chantrey used a wig similar to this on his bust of Sir John Soane, 1830), ranges from very shallow surface relief to deeply cut curls around the ears.</p>\n<p>Chantrey’s early works won him royal, political and aristocratic patrons, and over the rest of his career he was awarded commissions for dozens of statues and monuments. He depicted four monarchs, and integrated his naturalism into a grander style. His statue of <i>George IV</i> in Trafalgar Square in central London is representative of his later work. His great technical proficiency and canny workshop practice resulted in a large fortune, which he left to the nation to found a collection of paintings and sculpture which would become the Tate Gallery. The Chantrey Bequest is still one of Tate’s purchase funds.</p>\n<p>The plaster model for this work was given to the Ashmolean Museum in Oxford by the sculptor’s widow in 1842, and was recorded in the Donations Books as ‘Mr Warp, merchant.’ The art historian Nicholas Penny, in his catalogue of the Ashmolean’s sculpture collection, could find no trace of the sitter. When the marble resurfaced at auction at Christie’s in London in 1987, it was only identified in the sale catalogue as ‘a bust of an elderly gentleman’. The identity of Mr Warp has therefore been something of a mystery. Nobody bearing that name has been located by the scholars who have worked on Chantrey. </p>\n<p>Research by Tate curators, however, suggests that he is Chantrey’s friend, John Wauchope of Edinburgh (1751–1828). Wauchope is known from Chantrey’s accounts to have commissioned a marble bust from Chantrey which was delivered in 1816. It was presented that year to Mrs Ann Wauchope, without payment, in testimony of the growing friendship between Chantrey and her husband. A contemporary portrait of Wauchope by Henry Raeburn (1756–1823; another version is in the National Galleries of Scotland, Edinburgh) shows a very similar face, with a characteristic flattened section at the bridge of the nose. During this period Chantrey cultivated a strong base of Scottish patrons, partly through his foreman, Allan Cunningham, and won a series of commissions for Scottish patrons. One such was the statue of Lord Melville 1812–18 (Parliament House, Edinburgh), where the Secretary to the Erection Committee was John Wauchope. There is much correspondence between Chantrey and Wauchope (National Library of Scotland 590, 1036, and Melville Papers 3553). An unpublished ‘Work and Wages Book’ in Derby Local Studies Library records the making of the bust of Wauchope, which commenced in August 1814 and was completed by 20 April 1816. Potts and Yarrington recorded the bust as ‘untraced’ in their commentaries on Chantrey’s Ledger (Baker, Yarrington and Potts 1991, p.52). </p>\n<p>The personal likeness of the bust to Wauchope and the 1816 date provide good evidence for the identification. It is concievable that ‘Wauchope’ could be truncated to ‘Warp,’ either by mistake or design (Chantrey was given to nicknaming his friends). However Wauchope does not seem to have been a ‘merchant’ but a solicitor. In his will he describes himself as ‘Writer to the Signet and Trustee of the Estate of John, Duke of Roxburghe.’ His wife and heir Ann Wauchope (nee Cockburn Halkett Craigie), lived in a large house in Brighton Crescent, Portobello, Edinburgh, until her death in 1840. She seems also to have owned one of the Raeburn portraits of Wauchope, given by an heir to the National Galleries of Scotland in 1884.</p>\n<p>\n<b>Further reading</b>\n<br/>Alex Potts, <i>Sir Francis Chantrey 1781–1841: Sculptor of the Great</i>, exhibition catalogue, National Portrait Gallery, London 1981.<br/>Malcolm Baker, Alison Yarrington and Alex Potts, ‘An Edition of the Ledger of Sir Francis Chantrey’, <i>Walpole Society</i>, vol.56, 1991.<br/>Nicholas Penny, <i>Catalogue of European Sculpture in the Ashmolean Museum, 1530–the Present Day</i>, Oxford 1992, no.775, p.248.</p>\n<p>Greg Sullivan<br/>20 November 2013</p>\n</div>\n",
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Alabaster | [
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] | <p>This marble bust by the British sculptor Jacob Epstein dates from 1910 and depicts Mrs Emily Chadbourne, a Chicago art collector, who had a house in London’s Mayfair and was a major lender to Roger Fry’s exhibition <span>Manet and the Post-Impressionists</span> at the Grafton Galleries in 1910–11. Epstein used the conventions of the Renaissance portrait bust to depict the sitter, as he also did in his portrait bronzes of this period such as <span>Euphemia Lamb</span> 1908 (Tate N03187) and <span>Mrs Mary McEvoy</span> 1909 (Tate N06139). The marble version of the latter work, <span>Mrs Ambrose McEvoy</span> 1909 (Johannesburg Art Gallery), is the only other carved portrait bust by Epstein before he began to create portraits exclusively in bronze. According to the historian Richard Buckle: ‘He decided early on that the subtleties of surface which reveal character were rendered better in clay and that marble should be kept for ideal and monumental work’ (Buckle 1963, p.56). The face of Mrs Chadbourne is carved in simplified smooth planes which the collector Edward Schinman described as characteristic of Epstein’s early carvings in marble and attributed to the hardness of the material (Schinman and Schinman 1970, p.87).</p> | false | 1 | 1061 | sculpture alabaster | [] | Mrs Emily Chadbourne | 1,910 | Tate | 1910 | CLEARED | 8 | object: 455 × 260 × 290 mm | accessioned work | Tate | Presented by <a href="/search?gid=999999973" data-gtm-name="tombstone_link_bequest" data-gtm-destination="list-page--search-results">Tate Members</a> 2014 | [
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"content": "<div class=\"text\">\n<p>This marble bust by the British sculptor Jacob Epstein dates from 1910 and depicts Mrs Emily Chadbourne, a Chicago art collector, who had a house in London’s Mayfair and was a major lender to Roger Fry’s exhibition <i>Manet and the Post-Impressionists</i> at the Grafton Galleries in 1910–11. Epstein used the conventions of the Renaissance portrait bust to depict the sitter, as he also did in his portrait bronzes of this period such as <i>Euphemia Lamb</i> 1908 (Tate <a class=\"acno-pop\" data-gtm-destination=\"page--artwork\" data-gtm-name=\"body_text_link\" href=\"https://www.tate.org.uk/art/artworks/epstein-euphemia-lamb-n03187\" title=\"View the details of this artwork\"><span>N03187</span></a>) and <i>Mrs Mary McEvoy</i> 1909 (Tate <a class=\"acno-pop\" data-gtm-destination=\"page--artwork\" data-gtm-name=\"body_text_link\" href=\"https://www.tate.org.uk/art/artworks/epstein-mrs-mary-mcevoy-n06139\" title=\"View the details of this artwork\"><span>N06139</span></a>). The marble version of the latter work, <i>Mrs Ambrose McEvoy</i> 1909 (Johannesburg Art Gallery), is the only other carved portrait bust by Epstein before he began to create portraits exclusively in bronze. According to the historian Richard Buckle: ‘He decided early on that the subtleties of surface which reveal character were rendered better in clay and that marble should be kept for ideal and monumental work’ (Buckle 1963, p.56). The face of Mrs Chadbourne is carved in simplified smooth planes which the collector Edward Schinman described as characteristic of Epstein’s early carvings in marble and attributed to the hardness of the material (Schinman and Schinman 1970, p.87).</p>\n<p>The work also relates stylistically to Epstein’s most significant monumental carved work in this naturalistic style, the series of sculptures he made for the British Medical Association (BMA) building in London in 1907–8, now extant only in fragments. A comparison with photographs of the BMA figures soon after completion shows that the heads, for instance that of the woman in <i>New-Born</i>, have a similar simplification and stylisation of features to that seen in the bust of Mrs Chadbourne (Silber 1986, pp.122–4). The work was made in the same year as the monumental stone carving <i>Sun God</i> (Tate L02237) and demonstrates how Epstein worked simultaneously on figurative and more abstract work throughout his career. He was as much interested in formal qualities as in conveying personality in his naturalistic work, and saw it as a means of exploring the same concerns as he did in his primitivist and abstract carvings of the same period. He exhibited a carved portrait bust (probably this work since <i>Mrs Ambrose McEvoy</i> was acquired by Johannesburg Art Gallery directly from the AAA exhibition of July 1910 in London) alongside two other earlier carvings, <i>Fountain Figure (Euphemia Lamb)</i> 1908–10 (Musée d’Art Moderne, Geneva) and <i>Rom – Second Version</i> 1909–10 (National Museums and Galleries of Wales, Cardiff), at the Grafton Galleries, London, indicating that he saw the carved portrait bust as embodying an important aspect of his practice at this time in his early explorations of direct carving. Responding to the three works by Epstein in this exhibition, the historian C. Lewis Hind described how in ‘the portrait head of a living woman, there is something more than mere craftsmanship; the material is respected; it is a joy to trace the trail of the life-communicating chisel.’ (C. Lewis Hind, <i>The Post-Impressionists</i>, London 1911, p.66.) </p>\n<p>It is not currently known whether the work was a commission or if it was ever in the possession of the sitter. Emily Chadbourne may have met Epstein through Lady Ottoline Morrell (1873–1938), whose social circle she was part of from 1909 (Robert S. Nelson, ‘The Art Collection of Emily Crane Chadbourne and the Absence of Byzantine Art in Chicago’, in Christina Nielsen [ed.], <i>To Inspire and Instruct: A History of Medieval Art in Midwestern Museums</i>, Newcastle-on-Tyne 2008, p.134). Morrell had commissioned the carving <i>Fountain Figure (Euphemia)</i> from Epstein in 1908. However, the work was with the Epstein Estate in 1961 before passing into the possession of the important Epstein collector Edward P. Schinman. </p>\n<p>\n<b>Further reading</b>\n<br/>Richard Buckle, <i>Jacob Epstein Sculptor</i>, London 1963, p.56.<br/>Edward P. Schinman and Barbara Ann Schinman, <i>A Catalogue of the Collection of Edward P. Schinman</i>, Cranbury, New Jersey 1970, p.87.<br/>Evelyn Silber, <i>The Sculpture of Epstein with a Complete Catalogue</i>, Oxford 1986, cat.no.22, p.126.</p>\n<p>Emma Chambers<br/>October 2013</p>\n</div>\n",
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Oil paint on hardboard | [
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] | Untitled | 1,967 | Tate | 1967 | CLEARED | 6 | support: 1095 × 1902 mm
framed: 1115 × 1925 × 49 mm | accessioned work | Tate | Purchased with funds provided by the Africa Acquisitions Committee 2014 | [
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"content": "<div class=\"text\">\n<p>\n<i>Untitled</i> 1967 is a large oil painting on hardboard. The entire picture plane is covered with densely packed writhing figures which are outlined in black and painted in bright shades of orange, yellow, blue and red. The figures overlap, seemingly merging into one another and collapsing any sense of perspective or hierarchy. White gnashing teeth, claw-like hands and the wide eyes of humans and animals dominate the scene. Like most of Malangatana’s paintings from this period, the work depicts the concerns and struggles of ordinary people and the violence and barbarities endured while his native Mozambique struggled for independence from Portugal.</p>\n<p>Malangatana was a prominent figure in Mozambique and also played an important role in imagining a broader Africanist aesthetic in Europe and America. His work was intimately connected with his politics and reflects the socio-political conditions of Mozambique, whether during the struggle for independence (gained in 1975) or later during the civil war (1977–92). By the mid-1960s Malangatana, who began exhibiting in the late 1950s, had already established his signature style, evident in <i>Untitled</i>.</p>\n<p>Malangatana joined the Mozambique liberation movement FRELIMO in 1964. The same year he was detained by the Portuguese secret police for his involvement with FRELIMO and imprisoned for eighteen months. The period between his release and 1971, when he was awarded a grant from the Lisbon-based Gulbenkian Foundation to study printmaking and ceramics in Portugal, was an important one for his art. During this time he continued to depict the tragic consequences of war – violence, hunger and death – and was prolific in his output, holding numerous exhibitions in Mozambique and accepting commissions to paint large-scale murals. After independence, Malangatana became more active politically and his artistic production declined between 1974 and 1978. It was only after the civil war ended in 1992 that he introduced landscape images into his work and began to work with a cooler palette.</p>\n<p>\n<b>Further reading</b>\n<br/>Júlio Navarro (ed.),<i> Malangatana Valente Ngwenya</i>,<i> </i>Dar es Salaam 2003.<br/>Joe Pollitt, ‘Malangatana Ngwenya Obituary’, <i>Guardian</i>,<i> </i>17 January 2011, <a href=\"https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/jan/17/malangatana-ngwenya-obituary\">https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/jan/17/malangatana-ngwenya-obituary</a>, accessed 8 May 2016.</p>\n<p>Kerryn Greenberg<br/>August 2013</p>\n</div>\n",
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] | <p>Mohasses made this series of works in the late 1960s while he was living in Iran. These drawings are characteristic of his preoccupation with sculptural forms, organic shapes and human figures, elements he explored across a range of media. In each drawing a singular abstracted head, painted without any recognisable traits and only hints at facial features, emerges from a stark background. The heads resemble carved sculptures and merge characteristics of Western European traditions with elements from non-iconic Eastern and Asian cultures. After the Iranian Revolution Mohassess’ artworks were extensively censored by the Iranian state and most of his public sculptures were destroyed.</p><p><em>Gallery label, October 2016</em></p> | true | 1 | 18838 | paper unique gouache | [
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] | <p>This is the reconstruction of a sculptural body-costume worn by the artist during her ‘Cravings’ performance at the National Museum of Contemporary Art in Seoul in 1989. Hidden microphones amplified the sound of her movements. Lee recalled that her ‘performances were a natural extension of my sculptural concerns’. She has continued to make sculptures, whose monstrous forms deconstruct ideals of the female body. In reconstructing <span>Untitled (Cravings White)</span> long after the original was lost in a studio flood, she reinforced the links between her sculptures and performances.</p><p><em>Gallery label, July 2015</em></p> | false | 1 | 18154 | paper unique fabric acrylic paint wood stainless steel carabiner chain | [
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12 works with acrylic paint, spray paint, digital print, lithograph, silkscreen, woodcut and charcoal on polyester film and paper | [
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] | <p><span>Clay, bronze, wood and fabric</span> 1988 is a sculpture that comprises three parts: two objects made of clay, bronze and wood are placed on a rectangular piece of floral fabric laid on the floor. The work has a simple descriptive title which draws attention to its material composition and the contrasts inherent within the combination of the materials used. The two objects have an insistently organic, even visceral, presence. Made using the most traditional of sculptural processes, carving and casting, their sensual lines are suggestive of soft flesh and intimate body parts. The sculpture embodies what the photographer David Ward, writing about Poncelet’s work, has described as a ‘frank and imprudent sexuality in the confluence of form, material, and importantly surface pattern’ (David Ward, quoted in Irish Museum of Modern Art 1997, p.50).</p> | false | 1 | 8472 | sculpture clay bronze wood fabric | [
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] | <p><span>Loto</span> combines the traditional medium of oil paint with photographs incorporated onto the canvas. It depicts the shop window of a lottery store in Bucharest in which a block of flats is reflected. The display of advertisements and prize promotions is starkly juxtaposed with a looming example of the new, socialist building programme. Throughout his career Grigorescu has documented the forced modernisation of the Romanian capital in his painting, photography and film: massive demolitions, new architectural developments and the consequent changes to ordinary life.</p><p><em>Gallery label, February 2016</em></p> | false | 1 | 15171 | painting oil paint photographs paper canvas | [
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"content": "<div class=\"text\">\n<p>\n<i>Loto</i> 1972 is an oil painting on canvas incorporating black and white photographs by the Romanian artist Ion Grigorescu. It depicts the shop window of a <i>Loto </i>lottery store in Bucharest, in which is reflected a typical socialist apartment block. Its crooked reflection overlaps with the objects on display in the window: advertisements, photographs of lottery winners and prizes. The painting was made for an exhibition entitled <i>Art and the City</i>, one of the themed shows organised by the Bureau of the art criticism section of the Union of Plastic Arts at Galria Noua in Bucharest in 1974–5. The vision of the city offered by <i>Loto</i> differed markedly from the idealised versions portrayed in official exhibitions at major state institutions and those presented in official propaganda.</p>\n<p>Contemporary life seen through the lens of urban transformations and the cityscape of Bucharest are among the most important motifs in Grigorescu’s practice. Throughout his career the artist has documented the modernisation of the Romanian capital; the demolition of its historical texture, its new architectural developments and the shifts in ordinary life imposed by the changing urban environment. Many of his photographs, paintings and films register the process of realising the utopian visions of the country’s communist leader Nicolae Ceausescu, particularly his architectural developments. <i>Loto </i>is an early example of Grigorescu’s preoccupation with this topic. Although the architecture is addressed indirectly, remaining in the background of the presented subject, it nevertheless provides an important counterpoint to the image of consumerist goods on display in the lottery shop. It is ambiguous whether the new socialist building overshadows the attractive prospects offered by the contents of the window display, or whether they interrupt the purist socialist architecture.</p>\n<p>With its combination of traditional painterly technique and black and white photography, <i>Loto </i>represents an important moment in Grigorescu’s practice. In 1971 the artist bought his first camera and began making photographic montages in which he captured ordinary events from daily life. The photographs in <i>Loto</i>, which are integral elements of the painting, show images of an actual lottery shop window in Bucharest. As such this work is one of the first in which Grigorescu tested the limits of painting to represent a scene. In 1974 he made his first experimental film, <i>The Earth</i>, although he also continued to experiment with painting and photography over the following years, creating works using a combination of media. <i>Loto</i> also anticipates later works which relate directly to daily life within the changing city, such as <i>My Beloved Bucharest</i> 1977, in which the artist filmed the capital from the viewpoint of a tram traveling from its outskirts to the centre. It also corresponds to a series of photographs of shop windows taken in the early 1970s, held in the artist’s archive, as well as to the film <i>Zurich, Basel, Paris</i> 1977, made during the artist’s first journey abroad, when he filmed streets, traffic and shop windows, offering a critical view of Western European lifestyle.</p>\n<p>In 1981 Grigorescu’s work was shown at the sixteenth Bienal de São Paulo. He has taken part in a number of international shows including the forty-seventh Venice Biennale in 1997, <i>Out of Actions: Between Performance and the Object</i>,<i> 1949–1979</i> in 1998 (Museum of Contemporary Art, Los Angeles; MUMOK, Vienna; MACBA, Barcelona; and MOMAT, Tokyo) and Documenta Twelve 2007 (Kassel), <i>Gender Check</i> 2009 (MUMOK, Vienna). His work was also included in <i>The Promises of the Past</i> (2010), a major survey of post-war Eastern European art at Centre Pompidou, Paris. In 2009 his first retrospective, <i>Ion Grigorescu: In the Body of the Victim 1969–2008</i>, took place at the Museum of Modern Art in Warsaw. Grigorescu’s films were featured in the <i>Out of Place</i> exhibition in Tate Modern’s Project Space in London in 2011.</p>\n<p>\n<b>Further reading</b>\n<br/>Ileana Pintilie, <i>Actionism in Romania during the Communist Era</i>, Cluj 2002.<br/>Marta Dziewanska (ed.),<i> Ion Grigorescu: In the Body of the Victim</i>, exhibition catalogue, Museum of Modern Art Warsaw, Warsaw 2010.<br/>Kathrin Rhomberg (ed.), ‘Ion Grigorescu’, in <i>6. Berlin Biennale für zeitgenössische Kunst, Katalog/Kurzführer</i>, exhibition catalogue, KW Institute for Contemporary Art, Berlin 2010, p.215.</p>\n<p>Kasia Redzisz<br/>April 2013</p>\n</div>\n",
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Ink and acrylic paint on canvas | [
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} | 7007567 7000485 1001535 7000489 7001242 | Julie Mehretu | 2,012 | [] | <p>The Mogamma is the government building in Tahrir Square in Cairo, which formed a backdrop for the protests against Hosni Mubarak’s regime in early 2011. Mehretu has overlaid architectural drawings of the Mogamma with those of other locations associated with public unrest, including Addis Ababa’s Meskel Squre and New York’s Zuccotti Park, the site of the ‘occupy’ protests. Using digital images and projecting them onto the surface of the canvas, Mehretu complicates the drawn plans so that we can no longer see them clearly. The resulting painting could be seen as a memorial to collective sites of communal resistance.</p><p><em>Gallery label, October 2016</em></p> | false | 1 | 17390 | painting ink acrylic paint canvas | [
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"content": "<div class=\"text\">\n<p>\n<i>Mogamma: Part 3</i> was made by Julie Mehretu in 2012 as part of a series <i>Mogamma: A Painting in Four Parts</i> shown at Documenta 13, Kassel in the summer of 2012. The series takes its name from the government building in Tahrir Square in Cairo, a building which formed a backdrop for the protests against then President Hosni Mubarak’s regime in early 2011. The Mogamma was constructed in the 1940s and designed by the Egyptian architect Kamal Ismail; it was an administrative centre which became a symbol of the country’s government bureaucracy.</p>\n<p>In this monumental painting, which is over four and half metres tall and three and a half metres wide, Mehretu creates a palimpsest of architectural drawings of the Mogamma, as well as of other public buildings and squares associated with public unrest, including Addis Ababa’s Meskel Square and New York’s Zuccotti Park – the site of the ‘Occupy’ protests that took place the year the painting was made. Mehretu worked with a team of assistants to research and accumulate images of these sites and to derive plans and elevation drawings from them using computer programs. The digital images were then projected onto the surface and traced over. They overlap and intermingle, denying the viewer the possibility of comprehending the architectural situation as would be possible in a drawing produced by an architect for a client. Although parts of the architecture can be picked out and recognised in different areas of the canvas, viewers have to abandon the desire to fully master what they see.</p>\n<p>After the tracing, Mehretu covers the surfaces of her works with other kinds of drawing and painting. Using a brush, she applies clusters of dabs which swarm and billow in cloud-like formations. She hand-paints swooping coloured lines which stand out from the pencil and areas of black paint, giving the work a dynamic compositional structure; and silkscreens grids of grey pixels and transparent coloured shapes, such as the yellow triangle in the top right corner of this work. These coloured areas, while recalling the language of modernist abstraction, are also derived from her memory of images of flags and banners held aloft by protestors in the sites.</p>\n<p>A complex memorial to sites of state oppression and communal resistance, the <i>Mogamma </i>paintings also deny the viewer a focus for, or overt subject of, mnemonic activity. Offering fleeting glimpses of recognisable spatial situations, it nevertheless refuses to anchor the viewer in a secure space, and indeed through its scale creates a different kind of environmental situation and experience. Mehretu explains her motivations for using images of architecture as her subject matter: ‘I think architecture reflects the machinations of politics, and that’s why I am interested in it as a metaphor for those institutions. I don’t think of architectural language as just a metaphor about space, but about spaces of power, about ideas of power.’ (Quoted in Brian Dillon and Joan Young, <i>Julie Mehretu: Grey Area</i>, exhibition catalogue, Deutsche Guggenheim, Berlin 2009, p.29). As for what her transformations of images of state institutions amount to, the critic T.J. Demos wrote in the catalogue of Mehretu’s exhibition at White Cube, London in the spring of 2013 (in which this painting was shown) that the paintings ‘open up a third space of conceptual and visual potentiality, where systems defy a coherent plan or unified cartography’ (see White Cube and Marian Goodman Gallery 2013).</p>\n<p>\n<b>Further reading</b>\n<br/>Douglas Fogle and Olukemi Ilesanmi (eds.), <i>Julie Mehretu: Drawing into Painting</i>, exhibition catalogue, Walker Art Center, Minneapolis 2003.<br/>Mark Godfrey, ‘Julie Mehretu: Black City’, in Jeffrey Deitch (ed.), <i>The Painting Factory</i>, exhibition catalogue, Museum of Contemporary Art, Los Angeles 2012, pp.110–16.<br/>T.J. Demos, ‘Painting and Uprising: Julie Mehretu’s Third Space’, in <i>Julie Mehretu: Liminal Squared</i>, exhibition catalogue, White Cube, London, and Marian Goodman Gallery, New York 2013.</p>\n<p>Mark Godfrey<br/>May 2013</p>\n</div>\n",
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Oil paint and alkyd paint on canvas | [
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] | <p>Argentinian Tomasello was one of the many South American artists who moved to Paris in the late 1950s and became very active within the international New Tendencies circles. From the 1960s, he concentrated on the subtle effects of light, shadow and depth with a series of reliefs titled <span>Chromoplastic Atmosphere</span>. These usually consisted of white floating panels with coloured paint applied to the back, so as to reflect a halo of colour on the surface behind. This work radiates a subtle neon yellow glow from its edges, while the cut-out square at the centre suggests its depth.</p><p><em>Gallery label, October 2016</em></p> | false | 1 | 18444 | painting acrylic paint wood | [] | Chromoplastic Atmosphere No.383 | 1,975 | Tate | 1975 | CLEARED | 6 | support: 905 × 905 × 80 mm | accessioned work | Tate | Presented by the artist 2013 | [
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"content": "<div class=\"text\">\n<p>\n<i>Chromoplastic Atmosphere No.383 </i>1975<i> </i>is an almost monochromatic relief painting in acrylic paint on wood by the Argentinian artist Luis Tomasello. It consists of a raised square relief situated within a slightly larger square backboard that extends for approximately 20 mm around the inner relief. Between the backboard and the raised square there is a void so that the relief projects visibly approximately 10 mm out from the backboard. The raised section has a small square aperture (10 x 10 mm) at its centre. Around the perimeter of the raised square and in the small aperture a neon yellow glow is visible. This is created by paint that has been applied to the back of the relief board and is reflected off the white backboard. It contrasts with the areas of light and shadow that also define the raised section. This effect of reflected colour, light and shade is characteristic of Tomasello’s work.</p>\n<p>From the late 1950s Tomasello’s work explored the nuances of geometric abstraction through colour, relief and visual effects. It was only after 1960, when he moved to Paris, that he began to concentrate on the effects of light, shadow and reflected colour, resulting in his prolific series of <i>Chromoplastic Atmospheres</i>. This work belongs to the series, as does the considerably later circular black relief <i>Chromoplastic Atmosphere No.710 </i>1992 (Tate <a class=\"acno-pop\" data-gtm-destination=\"page--artwork\" data-gtm-name=\"body_text_link\" href=\"https://www.tate.org.uk/art/artworks/tomasello-chromoplastic-atmosphere-no-710-t14000\" title=\"View the details of this artwork\"><span>T14000</span></a>). Earlier works in the group – primarily white reliefs – take the form of a series of regularly repeated modular forms: orthogonals or cubes with bevelled edges designed to receive and reflect light. Although painted white on the front, the reliefs have chromatic paint applied to the reverse, which produces a reflective halo of colour on the surface. These works exploit optical effects through a simplicity of means: without recourse to technological apparatus, the artist employed abstract forms and colour alone to harness light. Tomasello also translated this investigation into architectural projects on a monumental scale. Beginning in the 1980s Tomasello began to make black monochrome reliefs, such as <i>Chomoplastic Atmosphere No.710</i> 1992, which have been called ‘<i>Lumières noires</i>’ (black lights), suggesting their relationship to the exploration of the effects of light in the earlier works.</p>\n<p>During the 1940s Tomasello was associated with the Buenos Aires-based group Arte Concreto-Invención – a group of artists working with geometric abstraction who had themselves broken away from the more ludic Arte Madí group. Tomasello was later influenced by Piet Mondrian (1872–1944), particularly his New York period for its combination of colour and dynamic line. Yet Tomasello’s work from the 1950s also bears the influence of Max Bill (1908–1994) and Georges Vantongerloo (1886–1965). In 1960 Tomasello was invited by Max Bill to participate in the <i>Konkrete Kunst</i> exhibition that Bill staged in Zurich. He also participated in many of the important exhibitions of op and kinetic art including <i>Bewogen Beweging</i> (<i>Moving Movement</i>) at the Stedelijk Museum, Amsterdam, in 1961, <i>Nouvelle Tendance II</i> at the Galería de Arte Moderno in Zagreb in 1963 and <i>The Responsive Eye</i> at the Museum of Modern Art, New York, in 1965.</p>\n<p>\n<b>Further reading</b>\n<br/>\n<i>Luis Tomasello: Una Mano Enamorada</i>, exhibition catalogue, Centro Cultural Borges, Buenos Aires 1997.<br/>Osbel Suarez, <i>Cold America: Geometric Abstraction in Latin America (1934–1973)</i>, exhibition catalogue, Fundación Juan March, Madrid 2011.<br/>Serge Lemoine, <i>Tomasello: Visible Structure and Reflected Color</i>, exhibition catalogue, Ascaso Gallery, Miami 2012.</p>\n<p>Tanya Barson<br/>April 2013</p>\n</div>\n",
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] | <p><span>Chromoplastic Atmosphere No.710</span> 1992 is a circular, monochrome relief painting in acrylic paint on wood by the Argentinian artist Luis Tomasello. The work incorporates a raised section that is an offset square forming a diamond shape, the points of which touch the edge of the circle. In the centre of this raised diamond there is a small square aperture (measuring 10 x 10 mm). Unlike some earlier works in which the raised section projects above the backboard (see, for example, <span>Chromoplastic Atmosphere No.383 </span>1975, Tate T13999), in this case the diamond relief area is mounted directly onto the circular backboard. The areas of relief and the central aperture create darker areas which emphasise the play of light and shade that characterises Tomasello’s work.</p> | false | 1 | 18444 | painting acrylic paint mdf | [] | Chromoplastic Atmosphere No.710 | 1,992 | Tate | 1992 | CLEARED | 6 | support, circular: 1000 × 1000 mm | accessioned work | Tate | Presented by the artist 2013 | [
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] | Draft Room From Museum of Contemporary African Art | 1,997 | Tate | 1997–2002 | CLEARED | 3 | Overall display dimensions variable | accessioned work | Tate | Gift of the artist and acquired with funds provided by the Acquisitions Fund for African Art supported by Guaranty Trust Bank Plc and <a href="/search?gid=999999973" data-gtm-name="tombstone_link_bequest" data-gtm-destination="list-page--search-results">Tate Members</a> 2013 | [
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"content": "<div class=\"text\">\n<p>\n<i>Draft Room</i> is one section of Meschac Gaba’s multi-part installation the <i>Museum of Contemporary African Art</i>. The room contains a refrigerator, ceramic chickens, breads, fruit and vegetables along with gilded pebbles and piles of banknotes weighed down with small stones. The <i>Draft Room</i> was the first section of the <i>Museum of Contemporary African Art </i>to be created during Gaba’s residency at the Rijksakademie in Amsterdam between 1996 and 1997. On the occasion of this first installation the <i>Draft Room </i>functioned as a marketing and fundraising device for the then unrealised museum project. Visitors were able to become patrons of the museum by purchasing a lapel pin fashioned out of a round scrap of a Beninese banknote mounted on a safety pin. The <i>Draft Room</i> is no longer activated in this way, but with its paintings, bags of shredded money and ceramic food-stuff spread out on a cloth on the floor as goods would be in a West African market, this section prefigures many of the conceptual and aesthetic interests developed in the other rooms.</p>\n<p>Meschac Gaba’s <i>Museum of Contemporary African Art </i>1997–2002 consists of twelve discreet but related large-scale installations. These sections are entitled <i>Draft Room </i>(Tate <a class=\"acno-pop\" data-gtm-destination=\"page--artwork\" data-gtm-name=\"body_text_link\" href=\"https://www.tate.org.uk/art/artworks/gaba-draft-room-from-museum-of-contemporary-african-art-t14004\" title=\"View the details of this artwork\"><span>T14004</span></a>), <i>Architecture Room </i>(Tate <a class=\"acno-pop\" data-gtm-destination=\"page--artwork\" data-gtm-name=\"body_text_link\" href=\"https://www.tate.org.uk/art/artworks/gaba-architecture-room-from-museum-of-contemporary-african-art-t14005\" title=\"View the details of this artwork\"><span>T14005</span></a>), <i>Museum Shop </i>(Tate <a class=\"acno-pop\" data-gtm-destination=\"page--artwork\" data-gtm-name=\"body_text_link\" href=\"https://www.tate.org.uk/art/artworks/gaba-museum-shop-from-museum-of-contemporary-african-art-t14006\" title=\"View the details of this artwork\"><span>T14006</span></a>), <i>Summer Collection </i>(Tate L03229), <i>Game Room </i>(Tate <a class=\"acno-pop\" data-gtm-destination=\"page--artwork\" data-gtm-name=\"body_text_link\" href=\"https://www.tate.org.uk/art/artworks/gaba-game-room-from-museum-of-contemporary-african-art-t14219\" title=\"View the details of this artwork\"><span>T14219</span></a>), <i>Art and Religion </i>(Tate L03235), <i>Museum Restaurant </i>(Tate <a class=\"acno-pop\" data-gtm-destination=\"page--artwork\" data-gtm-name=\"body_text_link\" href=\"https://www.tate.org.uk/art/artworks/gaba-museum-restaurant-from-museum-of-contemporary-african-art-t14220\" title=\"View the details of this artwork\"><span>T14220</span></a>), <i>Music Room </i>(Tate L03231), <i>Marriage Room </i>(Tate <a class=\"acno-pop\" data-gtm-destination=\"page--artwork\" data-gtm-name=\"body_text_link\" href=\"https://www.tate.org.uk/art/artworks/gaba-marriage-room-from-museum-of-contemporary-african-art-t15122\" title=\"View the details of this artwork\"><span>T15122</span></a>), <i>Library </i>(Tate L03236), <i>Salon</i> (Tate L03233) and <i>Humanist Space </i>(Tate <a class=\"acno-pop\" data-gtm-destination=\"page--artwork\" data-gtm-name=\"body_text_link\" href=\"https://www.tate.org.uk/art/artworks/gaba-humanist-space-from-museum-of-contemporary-african-art-t14007\" title=\"View the details of this artwork\"><span>T14007</span></a>). Each of these represents an aspect of what Gaba believes to be a core part of the museum’s function. A number of the sections are interactive and invite participation from the visitor. This discursive element of social interaction is fundamental to the work. The work can be shown in its entirety, or just one section or a group of sections can be displayed.</p>\n<p>Although the number of sections was fixed from the beginning, it took Gaba five years to complete the <i>Museum of Contemporary African Art</i> and over the years the sections have been exhibited in different ways. Several of its rooms were included in Documenta 11<i> </i>in Kassel in 2002 and individual sections or groups of rooms have been seen in museums across the world. The work<i> </i>was first exhibited in its entirety in 2009 at the Kunsthalle Fridericianum in Kassel.</p>\n<p>Gaba began working on the <i>Museum of Contemporary African Art </i>in 1997. He considered this ambitious project not as a model for others to emulate but as a catalyst for debate around preconceived notions of what African art is: ‘My museum doesn’t exist. It’s only a question … What I do is react to an African situation which is linked to a Eurocentric problem.’ (Gaba 2001, pp.16–17.) He continues, ‘I don’t come from traditional Africa but from modern Africa: that’s why I ask questions about the education I had. If I create a museum of contemporary African art, it’s because I say that people who gave me that education didn’t give us everything. They shut me up inside tradition.’ (Gaba 2001, p.18.) Gaba challenges ideas of an ‘authentic’ African expression and asserts his right as a Beninese living in the Netherlands to draw on both European and African influences. His museum is not a shrine to the object, but rather a space for social and cultural interaction, where the interconnectedness of art and life is made manifest.</p>\n<p>By titling this work <i>Museum of Contemporary African Art </i>Gaba draws attention to the fact that such a museum does not yet exist in Africa. Instead ethnographic museums in Europe and America define African art often by excluding contemporary artists, particularly those whose works break with tradition. Historian Simon Njami describes Gaba’s project as ‘a corrective to the history of past centuries. By once again placing Africa at the heart of universal creation, he is not simply content to affirm a forgotten and negated presence, but stresses his own existence … by staking a claim on the contemporary field.’ (Simon Njami, in Wolfs, Roesink and Visser 2010, p.10.) While this is a key work in the recent history of African art, it is also important within the lineage of critical reflections on the museum by European artists such as Marcel Duchamp (1887–1968) and Marcel Broodthaers (1924–1976). Although Gaba utilises the language of a Western museum, his approach is modest and the individual rooms containing different kinds of objects – including many that are painted gold, adorned with or made from shredded banknotes – invite visitor interaction. Curators and historians Okwui Enwezor and Chika Okeke-Agulu have argued that Gaba’s project evinces ‘a critique not only of the museum as an institution in which cultural value is produced, but also the museum as the symbolic realm in which such value is redistributed as cultural capital.’ (Okwui Enwezor and Chika Okeke-Agulu, <i>Contemporary African Art since 1980</i>, Bologna 2009, p.16.)</p>\n<p>\n<b>Further reading</b>\n<br/>Meschac Gaba, <i>Library of the Museum</i>, vol.1, Breda 2001.<br/>Rein Wolfs, Macha Roesink and Bianca Visser (eds.), <i>Meschac Gaba</i>, Cologne 2010.<br/>Okwui Enwezor, ‘Meschac Gaba Museum of Contemporary African Art (Draft Room)’, in <i>Defining Contemporary Art: 25 Years in 200 Pivotal Artworks</i>, London 2011, p.224.</p>\n<p>Kerryn Greenberg<br/>June 2012</p>\n</div>\n",
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Mixed media | [
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{
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] | 1,997 | <a href="https://www.tate.org.uk/art/artists/meschac-gaba-8313" aria-label="More by Meschac Gaba" data-gtm-name="header_link_artist" data-gtm-destination="page--artist">Meschac Gaba</a> | Architecture Room Museum Contemporary African Art | 2,014 | [] | Gift of the artist and acquired with funds provided by the Acquisitions Fund for African Art supported by Guaranty Trust Bank Plc and Tate Members 2013 | T14005 | {
"id": 3,
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} | 7006792 1089615 1000513 1000160 7001242 | Meschac Gaba | 1,997 | [] | <p><span>Architecture Room</span> is one section of Meschac Gaba’s multi-part installation the <span>Museum of Contemporary African Art</span>. The room contains an expanse of deep blue carpet, lined with a gold fringe, on which rests a stack of wooden building blocks as well as a potted plant, titled <span>Money Tree</span>, with banknotes on its branches featuring the faces of artists influenced by African art, such as Pablo Picasso and Constantin Brancusi. There is also a ladder with multi-coloured Plexiglas treads, each one inscribed with the name of the curator and organisation. Gaba’s <span>Artist’s Bank</span>, a wooden desk with a glass top filled with banknotes with the symbols of art and architecture, is also included in the space.</p> | false | 1 | 8313 | installation mixed media | [
{
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{
"dateText": "20 September 2014 – 16 November 2014",
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],
"id": 7100,
"startDate": "2014-09-20",
"title": "Museum of Contemporary African Art",
"type": "Loan-out"
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{
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"id": 10286,
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"id": 8500,
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] | Architecture Room From Museum of Contemporary African Art | 1,997 | Tate | 1997–2002 | CLEARED | 3 | Overall display dimensions variable | accessioned work | Tate | Gift of the artist and acquired with funds provided by the Acquisitions Fund for African Art supported by Guaranty Trust Bank Plc and <a href="/search?gid=999999973" data-gtm-name="tombstone_link_bequest" data-gtm-destination="list-page--search-results">Tate Members</a> 2013 | [
{
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"content": "<div class=\"text\">\n<p>\n<i>Architecture Room</i> is one section of Meschac Gaba’s multi-part installation the <i>Museum of Contemporary African Art</i>. The room contains an expanse of deep blue carpet, lined with a gold fringe, on which rests a stack of wooden building blocks as well as a potted plant, titled <i>Money Tree</i>, with banknotes on its branches featuring the faces of artists influenced by African art, such as Pablo Picasso and Constantin Brancusi. There is also a ladder with multi-coloured Plexiglas treads, each one inscribed with the name of the curator and organisation. Gaba’s <i>Artist’s Bank</i>, a wooden desk with a glass top filled with banknotes with the symbols of art and architecture, is also included in the space.</p>\n<p>Gaba’s Museum does not have a permanent building and in the <i>Architecture</i> <i>Room</i> visitors are able to create their own architectural proposals for Gaba’s museum with the wooden building blocks scattered across a blue carpet. The models are constantly in flux, and can be redesigned, deconstructed and adapted by visitors. Despite not having a permanent site, the museum has temporarily occupied many institutions around the world, from Milwaukee to Accra and São Paulo to Paris. The ladder in the <i>Architecture Room</i>, which was empty when this room was first exhibited, has acted as a barometer of the project’s success. The treads were added one at a time, for each institution that hosted the project, until 2002 when the Museum of Contemporary African Art was officially completed and the ladder was full. The <i>Artist’s Bank </i>and <i>Money Tree</i> acknowledges the importance of African art in the development of the Western canon, but also affirms the right of artists, irrespective of their origin, to draw inspiration from anywhere.</p>\n<p>Meschac Gaba’s <i>Museum of Contemporary African Art </i>1997–2002 consists of twelve discreet but related large-scale installations. These sections are entitled <i>Draft Room </i>(Tate <a class=\"acno-pop\" data-gtm-destination=\"page--artwork\" data-gtm-name=\"body_text_link\" href=\"https://www.tate.org.uk/art/artworks/gaba-draft-room-from-museum-of-contemporary-african-art-t14004\" title=\"View the details of this artwork\"><span>T14004</span></a>), <i>Architecture Room </i>(Tate <a class=\"acno-pop\" data-gtm-destination=\"page--artwork\" data-gtm-name=\"body_text_link\" href=\"https://www.tate.org.uk/art/artworks/gaba-architecture-room-from-museum-of-contemporary-african-art-t14005\" title=\"View the details of this artwork\"><span>T14005</span></a>), <i>Museum Shop </i>(Tate <a class=\"acno-pop\" data-gtm-destination=\"page--artwork\" data-gtm-name=\"body_text_link\" href=\"https://www.tate.org.uk/art/artworks/gaba-museum-shop-from-museum-of-contemporary-african-art-t14006\" title=\"View the details of this artwork\"><span>T14006</span></a>), <i>Summer Collection </i>(Tate L03229), <i>Game Room </i>(Tate <a class=\"acno-pop\" data-gtm-destination=\"page--artwork\" data-gtm-name=\"body_text_link\" href=\"https://www.tate.org.uk/art/artworks/gaba-game-room-from-museum-of-contemporary-african-art-t14219\" title=\"View the details of this artwork\"><span>T14219</span></a>), <i>Art and Religion </i>(Tate L03235), <i>Museum Restaurant </i>(Tate <a class=\"acno-pop\" data-gtm-destination=\"page--artwork\" data-gtm-name=\"body_text_link\" href=\"https://www.tate.org.uk/art/artworks/gaba-museum-restaurant-from-museum-of-contemporary-african-art-t14220\" title=\"View the details of this artwork\"><span>T14220</span></a>), <i>Music Room </i>(Tate L03231), <i>Marriage Room </i>(Tate <a class=\"acno-pop\" data-gtm-destination=\"page--artwork\" data-gtm-name=\"body_text_link\" href=\"https://www.tate.org.uk/art/artworks/gaba-marriage-room-from-museum-of-contemporary-african-art-t15122\" title=\"View the details of this artwork\"><span>T15122</span></a>), <i>Library </i>(Tate L03236), <i>Salon</i> (Tate L03233) and <i>Humanist Space </i>(Tate <a class=\"acno-pop\" data-gtm-destination=\"page--artwork\" data-gtm-name=\"body_text_link\" href=\"https://www.tate.org.uk/art/artworks/gaba-humanist-space-from-museum-of-contemporary-african-art-t14007\" title=\"View the details of this artwork\"><span>T14007</span></a>). Each of these represents an aspect of what Gaba believes to be a core part of the museum’s function. A number of the sections are interactive and invite participation from the visitor. This discursive element of social interaction is fundamental to the work. The work can be shown in its entirety, or just one section or a group of sections can be displayed.</p>\n<p>Although the number of sections was fixed from the beginning, it took Gaba five years to complete the <i>Museum of Contemporary African Art</i> and over the years the sections have been exhibited in different ways. Several of its rooms were included in Documenta 11<i> </i>in Kassel in 2002 and individual sections or groups of rooms have been seen in museums across the world. The work<i> </i>was first exhibited in its entirety in 2009 at the Kunsthalle Fridericianum in Kassel.</p>\n<p>Gaba began working on the <i>Museum of Contemporary African Art </i>in 1997 during a two-year residency at the Rijksakademie in Amsterdam. He considered this ambitious project not as a model for others to emulate but as a catalyst for debate around preconceived notions of what African art is: ‘My museum doesn’t exist. It’s only a question … What I do is react to an African situation which is linked to a Eurocentric problem.’ (Gaba 2001, pp.16–17.) He continues, ‘I don’t come from traditional Africa but from modern Africa: that’s why I ask questions about the education I had. If I create a museum of contemporary African art, it’s because I say that people who gave me that education didn’t give us everything. They shut me up inside tradition.’ (Gaba 2001, p.18.) Gaba challenges ideas of an ‘authentic’ African expression and asserts his right as a Beninese living in the Netherlands to draw on both European and African influences. His museum is not a shrine to the object, but rather a space for social and cultural interaction, where the interconnectedness of art and life is made manifest.</p>\n<p>By titling this work <i>Museum of Contemporary African Art </i>Gaba draws attention to the fact that such a museum does not yet exist in Africa. Instead ethnographic museums in Europe and America have defined African art, often excluding contemporary artists, particularly those whose works break with tradition. Historian Simon Njami describes Gaba’s project as ‘a corrective to the history of past centuries. By once again placing Africa at the heart of universal creation, he is not simply content to affirm a forgotten and negated presence, but stresses his own existence … by staking a claim on the contemporary field.’ (Simon Njami, in Wolfs, Roesink and Visser 2010, p.10.) While this is a key work in the recent history of African art, it is also important within the lineage of critical reflections on the museum by European artists such as Marcel Duchamp (1887–1968) and Marcel Broodthaers (1924–1976). Although Gaba utilises the language of a Western museum, his approach is modest and the individual rooms containing different kinds of objects – including many that are painted gold, adorned with or made from shredded banknotes – invite visitor interaction. Curators and historians Okwui Enwezor and Chika Okeke-Agulu have argued that Gaba’s project evinces ‘a critique not only of the museum as an institution in which cultural value is produced, but also the museum as the symbolic realm in which such value is redistributed as cultural capital.’ (Enwezor and Okeke-Agulu 2009, p.16.)</p>\n<p>\n<b>Further reading</b>\n<br/>Meschac Gaba, <i>Library of the Museum</i>, vol.1, Breda 2001.<br/>Okwui Enwezor and Chika Okeke-Agulu, <i>Contemporary African Art since 1980</i>, Bologna 2009, pp.16–17.<br/>Rein Wolfs, Macha Roesink and Bianca Visser (eds.), <i>Meschac Gaba</i>, Cologne 2010.</p>\n<p>Kerryn Greenberg<br/>June 2012</p>\n</div>\n",
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Mixed media | [
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] | 1,997 | <a href="https://www.tate.org.uk/art/artists/meschac-gaba-8313" aria-label="More by Meschac Gaba" data-gtm-name="header_link_artist" data-gtm-destination="page--artist">Meschac Gaba</a> | Humanist Space Museum Contemporary African Art | 2,014 | [] | Gift of the artist and acquired with funds provided by the Acquisitions Fund for African Art supported by Guaranty Trust Bank Plc 2014 | T14007 | {
"id": 3,
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} | 7006792 1089615 1000513 1000160 7001242 | Meschac Gaba | 1,997 | [] | <p>The <span>Humanist Space</span> is one section of Meschac Gaba’s multi-part installation the <span>Museum of Contemporary African Art </span>1997–2002. The <span>Humanist Space</span> is the final section of the <span>Museum of Contemporary African Art</span>. When presented at <span>documenta XI</span> in Kassel in 2002, one hundred golden bicycles were available to rent during the one hundred days of the exhibition, with the intention of generating revenue for humanitarian causes in Africa. Ten of these bicycles remain and form the core of the room in its current presentation.</p> | false | 1 | 8313 | installation mixed media | [
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] | Humanist Space From Museum of Contemporary African Art | 1,997 | Tate | 1997–2002 | CLEARED | 3 | Overall display dimensions variable | accessioned work | Tate | Gift of the artist and acquired with funds provided by the Acquisitions Fund for African Art supported by Guaranty Trust Bank Plc 2014 | [
{
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"content": "<div class=\"text\">\n<p>The <i>Humanist Space</i> is one section of Meschac Gaba’s multi-part installation the <i>Museum of Contemporary African Art </i>1997–2002. The <i>Humanist Space</i> is the final section of the <i>Museum of Contemporary African Art</i>. When presented at <i>documenta XI</i> in Kassel in 2002, one hundred golden bicycles were available to rent during the one hundred days of the exhibition, with the intention of generating revenue for humanitarian causes in Africa. Ten of these bicycles remain and form the core of the room in its current presentation.</p>\n<p>Meschac Gaba’s <i>Museum of Contemporary African Art </i>1997–2002 consists of twelve discreet but related large-scale installations. These sections are entitled <i>Draft Room </i>(Tate <a class=\"acno-pop\" data-gtm-destination=\"page--artwork\" data-gtm-name=\"body_text_link\" href=\"https://www.tate.org.uk/art/artworks/gaba-draft-room-from-museum-of-contemporary-african-art-t14004\" title=\"View the details of this artwork\"><span>T14004</span></a>), <i>Architecture Room </i>(Tate <a class=\"acno-pop\" data-gtm-destination=\"page--artwork\" data-gtm-name=\"body_text_link\" href=\"https://www.tate.org.uk/art/artworks/gaba-architecture-room-from-museum-of-contemporary-african-art-t14005\" title=\"View the details of this artwork\"><span>T14005</span></a>), <i>Museum Shop </i>(Tate <a class=\"acno-pop\" data-gtm-destination=\"page--artwork\" data-gtm-name=\"body_text_link\" href=\"https://www.tate.org.uk/art/artworks/gaba-museum-shop-from-museum-of-contemporary-african-art-t14006\" title=\"View the details of this artwork\"><span>T14006</span></a>), <i>Summer Collection </i>(Tate L03229), <i>Game Room </i>(Tate <a class=\"acno-pop\" data-gtm-destination=\"page--artwork\" data-gtm-name=\"body_text_link\" href=\"https://www.tate.org.uk/art/artworks/gaba-game-room-from-museum-of-contemporary-african-art-t14219\" title=\"View the details of this artwork\"><span>T14219</span></a>), <i>Art and Religion </i>(Tate <a class=\"acno-pop\" data-gtm-destination=\"page--artwork\" data-gtm-name=\"body_text_link\" href=\"https://www.tate.org.uk/art/artworks/gaba-art-and-religion-room-from-museum-of-contemporary-african-art-t14969\" title=\"View the details of this artwork\"><span>T14969</span></a>), <i>Museum Restaurant </i>(Tate <a class=\"acno-pop\" data-gtm-destination=\"page--artwork\" data-gtm-name=\"body_text_link\" href=\"https://www.tate.org.uk/art/artworks/gaba-museum-restaurant-from-museum-of-contemporary-african-art-t14220\" title=\"View the details of this artwork\"><span>T14220</span></a>), <i>Music Room </i>(Tate L03231), <i>Marriage Room </i>(Tate <a class=\"acno-pop\" data-gtm-destination=\"page--artwork\" data-gtm-name=\"body_text_link\" href=\"https://www.tate.org.uk/art/artworks/gaba-marriage-room-from-museum-of-contemporary-african-art-t15122\" title=\"View the details of this artwork\"><span>T15122</span></a>), <i>Library </i>(Tate L03236), <i>Salon</i> (Tate L03233) and <i>Humanist Space </i>(Tate <a class=\"acno-pop\" data-gtm-destination=\"page--artwork\" data-gtm-name=\"body_text_link\" href=\"https://www.tate.org.uk/art/artworks/gaba-humanist-space-from-museum-of-contemporary-african-art-t14007\" title=\"View the details of this artwork\"><span>T14007</span></a>). Each of these represents an aspect of what Gaba believes to be a core part of the museum’s function. A number of the sections are interactive and invite participation from the visitor. This discursive element of social interaction is fundamental to the work. The work can be shown in its entirety, or just one section or a group of sections can be displayed.</p>\n<p>Although the number of sections was fixed from the beginning, it took Gaba five years to complete the <i>Museum of Contemporary African Art</i> and over the years the sections have been exhibited in different ways. Several of its rooms were included in Documenta 11<i> </i>in Kassel in 2002 and individual sections or groups of rooms have been seen in museums across the world. The work<i> </i>was first exhibited in its entirety in 2009 at the Kunsthalle Fridericianum in Kassel.</p>\n<p>Gaba began working on the <i>Museum of Contemporary African Art </i>in 1997. He considered this ambitious project not as a model for others to emulate but as a catalyst for debate around preconceived notions of what African art is: ‘My museum doesn’t exist. It’s only a question … What I do is react to an African situation which is linked to a Eurocentric problem.’ (Gaba 2001, pp.16–17.) He continues, ‘I don’t come from traditional Africa but from modern Africa: that’s why I ask questions about the education I had. If I create a museum of contemporary African art, it’s because I say that people who gave me that education didn’t give us everything. They shut me up inside tradition.’ (Gaba 2001, p.18.) Gaba challenges ideas of an ‘authentic’ African expression and asserts his right as a Beninese living in the Netherlands to draw on both European and African influences. His museum is not a shrine to the object, but rather a space for social and cultural interaction, where the interconnectedness of art and life is made manifest.</p>\n<p>By titling this work <i>Museum of Contemporary African Art </i>Gaba draws attention to the fact that such a museum does not yet exist in Africa. Instead ethnographic museums in Europe and America define African art often by excluding contemporary artists, particularly those whose works break with tradition. Historian Simon Njami describes Gaba’s project as ‘a corrective to the history of past centuries. By once again placing Africa at the heart of universal creation, he is not simply content to affirm a forgotten and negated presence, but stresses his own existence … by staking a claim on the contemporary field.’ (Simon Njami, in Wolfs, Roesink and Visser 2010, p.10.) While this is a key work in the recent history of African art, it is also important within the lineage of critical reflections on the museum by European artists such as Marcel Duchamp (1887–1968) and Marcel Broodthaers (1924–1976). Although Gaba utilises the language of a Western museum, his approach is modest and the individual rooms containing different kinds of objects – including many that are painted gold, adorned with or made from shredded banknotes – invite visitor interaction. Curators and historians Okwui Enwezor and Chika Okeke-Agulu have argued that Gaba’s project evinces ‘a critique not only of the museum as an institution in which cultural value is produced, but also the museum as the symbolic realm in which such value is redistributed as cultural capital.’ (Okwui Enwezor and Chika Okeke-Agulu, <i>Contemporary African Art since 1980</i>, Bologna 2009, p.16.)</p>\n<p>\n<b>Further reading</b>\n<br/>Meschac Gaba, <i>Library of the Museum</i>, vol.1, Breda 2001.<br/>Rein Wolfs, Macha Roesink and Bianca Visser (eds.), <i>Meschac Gaba</i>, Cologne 2010.<br/>Okwui Enwezor, ‘Meschac Gaba Museum of Contemporary African Art (Draft Room)’, in <i>Defining Contemporary Art: 25 Years in 200 Pivotal Artworks</i>, London 2011, p.224.</p>\n<p>Kerryn Greenberg<br/>June 2012</p>\n</div>\n",
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] | <p><span>Purification</span> 2012 is a long banner-shape watercolour on paper, measuring ten metres in length and just over one metre in height. The surface of the paper is covered with loose drawings of human forms, rendered in a limited palette of red, orange, green and grey. The heads and torsos are generally outlined clearly with a line of paint, inside which the marks become more blurred and watery, the result of applying watercolour to wet paper. The various floating forms, often upside down with flailing arms, are interwoven with sentences, handwritten in pencil, transcribed from the United Nations’ Universal Declaration of Human Rights of 1948. The work<span> </span>was specially made for a large-scale exhibition titled <span>We Face Forward: Art from West Africa Today</span>, which took place in Manchester in 2012 across several venues, and was displayed at the Whitworth Art Gallery.</p> | false | 1 | 18871 | paper unique watercolour graphite | [] | Purification | 2,012 | Tate | 2012 | CLEARED | 5 | unconfirmed: 1130 × 10000 mm | accessioned work | Tate | Purchased with funds provided by the Africa Acquisitions Committee 2014 | [
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2 tables, paint on canvas, 2 portfolios and lithographs on paper | [
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] | <p>The installation <span>Compass </span>1992–3 is made up of four parts, comprising a diptych of two large square canvases (each 2540 by 2540 millimetres) and two identical tables (each 690 by 750 by 750 millimetres) which are placed symmetrically in front of the canvases. On the tables are piles of lithographic prints. The symmetry of the installation is slightly offset by the arrangement of the prints on the tables: four sets of lithographs are laid on the left table and six sets on the right, so that the piles on the right are slightly taller. According to the artist the four sets on the left refer to the four elements of the biblical <span>Book of Creation</span> and the six sets on the right refer to the six dimensions in space. All ten are a metaphor for the structure of all things in the universe.</p> | false | 1 | 1698 | installation 2 tables paint canvas portfolios lithographs paper | [
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"content": "<div class=\"text\">\n<p>The installation <i>Compass </i>1992–3 is made up of four parts, comprising a diptych of two large square canvases (each 2540 by 2540 millimetres) and two identical tables (each 690 by 750 by 750 millimetres) which are placed symmetrically in front of the canvases. On the tables are piles of lithographic prints. The symmetry of the installation is slightly offset by the arrangement of the prints on the tables: four sets of lithographs are laid on the left table and six sets on the right, so that the piles on the right are slightly taller. According to the artist the four sets on the left refer to the four elements of the biblical <i>Book of Creation</i> and the six sets on the right refer to the six dimensions in space. All ten are a metaphor for the structure of all things in the universe. </p>\n<p>Both the canvases are covered in graphite and have been overlaid with semi-opaque washes of zinc-white paint. This deliberate process highlights the slow progression from dark to light, as well as the changing nature of the canvases through the artist’s process. The prints are numbered from zero to nine, using the letters O and I – so from O to IIIIIIIII – in black ink. Newman often explores the inscriptive and linguistic ideas of mark-making and the page as a surface for those marks. In this piece the use of letters to represent numbers, which requires the process of counting, could refer to literacy and mathematical language, but also to the infinite permutations of two simple symbols. The composition of the installation maintains an overall equilibrium that is constructed through a range of light and dark contrasting elements. The title of the work refers to the tapering legs of the tables, which are shaped like mathematical compasses. </p>\n<p>\n<i>Compass </i>1992–3 belongs to a body of work that Newman began in the1990s, when she increased the use of objects in her work and focused mostly on the tensions that exist between materiality and the immateriality of thought. Earlier works such as <i>The Wing of the Wind of Madness</i> 1982 (Tate <a class=\"acno-pop\" data-gtm-destination=\"page--artwork\" data-gtm-name=\"body_text_link\" href=\"https://www.tate.org.uk/art/artworks/newman-the-wing-of-the-wind-of-madness-t07164\" title=\"View the details of this artwork\"><span>T07164</span></a>) and <i>Sensible Ellipse of Lost Origin</i> 1985–6 (Tate <a class=\"acno-pop\" data-gtm-destination=\"page--artwork\" data-gtm-name=\"body_text_link\" href=\"https://www.tate.org.uk/art/artworks/newman-sensible-ellipse-of-lost-origin-t07166\" title=\"View the details of this artwork\"><span>T07166</span></a>) display a painting style that is more gestural and reliant on natural and organic forms. <i>Compass</i>, in contrast, has a more structural and symmetrical presence. Newman’s work is consistently concerned with the notion of drawing as the nearest operation to thought. She has said, ‘I think essentially my concerns are the notion of the origin of mark-making; the pictorial space; the origin of materiality and its essential symbolic language.’ (Quoted in an interview with William Furlong on Wimbledon College of Art, London homepage, <a href=\"http://raw.wimbledon.ac.uk/?q=node/25\">http://raw.wimbledon.ac.uk/?q=node/25</a>, accessed July 2013.)</p>\n<p>\n<b>Further reading</b>\n<br/>\n<i>Avis Newman</i>, exhibition catalogue, Lisson Gallery, London, November–December 1988.<br/>‘Avis Newman’, <i>Breaking the Mould, British Art of the 1980s and 1990s. The Weltkunst Collection</i>, exhibition catalogue, Irish Museum of Modern Art, Dublin 1997, p.100.</p>\n<p>Leyla Fakhr<br/>July 2013</p>\n</div>\n",
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} | 7007157 1091965 7015579 1000182 7001242 | Njideka Akunyili Crosby | 2,013 | [] | <p><span>Predecessors</span> 2013 is a two-part work by the Nigerian-born artist Njideka Akunyili Crosby. It is executed in acrylic, charcoal, pencil and acetone-transferred prints on two separate sheets of paper that are displayed unframed and unmounted. The left-hand sheet features a single female figure wearing a pink dress, seated in a domestic living-room environment. The work shows the contrast between a modern ‘off-the-peg’ style interior and the iconographic ‘lattice’ – a geometric structure of cement that was used as a ventilation system, as well as a decorative element – typical of the houses in late 1970s Lagos when the artist was growing up. The female subject at the centre of the composition has consistently appeared in a number of Akunyili Crosby’s previous works. She is the artist’s alter ego, a modern African woman who embodies the nature of the African cosmopolitan lifestyle through her costume, style and mannerisms. She is an ‘Afropolitan’, representative of a new generation of African who exists between multiple geographies and cultures, living a trans-cultural and trans-national life. The concept of Afropolitan was popularised by writer Achille Mbembe (born 1957) in the essay ‘Afropolitanism’, in which he aimed to propose a possible new answer to the question of African identity (in <span>Africa Remix: Contemporary Art of a Continent</span>,<span> </span>exhibition catalogue, Hayward Gallery, London 2005, pp.26–9).</p> | false | 1 | 18974 | paper unique 2 works charcoal acrylic paint graphite transfer print | [
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support: 2120 × 2129 mm | accessioned work | Tate | Purchased with funds provided by the Acquisitions Fund for African Art supported by Guaranty Trust Bank Plc 2014 | [
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"content": "<div class=\"text\">\n<p>\n<i>Predecessors</i> 2013 is a two-part work by the Nigerian-born artist Njideka Akunyili Crosby. It is executed in acrylic, charcoal, pencil and acetone-transferred prints on two separate sheets of paper that are displayed unframed and unmounted. The left-hand sheet features a single female figure wearing a pink dress, seated in a domestic living-room environment. The work shows the contrast between a modern ‘off-the-peg’ style interior and the iconographic ‘lattice’ – a geometric structure of cement that was used as a ventilation system, as well as a decorative element – typical of the houses in late 1970s Lagos when the artist was growing up. The female subject at the centre of the composition has consistently appeared in a number of Akunyili Crosby’s previous works. She is the artist’s alter ego, a modern African woman who embodies the nature of the African cosmopolitan lifestyle through her costume, style and mannerisms. She is an ‘Afropolitan’, representative of a new generation of African who exists between multiple geographies and cultures, living a trans-cultural and trans-national life. The concept of Afropolitan was popularised by writer Achille Mbembe (born 1957) in the essay ‘Afropolitanism’, in which he aimed to propose a possible new answer to the question of African identity (in <i>Africa Remix: Contemporary Art of a Continent</i>,<i> </i>exhibition catalogue, Hayward Gallery, London 2005, pp.26–9). </p>\n<p>The right sheet of <i>Predecessors</i> presents a kitchen. On display are several utensils and kitchen tools, which belong to different periods of Nigeria’s history. Completing the imagery in both parts of the work are family photographs and personal memorabilia, mixed with cut-outs from popular magazines and newspapers. Akunyili Crosby uses photographs, Xerox copies and acetone-transferred prints to create a multi-layered surface in her works, in which disparate materials and motifs are combined to produce a cohesive representational scene. She has commented about the range of references in this particular work that: </p>\n<p class=\"cttext\">\n</p><blockquote>this technique of integrating disparate materials and images undergirds the significance of the work by creating a visual metaphor for the multiple sources of influence on people’s experiences within a space where numerous cultures interact – the postcolonial, the immigrant, and other scenarios. The images chosen for this piece deal with changes over two generations of Nigerians, 1960s and 2010s, as seen through the lens of pop cultural icons. So, writer Chinua Achebe is paired with novelist Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie, singer Onyeka Onwenu with hip-hop icon Nneka, and former government Nigerian Airways with corporate Arik Air.<br/>(Akunyili Crosby, in correspondence with Tate curator Elvira Dyangani Ose, September 2013.) </blockquote>\n<p>\n<i>Predecessors</i> exemplifies Akunyili Crosby’s interest in storytelling. The post-colonial writing of Nigerian authors such as Chinua Achebe and Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie, as well as being visual references, here provide the conceptual framework within which the artist reinvents the grammar of Western portraiture. Deeply rooted in personal experience, her practice reflects the internal tensions between the artist’s deep love for Nigeria and her strong appreciation of Western culture, while at the same time offering up a larger, collective narrative. </p>\n<p>\n<b>Further reading</b>\n<br/>Meleko Mokgosi and Xaviera Simmons, ‘In the Studio with the 2011–12 Artists in Residence’, <i>Studio Magazine</i>, Summer/Fall 2012.<br/>Ara H. Merjian, ‘Njideka Akunyili’, in Matt Price,<i> Vitamin D2: New Perspectives in Drawing</i>, London and New York 2013.</p>\n<p>Elvira Dyangani Ose<br/>September 2013</p>\n</div>\n",
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} | 7008153 7002445 7008591 7002444 | Angus Fairhurst | 2,001 | [] | <p><span>Alternating/Blue</span>2001 is an animation by the English artist Angus Fairhurst, and forms part of the eight-work series <span>Alternating</span> 2001 (Tate T14022–9). Each work in the series features torsos or upper legs, drawn using a computer programme, that move and gyrate rhythmically against a glowing background of monochrome colour. The eight colours are blue, green, grey, orange, purple, red, turquoise and yellow, and each work’s title reflects the one used for its background. Each animation has two figures, one with male genitals and the other with female, except <span>Alternating/Red </span>2001 (Tate T14027) which has two male figures. White is used to highlight either genitals or areas where the figures are overlapping. With both figures repeating the same motions slightly out of rhythm with each other, they move into and through the space of the other body, losing definition and appearing more as a hermaphroditic combination than individual anatomies. Where the movement of the genitals towards and into one another might appear erotic (notably in <span>Alternating/Grey </span>2001, Tate T14024, and <span>Alternating/Orange </span>2001,<span> </span>Tate T14025), this is denied by the apparently different spaces occupied by each of the figures, who never appear to share any physical interaction with one another.</p> | false | 1 | 2591 | installation video monitor colour | [] | Alternating/Blue | 2,001 | Tate | 2001 | CLEARED | 3 | duration: 40min | accessioned work | Tate | Presented by the artist's estate 2011 | [
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"content": "<div class=\"text\">\n<p>\n<i>Alternating/Blue</i>2001 is an animation by the English artist Angus Fairhurst, and forms part of the eight-work series <i>Alternating</i> 2001 (Tate <a class=\"acno-pop\" data-gtm-destination=\"page--artwork\" data-gtm-name=\"body_text_link\" href=\"https://www.tate.org.uk/art/artworks/fairhurst-alternating-blue-t14022\" title=\"View the details of this artwork\"><span>T14022</span></a>–9). Each work in the series features torsos or upper legs, drawn using a computer programme, that move and gyrate rhythmically against a glowing background of monochrome colour. The eight colours are blue, green, grey, orange, purple, red, turquoise and yellow, and each work’s title reflects the one used for its background. Each animation has two figures, one with male genitals and the other with female, except <i>Alternating/Red </i>2001 (Tate <a class=\"acno-pop\" data-gtm-destination=\"page--artwork\" data-gtm-name=\"body_text_link\" href=\"https://www.tate.org.uk/art/artworks/fairhurst-alternating-red-t14027\" title=\"View the details of this artwork\"><span>T14027</span></a>) which has two male figures. White is used to highlight either genitals or areas where the figures are overlapping. With both figures repeating the same motions slightly out of rhythm with each other, they move into and through the space of the other body, losing definition and appearing more as a hermaphroditic combination than individual anatomies. Where the movement of the genitals towards and into one another might appear erotic (notably in <i>Alternating/Grey </i>2001, Tate <a class=\"acno-pop\" data-gtm-destination=\"page--artwork\" data-gtm-name=\"body_text_link\" href=\"https://www.tate.org.uk/art/artworks/fairhurst-alternating-grey-t14024\" title=\"View the details of this artwork\"><span>T14024</span></a>, and <i>Alternating/Orange </i>2001,<i> </i>Tate <a class=\"acno-pop\" data-gtm-destination=\"page--artwork\" data-gtm-name=\"body_text_link\" href=\"https://www.tate.org.uk/art/artworks/fairhurst-alternating-orange-t14025\" title=\"View the details of this artwork\"><span>T14025</span></a>), this is denied by the apparently different spaces occupied by each of the figures, who never appear to share any physical interaction with one another. </p>\n<p>Such fragmentary anatomies appear in many of Fairhurst’s films. The metamorphosis of these bodies as they move in and out of one another suggests a continuum of shifting matter, identity and mood. They undergo repetitive transmutations, suspended in absurd yet curiously compelling cycles. Fairhurst also explored disjointed anatomies, albeit ones generally more surreal in construction, in <i>Things That Don’t Work Properly/Things That Never Stop 1998</i> (Tate <a class=\"acno-pop\" data-gtm-destination=\"page--artwork\" data-gtm-name=\"body_text_link\" href=\"https://www.tate.org.uk/art/artworks/fairhurst-things-that-dont-work-properly-things-that-never-stop-t14018\" title=\"View the details of this artwork\"><span>T14018</span></a>). By turns surreal, cartoonish and diagrammatic, Fairhurst’s animations also epitomise his offbeat humour that was often tinged with melancholy. The moving image was a frequently used medium for Fairhurst, reflecting his interest in repetition and loops, and his videos extend the nature and concerns of his drawings, objects and installations in time.</p>\n<p>Throughout his career, Fairhurst’s practice seemed to resist categorisation, with the artist often switching from one medium to another, including sculpture, painting, animation, photography, drawing and collage. His work has addressed the subject of the human condition and tackled fundamental issues such as the mystery of the self, the uncertainty of existence, and the constant desire to find meaning. The interplay of nature and artifice is also a recurring theme. Like the playwright Samuel Beckett, whose influence Fairhurst acknowledged (Muir and Wallis 2004, p.101), his use of repetition and the loop can be understood as a metaphor for what Fairhurst saw as the absurdity of life itself. </p>\n<p>Fairhurst was closely associated with a generation of British artists who studied at Goldsmiths College in London in the 1980s and whose work came to prominence in the early 1990s. His work has connections with conceptual art of the 1960s and 1970s, as well as with the appropriation strategies of artists such as Richard Prince in the 1980s – he rearranged culturally significant material, such as imagery from glossy magazines and advertisements, to change perceptions of a seemingly familiar world (see Tate <a class=\"acno-pop\" data-gtm-destination=\"page--artwork\" data-gtm-name=\"body_text_link\" href=\"https://www.tate.org.uk/art/artworks/fairhurst-unprinted-i-p20288\" title=\"View the details of this artwork\"><span>P20288</span></a>–90). It is partly for these reasons that he was also considered a key figure in a generation of artists that changed the character of contemporary British art. </p>\n<p>\n<b>Further reading</b>\n<br/>Gregor Muir and Clarrie Wallis, <i>In-A-Gadda-Da-Vida</i>, exhibition catalogue, Tate Britain, London 2004.<br/>Sacha Craddoch and James Cahill, <i>Angus Fairhurst</i>, exhibition catalogue, Sadie Coles HQ, London 2009.</p>\n<p>Clarrie Wallis<br/>January 2011<br/>Arthur Goodwin<br/>December 2018</p>\n</div>\n",
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Video, monitor, colour | [
{
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{
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{
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] | 2,001 | <a href="https://www.tate.org.uk/art/artists/angus-fairhurst-2591" aria-label="More by Angus Fairhurst" data-gtm-name="header_link_artist" data-gtm-destination="page--artist">Angus Fairhurst</a> | AlternatingGreen | 2,014 | [] | Presented by the artist's estate 2011 | T14023 | {
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} | 7008153 7002445 7008591 7002444 | Angus Fairhurst | 2,001 | [] | <p><span>Alternating/Green </span>2001 is an animation by the English artist Angus Fairhurst, and forms part of the eight-work series <span>Alternating</span> 2001 (Tate T14022–9). Each work in the series features torsos or upper legs, drawn using a computer programme, that move and gyrate rhythmically against a glowing background of monochrome colour. The eight colours are blue, green, grey, orange, purple, red, turquoise and yellow, and each work’s title reflects the one used for its background. Each animation has two figures, one with male genitals and the other with female, except <span>Alternating/Red </span>2001 (Tate T14027) which has two male figures. White is used to highlight either genitals or areas where the figures are overlapping. With both figures repeating the same motions slightly out of rhythm with each other, they move into and through the space of the other body, losing definition and appearing more as a hermaphroditic combination than individual anatomies. Where the movement of the genitals towards and into one another might appear erotic (notably in <span>Alternating/Grey </span>2001, Tate T14024, and <span>Alternating/Orange </span>2001,<span> </span>Tate T14025), this is denied by the apparently different spaces occupied by each of the figures, who never appear to share any physical interaction with one another.</p> | false | 1 | 2591 | installation video monitor colour | [] | Alternating/Green | 2,001 | Tate | 2001 | CLEARED | 3 | duration: 40min | accessioned work | Tate | Presented by the artist's estate 2011 | [
{
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"content": "<div class=\"text\">\n<p>\n<i>Alternating/Green </i>2001 is an animation by the English artist Angus Fairhurst, and forms part of the eight-work series <i>Alternating</i> 2001 (Tate <a class=\"acno-pop\" data-gtm-destination=\"page--artwork\" data-gtm-name=\"body_text_link\" href=\"https://www.tate.org.uk/art/artworks/fairhurst-alternating-blue-t14022\" title=\"View the details of this artwork\"><span>T14022</span></a>–9). Each work in the series features torsos or upper legs, drawn using a computer programme, that move and gyrate rhythmically against a glowing background of monochrome colour. The eight colours are blue, green, grey, orange, purple, red, turquoise and yellow, and each work’s title reflects the one used for its background. Each animation has two figures, one with male genitals and the other with female, except <i>Alternating/Red </i>2001 (Tate <a class=\"acno-pop\" data-gtm-destination=\"page--artwork\" data-gtm-name=\"body_text_link\" href=\"https://www.tate.org.uk/art/artworks/fairhurst-alternating-red-t14027\" title=\"View the details of this artwork\"><span>T14027</span></a>) which has two male figures. White is used to highlight either genitals or areas where the figures are overlapping. With both figures repeating the same motions slightly out of rhythm with each other, they move into and through the space of the other body, losing definition and appearing more as a hermaphroditic combination than individual anatomies. Where the movement of the genitals towards and into one another might appear erotic (notably in <i>Alternating/Grey </i>2001, Tate <a class=\"acno-pop\" data-gtm-destination=\"page--artwork\" data-gtm-name=\"body_text_link\" href=\"https://www.tate.org.uk/art/artworks/fairhurst-alternating-grey-t14024\" title=\"View the details of this artwork\"><span>T14024</span></a>, and <i>Alternating/Orange </i>2001,<i> </i>Tate <a class=\"acno-pop\" data-gtm-destination=\"page--artwork\" data-gtm-name=\"body_text_link\" href=\"https://www.tate.org.uk/art/artworks/fairhurst-alternating-orange-t14025\" title=\"View the details of this artwork\"><span>T14025</span></a>), this is denied by the apparently different spaces occupied by each of the figures, who never appear to share any physical interaction with one another. </p>\n<p>Such fragmentary anatomies appear in many of Fairhurst’s films. The metamorphosis of these bodies as they move in and out of one another suggests a continuum of shifting matter, identity and mood. They undergo repetitive transmutations, suspended in absurd yet curiously compelling cycles. Fairhurst also explored disjointed anatomies, albeit ones generally more surreal in construction, in <i>Things That Don’t Work Properly/Things That Never Stop 1998</i> (Tate <a class=\"acno-pop\" data-gtm-destination=\"page--artwork\" data-gtm-name=\"body_text_link\" href=\"https://www.tate.org.uk/art/artworks/fairhurst-things-that-dont-work-properly-things-that-never-stop-t14018\" title=\"View the details of this artwork\"><span>T14018</span></a>). By turns surreal, cartoonish and diagrammatic, Fairhurst’s animations also epitomise his offbeat humour that was often tinged with melancholy. The moving image was a frequently used medium for Fairhurst, reflecting his interest in repetition and loops, and his videos extend the nature and concerns of his drawings, objects and installations in time.</p>\n<p>Throughout his career, Fairhurst’s practice seemed to resist categorisation, with the artist often switching from one medium to another, including sculpture, painting, animation, photography, drawing and collage. His work has addressed the subject of the human condition and tackled fundamental issues such as the mystery of the self, the uncertainty of existence, and the constant desire to find meaning. The interplay of nature and artifice is also a recurring theme. Like the playwright Samuel Beckett, whose influence Fairhurst acknowledged (Muir and Wallis 2004, p.101), his use of repetition and the loop can be understood as a metaphor for what Fairhurst saw as the absurdity of life itself. </p>\n<p>Fairhurst was closely associated with a generation of British artists who studied at Goldsmiths College in London in the 1980s and whose work came to prominence in the early 1990s. His work has connections with conceptual art of the 1960s and 1970s, as well as with the appropriation strategies of artists such as Richard Prince in the 1980s – he rearranged culturally significant material, such as imagery from glossy magazines and advertisements, to change perceptions of a seemingly familiar world (see Tate <a class=\"acno-pop\" data-gtm-destination=\"page--artwork\" data-gtm-name=\"body_text_link\" href=\"https://www.tate.org.uk/art/artworks/fairhurst-unprinted-i-p20288\" title=\"View the details of this artwork\"><span>P20288</span></a>–90). It is partly for these reasons that he was also considered a key figure in a generation of artists that changed the character of contemporary British art. </p>\n<p>\n<b>Further reading</b>\n<br/>Gregor Muir and Clarrie Wallis, <i>In-A-Gadda-Da-Vida</i>, exhibition catalogue, Tate Britain, London 2004.<br/>Sacha Craddoch and James Cahill, <i>Angus Fairhurst</i>, exhibition catalogue, Sadie Coles HQ, London 2009.</p>\n<p>Clarrie Wallis<br/>January 2011<br/>Arthur Goodwin<br/>December 2018</p>\n</div>\n",
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Video, monitor, colour | [
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{
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] | 2,001 | <a href="https://www.tate.org.uk/art/artists/angus-fairhurst-2591" aria-label="More by Angus Fairhurst" data-gtm-name="header_link_artist" data-gtm-destination="page--artist">Angus Fairhurst</a> | AlternatingGrey | 2,014 | [] | Presented by the artist's estate 2011 | T14024 | {
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} | 7008153 7002445 7008591 7002444 | Angus Fairhurst | 2,001 | [] | <p><span>Alternating/Grey </span>2001 is an animation by the English artist Angus Fairhurst, and forms part of the eight-work series <span>Alternating</span> 2001 (Tate T14022–9). Each work in the series features torsos or upper legs, drawn using a computer programme, that move and gyrate rhythmically against a glowing background of monochrome colour. The eight colours are blue, green, grey, orange, purple, red, turquoise and yellow, and each work’s title reflects the one used for its background. Each animation has two figures, one with male genitals and the other with female, except <span>Alternating/Red </span>2001 (Tate T14027) which has two male figures. White is used to highlight either genitals or areas where the figures are overlapping. With both figures repeating the same motions slightly out of rhythm with each other, they move into and through the space of the other body, losing definition and appearing more as a hermaphroditic combination than individual anatomies. Where the movement of the genitals towards and into one another might appear erotic (notably in <span>Alternating/Grey </span>2001, Tate T14024, and <span>Alternating/Orange </span>2001,<span> </span>Tate T14025), this is denied by the apparently different spaces occupied by each of the figures, who never appear to share any physical interaction with one another.</p> | false | 1 | 2591 | installation video monitor colour | [] | Alternating/Grey | 2,001 | Tate | 2001 | CLEARED | 3 | duration: 40min | accessioned work | Tate | Presented by the artist's estate 2011 | [
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"content": "<div class=\"text\">\n<p>\n<i>Alternating/Grey </i>2001 is an animation by the English artist Angus Fairhurst, and forms part of the eight-work series <i>Alternating</i> 2001 (Tate <a class=\"acno-pop\" data-gtm-destination=\"page--artwork\" data-gtm-name=\"body_text_link\" href=\"https://www.tate.org.uk/art/artworks/fairhurst-alternating-blue-t14022\" title=\"View the details of this artwork\"><span>T14022</span></a>–9). Each work in the series features torsos or upper legs, drawn using a computer programme, that move and gyrate rhythmically against a glowing background of monochrome colour. The eight colours are blue, green, grey, orange, purple, red, turquoise and yellow, and each work’s title reflects the one used for its background. Each animation has two figures, one with male genitals and the other with female, except <i>Alternating/Red </i>2001 (Tate <a class=\"acno-pop\" data-gtm-destination=\"page--artwork\" data-gtm-name=\"body_text_link\" href=\"https://www.tate.org.uk/art/artworks/fairhurst-alternating-red-t14027\" title=\"View the details of this artwork\"><span>T14027</span></a>) which has two male figures. White is used to highlight either genitals or areas where the figures are overlapping. With both figures repeating the same motions slightly out of rhythm with each other, they move into and through the space of the other body, losing definition and appearing more as a hermaphroditic combination than individual anatomies. Where the movement of the genitals towards and into one another might appear erotic (notably in <i>Alternating/Grey </i>2001, Tate <a class=\"acno-pop\" data-gtm-destination=\"page--artwork\" data-gtm-name=\"body_text_link\" href=\"https://www.tate.org.uk/art/artworks/fairhurst-alternating-grey-t14024\" title=\"View the details of this artwork\"><span>T14024</span></a>, and <i>Alternating/Orange </i>2001,<i> </i>Tate <a class=\"acno-pop\" data-gtm-destination=\"page--artwork\" data-gtm-name=\"body_text_link\" href=\"https://www.tate.org.uk/art/artworks/fairhurst-alternating-orange-t14025\" title=\"View the details of this artwork\"><span>T14025</span></a>), this is denied by the apparently different spaces occupied by each of the figures, who never appear to share any physical interaction with one another. </p>\n<p>Such fragmentary anatomies appear in many of Fairhurst’s films. The metamorphosis of these bodies as they move in and out of one another suggests a continuum of shifting matter, identity and mood. They undergo repetitive transmutations, suspended in absurd yet curiously compelling cycles. Fairhurst also explored disjointed anatomies, albeit ones generally more surreal in construction, in <i>Things That Don’t Work Properly/Things That Never Stop 1998</i> (Tate <a class=\"acno-pop\" data-gtm-destination=\"page--artwork\" data-gtm-name=\"body_text_link\" href=\"https://www.tate.org.uk/art/artworks/fairhurst-things-that-dont-work-properly-things-that-never-stop-t14018\" title=\"View the details of this artwork\"><span>T14018</span></a>). By turns surreal, cartoonish and diagrammatic, Fairhurst’s animations also epitomise his offbeat humour that was often tinged with melancholy. The moving image was a frequently used medium for Fairhurst, reflecting his interest in repetition and loops, and his videos extend the nature and concerns of his drawings, objects and installations in time.</p>\n<p>Throughout his career, Fairhurst’s practice seemed to resist categorisation, with the artist often switching from one medium to another, including sculpture, painting, animation, photography, drawing and collage. His work has addressed the subject of the human condition and tackled fundamental issues such as the mystery of the self, the uncertainty of existence, and the constant desire to find meaning. The interplay of nature and artifice is also a recurring theme. Like the playwright Samuel Beckett, whose influence Fairhurst acknowledged (Muir and Wallis 2004, p.101), his use of repetition and the loop can be understood as a metaphor for what Fairhurst saw as the absurdity of life itself. </p>\n<p>Fairhurst was closely associated with a generation of British artists who studied at Goldsmiths College in London in the 1980s and whose work came to prominence in the early 1990s. His work has connections with conceptual art of the 1960s and 1970s, as well as with the appropriation strategies of artists such as Richard Prince in the 1980s – he rearranged culturally significant material, such as imagery from glossy magazines and advertisements, to change perceptions of a seemingly familiar world (see Tate <a class=\"acno-pop\" data-gtm-destination=\"page--artwork\" data-gtm-name=\"body_text_link\" href=\"https://www.tate.org.uk/art/artworks/fairhurst-unprinted-i-p20288\" title=\"View the details of this artwork\"><span>P20288</span></a>–90). It is partly for these reasons that he was also considered a key figure in a generation of artists that changed the character of contemporary British art. </p>\n<p>\n<b>Further reading</b>\n<br/>Gregor Muir and Clarrie Wallis, <i>In-A-Gadda-Da-Vida</i>, exhibition catalogue, Tate Britain, London 2004.<br/>Sacha Craddoch and James Cahill, <i>Angus Fairhurst</i>, exhibition catalogue, Sadie Coles HQ, London 2009.</p>\n<p>Clarrie Wallis<br/>January 2011<br/>Arthur Goodwin<br/>December 2018</p>\n</div>\n",
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Video, monitor, colour | [
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{
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] | 2,001 | <a href="https://www.tate.org.uk/art/artists/angus-fairhurst-2591" aria-label="More by Angus Fairhurst" data-gtm-name="header_link_artist" data-gtm-destination="page--artist">Angus Fairhurst</a> | AlternatingOrange | 2,014 | [] | Presented by the artist's estate 2011 | T14025 | {
"id": 3,
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} | 7008153 7002445 7008591 7002444 | Angus Fairhurst | 2,001 | [] | <p><span>Alternating/Orange </span>2001 is an animation by the English artist Angus Fairhurst, and forms part of the eight-work series <span>Alternating</span> 2001 (Tate T14022–9). Each work in the series features torsos or upper legs, drawn using a computer programme, that move and gyrate rhythmically against a glowing background of monochrome colour. The eight colours are blue, green, grey, orange, purple, red, turquoise and yellow, and each work’s title reflects the one used for its background. Each animation has two figures, one with male genitals and the other with female, except <span>Alternating/Red </span>2001 (Tate T14027) which has two male figures. White is used to highlight either genitals or areas where the figures are overlapping. With both figures repeating the same motions slightly out of rhythm with each other, they move into and through the space of the other body, losing definition and appearing more as a hermaphroditic combination than individual anatomies. Where the movement of the genitals towards and into one another might appear erotic (notably in <span>Alternating/Grey </span>2001, Tate T14024, and <span>Alternating/Orange </span>2001,<span> </span>Tate T14025), this is denied by the apparently different spaces occupied by each of the figures, who never appear to share any physical interaction with one another.</p> | false | 1 | 2591 | installation video monitor colour | [] | Alternating/Orange | 2,001 | Tate | 2001 | CLEARED | 3 | duration: 60min | accessioned work | Tate | Presented by the artist's estate 2011 | [
{
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"content": "<div class=\"text\">\n<p>\n<i>Alternating/Orange </i>2001 is an animation by the English artist Angus Fairhurst, and forms part of the eight-work series <i>Alternating</i> 2001 (Tate <a class=\"acno-pop\" data-gtm-destination=\"page--artwork\" data-gtm-name=\"body_text_link\" href=\"https://www.tate.org.uk/art/artworks/fairhurst-alternating-blue-t14022\" title=\"View the details of this artwork\"><span>T14022</span></a>–9). Each work in the series features torsos or upper legs, drawn using a computer programme, that move and gyrate rhythmically against a glowing background of monochrome colour. The eight colours are blue, green, grey, orange, purple, red, turquoise and yellow, and each work’s title reflects the one used for its background. Each animation has two figures, one with male genitals and the other with female, except <i>Alternating/Red </i>2001 (Tate <a class=\"acno-pop\" data-gtm-destination=\"page--artwork\" data-gtm-name=\"body_text_link\" href=\"https://www.tate.org.uk/art/artworks/fairhurst-alternating-red-t14027\" title=\"View the details of this artwork\"><span>T14027</span></a>) which has two male figures. White is used to highlight either genitals or areas where the figures are overlapping. With both figures repeating the same motions slightly out of rhythm with each other, they move into and through the space of the other body, losing definition and appearing more as a hermaphroditic combination than individual anatomies. Where the movement of the genitals towards and into one another might appear erotic (notably in <i>Alternating/Grey </i>2001, Tate <a class=\"acno-pop\" data-gtm-destination=\"page--artwork\" data-gtm-name=\"body_text_link\" href=\"https://www.tate.org.uk/art/artworks/fairhurst-alternating-grey-t14024\" title=\"View the details of this artwork\"><span>T14024</span></a>, and <i>Alternating/Orange </i>2001,<i> </i>Tate <a class=\"acno-pop\" data-gtm-destination=\"page--artwork\" data-gtm-name=\"body_text_link\" href=\"https://www.tate.org.uk/art/artworks/fairhurst-alternating-orange-t14025\" title=\"View the details of this artwork\"><span>T14025</span></a>), this is denied by the apparently different spaces occupied by each of the figures, who never appear to share any physical interaction with one another. </p>\n<p>Such fragmentary anatomies appear in many of Fairhurst’s films. The metamorphosis of these bodies as they move in and out of one another suggests a continuum of shifting matter, identity and mood. They undergo repetitive transmutations, suspended in absurd yet curiously compelling cycles. Fairhurst also explored disjointed anatomies, albeit ones generally more surreal in construction, in <i>Things That Don’t Work Properly/Things That Never Stop 1998</i> (Tate <a class=\"acno-pop\" data-gtm-destination=\"page--artwork\" data-gtm-name=\"body_text_link\" href=\"https://www.tate.org.uk/art/artworks/fairhurst-things-that-dont-work-properly-things-that-never-stop-t14018\" title=\"View the details of this artwork\"><span>T14018</span></a>). By turns surreal, cartoonish and diagrammatic, Fairhurst’s animations also epitomise his offbeat humour that was often tinged with melancholy. The moving image was a frequently used medium for Fairhurst, reflecting his interest in repetition and loops, and his videos extend the nature and concerns of his drawings, objects and installations in time.</p>\n<p>Throughout his career, Fairhurst’s practice seemed to resist categorisation, with the artist often switching from one medium to another, including sculpture, painting, animation, photography, drawing and collage. His work has addressed the subject of the human condition and tackled fundamental issues such as the mystery of the self, the uncertainty of existence, and the constant desire to find meaning. The interplay of nature and artifice is also a recurring theme. Like the playwright Samuel Beckett, whose influence Fairhurst acknowledged (Muir and Wallis 2004, p.101), his use of repetition and the loop can be understood as a metaphor for what Fairhurst saw as the absurdity of life itself. </p>\n<p>Fairhurst was closely associated with a generation of British artists who studied at Goldsmiths College in London in the 1980s and whose work came to prominence in the early 1990s. His work has connections with conceptual art of the 1960s and 1970s, as well as with the appropriation strategies of artists such as Richard Prince in the 1980s – he rearranged culturally significant material, such as imagery from glossy magazines and advertisements, to change perceptions of a seemingly familiar world (see Tate <a class=\"acno-pop\" data-gtm-destination=\"page--artwork\" data-gtm-name=\"body_text_link\" href=\"https://www.tate.org.uk/art/artworks/fairhurst-unprinted-i-p20288\" title=\"View the details of this artwork\"><span>P20288</span></a>–90). It is partly for these reasons that he was also considered a key figure in a generation of artists that changed the character of contemporary British art. </p>\n<p>\n<b>Further reading</b>\n<br/>Gregor Muir and Clarrie Wallis, <i>In-A-Gadda-Da-Vida</i>, exhibition catalogue, Tate Britain, London 2004.<br/>Sacha Craddoch and James Cahill, <i>Angus Fairhurst</i>, exhibition catalogue, Sadie Coles HQ, London 2009.</p>\n<p>Clarrie Wallis<br/>January 2011<br/>Arthur Goodwin<br/>December 2018</p>\n</div>\n",
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Video, monitor, colour | [
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{
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} | 7008153 7002445 7008591 7002444 | Angus Fairhurst | 2,001 | [] | <p><span>Alternating/Purple </span>2001 is an animation by the English artist Angus Fairhurst, and forms part of the eight-work series <span>Alternating</span> 2001 (Tate T14022–9). Each work in the series features torsos or upper legs, drawn using a computer programme, that move and gyrate rhythmically against a glowing background of monochrome colour. The eight colours are blue, green, grey, orange, purple, red, turquoise and yellow, and each work’s title reflects the one used for its background. Each animation has two figures, one with male genitals and the other with female, except <span>Alternating/Red </span>2001 (Tate T14027) which has two male figures. White is used to highlight either genitals or areas where the figures are overlapping. With both figures repeating the same motions slightly out of rhythm with each other, they move into and through the space of the other body, losing definition and appearing more as a hermaphroditic combination than individual anatomies. Where the movement of the genitals towards and into one another might appear erotic (notably in <span>Alternating/Grey </span>2001, Tate T14024, and <span>Alternating/Orange </span>2001,<span> </span>Tate T14025), this is denied by the apparently different spaces occupied by each of the figures, who never appear to share any physical interaction with one another.</p> | false | 1 | 2591 | installation video monitor colour | [] | Alternating/Purple | 2,001 | Tate | 2001 | CLEARED | 3 | duration: 40min | accessioned work | Tate | Presented by the artist's estate 2011 | [
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"content": "<div class=\"text\">\n<p>\n<i>Alternating/Purple </i>2001 is an animation by the English artist Angus Fairhurst, and forms part of the eight-work series <i>Alternating</i> 2001 (Tate <a class=\"acno-pop\" data-gtm-destination=\"page--artwork\" data-gtm-name=\"body_text_link\" href=\"https://www.tate.org.uk/art/artworks/fairhurst-alternating-blue-t14022\" title=\"View the details of this artwork\"><span>T14022</span></a>–9). Each work in the series features torsos or upper legs, drawn using a computer programme, that move and gyrate rhythmically against a glowing background of monochrome colour. The eight colours are blue, green, grey, orange, purple, red, turquoise and yellow, and each work’s title reflects the one used for its background. Each animation has two figures, one with male genitals and the other with female, except <i>Alternating/Red </i>2001 (Tate <a class=\"acno-pop\" data-gtm-destination=\"page--artwork\" data-gtm-name=\"body_text_link\" href=\"https://www.tate.org.uk/art/artworks/fairhurst-alternating-red-t14027\" title=\"View the details of this artwork\"><span>T14027</span></a>) which has two male figures. White is used to highlight either genitals or areas where the figures are overlapping. With both figures repeating the same motions slightly out of rhythm with each other, they move into and through the space of the other body, losing definition and appearing more as a hermaphroditic combination than individual anatomies. Where the movement of the genitals towards and into one another might appear erotic (notably in <i>Alternating/Grey </i>2001, Tate <a class=\"acno-pop\" data-gtm-destination=\"page--artwork\" data-gtm-name=\"body_text_link\" href=\"https://www.tate.org.uk/art/artworks/fairhurst-alternating-grey-t14024\" title=\"View the details of this artwork\"><span>T14024</span></a>, and <i>Alternating/Orange </i>2001,<i> </i>Tate <a class=\"acno-pop\" data-gtm-destination=\"page--artwork\" data-gtm-name=\"body_text_link\" href=\"https://www.tate.org.uk/art/artworks/fairhurst-alternating-orange-t14025\" title=\"View the details of this artwork\"><span>T14025</span></a>), this is denied by the apparently different spaces occupied by each of the figures, who never appear to share any physical interaction with one another. </p>\n<p>Such fragmentary anatomies appear in many of Fairhurst’s films. The metamorphosis of these bodies as they move in and out of one another suggests a continuum of shifting matter, identity and mood. They undergo repetitive transmutations, suspended in absurd yet curiously compelling cycles. Fairhurst also explored disjointed anatomies, albeit ones generally more surreal in construction, in <i>Things That Don’t Work Properly/Things That Never Stop 1998</i> (Tate <a class=\"acno-pop\" data-gtm-destination=\"page--artwork\" data-gtm-name=\"body_text_link\" href=\"https://www.tate.org.uk/art/artworks/fairhurst-things-that-dont-work-properly-things-that-never-stop-t14018\" title=\"View the details of this artwork\"><span>T14018</span></a>). By turns surreal, cartoonish and diagrammatic, Fairhurst’s animations also epitomise his offbeat humour that was often tinged with melancholy. The moving image was a frequently used medium for Fairhurst, reflecting his interest in repetition and loops, and his videos extend the nature and concerns of his drawings, objects and installations in time.</p>\n<p>Throughout his career, Fairhurst’s practice seemed to resist categorisation, with the artist often switching from one medium to another, including sculpture, painting, animation, photography, drawing and collage. His work has addressed the subject of the human condition and tackled fundamental issues such as the mystery of the self, the uncertainty of existence, and the constant desire to find meaning. The interplay of nature and artifice is also a recurring theme. Like the playwright Samuel Beckett, whose influence Fairhurst acknowledged (Muir and Wallis 2004, p.101), his use of repetition and the loop can be understood as a metaphor for what Fairhurst saw as the absurdity of life itself. </p>\n<p>Fairhurst was closely associated with a generation of British artists who studied at Goldsmiths College in London in the 1980s and whose work came to prominence in the early 1990s. His work has connections with conceptual art of the 1960s and 1970s, as well as with the appropriation strategies of artists such as Richard Prince in the 1980s – he rearranged culturally significant material, such as imagery from glossy magazines and advertisements, to change perceptions of a seemingly familiar world (see Tate <a class=\"acno-pop\" data-gtm-destination=\"page--artwork\" data-gtm-name=\"body_text_link\" href=\"https://www.tate.org.uk/art/artworks/fairhurst-unprinted-i-p20288\" title=\"View the details of this artwork\"><span>P20288</span></a>–90). It is partly for these reasons that he was also considered a key figure in a generation of artists that changed the character of contemporary British art. </p>\n<p>\n<b>Further reading</b>\n<br/>Gregor Muir and Clarrie Wallis, <i>In-A-Gadda-Da-Vida</i>, exhibition catalogue, Tate Britain, London 2004.<br/>Sacha Craddoch and James Cahill, <i>Angus Fairhurst</i>, exhibition catalogue, Sadie Coles HQ, London 2009.</p>\n<p>Clarrie Wallis<br/>January 2011<br/>Arthur Goodwin<br/>December 2018</p>\n</div>\n",
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] | 2,001 | <a href="https://www.tate.org.uk/art/artists/angus-fairhurst-2591" aria-label="More by Angus Fairhurst" data-gtm-name="header_link_artist" data-gtm-destination="page--artist">Angus Fairhurst</a> | AlternatingRed | 2,014 | [] | Presented by the artist's estate 2011 | T14027 | {
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} | 7008153 7002445 7008591 7002444 | Angus Fairhurst | 2,001 | [] | <p><span>Alternating/Red </span>2001 is an animation by the English artist Angus Fairhurst, and forms part of the eight-work series <span>Alternating</span> 2001 (Tate T14022–9). Each work in the series features torsos or upper legs, drawn using a computer programme, that move and gyrate rhythmically against a glowing background of monochrome colour. The eight colours are blue, green, grey, orange, purple, red, turquoise and yellow, and each work’s title reflects the one used for its background. Each animation has two figures, one with male genitals and the other with female, except <span>Alternating/Red </span>2001 (Tate T14027) which has two male figures. White is used to highlight either genitals or areas where the figures are overlapping. With both figures repeating the same motions slightly out of rhythm with each other, they move into and through the space of the other body, losing definition and appearing more as a hermaphroditic combination than individual anatomies. Where the movement of the genitals towards and into one another might appear erotic (notably in <span>Alternating/Grey </span>2001, Tate T14024, and <span>Alternating/Orange </span>2001,<span> </span>Tate T14025), this is denied by the apparently different spaces occupied by each of the figures, who never appear to share any physical interaction with one another.</p> | false | 1 | 2591 | installation video monitor colour | [] | Alternating/Red | 2,001 | Tate | 2001 | CLEARED | 3 | duration: 60min | accessioned work | Tate | Presented by the artist's estate 2011 | [
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"content": "<div class=\"text\">\n<p>\n<i>Alternating/Red </i>2001 is an animation by the English artist Angus Fairhurst, and forms part of the eight-work series <i>Alternating</i> 2001 (Tate <a class=\"acno-pop\" data-gtm-destination=\"page--artwork\" data-gtm-name=\"body_text_link\" href=\"https://www.tate.org.uk/art/artworks/fairhurst-alternating-blue-t14022\" title=\"View the details of this artwork\"><span>T14022</span></a>–9). Each work in the series features torsos or upper legs, drawn using a computer programme, that move and gyrate rhythmically against a glowing background of monochrome colour. The eight colours are blue, green, grey, orange, purple, red, turquoise and yellow, and each work’s title reflects the one used for its background. Each animation has two figures, one with male genitals and the other with female, except <i>Alternating/Red </i>2001 (Tate <a class=\"acno-pop\" data-gtm-destination=\"page--artwork\" data-gtm-name=\"body_text_link\" href=\"https://www.tate.org.uk/art/artworks/fairhurst-alternating-red-t14027\" title=\"View the details of this artwork\"><span>T14027</span></a>) which has two male figures. White is used to highlight either genitals or areas where the figures are overlapping. With both figures repeating the same motions slightly out of rhythm with each other, they move into and through the space of the other body, losing definition and appearing more as a hermaphroditic combination than individual anatomies. Where the movement of the genitals towards and into one another might appear erotic (notably in <i>Alternating/Grey </i>2001, Tate <a class=\"acno-pop\" data-gtm-destination=\"page--artwork\" data-gtm-name=\"body_text_link\" href=\"https://www.tate.org.uk/art/artworks/fairhurst-alternating-grey-t14024\" title=\"View the details of this artwork\"><span>T14024</span></a>, and <i>Alternating/Orange </i>2001,<i> </i>Tate <a class=\"acno-pop\" data-gtm-destination=\"page--artwork\" data-gtm-name=\"body_text_link\" href=\"https://www.tate.org.uk/art/artworks/fairhurst-alternating-orange-t14025\" title=\"View the details of this artwork\"><span>T14025</span></a>), this is denied by the apparently different spaces occupied by each of the figures, who never appear to share any physical interaction with one another. </p>\n<p>Such fragmentary anatomies appear in many of Fairhurst’s films. The metamorphosis of these bodies as they move in and out of one another suggests a continuum of shifting matter, identity and mood. They undergo repetitive transmutations, suspended in absurd yet curiously compelling cycles. Fairhurst also explored disjointed anatomies, albeit ones generally more surreal in construction, in <i>Things That Don’t Work Properly/Things That Never Stop 1998</i> (Tate <a class=\"acno-pop\" data-gtm-destination=\"page--artwork\" data-gtm-name=\"body_text_link\" href=\"https://www.tate.org.uk/art/artworks/fairhurst-things-that-dont-work-properly-things-that-never-stop-t14018\" title=\"View the details of this artwork\"><span>T14018</span></a>). By turns surreal, cartoonish and diagrammatic, Fairhurst’s animations also epitomise his offbeat humour that was often tinged with melancholy. The moving image was a frequently used medium for Fairhurst, reflecting his interest in repetition and loops, and his videos extend the nature and concerns of his drawings, objects and installations in time.</p>\n<p>Throughout his career, Fairhurst’s practice seemed to resist categorisation, with the artist often switching from one medium to another, including sculpture, painting, animation, photography, drawing and collage. His work has addressed the subject of the human condition and tackled fundamental issues such as the mystery of the self, the uncertainty of existence, and the constant desire to find meaning. The interplay of nature and artifice is also a recurring theme. Like the playwright Samuel Beckett, whose influence Fairhurst acknowledged (Muir and Wallis 2004, p.101), his use of repetition and the loop can be understood as a metaphor for what Fairhurst saw as the absurdity of life itself. </p>\n<p>Fairhurst was closely associated with a generation of British artists who studied at Goldsmiths College in London in the 1980s and whose work came to prominence in the early 1990s. His work has connections with conceptual art of the 1960s and 1970s, as well as with the appropriation strategies of artists such as Richard Prince in the 1980s – he rearranged culturally significant material, such as imagery from glossy magazines and advertisements, to change perceptions of a seemingly familiar world (see Tate <a class=\"acno-pop\" data-gtm-destination=\"page--artwork\" data-gtm-name=\"body_text_link\" href=\"https://www.tate.org.uk/art/artworks/fairhurst-unprinted-i-p20288\" title=\"View the details of this artwork\"><span>P20288</span></a>–90). It is partly for these reasons that he was also considered a key figure in a generation of artists that changed the character of contemporary British art. </p>\n<p>\n<b>Further reading</b>\n<br/>Gregor Muir and Clarrie Wallis, <i>In-A-Gadda-Da-Vida</i>, exhibition catalogue, Tate Britain, London 2004.<br/>Sacha Craddoch and James Cahill, <i>Angus Fairhurst</i>, exhibition catalogue, Sadie Coles HQ, London 2009.</p>\n<p>Clarrie Wallis<br/>January 2011<br/>Arthur Goodwin<br/>December 2018</p>\n</div>\n",
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{
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] | 2,001 | <a href="https://www.tate.org.uk/art/artists/angus-fairhurst-2591" aria-label="More by Angus Fairhurst" data-gtm-name="header_link_artist" data-gtm-destination="page--artist">Angus Fairhurst</a> | AlternatingTurquoise | 2,014 | [] | Presented by the artist's estate 2011 | T14028 | {
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} | 7008153 7002445 7008591 7002444 | Angus Fairhurst | 2,001 | [] | <p><span>Alternating/Turquoise </span>2001 is an animation by the English artist Angus Fairhurst, and forms part of the eight-work series <span>Alternating</span> 2001 (Tate T14022–9). Each work in the series features torsos or upper legs, drawn using a computer programme, that move and gyrate rhythmically against a glowing background of monochrome colour. The eight colours are blue, green, grey, orange, purple, red, turquoise and yellow, and each work’s title reflects the one used for its background. Each animation has two figures, one with male genitals and the other with female, except <span>Alternating/Red </span>2001 (Tate T14027) which has two male figures. White is used to highlight either genitals or areas where the figures are overlapping. With both figures repeating the same motions slightly out of rhythm with each other, they move into and through the space of the other body, losing definition and appearing more as a hermaphroditic combination than individual anatomies. Where the movement of the genitals towards and into one another might appear erotic (notably in <span>Alternating/Grey </span>2001, Tate T14024, and <span>Alternating/Orange </span>2001,<span> </span>Tate T14025), this is denied by the apparently different spaces occupied by each of the figures, who never appear to share any physical interaction with one another.</p> | false | 1 | 2591 | installation video monitor colour | [] | Alternating/Turquoise | 2,001 | Tate | 2001 | CLEARED | 3 | duration: 40min | accessioned work | Tate | Presented by the artist's estate 2011 | [
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"content": "<div class=\"text\">\n<p>\n<i>Alternating/Turquoise </i>2001 is an animation by the English artist Angus Fairhurst, and forms part of the eight-work series <i>Alternating</i> 2001 (Tate <a class=\"acno-pop\" data-gtm-destination=\"page--artwork\" data-gtm-name=\"body_text_link\" href=\"https://www.tate.org.uk/art/artworks/fairhurst-alternating-blue-t14022\" title=\"View the details of this artwork\"><span>T14022</span></a>–9). Each work in the series features torsos or upper legs, drawn using a computer programme, that move and gyrate rhythmically against a glowing background of monochrome colour. The eight colours are blue, green, grey, orange, purple, red, turquoise and yellow, and each work’s title reflects the one used for its background. Each animation has two figures, one with male genitals and the other with female, except <i>Alternating/Red </i>2001 (Tate <a class=\"acno-pop\" data-gtm-destination=\"page--artwork\" data-gtm-name=\"body_text_link\" href=\"https://www.tate.org.uk/art/artworks/fairhurst-alternating-red-t14027\" title=\"View the details of this artwork\"><span>T14027</span></a>) which has two male figures. White is used to highlight either genitals or areas where the figures are overlapping. With both figures repeating the same motions slightly out of rhythm with each other, they move into and through the space of the other body, losing definition and appearing more as a hermaphroditic combination than individual anatomies. Where the movement of the genitals towards and into one another might appear erotic (notably in <i>Alternating/Grey </i>2001, Tate <a class=\"acno-pop\" data-gtm-destination=\"page--artwork\" data-gtm-name=\"body_text_link\" href=\"https://www.tate.org.uk/art/artworks/fairhurst-alternating-grey-t14024\" title=\"View the details of this artwork\"><span>T14024</span></a>, and <i>Alternating/Orange </i>2001,<i> </i>Tate <a class=\"acno-pop\" data-gtm-destination=\"page--artwork\" data-gtm-name=\"body_text_link\" href=\"https://www.tate.org.uk/art/artworks/fairhurst-alternating-orange-t14025\" title=\"View the details of this artwork\"><span>T14025</span></a>), this is denied by the apparently different spaces occupied by each of the figures, who never appear to share any physical interaction with one another. </p>\n<p>Such fragmentary anatomies appear in many of Fairhurst’s films. The metamorphosis of these bodies as they move in and out of one another suggests a continuum of shifting matter, identity and mood. They undergo repetitive transmutations, suspended in absurd yet curiously compelling cycles. Fairhurst also explored disjointed anatomies, albeit ones generally more surreal in construction, in <i>Things That Don’t Work Properly/Things That Never Stop 1998</i> (Tate <a class=\"acno-pop\" data-gtm-destination=\"page--artwork\" data-gtm-name=\"body_text_link\" href=\"https://www.tate.org.uk/art/artworks/fairhurst-things-that-dont-work-properly-things-that-never-stop-t14018\" title=\"View the details of this artwork\"><span>T14018</span></a>). By turns surreal, cartoonish and diagrammatic, Fairhurst’s animations also epitomise his offbeat humour that was often tinged with melancholy. The moving image was a frequently used medium for Fairhurst, reflecting his interest in repetition and loops, and his videos extend the nature and concerns of his drawings, objects and installations in time.</p>\n<p>Throughout his career, Fairhurst’s practice seemed to resist categorisation, with the artist often switching from one medium to another, including sculpture, painting, animation, photography, drawing and collage. His work has addressed the subject of the human condition and tackled fundamental issues such as the mystery of the self, the uncertainty of existence, and the constant desire to find meaning. The interplay of nature and artifice is also a recurring theme. Like the playwright Samuel Beckett, whose influence Fairhurst acknowledged (Muir and Wallis 2004, p.101), his use of repetition and the loop can be understood as a metaphor for what Fairhurst saw as the absurdity of life itself. </p>\n<p>Fairhurst was closely associated with a generation of British artists who studied at Goldsmiths College in London in the 1980s and whose work came to prominence in the early 1990s. His work has connections with conceptual art of the 1960s and 1970s, as well as with the appropriation strategies of artists such as Richard Prince in the 1980s – he rearranged culturally significant material, such as imagery from glossy magazines and advertisements, to change perceptions of a seemingly familiar world (see Tate <a class=\"acno-pop\" data-gtm-destination=\"page--artwork\" data-gtm-name=\"body_text_link\" href=\"https://www.tate.org.uk/art/artworks/fairhurst-unprinted-i-p20288\" title=\"View the details of this artwork\"><span>P20288</span></a>–90). It is partly for these reasons that he was also considered a key figure in a generation of artists that changed the character of contemporary British art. </p>\n<p>\n<b>Further reading</b>\n<br/>Gregor Muir and Clarrie Wallis, <i>In-A-Gadda-Da-Vida</i>, exhibition catalogue, Tate Britain, London 2004.<br/>Sacha Craddoch and James Cahill, <i>Angus Fairhurst</i>, exhibition catalogue, Sadie Coles HQ, London 2009.</p>\n<p>Clarrie Wallis<br/>January 2011<br/>Arthur Goodwin<br/>December 2018</p>\n</div>\n",
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} | 7008153 7002445 7008591 7002444 | Angus Fairhurst | 2,001 | [] | <p><span>Alternating/Yellow </span>2001 is an animation by the English artist Angus Fairhurst, and forms part of the eight-work series <span>Alternating</span> 2001 (Tate T14022–9). Each work in the series features torsos or upper legs, drawn using a computer programme, that move and gyrate rhythmically against a glowing background of monochrome colour. The eight colours are blue, green, grey, orange, purple, red, turquoise and yellow, and each work’s title reflects the one used for its background. Each animation has two figures, one with male genitals and the other with female, except <span>Alternating/Red </span>2001 (Tate T14027) which has two male figures. White is used to highlight either genitals or areas where the figures are overlapping. With both figures repeating the same motions slightly out of rhythm with each other, they move into and through the space of the other body, losing definition and appearing more as a hermaphroditic combination than individual anatomies. Where the movement of the genitals towards and into one another might appear erotic (notably in <span>Alternating/Grey </span>2001, Tate T14024, and <span>Alternating/Orange </span>2001,<span> </span>Tate T14025), this is denied by the apparently different spaces occupied by each of the figures, who never appear to share any physical interaction with one another.</p> | false | 1 | 2591 | installation video monitor colour | [] | Alternating/Yellow | 2,001 | Tate | 2001 | CLEARED | 3 | duration: 40min | accessioned work | Tate | Presented by the artist's estate 2011 | [
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"content": "<div class=\"text\">\n<p>\n<i>Alternating/Yellow </i>2001 is an animation by the English artist Angus Fairhurst, and forms part of the eight-work series <i>Alternating</i> 2001 (Tate <a class=\"acno-pop\" data-gtm-destination=\"page--artwork\" data-gtm-name=\"body_text_link\" href=\"https://www.tate.org.uk/art/artworks/fairhurst-alternating-blue-t14022\" title=\"View the details of this artwork\"><span>T14022</span></a>–9). Each work in the series features torsos or upper legs, drawn using a computer programme, that move and gyrate rhythmically against a glowing background of monochrome colour. The eight colours are blue, green, grey, orange, purple, red, turquoise and yellow, and each work’s title reflects the one used for its background. Each animation has two figures, one with male genitals and the other with female, except <i>Alternating/Red </i>2001 (Tate <a class=\"acno-pop\" data-gtm-destination=\"page--artwork\" data-gtm-name=\"body_text_link\" href=\"https://www.tate.org.uk/art/artworks/fairhurst-alternating-red-t14027\" title=\"View the details of this artwork\"><span>T14027</span></a>) which has two male figures. White is used to highlight either genitals or areas where the figures are overlapping. With both figures repeating the same motions slightly out of rhythm with each other, they move into and through the space of the other body, losing definition and appearing more as a hermaphroditic combination than individual anatomies. Where the movement of the genitals towards and into one another might appear erotic (notably in <i>Alternating/Grey </i>2001, Tate <a class=\"acno-pop\" data-gtm-destination=\"page--artwork\" data-gtm-name=\"body_text_link\" href=\"https://www.tate.org.uk/art/artworks/fairhurst-alternating-grey-t14024\" title=\"View the details of this artwork\"><span>T14024</span></a>, and <i>Alternating/Orange </i>2001,<i> </i>Tate <a class=\"acno-pop\" data-gtm-destination=\"page--artwork\" data-gtm-name=\"body_text_link\" href=\"https://www.tate.org.uk/art/artworks/fairhurst-alternating-orange-t14025\" title=\"View the details of this artwork\"><span>T14025</span></a>), this is denied by the apparently different spaces occupied by each of the figures, who never appear to share any physical interaction with one another. </p>\n<p>Such fragmentary anatomies appear in many of Fairhurst’s films. The metamorphosis of these bodies as they move in and out of one another suggests a continuum of shifting matter, identity and mood. They undergo repetitive transmutations, suspended in absurd yet curiously compelling cycles. Fairhurst also explored disjointed anatomies, albeit ones generally more surreal in construction, in <i>Things That Don’t Work Properly/Things That Never Stop 1998</i> (Tate <a class=\"acno-pop\" data-gtm-destination=\"page--artwork\" data-gtm-name=\"body_text_link\" href=\"https://www.tate.org.uk/art/artworks/fairhurst-things-that-dont-work-properly-things-that-never-stop-t14018\" title=\"View the details of this artwork\"><span>T14018</span></a>). By turns surreal, cartoonish and diagrammatic, Fairhurst’s animations also epitomise his offbeat humour that was often tinged with melancholy. The moving image was a frequently used medium for Fairhurst, reflecting his interest in repetition and loops, and his videos extend the nature and concerns of his drawings, objects and installations in time.</p>\n<p>Throughout his career, Fairhurst’s practice seemed to resist categorisation, with the artist often switching from one medium to another, including sculpture, painting, animation, photography, drawing and collage. His work has addressed the subject of the human condition and tackled fundamental issues such as the mystery of the self, the uncertainty of existence, and the constant desire to find meaning. The interplay of nature and artifice is also a recurring theme. Like the playwright Samuel Beckett, whose influence Fairhurst acknowledged (Muir and Wallis 2004, p.101), his use of repetition and the loop can be understood as a metaphor for what Fairhurst saw as the absurdity of life itself. </p>\n<p>Fairhurst was closely associated with a generation of British artists who studied at Goldsmiths College in London in the 1980s and whose work came to prominence in the early 1990s. His work has connections with conceptual art of the 1960s and 1970s, as well as with the appropriation strategies of artists such as Richard Prince in the 1980s – he rearranged culturally significant material, such as imagery from glossy magazines and advertisements, to change perceptions of a seemingly familiar world (see Tate <a class=\"acno-pop\" data-gtm-destination=\"page--artwork\" data-gtm-name=\"body_text_link\" href=\"https://www.tate.org.uk/art/artworks/fairhurst-unprinted-i-p20288\" title=\"View the details of this artwork\"><span>P20288</span></a>–90). It is partly for these reasons that he was also considered a key figure in a generation of artists that changed the character of contemporary British art. </p>\n<p>\n<b>Further reading</b>\n<br/>Gregor Muir and Clarrie Wallis, <i>In-A-Gadda-Da-Vida</i>, exhibition catalogue, Tate Britain, London 2004.<br/>Sacha Craddoch and James Cahill, <i>Angus Fairhurst</i>, exhibition catalogue, Sadie Coles HQ, London 2009.</p>\n<p>Clarrie Wallis<br/>January 2011<br/>Arthur Goodwin<br/>December 2018</p>\n</div>\n",
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Although he had promised to marry her, Jason later deserted her.</p>\n<p>One of Romania’s foremost contemporary artists, Bratescu often works in series, exploring in depth chosen topics for extensive periods of time. Her interest in the culture of the Mediterranean forms an important point of reference for her practice, in which Greek and Balkan mythology is a recurring motif. <i>Medeic Callisthetic Moves</i> was finished in the last year of Bratescu’s preoccupation with the story of Medea which inspired a major series of works. This started in 1978 and encompasses a cycle of drawings (<i>Medea – Her Six Working Days</i> 1978), followed by a set of lithographs (<i>Medea – Ten Portraits of Her</i> 1979) and further textile works titled <i>Hypostases of Medea</i> 1980. They were initially exhibited under the common generic name <i>Medeic Forms</i>. Each work resulted from the previous one and <i>Medeic Callisthetic Moves </i>is the culmination of the cycle. The artist explained:</p>\n<p class=\"cttext\">\n</p><blockquote>I had drawn an island landscape with a tree from above – a lithograph project. I held up the drawing to look at it – the drawing turned into a profile ... I chose the portrait-side and repeated it in new variants.</blockquote>\n<p class=\"cttext\">\n</p><blockquote>The lithographs resumed the drawings in a more wanton state of mind, as I was experimenting with the synchronizing of the four colours, which had to be devised on different plates. I then figured that this profile pattern would lend itself to a larger scale and a more objectual technique. I stumbled upon the difficulty of thinking the motif in new terms. The first four faces only were trouble – the rest got themselves structured in their track. That is why the order they are shown in should preserve their original order. The drawings on bleached linen are in a way a comment to the series of TEN HYPOSTASES, just as the lithographs are to the six drawings.</blockquote>\n<blockquote>(Quoted in National Museum of Art of Romania, p.157 [translation slightly edited].)</blockquote>\n<p>The artist describes her medium in this work as ‘drawing on textile with sewing machine’. This description sheds light on a crucial aspect of Bratescu’s working process, drawing being at the core of everything she does even when working across a range of media including performance, film, drawings, graphic work, collage, photography and textiles. A large part of her practice consists of precise academic studies and sketches, as well as visual instructions and written notes. However, the choice of technique and material for <i>Medeic Callisthetic Moves</i> links the work with a rich classical symbolism of thread and weaving. The series devoted to Medea relates closely to cultural constructs around womanhood and the roles and activities traditionally ascribed to women. The mythical character of Medea is an embodiment of the sometimes tragic results of the tensions that arise between social conventions and expectations and personal emotions and desires. The Romanian philosopher and art critic Andrei Plesu, in an essay titled <i>Medea and the Paradox of Womanhood</i> which accompanied the exhibition <i>Portraits of Medea</i> at Simeza Gallery, Bucharest in 1981, commented: </p>\n<p class=\"cttext\">\n</p><blockquote>Weaving is a test particular to all initiations to the mysteries of womanhood. It is the most characteristic work of women – selenial and nocturnal labour opposite to men’s solar, daytime jobs. Symbolically, weaving is always accompanied by its reverse: unraveling. Thus, its industrious urge remains ambiguous like Penelope who would destroy at night her long day’s work. Medea is nothing but Penelope’s nocturnal hypostasis, the symbol of unraveling par excellence. Medea is an exasperated Penelope who creates the nightmare of home, instead of its beatitude.<br/>(In National Museum of Art of Romania, p.158.)</blockquote>\n<p>\n<i>Medeic Callisthetic Moves</i> was one of a group of works by Bratescu included in the exhibition <i>The Encyclopedic Palace </i> at the Venice Biennale in 2013.</p>\n<p>\n<b>Further reading</b>\n<br/>Ruxandra Balaci (ed.),<i> Geta Bratescu</i>, exhibition catalogue, National Museum of Art of Romania, Bucharest 1999.<br/>Magda Radu, <i>Geta Bratescu. The Artist’s Studios</i>, Salonul de projecte, Bucharest 2012.<br/>Geta Bratescu, ‘My Influences’, <i>Frieze</i>, no.150, October 2012, pp.190–5.</p>\n<p>Kasia Redzisz<br/>September 2013</p>\n</div>\n",
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"content": "<div class=\"text\">\n<p>\n<i>Daddy Resting</i> 2009 is a small landscape-format painting executed mostly in dark earth colours by the Northern Irish artist Cathy Wilkes. Against a black and brown ground, white, dark green and grey shapes in heavy brushstrokes suggest the figure of a person lying down. On the right-hand side, another possible figure in white sits or lies, framed by what resembles an architectural niche form painted in a more solid style. The diminutive size of the work necessitates close examination, and the richly textured surface and intricate brushstrokes further invite the viewer into the work. The forms appear vague, intangible and ghostly in the murky atmosphere of the thick, dark paint of the background.</p>\n<p>Wilkes works in sculpture and installation as well as painting, at times including paintings within her larger-scale installations – on the wall, flat on a table, plinth or on the floor, and sometimes attached to other objects such as mannequins. Indeed, around 2003 she began producing painted works purely for inclusion in larger installations: ‘At that time I wasn’t considering them as paintings; they were compositions that allowed tangential, less-focused aspects to enter into my work as it drew together; they didn’t have their own cosmos.’ (Quoted in Aspen Art Museum 2011, p.2.) <i>Daddy Resting</i>, however, is part of a more recent, more traditional approach in Wilkes’s production, and was made to stand alone as a work in its own right. Rather than contributing to aspects of other works, paintings like <i>Daddy Resting </i>constitute self-contained, ‘more intuitive’ explorations (Wilkes quoted in Aspen Art Museum 2011, p.2). This, however, does not preclude the artist including them in installations after their production, and <i>Daddy Resting </i>was shown as a part of <i>False</i> 2011 at the Carnegie Museum of Art, Pittsburgh in 2011–12. </p>\n<p>Wilkes’s emotional attachment to <i>Daddy Resting</i> is evidenced by her choice to keep hold of it, substituting it for another work<i> </i>when the Carnegie purchased <i>False</i> for its collection. The painting’s title suggests that this work is related to the death of her father. Autobiographical sources are a prominent strain running through Wilkes’s work, one of which she is aware: ‘I know that my work shows love and sadness and human suffering: mine.’ (Quoted in Aspen Art Museum 2011, p.2.) The emotional impact of this small painting is heightened by the intimacy of encountering it in the gallery, and the exploration of its mysterious, barely legible forms makes it a site of emotional contemplation, not only for the artist but also the viewer. Wilkes sees this as the primary experience of viewing her work: ‘I wouldn’t be able to say if it’s legible. The relationship is only between myself and the painting: that’s what you’re looking at.’ (Quoted in Aspen Art Museum 2011, p.5.)</p>\n<p>\n<b>Further reading</b>\n<br/>Will Bradley, ‘Quiet Radical’, <i>Untitled</i>, Summer 2001, pp.4–6.<br/>\n<i>Cathy Wilkes</i>, exhibition catalogue, Carnegie Museum of Art, Pittsburgh 2011.<br/>\n<i>Cathy Wilkes</i>, exhibition catalogue, Aspen Art Museum, Aspen 2011.</p>\n<p>Arthur Goodwin<br/>September 2018</p>\n</div>\n",
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Watercolour and ink on paper | [
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] | Untitled | 1,944 | Tate | c.1944 | CLEARED | 5 | unconfirmed: 535 × 356 mm | accessioned work | Tate | Accepted by HM Government in lieu of Inheritance Tax 2012 and allocated to Tate 2014 | [
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"content": "<div class=\"text\">\n<p>\n<i>Untitled</i> c.1944 is one of a small group of watercolours that Rothko made during a vital period in his work in the mid-1940s. On a base of grey and grey-blue washes, he used black ink to mark out suggestive forms that are residually figurative. Rothko’s watercolour technique has been described by art historian Bonnie Clearwater, and her general observations closely fit this work:</p>\n<p class=\"cttext\">\n</p><blockquote>Using generous soft-bristled brushes he applied the watercolour [and] gouache … Before the paint dried, he would return with black ink in order to define forms or to gesture automatic lines. When introduced into areas still wet with paint, the ink would bleed, resulting in the black bursts that spot some of these works … As a final step he would frequently scratch and gouge the paper with a razor blade, the back of a brush or some other sharp implement, exposing the white paper beneath the pigment.<br/>(Clearwater 1984, p.30.)</blockquote>\n<p>As well as the preliminary washes and linear elements, <i>Untitled</i> also shows the results of the bleeding and scratching described by Clearwater. The painting is further animated by the addition of an area of blue in the lower half, with curls and smudges of red scattered across the composition.</p>\n<p>In the mid-1940s Rothko remained on the cusp of abstraction, to which he would devote himself from the end of that decade onwards, for the rest of his career. Early in 1945, however, he specified a desire to retain what he described as ‘the anecdote’, explaining: ‘I love both the object and the dream far too much to have them effervesced into the insubstantiality of memory and hallucination’ (Mark Rothko, ‘Personal Statement’, in <i>A Painting Prophecy – 1950</i>, exhibition catalogue, David Porter Gallery, Washington D.C., February 1945, quoted in Clearwater 1984, p.28). Through the means of ‘object’ and ‘dream’, Rothko was exploring ways to draw from the legacy of European surrealism – prevalent in wartime New York – something more personal, a practice that would coalesce in what his friend the painter Barnett Newman later dubbed ‘The Ideographic Picture’ (see his statement of the same name in <i>The Ideographic Picture</i>, exhibition leaflet, Betty Parsons Gallery, New York 1947, p.1, Tate Archive TGA 786/3/3/1/1947). During this formative moment Rothko also drew attention to a combination of cultural sources, inflecting his understanding of surrealism with mythologically loaded imagery and his reading of philosopher Friedrich Nietzsche’s <i>The Birth of Tragedy</i>, published in 1872. The result was the creation of a complex and layered vocabulary of signs and organic forms that sought to convey the primeval forces and mythic characters indicated by such titles as <i>Tiresias </i>1944 (collection of Christopher Rothko) and <i>Rites of Lilith</i> 1945 (collection of Kate Rothko Prizel).</p>\n<p>As is often the case with Rothko’s watercolours, the absence of a title could be seen to reduce the possible allusions with which the forms of <i>Untitled</i> c.1944 can be associated. However, the array of vertical totemic forms, and the ovoid at the centre, are common to other watercolours that survive from this period, including <i>Untitled (Archaic Seascape, Primeval Landscape)</i> c.1944 (private collection). Larger related canvases, such as <i>Ritual I </i>1944 and <i>Intimations of Chaos</i> 1945 (Walker Arts Center, and private collection, respectively; Anfam 1998, nos.232, 283), show a more explicit imagery that helps to confirm the forms in <i>Untitled</i> as being broadly derived from the human figure.</p>\n<p>This moment of rapid development, which Rothko shared with both Newman and Adolph Gottlieb, was brief in its duration. However, it represented a crucial antecedent to Rothko’s biomorphic works of the following years, including <i>Untitled </i>c.1946–7 (Tate <a class=\"acno-pop\" data-gtm-destination=\"page--artwork\" data-gtm-name=\"body_text_link\" href=\"https://www.tate.org.uk/art/artworks/rothko-untitled-t04147\" title=\"View the details of this artwork\"><span>T04147</span></a>), which shows a thinning use of oil that may derive from his watercolour practice. Furthermore, the composition and the background anticipate the horizontal planes, stacked within a vertical format, that would typify Rothko’s mature abstract works.</p>\n<p>\n<b>Further reading</b>\n<br/>Bonnie Clearwater, <i>Mark Rothko: Works on Paper</i>, New York 1984.<br/>David Anfam, <i>Mark Rothko: The Works on Canvas, Catalogue Raisonné</i>,<i> </i>London and New Haven 1998.<br/>\n<i>Mark Rothko: Works on Paper 1930–1969</i>, exhibition catalogue, Galerie Beyeler, Basel 2005.</p>\n<p>Matthew Gale<br/>August 2012</p>\n</div>\n",
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] | <p>These two paintings make up two scenes in a triptych (three-part picture) called <span>Woman’s Mission </span>which was exhibited at the Royal Academy in 1863. The missing section is <span>Guide of Childhood</span>. As a group the pictures represent the same woman in her role as mother, wife and attentive daughter or, as one critic of the time put it: ‘woman in three phases of her duties as ministering angel’. The woman in both pictures bears a striking resemblance to the artist’s depictions of his own wife, Maria.</p><p><em>Gallery label, November 2016</em></p> | false | 1 | 255 | painting oil paint canvas | [
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"content": "<div class=\"text\">\n<p>\n<i>Woman’s Mission: Comfort of Old Age</i> 1862 is the final scene in George Elgar Hicks’s triptych <i>Woman’s Mission</i>. It depicts a young woman tending to an old man seated in an armchair, covered by a blanket with his head resting on a pillow. Hicks designed, exhibited and sold <i>Woman’s Mission</i> as a triptych: ‘a tableaux set in one frame’ to quote the <i>Art Journal</i> in 1863 (1 June, p.111). Rather than being seen in isolation, the three pictures were meant to complement and reinforce each other so as to present the impression of a single work of art. This may help to explain why the final picture has an earlier date than the middle one, <i>Woman’s Mission:</i> <i>Companion of Manhood</i> 1863, which is also in Tate’s collection (Tate <a class=\"acno-pop\" data-gtm-destination=\"page--artwork\" data-gtm-name=\"body_text_link\" href=\"https://www.tate.org.uk/art/artworks/hicks-womans-mission-companion-of-manhood-t00397\" title=\"View the details of this artwork\"><span>T00397</span></a>). In its triptych format Hicks’s <i>Woman’s Mission</i> differs from Augustus Egg’s (1816–1863) slightly earlier trilogy <i>Past and Present</i> 1858 (Tate <a class=\"acno-pop\" data-gtm-destination=\"page--artwork\" data-gtm-name=\"body_text_link\" href=\"https://www.tate.org.uk/art/artworks/egg-past-and-present-no-1-n03278\" title=\"View the details of this artwork\"><span>N03278</span></a>–<a class=\"acno-pop\" data-gtm-destination=\"page--artwork\" data-gtm-name=\"body_text_link\" href=\"https://www.tate.org.uk/art/artworks/egg-past-and-present-no-3-n03280\" title=\"View the details of this artwork\"><span>N03280</span></a>) in that the different sections were actually framed together rather than being simply designed to hang side-by-side to form a narrative. This practice deliberately recalls the structure of religious altarpieces and was intended to instil in the spectator a sense of reverence for the sacred aspects of womanhood set out in the images themselves.</p>\n<p>The three pictures that comprise the triptych collectively present maternal, conjugal and filial love, showing three episodes from a woman’s life as mother, wife and daughter, and are accordingly subtitled <i>Guide of</i> <i>Childhood</i>, <i>Companion of Manhood</i> and <i>Comfort of Old Age</i>. The triptych was first exhibited at the Royal Academy, London in 1863 where it was admired by the critic of the <i>Art Journal</i> among others for its exquisite polish and refined but not overly profound sentiment, which the writer felt was appropriate for the modest category of domestic art into which it fell. The scenes were described as follows:</p>\n<p class=\"cttext\">\n</p><blockquote>In the first, a young mother is leading her child tenderly along a woodland path, turning aside a mischievous bramble which besets his steps … In the second, we see a wife in the act of giving solace to her husband under a severe blow of affliction. The last scene of all, that ends life’s strange, eventful history – Mr Hicks’s third age, and Shakespere’s [sic] seventh – is a dying father, sedulously watched and waited on by a daughter’s affection.<br/>(<i>Art Journal</i>, 1 June 1863, p.111.)</blockquote>\n<p>It has been suggested that the final scene might have had personal significance for the artist as Hicks’s own father died in 1861, the year before this section of the triptych was completed. The woman in the painting also bears a striking resemblance to Hicks’s wife, Maria, as depicted by the artist in a watercolour portrait of his family dating from 1857 (sold at Bonhams, London, 2 April 2008, lot no.31).</p>\n<p>The ‘comfort’ that forms the subject of this final painting is emphasised by the gentle raised arm movements that unite father and daughter in the middle of the composition. The tenderness of the daughter’s ministrations is underscored by the delicate rose and white colour scheme as well as through carefully observed details such as the lacework on her shawl and the neat stitched edges of the blanket that wraps the patient as he feebly accepts a drink. Touches of bright colour, including a madder cravat and the red reflections of a fire burning beyond the edge of the picture, add a hint of warmth to the scene. In the centre rests a leather-bound hinged Bible suggesting that the earthly comfort represented by the woman derives from a divine source, offered by the ‘God of all Comfort’ (2 <i>Corinthians</i> 1:3–4).</p>\n<p>At the time of its first appearance in public, critics felt that the religious overtones suggested by the triptych format were somewhat undermined by the artist’s pretty, ‘feminine’ treatment of form, comparable to illustrations in a fashion book. Today such qualities are generally seen to embody the prevailing view of women in mid-nineteenth-century Britain as ‘ministering angels’, as described by Coventry Patmore in his popular poem <i>The Angel in the House</i> (1854–63). In terms of its sentiment the picture also anticipates John Ruskin’s view of the ideal relationship between men and women, set out in his essay ‘Of Queen’s Gardens’ published in <i>Sesame and Lilies</i> in 1865. Here woman is located in the home – a sphere of life and work separate to that of man – her chief occupation being to provide physical and spiritual comfort, and to find fulfilment through selflessness and servitude. Indeed, the attention given by Hicks to costume and accoutrement would seem to highlight a seamless association between women and the domestic environment. </p>\n<p>More recently, art historians and literary scholars have used <i>Woman’s Mission</i> to explore tensions between the ideal of femininity set out in the painting and women’s real place in society. In her publication <i>Myths of Sexuality</i> (1988), Lynda Nead focused on the critical reception of the work to show how pictures displayed at public exhibition helped generate debate about gender roles, reinforcing and contradicting ideas circulating elsewhere in society about normative and transgressive forms of female and male behaviour. Noting the universal currency of the term ‘woman’s mission’ in Britain in the mid-nineteenth century, Nead considered how the womanly ideal encapsulated in Hicks’s triptych was used to promote an essentialist idea of respectable femininity, implicitly marking out as deviant any behaviour that fell short of this standard (Lynda Nead, <i>Myths of Sexuality: Representations of Women in Victorian Britain</i>, Oxford 1988, pp.12–23).</p>\n<p>Although Hicks is remembered today chiefly as a painter of large-scale panoramas of modern life, such as <i>Dividend Day, Bank of England</i> 1859 (Bank of England) and <i>The General Post Office, One Minute to Six</i> 1860 (Museum of London), in fact the majority of his works were smaller-scale domestic pictures which were very much in vogue during the period. Seen to epitomise the national character of the English school by virtue of their affective qualities and moral sentiment, the production of this kind of picture was actively encouraged by influential dealers such as Louis Victor Flatow (1820–1867), who purchased <i>Woman’s Mission</i> from the artist.</p>\n<p>Although the central and final panels of <i>Woman’s Mission</i> are in Tate’s collection, the current whereabouts of the first panel are unknown. The central panel has been in Tate’s collection since 1960, when it was presented by David Barclay; the final panel was acquired by purchase in 2014. It would appear that the triptych remained intact until at least 1873, when it was offered at auction by Christie’s, London as ‘three pictures in one frame’, but at some point after this date the triptych was broken up and the paintings dispersed. </p>\n<p>\n<b>Further reading</b>\n<br/>James Dafforne, ‘British Artists, their Style and Character: George Elgar Hicks’, <i>Art Journal</i>, 1 April 1872, p.98.<br/>Rosamond Allwood, <i>George Elgar Hicks: Painter of Victorian Life</i>, exhibition catalogue, Geffrye Museum, London 1982.<br/>Kendall Smalling Wood, ‘“Holy Families” and “Household Gods”: The Conception and Representation of the Domestic in Nineteenth-Century British Visual Culture’, unpublished PhD Thesis, University of London 2011.</p>\n<p>Alison Smith<br/>November 2013</p>\n</div>\n",
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"content": "<div class=\"text\">\n<p>\n<i>Babel </i>2001 is a large-scale sculptural installation that takes the form of a circular tower made from hundreds of second-hand analogue radios that the artist has stacked in layers. The radios are tuned to a multitude of different stations and are adjusted to the minimum volume at which they are audible. Nevertheless, they compete with each other and create a cacophony of low, continuous sound, resulting in inaccessible information, voices or music.</p>\n<p>In describing this work, Meireles refers to a ‘tower of incomprehension’ (quoted in Tate Modern 2008, p.168). The installation manifests, quite literally, a Tower of Babel, relating it to the biblical story of a tower tall enough to reach the heavens, which, offending God, caused him to make the builders speak in different tongues. Their inability to communicate with one another caused them to become divided and scatter across the earth and, moreover, became the source of all of mankind’s conflicts. The room in which the tower is installed is bathed in an indigo blue light that, together with the sound, gives the whole structure an eerie effect and adds to the sense of phenomenological and perceptual confusion. The radios are all of different dates, the lower layers nearest the floor being composed of older radios, larger in scale and closer in kind to pieces of furniture, while the upper layers are assembled from more recent, mass-produced and smaller radios. This arrangement emphasises the sense of perspectival foreshortening and thus the impression of the tower’s height, which, like its biblical counterpart, might continue into the heavens.</p>\n<p>The artist has explained that the work took over ten years to complete from initial conception to its realisation:</p>\n<p class=\"cttext\">\n</p><blockquote>Babel began in 1990 on Canal Street, in New York. There were eleven years of notes before I finally realised the work in 2001, in Helsinki, at the Kiasma Museum of Contemporary Art. Upon observing the quantity and diversity of radios and all the different types of sound objects that were sold around Canal Street, I thought of making a work with radios. Radios are interesting because they are physically similar and at the same time each radio is unique.<br/>(Quoted in Tate Modern 2008, p.168.)</blockquote>\n<p>The title and themes of <i>Babel</i> also relate to one of Meireles’s most important and ongoing influences, the Argentinean writer Jorge Luis Borges (1899–1986). Borges’s fiction also provides one of the key references for another major work by Meireles in Tate’s collection, <i>Eureka/Blindhotland</i> 1970–5 (Tate <a class=\"acno-pop\" data-gtm-destination=\"page--artwork\" data-gtm-name=\"body_text_link\" href=\"https://www.tate.org.uk/art/artworks/meireles-eureka-blindhotland-t12605\" title=\"View the details of this artwork\"><span>T12605</span></a>), which draws on Borges’s short story ‘Tlön, Uqbar, Orbis Tertius’, first published in 1940. A further connection between the two works is their use of sound as a sculptural and perceptual element. Here, however, Meireles has borrowed a symbol that is central to Borges’s writing. In his story ‘The Library of Babel’, originally published in 1941, Borges described a universe in the form of a vast or conceptually complete library that has its centre everywhere and its limits nowhere. This corresponds to Meireles’s interest in expanded notions of space and of infinity, in an excess of perceivable information and the processes of cognition.</p>\n<p>The curator and writer Moacir dos Anjos has also related <i>Babel</i> to another of Borges’s stories, ‘The Aleph’ (1945), which describes a point where all places in the universe can be seen from every angle. Dos Anjos makes links between Meireles’s work and Borges’s story, suggesting that both question the ‘rigid codes’ that govern our perception of the world and ‘that are unable to grasp the fluidity with which the body traverses and experiences it’ (Moacir dos Anjos, ‘Where All Places Are’, in Tate Modern 2008, p.170). Dos Anjos suggests that the presentation of informational overload in <i>Babel </i>can be seen as a metaphor ‘for the intricate relations between distinct nations and communities’ which insists on ‘recognising the existence of a territory with uncertain boundaries, one that accommodates multiple oppositions and produces the multiple contamination of cultural expressions previously separated by geographical and historical injunctions’ (dos Anjos 2008, p.173).</p>\n<p>\n<i>Babel</i> was included in the artist’s retrospective exhibition at Tate Modern, London, in 2008.</p>\n<p>\n<b>Further reading</b>\n<br/>Guy Brett (ed.), <i>Cildo Meireles</i>, exhibition catalogue, Tate Modern, London 2008, pp.14–5, 57, 168, 170–3, 183, reproduced pp.6, 169.</p>\n<p>Tanya Barson<br/>May 2011</p>\n</div>\n",
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] | Corner Cloth | 1,974 | Tate | 1974, 1975 | CLEARED | 8 | object: 1230 × 1230 × 2 mm | accessioned work | Tate | Presented by <a href="/search?gid=999999780" data-gtm-name="tombstone_link_bequest" data-gtm-destination="list-page--search-results">Tate Patrons</a> 2014 | [
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"content": "<div class=\"text\">\n<p>\n<i>Corner Cloth </i>is a medium-sized minimalist fabric sculpture produced in 1974 or 1975. Fabricated from a square of dark red cotton, it is reinforced on its underside with metal eyelets which hold the material taut against the wall. The fabric square is rotated at ninety degrees to form a diamond shape and is installed across the corner created by the join between two walls of a room. The piece exists in an edition of three, of which this is number two. The work was exhibited as part of Ruthenbeck’s exhibition at Ida Gianelli’s Samangallery in Genoa, Italy, in 1979 and was purchased by Gianelli on the occasion. It remained in her ownership until acquired by Tate in 2013.</p>\n<p>Following his initial training and employment as a photographer in Velbert, Germany, Ruthenbeck studied at the Düsseldorf Academy of Fine Arts between 1962 and 1968 under the influential teacher and artist Joseph Beuys (1921–1986). While his work remains very different to that of his tutor, it nonetheless demonstrates the lingering influence of the diverse sculptural practices that proliferated in Düsseldorf during the 1960s, including minimalist approaches to the medium and revolutionary thinking around the role of the viewer in the artwork.</p>\n<p>Composed of a single geometric shape, <i>Corner Cloth</i> is produced according to Ruthenbeck’s typically minimalist aesthetic. Characterised by a refined formal vocabulary and an economy of colour, the work makes use of line and right angles as primary compositional elements. Fabricated from a simple piece of red cotton, it also employs an economy of material. Left to serve as an indicator of meaning in its own right – rather than being used as one part of a complex composition – the material functions simultaneously as texture, form and content. Despite the work’s role as revealer of its own meaning, however, Ruthenbeck steadfastly refuses the idolisation of the individual art object. Editions – as this and the related <i>Red Cloth with Stretcher </i>1973 (Tate <a class=\"acno-pop\" data-gtm-destination=\"page--artwork\" data-gtm-name=\"body_text_link\" href=\"https://www.tate.org.uk/art/artworks/ruthenbeck-red-cloth-with-stretcher-t14076\" title=\"View the details of this artwork\"><span>T14076</span></a>) show – are an important part of his practice, breaking down barriers between the singular and the multiple.</p>\n<p>A dualism between opposing forces is present in much of Ruthenbeck’s work. Polarities such as soft and hard, smooth and angular, and light and heavy recur throughout his work, informing the choice of material and composition. In <i>Corner Cloth</i>, a duality between stability and instability is central to the reception of the object. Pinned to the wall on which it is displayed, the metal eyelets which secure the sculpture in place and hold the fabric taut are not visible from the viewer’s vantage point, creating the impression that it floats of its own accord. As such, a sense of balance and precariousness is introduced into the work as it grapples with two opposing forces. Gravity appears suspended as the fabric square remains against the wall, despite the viewer’s awareness of the forces which seek to pull it down.<i> Corner Cloth</i> is nonetheless executed with a deep sense of respect for the power and strength of the object to remain where it is in the face of these forces. Such an attitude relates, perhaps, to the artist’s understanding of transcendental meditation, a form of mantra meditation that was introduced in India in the mid-1950s by Maharishi Mahesh Yogi and which Ruthenbeck has practiced since 1972. Speaking about his experiences of meditation in relation to his sculpture, Ruthenbeck has said that while his works are ‘not, of course, illustrations of transcendence … the meditation experience certainly is reflected in my work’ (quoted in Holeczek 1994, p.6). This meditative quality is equally reflected in the slightly earlier work <i>Red Cloth with Stretcher</i>.</p>\n<p>\n<i>Corner Cloth</i> is a distinctly material object, despite its simplicity. Its situation within the corner of the gallery brings the viewer’s attention to the parameters and boundaries of the room in which it is displayed, locating it securely in space despite its flotational tendencies. Speaking in 1986 about his approach to life and art, Ruthenbeck said: ‘In my work I have often presented contrasts, polar elements, tensions, and tried to bring these into a formal unity. I have reduced formal structures as far as possible. The result seems to offer relatively little nourishment to the intellect. I would like thereby to bring the viewer to a contemplative, holistic acceptance of my art’ (quoted in Holeczek 1994, p.9).</p>\n<p>\n<b>Further reading</b>\n<br/>Bernhard Holeczek, <i>Reiner Ruthenbeck</i>, London 1994, pp.2–10.<br/>Andreas Bee, <i>Reiner Ruthenbeck</i>, Frankfurt 1996.<br/>\n<i>Reiner Ruthenbeck: Werkverzeichnis der Installation, Objekte und Konzeptarbeiten</i>, exhibition catalogue, Kunsthalle Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, and Lehmbruck Museum, Duisburg 2008, reproduced pp.133, 143.</p>\n<p>Hannah Johnson<br/>January 2013</p>\n</div>\n",
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3 wooden, metal and glass cabinets displaying 17 framed works on paper, 24 blackboard dusters, television aerial, camera, figurines, religious icons, painted canvases, household items and other materials | [
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} | 7001518 1008931 1001895 7000198 1000004 | Atul Dodiya | 2,011 | [] | <p>Atul Dodiya’s Meditation (with open eyes) pays tribute to artists and cultural figures who have inspired him. Dodiya has brought together a range of portraits and objects which relate to his upbringing and artistic development. They are arranged in glass cabinets that resemble museum showcases. But they also recall personal displays of souvenirs and sentimental items that are common in Indian homes. The cabinets also act as shrines, celebrating the lives of these inspirational figures. The objects range from the sacred to the everyday. Copies of artworks by other artists as well as those made by Dodiya sit next to photographs and miniature figurines, including incarnations of the Hindu god Vishnu. The cracked surface reminded Dodiya of the damaged landscape of his native state of Gujarat in India, where a major earthquake had just taken place.</p><p><em>Gallery label, August 2020</em></p> | false | 1 | 18152 | installation 3 wooden metal glass cabinets displaying 17 framed works paper 24 blackboard dusters television aerial camera figurines religious icons painted canvases household items other materials | [
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"content": "<div class=\"text\">\n<p>\n<i>Meditations (With Open Eyes)</i> 2011 is an installation that comprises three wooden cabinets with glass fronts, with artworks and objects placed both inside and on top. In them the Indian artist Atul Dodiya has assembled an assortment of objects, much in the manner of traditional cabinets of curiosities found in historic collections and museums. The dense, slightly informal arrangement of the objects gives the work the appearance of a series of personal shrines, similar to the humble glass cabinets common in middle-class Indian homes which preserve souvenirs and items based on emotional rather than material value: photos, travel memorabilia, toys and gifts, religious icons and the like. The title of the work suggests conscious memory and the contemplation of objects that trigger recollections. The cabinets are arranged in a row, mounted on the wall, and the central one is slightly taller than the two flanking it on either side. Dodiya had previously worked with museological-style displays in works, referencing and paying tribute to the Indian nonviolent activist and nationalist icon Mohandas (Mahatma) Gandhi (1869–1948) and fellow artist Bhupen Khakhar (1934–2003). An early example was <i>Broken Branches </i>2003, in which Dodiya was inspired by the dusty cases containing personal effects and memorabilia in the regional museum about Gandhi in the small town of Porbandar. The particular iteration of cabinets in <i>Meditations (With Open Eyes) </i>is more autobiographical and relates closely to Dodiya’s own art practice. </p>\n<p>The cabinets contain seemingly unrelated objects ranging from the sacred to the everyday. Within them are displayed works of art – copies of works by other artists as well as the Dodiya’s own productions – interspersed with photographs, objects and ephemera. Texts by a Bengali poet and quotes from American artist Jasper Johns (born 1930) and twentieth-century French author Andre Gide are included, acknowledging Dodiya’s admiration for their work. Homages to the early modern abstract artist Piet Mondrian (1872–1944) are included in the first and last cabinets, echoed in the pattern of a small quilted textile in the middle cabinet. When Dodiya visited Tate Modern in London in 2001 on the occasion of the exhibition <i>Century City </i>(Tate Modern, February–April 2001) in which he participated, he saw works by Mondrian in Tate’s collection. He was struck by the visible cracks on the surface of Mondrian’s paintings, which would not have been apparent in printed reproductions. This was around the same time that a major earthquake shook his native Gujarat. Struck by the correspondence between the cracked Gujarati landscape and the surface of Mondrian’s paintings, Dodiya produced a body of large paintings titled <i>Cracks</i> <i>in Mondrian</i> 2004–5.</p>\n<p>The objects in the vitrines in <i>Meditations (With Open Eyes) </i>include several incarnations of the Hindu deity Shiva, as well as found and made sculptures. The male figure with skulls balanced on his head in the first vitrine, for instance, relates to a painting by Dodiya, <i>Doctor from Mozambique</i> 2007. More ubiquitous objects relate to the process of making art, namely a stack of blackboard erasers and an old found camera. In the third cabinet Dodiya has included a faux-Victorian ceramic of three young boys in formal attire, a reference to the innocence and naiveté of his own youth, when he decided at the age of eleven to become an artist. Dodiya describes himself as still having the natural curiosity of a student in his approach to seeing works of art: </p>\n<p class=\"cttext\">\n</p><blockquote>I feel strongly about art from the past, and treasure the sheer joy of seeing art of diverse kinds. I like everything. Old Masters, abstractionists, drawings, installation, manuscripts, tapestries, maps, Johns, Grunewald. When I look at art, whether it is Donald Judd or Joseph Beuys, I ask: Where does this come from? How is this done? How to resolve such images visually, practically? I think I still have a student’s approach.<br/>(Quoted in Sinha 2010, p.129.)</blockquote>\n<p>\n<i>Meditations (With Open Eyes)</i> thus presents an assemblage that has personal significance for the artist, of the heroes and influences particularly relevant to his work, forming a personal archive and homage. Arranged on top of the cabinets are photographs and images of Dodiya’s personal artistic and cultural icons – artists Pablo Picasso (1881–1973), Louise Bourgeois (1911–2010), Joseph Beuys (1921–1986), Philip Guston (1913–1980) and Rabrindranath Tagore (1861–1941) are joined by a scene from a Bollywood film starring Amitabh Bachhan and Rajesh Khanna, the angry young men of their generation in India. The work was first shown alongside a series of blackboard works based on a fictional conversation with Gandhi by a young boy in his dream, based on the writings of Gujarati poet Labshanker Thaker. Gandhi first appeared in Dodiya’s work in a series of watercolours based on historic photographs titled <i>An Artist of Non Violence</i> 1999, exhibited in an exhibition of the same title at Galley Chemould in Mumbai, in which Dodiya attempted to re-examine Gandhi’s legacy in the wake of public riots. Apart from the pervasive presence of Gandhi as a hero for the first post-independence generation in India, it is worth noting that both he and Dodiya originated from the same part of Gujarat. </p>\n<p>\n<b>Further reading</b>\n<br/>Gayatri Sinha, <i>Voices of Change</i>, Marg, India 2010, pp.114–29.<br/>Bako Exists, <i>Imagine</i>, exhibition catalogue, Gallery Chemould, Mumbai 2011. </p>\n<p>Nada Raza<br/>April 2013</p>\n</div>\n",
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] | <p><span>Stag</span> <span>and</span> <span>Mister Komplex</span> 2000 is a two-part installation by the Northern Irish artist Cathy Wilkes. On the left is a folding card table, while on the right is a readymade shop display case. The two elements were first shown together (albeit in a different form and configuration) in Wilkes’s 2001 exhibition <span>So and So, Cathy Wilkes</span> at the Galerie Giti Nourbakhsch in Berlin, and separately titled as <span>Stag </span>(the display case) and <span>Mister Komplex </span>(the folding table). The top of the folding card table, covered in vinyl with a patinated wood print design, acts as a found canvas for a fabric collage depicting an abstract still-life portrait. In the collage, a red-dotted fabric bears the suggestion of a face, with one eye clearly delineated, and features the title of that part of the work (<span>Mister Komplex</span>) written in capital letters above. The inside of the metal and wood-framed glass display case, which is glazed on the top and the front, is covered with red and white horizontally striped paper. The case, the left side of which is open, is illuminated by two shaded strip lights. Like the card table, the display case retains the appearance of its previous use as a functional object. Although the two parts of the installation were first conceived separately, they are now only intended to be shown together.</p> | false | 1 | 12144 | sculpture shop display case wooden folding table textile paint | [] | Stag and Mister Komplex | 2,000 | Tate | 2000 | CLEARED | 8 | Overall display dimensions variable | accessioned work | Tate | Presented by Charles Asprey, London 2013 | [
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Cement mixer drum, concrete paving slab and wooden plinth | [
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Etching, aquatint and screenprint on paper | [
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"content": "<div class=\"text\">\n<p>This is one of a group of six unique prints in Tate’s collection from Chila Kumari Burman’s <i>Riot Series </i>(Tate <a class=\"acno-pop\" data-gtm-destination=\"page--artwork\" data-gtm-name=\"body_text_link\" href=\"https://www.tate.org.uk/art/artworks/burman-triptych-no-nukes-t14090\" title=\"View the details of this artwork\"><span>T14090</span></a>–<a class=\"acno-pop\" data-gtm-destination=\"page--artwork\" data-gtm-name=\"body_text_link\" href=\"https://www.tate.org.uk/art/artworks/burman-militant-women-t14095\" title=\"View the details of this artwork\"><span>T14095</span></a>), each of which is individually titled. They were made in 1981 and 1982 with the master printmaker Stanley Jones (born 1933) in the Printmaking Department at the Slade School of Fine Art in London, where Burman was a student at the time. The Printmaking Department had established a reputation for experimenting with a range of techniques and this can be seen in this series. After a variety of trials, Burman and Jones decided to work with a combination of processes in each print – etching and silkscreen, etching and aquatint or etching and lithograph. The tensions generated by the combination and overlaying of two material techniques embodied the violence embedded within the subject matter of the work, echoing the theme of conflict as well as affecting the final appearance of the prints. The historian Lynda Nead has written about Burman’s process of layering images:</p>\n<p class=\"cttext\">\n</p><blockquote>Particular themes begin to emerge from Burman’s work from the 1970s and 1980s. Firstly, there is the idea of layering: of surfaces being built up, one upon another, creating dense walls of ink, paint, line and meaning. And secondly, there is the theme of fragmentation: of the image being broken up and subsequently reconstituted in order to shift stereotypes and to create radical forms of meaning.<br/>(Nead 1995<i>, </i>p.28.)</blockquote>\n<p>These characteristics are evidenced in the prints of the <i>Riot Series</i>, as described below.</p>\n<p>\n<i>Triptych No Nukes</i> 1982 (Tate <span>T14090</span>)<i> </i>is a triptych comprising three black and white monoprints, displayed side by side, depicting a group of riot police wearing gasmasks. A red pattern made up of the hazard symbol for nuclear weapons or radioactive material has been printed over the images, making reference to the title of the work. The three parts of the work embody three stages in the production of the image: the etching plate was placed in the acid for progressively longer periods so that the image was correspondingly eaten away and gradually disintegrated, becoming darker and harder to decipher. This deterioration across the three states of the image reflects the anti-nuclear sentiment behind the work.</p>\n<p>\n<i>If There is No Struggle, There is No Progress – Uprisings</i> 1981 (Tate <a class=\"acno-pop\" data-gtm-destination=\"page--artwork\" data-gtm-name=\"body_text_link\" href=\"https://www.tate.org.uk/art/artworks/burman-if-there-is-no-struggle-there-is-no-progress-uprisings-t14091\" title=\"View the details of this artwork\"><span>T14091</span></a>) is a black, white and red monoprint that has various levels of imagery superimposed one on the other. The work was made in direct response to the uprisings which took place in various cities across England in the summer of 1981, partly as a result of social unrest in response to the politics of the Thatcher government. The words ‘Liverpool’ and ‘Chapeltown’ refer to some of the locations of the uprisings. The red background depicts a newspaper-like image which is printed over with black blotches of paint and a variety of slogans such as ‘?Justice no more Equal Right’ and ‘the unpleasant features of Imperialism’. </p>\n<p>\n<i>Cut – Foot – Pupil – Uprisings</i> 1981 (Tate <a class=\"acno-pop\" data-gtm-destination=\"page--artwork\" data-gtm-name=\"body_text_link\" href=\"https://www.tate.org.uk/art/artworks/burman-cut-foot-pupil-uprisings-t14092\" title=\"View the details of this artwork\"><span>T14092</span></a>) comprises two black and white images of a policeman. The image is overlaid with a red grid-based sewing pattern for cutting out a garment. The process followed was similar to that used for <i>Triptych No Nukes</i>,<i> </i>where the plate was placed in acid repeatedly as a means to manipulate and degrade the image, but also to embody physically the violence and destruction evoked by the subject matter. The image of riot police in gasmasks recurs throughout the series. In <i>Three Mug Shots in a Row</i> 1982 (Tate <a class=\"acno-pop\" data-gtm-destination=\"page--artwork\" data-gtm-name=\"body_text_link\" href=\"https://www.tate.org.uk/art/artworks/burman-three-mug-shots-in-a-row-t14093\" title=\"View the details of this artwork\"><span>T14093</span></a>) the recurring image of a policeman wearing a gasmask and riot gear is presented as a series of mug shots, taken from three different positions: facing the front, turning to the right and turning to the left with his hands up). In <i>Red Riots on Indian Paper </i>1981 (Tate <a class=\"acno-pop\" data-gtm-destination=\"page--artwork\" data-gtm-name=\"body_text_link\" href=\"https://www.tate.org.uk/art/artworks/burman-red-riots-on-indian-paper-t14094\" title=\"View the details of this artwork\"><span>T14094</span></a>) a ragged black line is formed diagonally by an image of a dense group of riot police in gas masks, set against a background of red and white which becomes pure red in the top and bottom thirds of the sheet. </p>\n<p>In contrast, Burman made <i>Militant Women</i> 1982 (Tate <span>T14095</span>) when she started to be involved in the production of the South Asian Feminist magazine, <i>Mukti</i> (1982–6). The print depicts a variety of black and white images of women referring to female road builders in India, executed female prisoners in England and females facing the Pass Law in Apartheid South Africa, whereby non-whites were forced to carry documents as a means of restricting their movement. This shift to a broader subject matter looks forward to Burman’s later work which has focused mostly on female identity within a global context. This includes a number of self-portraits which are aimed at breaking perceived stereotypes of Asian women. She has said:</p>\n<p class=\"cttext\">\n</p><blockquote>My work is about reclaiming the image of Asian women, moving away from the object of the defining gaze, towards a position where I/Asian woman become the subject of display. My self-portraits construct a femininity that resists the racist stereotype of the passive, exotic Asian woman, imprisoned by male patriarchal culture. Rather I become the maker and definer of my own image.<br/>(Quoted in ibid.,<i> </i>p.61.)</blockquote>\n<p>Burman belongs to a generation of Black British artists whose families had settled in post-war Britain and who emerged onto the art world in the early 1980s. Alongside artists such as Lubaina Himid (born 1954), Eddie Chambers (born 1960) and Sonia Boyce (born 1962), her work raised issues around inclusion and visibility within the mainstream art establishment. Burman produced her most political works in the early 1980s, primarily as a reaction to riots and social unrest taking place around Britain at the time. She has often worked with innovative techniques, frequently combining processes and media such as photography and painting, photocopying and drawing within her works. She regards printmaking as fundamental to her practice for its non-hierarchical qualities, describing it as ‘democratic, versatile, colourful, creative, experimental, [a] drawing and photographic medium’ (quoted in ibid., p.28). </p>\n<p>The <i>Riot Series </i>prints were exhibited for the first time in 1982 at Burman’s post-graduate show at the Slade. They were later shown in the <i>Indian Artists UK Festival of India</i> at the Barbican, London in 1983, <i>The Thin Black Line</i>, at the ICA, London in 1985, curated by Lubaina Himid, and at Liverpool’s Bluecoat Gallery in 1995.</p>\n<p>\n<b>Further reading</b>\n<br/>Lynda Nead, <i>Chila Kumari Burman, Beyond Two Cultures</i>, London 1995.</p>\n<p>Leyla Fakhr<br/>October 2013</p>\n</div>\n",
"display_name": "Summary",
"publication_date": "2018-07-31T00:00:00",
"slug_name": "summary",
"type": "SHORT_TEXT"
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