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Given the following passage
"The Hellenistic period covers the period of ancient Greek (Hellenic) history and Mediterranean history between the death of Alexander the Great in 323 BC and the emergence of the Roman Empire as signified by the Battle of Actium in 31 BC and the subsequent conquest of Ptolemaic Egypt the following year. At this time, Greek cultural influence and power was at its peak in Europe, Africa and Asia, experiencing prosperity and progress in the arts, exploration, literature, theatre, architecture, music, mathematics, philosophy, and science. For example, competitive public games took place, ideas in biology, and popular entertainment in theaters. It is often considered a period of transition, sometimes even of decadence or degeneration, compared to the enlightenment of the Greek Classical era. The Hellenistic period saw the rise of New Comedy, Alexandrian poetry, the Septuagint and the philosophies of Stoicism and Epicureanism. Greek Science was advanced by the works of the mathematician Euclid and the polymath Archimedes. The religious sphere expanded to include new gods such as the Greco-Egyptian Serapis, eastern deities such as Attis and Cybele and the Greek adoption of Buddhism.",
answer the following question. Note that the answer is present within the text.
Question: The Hellenistic Period is generally marked by what characterisitic? | [
6781,
2779,
2860,
11,
579,
1
] |
Greek cultural influence and power
|
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58
] |
Given the following passage
"The Hellenistic period covers the period of ancient Greek (Hellenic) history and Mediterranean history between the death of Alexander the Great in 323 BC and the emergence of the Roman Empire as signified by the Battle of Actium in 31 BC and the subsequent conquest of Ptolemaic Egypt the following year. At this time, Greek cultural influence and power was at its peak in Europe, Africa and Asia, experiencing prosperity and progress in the arts, exploration, literature, theatre, architecture, music, mathematics, philosophy, and science. For example, competitive public games took place, ideas in biology, and popular entertainment in theaters. It is often considered a period of transition, sometimes even of decadence or degeneration, compared to the enlightenment of the Greek Classical era. The Hellenistic period saw the rise of New Comedy, Alexandrian poetry, the Septuagint and the philosophies of Stoicism and Epicureanism. Greek Science was advanced by the works of the mathematician Euclid and the polymath Archimedes. The religious sphere expanded to include new gods such as the Greco-Egyptian Serapis, eastern deities such as Attis and Cybele and the Greek adoption of Buddhism.",
answer the following question. Note that the answer is present within the text.
Question: Following the end of the period of Greek influence, what major ancient power took control of Egypt? | [
3385,
12187,
1
] |
Roman Empire
|
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58
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Given the following passage
"The Hellenistic period covers the period of ancient Greek (Hellenic) history and Mediterranean history between the death of Alexander the Great in 323 BC and the emergence of the Roman Empire as signified by the Battle of Actium in 31 BC and the subsequent conquest of Ptolemaic Egypt the following year. At this time, Greek cultural influence and power was at its peak in Europe, Africa and Asia, experiencing prosperity and progress in the arts, exploration, literature, theatre, architecture, music, mathematics, philosophy, and science. For example, competitive public games took place, ideas in biology, and popular entertainment in theaters. It is often considered a period of transition, sometimes even of decadence or degeneration, compared to the enlightenment of the Greek Classical era. The Hellenistic period saw the rise of New Comedy, Alexandrian poetry, the Septuagint and the philosophies of Stoicism and Epicureanism. Greek Science was advanced by the works of the mathematician Euclid and the polymath Archimedes. The religious sphere expanded to include new gods such as the Greco-Egyptian Serapis, eastern deities such as Attis and Cybele and the Greek adoption of Buddhism.",
answer the following question. Note that the answer is present within the text.
Question: Whose contributions from this period might by recognized by a modern day student of geometry? | [
4491,
14758,
26,
1
] |
Euclid
|
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Given the following passage
"After Alexander the Great's ventures in the Persian Empire, Hellenistic kingdoms were established throughout south-west Asia (Seleucid Empire, Kingdom of Pergamon), north-east Africa (Ptolemaic Kingdom) and South Asia (Greco-Bactrian Kingdom, Indo-Greek Kingdom). This resulted in the export of Greek culture and language to these new realms through Greco-Macedonian colonization, spanning as far as modern-day Pakistan. Equally, however, these new kingdoms were influenced by the indigenous cultures, adopting local practices where beneficial, necessary, or convenient. Hellenistic culture thus represents a fusion of the Ancient Greek world with that of the Near East, Middle East, and Southwest Asia, and a departure from earlier Greek attitudes towards "barbarian" cultures. The Hellenistic period was characterized by a new wave of Greek colonization (as distinguished from that occurring in the 8th–6th centuries BC) which established Greek cities and kingdoms in Asia and Africa. Those new cities were composed of Greek colonists who came from different parts of the Greek world, and not, as before, from a specific "mother city". The main cultural centers expanded from mainland Greece to Pergamon, Rhodes, and new Greek colonies such as Seleucia, Antioch, Alexandria and Ai-Khanoum. This mixture of Greek-speakers gave birth to a common Attic-based dialect, known as Koine Greek, which became the lingua franca through the Hellenistic world.",
answer the following question. Note that the answer is present within the text.
Question: After Greeks from different areas, as opposed to those from Mother Cities began colonizing, what happened to the Greek language abroad. | [
100,
4989,
13,
6781,
18,
7,
14661,
277,
1891,
3879,
12,
3,
9,
1017,
486,
1225,
18,
390,
28461,
6,
801,
38,
1793,
630,
6781,
1
] |
This mixture of Greek-speakers gave birth to a common Attic-based dialect, known as Koine Greek
|
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3,
7316,
13,
8,
22239,
6781,
296,
28,
24,
13,
8,
10455,
1932,
6,
4551,
1932,
6,
11,
21423,
3826,
6,
11,
3,
9,
12028,
45,
2283,
6781,
18537,
1587,
96,
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5,
37,
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35,
3040,
1059,
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13,
6781,
1543,
28,
273,
13,
844,
8,
6781,
7,
6718,
1601,
5
] |
Given the following passage
"After Alexander the Great's ventures in the Persian Empire, Hellenistic kingdoms were established throughout south-west Asia (Seleucid Empire, Kingdom of Pergamon), north-east Africa (Ptolemaic Kingdom) and South Asia (Greco-Bactrian Kingdom, Indo-Greek Kingdom). This resulted in the export of Greek culture and language to these new realms through Greco-Macedonian colonization, spanning as far as modern-day Pakistan. Equally, however, these new kingdoms were influenced by the indigenous cultures, adopting local practices where beneficial, necessary, or convenient. Hellenistic culture thus represents a fusion of the Ancient Greek world with that of the Near East, Middle East, and Southwest Asia, and a departure from earlier Greek attitudes towards "barbarian" cultures. The Hellenistic period was characterized by a new wave of Greek colonization (as distinguished from that occurring in the 8th–6th centuries BC) which established Greek cities and kingdoms in Asia and Africa. Those new cities were composed of Greek colonists who came from different parts of the Greek world, and not, as before, from a specific "mother city". The main cultural centers expanded from mainland Greece to Pergamon, Rhodes, and new Greek colonies such as Seleucia, Antioch, Alexandria and Ai-Khanoum. This mixture of Greek-speakers gave birth to a common Attic-based dialect, known as Koine Greek, which became the lingua franca through the Hellenistic world.",
answer the following question. Note that the answer is present within the text.
Question: Why was there a fusion of Greek culture with those of areas the Greeks colonized. | [
126,
14740,
7,
130,
3,
12913,
57,
8,
19771,
9757,
6,
4693,
53,
415,
2869,
213,
6473,
6,
1316,
6,
42,
4979,
1
] |
new kingdoms were influenced by the indigenous cultures, adopting local practices where beneficial, necessary, or convenient
|
[
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21423,
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35,
3040,
1059,
13,
6718,
1707,
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45,
2283,
8811,
13,
975,
10952
] |
Given the following passage
"After Alexander the Great's ventures in the Persian Empire, Hellenistic kingdoms were established throughout south-west Asia (Seleucid Empire, Kingdom of Pergamon), north-east Africa (Ptolemaic Kingdom) and South Asia (Greco-Bactrian Kingdom, Indo-Greek Kingdom). This resulted in the export of Greek culture and language to these new realms through Greco-Macedonian colonization, spanning as far as modern-day Pakistan. Equally, however, these new kingdoms were influenced by the indigenous cultures, adopting local practices where beneficial, necessary, or convenient. Hellenistic culture thus represents a fusion of the Ancient Greek world with that of the Near East, Middle East, and Southwest Asia, and a departure from earlier Greek attitudes towards "barbarian" cultures. The Hellenistic period was characterized by a new wave of Greek colonization (as distinguished from that occurring in the 8th–6th centuries BC) which established Greek cities and kingdoms in Asia and Africa. Those new cities were composed of Greek colonists who came from different parts of the Greek world, and not, as before, from a specific "mother city". The main cultural centers expanded from mainland Greece to Pergamon, Rhodes, and new Greek colonies such as Seleucia, Antioch, Alexandria and Ai-Khanoum. This mixture of Greek-speakers gave birth to a common Attic-based dialect, known as Koine Greek, which became the lingua franca through the Hellenistic world.",
answer the following question. Note that the answer is present within the text.
Question: How did the Hellenistic period of colonization differ from earlier periods of conquest | [
6781,
6718,
343,
7,
113,
764,
45,
315,
1467,
13,
8,
6781,
296,
6,
11,
59,
6,
38,
274,
6,
45,
3,
9,
806,
96,
21226,
690,
121,
1
] |
Greek colonists who came from different parts of the Greek world, and not, as before, from a specific "mother city"
|
[
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8,
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12187,
6,
11419,
35,
3040,
14740,
7,
130,
2127,
1019,
3414,
18,
12425,
3826,
41,
134,
400,
6809,
26,
12187,
6,
6524,
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201,
3457,
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41,
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61,
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13,
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26,
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1707,
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14740,
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2932,
5475,
3,
9,
3,
7316,
13,
8,
22239,
6781,
296,
28,
24,
13,
8,
10455,
1932,
6,
4551,
1932,
6,
11,
21423,
3826,
6,
11,
3,
9,
12028,
45,
2283,
6781,
18537,
1587,
96,
1047,
115,
6855,
121,
9757,
5,
37,
11419,
35,
3040,
1059,
47,
3,
16730,
57,
3,
9,
126,
6772,
13,
6781,
6718,
1707,
41,
9,
7,
18908,
45,
24,
16198,
16,
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104,
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9580,
61,
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2648,
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3,
9,
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96,
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37,
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8148,
45,
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12263,
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27200,
224,
38,
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3,
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3,
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658,
190,
8,
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35,
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296,
535,
6,
1525,
8,
826,
822,
5,
2507,
24,
8,
1525,
19,
915,
441,
8,
1499,
5,
11860,
10,
366,
410,
8,
1059,
13,
7186,
509,
18,
17772,
15,
26,
8008,
29,
6718,
1707,
240,
286
] |
Given the following passage
"After Alexander the Great's ventures in the Persian Empire, Hellenistic kingdoms were established throughout south-west Asia (Seleucid Empire, Kingdom of Pergamon), north-east Africa (Ptolemaic Kingdom) and South Asia (Greco-Bactrian Kingdom, Indo-Greek Kingdom). This resulted in the export of Greek culture and language to these new realms through Greco-Macedonian colonization, spanning as far as modern-day Pakistan. Equally, however, these new kingdoms were influenced by the indigenous cultures, adopting local practices where beneficial, necessary, or convenient. Hellenistic culture thus represents a fusion of the Ancient Greek world with that of the Near East, Middle East, and Southwest Asia, and a departure from earlier Greek attitudes towards "barbarian" cultures. The Hellenistic period was characterized by a new wave of Greek colonization (as distinguished from that occurring in the 8th–6th centuries BC) which established Greek cities and kingdoms in Asia and Africa. Those new cities were composed of Greek colonists who came from different parts of the Greek world, and not, as before, from a specific "mother city". The main cultural centers expanded from mainland Greece to Pergamon, Rhodes, and new Greek colonies such as Seleucia, Antioch, Alexandria and Ai-Khanoum. This mixture of Greek-speakers gave birth to a common Attic-based dialect, known as Koine Greek, which became the lingua franca through the Hellenistic world.",
answer the following question. Note that the answer is present within the text.
Question: When did the period of Greco-Macedonian colonization take place | [
621,
10135,
8,
1651,
31,
7,
6086,
7,
16,
8,
25518,
12187,
1
] |
After Alexander the Great's ventures in the Persian Empire
|
[
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5454,
96,
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63,
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4268,
152,
151,
840,
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61,
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112,
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17025,
135,
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6,
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3,
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12,
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13216,
12,
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3,
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3,
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36,
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57,
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5,
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24,
8,
1525,
19,
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441,
8,
1499,
5,
11860,
10,
2840,
47,
23695,
526,
1395,
31,
2353,
45,
58
] |
Given the following passage
"The Bithynians were a Thracian people living in northwest Anatolia. After Alexander's conquests the region of Bithynia came under the rule of the native king Bas, who defeated Calas, a general of Alexander the Great, and maintained the independence of Bithynia. His son, Zipoetes I of Bithynia maintained this autonomy against Lysimachus and Seleucus I, and assumed the title of king (basileus) in 297 BCE. His son and successor, Nicomedes I, founded Nicomedia, which soon rose to great prosperity, and during his long reign (c. 278 – c. 255 BCE), as well as those of his successors, the kingdom of Bithynia held a considerable place among the minor monarchies of Anatolia. Nicomedes also invited the Celtic Galatians into Anatolia as mercenaries, and they later turned on his son Prusias I, who defeated them in battle. Their last king, Nicomedes IV, was unable to maintain himself against Mithridates VI of Pontus, and, after being restored to his throne by the Roman Senate, he bequeathed his kingdom by will to the Roman republic (74 BCE).",
answer the following question. Note that the answer is present within the text.
Question: Where was Nicomedes' father from? | [
2106,
189,
63,
29,
23,
9,
1
] |
Bithynia
|
[
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8,
826,
5454,
96,
634,
2106,
189,
63,
15710,
7,
130,
3,
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3,
11889,
4268,
152,
151,
840,
16,
24155,
5331,
17,
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6,
3,
9,
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11,
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23,
9,
5,
978,
520,
6,
22296,
32,
15,
1422,
27,
13,
2106,
189,
63,
29,
23,
9,
6997,
48,
29007,
581,
5225,
7,
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58
] |
Given the following passage
"The Bithynians were a Thracian people living in northwest Anatolia. After Alexander's conquests the region of Bithynia came under the rule of the native king Bas, who defeated Calas, a general of Alexander the Great, and maintained the independence of Bithynia. His son, Zipoetes I of Bithynia maintained this autonomy against Lysimachus and Seleucus I, and assumed the title of king (basileus) in 297 BCE. His son and successor, Nicomedes I, founded Nicomedia, which soon rose to great prosperity, and during his long reign (c. 278 – c. 255 BCE), as well as those of his successors, the kingdom of Bithynia held a considerable place among the minor monarchies of Anatolia. Nicomedes also invited the Celtic Galatians into Anatolia as mercenaries, and they later turned on his son Prusias I, who defeated them in battle. Their last king, Nicomedes IV, was unable to maintain himself against Mithridates VI of Pontus, and, after being restored to his throne by the Roman Senate, he bequeathed his kingdom by will to the Roman republic (74 BCE).",
answer the following question. Note that the answer is present within the text.
Question: Who was Nicomedes' father? | [
22296,
32,
15,
1422,
27,
1
] |
Zipoetes I
|
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5,
11860,
10,
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47,
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32,
15,
1422,
31,
520,
58
] |
Given the following passage
"The Bithynians were a Thracian people living in northwest Anatolia. After Alexander's conquests the region of Bithynia came under the rule of the native king Bas, who defeated Calas, a general of Alexander the Great, and maintained the independence of Bithynia. His son, Zipoetes I of Bithynia maintained this autonomy against Lysimachus and Seleucus I, and assumed the title of king (basileus) in 297 BCE. His son and successor, Nicomedes I, founded Nicomedia, which soon rose to great prosperity, and during his long reign (c. 278 – c. 255 BCE), as well as those of his successors, the kingdom of Bithynia held a considerable place among the minor monarchies of Anatolia. Nicomedes also invited the Celtic Galatians into Anatolia as mercenaries, and they later turned on his son Prusias I, who defeated them in battle. Their last king, Nicomedes IV, was unable to maintain himself against Mithridates VI of Pontus, and, after being restored to his throne by the Roman Senate, he bequeathed his kingdom by will to the Roman republic (74 BCE).",
answer the following question. Note that the answer is present within the text.
Question: Who was Zipoetes' son? | [
23695,
526,
1395,
1
] |
Nicomedes
|
[
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8,
826,
5454,
96,
634,
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5,
11860,
10,
2645,
47,
21522,
7,
23,
9,
7,
31,
7,
2353,
58
] |
Given the following passage
"The Bithynians were a Thracian people living in northwest Anatolia. After Alexander's conquests the region of Bithynia came under the rule of the native king Bas, who defeated Calas, a general of Alexander the Great, and maintained the independence of Bithynia. His son, Zipoetes I of Bithynia maintained this autonomy against Lysimachus and Seleucus I, and assumed the title of king (basileus) in 297 BCE. His son and successor, Nicomedes I, founded Nicomedia, which soon rose to great prosperity, and during his long reign (c. 278 – c. 255 BCE), as well as those of his successors, the kingdom of Bithynia held a considerable place among the minor monarchies of Anatolia. Nicomedes also invited the Celtic Galatians into Anatolia as mercenaries, and they later turned on his son Prusias I, who defeated them in battle. Their last king, Nicomedes IV, was unable to maintain himself against Mithridates VI of Pontus, and, after being restored to his throne by the Roman Senate, he bequeathed his kingdom by will to the Roman republic (74 BCE).",
answer the following question. Note that the answer is present within the text.
Question: Who was Prusias's father? | [
23695,
526,
1395,
27,
1
] |
Nicomedes I
|
[
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8,
826,
5454,
96,
634,
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189,
63,
15710,
7,
130,
3,
9,
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11889,
4268,
152,
151,
840,
16,
24155,
5331,
17,
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7,
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23,
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29007,
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5225,
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23,
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11,
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400,
76,
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11,
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8,
1499,
5,
11860,
10,
366,
410,
8,
2106,
189,
63,
15710,
7,
3725,
1590,
58
] |
Given the following passage
"The Bithynians were a Thracian people living in northwest Anatolia. After Alexander's conquests the region of Bithynia came under the rule of the native king Bas, who defeated Calas, a general of Alexander the Great, and maintained the independence of Bithynia. His son, Zipoetes I of Bithynia maintained this autonomy against Lysimachus and Seleucus I, and assumed the title of king (basileus) in 297 BCE. His son and successor, Nicomedes I, founded Nicomedia, which soon rose to great prosperity, and during his long reign (c. 278 – c. 255 BCE), as well as those of his successors, the kingdom of Bithynia held a considerable place among the minor monarchies of Anatolia. Nicomedes also invited the Celtic Galatians into Anatolia as mercenaries, and they later turned on his son Prusias I, who defeated them in battle. Their last king, Nicomedes IV, was unable to maintain himself against Mithridates VI of Pontus, and, after being restored to his throne by the Roman Senate, he bequeathed his kingdom by will to the Roman republic (74 BCE).",
answer the following question. Note that the answer is present within the text.
Question: When did the Bithynians eventually fall? | [
3,
4581,
272,
4770,
1
] |
74 BCE
|
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23303,
655,
1891,
34,
46,
2337,
147,
271,
3030,
57,
3,
9,
2069,
5015,
58
] |
Given the following passage
"The Greek kingdom of Bactria began as a breakaway satrapy of the Seleucid empire, which, because of the size of the empire, had significant freedom from central control. Between 255-246 BCE, the governor of Bactria, Sogdiana and Margiana (most of present-day Afghanistan), one Diodotus, took this process to its logical extreme and declared himself king. Diodotus II, son of Diodotus, was overthrown in about 230 BC by Euthydemus, possibly the satrap of Sogdiana, who then started his own dynasty. In c. 210 BC, the Greco-Bactrian kingdom was invaded by a resurgent Seleucid empire under Antiochus III. While victorious in the field, it seems Antiochus came to realise that there were advantages in the status quo (perhaps sensing that Bactria could not be governed from Syria), and married one of his daughters to Euthydemus's son, thus legitimising the Greco-Bactria dynasty. Soon afterwards the Greco-Bactrian kingdom seems to have expanded, possibly taking advantage of the defeat of the Parthian king Arsaces II by Antiochus.",
answer the following question. Note that the answer is present within the text.
Question: Whose expansiveness gave it an advantage over being managed by a central authority? | [
14740,
13,
13456,
1788,
9,
1
] |
kingdom of Bactria
|
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11860,
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2645,
530,
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4583,
841,
326,
8,
3,
8514,
29,
15,
58
] |
Given the following passage
"The Greek kingdom of Bactria began as a breakaway satrapy of the Seleucid empire, which, because of the size of the empire, had significant freedom from central control. Between 255-246 BCE, the governor of Bactria, Sogdiana and Margiana (most of present-day Afghanistan), one Diodotus, took this process to its logical extreme and declared himself king. Diodotus II, son of Diodotus, was overthrown in about 230 BC by Euthydemus, possibly the satrap of Sogdiana, who then started his own dynasty. In c. 210 BC, the Greco-Bactrian kingdom was invaded by a resurgent Seleucid empire under Antiochus III. While victorious in the field, it seems Antiochus came to realise that there were advantages in the status quo (perhaps sensing that Bactria could not be governed from Syria), and married one of his daughters to Euthydemus's son, thus legitimising the Greco-Bactria dynasty. Soon afterwards the Greco-Bactrian kingdom seems to have expanded, possibly taking advantage of the defeat of the Parthian king Arsaces II by Antiochus.",
answer the following question. Note that the answer is present within the text.
Question: Who got to kick someone off the throne? | [
4491,
189,
63,
1778,
302,
1
] |
Euthydemus
|
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5,
11860,
10,
571,
47,
4491,
189,
63,
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302,
16026,
58
] |
Given the following passage
"The Greek kingdom of Bactria began as a breakaway satrapy of the Seleucid empire, which, because of the size of the empire, had significant freedom from central control. Between 255-246 BCE, the governor of Bactria, Sogdiana and Margiana (most of present-day Afghanistan), one Diodotus, took this process to its logical extreme and declared himself king. Diodotus II, son of Diodotus, was overthrown in about 230 BC by Euthydemus, possibly the satrap of Sogdiana, who then started his own dynasty. In c. 210 BC, the Greco-Bactrian kingdom was invaded by a resurgent Seleucid empire under Antiochus III. While victorious in the field, it seems Antiochus came to realise that there were advantages in the status quo (perhaps sensing that Bactria could not be governed from Syria), and married one of his daughters to Euthydemus's son, thus legitimising the Greco-Bactria dynasty. Soon afterwards the Greco-Bactrian kingdom seems to have expanded, possibly taking advantage of the defeat of the Parthian king Arsaces II by Antiochus.",
answer the following question. Note that the answer is present within the text.
Question: How was Euthydemus threatened? | [
7186,
509,
18,
279,
2708,
5288,
14740,
47,
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3,
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3,
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3042,
5560,
180,
400,
6809,
26,
21039,
365,
4066,
6322,
302,
6289,
1
] |
Greco-Bactrian kingdom was invaded by a resurgent Seleucid empire under Antiochus III
|
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6322,
302,
511,
3382,
112,
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12,
240,
147,
8,
14740,
58
] |
Given the following passage
"The Greek kingdom of Bactria began as a breakaway satrapy of the Seleucid empire, which, because of the size of the empire, had significant freedom from central control. Between 255-246 BCE, the governor of Bactria, Sogdiana and Margiana (most of present-day Afghanistan), one Diodotus, took this process to its logical extreme and declared himself king. Diodotus II, son of Diodotus, was overthrown in about 230 BC by Euthydemus, possibly the satrap of Sogdiana, who then started his own dynasty. In c. 210 BC, the Greco-Bactrian kingdom was invaded by a resurgent Seleucid empire under Antiochus III. While victorious in the field, it seems Antiochus came to realise that there were advantages in the status quo (perhaps sensing that Bactria could not be governed from Syria), and married one of his daughters to Euthydemus's son, thus legitimising the Greco-Bactria dynasty. Soon afterwards the Greco-Bactrian kingdom seems to have expanded, possibly taking advantage of the defeat of the Parthian king Arsaces II by Antiochus.",
answer the following question. Note that the answer is present within the text.
Question: Why did Antiochus second guess his choice to take over the kingdom? | [
4066,
6322,
302,
764,
12,
14529,
24,
132,
130,
7648,
16,
8,
2637,
3,
14460,
1
] |
Antiochus came to realise that there were advantages in the status quo
|
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363,
2817,
116,
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5241,
4897,
697,
13,
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58
] |
Given the following passage
"The Greek kingdom of Bactria began as a breakaway satrapy of the Seleucid empire, which, because of the size of the empire, had significant freedom from central control. Between 255-246 BCE, the governor of Bactria, Sogdiana and Margiana (most of present-day Afghanistan), one Diodotus, took this process to its logical extreme and declared himself king. Diodotus II, son of Diodotus, was overthrown in about 230 BC by Euthydemus, possibly the satrap of Sogdiana, who then started his own dynasty. In c. 210 BC, the Greco-Bactrian kingdom was invaded by a resurgent Seleucid empire under Antiochus III. While victorious in the field, it seems Antiochus came to realise that there were advantages in the status quo (perhaps sensing that Bactria could not be governed from Syria), and married one of his daughters to Euthydemus's son, thus legitimising the Greco-Bactria dynasty. Soon afterwards the Greco-Bactrian kingdom seems to have expanded, possibly taking advantage of the defeat of the Parthian king Arsaces II by Antiochus.",
answer the following question. Note that the answer is present within the text.
Question: What happened when there was a forced coupling of children? | [
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2998,
4890,
8,
7186,
509,
18,
279,
9,
75,
1788,
9,
3,
24805,
7,
17,
63,
1
] |
legitimising the Greco-Bactria dynasty
|
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Given the following passage
"The Epicureans and the Cynics rejected public offices and civic service, which amounted to a rejection of the polis itself, the defining institution of the Greek world. Epicurus promoted atomism and an asceticism based on freedom from pain as its ultimate goal. Cynics such as Diogenes of Sinope rejected all material possessions and social conventions (nomos) as unnatural and useless. The Cyrenaics meanwhile, embraced hedonism, arguing that pleasure was the only true good. Stoicism, founded by Zeno of Citium, taught that virtue was sufficient for eudaimonia as it would allow one to live in accordance with Nature or Logos. Zeno became extremely popular, the Athenians set up a gold statue of him and Antigonus II Gonatas invited him to the Macedonian court. The philosophical schools of Aristotle (the Peripatetics of the Lyceum) and Plato (Platonism at the Academy) also remained influential. The academy would eventually turn to Academic Skepticism under Arcesilaus until it was rejected by Antiochus of Ascalon (c. 90 BCE) in favor of Neoplatonism. Hellenistic philosophy, had a significant influence on the Greek ruling elite. Examples include Athenian statesman Demetrius of Phaleron, who had studied in the lyceum; the Spartan king Cleomenes III who was a student of the Stoic Sphairos of Borysthenes and Antigonus II who was also a well known Stoic. This can also be said of the Roman upper classes, were Stoicism was dominant, as seen in the Meditations of the Roman emperor Marcus Aurelius and the works of Cicero.",
answer the following question. Note that the answer is present within the text.
Question: What was a rejection of the public? | [
37,
24692,
1462,
3247,
11,
8,
6400,
2532,
7,
12967,
452,
6036,
11,
18671,
313,
1
] |
The Epicureans and the Cynics rejected public offices and civic service
|
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58
] |
Given the following passage
"The Epicureans and the Cynics rejected public offices and civic service, which amounted to a rejection of the polis itself, the defining institution of the Greek world. Epicurus promoted atomism and an asceticism based on freedom from pain as its ultimate goal. Cynics such as Diogenes of Sinope rejected all material possessions and social conventions (nomos) as unnatural and useless. The Cyrenaics meanwhile, embraced hedonism, arguing that pleasure was the only true good. Stoicism, founded by Zeno of Citium, taught that virtue was sufficient for eudaimonia as it would allow one to live in accordance with Nature or Logos. Zeno became extremely popular, the Athenians set up a gold statue of him and Antigonus II Gonatas invited him to the Macedonian court. The philosophical schools of Aristotle (the Peripatetics of the Lyceum) and Plato (Platonism at the Academy) also remained influential. The academy would eventually turn to Academic Skepticism under Arcesilaus until it was rejected by Antiochus of Ascalon (c. 90 BCE) in favor of Neoplatonism. Hellenistic philosophy, had a significant influence on the Greek ruling elite. Examples include Athenian statesman Demetrius of Phaleron, who had studied in the lyceum; the Spartan king Cleomenes III who was a student of the Stoic Sphairos of Borysthenes and Antigonus II who was also a well known Stoic. This can also be said of the Roman upper classes, were Stoicism was dominant, as seen in the Meditations of the Roman emperor Marcus Aurelius and the works of Cicero.",
answer the following question. Note that the answer is present within the text.
Question: Why was this rejection problematic? | [
3,
9,
22983,
12,
3,
9,
21530,
13,
8,
3,
15621,
1402,
6,
8,
3,
16123,
6568,
13,
8,
6781,
296,
1
] |
amounted to a rejection of the polis itself, the defining institution of the Greek world
|
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58
] |
Given the following passage
"The Epicureans and the Cynics rejected public offices and civic service, which amounted to a rejection of the polis itself, the defining institution of the Greek world. Epicurus promoted atomism and an asceticism based on freedom from pain as its ultimate goal. Cynics such as Diogenes of Sinope rejected all material possessions and social conventions (nomos) as unnatural and useless. The Cyrenaics meanwhile, embraced hedonism, arguing that pleasure was the only true good. Stoicism, founded by Zeno of Citium, taught that virtue was sufficient for eudaimonia as it would allow one to live in accordance with Nature or Logos. Zeno became extremely popular, the Athenians set up a gold statue of him and Antigonus II Gonatas invited him to the Macedonian court. The philosophical schools of Aristotle (the Peripatetics of the Lyceum) and Plato (Platonism at the Academy) also remained influential. The academy would eventually turn to Academic Skepticism under Arcesilaus until it was rejected by Antiochus of Ascalon (c. 90 BCE) in favor of Neoplatonism. Hellenistic philosophy, had a significant influence on the Greek ruling elite. Examples include Athenian statesman Demetrius of Phaleron, who had studied in the lyceum; the Spartan king Cleomenes III who was a student of the Stoic Sphairos of Borysthenes and Antigonus II who was also a well known Stoic. This can also be said of the Roman upper classes, were Stoicism was dominant, as seen in the Meditations of the Roman emperor Marcus Aurelius and the works of Cicero.",
answer the following question. Note that the answer is present within the text.
Question: Why did the Epicureans go against these offices and civil service? | [
24692,
450,
302,
14742,
3,
10432,
159,
51,
11,
46,
38,
9113,
20231,
3,
390,
30,
4333,
45,
1406,
38,
165,
5737,
1288,
1
] |
Epicurus promoted atomism and an asceticism based on freedom from pain as its ultimate goal
|
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8,
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5,
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10,
571,
410,
8,
6400,
2532,
7,
15092,
48,
58
] |
Given the following passage
"The Epicureans and the Cynics rejected public offices and civic service, which amounted to a rejection of the polis itself, the defining institution of the Greek world. Epicurus promoted atomism and an asceticism based on freedom from pain as its ultimate goal. Cynics such as Diogenes of Sinope rejected all material possessions and social conventions (nomos) as unnatural and useless. The Cyrenaics meanwhile, embraced hedonism, arguing that pleasure was the only true good. Stoicism, founded by Zeno of Citium, taught that virtue was sufficient for eudaimonia as it would allow one to live in accordance with Nature or Logos. Zeno became extremely popular, the Athenians set up a gold statue of him and Antigonus II Gonatas invited him to the Macedonian court. The philosophical schools of Aristotle (the Peripatetics of the Lyceum) and Plato (Platonism at the Academy) also remained influential. The academy would eventually turn to Academic Skepticism under Arcesilaus until it was rejected by Antiochus of Ascalon (c. 90 BCE) in favor of Neoplatonism. Hellenistic philosophy, had a significant influence on the Greek ruling elite. Examples include Athenian statesman Demetrius of Phaleron, who had studied in the lyceum; the Spartan king Cleomenes III who was a student of the Stoic Sphairos of Borysthenes and Antigonus II who was also a well known Stoic. This can also be said of the Roman upper classes, were Stoicism was dominant, as seen in the Meditations of the Roman emperor Marcus Aurelius and the works of Cicero.",
answer the following question. Note that the answer is present within the text.
Question: How did the Cynics reject this? | [
37,
6400,
1536,
9,
447,
7,
3,
25605,
6,
3,
24332,
3,
88,
26,
32,
14378,
6,
3,
23998,
24,
5565,
47,
8,
163,
1176,
207,
1
] |
The Cyrenaics meanwhile, embraced hedonism, arguing that pleasure was the only true good
|
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441,
8,
1499,
5,
11860,
10,
4073,
690,
47,
9155,
32,
8304,
16,
58
] |
Given the following passage
"The Epicureans and the Cynics rejected public offices and civic service, which amounted to a rejection of the polis itself, the defining institution of the Greek world. Epicurus promoted atomism and an asceticism based on freedom from pain as its ultimate goal. Cynics such as Diogenes of Sinope rejected all material possessions and social conventions (nomos) as unnatural and useless. The Cyrenaics meanwhile, embraced hedonism, arguing that pleasure was the only true good. Stoicism, founded by Zeno of Citium, taught that virtue was sufficient for eudaimonia as it would allow one to live in accordance with Nature or Logos. Zeno became extremely popular, the Athenians set up a gold statue of him and Antigonus II Gonatas invited him to the Macedonian court. The philosophical schools of Aristotle (the Peripatetics of the Lyceum) and Plato (Platonism at the Academy) also remained influential. The academy would eventually turn to Academic Skepticism under Arcesilaus until it was rejected by Antiochus of Ascalon (c. 90 BCE) in favor of Neoplatonism. Hellenistic philosophy, had a significant influence on the Greek ruling elite. Examples include Athenian statesman Demetrius of Phaleron, who had studied in the lyceum; the Spartan king Cleomenes III who was a student of the Stoic Sphairos of Borysthenes and Antigonus II who was also a well known Stoic. This can also be said of the Roman upper classes, were Stoicism was dominant, as seen in the Meditations of the Roman emperor Marcus Aurelius and the works of Cicero.",
answer the following question. Note that the answer is present within the text.
Question: Which city was Zeno prominent in? | [
486,
3225,
7137,
1
] |
Athenians
|
[
9246,
8,
826,
5454,
96,
6717,
17401,
7,
11,
18637,
7,
33,
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38,
12,
125,
605,
9650,
8,
414,
13,
8,
11419,
35,
3040,
3,
1498,
5,
37,
11419,
35,
3040,
1059,
164,
36,
894,
12,
414,
893,
28,
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42,
237,
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888,
57,
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22511,
127,
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15,
8,
1651,
13,
8,
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25,
217,
38,
8,
414,
13,
8,
11419,
35,
3040,
3,
1498,
3,
99,
25,
317,
34,
3492,
705,
145,
3,
9,
2646,
274,
8,
1017,
3,
1498,
58
] |
Given the following passage
"Scholars and historians are divided as to what event signals the end of the Hellenistic era. The Hellenistic period may be seen to end either with the final conquest of the Greek heartlands by Rome in 146 BC following the Achean War, with the final defeat of the Ptolemaic Kingdom at the Battle of Actium in 31 BC, or even the move by Roman emperor Constantine the Great of the capital of the Roman Empire to Constantinople in 330 AD. "Hellenistic" is distinguished from "Hellenic" in that the first encompasses the entire sphere of direct ancient Greek influence, while the latter refers to Greece itself.",
answer the following question. Note that the answer is present within the text.
Question: What event related to war might you see as the end of the Hellenistic era if you think it ended less than a century before the common era? | [
10141,
13,
1983,
2552,
1
] |
Battle of Actium
|
[
9246,
8,
826,
5454,
96,
6717,
17401,
7,
11,
18637,
7,
33,
8807,
38,
12,
125,
605,
9650,
8,
414,
13,
8,
11419,
35,
3040,
3,
1498,
5,
37,
11419,
35,
3040,
1059,
164,
36,
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3,
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826,
8,
71,
1033,
152,
1602,
6,
28,
8,
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9589,
13,
8,
276,
235,
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6840,
75,
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44,
8,
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13,
1983,
2552,
16,
2664,
9580,
6,
42,
237,
8,
888,
57,
3385,
3,
22511,
127,
15838,
15,
8,
1651,
13,
8,
1784,
13,
8,
3385,
12187,
12,
15838,
32,
4788,
16,
3,
17225,
8502,
5,
96,
566,
8890,
3040,
121,
19,
18908,
45,
96,
566,
693,
2532,
121,
16,
24,
8,
166,
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15,
7,
8,
1297,
3,
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13,
1223,
4913,
6781,
2860,
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133,
80,
952,
2401,
12,
424,
24,
19,
3,
9,
556,
13,
4913,
12263,
58
] |
Given the following passage
"Scholars and historians are divided as to what event signals the end of the Hellenistic era. The Hellenistic period may be seen to end either with the final conquest of the Greek heartlands by Rome in 146 BC following the Achean War, with the final defeat of the Ptolemaic Kingdom at the Battle of Actium in 31 BC, or even the move by Roman emperor Constantine the Great of the capital of the Roman Empire to Constantinople in 330 AD. "Hellenistic" is distinguished from "Hellenic" in that the first encompasses the entire sphere of direct ancient Greek influence, while the latter refers to Greece itself.",
answer the following question. Note that the answer is present within the text.
Question: How would one likely refer to something that is a product of ancient Greece? | [
11419,
35,
3040,
1
] |
Hellenistic
|
[
9246,
8,
826,
5454,
96,
6717,
17401,
7,
11,
18637,
7,
33,
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38,
12,
125,
605,
9650,
8,
414,
13,
8,
11419,
35,
3040,
3,
1498,
5,
37,
11419,
35,
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894,
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15,
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13,
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13,
8,
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32,
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121,
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6,
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128,
18637,
7,
857,
3240,
15,
26,
8,
414,
13,
46,
3,
1498,
58
] |
Given the following passage
"Scholars and historians are divided as to what event signals the end of the Hellenistic era. The Hellenistic period may be seen to end either with the final conquest of the Greek heartlands by Rome in 146 BC following the Achean War, with the final defeat of the Ptolemaic Kingdom at the Battle of Actium in 31 BC, or even the move by Roman emperor Constantine the Great of the capital of the Roman Empire to Constantinople in 330 AD. "Hellenistic" is distinguished from "Hellenic" in that the first encompasses the entire sphere of direct ancient Greek influence, while the latter refers to Greece itself.",
answer the following question. Note that the answer is present within the text.
Question: What in Greece was taken over less than a century before the common era, which some historians believe signaled the end of an era? | [
276,
235,
109,
6840,
75,
6524,
1
] |
Ptolemaic Kingdom
|
[
9246,
8,
826,
5454,
96,
23901,
1336,
7,
7,
11849,
31,
7,
1687,
16,
204,
3916,
272,
4770,
6,
983,
6,
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3,
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12,
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63,
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204,
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4770,
44,
8,
10141,
13,
2487,
413,
15,
12925,
6,
1084,
9422,
26,
159,
5,
180,
400,
76,
1071,
7,
258,
13090,
12,
24025,
5225,
7,
23,
8276,
302,
31,
1611,
23995,
16,
5791,
12614,
11,
26076,
6,
68,
3,
88,
47,
38,
7,
6500,
29,
920,
57,
276,
235,
109,
2258,
7112,
9,
202,
302,
13308,
532,
26783,
4243,
17,
8512,
6,
113,
141,
1026,
14330,
44,
8,
180,
400,
6809,
26,
1614,
11,
258,
141,
2448,
3,
18480,
38,
3,
1765,
13,
26076,
5,
276,
235,
109,
2258,
47,
4792,
116,
26076,
47,
24281,
26,
57,
2776,
83,
7,
16,
204,
4440,
6,
112,
819,
6229,
30,
3,
9,
23887,
11,
8,
684,
4728,
139,
46,
7064,
63,
5,
4066,
5307,
302,
2466,
1263,
29,
144,
9,
7,
24281,
26,
5791,
12614,
16,
8,
1248,
13,
204,
4013,
11,
17025,
3,
9,
508,
2054,
13,
209,
16235,
2776,
83,
7,
5,
216,
47,
1224,
3,
107,
10990,
38,
3,
1765,
13,
26076,
11,
877,
30,
12,
3356,
21,
3097,
203,
535,
6,
1525,
8,
826,
822,
5,
2507,
24,
8,
1525,
19,
915,
441,
8,
1499,
5,
11860,
10,
6792,
113,
3977,
271,
4105,
15,
26,
58
] |
Given the following passage
"After Cassander's death in 298 BCE, however, Demetrius, who still maintained a sizable loyal army and fleet, invaded Macedon, seized the Macedonian throne (294) and conquered Thessaly and most of central Greece (293-291). He was defeated in 288 BC when Lysimachus of Thrace and Pyrrhus of Epirus invaded Macedon on two fronts, and quickly carved up the kingdom for themselves. Demetrius fled to central Greece with his mercenaries and began to build support there and in the northern Peloponnese. He once again laid siege to Athens after they turned on him, but then struck a treaty with the Athenians and Ptolemy, which allowed him to cross over to Asia minor and wage war on Lysimachus' holdings in Ionia, leaving his son Antigonus Gonatas in Greece. After initial successes, he was forced to surrender to Seleucus in 285 and later died in captivity. Lysimachus, who had seized Macedon and Thessaly for himself, was forced into war when Seleucus invaded his territories in Asia minor and was defeated and killed in 281 BCE at the Battle of Corupedium, near Sardis. Seleucus then attempted to conquer Lysimachus' European territories in Thrace and Macedon, but he was assassinated by Ptolemy Ceraunus ("the thunderbolt"), who had taken refuge at the Seleucid court and then had himself acclaimed as king of Macedon. Ptolemy was killed when Macedon was invaded by Gauls in 279, his head stuck on a spear and the country fell into anarchy. Antigonus II Gonatas invaded Thrace in the summer of 277 and defeated a large force of 18,000 Gauls. He was quickly hailed as king of Macedon and went on to rule for 35 years.",
answer the following question. Note that the answer is present within the text.
Question: List who died being captureed? | [
374,
8180,
302,
1
] |
Demetrius
|
[
9246,
8,
826,
5454,
96,
23901,
1336,
7,
7,
11849,
31,
7,
1687,
16,
204,
3916,
272,
4770,
6,
983,
6,
374,
8180,
302,
6,
113,
341,
6997,
3,
9,
108,
172,
179,
14020,
9102,
11,
9111,
6,
24281,
26,
26076,
6,
3,
27217,
8,
26076,
23,
152,
3,
8514,
29,
15,
41,
3166,
7256,
11,
24025,
15,
26,
37,
7,
7,
9,
120,
11,
167,
13,
2069,
12263,
41,
3166,
21160,
4729,
137,
216,
47,
17025,
16,
204,
4060,
9580,
116,
5225,
7,
23,
8276,
302,
13,
5791,
12614,
11,
12901,
52,
52,
11823,
13,
12741,
4502,
24281,
26,
26076,
30,
192,
851,
7,
6,
11,
1224,
3,
19619,
95,
8,
14740,
21,
1452,
5,
374,
8180,
302,
21761,
12,
2069,
12263,
28,
112,
3,
935,
75,
35,
5414,
11,
1553,
12,
918,
380,
132,
11,
16,
8,
8390,
1276,
8745,
5993,
7,
15,
5,
216,
728,
541,
7245,
680,
397,
12,
486,
3225,
7,
227,
79,
2120,
30,
376,
6,
68,
258,
10056,
3,
9,
2665,
63,
28,
8,
486,
3225,
7137,
11,
276,
235,
109,
2258,
6,
84,
2225,
376,
12,
2269,
147,
12,
3826,
4012,
11,
11458,
615,
30,
5225,
7,
23,
8276,
302,
31,
3609,
7,
16,
27,
8008,
6,
3140,
112,
520,
4066,
5307,
302,
1263,
29,
144,
9,
7,
16,
12263,
5,
621,
2332,
21231,
6,
3,
88,
47,
5241,
12,
23970,
12,
180,
400,
76,
1071,
7,
16,
204,
4433,
11,
865,
3977,
16,
2468,
17,
10696,
5,
5225,
7,
23,
8276,
302,
6,
113,
141,
3,
27217,
26076,
11,
37,
7,
7,
9,
120,
21,
2448,
6,
47,
5241,
139,
615,
116,
180,
400,
76,
1071,
7,
24281,
26,
112,
23995,
16,
3826,
4012,
11,
47,
17025,
11,
4792,
16,
204,
4959,
272,
4770,
44,
8,
10141,
13,
2487,
413,
15,
12925,
6,
1084,
9422,
26,
159,
5,
180,
400,
76,
1071,
7,
258,
13090,
12,
24025,
5225,
7,
23,
8276,
302,
31,
1611,
23995,
16,
5791,
12614,
11,
26076,
6,
68,
3,
88,
47,
38,
7,
6500,
29,
920,
57,
276,
235,
109,
2258,
7112,
9,
202,
302,
13308,
532,
26783,
4243,
17,
8512,
6,
113,
141,
1026,
14330,
44,
8,
180,
400,
6809,
26,
1614,
11,
258,
141,
2448,
3,
18480,
38,
3,
1765,
13,
26076,
5,
276,
235,
109,
2258,
47,
4792,
116,
26076,
47,
24281,
26,
57,
2776,
83,
7,
16,
204,
4440,
6,
112,
819,
6229,
30,
3,
9,
23887,
11,
8,
684,
4728,
139,
46,
7064,
63,
5,
4066,
5307,
302,
2466,
1263,
29,
144,
9,
7,
24281,
26,
5791,
12614,
16,
8,
1248,
13,
204,
4013,
11,
17025,
3,
9,
508,
2054,
13,
209,
16235,
2776,
83,
7,
5,
216,
47,
1224,
3,
107,
10990,
38,
3,
1765,
13,
26076,
11,
877,
30,
12,
3356,
21,
3097,
203,
535,
6,
1525,
8,
826,
822,
5,
2507,
24,
8,
1525,
19,
915,
441,
8,
1499,
5,
11860,
10,
2645,
410,
4066,
5307,
302,
1263,
29,
144,
9,
7,
13000,
12,
58
] |
Given the following passage
"After Cassander's death in 298 BCE, however, Demetrius, who still maintained a sizable loyal army and fleet, invaded Macedon, seized the Macedonian throne (294) and conquered Thessaly and most of central Greece (293-291). He was defeated in 288 BC when Lysimachus of Thrace and Pyrrhus of Epirus invaded Macedon on two fronts, and quickly carved up the kingdom for themselves. Demetrius fled to central Greece with his mercenaries and began to build support there and in the northern Peloponnese. He once again laid siege to Athens after they turned on him, but then struck a treaty with the Athenians and Ptolemy, which allowed him to cross over to Asia minor and wage war on Lysimachus' holdings in Ionia, leaving his son Antigonus Gonatas in Greece. After initial successes, he was forced to surrender to Seleucus in 285 and later died in captivity. Lysimachus, who had seized Macedon and Thessaly for himself, was forced into war when Seleucus invaded his territories in Asia minor and was defeated and killed in 281 BCE at the Battle of Corupedium, near Sardis. Seleucus then attempted to conquer Lysimachus' European territories in Thrace and Macedon, but he was assassinated by Ptolemy Ceraunus ("the thunderbolt"), who had taken refuge at the Seleucid court and then had himself acclaimed as king of Macedon. Ptolemy was killed when Macedon was invaded by Gauls in 279, his head stuck on a spear and the country fell into anarchy. Antigonus II Gonatas invaded Thrace in the summer of 277 and defeated a large force of 18,000 Gauls. He was quickly hailed as king of Macedon and went on to rule for 35 years.",
answer the following question. Note that the answer is present within the text.
Question: Who did Antigonus Gonatas belong to? | [
374,
8180,
302,
1
] |
Demetrius
|
[
9246,
8,
826,
5454,
96,
23901,
1336,
7,
7,
11849,
31,
7,
1687,
16,
204,
3916,
272,
4770,
6,
983,
6,
374,
8180,
302,
6,
113,
341,
6997,
3,
9,
108,
172,
179,
14020,
9102,
11,
9111,
6,
24281,
26,
26076,
6,
3,
27217,
8,
26076,
23,
152,
3,
8514,
29,
15,
41,
3166,
7256,
11,
24025,
15,
26,
37,
7,
7,
9,
120,
11,
167,
13,
2069,
12263,
41,
3166,
21160,
4729,
137,
216,
47,
17025,
16,
204,
4060,
9580,
116,
5225,
7,
23,
8276,
302,
13,
5791,
12614,
11,
12901,
52,
52,
11823,
13,
12741,
4502,
24281,
26,
26076,
30,
192,
851,
7,
6,
11,
1224,
3,
19619,
95,
8,
14740,
21,
1452,
5,
374,
8180,
302,
21761,
12,
2069,
12263,
28,
112,
3,
935,
75,
35,
5414,
11,
1553,
12,
918,
380,
132,
11,
16,
8,
8390,
1276,
8745,
5993,
7,
15,
5,
216,
728,
541,
7245,
680,
397,
12,
486,
3225,
7,
227,
79,
2120,
30,
376,
6,
68,
258,
10056,
3,
9,
2665,
63,
28,
8,
486,
3225,
7137,
11,
276,
235,
109,
2258,
6,
84,
2225,
376,
12,
2269,
147,
12,
3826,
4012,
11,
11458,
615,
30,
5225,
7,
23,
8276,
302,
31,
3609,
7,
16,
27,
8008,
6,
3140,
112,
520,
4066,
5307,
302,
1263,
29,
144,
9,
7,
16,
12263,
5,
621,
2332,
21231,
6,
3,
88,
47,
5241,
12,
23970,
12,
180,
400,
76,
1071,
7,
16,
204,
4433,
11,
865,
3977,
16,
2468,
17,
10696,
5,
5225,
7,
23,
8276,
302,
6,
113,
141,
3,
27217,
26076,
11,
37,
7,
7,
9,
120,
21,
2448,
6,
47,
5241,
139,
615,
116,
180,
400,
76,
1071,
7,
24281,
26,
112,
23995,
16,
3826,
4012,
11,
47,
17025,
11,
4792,
16,
204,
4959,
272,
4770,
44,
8,
10141,
13,
2487,
413,
15,
12925,
6,
1084,
9422,
26,
159,
5,
180,
400,
76,
1071,
7,
258,
13090,
12,
24025,
5225,
7,
23,
8276,
302,
31,
1611,
23995,
16,
5791,
12614,
11,
26076,
6,
68,
3,
88,
47,
38,
7,
6500,
29,
920,
57,
276,
235,
109,
2258,
7112,
9,
202,
302,
13308,
532,
26783,
4243,
17,
8512,
6,
113,
141,
1026,
14330,
44,
8,
180,
400,
6809,
26,
1614,
11,
258,
141,
2448,
3,
18480,
38,
3,
1765,
13,
26076,
5,
276,
235,
109,
2258,
47,
4792,
116,
26076,
47,
24281,
26,
57,
2776,
83,
7,
16,
204,
4440,
6,
112,
819,
6229,
30,
3,
9,
23887,
11,
8,
684,
4728,
139,
46,
7064,
63,
5,
4066,
5307,
302,
2466,
1263,
29,
144,
9,
7,
24281,
26,
5791,
12614,
16,
8,
1248,
13,
204,
4013,
11,
17025,
3,
9,
508,
2054,
13,
209,
16235,
2776,
83,
7,
5,
216,
47,
1224,
3,
107,
10990,
38,
3,
1765,
13,
26076,
11,
877,
30,
12,
3356,
21,
3097,
203,
535,
6,
1525,
8,
826,
822,
5,
2507,
24,
8,
1525,
19,
915,
441,
8,
1499,
5,
11860,
10,
2645,
410,
180,
400,
76,
1071,
7,
24281,
58
] |
Given the following passage
"After Cassander's death in 298 BCE, however, Demetrius, who still maintained a sizable loyal army and fleet, invaded Macedon, seized the Macedonian throne (294) and conquered Thessaly and most of central Greece (293-291). He was defeated in 288 BC when Lysimachus of Thrace and Pyrrhus of Epirus invaded Macedon on two fronts, and quickly carved up the kingdom for themselves. Demetrius fled to central Greece with his mercenaries and began to build support there and in the northern Peloponnese. He once again laid siege to Athens after they turned on him, but then struck a treaty with the Athenians and Ptolemy, which allowed him to cross over to Asia minor and wage war on Lysimachus' holdings in Ionia, leaving his son Antigonus Gonatas in Greece. After initial successes, he was forced to surrender to Seleucus in 285 and later died in captivity. Lysimachus, who had seized Macedon and Thessaly for himself, was forced into war when Seleucus invaded his territories in Asia minor and was defeated and killed in 281 BCE at the Battle of Corupedium, near Sardis. Seleucus then attempted to conquer Lysimachus' European territories in Thrace and Macedon, but he was assassinated by Ptolemy Ceraunus ("the thunderbolt"), who had taken refuge at the Seleucid court and then had himself acclaimed as king of Macedon. Ptolemy was killed when Macedon was invaded by Gauls in 279, his head stuck on a spear and the country fell into anarchy. Antigonus II Gonatas invaded Thrace in the summer of 277 and defeated a large force of 18,000 Gauls. He was quickly hailed as king of Macedon and went on to rule for 35 years.",
answer the following question. Note that the answer is present within the text.
Question: Who did Seleucus invade? | [
5225,
7,
23,
8276,
302,
1
] |
Lysimachus
|
[
9246,
8,
826,
5454,
96,
23901,
1336,
7,
7,
11849,
31,
7,
1687,
16,
204,
3916,
272,
4770,
6,
983,
6,
374,
8180,
302,
6,
113,
341,
6997,
3,
9,
108,
172,
179,
14020,
9102,
11,
9111,
6,
24281,
26,
26076,
6,
3,
27217,
8,
26076,
23,
152,
3,
8514,
29,
15,
41,
3166,
7256,
11,
24025,
15,
26,
37,
7,
7,
9,
120,
11,
167,
13,
2069,
12263,
41,
3166,
21160,
4729,
137,
216,
47,
17025,
16,
204,
4060,
9580,
116,
5225,
7,
23,
8276,
302,
13,
5791,
12614,
11,
12901,
52,
52,
11823,
13,
12741,
4502,
24281,
26,
26076,
30,
192,
851,
7,
6,
11,
1224,
3,
19619,
95,
8,
14740,
21,
1452,
5,
374,
8180,
302,
21761,
12,
2069,
12263,
28,
112,
3,
935,
75,
35,
5414,
11,
1553,
12,
918,
380,
132,
11,
16,
8,
8390,
1276,
8745,
5993,
7,
15,
5,
216,
728,
541,
7245,
680,
397,
12,
486,
3225,
7,
227,
79,
2120,
30,
376,
6,
68,
258,
10056,
3,
9,
2665,
63,
28,
8,
486,
3225,
7137,
11,
276,
235,
109,
2258,
6,
84,
2225,
376,
12,
2269,
147,
12,
3826,
4012,
11,
11458,
615,
30,
5225,
7,
23,
8276,
302,
31,
3609,
7,
16,
27,
8008,
6,
3140,
112,
520,
4066,
5307,
302,
1263,
29,
144,
9,
7,
16,
12263,
5,
621,
2332,
21231,
6,
3,
88,
47,
5241,
12,
23970,
12,
180,
400,
76,
1071,
7,
16,
204,
4433,
11,
865,
3977,
16,
2468,
17,
10696,
5,
5225,
7,
23,
8276,
302,
6,
113,
141,
3,
27217,
26076,
11,
37,
7,
7,
9,
120,
21,
2448,
6,
47,
5241,
139,
615,
116,
180,
400,
76,
1071,
7,
24281,
26,
112,
23995,
16,
3826,
4012,
11,
47,
17025,
11,
4792,
16,
204,
4959,
272,
4770,
44,
8,
10141,
13,
2487,
413,
15,
12925,
6,
1084,
9422,
26,
159,
5,
180,
400,
76,
1071,
7,
258,
13090,
12,
24025,
5225,
7,
23,
8276,
302,
31,
1611,
23995,
16,
5791,
12614,
11,
26076,
6,
68,
3,
88,
47,
38,
7,
6500,
29,
920,
57,
276,
235,
109,
2258,
7112,
9,
202,
302,
13308,
532,
26783,
4243,
17,
8512,
6,
113,
141,
1026,
14330,
44,
8,
180,
400,
6809,
26,
1614,
11,
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58
] |
Given the following passage
"After Cassander's death in 298 BCE, however, Demetrius, who still maintained a sizable loyal army and fleet, invaded Macedon, seized the Macedonian throne (294) and conquered Thessaly and most of central Greece (293-291). He was defeated in 288 BC when Lysimachus of Thrace and Pyrrhus of Epirus invaded Macedon on two fronts, and quickly carved up the kingdom for themselves. Demetrius fled to central Greece with his mercenaries and began to build support there and in the northern Peloponnese. He once again laid siege to Athens after they turned on him, but then struck a treaty with the Athenians and Ptolemy, which allowed him to cross over to Asia minor and wage war on Lysimachus' holdings in Ionia, leaving his son Antigonus Gonatas in Greece. After initial successes, he was forced to surrender to Seleucus in 285 and later died in captivity. Lysimachus, who had seized Macedon and Thessaly for himself, was forced into war when Seleucus invaded his territories in Asia minor and was defeated and killed in 281 BCE at the Battle of Corupedium, near Sardis. Seleucus then attempted to conquer Lysimachus' European territories in Thrace and Macedon, but he was assassinated by Ptolemy Ceraunus ("the thunderbolt"), who had taken refuge at the Seleucid court and then had himself acclaimed as king of Macedon. Ptolemy was killed when Macedon was invaded by Gauls in 279, his head stuck on a spear and the country fell into anarchy. Antigonus II Gonatas invaded Thrace in the summer of 277 and defeated a large force of 18,000 Gauls. He was quickly hailed as king of Macedon and went on to rule for 35 years.",
answer the following question. Note that the answer is present within the text.
Question: What did Demetrius do after negotiating with Ptolemy and Athens? | [
11458,
615,
1
] |
wage war
|
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58
] |
Given the following passage
"Hellenistic art saw a turn from the idealistic, perfected, calm and composed figures of classical Greek art to a style dominated by realism and the depiction of emotion (pathos) and character (ethos). The motif of deceptively realistic naturalism in art (aletheia) is reflected in stories such as that of the painter Zeuxis, who was said to have painted grapes that seemed so real that birds came and pecked at them. The female nude also became more popular as epitomized by the Aphrodite of Cnidos of Praxiteles and art in general became more erotic (e.g. Leda and the Swan and Scopa's Pothos). The dominant ideals of Hellenistic art were those of sensuality and passion.",
answer the following question. Note that the answer is present within the text.
Question: What language is ethos? | [
6781,
1
] |
Greek
|
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49,
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47,
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43,
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47,
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31,
7,
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16,
6781,
58
] |
Given the following passage
"Hellenistic art saw a turn from the idealistic, perfected, calm and composed figures of classical Greek art to a style dominated by realism and the depiction of emotion (pathos) and character (ethos). The motif of deceptively realistic naturalism in art (aletheia) is reflected in stories such as that of the painter Zeuxis, who was said to have painted grapes that seemed so real that birds came and pecked at them. The female nude also became more popular as epitomized by the Aphrodite of Cnidos of Praxiteles and art in general became more erotic (e.g. Leda and the Swan and Scopa's Pothos). The dominant ideals of Hellenistic art were those of sensuality and passion.",
answer the following question. Note that the answer is present within the text.
Question: What was Zeuxis's art style in Greek? | [
1240,
532,
23,
9,
1
] |
aletheia
|
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24,
13,
8,
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6,
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12,
43,
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441,
8,
1499,
5,
11860,
10,
363,
869,
13,
768,
2130,
147,
97,
58
] |
Given the following passage
"Hellenistic art saw a turn from the idealistic, perfected, calm and composed figures of classical Greek art to a style dominated by realism and the depiction of emotion (pathos) and character (ethos). The motif of deceptively realistic naturalism in art (aletheia) is reflected in stories such as that of the painter Zeuxis, who was said to have painted grapes that seemed so real that birds came and pecked at them. The female nude also became more popular as epitomized by the Aphrodite of Cnidos of Praxiteles and art in general became more erotic (e.g. Leda and the Swan and Scopa's Pothos). The dominant ideals of Hellenistic art were those of sensuality and passion.",
answer the following question. Note that the answer is present within the text.
Question: What style of art changed over time? | [
11419,
35,
3040,
1
] |
Hellenistic
|
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12,
43,
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7,
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33,
9843,
1702,
58
] |
Given the following passage
"Hellenistic art saw a turn from the idealistic, perfected, calm and composed figures of classical Greek art to a style dominated by realism and the depiction of emotion (pathos) and character (ethos). The motif of deceptively realistic naturalism in art (aletheia) is reflected in stories such as that of the painter Zeuxis, who was said to have painted grapes that seemed so real that birds came and pecked at them. The female nude also became more popular as epitomized by the Aphrodite of Cnidos of Praxiteles and art in general became more erotic (e.g. Leda and the Swan and Scopa's Pothos). The dominant ideals of Hellenistic art were those of sensuality and passion.",
answer the following question. Note that the answer is present within the text.
Question: What are paintings considered? | [
768,
1
] |
art
|
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26,
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20,
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9,
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9,
61,
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3,
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16,
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24,
13,
8,
2383,
49,
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2623,
159,
6,
113,
47,
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12,
43,
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11457,
7,
24,
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24,
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13,
3542,
10266,
768,
869,
410,
7927,
35,
3040,
768,
261,
12,
36,
58
] |
Given the following passage
"Hellenistic art saw a turn from the idealistic, perfected, calm and composed figures of classical Greek art to a style dominated by realism and the depiction of emotion (pathos) and character (ethos). The motif of deceptively realistic naturalism in art (aletheia) is reflected in stories such as that of the painter Zeuxis, who was said to have painted grapes that seemed so real that birds came and pecked at them. The female nude also became more popular as epitomized by the Aphrodite of Cnidos of Praxiteles and art in general became more erotic (e.g. Leda and the Swan and Scopa's Pothos). The dominant ideals of Hellenistic art were those of sensuality and passion.",
answer the following question. Note that the answer is present within the text.
Question: What kind of greek art style did hellenistic art used to be? | [
11702,
1
] |
classical
|
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11,
3,
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44,
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6,
34,
47,
446,
5,
350,
5,
309,
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7,
35,
16,
8,
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189,
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6,
113,
16,
112,
2431,
161,
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35,
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13,
8,
826,
47,
2170,
2283,
10,
309,
8170,
7,
35,
42,
10135,
58
] |
Given the following passage
""Hellenistic" is a modern word and a 19th-century concept; the idea of a Hellenistic period did not exist in Ancient Greece. Although words related in form or meaning, e.g. Hellenist (Ancient Greek: Ἑλληνιστής, Hellēnistēs), have been attested since ancient times, it was J. G. Droysen in the mid-19th century, who in his classic work Geschichte des Hellenismus, i.e. History of Hellenism, coined the term Hellenistic to refer to and define the period when Greek culture spread in the non-Greek world after Alexander’s conquest. Following Droysen, Hellenistic and related terms, e.g. Hellenism, have been widely used in various contexts; a notable such use is in Culture and Anarchy by Matthew Arnold, where Hellenism is used in contrast with Hebraism.",
answer the following question. Note that the answer is present within the text.
Question: Which of the following was born earlier: Droysen or Alexander? | [
10135,
1
] |
Alexander
|
[
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8,
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93,
11419,
35,
13760,
6,
22239,
12263,
6,
42,
5528,
13,
11419,
15,
14378,
58
] |
Given the following passage
""Hellenistic" is a modern word and a 19th-century concept; the idea of a Hellenistic period did not exist in Ancient Greece. Although words related in form or meaning, e.g. Hellenist (Ancient Greek: Ἑλληνιστής, Hellēnistēs), have been attested since ancient times, it was J. G. Droysen in the mid-19th century, who in his classic work Geschichte des Hellenismus, i.e. History of Hellenism, coined the term Hellenistic to refer to and define the period when Greek culture spread in the non-Greek world after Alexander’s conquest. Following Droysen, Hellenistic and related terms, e.g. Hellenism, have been widely used in various contexts; a notable such use is in Culture and Anarchy by Matthew Arnold, where Hellenism is used in contrast with Hebraism.",
answer the following question. Note that the answer is present within the text.
Question: Which of the following does not refer to the same work: Geschichte des Hellenismus, Ancient Greece, or History of Hellenism? | [
22239,
12263,
1
] |
Ancient Greece
|
[
9246,
8,
826,
5454,
96,
121,
566,
8890,
3040,
121,
19,
3,
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941,
1448,
11,
3,
9,
957,
189,
18,
14006,
2077,
117,
8,
800,
13,
3,
9,
11419,
35,
3040,
1059,
410,
59,
3223,
16,
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6781,
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6,
34,
47,
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35,
16,
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2646,
6,
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112,
2431,
161,
7911,
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35,
13760,
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3,
23,
5,
15,
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10,
9771,
21958,
6,
446,
5,
350,
5,
309,
8170,
7,
35,
42,
10135,
58
] |
Given the following passage
""Hellenistic" is a modern word and a 19th-century concept; the idea of a Hellenistic period did not exist in Ancient Greece. Although words related in form or meaning, e.g. Hellenist (Ancient Greek: Ἑλληνιστής, Hellēnistēs), have been attested since ancient times, it was J. G. Droysen in the mid-19th century, who in his classic work Geschichte des Hellenismus, i.e. History of Hellenism, coined the term Hellenistic to refer to and define the period when Greek culture spread in the non-Greek world after Alexander’s conquest. Following Droysen, Hellenistic and related terms, e.g. Hellenism, have been widely used in various contexts; a notable such use is in Culture and Anarchy by Matthew Arnold, where Hellenism is used in contrast with Hebraism.",
answer the following question. Note that the answer is present within the text.
Question: Which of the following is not a writer: Matthew Arnold, J. G. Droysen or Alexander? | [
10135,
1
] |
Alexander
|
[
9246,
8,
826,
5454,
96,
634,
20187,
6266,
16,
84,
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8024,
130,
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130,
3,
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915,
441,
8,
1499,
5,
11860,
10,
363,
47,
352,
30,
16,
7345,
1740,
58
] |
Given the following passage
"The geographical regions in which Iranian languages were spoken were pushed back in several areas by newly neighbouring languages. Arabic spread into some parts of Western Iran (Khuzestan), and Turkic languages spread through much of Central Asia, displacing various Iranian languages such as Sogdian and Bactrian in parts of what is today Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan and Tajikistan. In Eastern Europe, mostly comprising the territory of modern-day Ukraine, southern European Russia, and parts of the Balkans, the core region of the native Scythians, Sarmatians, and Alans had been decisively been taken over as a result of absorption and assimilation (e.g. Slavicisation) by the various Proto-Slavic population of the region, by the 6th century AD. This resulted in the displacement and extinction of the once predominant Scythian languages of the region. Sogdian's close relative Yaghnobi barely survives in a small area of the Zarafshan valley east of Samarkand, and Saka as Ossetic in the Caucasus, which is the sole remnant of the once predominant Scythian languages in Eastern Europe proper and large parts of the North Caucasus. Various small Iranian languages in the Pamirs survive that are derived from Eastern Iranian.",
answer the following question. Note that the answer is present within the text.
Question: What was going on in Eastern Europe? | [
180,
521,
7287,
2121,
1
] |
Slavicisation
|
[
9246,
8,
826,
5454,
96,
634,
20187,
6266,
16,
84,
19143,
8024,
130,
11518,
130,
3,
9951,
223,
16,
633,
844,
57,
6164,
14245,
53,
8024,
5,
19248,
3060,
139,
128,
1467,
13,
3782,
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41,
439,
107,
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11,
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447,
8024,
3060,
190,
231,
13,
2808,
3826,
6,
3,
10475,
9700,
53,
796,
19143,
8024,
224,
38,
264,
122,
8603,
11,
13456,
17,
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16,
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13,
125,
19,
469,
23694,
904,
343,
152,
6,
412,
172,
346,
2168,
5627,
11,
25187,
9069,
5627,
5,
86,
7345,
1740,
6,
3323,
8315,
53,
8,
9964,
13,
941,
18,
1135,
11897,
6,
7518,
1611,
4623,
6,
11,
1467,
13,
8,
4011,
3304,
7,
6,
8,
2583,
1719,
13,
8,
4262,
4712,
63,
189,
7137,
6,
9422,
3357,
7137,
6,
11,
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7,
141,
118,
18135,
13830,
118,
1026,
147,
38,
3,
9,
741,
13,
703,
15016,
11,
38,
7,
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6105,
41,
15,
5,
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5,
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61,
57,
8,
796,
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235,
18,
134,
521,
7287,
2074,
13,
8,
1719,
6,
57,
8,
431,
189,
2646,
8502,
5,
100,
741,
15,
26,
16,
8,
27780,
11,
3,
29570,
13,
8,
728,
31990,
4712,
63,
17,
29022,
8024,
13,
8,
1719,
5,
264,
122,
8603,
31,
7,
885,
5237,
3,
476,
18583,
29,
6690,
11289,
7905,
7,
16,
3,
9,
422,
616,
13,
8,
24374,
9,
89,
7,
2618,
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5727,
13,
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3920,
232,
6,
11,
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9,
38,
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7,
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16,
8,
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6,
84,
19,
8,
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28447,
13,
8,
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31990,
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63,
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16,
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1740,
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508,
1467,
13,
8,
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6769,
302,
5,
3,
19090,
422,
19143,
8024,
16,
8,
2709,
5884,
7,
7905,
24,
33,
3,
9942,
45,
7345,
19143,
535,
6,
1525,
8,
826,
822,
5,
2507,
24,
8,
1525,
19,
915,
441,
8,
1499,
5,
11860,
10,
363,
410,
180,
521,
7287,
2121,
103,
58
] |
Given the following passage
"The geographical regions in which Iranian languages were spoken were pushed back in several areas by newly neighbouring languages. Arabic spread into some parts of Western Iran (Khuzestan), and Turkic languages spread through much of Central Asia, displacing various Iranian languages such as Sogdian and Bactrian in parts of what is today Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan and Tajikistan. In Eastern Europe, mostly comprising the territory of modern-day Ukraine, southern European Russia, and parts of the Balkans, the core region of the native Scythians, Sarmatians, and Alans had been decisively been taken over as a result of absorption and assimilation (e.g. Slavicisation) by the various Proto-Slavic population of the region, by the 6th century AD. This resulted in the displacement and extinction of the once predominant Scythian languages of the region. Sogdian's close relative Yaghnobi barely survives in a small area of the Zarafshan valley east of Samarkand, and Saka as Ossetic in the Caucasus, which is the sole remnant of the once predominant Scythian languages in Eastern Europe proper and large parts of the North Caucasus. Various small Iranian languages in the Pamirs survive that are derived from Eastern Iranian.",
answer the following question. Note that the answer is present within the text.
Question: What did Slavicisation do? | [
27780,
11,
3,
29570,
13,
8,
728,
31990,
4712,
63,
17,
29022,
8024,
1
] |
displacement and extinction of the once predominant Scythian languages
|
[
9246,
8,
826,
5454,
96,
634,
20187,
6266,
16,
84,
19143,
8024,
130,
11518,
130,
3,
9951,
223,
16,
633,
844,
57,
6164,
14245,
53,
8024,
5,
19248,
3060,
139,
128,
1467,
13,
3782,
7449,
41,
439,
107,
10953,
5627,
201,
11,
23694,
447,
8024,
3060,
190,
231,
13,
2808,
3826,
6,
3,
10475,
9700,
53,
796,
19143,
8024,
224,
38,
264,
122,
8603,
11,
13456,
17,
5288,
16,
1467,
13,
125,
19,
469,
23694,
904,
343,
152,
6,
412,
172,
346,
2168,
5627,
11,
25187,
9069,
5627,
5,
86,
7345,
1740,
6,
3323,
8315,
53,
8,
9964,
13,
941,
18,
1135,
11897,
6,
7518,
1611,
4623,
6,
11,
1467,
13,
8,
4011,
3304,
7,
6,
8,
2583,
1719,
13,
8,
4262,
4712,
63,
189,
7137,
6,
9422,
3357,
7137,
6,
11,
12453,
7,
141,
118,
18135,
13830,
118,
1026,
147,
38,
3,
9,
741,
13,
703,
15016,
11,
38,
7,
4133,
6105,
41,
15,
5,
122,
5,
180,
521,
7287,
2121,
61,
57,
8,
796,
749,
235,
18,
134,
521,
7287,
2074,
13,
8,
1719,
6,
57,
8,
431,
189,
2646,
8502,
5,
100,
741,
15,
26,
16,
8,
27780,
11,
3,
29570,
13,
8,
728,
31990,
4712,
63,
17,
29022,
8024,
13,
8,
1719,
5,
264,
122,
8603,
31,
7,
885,
5237,
3,
476,
18583,
29,
6690,
11289,
7905,
7,
16,
3,
9,
422,
616,
13,
8,
24374,
9,
89,
7,
2618,
10645,
5727,
13,
1138,
3920,
232,
6,
11,
23499,
9,
38,
411,
7,
7,
7578,
16,
8,
16371,
6769,
302,
6,
84,
19,
8,
4199,
28447,
13,
8,
728,
31990,
4712,
63,
17,
29022,
8024,
16,
7345,
1740,
2757,
11,
508,
1467,
13,
8,
1117,
16371,
6769,
302,
5,
3,
19090,
422,
19143,
8024,
16,
8,
2709,
5884,
7,
7905,
24,
33,
3,
9942,
45,
7345,
19143,
535,
6,
1525,
8,
826,
822,
5,
2507,
24,
8,
1525,
19,
915,
441,
8,
1499,
5,
11860,
10,
2840,
19,
8,
4199,
4712,
63,
17,
29022,
1612,
469,
58
] |
Given the following passage
"The geographical regions in which Iranian languages were spoken were pushed back in several areas by newly neighbouring languages. Arabic spread into some parts of Western Iran (Khuzestan), and Turkic languages spread through much of Central Asia, displacing various Iranian languages such as Sogdian and Bactrian in parts of what is today Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan and Tajikistan. In Eastern Europe, mostly comprising the territory of modern-day Ukraine, southern European Russia, and parts of the Balkans, the core region of the native Scythians, Sarmatians, and Alans had been decisively been taken over as a result of absorption and assimilation (e.g. Slavicisation) by the various Proto-Slavic population of the region, by the 6th century AD. This resulted in the displacement and extinction of the once predominant Scythian languages of the region. Sogdian's close relative Yaghnobi barely survives in a small area of the Zarafshan valley east of Samarkand, and Saka as Ossetic in the Caucasus, which is the sole remnant of the once predominant Scythian languages in Eastern Europe proper and large parts of the North Caucasus. Various small Iranian languages in the Pamirs survive that are derived from Eastern Iranian.",
answer the following question. Note that the answer is present within the text.
Question: Where is the sole Scythian language today? | [
16371,
6769,
302,
1
] |
Caucasus
|
[
9246,
8,
826,
5454,
96,
634,
20187,
6266,
16,
84,
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441,
8,
1499,
5,
11860,
10,
363,
1612,
47,
5821,
16,
2808,
3826,
58
] |
Given the following passage
"The geographical regions in which Iranian languages were spoken were pushed back in several areas by newly neighbouring languages. Arabic spread into some parts of Western Iran (Khuzestan), and Turkic languages spread through much of Central Asia, displacing various Iranian languages such as Sogdian and Bactrian in parts of what is today Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan and Tajikistan. In Eastern Europe, mostly comprising the territory of modern-day Ukraine, southern European Russia, and parts of the Balkans, the core region of the native Scythians, Sarmatians, and Alans had been decisively been taken over as a result of absorption and assimilation (e.g. Slavicisation) by the various Proto-Slavic population of the region, by the 6th century AD. This resulted in the displacement and extinction of the once predominant Scythian languages of the region. Sogdian's close relative Yaghnobi barely survives in a small area of the Zarafshan valley east of Samarkand, and Saka as Ossetic in the Caucasus, which is the sole remnant of the once predominant Scythian languages in Eastern Europe proper and large parts of the North Caucasus. Various small Iranian languages in the Pamirs survive that are derived from Eastern Iranian.",
answer the following question. Note that the answer is present within the text.
Question: What language was replaced in Central Asia? | [
19143,
1
] |
Iranian
|
[
9246,
8,
826,
5454,
96,
634,
20187,
6266,
16,
84,
19143,
8024,
130,
11518,
130,
3,
9951,
223,
16,
633,
844,
57,
6164,
14245,
53,
8024,
5,
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3060,
139,
128,
1467,
13,
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41,
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231,
13,
2808,
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6,
3,
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9700,
53,
796,
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8024,
224,
38,
264,
122,
8603,
11,
13456,
17,
5288,
16,
1467,
13,
125,
19,
469,
23694,
904,
343,
152,
6,
412,
172,
346,
2168,
5627,
11,
25187,
9069,
5627,
5,
86,
7345,
1740,
6,
3323,
8315,
53,
8,
9964,
13,
941,
18,
1135,
11897,
6,
7518,
1611,
4623,
6,
11,
1467,
13,
8,
4011,
3304,
7,
6,
8,
2583,
1719,
13,
8,
4262,
4712,
63,
189,
7137,
6,
9422,
3357,
7137,
6,
11,
12453,
7,
141,
118,
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13830,
118,
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38,
3,
9,
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2121,
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16,
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4712,
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29022,
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616,
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8,
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19,
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6769,
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3,
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5884,
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535,
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8,
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5,
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24,
8,
1525,
19,
915,
441,
8,
1499,
5,
11860,
10,
363,
429,
25,
43,
1943,
16,
30450,
274,
8,
3060,
13,
19248,
58
] |
Given the following passage
"The geographical regions in which Iranian languages were spoken were pushed back in several areas by newly neighbouring languages. Arabic spread into some parts of Western Iran (Khuzestan), and Turkic languages spread through much of Central Asia, displacing various Iranian languages such as Sogdian and Bactrian in parts of what is today Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan and Tajikistan. In Eastern Europe, mostly comprising the territory of modern-day Ukraine, southern European Russia, and parts of the Balkans, the core region of the native Scythians, Sarmatians, and Alans had been decisively been taken over as a result of absorption and assimilation (e.g. Slavicisation) by the various Proto-Slavic population of the region, by the 6th century AD. This resulted in the displacement and extinction of the once predominant Scythian languages of the region. Sogdian's close relative Yaghnobi barely survives in a small area of the Zarafshan valley east of Samarkand, and Saka as Ossetic in the Caucasus, which is the sole remnant of the once predominant Scythian languages in Eastern Europe proper and large parts of the North Caucasus. Various small Iranian languages in the Pamirs survive that are derived from Eastern Iranian.",
answer the following question. Note that the answer is present within the text.
Question: What might you have heard in Kazakhstan before the spread of Arabic? | [
264,
122,
8603,
11,
13456,
17,
5288,
1
] |
Sogdian and Bactrian
|
[
9246,
8,
826,
5454,
96,
634,
20187,
6266,
16,
84,
19143,
8024,
130,
11518,
130,
3,
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223,
16,
633,
844,
57,
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53,
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3,
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86,
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6,
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53,
8,
9964,
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18,
1135,
11897,
6,
7518,
1611,
4623,
6,
11,
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13,
8,
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3304,
7,
6,
8,
2583,
1719,
13,
8,
4262,
4712,
63,
189,
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6,
9422,
3357,
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11,
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141,
118,
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118,
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38,
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61,
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2074,
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2646,
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100,
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4712,
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29,
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11289,
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16,
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9,
422,
616,
13,
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9,
89,
7,
2618,
10645,
5727,
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1138,
3920,
232,
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38,
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6,
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31990,
4712,
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1740,
2757,
11,
508,
1467,
13,
8,
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6769,
302,
5,
3,
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422,
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8024,
16,
8,
2709,
5884,
7,
7905,
24,
33,
3,
9942,
45,
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19143,
535,
6,
1525,
8,
826,
822,
5,
2507,
24,
8,
1525,
19,
915,
441,
8,
1499,
5,
11860,
10,
2645,
65,
3,
13842,
11,
2130,
8024,
58
] |
Given the following passage
"The geographical regions in which Iranian languages were spoken were pushed back in several areas by newly neighbouring languages. Arabic spread into some parts of Western Iran (Khuzestan), and Turkic languages spread through much of Central Asia, displacing various Iranian languages such as Sogdian and Bactrian in parts of what is today Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan and Tajikistan. In Eastern Europe, mostly comprising the territory of modern-day Ukraine, southern European Russia, and parts of the Balkans, the core region of the native Scythians, Sarmatians, and Alans had been decisively been taken over as a result of absorption and assimilation (e.g. Slavicisation) by the various Proto-Slavic population of the region, by the 6th century AD. This resulted in the displacement and extinction of the once predominant Scythian languages of the region. Sogdian's close relative Yaghnobi barely survives in a small area of the Zarafshan valley east of Samarkand, and Saka as Ossetic in the Caucasus, which is the sole remnant of the once predominant Scythian languages in Eastern Europe proper and large parts of the North Caucasus. Various small Iranian languages in the Pamirs survive that are derived from Eastern Iranian.",
answer the following question. Note that the answer is present within the text.
Question: Who has adapted and changed languages? | [
749,
235,
18,
134,
521,
7287,
2074,
1
] |
Proto-Slavic population
|
[
9246,
8,
826,
5454,
96,
634,
20187,
6266,
16,
84,
19143,
8024,
130,
11518,
130,
3,
9951,
223,
16,
633,
844,
57,
6164,
14245,
53,
8024,
5,
19248,
3060,
139,
128,
1467,
13,
3782,
7449,
41,
439,
107,
10953,
5627,
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11,
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447,
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3060,
190,
231,
13,
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3826,
6,
3,
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9700,
53,
796,
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8024,
224,
38,
264,
122,
8603,
11,
13456,
17,
5288,
16,
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13,
125,
19,
469,
23694,
904,
343,
152,
6,
412,
172,
346,
2168,
5627,
11,
25187,
9069,
5627,
5,
86,
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1740,
6,
3323,
8315,
53,
8,
9964,
13,
941,
18,
1135,
11897,
6,
7518,
1611,
4623,
6,
11,
1467,
13,
8,
4011,
3304,
7,
6,
8,
2583,
1719,
13,
8,
4262,
4712,
63,
189,
7137,
6,
9422,
3357,
7137,
6,
11,
12453,
7,
141,
118,
18135,
13830,
118,
1026,
147,
38,
3,
9,
741,
13,
703,
15016,
11,
38,
7,
4133,
6105,
41,
15,
5,
122,
5,
180,
521,
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2121,
61,
57,
8,
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18,
134,
521,
7287,
2074,
13,
8,
1719,
6,
57,
8,
431,
189,
2646,
8502,
5,
100,
741,
15,
26,
16,
8,
27780,
11,
3,
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13,
8,
728,
31990,
4712,
63,
17,
29022,
8024,
13,
8,
1719,
5,
264,
122,
8603,
31,
7,
885,
5237,
3,
476,
18583,
29,
6690,
11289,
7905,
7,
16,
3,
9,
422,
616,
13,
8,
24374,
9,
89,
7,
2618,
10645,
5727,
13,
1138,
3920,
232,
6,
11,
23499,
9,
38,
411,
7,
7,
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16,
8,
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6769,
302,
6,
84,
19,
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28447,
13,
8,
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31990,
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24,
33,
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45,
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535,
6,
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8,
826,
822,
5,
2507,
24,
8,
1525,
19,
915,
441,
8,
1499,
5,
11860,
10,
363,
2817,
250,
151,
3,
13842,
12,
126,
8024,
1446,
13,
4125,
70,
1591,
30,
8,
1435,
8024,
30,
3,
9,
1719,
16,
8,
2899,
7,
58
] |
Given the following passage
"The geographical regions in which Iranian languages were spoken were pushed back in several areas by newly neighbouring languages. Arabic spread into some parts of Western Iran (Khuzestan), and Turkic languages spread through much of Central Asia, displacing various Iranian languages such as Sogdian and Bactrian in parts of what is today Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan and Tajikistan. In Eastern Europe, mostly comprising the territory of modern-day Ukraine, southern European Russia, and parts of the Balkans, the core region of the native Scythians, Sarmatians, and Alans had been decisively been taken over as a result of absorption and assimilation (e.g. Slavicisation) by the various Proto-Slavic population of the region, by the 6th century AD. This resulted in the displacement and extinction of the once predominant Scythian languages of the region. Sogdian's close relative Yaghnobi barely survives in a small area of the Zarafshan valley east of Samarkand, and Saka as Ossetic in the Caucasus, which is the sole remnant of the once predominant Scythian languages in Eastern Europe proper and large parts of the North Caucasus. Various small Iranian languages in the Pamirs survive that are derived from Eastern Iranian.",
answer the following question. Note that the answer is present within the text.
Question: What happened because people adapted to new languages instead of standing their ground on the traditional languages on a region in the 500s? | [
27780,
11,
3,
29570,
13,
8,
728,
31990,
4712,
63,
17,
29022,
8024,
1
] |
displacement and extinction of the once predominant Scythian languages
|
[
9246,
8,
826,
5454,
96,
6838,
19143,
8024,
33,
20,
28394,
45,
3,
9,
1017,
3,
663,
7279,
6,
749,
235,
18,
196,
52,
9,
15710,
5,
86,
919,
6,
11,
544,
28,
749,
235,
18,
1570,
26,
32,
18,
188,
651,
152,
11,
8,
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2738,
8024,
6,
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235,
18,
196,
52,
9,
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16884,
7,
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3,
9,
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3,
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26,
32,
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43,
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16,
2808,
3826,
5,
37,
71,
22357,
5326,
32,
1543,
19,
8,
5259,
4775,
21,
8,
1017,
26822,
18,
196,
52,
9,
15710,
1543,
212,
5,
2766,
9580,
535,
6,
1525,
8,
826,
822,
5,
2507,
24,
8,
1525,
19,
915,
441,
8,
1499,
5,
11860,
10,
363,
19,
8,
18573,
13,
66,
19143,
8024,
58
] |
Given the following passage
"All Iranian languages are descended from a common ancestor, Proto-Iranian. In turn, and together with Proto-Indo-Aryan and the Nuristani languages, Proto-Iranian descends from a common ancestor Proto-Indo-Iranian. The Indo-Iranian languages are thought to have originated in Central Asia. The Andronovo culture is the suggested candidate for the common Indo-Iranian culture ca. 2000 BC.",
answer the following question. Note that the answer is present within the text.
Question: What is the grandfather of all Iranian languages? | [
749,
235,
18,
1570,
26,
32,
18,
196,
52,
9,
15710,
1
] |
Proto-Indo-Iranian
|
[
9246,
8,
826,
5454,
96,
6838,
19143,
8024,
33,
20,
28394,
45,
3,
9,
1017,
3,
663,
7279,
6,
749,
235,
18,
196,
52,
9,
15710,
5,
86,
919,
6,
11,
544,
28,
749,
235,
18,
1570,
26,
32,
18,
188,
651,
152,
11,
8,
10037,
343,
2738,
8024,
6,
749,
235,
18,
196,
52,
9,
15710,
16884,
7,
45,
3,
9,
1017,
3,
663,
7279,
749,
235,
18,
1570,
26,
32,
18,
196,
52,
9,
15710,
5,
37,
26822,
18,
196,
52,
9,
15710,
8024,
33,
816,
12,
43,
23809,
16,
2808,
3826,
5,
37,
71,
22357,
5326,
32,
1543,
19,
8,
5259,
4775,
21,
8,
1017,
26822,
18,
196,
52,
9,
15710,
1543,
212,
5,
2766,
9580,
535,
6,
1525,
8,
826,
822,
5,
2507,
24,
8,
1525,
19,
915,
441,
8,
1499,
5,
11860,
10,
363,
19,
749,
235,
18,
196,
52,
9,
15710,
12,
66,
19143,
8024,
58
] |
Given the following passage
"All Iranian languages are descended from a common ancestor, Proto-Iranian. In turn, and together with Proto-Indo-Aryan and the Nuristani languages, Proto-Iranian descends from a common ancestor Proto-Indo-Iranian. The Indo-Iranian languages are thought to have originated in Central Asia. The Andronovo culture is the suggested candidate for the common Indo-Iranian culture ca. 2000 BC.",
answer the following question. Note that the answer is present within the text.
Question: What is Proto-Iranian to all Iranian languages? | [
1017,
3,
663,
7279,
1
] |
common ancestor
|
[
9246,
8,
826,
5454,
96,
6838,
19143,
8024,
33,
20,
28394,
45,
3,
9,
1017,
3,
663,
7279,
6,
749,
235,
18,
196,
52,
9,
15710,
5,
86,
919,
6,
11,
544,
28,
749,
235,
18,
1570,
26,
32,
18,
188,
651,
152,
11,
8,
10037,
343,
2738,
8024,
6,
749,
235,
18,
196,
52,
9,
15710,
16884,
7,
45,
3,
9,
1017,
3,
663,
7279,
749,
235,
18,
1570,
26,
32,
18,
196,
52,
9,
15710,
5,
37,
26822,
18,
196,
52,
9,
15710,
8024,
33,
816,
12,
43,
23809,
16,
2808,
3826,
5,
37,
71,
22357,
5326,
32,
1543,
19,
8,
5259,
4775,
21,
8,
1017,
26822,
18,
196,
52,
9,
15710,
1543,
212,
5,
2766,
9580,
535,
6,
1525,
8,
826,
822,
5,
2507,
24,
8,
1525,
19,
915,
441,
8,
1499,
5,
11860,
10,
363,
19,
8,
4208,
13,
749,
235,
18,
1570,
26,
32,
18,
188,
651,
152,
58
] |
Given the following passage
"All Iranian languages are descended from a common ancestor, Proto-Iranian. In turn, and together with Proto-Indo-Aryan and the Nuristani languages, Proto-Iranian descends from a common ancestor Proto-Indo-Iranian. The Indo-Iranian languages are thought to have originated in Central Asia. The Andronovo culture is the suggested candidate for the common Indo-Iranian culture ca. 2000 BC.",
answer the following question. Note that the answer is present within the text.
Question: What is the parent of Proto-Indo-Aryan? | [
749,
235,
18,
1570,
26,
32,
18,
196,
52,
9,
15710,
1
] |
Proto-Indo-Iranian
|
[
9246,
8,
826,
5454,
96,
6838,
19143,
8024,
33,
20,
28394,
45,
3,
9,
1017,
3,
663,
7279,
6,
749,
235,
18,
196,
52,
9,
15710,
5,
86,
919,
6,
11,
544,
28,
749,
235,
18,
1570,
26,
32,
18,
188,
651,
152,
11,
8,
10037,
343,
2738,
8024,
6,
749,
235,
18,
196,
52,
9,
15710,
16884,
7,
45,
3,
9,
1017,
3,
663,
7279,
749,
235,
18,
1570,
26,
32,
18,
196,
52,
9,
15710,
5,
37,
26822,
18,
196,
52,
9,
15710,
8024,
33,
816,
12,
43,
23809,
16,
2808,
3826,
5,
37,
71,
22357,
5326,
32,
1543,
19,
8,
5259,
4775,
21,
8,
1017,
26822,
18,
196,
52,
9,
15710,
1543,
212,
5,
2766,
9580,
535,
6,
1525,
8,
826,
822,
5,
2507,
24,
8,
1525,
19,
915,
441,
8,
1499,
5,
11860,
10,
2840,
19,
8,
1128,
45,
213,
749,
235,
18,
196,
52,
9,
15710,
639,
58
] |
Given the following passage
"All Iranian languages are descended from a common ancestor, Proto-Iranian. In turn, and together with Proto-Indo-Aryan and the Nuristani languages, Proto-Iranian descends from a common ancestor Proto-Indo-Iranian. The Indo-Iranian languages are thought to have originated in Central Asia. The Andronovo culture is the suggested candidate for the common Indo-Iranian culture ca. 2000 BC.",
answer the following question. Note that the answer is present within the text.
Question: Where is the location from where Proto-Iranian comes? | [
2808,
3826,
1
] |
Central Asia
|
[
9246,
8,
826,
5454,
96,
6838,
19143,
8024,
33,
20,
28394,
45,
3,
9,
1017,
3,
663,
7279,
6,
749,
235,
18,
196,
52,
9,
15710,
5,
86,
919,
6,
11,
544,
28,
749,
235,
18,
1570,
26,
32,
18,
188,
651,
152,
11,
8,
10037,
343,
2738,
8024,
6,
749,
235,
18,
196,
52,
9,
15710,
16884,
7,
45,
3,
9,
1017,
3,
663,
7279,
749,
235,
18,
1570,
26,
32,
18,
196,
52,
9,
15710,
5,
37,
26822,
18,
196,
52,
9,
15710,
8024,
33,
816,
12,
43,
23809,
16,
2808,
3826,
5,
37,
71,
22357,
5326,
32,
1543,
19,
8,
5259,
4775,
21,
8,
1017,
26822,
18,
196,
52,
9,
15710,
1543,
212,
5,
2766,
9580,
535,
6,
1525,
8,
826,
822,
5,
2507,
24,
8,
1525,
19,
915,
441,
8,
1499,
5,
11860,
10,
2840,
19,
8,
1128,
45,
84,
10037,
343,
2738,
639,
58
] |
Given the following passage
"All Iranian languages are descended from a common ancestor, Proto-Iranian. In turn, and together with Proto-Indo-Aryan and the Nuristani languages, Proto-Iranian descends from a common ancestor Proto-Indo-Iranian. The Indo-Iranian languages are thought to have originated in Central Asia. The Andronovo culture is the suggested candidate for the common Indo-Iranian culture ca. 2000 BC.",
answer the following question. Note that the answer is present within the text.
Question: Where is the location from which Nuristani comes? | [
2808,
3826,
1
] |
Central Asia
|
[
9246,
8,
826,
5454,
96,
634,
119,
1461,
44,
23775,
3525,
19143,
28461,
7,
33,
8,
192,
2807,
13,
8945,
5627,
6,
84,
240,
70,
564,
45,
70,
169,
16,
8,
8945,
2427,
6,
8,
4996,
17753,
1489,
14877,
13,
19771,
19143,
5562,
24,
230,
1550,
57,
8,
564,
13,
1027,
127,
32,
9,
23387,
14378,
68,
16,
8,
8945,
2427,
1402,
19,
914,
801,
38,
3,
1621,
107,
76,
836,
35,
9,
41,
5867,
52,
10,
36,
107,
2644,
137,
37,
1612,
13,
8,
8945,
2427,
19,
769,
8481,
1599,
26,
139,
192,
28461,
7,
6,
7450,
120,
801,
38,
96,
667,
40,
26,
41,
127,
3,
31,
517,
9,
189,
447,
31,
61,
8945,
5627,
1686,
11,
96,
3774,
9369,
8945,
5627,
1280,
506,
1353,
6,
84,
833,
12,
8,
957,
189,
2646,
6,
33,
3300,
23828,
437,
3,
31,
3774,
9369,
8945,
5627,
31,
19,
59,
163,
231,
5868,
145,
3,
31,
667,
40,
26,
8945,
5627,
31,
6,
68,
92,
45,
3,
9,
315,
20929,
1719,
5,
37,
3525,
8945,
5627,
28461,
19,
182,
11508,
9,
447,
6,
11,
44,
10209,
8,
337,
1726,
13,
606,
38,
2403,
122,
162,
4370,
1051,
7,
10648,
17,
5,
461,
8,
119,
609,
6,
5209,
49,
8945,
5627,
19,
44,
81,
8,
337,
3,
24703,
1726,
38,
3525,
25518,
6,
68,
57,
15768,
13,
165,
169,
38,
3,
9,
16051,
1612,
19346,
165,
96,
1490,
121,
6803,
307,
227,
8,
3525,
19143,
8024,
141,
6339,
15,
26,
12,
70,
4551,
19143,
1726,
5,
3,
8739,
3525,
25518,
6,
84,
65,
4551,
25518,
38,
165,
801,
22261,
6,
8945,
5627,
65,
150,
3133,
22185,
4551,
19143,
1726,
41,
532,
1504,
13,
4551,
19143,
19,
16,
19694,
1744,
1273,
179,
45,
1951,
788,
12,
119,
4110,
137,
1686,
1525,
8,
826,
822,
5,
2507,
24,
8,
1525,
19,
915,
441,
8,
1499,
5,
11860,
10,
2840,
47,
8945,
5627,
435,
58
] |
Given the following passage
"The other directly attested Old Iranian dialects are the two forms of Avestan, which take their name from their use in the Avesta, the liturgical texts of indigenous Iranian religion that now goes by the name of Zoroastrianism but in the Avesta itself is simply known as vohu daena (later: behdin). The language of the Avesta is subdivided into two dialects, conventionally known as "Old (or 'Gathic') Avestan", and "Younger Avestan". These terms, which date to the 19th century, are slightly misleading since 'Younger Avestan' is not only much younger than 'Old Avestan', but also from a different geographic region. The Old Avestan dialect is very archaic, and at roughly the same stage of development as Rigvedic Sanskrit. On the other hand, Younger Avestan is at about the same linguistic stage as Old Persian, but by virtue of its use as a sacred language retained its "old" characteristics long after the Old Iranian languages had yielded to their Middle Iranian stage. Unlike Old Persian, which has Middle Persian as its known successor, Avestan has no clearly identifiable Middle Iranian stage (the effect of Middle Iranian is indistinguishable from effects due to other causes).",
answer the following question. Note that the answer is present within the text.
Question: Where was Avestan found? | [
8,
8945,
2427,
1
] |
the Avesta
|
[
9246,
8,
826,
5454,
96,
634,
119,
1461,
44,
23775,
3525,
19143,
28461,
7,
33,
8,
192,
2807,
13,
8945,
5627,
6,
84,
240,
70,
564,
45,
70,
169,
16,
8,
8945,
2427,
6,
8,
4996,
17753,
1489,
14877,
13,
19771,
19143,
5562,
24,
230,
1550,
57,
8,
564,
13,
1027,
127,
32,
9,
23387,
14378,
68,
16,
8,
8945,
2427,
1402,
19,
914,
801,
38,
3,
1621,
107,
76,
836,
35,
9,
41,
5867,
52,
10,
36,
107,
2644,
137,
37,
1612,
13,
8,
8945,
2427,
19,
769,
8481,
1599,
26,
139,
192,
28461,
7,
6,
7450,
120,
801,
38,
96,
667,
40,
26,
41,
127,
3,
31,
517,
9,
189,
447,
31,
61,
8945,
5627,
1686,
11,
96,
3774,
9369,
8945,
5627,
1280,
506,
1353,
6,
84,
833,
12,
8,
957,
189,
2646,
6,
33,
3300,
23828,
437,
3,
31,
3774,
9369,
8945,
5627,
31,
19,
59,
163,
231,
5868,
145,
3,
31,
667,
40,
26,
8945,
5627,
31,
6,
68,
92,
45,
3,
9,
315,
20929,
1719,
5,
37,
3525,
8945,
5627,
28461,
19,
182,
11508,
9,
447,
6,
11,
44,
10209,
8,
337,
1726,
13,
606,
38,
2403,
122,
162,
4370,
1051,
7,
10648,
17,
5,
461,
8,
119,
609,
6,
5209,
49,
8945,
5627,
19,
44,
81,
8,
337,
3,
24703,
1726,
38,
3525,
25518,
6,
68,
57,
15768,
13,
165,
169,
38,
3,
9,
16051,
1612,
19346,
165,
96,
1490,
121,
6803,
307,
227,
8,
3525,
19143,
8024,
141,
6339,
15,
26,
12,
70,
4551,
19143,
1726,
5,
3,
8739,
3525,
25518,
6,
84,
65,
4551,
25518,
38,
165,
801,
22261,
6,
8945,
5627,
65,
150,
3133,
22185,
4551,
19143,
1726,
41,
532,
1504,
13,
4551,
19143,
19,
16,
19694,
1744,
1273,
179,
45,
1951,
788,
12,
119,
4110,
137,
1686,
1525,
8,
826,
822,
5,
2507,
24,
8,
1525,
19,
915,
441,
8,
1499,
5,
11860,
10,
363,
261,
8945,
5627,
58
] |
Given the following passage
"The other directly attested Old Iranian dialects are the two forms of Avestan, which take their name from their use in the Avesta, the liturgical texts of indigenous Iranian religion that now goes by the name of Zoroastrianism but in the Avesta itself is simply known as vohu daena (later: behdin). The language of the Avesta is subdivided into two dialects, conventionally known as "Old (or 'Gathic') Avestan", and "Younger Avestan". These terms, which date to the 19th century, are slightly misleading since 'Younger Avestan' is not only much younger than 'Old Avestan', but also from a different geographic region. The Old Avestan dialect is very archaic, and at roughly the same stage of development as Rigvedic Sanskrit. On the other hand, Younger Avestan is at about the same linguistic stage as Old Persian, but by virtue of its use as a sacred language retained its "old" characteristics long after the Old Iranian languages had yielded to their Middle Iranian stage. Unlike Old Persian, which has Middle Persian as its known successor, Avestan has no clearly identifiable Middle Iranian stage (the effect of Middle Iranian is indistinguishable from effects due to other causes).",
answer the following question. Note that the answer is present within the text.
Question: What used Avestan? | [
8,
8945,
2427,
1
] |
the Avesta
|
[
9246,
8,
826,
5454,
96,
634,
119,
1461,
44,
23775,
3525,
19143,
28461,
7,
33,
8,
192,
2807,
13,
8945,
5627,
6,
84,
240,
70,
564,
45,
70,
169,
16,
8,
8945,
2427,
6,
8,
4996,
17753,
1489,
14877,
13,
19771,
19143,
5562,
24,
230,
1550,
57,
8,
564,
13,
1027,
127,
32,
9,
23387,
14378,
68,
16,
8,
8945,
2427,
1402,
19,
914,
801,
38,
3,
1621,
107,
76,
836,
35,
9,
41,
5867,
52,
10,
36,
107,
2644,
137,
37,
1612,
13,
8,
8945,
2427,
19,
769,
8481,
1599,
26,
139,
192,
28461,
7,
6,
7450,
120,
801,
38,
96,
667,
40,
26,
41,
127,
3,
31,
517,
9,
189,
447,
31,
61,
8945,
5627,
1686,
11,
96,
3774,
9369,
8945,
5627,
1280,
506,
1353,
6,
84,
833,
12,
8,
957,
189,
2646,
6,
33,
3300,
23828,
437,
3,
31,
3774,
9369,
8945,
5627,
31,
19,
59,
163,
231,
5868,
145,
3,
31,
667,
40,
26,
8945,
5627,
31,
6,
68,
92,
45,
3,
9,
315,
20929,
1719,
5,
37,
3525,
8945,
5627,
28461,
19,
182,
11508,
9,
447,
6,
11,
44,
10209,
8,
337,
1726,
13,
606,
38,
2403,
122,
162,
4370,
1051,
7,
10648,
17,
5,
461,
8,
119,
609,
6,
5209,
49,
8945,
5627,
19,
44,
81,
8,
337,
3,
24703,
1726,
38,
3525,
25518,
6,
68,
57,
15768,
13,
165,
169,
38,
3,
9,
16051,
1612,
19346,
165,
96,
1490,
121,
6803,
307,
227,
8,
3525,
19143,
8024,
141,
6339,
15,
26,
12,
70,
4551,
19143,
1726,
5,
3,
8739,
3525,
25518,
6,
84,
65,
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25518,
38,
165,
801,
22261,
6,
8945,
5627,
65,
150,
3133,
22185,
4551,
19143,
1726,
41,
532,
1504,
13,
4551,
19143,
19,
16,
19694,
1744,
1273,
179,
45,
1951,
788,
12,
119,
4110,
137,
1686,
1525,
8,
826,
822,
5,
2507,
24,
8,
1525,
19,
915,
441,
8,
1499,
5,
11860,
10,
363,
5562,
19,
435,
16,
8,
8945,
2427,
58
] |
Given the following passage
"The other directly attested Old Iranian dialects are the two forms of Avestan, which take their name from their use in the Avesta, the liturgical texts of indigenous Iranian religion that now goes by the name of Zoroastrianism but in the Avesta itself is simply known as vohu daena (later: behdin). The language of the Avesta is subdivided into two dialects, conventionally known as "Old (or 'Gathic') Avestan", and "Younger Avestan". These terms, which date to the 19th century, are slightly misleading since 'Younger Avestan' is not only much younger than 'Old Avestan', but also from a different geographic region. The Old Avestan dialect is very archaic, and at roughly the same stage of development as Rigvedic Sanskrit. On the other hand, Younger Avestan is at about the same linguistic stage as Old Persian, but by virtue of its use as a sacred language retained its "old" characteristics long after the Old Iranian languages had yielded to their Middle Iranian stage. Unlike Old Persian, which has Middle Persian as its known successor, Avestan has no clearly identifiable Middle Iranian stage (the effect of Middle Iranian is indistinguishable from effects due to other causes).",
answer the following question. Note that the answer is present within the text.
Question: What religion is found in the Avesta? | [
36,
107,
2644,
1
] |
behdin
|
[
9246,
8,
826,
5454,
96,
956,
35,
28788,
41,
2,
201,
3,
20721,
4004,
12916,
16,
2830,
6,
142,
106,
16,
9677,
42,
3,
1847,
16,
4318,
41,
9942,
45,
8,
1051,
7,
10648,
17,
1657,
3,
26,
107,
63,
2,
29,
9,
6,
2530,
96,
5700,
6821,
8512,
19,
3,
9,
607,
13,
28788,
24,
1632,
1012,
16,
1473,
6,
7054,
11,
3411,
11,
24,
3,
20244,
534,
8053,
30,
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586,
908,
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705,
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30,
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7,
145,
128,
119,
2807,
13,
28788,
11,
2396,
7,
12,
992,
30,
1223,
3428,
20974,
7,
12,
2827,
535,
6,
1525,
8,
826,
822,
5,
2507,
24,
8,
1525,
19,
915,
441,
8,
1499,
5,
11860,
10,
13095,
12402,
11,
679,
106,
6,
84,
19,
9677,
58
] |
Given the following passage
"Zen Buddhism (禅), pronounced Chán in Chinese, seon in Korean or zen in Japanese (derived from the Sanskrit term dhyāna, meaning "meditation") is a form of Buddhism that became popular in China, Korea and Japan and that lays special emphasis on meditation.[note 12] Zen places less emphasis on scriptures than some other forms of Buddhism and prefers to focus on direct spiritual breakthroughs to truth.",
answer the following question. Note that the answer is present within the text.
Question: Between Chan and Seon, which is Korean? | [
142,
106,
1
] |
seon
|
[
9246,
8,
826,
5454,
96,
956,
35,
28788,
41,
2,
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3,
20721,
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12916,
16,
2830,
6,
142,
106,
16,
9677,
42,
3,
1847,
16,
4318,
41,
9942,
45,
8,
1051,
7,
10648,
17,
1657,
3,
26,
107,
63,
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29,
9,
6,
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96,
5700,
6821,
8512,
19,
3,
9,
607,
13,
28788,
24,
1632,
1012,
16,
1473,
6,
7054,
11,
3411,
11,
24,
3,
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8053,
30,
10412,
5,
6306,
7977,
586,
908,
9155,
1747,
705,
8053,
30,
22814,
7,
145,
128,
119,
2807,
13,
28788,
11,
2396,
7,
12,
992,
30,
1223,
3428,
20974,
7,
12,
2827,
535,
6,
1525,
8,
826,
822,
5,
2507,
24,
8,
1525,
19,
915,
441,
8,
1499,
5,
11860,
10,
13095,
12402,
11,
3,
1847,
6,
84,
80,
19,
2830,
58
] |
Given the following passage
"Zen Buddhism (禅), pronounced Chán in Chinese, seon in Korean or zen in Japanese (derived from the Sanskrit term dhyāna, meaning "meditation") is a form of Buddhism that became popular in China, Korea and Japan and that lays special emphasis on meditation.[note 12] Zen places less emphasis on scriptures than some other forms of Buddhism and prefers to focus on direct spiritual breakthroughs to truth.",
answer the following question. Note that the answer is present within the text.
Question: Between Chan and zen, which one is Chinese? | [
4004,
12916,
1
] |
Chán
|
[
9246,
8,
826,
5454,
96,
956,
35,
28788,
41,
2,
201,
3,
20721,
4004,
12916,
16,
2830,
6,
142,
106,
16,
9677,
42,
3,
1847,
16,
4318,
41,
9942,
45,
8,
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7,
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17,
1657,
3,
26,
107,
63,
2,
29,
9,
6,
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96,
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6821,
8512,
19,
3,
9,
607,
13,
28788,
24,
1632,
1012,
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1473,
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11,
24,
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30,
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5,
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7977,
586,
908,
9155,
1747,
705,
8053,
30,
22814,
7,
145,
128,
119,
2807,
13,
28788,
11,
2396,
7,
12,
992,
30,
1223,
3428,
20974,
7,
12,
2827,
535,
6,
1525,
8,
826,
822,
5,
2507,
24,
8,
1525,
19,
915,
441,
8,
1499,
5,
11860,
10,
13095,
142,
106,
11,
3,
1847,
6,
84,
80,
19,
9677,
58
] |
Given the following passage
"Zen Buddhism (禅), pronounced Chán in Chinese, seon in Korean or zen in Japanese (derived from the Sanskrit term dhyāna, meaning "meditation") is a form of Buddhism that became popular in China, Korea and Japan and that lays special emphasis on meditation.[note 12] Zen places less emphasis on scriptures than some other forms of Buddhism and prefers to focus on direct spiritual breakthroughs to truth.",
answer the following question. Note that the answer is present within the text.
Question: Between seon and zen, which one is Korean? | [
142,
106,
1
] |
seon
|
[
9246,
8,
826,
5454,
96,
956,
35,
28788,
41,
2,
201,
3,
20721,
4004,
12916,
16,
2830,
6,
142,
106,
16,
9677,
42,
3,
1847,
16,
4318,
41,
9942,
45,
8,
1051,
7,
10648,
17,
1657,
3,
26,
107,
63,
2,
29,
9,
6,
2530,
96,
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6821,
8512,
19,
3,
9,
607,
13,
28788,
24,
1632,
1012,
16,
1473,
6,
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11,
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11,
24,
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30,
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7977,
586,
908,
9155,
1747,
705,
8053,
30,
22814,
7,
145,
128,
119,
2807,
13,
28788,
11,
2396,
7,
12,
992,
30,
1223,
3428,
20974,
7,
12,
2827,
535,
6,
1525,
8,
826,
822,
5,
2507,
24,
8,
1525,
19,
915,
441,
8,
1499,
5,
11860,
10,
13095,
3,
1847,
11,
3,
26,
107,
21247,
6,
84,
19,
1051,
7,
10648,
17,
58
] |
Given the following passage
"Zen Buddhism (禅), pronounced Chán in Chinese, seon in Korean or zen in Japanese (derived from the Sanskrit term dhyāna, meaning "meditation") is a form of Buddhism that became popular in China, Korea and Japan and that lays special emphasis on meditation.[note 12] Zen places less emphasis on scriptures than some other forms of Buddhism and prefers to focus on direct spiritual breakthroughs to truth.",
answer the following question. Note that the answer is present within the text.
Question: Between zen and dhyana, which is Sanskrit? | [
3,
26,
107,
63,
2,
29,
9,
1
] |
dhyāna
|
[
9246,
8,
826,
5454,
96,
956,
35,
28788,
41,
2,
201,
3,
20721,
4004,
12916,
16,
2830,
6,
142,
106,
16,
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42,
3,
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16,
4318,
41,
9942,
45,
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119,
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28788,
11,
2396,
7,
12,
992,
30,
1223,
3428,
20974,
7,
12,
2827,
535,
6,
1525,
8,
826,
822,
5,
2507,
24,
8,
1525,
19,
915,
441,
8,
1499,
5,
11860,
10,
1129,
1051,
7,
10648,
17,
11,
4318,
6,
213,
405,
8,
1657,
3,
26,
107,
21247,
369,
45,
58
] |
Given the following passage
"Zen Buddhism (禅), pronounced Chán in Chinese, seon in Korean or zen in Japanese (derived from the Sanskrit term dhyāna, meaning "meditation") is a form of Buddhism that became popular in China, Korea and Japan and that lays special emphasis on meditation.[note 12] Zen places less emphasis on scriptures than some other forms of Buddhism and prefers to focus on direct spiritual breakthroughs to truth.",
answer the following question. Note that the answer is present within the text.
Question: Of Sanskrit and Japanese, where does the term dhyana come from? | [
1051,
7,
10648,
17,
1
] |
Sanskrit
|
[
9246,
8,
826,
5454,
96,
1570,
8,
1612,
13,
8,
24708,
18516,
10533,
12465,
6,
3,
7,
265,
20856,
7,
265,
2,
26,
107,
23,
19,
96,
3535,
6145,
1280,
37,
2329,
598,
13,
10357,
1014,
3,
7,
265,
2,
26,
107,
23,
19,
10412,
5,
3,
10688,
606,
13,
3,
7,
265,
2,
26,
107,
23,
6,
80,
31,
7,
809,
2992,
3990,
3676,
13,
20,
11966,
297,
6,
4447,
6,
14249,
6,
11,
3,
31365,
535,
6,
1525,
8,
826,
822,
5,
2507,
24,
8,
1525,
19,
915,
441,
8,
1499,
5,
11860,
10,
3,
834,
834,
19,
15459,
38,
2210,
485,
16,
2830
] |
Given the following passage
"In the language of the Noble Eightfold Path, samyaksamādhi is "right concentration". The primary means of cultivating samādhi is meditation. Upon development of samādhi, one's mind becomes purified of defilement, calm, tranquil, and luminous.",
answer the following question. Note that the answer is present within the text.
Question: __ is translated as fixity in Chinese | [
3,
7,
265,
2,
26,
107,
23,
1
] |
samādhi
|
[
9246,
8,
826,
5454,
96,
1570,
8,
1612,
13,
8,
24708,
18516,
10533,
12465,
6,
3,
7,
265,
20856,
7,
265,
2,
26,
107,
23,
19,
96,
3535,
6145,
1280,
37,
2329,
598,
13,
10357,
1014,
3,
7,
265,
2,
26,
107,
23,
19,
10412,
5,
3,
10688,
606,
13,
3,
7,
265,
2,
26,
107,
23,
6,
80,
31,
7,
809,
2992,
3990,
3676,
13,
20,
11966,
297,
6,
4447,
6,
14249,
6,
11,
3,
31365,
535,
6,
1525,
8,
826,
822,
5,
2507,
24,
8,
1525,
19,
915,
441,
8,
1499,
5,
11860,
10,
3,
834,
834,
166,
4283,
16,
8,
2636,
1788,
3234,
2738,
7,
9,
26,
5
] |
Given the following passage
"In the language of the Noble Eightfold Path, samyaksamādhi is "right concentration". The primary means of cultivating samādhi is meditation. Upon development of samādhi, one's mind becomes purified of defilement, calm, tranquil, and luminous.",
answer the following question. Note that the answer is present within the text.
Question: __ first appeared in the Maitri Upanisad. | [
3,
7,
265,
2,
26,
107,
23,
1
] |
samādhi
|
[
9246,
8,
826,
5454,
96,
1570,
8,
1612,
13,
8,
24708,
18516,
10533,
12465,
6,
3,
7,
265,
20856,
7,
265,
2,
26,
107,
23,
19,
96,
3535,
6145,
1280,
37,
2329,
598,
13,
10357,
1014,
3,
7,
265,
2,
26,
107,
23,
19,
10412,
5,
3,
10688,
606,
13,
3,
7,
265,
2,
26,
107,
23,
6,
80,
31,
7,
809,
2992,
3990,
3676,
13,
20,
11966,
297,
6,
4447,
6,
14249,
6,
11,
3,
31365,
535,
6,
1525,
8,
826,
822,
5,
2507,
24,
8,
1525,
19,
915,
441,
8,
1499,
5,
11860,
10,
3,
834,
834,
19,
3,
9,
529,
18,
26,
3471,
3040,
538,
13,
13645,
5
] |
Given the following passage
"In the language of the Noble Eightfold Path, samyaksamādhi is "right concentration". The primary means of cultivating samādhi is meditation. Upon development of samādhi, one's mind becomes purified of defilement, calm, tranquil, and luminous.",
answer the following question. Note that the answer is present within the text.
Question: __ is a non-dualistic state of consciousness. | [
3,
7,
265,
2,
26,
107,
23,
1
] |
samādhi
|
[
9246,
8,
826,
5454,
96,
7238,
19,
150,
2084,
24,
8555,
2,
63,
2,
29,
9,
664,
3,
4822,
12,
3,
9,
2450,
4727,
496,
42,
4220,
17,
13,
28788,
6,
68,
1066,
24,
34,
16415,
38,
3,
9,
824,
356,
13,
1523,
7,
6,
11,
865,
17974,
7,
6,
21,
3,
19987,
10193,
144,
17,
9856,
5,
3,
22917,
34,
47,
801,
38,
1491,
26,
10193,
144,
17,
900,
63,
2,
29,
9,
41,
532,
96,
553,
15,
107,
23,
2482,
13,
8,
1491,
26,
10193,
144,
17,
9856,
121,
137,
1838,
6060,
65,
92,
4466,
24,
8,
8555,
2,
63,
2,
29,
9,
470,
141,
3701,
664,
13090,
12,
43,
3,
9,
2450,
8653,
9,
63,
9,
42,
3,
23580,
689,
545,
45,
8,
778,
2061,
13,
28788,
6,
11,
2459,
284,
3,
115,
16942,
2,
76,
42,
3,
115,
16942,
2,
76,
2,
21186,
49,
53,
12,
8,
8555,
2,
63,
2,
29,
9,
3,
19448,
36,
23629,
12,
46,
778,
496,
5,
100,
3256,
469,
28,
8,
309,
3272,
7493,
413,
17,
5667,
3,
23580,
689,
545,
16,
1932,
3826,
6,
11,
8,
283,
2,
521,
7,
291,
208,
2,
7,
5499,
2,
26,
9,
3,
23580,
689,
545,
16,
26488,
28788,
5,
4063,
8555,
2,
63,
2,
29,
9,
47,
470,
3,
9,
2450,
8374,
4220,
17,
13,
8,
778,
2061,
5,
1029,
2830,
1911,
157,
7,
3644,
1547,
6,
62,
230,
214,
24,
321,
8555,
2,
63,
2,
29,
9,
11,
529,
18,
329,
9,
107,
2,
63,
2,
29,
9,
1911,
157,
7,
16,
1547,
557,
4114,
16,
8,
337,
1911,
8323,
2593,
596,
57,
596,
535,
6,
1525,
8,
826,
822,
5,
2507,
24,
8,
1525,
19,
915,
441,
8,
1499,
5,
11860,
10,
2645,
65,
7463,
8,
16256,
21247,
58
] |
Given the following passage
"There is no evidence that Mahāyāna ever referred to a separate formal school or sect of Buddhism, but rather that it existed as a certain set of ideals, and later doctrines, for bodhisattvas. Initially it was known as Bodhisattvayāna (the "Vehicle of the Bodhisattvas"). Paul Williams has also noted that the Mahāyāna never had nor ever attempted to have a separate Vinaya or ordination lineage from the early schools of Buddhism, and therefore each bhikṣu or bhikṣuṇī adhering to the Mahāyāna formally belonged to an early school. This continues today with the Dharmaguptaka ordination lineage in East Asia, and the Mūlasarvāstivāda ordination lineage in Tibetan Buddhism. Therefore Mahāyāna was never a separate rival sect of the early schools. From Chinese monks visiting India, we now know that both Mahāyāna and non-Mahāyāna monks in India often lived in the same monasteries side by side.",
answer the following question. Note that the answer is present within the text.
Question: Who has studied the Mahayana? | [
1838,
6060,
1
] |
Paul Williams
|
[
9246,
8,
826,
5454,
96,
7238,
19,
150,
2084,
24,
8555,
2,
63,
2,
29,
9,
664,
3,
4822,
12,
3,
9,
2450,
4727,
496,
42,
4220,
17,
13,
28788,
6,
68,
1066,
24,
34,
16415,
38,
3,
9,
824,
356,
13,
1523,
7,
6,
11,
865,
17974,
7,
6,
21,
3,
19987,
10193,
144,
17,
9856,
5,
3,
22917,
34,
47,
801,
38,
1491,
26,
10193,
144,
17,
900,
63,
2,
29,
9,
41,
532,
96,
553,
15,
107,
23,
2482,
13,
8,
1491,
26,
10193,
144,
17,
9856,
121,
137,
1838,
6060,
65,
92,
4466,
24,
8,
8555,
2,
63,
2,
29,
9,
470,
141,
3701,
664,
13090,
12,
43,
3,
9,
2450,
8653,
9,
63,
9,
42,
3,
23580,
689,
545,
45,
8,
778,
2061,
13,
28788,
6,
11,
2459,
284,
3,
115,
16942,
2,
76,
42,
3,
115,
16942,
2,
76,
2,
21186,
49,
53,
12,
8,
8555,
2,
63,
2,
29,
9,
3,
19448,
36,
23629,
12,
46,
778,
496,
5,
100,
3256,
469,
28,
8,
309,
3272,
7493,
413,
17,
5667,
3,
23580,
689,
545,
16,
1932,
3826,
6,
11,
8,
283,
2,
521,
7,
291,
208,
2,
7,
5499,
2,
26,
9,
3,
23580,
689,
545,
16,
26488,
28788,
5,
4063,
8555,
2,
63,
2,
29,
9,
47,
470,
3,
9,
2450,
8374,
4220,
17,
13,
8,
778,
2061,
5,
1029,
2830,
1911,
157,
7,
3644,
1547,
6,
62,
230,
214,
24,
321,
8555,
2,
63,
2,
29,
9,
11,
529,
18,
329,
9,
107,
2,
63,
2,
29,
9,
1911,
157,
7,
16,
1547,
557,
4114,
16,
8,
337,
1911,
8323,
2593,
596,
57,
596,
535,
6,
1525,
8,
826,
822,
5,
2507,
24,
8,
1525,
19,
915,
441,
8,
1499,
5,
11860,
10,
2645,
19,
9839,
81,
8,
16256,
21247,
58
] |
Given the following passage
"There is no evidence that Mahāyāna ever referred to a separate formal school or sect of Buddhism, but rather that it existed as a certain set of ideals, and later doctrines, for bodhisattvas. Initially it was known as Bodhisattvayāna (the "Vehicle of the Bodhisattvas"). Paul Williams has also noted that the Mahāyāna never had nor ever attempted to have a separate Vinaya or ordination lineage from the early schools of Buddhism, and therefore each bhikṣu or bhikṣuṇī adhering to the Mahāyāna formally belonged to an early school. This continues today with the Dharmaguptaka ordination lineage in East Asia, and the Mūlasarvāstivāda ordination lineage in Tibetan Buddhism. Therefore Mahāyāna was never a separate rival sect of the early schools. From Chinese monks visiting India, we now know that both Mahāyāna and non-Mahāyāna monks in India often lived in the same monasteries side by side.",
answer the following question. Note that the answer is present within the text.
Question: Who is knowledgeable about the Mahayana? | [
1838,
6060,
1
] |
Paul Williams
|
[
9246,
8,
826,
5454,
96,
7238,
19,
150,
2084,
24,
8555,
2,
63,
2,
29,
9,
664,
3,
4822,
12,
3,
9,
2450,
4727,
496,
42,
4220,
17,
13,
28788,
6,
68,
1066,
24,
34,
16415,
38,
3,
9,
824,
356,
13,
1523,
7,
6,
11,
865,
17974,
7,
6,
21,
3,
19987,
10193,
144,
17,
9856,
5,
3,
22917,
34,
47,
801,
38,
1491,
26,
10193,
144,
17,
900,
63,
2,
29,
9,
41,
532,
96,
553,
15,
107,
23,
2482,
13,
8,
1491,
26,
10193,
144,
17,
9856,
121,
137,
1838,
6060,
65,
92,
4466,
24,
8,
8555,
2,
63,
2,
29,
9,
470,
141,
3701,
664,
13090,
12,
43,
3,
9,
2450,
8653,
9,
63,
9,
42,
3,
23580,
689,
545,
45,
8,
778,
2061,
13,
28788,
6,
11,
2459,
284,
3,
115,
16942,
2,
76,
42,
3,
115,
16942,
2,
76,
2,
21186,
49,
53,
12,
8,
8555,
2,
63,
2,
29,
9,
3,
19448,
36,
23629,
12,
46,
778,
496,
5,
100,
3256,
469,
28,
8,
309,
3272,
7493,
413,
17,
5667,
3,
23580,
689,
545,
16,
1932,
3826,
6,
11,
8,
283,
2,
521,
7,
291,
208,
2,
7,
5499,
2,
26,
9,
3,
23580,
689,
545,
16,
26488,
28788,
5,
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2,
63,
2,
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9,
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470,
3,
9,
2450,
8374,
4220,
17,
13,
8,
778,
2061,
5,
1029,
2830,
1911,
157,
7,
3644,
1547,
6,
62,
230,
214,
24,
321,
8555,
2,
63,
2,
29,
9,
11,
529,
18,
329,
9,
107,
2,
63,
2,
29,
9,
1911,
157,
7,
16,
1547,
557,
4114,
16,
8,
337,
1911,
8323,
2593,
596,
57,
596,
535,
6,
1525,
8,
826,
822,
5,
2507,
24,
8,
1525,
19,
915,
441,
8,
1499,
5,
11860,
10,
2645,
65,
2980,
16,
8,
16256,
21247,
58
] |
Given the following passage
"There is no evidence that Mahāyāna ever referred to a separate formal school or sect of Buddhism, but rather that it existed as a certain set of ideals, and later doctrines, for bodhisattvas. Initially it was known as Bodhisattvayāna (the "Vehicle of the Bodhisattvas"). Paul Williams has also noted that the Mahāyāna never had nor ever attempted to have a separate Vinaya or ordination lineage from the early schools of Buddhism, and therefore each bhikṣu or bhikṣuṇī adhering to the Mahāyāna formally belonged to an early school. This continues today with the Dharmaguptaka ordination lineage in East Asia, and the Mūlasarvāstivāda ordination lineage in Tibetan Buddhism. Therefore Mahāyāna was never a separate rival sect of the early schools. From Chinese monks visiting India, we now know that both Mahāyāna and non-Mahāyāna monks in India often lived in the same monasteries side by side.",
answer the following question. Note that the answer is present within the text.
Question: Who has expertise in the Mahayana? | [
1838,
6060,
1
] |
Paul Williams
|
[
9246,
8,
826,
5454,
96,
1570,
8,
16256,
21247,
6,
8,
21554,
2134,
7,
59,
12,
36,
3,
4931,
38,
3,
8199,
936,
6,
68,
38,
8,
3596,
120,
13440,
13,
3,
9,
1849,
924,
11,
9590,
6,
3,
16378,
12640,
271,
41,
2338,
309,
17178,
9,
18075,
9,
61,
1909,
8,
620,
11,
1535,
13,
816,
5,
3,
7371,
6,
16,
824,
16256,
21247,
2629,
1313,
7,
6,
8,
21554,
6,
309,
17178,
9,
11,
1051,
122,
1024,
33,
3,
4931,
3,
8317,
38,
555,
10,
66,
386,
33,
894,
38,
8,
15137,
21554,
2448,
535,
6,
1525,
8,
826,
822,
5,
2507,
24,
8,
1525,
19,
915,
441,
8,
1499,
5,
11860,
10,
3,
834,
834,
47,
3,
12913,
57,
891,
11740,
17178,
9,
9692,
1024,
13,
12379,
76,
3348,
107,
76
] |
Given the following passage
"In the Mahayana, the Buddha tends not to be viewed as merely human, but as the earthly projection of a beginningless and endless, omnipresent being (see Dharmakaya) beyond the range and reach of thought. Moreover, in certain Mahayana sutras, the Buddha, Dharma and Sangha are viewed essentially as One: all three are seen as the eternal Buddha himself.",
answer the following question. Note that the answer is present within the text.
Question: __ was influenced by Abhidharmakosha of Vasubandhu | [
16256,
21247,
1
] |
Mahayana
|
[
9246,
8,
826,
5454,
96,
1570,
8,
16256,
21247,
6,
8,
21554,
2134,
7,
59,
12,
36,
3,
4931,
38,
3,
8199,
936,
6,
68,
38,
8,
3596,
120,
13440,
13,
3,
9,
1849,
924,
11,
9590,
6,
3,
16378,
12640,
271,
41,
2338,
309,
17178,
9,
18075,
9,
61,
1909,
8,
620,
11,
1535,
13,
816,
5,
3,
7371,
6,
16,
824,
16256,
21247,
2629,
1313,
7,
6,
8,
21554,
6,
309,
17178,
9,
11,
1051,
122,
1024,
33,
3,
4931,
3,
8317,
38,
555,
10,
66,
386,
33,
894,
38,
8,
15137,
21554,
2448,
535,
6,
1525,
8,
826,
822,
5,
2507,
24,
8,
1525,
19,
915,
441,
8,
1499,
5,
11860,
10,
3,
834,
834,
598,
1651,
11274,
23,
545
] |
Given the following passage
"In the Mahayana, the Buddha tends not to be viewed as merely human, but as the earthly projection of a beginningless and endless, omnipresent being (see Dharmakaya) beyond the range and reach of thought. Moreover, in certain Mahayana sutras, the Buddha, Dharma and Sangha are viewed essentially as One: all three are seen as the eternal Buddha himself.",
answer the following question. Note that the answer is present within the text.
Question: __ means Great Carriage | [
16256,
21247,
1
] |
Mahayana
|
[
9246,
8,
826,
5454,
96,
1570,
8,
16256,
21247,
6,
8,
21554,
2134,
7,
59,
12,
36,
3,
4931,
38,
3,
8199,
936,
6,
68,
38,
8,
3596,
120,
13440,
13,
3,
9,
1849,
924,
11,
9590,
6,
3,
16378,
12640,
271,
41,
2338,
309,
17178,
9,
18075,
9,
61,
1909,
8,
620,
11,
1535,
13,
816,
5,
3,
7371,
6,
16,
824,
16256,
21247,
2629,
1313,
7,
6,
8,
21554,
6,
309,
17178,
9,
11,
1051,
122,
1024,
33,
3,
4931,
3,
8317,
38,
555,
10,
66,
386,
33,
894,
38,
8,
15137,
21554,
2448,
535,
6,
1525,
8,
826,
822,
5,
2507,
24,
8,
1525,
19,
915,
441,
8,
1499,
5,
11860,
10,
305,
5170,
13,
20687,
7,
1032,
3,
834,
834
] |
Given the following passage
"In the Mahayana, the Buddha tends not to be viewed as merely human, but as the earthly projection of a beginningless and endless, omnipresent being (see Dharmakaya) beyond the range and reach of thought. Moreover, in certain Mahayana sutras, the Buddha, Dharma and Sangha are viewed essentially as One: all three are seen as the eternal Buddha himself.",
answer the following question. Note that the answer is present within the text.
Question: 53% of Buddhists practice __ | [
16256,
21247,
1
] |
Mahayana
|
[
9246,
8,
826,
5454,
96,
26599,
53,
12,
584,
15583,
6,
8,
4210,
13,
8,
20687,
2071,
164,
7513,
43,
118,
38,
650,
38,
8,
1657,
96,
532,
2214,
194,
1280,
86,
97,
6,
48,
710,
4210,
47,
16224,
26,
6,
3,
5490,
16,
8,
4210,
13,
8,
2641,
10533,
2071,
535,
6,
1525,
8,
826,
822,
5,
2507,
24,
8,
1525,
19,
915,
441,
8,
1499,
5,
11860,
10,
31109,
8423,
32,
122,
343,
7,
43,
7463,
3,
834,
834
] |
Given the following passage
"According to Vetter, the description of the Buddhist path may initially have been as simple as the term "the middle way". In time, this short description was elaborated, resulting in the description of the eightfold path.",
answer the following question. Note that the answer is present within the text.
Question: Cognitive psychoogists have studied __ | [
8,
2641,
10533,
2071,
1
] |
the eightfold path
|
[
9246,
8,
826,
5454,
96,
26599,
53,
12,
584,
15583,
6,
8,
4210,
13,
8,
20687,
2071,
164,
7513,
43,
118,
38,
650,
38,
8,
1657,
96,
532,
2214,
194,
1280,
86,
97,
6,
48,
710,
4210,
47,
16224,
26,
6,
3,
5490,
16,
8,
4210,
13,
8,
2641,
10533,
2071,
535,
6,
1525,
8,
826,
822,
5,
2507,
24,
8,
1525,
19,
915,
441,
8,
1499,
5,
11860,
10,
3,
834,
834,
54,
36,
1032,
26,
57,
893,
7285,
5
] |
Given the following passage
"According to Vetter, the description of the Buddhist path may initially have been as simple as the term "the middle way". In time, this short description was elaborated, resulting in the description of the eightfold path.",
answer the following question. Note that the answer is present within the text.
Question: __ can be practiced by either gender. | [
8,
2641,
10533,
2071,
1
] |
the eightfold path
|
[
9246,
8,
826,
5454,
96,
26599,
53,
12,
584,
15583,
6,
8,
4210,
13,
8,
20687,
2071,
164,
7513,
43,
118,
38,
650,
38,
8,
1657,
96,
532,
2214,
194,
1280,
86,
97,
6,
48,
710,
4210,
47,
16224,
26,
6,
3,
5490,
16,
8,
4210,
13,
8,
2641,
10533,
2071,
535,
6,
1525,
8,
826,
822,
5,
2507,
24,
8,
1525,
19,
915,
441,
8,
1499,
5,
11860,
10,
9487,
13,
269,
3,
7,
9,
11374,
107,
23,
33,
59,
1860,
57,
3,
834,
834
] |
Given the following passage
"According to Vetter, the description of the Buddhist path may initially have been as simple as the term "the middle way". In time, this short description was elaborated, resulting in the description of the eightfold path.",
answer the following question. Note that the answer is present within the text.
Question: Details of right samadhi are not offered by __ | [
8,
2641,
10533,
2071,
1
] |
the eightfold path
|
[
9246,
8,
826,
5454,
96,
553,
77,
9,
63,
9,
19,
8,
806,
4854,
1081,
21,
1911,
157,
7,
11,
3423,
7,
5,
94,
963,
8,
5192,
603,
1825,
18276,
6,
3,
9,
356,
13,
204,
2555,
2219,
21,
1911,
157,
7,
16,
8,
37,
11852,
9,
2644,
29960,
23,
106,
5,
37,
9272,
738,
13,
8,
4671,
9,
63,
9,
5230,
5667,
41,
11815,
7665,
30,
8653,
9,
63,
9,
61,
7641,
7,
3300,
1315,
12,
315,
2061,
6,
11,
315,
2061,
42,
769,
6646,
7,
356,
315,
2443,
21,
8,
1952,
13,
3,
28909,
12,
8653,
9,
63,
9,
5,
5098,
867,
18,
2157,
157,
7,
169,
8,
3,
324,
554,
6873,
7,
6,
84,
33,
8,
1857,
554,
6873,
7,
21,
1911,
10057,
7,
535,
6,
1525,
8,
826,
822,
5,
2507,
24,
8,
1525,
19,
915,
441,
8,
1499,
5,
11860,
10,
571,
186,
2219,
103,
1911,
157,
7,
1130,
116,
79,
33,
18471,
58
] |
Given the following passage
"Vinaya is the specific moral code for monks and nuns. It includes the Patimokkha, a set of 227 rules for monks in the Theravadin recension. The precise content of the vinayapitaka (scriptures on Vinaya) differs slightly according to different schools, and different schools or subschools set different standards for the degree of adherence to Vinaya. Novice-monks use the ten precepts, which are the basic precepts for monastics.",
answer the following question. Note that the answer is present within the text.
Question: How many rules do monks follow when they are beginners? | [
3,
324,
1
] |
ten
|
[
9246,
8,
826,
5454,
96,
553,
77,
9,
63,
9,
19,
8,
806,
4854,
1081,
21,
1911,
157,
7,
11,
3423,
7,
5,
94,
963,
8,
5192,
603,
1825,
18276,
6,
3,
9,
356,
13,
204,
2555,
2219,
21,
1911,
157,
7,
16,
8,
37,
11852,
9,
2644,
29960,
23,
106,
5,
37,
9272,
738,
13,
8,
4671,
9,
63,
9,
5230,
5667,
41,
11815,
7665,
30,
8653,
9,
63,
9,
61,
7641,
7,
3300,
1315,
12,
315,
2061,
6,
11,
315,
2061,
42,
769,
6646,
7,
356,
315,
2443,
21,
8,
1952,
13,
3,
28909,
12,
8653,
9,
63,
9,
5,
5098,
867,
18,
2157,
157,
7,
169,
8,
3,
324,
554,
6873,
7,
6,
84,
33,
8,
1857,
554,
6873,
7,
21,
1911,
10057,
7,
535,
6,
1525,
8,
826,
822,
5,
2507,
24,
8,
1525,
19,
915,
441,
8,
1499,
5,
11860,
10,
2840,
54,
1911,
157,
7,
253,
8,
5192,
603,
1825,
18276,
58
] |
Given the following passage
"Vinaya is the specific moral code for monks and nuns. It includes the Patimokkha, a set of 227 rules for monks in the Theravadin recension. The precise content of the vinayapitaka (scriptures on Vinaya) differs slightly according to different schools, and different schools or subschools set different standards for the degree of adherence to Vinaya. Novice-monks use the ten precepts, which are the basic precepts for monastics.",
answer the following question. Note that the answer is present within the text.
Question: Where can monks find the Patimokkha? | [
8653,
9,
63,
9,
1
] |
Vinaya
|
[
9246,
8,
826,
5454,
96,
553,
77,
9,
63,
9,
19,
8,
806,
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21,
1911,
157,
7,
11,
3423,
7,
5,
94,
963,
8,
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603,
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3,
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42,
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7,
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315,
2443,
21,
8,
1952,
13,
3,
28909,
12,
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9,
63,
9,
5,
5098,
867,
18,
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157,
7,
169,
8,
3,
324,
554,
6873,
7,
6,
84,
33,
8,
1857,
554,
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7,
21,
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10057,
7,
535,
6,
1525,
8,
826,
822,
5,
2507,
24,
8,
1525,
19,
915,
441,
8,
1499,
5,
11860,
10,
1615,
103,
128,
1911,
157,
7,
43,
6926,
49,
2219,
145,
717,
58
] |
Given the following passage
"Vinaya is the specific moral code for monks and nuns. It includes the Patimokkha, a set of 227 rules for monks in the Theravadin recension. The precise content of the vinayapitaka (scriptures on Vinaya) differs slightly according to different schools, and different schools or subschools set different standards for the degree of adherence to Vinaya. Novice-monks use the ten precepts, which are the basic precepts for monastics.",
answer the following question. Note that the answer is present within the text.
Question: Why do some monks have stricter rules than others? | [
769,
6646,
7,
356,
315,
2443,
1
] |
subschools set different standards
|
[
9246,
8,
826,
5454,
96,
553,
77,
9,
63,
9,
19,
8,
806,
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21,
1911,
157,
7,
11,
3423,
7,
5,
94,
963,
8,
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603,
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28909,
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5,
5098,
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157,
7,
169,
8,
3,
324,
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7,
6,
84,
33,
8,
1857,
554,
6873,
7,
21,
1911,
10057,
7,
535,
6,
1525,
8,
826,
822,
5,
2507,
24,
8,
1525,
19,
915,
441,
8,
1499,
5,
11860,
10,
621,
1036,
8,
1857,
554,
6873,
7,
125,
225,
3423,
7,
888,
30,
12,
58
] |
Given the following passage
"Vinaya is the specific moral code for monks and nuns. It includes the Patimokkha, a set of 227 rules for monks in the Theravadin recension. The precise content of the vinayapitaka (scriptures on Vinaya) differs slightly according to different schools, and different schools or subschools set different standards for the degree of adherence to Vinaya. Novice-monks use the ten precepts, which are the basic precepts for monastics.",
answer the following question. Note that the answer is present within the text.
Question: After learning the basic precepts what should nuns move on to? | [
8653,
9,
63,
9,
1
] |
Vinaya
|
[
9246,
8,
826,
5454,
96,
553,
77,
9,
63,
9,
19,
8,
806,
4854,
1081,
21,
1911,
157,
7,
11,
3423,
7,
5,
94,
963,
8,
5192,
603,
1825,
18276,
6,
3,
9,
356,
13,
204,
2555,
2219,
21,
1911,
157,
7,
16,
8,
37,
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8,
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63,
9,
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5667,
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30,
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63,
9,
61,
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7,
3300,
1315,
12,
315,
2061,
6,
11,
315,
2061,
42,
769,
6646,
7,
356,
315,
2443,
21,
8,
1952,
13,
3,
28909,
12,
8653,
9,
63,
9,
5,
5098,
867,
18,
2157,
157,
7,
169,
8,
3,
324,
554,
6873,
7,
6,
84,
33,
8,
1857,
554,
6873,
7,
21,
1911,
10057,
7,
535,
6,
1525,
8,
826,
822,
5,
2507,
24,
8,
1525,
19,
915,
441,
8,
1499,
5,
11860,
10,
363,
1307,
3,
15262,
2443,
54,
36,
315,
3345,
30,
8,
496,
58
] |
Given the following passage
"Vinaya is the specific moral code for monks and nuns. It includes the Patimokkha, a set of 227 rules for monks in the Theravadin recension. The precise content of the vinayapitaka (scriptures on Vinaya) differs slightly according to different schools, and different schools or subschools set different standards for the degree of adherence to Vinaya. Novice-monks use the ten precepts, which are the basic precepts for monastics.",
answer the following question. Note that the answer is present within the text.
Question: What else besides standards can be different depending on the school? | [
22814,
7,
30,
8653,
9,
63,
9,
1
] |
scriptures on Vinaya
|
[
9246,
8,
826,
5454,
96,
329,
2295,
13,
8,
1037,
16,
8,
11020,
19,
59,
3346,
96,
634,
11852,
9,
2644,
1686,
68,
19,
1446,
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8,
11020,
21,
128,
97,
6,
68,
79,
103,
59,
2385,
12,
43,
3,
17,
31303,
28,
125,
79,
641,
141,
45,
46,
2283,
1059,
535,
1686,
1525,
8,
826,
822,
5,
2507,
24,
8,
1525,
19,
915,
441,
8,
1499,
5,
11860,
10,
4826,
23,
19,
8,
3,
697,
76,
9,
6296,
658,
13,
8,
3,
834,
834
] |
Given the following passage
"Much of the material in the Canon is not specifically "Theravadin", but is instead the collection of teachings that this school preserved from the early, non-sectarian body of teachings. According to Peter Harvey, it contains material at odds with later Theravadin orthodoxy. He states: "The Theravadins, then, may have added texts to the Canon for some time, but they do not appear to have tampered with what they already had from an earlier period."",
answer the following question. Note that the answer is present within the text.
Question: Pali is the linguafranca of the __ | [
37,
11852,
9,
2644,
7,
1
] |
Theravadins
|
[
9246,
8,
826,
5454,
96,
329,
2295,
13,
8,
1037,
16,
8,
11020,
19,
59,
3346,
96,
634,
11852,
9,
2644,
1686,
68,
19,
1446,
8,
1232,
13,
2119,
7,
24,
48,
496,
18570,
45,
8,
778,
6,
529,
18,
7549,
17,
6855,
643,
13,
2119,
7,
5,
2150,
12,
2737,
20971,
6,
34,
2579,
1037,
44,
11007,
28,
865,
37,
11852,
9,
2644,
3,
28383,
63,
5,
216,
2315,
10,
96,
634,
37,
11852,
9,
2644,
7,
6,
258,
6,
164,
43,
974,
14877,
12,
8,
11020,
21,
128,
97,
6,
68,
79,
103,
59,
2385,
12,
43,
3,
17,
31303,
28,
125,
79,
641,
141,
45,
46,
2283,
1059,
535,
1686,
1525,
8,
826,
822,
5,
2507,
24,
8,
1525,
19,
915,
441,
8,
1499,
5,
11860,
10,
3,
834,
834,
6300,
7,
2119,
7,
24,
21305,
21554
] |
Given the following passage
"Much of the material in the Canon is not specifically "Theravadin", but is instead the collection of teachings that this school preserved from the early, non-sectarian body of teachings. According to Peter Harvey, it contains material at odds with later Theravadin orthodoxy. He states: "The Theravadins, then, may have added texts to the Canon for some time, but they do not appear to have tampered with what they already had from an earlier period."",
answer the following question. Note that the answer is present within the text.
Question: __ incorporates teachings that precede Buddha | [
11020,
1
] |
Canon
|
[
9246,
8,
826,
5454,
96,
329,
2295,
13,
8,
1037,
16,
8,
11020,
19,
59,
3346,
96,
634,
11852,
9,
2644,
1686,
68,
19,
1446,
8,
1232,
13,
2119,
7,
24,
48,
496,
18570,
45,
8,
778,
6,
529,
18,
7549,
17,
6855,
643,
13,
2119,
7,
5,
2150,
12,
2737,
20971,
6,
34,
2579,
1037,
44,
11007,
28,
865,
37,
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9,
2644,
3,
28383,
63,
5,
216,
2315,
10,
96,
634,
37,
11852,
9,
2644,
7,
6,
258,
6,
164,
43,
974,
14877,
12,
8,
11020,
21,
128,
97,
6,
68,
79,
103,
59,
2385,
12,
43,
3,
17,
31303,
28,
125,
79,
641,
141,
45,
46,
2283,
1059,
535,
1686,
1525,
8,
826,
822,
5,
2507,
24,
8,
1525,
19,
915,
441,
8,
1499,
5,
11860,
10,
16682,
7,
33,
44,
11007,
1918,
8,
9272,
5128,
13,
796,
10133,
9,
13,
8,
3,
834,
834
] |
Given the following passage
"Much of the material in the Canon is not specifically "Theravadin", but is instead the collection of teachings that this school preserved from the early, non-sectarian body of teachings. According to Peter Harvey, it contains material at odds with later Theravadin orthodoxy. He states: "The Theravadins, then, may have added texts to the Canon for some time, but they do not appear to have tampered with what they already had from an earlier period."",
answer the following question. Note that the answer is present within the text.
Question: Academics are at odds regarding the precise dates of various strata of the __ | [
11020,
1
] |
Canon
|
[
9246,
8,
826,
5454,
96,
20123,
155,
257,
47,
46,
2663,
13,
8,
1032,
13,
8,
3,
28922,
159,
16,
8,
11653,
20799,
53,
8,
21554,
5,
37,
21554,
1192,
1286,
8,
3,
28922,
159,
31,
2410,
28,
16,
30113,
106,
11,
1597,
70,
3,
5700,
17,
1528,
2097,
6,
68,
12967,
70,
16348,
13,
5486,
257,
5,
86,
28788,
6,
26360,
11,
964,
4349,
33,
12,
36,
1597,
44,
66,
648,
117,
16,
554,
18,
7793,
26,
26,
107,
343,
3,
28922,
447,
2869,
132,
19,
150,
224,
16,
6959,
4985,
5,
71,
3,
28922,
23,
16,
8,
3497,
107,
348,
1950,
4387,
19,
59,
12,
1032,
298,
20,
89,
15,
75,
1014,
6,
21,
677,
6,
298,
3,
9,
20687,
1911,
10057,
225,
103,
78,
535,
6,
1525,
8,
826,
822,
5,
2507,
24,
8,
1525,
19,
915,
441,
8,
1499,
5,
11860,
10,
363,
19,
8,
167,
359,
606,
21,
21554,
58
] |
Given the following passage
"Meditation was an aspect of the practice of the yogis in the centuries preceding the Buddha. The Buddha built upon the yogis' concern with introspection and developed their meditative techniques, but rejected their theories of liberation. In Buddhism, mindfulness and clear awareness are to be developed at all times; in pre-Buddhist yogic practices there is no such injunction. A yogi in the Brahmanical tradition is not to practice while defecating, for example, while a Buddhist monastic should do so.",
answer the following question. Note that the answer is present within the text.
Question: What is the most important development for Buddha? | [
26360,
11,
964,
4349,
1
] |
mindfulness and clear awareness
|
[
9246,
8,
826,
5454,
96,
20123,
155,
257,
47,
46,
2663,
13,
8,
1032,
13,
8,
3,
28922,
159,
16,
8,
11653,
20799,
53,
8,
21554,
5,
37,
21554,
1192,
1286,
8,
3,
28922,
159,
31,
2410,
28,
16,
30113,
106,
11,
1597,
70,
3,
5700,
17,
1528,
2097,
6,
68,
12967,
70,
16348,
13,
5486,
257,
5,
86,
28788,
6,
26360,
11,
964,
4349,
33,
12,
36,
1597,
44,
66,
648,
117,
16,
554,
18,
7793,
26,
26,
107,
343,
3,
28922,
447,
2869,
132,
19,
150,
224,
16,
6959,
4985,
5,
71,
3,
28922,
23,
16,
8,
3497,
107,
348,
1950,
4387,
19,
59,
12,
1032,
298,
20,
89,
15,
75,
1014,
6,
21,
677,
6,
298,
3,
9,
20687,
1911,
10057,
225,
103,
78,
535,
6,
1525,
8,
826,
822,
5,
2507,
24,
8,
1525,
19,
915,
441,
8,
1499,
5,
11860,
10,
363,
410,
21554,
1172,
58
] |
Given the following passage
"Meditation was an aspect of the practice of the yogis in the centuries preceding the Buddha. The Buddha built upon the yogis' concern with introspection and developed their meditative techniques, but rejected their theories of liberation. In Buddhism, mindfulness and clear awareness are to be developed at all times; in pre-Buddhist yogic practices there is no such injunction. A yogi in the Brahmanical tradition is not to practice while defecating, for example, while a Buddhist monastic should do so.",
answer the following question. Note that the answer is present within the text.
Question: What did Buddha improve? | [
1192,
1286,
8,
3,
28922,
159,
31,
2410,
28,
16,
30113,
106,
11,
1597,
70,
3,
5700,
17,
1528,
2097,
1
] |
built upon the yogis' concern with introspection and developed their meditative techniques
|
[
9246,
8,
826,
5454,
96,
20123,
155,
257,
47,
46,
2663,
13,
8,
1032,
13,
8,
3,
28922,
159,
16,
8,
11653,
20799,
53,
8,
21554,
5,
37,
21554,
1192,
1286,
8,
3,
28922,
159,
31,
2410,
28,
16,
30113,
106,
11,
1597,
70,
3,
5700,
17,
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2097,
6,
68,
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70,
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5,
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33,
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554,
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26,
26,
107,
343,
3,
28922,
447,
2869,
132,
19,
150,
224,
16,
6959,
4985,
5,
71,
3,
28922,
23,
16,
8,
3497,
107,
348,
1950,
4387,
19,
59,
12,
1032,
298,
20,
89,
15,
75,
1014,
6,
21,
677,
6,
298,
3,
9,
20687,
1911,
10057,
225,
103,
78,
535,
6,
1525,
8,
826,
822,
5,
2507,
24,
8,
1525,
19,
915,
441,
8,
1499,
5,
11860,
10,
363,
47,
3,
9,
7750,
13,
3,
28922,
159,
274,
21554,
58
] |
Given the following passage
"Meditation was an aspect of the practice of the yogis in the centuries preceding the Buddha. The Buddha built upon the yogis' concern with introspection and developed their meditative techniques, but rejected their theories of liberation. In Buddhism, mindfulness and clear awareness are to be developed at all times; in pre-Buddhist yogic practices there is no such injunction. A yogi in the Brahmanical tradition is not to practice while defecating, for example, while a Buddhist monastic should do so.",
answer the following question. Note that the answer is present within the text.
Question: What was a belief of yogis before Buddha? | [
16348,
13,
5486,
257,
1
] |
theories of liberation
|
[
9246,
8,
826,
5454,
96,
20123,
155,
257,
47,
46,
2663,
13,
8,
1032,
13,
8,
3,
28922,
159,
16,
8,
11653,
20799,
53,
8,
21554,
5,
37,
21554,
1192,
1286,
8,
3,
28922,
159,
31,
2410,
28,
16,
30113,
106,
11,
1597,
70,
3,
5700,
17,
1528,
2097,
6,
68,
12967,
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28922,
159,
737,
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17,
43,
554,
18,
7793,
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58
] |
Given the following passage
"Meditation was an aspect of the practice of the yogis in the centuries preceding the Buddha. The Buddha built upon the yogis' concern with introspection and developed their meditative techniques, but rejected their theories of liberation. In Buddhism, mindfulness and clear awareness are to be developed at all times; in pre-Buddhist yogic practices there is no such injunction. A yogi in the Brahmanical tradition is not to practice while defecating, for example, while a Buddhist monastic should do so.",
answer the following question. Note that the answer is present within the text.
Question: What was a practice that yogis didn't have pre-Buddha? | [
26360,
11,
964,
4349,
1
] |
mindfulness and clear awareness
|
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441,
8,
1499,
5,
11860,
10,
363,
410,
21554,
1172,
30,
8,
167,
58
] |
Given the following passage
"Meditation was an aspect of the practice of the yogis in the centuries preceding the Buddha. The Buddha built upon the yogis' concern with introspection and developed their meditative techniques, but rejected their theories of liberation. In Buddhism, mindfulness and clear awareness are to be developed at all times; in pre-Buddhist yogic practices there is no such injunction. A yogi in the Brahmanical tradition is not to practice while defecating, for example, while a Buddhist monastic should do so.",
answer the following question. Note that the answer is present within the text.
Question: What did Buddha improve on the most? | [
26360,
11,
964,
4349,
33,
12,
36,
1597,
44,
66,
648,
1
] |
mindfulness and clear awareness are to be developed at all times
|
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23,
11,
3,
29,
23,
52,
2132,
9,
2331,
125,
16,
8,
778,
14877,
58
] |
Given the following passage
"Therefore, according to Mahayana Buddhism, the arahant has attained only nirvana, thus still being subject to delusion, while the bodhisattva not only achieves nirvana but full liberation from delusion as well. He thus attains bodhi and becomes a buddha. In Theravada Buddhism, bodhi and nirvana carry the same meaning as in the early texts, that of being freed from greed, hate and delusion.",
answer the following question. Note that the answer is present within the text.
Question: bodhi and nirvana carry what in the early texts? | [
337,
2530,
1
] |
same meaning
|
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8,
1499,
5,
11860,
10,
125,
19,
341,
1426,
12,
20,
40,
11733,
58
] |
Given the following passage
"Therefore, according to Mahayana Buddhism, the arahant has attained only nirvana, thus still being subject to delusion, while the bodhisattva not only achieves nirvana but full liberation from delusion as well. He thus attains bodhi and becomes a buddha. In Theravada Buddhism, bodhi and nirvana carry the same meaning as in the early texts, that of being freed from greed, hate and delusion.",
answer the following question. Note that the answer is present within the text.
Question: what is still subject to delusion? | [
8,
3,
2551,
2618,
17,
1
] |
the arahant
|
[
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17,
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56,
103,
125,
3,
99,
3,
88,
1984,
7,
3,
29,
23,
52,
2132,
9,
58
] |
Given the following passage
"Therefore, according to Mahayana Buddhism, the arahant has attained only nirvana, thus still being subject to delusion, while the bodhisattva not only achieves nirvana but full liberation from delusion as well. He thus attains bodhi and becomes a buddha. In Theravada Buddhism, bodhi and nirvana carry the same meaning as in the early texts, that of being freed from greed, hate and delusion.",
answer the following question. Note that the answer is present within the text.
Question: The bodhisattva will do what if he achieves nirvana? | [
14568,
7,
3,
19987,
107,
23,
11,
2992,
3,
9,
3,
11073,
26,
1024,
1
] |
attains bodhi and becomes a buddha
|
[
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363,
103,
25,
174,
12,
129,
12,
36,
3,
9,
3,
11073,
26,
1024,
58
] |
Given the following passage
"Therefore, according to Mahayana Buddhism, the arahant has attained only nirvana, thus still being subject to delusion, while the bodhisattva not only achieves nirvana but full liberation from delusion as well. He thus attains bodhi and becomes a buddha. In Theravada Buddhism, bodhi and nirvana carry the same meaning as in the early texts, that of being freed from greed, hate and delusion.",
answer the following question. Note that the answer is present within the text.
Question: What do you need to get to be a buddha? | [
3,
19987,
107,
23,
1
] |
bodhi
|
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24,
13,
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6,
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6,
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5,
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24,
8,
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19,
915,
441,
8,
1499,
5,
11860,
10,
125,
54,
25,
36,
339,
13,
57,
3,
13134,
3,
29,
23,
52,
2132,
9,
58
] |
Given the following passage
"Therefore, according to Mahayana Buddhism, the arahant has attained only nirvana, thus still being subject to delusion, while the bodhisattva not only achieves nirvana but full liberation from delusion as well. He thus attains bodhi and becomes a buddha. In Theravada Buddhism, bodhi and nirvana carry the same meaning as in the early texts, that of being freed from greed, hate and delusion.",
answer the following question. Note that the answer is present within the text.
Question: what can you be free of by obtaining nirvana? | [
20,
40,
11733,
1
] |
delusion
|
[
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24,
8,
1525,
19,
915,
441,
8,
1499,
5,
11860,
10,
363,
47,
8,
1137,
13,
8,
20687,
5562,
31,
7,
2860,
45,
119,
9757,
58
] |
Given the following passage
"The gradual spread of Buddhism into adjacent areas meant that it came into contact with new ethnical groups. During this period Buddhism was exposed to a variety of influences, from Persian and Greek civilization, to changing trends in non-Buddhist Indian religions—themselves influenced by Buddhism. Striking examples of this syncretistic development can be seen in the emergence of Greek-speaking Buddhist monarchs in the Indo-Greek Kingdom, and in the development of the Greco-Buddhist art of Gandhāra. A Greek king, Menander, has even been immortalized in the Buddhist canon.",
answer the following question. Note that the answer is present within the text.
Question: What was the cause of the Buddhist religion's influence from other cultures? | [
37,
26079,
3060,
13,
28788,
139,
12487,
844,
1
] |
The gradual spread of Buddhism into adjacent areas
|
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13,
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2,
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5,
71,
6781,
3,
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6,
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6,
65,
237,
118,
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1601,
16,
8,
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54,
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6,
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441,
8,
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5,
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10,
363,
686,
13,
2779,
8681,
2161,
3,
9,
8115,
45,
8,
6109,
13,
6781,
11,
20687,
14780,
58
] |
Given the following passage
"The gradual spread of Buddhism into adjacent areas meant that it came into contact with new ethnical groups. During this period Buddhism was exposed to a variety of influences, from Persian and Greek civilization, to changing trends in non-Buddhist Indian religions—themselves influenced by Buddhism. Striking examples of this syncretistic development can be seen in the emergence of Greek-speaking Buddhist monarchs in the Indo-Greek Kingdom, and in the development of the Greco-Buddhist art of Gandhāra. A Greek king, Menander, has even been immortalized in the Buddhist canon.",
answer the following question. Note that the answer is present within the text.
Question: What type of cultural heritage pieces arose from the joining of Greek and Buddhist influences? | [
7186,
509,
18,
7793,
26,
26,
107,
343,
768,
1
] |
Greco-Buddhist art
|
[
9246,
8,
826,
5454,
96,
634,
26079,
3060,
13,
28788,
139,
12487,
844,
3679,
24,
34,
764,
139,
574,
28,
126,
11655,
138,
1637,
5,
3,
2092,
48,
1059,
28788,
47,
6666,
12,
3,
9,
1196,
13,
14780,
6,
45,
25518,
11,
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20927,
6,
12,
2839,
5001,
16,
529,
18,
7793,
26,
26,
107,
343,
2557,
5562,
7,
318,
532,
51,
7,
15,
8391,
3,
12913,
57,
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5,
5500,
23,
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13,
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19,
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8,
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5,
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10,
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47,
8,
2233,
13,
8,
2314,
45,
12263,
113,
764,
12,
36,
11518,
81,
16,
20687,
3187,
58
] |
Given the following passage
"The gradual spread of Buddhism into adjacent areas meant that it came into contact with new ethnical groups. During this period Buddhism was exposed to a variety of influences, from Persian and Greek civilization, to changing trends in non-Buddhist Indian religions—themselves influenced by Buddhism. Striking examples of this syncretistic development can be seen in the emergence of Greek-speaking Buddhist monarchs in the Indo-Greek Kingdom, and in the development of the Greco-Buddhist art of Gandhāra. A Greek king, Menander, has even been immortalized in the Buddhist canon.",
answer the following question. Note that the answer is present within the text.
Question: What was the title of the official from Greece who came to be spoken about in Buddhist records? | [
6781,
3,
1765,
1
] |
Greek king
|
[
9246,
8,
826,
5454,
96,
634,
26079,
3060,
13,
28788,
139,
12487,
844,
3679,
24,
34,
764,
139,
574,
28,
126,
11655,
138,
1637,
5,
3,
2092,
48,
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6,
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6,
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1601,
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54,
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5,
2507,
24,
8,
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19,
915,
441,
8,
1499,
5,
11860,
10,
363,
7750,
1637,
1906,
3,
9,
192,
18,
1343,
24177,
28,
28788,
58
] |
Given the following passage
"The gradual spread of Buddhism into adjacent areas meant that it came into contact with new ethnical groups. During this period Buddhism was exposed to a variety of influences, from Persian and Greek civilization, to changing trends in non-Buddhist Indian religions—themselves influenced by Buddhism. Striking examples of this syncretistic development can be seen in the emergence of Greek-speaking Buddhist monarchs in the Indo-Greek Kingdom, and in the development of the Greco-Buddhist art of Gandhāra. A Greek king, Menander, has even been immortalized in the Buddhist canon.",
answer the following question. Note that the answer is present within the text.
Question: What belief groups experienced a two-way interchange with Buddhism? | [
529,
18,
7793,
26,
26,
107,
343,
2557,
5562,
7,
1
] |
non-Buddhist Indian religions
|
[
9246,
8,
826,
5454,
96,
634,
26079,
3060,
13,
28788,
139,
12487,
844,
3679,
24,
34,
764,
139,
574,
28,
126,
11655,
138,
1637,
5,
3,
2092,
48,
1059,
28788,
47,
6666,
12,
3,
9,
1196,
13,
14780,
6,
45,
25518,
11,
6781,
20927,
6,
12,
2839,
5001,
16,
529,
18,
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26,
26,
107,
343,
2557,
5562,
7,
318,
532,
51,
7,
15,
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3,
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57,
28788,
5,
5500,
23,
1765,
4062,
13,
48,
8953,
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3040,
606,
54,
36,
894,
16,
8,
3,
25120,
13,
6781,
18,
26611,
20687,
28397,
7,
16,
8,
26822,
18,
517,
52,
10266,
6524,
6,
11,
16,
8,
606,
13,
8,
7186,
509,
18,
7793,
26,
26,
107,
343,
768,
13,
350,
232,
107,
2,
52,
9,
5,
71,
6781,
3,
1765,
6,
3137,
11849,
6,
65,
237,
118,
28224,
1601,
16,
8,
20687,
54,
106,
535,
6,
1525,
8,
826,
822,
5,
2507,
24,
8,
1525,
19,
915,
441,
8,
1499,
5,
11860,
10,
2840,
410,
3,
9,
2153,
13,
28788,
11,
15481,
1543,
369,
81,
58
] |
Given the following passage
"The gradual spread of Buddhism into adjacent areas meant that it came into contact with new ethnical groups. During this period Buddhism was exposed to a variety of influences, from Persian and Greek civilization, to changing trends in non-Buddhist Indian religions—themselves influenced by Buddhism. Striking examples of this syncretistic development can be seen in the emergence of Greek-speaking Buddhist monarchs in the Indo-Greek Kingdom, and in the development of the Greco-Buddhist art of Gandhāra. A Greek king, Menander, has even been immortalized in the Buddhist canon.",
answer the following question. Note that the answer is present within the text.
Question: Where did a mix of Buddhism and Mediterranean culture come about? | [
8,
26822,
18,
517,
52,
10266,
6524,
1
] |
the Indo-Greek Kingdom
|
[
9246,
8,
826,
5454,
96,
634,
11852,
9,
2644,
20687,
7,
857,
24,
525,
1941,
19,
831,
12,
3384,
3,
60,
20663,
5,
2963,
157,
7,
1130,
8,
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9,
63,
9,
10,
3,
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17,
1014,
6,
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11,
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7,
54,
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207,
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6,
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822,
5,
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8,
1499,
5,
11860,
10,
363,
103,
3,
11073,
26,
107,
343,
7,
857,
16,
58
] |
Given the following passage
"Theravadin Buddhists believe that personal effort is required to realize rebirth. Monks follow the vinaya: meditating, teaching and serving their lay communities. Laypersons can perform good actions, producing merit.",
answer the following question. Note that the answer is present within the text.
Question: What do buddhists believe in? | [
3,
60,
20663,
1
] |
rebirth
|
[
9246,
8,
826,
5454,
96,
634,
11852,
9,
2644,
20687,
7,
857,
24,
525,
1941,
19,
831,
12,
3384,
3,
60,
20663,
5,
2963,
157,
7,
1130,
8,
4671,
9,
63,
9,
10,
3,
5700,
17,
1014,
6,
2119,
11,
3122,
70,
8260,
2597,
5,
17726,
6075,
7,
54,
1912,
207,
2874,
6,
5874,
7565,
535,
6,
1525,
8,
826,
822,
5,
2507,
24,
8,
1525,
19,
915,
441,
8,
1499,
5,
11860,
10,
1615,
103,
8,
1911,
157,
7,
3884,
58
] |
Given the following passage
"Theravadin Buddhists believe that personal effort is required to realize rebirth. Monks follow the vinaya: meditating, teaching and serving their lay communities. Laypersons can perform good actions, producing merit.",
answer the following question. Note that the answer is present within the text.
Question: Why do the monks teach? | [
12,
3384,
3,
60,
20663,
1
] |
to realize rebirth
|
[
9246,
8,
826,
5454,
96,
634,
11852,
9,
2644,
20687,
7,
857,
24,
525,
1941,
19,
831,
12,
3384,
3,
60,
20663,
5,
2963,
157,
7,
1130,
8,
4671,
9,
63,
9,
10,
3,
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17,
1014,
6,
2119,
11,
3122,
70,
8260,
2597,
5,
17726,
6075,
7,
54,
1912,
207,
2874,
6,
5874,
7565,
535,
6,
1525,
8,
826,
822,
5,
2507,
24,
8,
1525,
19,
915,
441,
8,
1499,
5,
11860,
10,
1615,
103,
1911,
157,
7,
31125,
58
] |
Given the following passage
"Theravadin Buddhists believe that personal effort is required to realize rebirth. Monks follow the vinaya: meditating, teaching and serving their lay communities. Laypersons can perform good actions, producing merit.",
answer the following question. Note that the answer is present within the text.
Question: Why do monks meditate? | [
12,
3384,
3,
60,
20663,
1
] |
to realize rebirth
|
[
9246,
8,
826,
5454,
96,
634,
11852,
9,
2644,
20687,
7,
857,
24,
525,
1941,
19,
831,
12,
3384,
3,
60,
20663,
5,
2963,
157,
7,
1130,
8,
4671,
9,
63,
9,
10,
3,
5700,
17,
1014,
6,
2119,
11,
3122,
70,
8260,
2597,
5,
17726,
6075,
7,
54,
1912,
207,
2874,
6,
5874,
7565,
535,
6,
1525,
8,
826,
822,
5,
2507,
24,
8,
1525,
19,
915,
441,
8,
1499,
5,
11860,
10,
1615,
103,
8,
1911,
157,
7,
6662,
58
] |
Given the following passage
"Theravadin Buddhists believe that personal effort is required to realize rebirth. Monks follow the vinaya: meditating, teaching and serving their lay communities. Laypersons can perform good actions, producing merit.",
answer the following question. Note that the answer is present within the text.
Question: Why do the monks volunteer? | [
12,
3384,
3,
60,
20663,
1
] |
to realize rebirth
|
[
9246,
8,
826,
5454,
96,
634,
11852,
9,
2644,
20687,
7,
857,
24,
525,
1941,
19,
831,
12,
3384,
3,
60,
20663,
5,
2963,
157,
7,
1130,
8,
4671,
9,
63,
9,
10,
3,
5700,
17,
1014,
6,
2119,
11,
3122,
70,
8260,
2597,
5,
17726,
6075,
7,
54,
1912,
207,
2874,
6,
5874,
7565,
535,
6,
1525,
8,
826,
822,
5,
2507,
24,
8,
1525,
19,
915,
441,
8,
1499,
5,
11860,
10,
1615,
103,
1911,
157,
7,
1032,
4671,
9,
63,
9,
58
] |
Given the following passage
"Theravadin Buddhists believe that personal effort is required to realize rebirth. Monks follow the vinaya: meditating, teaching and serving their lay communities. Laypersons can perform good actions, producing merit.",
answer the following question. Note that the answer is present within the text.
Question: Why do monks practice vinaya? | [
12,
3384,
3,
60,
20663,
1
] |
to realize rebirth
|
[
9246,
8,
826,
5454,
96,
26599,
53,
12,
5891,
11,
23427,
25195,
6,
28788,
65,
4503,
45,
3,
9,
792,
13,
3,
22744,
770,
13859,
29,
17,
7,
16,
26923,
6,
13,
84,
3,
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770,
130,
16,
3826,
6,
12,
314,
3301,
770,
16,
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314,
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33,
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16,
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6,
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11,
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3782,
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1440,
2863,
1714,
104,
14926,
137,
1537,
1310,
41,
13527,
104,
14926,
201,
8,
1440,
28,
2030,
1170,
1917,
33,
21936,
6,
8,
907,
9217,
24106,
6,
7449,
11,
128,
3850,
1440,
535,
6,
1525,
8,
826,
822,
5,
2507,
24,
8,
1525,
19,
915,
441,
8,
1499,
5,
11860,
10,
363,
19,
6697,
58
] |
Given the following passage
"According to Johnson and Grim (2013), Buddhism has grown from a total of 138 million adherents in 1910, of which 137 million were in Asia, to 495 million in 2010, of which 487 million are in Asia. According to them, there was a fast annual growth of Buddhism in Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, Lebanon and several Western European countries (1910–2010). More recently (2000–2010), the countries with highest growth rates are Qatar, the United Arab Emirates, Iran and some African countries.",
answer the following question. Note that the answer is present within the text.
Question: What is Pakistan? | [
1440,
1
] |
countries
|
[
9246,
8,
826,
5454,
96,
26599,
53,
12,
5891,
11,
23427,
25195,
6,
28788,
65,
4503,
45,
3,
9,
792,
13,
3,
22744,
770,
13859,
29,
17,
7,
16,
26923,
6,
13,
84,
3,
24636,
770,
130,
16,
3826,
6,
12,
314,
3301,
770,
16,
8693,
13,
84,
314,
4225,
770,
33,
16,
3826,
5,
2150,
12,
135,
6,
132,
47,
3,
9,
1006,
2041,
1170,
13,
28788,
16,
6697,
6,
11279,
13849,
6,
21502,
11,
633,
3782,
1611,
1440,
2863,
1714,
104,
14926,
137,
1537,
1310,
41,
13527,
104,
14926,
201,
8,
1440,
28,
2030,
1170,
1917,
33,
21936,
6,
8,
907,
9217,
24106,
6,
7449,
11,
128,
3850,
1440,
535,
6,
1525,
8,
826,
822,
5,
2507,
24,
8,
1525,
19,
915,
441,
8,
1499,
5,
11860,
10,
363,
19,
11279,
1584,
15932,
58
] |
Given the following passage
"According to Johnson and Grim (2013), Buddhism has grown from a total of 138 million adherents in 1910, of which 137 million were in Asia, to 495 million in 2010, of which 487 million are in Asia. According to them, there was a fast annual growth of Buddhism in Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, Lebanon and several Western European countries (1910–2010). More recently (2000–2010), the countries with highest growth rates are Qatar, the United Arab Emirates, Iran and some African countries.",
answer the following question. Note that the answer is present within the text.
Question: What is Saudi arabia? | [
1440,
1
] |
countries
|
[
9246,
8,
826,
5454,
96,
26599,
53,
12,
5891,
11,
23427,
25195,
6,
28788,
65,
4503,
45,
3,
9,
792,
13,
3,
22744,
770,
13859,
29,
17,
7,
16,
26923,
6,
13,
84,
3,
24636,
770,
130,
16,
3826,
6,
12,
314,
3301,
770,
16,
8693,
13,
84,
314,
4225,
770,
33,
16,
3826,
5,
2150,
12,
135,
6,
132,
47,
3,
9,
1006,
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13,
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16,
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6,
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13849,
6,
21502,
11,
633,
3782,
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1440,
2863,
1714,
104,
14926,
137,
1537,
1310,
41,
13527,
104,
14926,
201,
8,
1440,
28,
2030,
1170,
1917,
33,
21936,
6,
8,
907,
9217,
24106,
6,
7449,
11,
128,
3850,
1440,
535,
6,
1525,
8,
826,
822,
5,
2507,
24,
8,
1525,
19,
915,
441,
8,
1499,
5,
11860,
10,
363,
19,
21502,
58
] |
Given the following passage
"According to Johnson and Grim (2013), Buddhism has grown from a total of 138 million adherents in 1910, of which 137 million were in Asia, to 495 million in 2010, of which 487 million are in Asia. According to them, there was a fast annual growth of Buddhism in Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, Lebanon and several Western European countries (1910–2010). More recently (2000–2010), the countries with highest growth rates are Qatar, the United Arab Emirates, Iran and some African countries.",
answer the following question. Note that the answer is present within the text.
Question: What is Lebanon? | [
1440,
1
] |
countries
|